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[ { "docid": "758905#53", "text": "Prozac was one of the first therapies in its class to treat clinical depression by blocking the uptake of serotonin within the human brain. It is prescribed to more than fifty-four million people worldwide. Prozac was approved by the U.S. FDA in 1987 for use in treating depression. In 2001 Lilly lost its U.S. patent protection for Prozac and in January 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court rejected Lilly's final appeal, a decision that allows other companies to make generic versions of the drug. Prozac has given rise to a number of comparably functioning therapies for the treatment of clinical depression and other central nervous system disorders such as obsessive compulsive disorder, bulimia nervosa, and panic disorders.", "title": "Eli Lilly and Company" }, { "docid": "44152139#3", "text": "Before the discovery of SSRI drugs the treatment for mood disorders were relatively limited. Now, however there are dozens of antidepressants on the market for the treatment of depression. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) were the first drugs to be developed for the treatment of depression, dating back to the early 1950s. Because of their undesirable adverse-effect profile and high potential for toxicity, due to their non-selective pharmacological effects, strict regiments were for taking the drugs which limited their use. Because of this, researchers looked for other alternatives with similar effectiveness but fewer adverse effects e.g. drugs that did not cause cardiac conduction abnormalities in overdoses or had the tendency to cause seizures, which led to the discovery of the SSRI drugs. The SSRIs are the most significant class of antidepressants marketed in recent years and make one of the major medicinal discoveries of the last few decades. SSRIs were the first drugs to establish beyond doubt a pathophysiological role for 5-HT in affective illnesses and in the broad spectrum of anxiety disorders. Likewise, they were the first to confirm the inhibition of neurotransmitter re-uptake as an important therapeutic principle.\nThe SSRIs are the first rationally designed class of psychotropic medications. The strategy behind rational drug design is to develop a new drug that is capable of affecting a specific biological target, or in this case a special neural site of action (uptake pumps, receptors), while trying to avoid effects on other site of actions. The goal in such development is to produce pharmacological agents that are more efficacious, safer and better tolerated than older medications. An initial success was achieved when medicinal chemists set out in search of the ideal SSRI with the chemical synthesis of zimelidine (figure 1) from the antihistamine drug brompheniramine, which exhibited selective inhibition of 5-HT re-uptake with minimal inhibition of norepinephrine (NE) re-uptake. Most importantly, zimelidine did not come with the adverse effect profile as the TCAs and therefore it became the template for the second generation SSRIs. Zimelidine was the first SSRI to be marketed, but several cases of Guillain–Barré syndrome were associated with the use of the drug which led to withdrawal from the market in 1983. Subsequently, several non-tricyclic SSRIs were discovered and marketed. Fluoxetine, which was FDA approved in 1987 and is usually thought to be the first SSRI to be marketed, paved the way for the next generation of SSRIs and was thought to be some kind of prototype. Introduction of fluoxetine to the market is hailed as a miracle drug for the treatment of depression because it had fewer adverse effects, simpler dosing strategies and greater margin of safety when overdoses were consumed and thus it had better adherence, compared to the older antidepressants (TCAs and MAOIs). Since then the number of drugs in the SSRI class has become bigger and they are now six (fluoxetine, paroxetine, citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline and fluvoxamine), as demonstrated in table 1.", "title": "Development and discovery of SSRI drugs" } ]

[ { "docid": "239873#9", "text": "Fluvoxamine was developed by Kali-Duphar, part of Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Belgium, now Abbott Laboratories, and introduced as Floxyfral in Switzerland and Solvay in West Germany in 1983. It was approved by the FDA on 5 December 1994 and introduced as Luvox in the US. In India, it is available, among several other brands, as Uvox by Abbott. It was one of the first SSRI antidepressants to be launched, and is prescribed in many countries to patients with major depression. It was the first SSRI, a non-TCA drug, approved by the U.S. FDA specifically for the treatment of OCD. At the end of 1995, more than ten million patients worldwide had been treated with fluvoxamine. Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be registered for the treatment of obsessive compulsive disorder in children by the FDA in 1997. In Japan, fluvoxamine was the first SSRI to be approved for the treatment of depression in 1999 and was later in 2005 the first drug to be approved for the treatment of social anxiety disorder. Fluvoxamine was the first SSRI approved for clinical use in the United Kingdom.", "title": "Fluvoxamine" }, { "docid": "11584979#3", "text": "Gepirone was originally developed by Bristol-Myers Squibb, but was out-licensed to Fabre-Kramer in 1993. The FDA rejected approval for gepirone in 2004. It was submitted for the preregistration (NDA) phase again in May 2007 after adding additional information from clinical trials as the FDA required in 2009. However, in 2012 it once again failed to convince the FDA of its qualities for treating anxiety and depression. In December 2015, the FDA once again gave gepirone a negative review for depression due to concerns of efficacy. However, in March 2016, the FDA reversed its decision and gave gepirone ER a positive review, clearing the way for the drug to finally gain market approval in the U.S. As of September 2017, it is still in preregistration.", "title": "Gepirone" }, { "docid": "1604590#23", "text": "Clomipramine was developed by Geigy. It was first referenced in the literature in 1961 and was patented in 1963. The drug was first approved for medical use in Europe in the treatment of depression in 1970, and was the last of the major TCAs to be marketed. In fact, clomipramine was initially considered to be a \"me-too drug\" by the FDA, and in relation to this, was declined licensing for depression in the United States. As such, to this day, clomipramine remains the only TCA that is available in the United States that is not approved for the treatment of depression, in spite of the fact that it is a highly effective antidepressant. Clomipramine was eventually approved in the United States for the treatment of OCD in 1989 and became available in 1990. It was the first drug to be investigated and found effective in the treatment of OCD. The first reports of benefits in OCD were in 1967, and the first double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of clomipramine for OCD was conducted in 1976, with more rigorous clinical studies that solidified its effectiveness conducted in the 1980s. It remained the \"gold standard\" for the treatment of OCD for many years until the introduction of the SSRIs, which have since largely superseded it due to greatly improved tolerability and safety (although notably not effectiveness). Clomipramine is the only TCA that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OCD and that is approved by the FDA for the treatment of OCD; the other TCAs failed clinical trials for this indication, likely due to insufficient serotonergic activity.", "title": "Clomipramine" }, { "docid": "43221236#7", "text": "ALKS-5461 was granted Fast Track Designation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment-resistant depression in October 2013. During June and July 2014, three phase III clinical trials were initiated in the United States for treatment-resistant depression. Alkermes reported that the first two trials failed in 2016. In August 2017, based on the third trial, Alkermes announced the initiation of a rolling submission of a New Drug Application for ALKS-5461 to the FDA. On 31 January 2018, Alkermes submitted a New Drug Application for ALKS-5461 to the FDA for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder. The submission was accepted by the FDA on 9 April 2018 after initially serving a refuse-to-file letter due to insufficient evidence of overall effectiveness. In November 2018, an FDA advisory committee voted overwhelmingly against recommending approval, finding that evidence of efficacy was insufficient.", "title": "Buprenorphine/samidorphan" }, { "docid": "770017#20", "text": "It is also the first drug to be granted parallel track status in 1992 by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which allowed for the agency to make Stavudine available to patients before being approved. Stavudine was submitted under the FDA's accelerated approval process. Through this process, Stavudine's effectiveness was measured by its effect on the surrogate marker, CD4, instead of clinical endpoints. The FDA concluded that an increase in CD4 cell counts was an indicator of how effective the drug would be against AIDS and HIV infection. Stavudine was the fourth drug to be approved for the treatment of AIDS and HIV infection by the FDA on June 27, 1994. Even after approval, studies were continued to evaluate the clinical benefit of the drug. If there is no indication of clinical benefits, the accelerated approval may be withdrawn.", "title": "Stavudine" }, { "docid": "192517#45", "text": "GSK was fined for promoting Paxil/Seroxat (paroxetine) for treating depression in the under-18s, although the drug had not been approved for pediatric use.\nPaxil had $4.97 billion worldwide sales in 2003. The company conducted nine clinical trials between 1994 and 2002, none of which showed that Paxil helped children with depression. From 1998 to 2003 it promoted the drug for the under-18s, paying physicians to go on all-expenses paid trips, five-star hotels and spas. From 2004 Paxil's label, along with those of similar drugs, included an FDA-mandated boxed warning that it might increase the risk of suicidal ideation and behaviour in patients under 18.", "title": "GlaxoSmithKline" }, { "docid": "8499746#1", "text": "Olanzapine/fluoxetine was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat the depressive episodes of bipolar I disorder in 2003. In 2009, it was granted approval for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression.", "title": "Olanzapine/fluoxetine" }, { "docid": "36472280#15", "text": "A \"qui tam\" suit filed under the False Claims Act led AstraZeneca to make a massive $520 million settlement to resolve all civil and criminal liability with respect to illegal promotion of the anti-psychotic drug Seroquel. Approved by the FDA in 1997 to treat manifestations of psychotic disorders, in 2000 the FDA subsequently approved Seroquel for short-term treatment of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and bipolar depression. Between January 2001 through December 2006, AstraZeneca promoted Seroquel to psychiatrists and other physicians for certain uses that were not approved by the FDA, including aggression, Alzheimer’s disease, anger management, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar maintenance, dementia, depression, mood disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and sleeplessness. Federal health programs do not reimburse for prescriptions prescribed for indications not approved by the FDA.", "title": "List of off-label promotion pharmaceutical settlements" }, { "docid": "39670703#8", "text": "In 2017, August 29 the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved Chemo Research’s New Drug Application (NDA) for benznidazole 567891011 . This is the first drug ever approved by the FDA to treat Chagas disease. The FDA’s decision approves benznidazole for children ages 2–12 years old 12. Mundo Sano played a central role in registering benznidazole with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in close collaboration with Exeltis (Chemo US-based pharmaceutical division), with the support of the Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi), a non-profit drug development organization.", "title": "Mundo Sano" } ]

[ { "docid": "35059352#28", "text": "Elapidae is a family of venomous snakes found in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, terrestrially in Asia, Australia, Africa, North America and South America and aquatically in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Elapid snakes exist in a wide range of sizes, from 18 cm species of \"Drysdalia\" to the 5.6 m King Cobra, and are characterized by hollow, fixed fangs through which they inject venom from glands located towards the rear of the upper jaws. In outward appearance terrestrial elapids look similar to the Colubridae: almost all have long and slender bodies with smooth scales, a head that is covered with large shields and not always distinct from the neck, and eyes with round pupils. In addition, their behavior is usually quite active and most are oviparous. Currently, 61 genera that include 325 species are recognized worldwide. Eight species of Elapid snake occur in Guatemala, seven of which are coral snakes and one a sea snake.", "title": "List of reptiles of Guatemala" }, { "docid": "13107027#0", "text": "Amblyodipsas is a genus of snakes found in Africa. Currently, 9 species are recognized.\nThese snakes are often known as purple-glossed snakes or glossy snakes. Although rear-fanged, all species are considered harmless, but their venom has not been well studied. They should not be confused with the glossy snakes of the genus \"Arizona\", which are found in North America.", "title": "Amblyodipsas" }, { "docid": "34397403#23", "text": "Of the 120 known indigenous snake species in North America, only 20 are venomous to human beings, all belonging to the families Viperidae and Elapidae. However, in the United States, every state except Maine, Alaska, and Hawaii is home to at least one of 20 venomous snake species. Up to 95% of all snakebite-related deaths in the United States are attributed to the western and eastern diamondback rattlesnakes. Further, the majority of bites in the United States occur in the southwestern part of the country, in part because rattlesnake populations in the eastern states are much lower.", "title": "Epidemiology of snakebites" }, { "docid": "29701797#29", "text": "The rubber boa \"(Charina bottae)\" is a snake in the genus Charina of the family Boidae. Boidae consists of the non-venomous snakes commonly called boas and has 43 species. The genus \"Charina\" consists of four species, three of which are found in North America, and one species found in Africa. In Montana, this boa is found in western and southwestern portions of the state.", "title": "List of amphibians and reptiles of Montana" }, { "docid": "34185895#15", "text": "The rubber boa \"(Charina bottae)\" is a snake in the family Boidae and genus \"Charina\". The Boidae consists of the non-venomous snakes commonly called boas and consists of 43 species. The genus \"Charina\" consists of four species, three of which are found in North America, and one species found in Africa.", "title": "List of amphibians and reptiles of Olympic National Park" }, { "docid": "15255176#1", "text": "The United States has about 20 species of venomous snakes, which include 16 species of rattlesnakes, two species of coral snakes, one species of cottonmouth (or water moccasin), and one species of copperhead. At least one species of venomous snake is found in every state except Alaska and Hawaii.", "title": "List of fatal snake bites in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "467917#6", "text": "Belize is home to many different tropical snake species, including both venomous and nonvenomous snakes. The families found in Belize consist of Colubridae, Boidae, Elapidae and Viperidae, of which the latter two families are highly venomous and may present a potential health hazard to humans if provoked. Out of 1500 different species of colubrids known in the world, 60 of these species live in the tropical habitats of Belize. Many of the colubrid species found in Belize are often Neotropical forms of the Neartic colubrids found in Mexico, the United States, and Canada, with some of the species of colubrid snakes consisting of the water snakes, brown snakes, garter snakes, whip snakes, green snakes, rat snakes, and king snakes.", "title": "Fauna of Belize" }, { "docid": "10936159#7", "text": "Japan has about 73 species of reptile of which nearly half are endemic. Sea turtles and highly venomous but non-aggressive sea snakes including the black-banded sea krait occur in warmer waters around southern Japan. Venomous snakes include the mildly venomous tiger keelback, and the more venomous front fanged vipers the elegant pit viper, Okinawa habu, Tokara habu, hime habu and the mamushi. Many pitviper species, known as habus throughout Japan are endemic to islands in the warmer Ryukyu Island chain however the mamushi (\"Gloydius blomhoffii\") is found on the main islands. Non-venomous rat snakes found in Japan are the endemic Japanese rat snake, Japanese forest rat snake, Japanese four-lined rat snake, and the king rat snake and beauty rat snake (subspecies \"Orthriophis taeniurus schmackeri\") which in Japan are found only in the warm Ryukyu islands but have much wider distributions on mainland Asia. Three species of odd-scaled snakes are present in the southern islands including the Formosan odd-scaled snake, Japanese odd-scaled snake, and the Amami odd-scaled snake.\nLizards include many endemic skink species (especially in the southern islands), the viviparous lizard (found as far north as the island of Hokkaido), and the Okinawa climbing lizard (Japalura polygonata). Freshwater turtles found in Japan include the endemic Japanese pond turtle, Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle. The Chinese box turtle is found only on the southernmost islands of Iriomote and Ishigaki in its Japanese range.", "title": "Wildlife of Japan" }, { "docid": "31708890#59", "text": "Many species of snake, both venomous and non-venomous, make South Africa their home. The largest is the African rock python, a non-venomous snake that kills its prey, which includes creatures up to the size of an antelope, by constriction. A much smaller species that also kills by constriction is the mole snake; as its name suggests, this snake preys on small mammals, most often rodents such as mole-rats.\nMany venomous snakes occur, some of which include famous examples such as the black mamba (one of the most deadly snakes in the world), eastern green mamba, boomslang, Cape cobra and rinkhals. Though human fatalities can occur, these snakes are normally timid and prefer to avoid humans. Snakes, both venomous and non-venomous, are important in controlling rodent populations.", "title": "Fauna of South Africa" }, { "docid": "309666#27", "text": "Seventeen species of sea snake, including \"Laticauda colubrina\" (pictured), live on the GBR in warm waters up to deep and are more common in the southern than in the northern section; none of them are endemic or endangered. The venom of many of these snakes is highly toxic; for example, \"Aipysurus duboisii\" is regarded as the world's most venomous sea snake.", "title": "Coral Sea" }, { "docid": "49860#20", "text": "The Australian coast is visited by six species of sea turtle: the flatback, green sea, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and the leatherback sea turtles; all are protected in Australian waters. There are 35 species of Australian freshwater turtles from eight genera of the family Chelidae. The pig-nosed turtle is the only Australian turtle not of that family. Australia is the only continent without any living species of land tortoise.\nAustralia is the only continent where venomous snakes outnumber their non-venomous cousins. Australian snakes belong to seven families. Of these, the most venomous species, including the fierce snake, eastern brown snake, taipan and eastern tiger snake are from the family Elapidae. Of the 200 species of elapid, 86 are found only in Australia. Thirty-three sea snakes from family Hydrophiidae inhabit Australia's northern waters; many are extremely venomous. Two species of sea snake from the Acrochordidae also occur in Australian waters. Australia has only 11 species from the world's most significant snake family Colubridae; none are endemic, and they are considered to be relatively recent arrivals from Asia. There are 15 python species and 31 species of insectivorous blind snake.\nThere are more than 700 species of lizards in Australia with representatives of five families. There are over 130 species in 20 genera of gecko found throughout the Australian continent. The Pygopodidae is a family of limbless lizards endemic to the Australian region; all 39 species from seven genera occur in Australia. The Agamidae or dragon lizards are represented by 70 species in 14 genera, including the thorny devil, bearded dragon and frill-necked lizard. There are 30 species of monitor lizard, family Varanidae, in Australia, where they are commonly known as goannas. The largest Australian monitor is the perentie, which can reach up to 2 m in length. There are about 450 species of skink from more than 40 genera, comprising more than 50% of the total Australian lizard fauna; this group includes the blue-tongued lizards.", "title": "Fauna of Australia" }, { "docid": "15255176#2", "text": "It has been estimated that 7,000–8,000 people per year receive venomous snake bites in the United States, and about five of those people die. Most fatal bites are attributed to the eastern diamondback rattlesnake and the western diamondback rattlesnake. The copperhead accounts for more cases of venomous snake bite than any other North American species; however, its venom is the least toxic, so its bite is seldom fatal.", "title": "List of fatal snake bites in the United States" }, { "docid": "15255176#3", "text": "Venomous snakes are distributed unevenly throughout the United States — the vast majority of snake bites occur in warm weather states. States like Florida and Texas have a wide variety and large population of venomous snakes. Bites from venomous snakes are extremely rare in the states near the Canada–US border. Maine, for example, has only one species (timber rattlesnake); it is rarely seen, and then only in the southern part of the state, but the species is likely extirpated in Maine, with the last sighting in 1901.", "title": "List of fatal snake bites in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "34293405#22", "text": "Scotus gave the lecture, \"Lectura\" I 39, during 1297–1299 to refute the view that everything is necessary and immutable. He claims that the aim of this lecture has two points (\"Lectura\" I 39, §31): first, to consider the contingency in what is (\"de contingentia in entibus\"); second, to consider how God's certain knowledge is compatible with the contingency of things.\nScotus tries to defend the validity of Christian theology against the attack of ancient philosophers. The main argument is unpacked in \"Lectura\" I 39, §§49–53. Scotus argues that a necessary being (God) is able to have contingent knowledge, and that although this knowledge is contingent, it is not necessarily mutable and temporal by that very fact. \nIn \"Lectura\" I 39 §1, Scotus asks, \"whether God has determinate knowledge of things according to every aspect of their existence, as according to being in the future.\" He presents a counterview which claims that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. To support this counterview, Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX.\nIn the following arguments, Scotus does not attempt to contradict Aristotle. He does not affirm or reject the ideas of Aristotle. The only issue he argues against is the proposition that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. Scotus appears to try to fully demonstrate that Aristotle's text is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of God.\nScotus argues that God wills with one single volition (\"unica volitione\") whatever he wills. God has one volition \"ad intra\", but this one volition can be related to many opposite things \"ad extra\". God can simultaneously will one thing at time 1 and the opposite thing at time 2.\nThere are various possible interpretations of Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX. For example, John Buridan (ca. 1300–1362) thought the Scotistic contingency theory was an Aristotelian view. Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX in \"Lectura\" I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with the help of other works of Aristotle in \"Lectura\" I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature.", "title": "Duns Scotus" }, { "docid": "2100546#8", "text": "On June 23, 2005, the Supreme Court, in a 5–4 decision, ruled in favor of the City of New London. Justice Stevens wrote the majority opinion, joined by Justices Anthony Kennedy, David Souter, Ruth Bader Ginsburg and Stephen Breyer. Justice Kennedy wrote a concurring opinion setting out a more detailed standard for judicial review of economic development takings than that found in Stevens's majority opinion. In so doing, Justice Kennedy contributed to the Court's trend of turning minimum scrutiny—the idea that government policy need only bear a rational relation to a legitimate government purpose—into a fact-based test.", "title": "Kelo v. City of New London" } ]

[ { "docid": "387617#5", "text": "\"Poletown Neighborhood Council v. Detroit\" became a landmark case for \"public use\" eminent domain matters. Twenty-three years later, the Michigan Supreme Court reversed the precedent that it had set in the earlier case. In their 2004 decision, \"County of Wayne v. Hathcock\" a property owner near Detroit's Metropolitan Airport successfully fought against the development of a new suburban office/industrial park. The case was argued by Michigan eminent domain attorney Alan T. Ackerman. In a later 2005 United States Supreme Court decision, the case of \"Kelo v. City of New London\" ruled that the use of eminent domain to promote economic development is constitutional, but the opinion in \"Kelo\" cites the \"Hathcock\" decision as an example of how states may choose to impose their own restrictions on the taking of property.", "title": "Poletown East, Detroit" }, { "docid": "604273#10", "text": "In 2005, the organization represented the plaintiffs in the Supreme Court case \"Kelo v. City of New London\". In this case, the state of Connecticut was attempting to take properties owned by state residents and give them to a private company for use in a development. In a 5-to-4 decision the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the state, affirming the right of states to transfer properties from one private owner to another in this way. The ruling prompted what was widely called a \"backlash\" against this kind of eminent domain activity. In 2006 (on the first anniversary of the Kelo ruling), President George W. Bush issued an executive order limiting how federal agencies could use eminent domain. Between the Kelo ruling and June 2008, 37 states passed laws to increase restrictions on the use of eminent domain. In 2006, the organization won an eminent domain case in the Ohio Supreme Court, the first eminent domain decision by a state supreme court after Kelo. In the years since, the institute has continued its efforts to reform eminent domain laws.", "title": "Institute for Justice" }, { "docid": "122798#6", "text": "Tourkakis claims that THF never made a fair-market offer. THF claims they offered to rebuild his practice elsewhere and purchase his property for $600,000. Tourkakis's property was declared blighted, and Arnold sought to seize it under eminent domain. Tourkakis fought these proceedings in the Jefferson County courts. Arnold and THF argued that although incorporated cities are not explicitly granted the use of eminent domain does not imply they are denied it. The judge ruled that because Arnold is a third-class city, under Missouri law, it cannot use eminent domain to seize properties. In appeal to the Missouri Supreme Court, the decision was reversed, ruling that through the TIF act and the City of Arnold being an incorporated municipality, had the right to use eminent domain.", "title": "Arnold, Missouri" }, { "docid": "47190704#10", "text": "The Supreme Court's decision in \"Kelo v. City of New London\", 545 U.S. 469 (2005) went a step further and affirmed the authority of New London, Connecticut, to take non-blighted private property by eminent domain, and then transfer it for a dollar a year to a private developer solely for the purpose of increasing municipal revenues. This 5–4 decision received heavy press coverage and inspired a public outcry criticizing eminent domain powers as too broad. In reaction to \"Kelo\", several states enacted or are considering state legislation that would further define and restrict the power of eminent domain. The Supreme Courts of Illinois, Michigan (\"County of Wayne v. Hathcock\" [2004]), Ohio (\"Norwood, Ohio v. Horney\" [2006]), Oklahoma, and South Carolina have recently ruled to disallow such takings under their state constitutions.", "title": "Eminent domain in the United States" }, { "docid": "144089#35", "text": "There are other countries such as the People's Republic of China that practice eminent domain whenever it is convenient to make space for new communities and government structures. Singapore practices eminent domain under the Land Acquisitions Act, which allows it to carry out its Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme for urban renewal. The Amendments to the Land Titles Act allowed property to be purchased for purposes of urban renewal against an owner sharing a collective title if the majority of the other owners wish to sell and the minority did not. Thus, eminent domain often invokes concerns of majoritarianism.", "title": "Eminent domain" }, { "docid": "34293405#39", "text": "In recent years, this criticism of Scotus has become disseminated in particular through the writings of the 'Radical Orthodox' group of theologians, centred around John Milbank and Catherine Pickstock. The Radical Orthodox model has been questioned by Daniel Horan and Thomas Williams, both of whom claim that Scotus' doctrine of the univocity of being is a semantic, rather than an ontological theory. Both thinkers cite Ord. 1, d. 3, pars 1, q. 3, n. 163, in which Scotus claims that \"This [univocally] is how all the authoritative passages one might find on this topic in the Metaphysics or Physics should be inter- preted: in terms of the ontological diversity of those things to which the concept is attributed, which is compatible with there being one concept that can be abstracted from them\". Such a quotation seems to refer to epistemology, with abstracted concepts, rather than with ontology, which Scotus admits can be diverse.", "title": "Duns Scotus" }, { "docid": "1705558#16", "text": "In October 2011, TransCanada was involved in up to 56 separate eminent domain actions against landowners in Texas and South Dakota who refused to give permission to the company to build the Keystone Pipeline through their land. However, on August 23, 2012, Texas Judge Bill Harris ruled that TransCanada had the right of eminent domain and could lease or purchase land from owners who refused to sign an agreement with the company for a public right of way for the pipeline. The landowners had said that the pipeline was not open to other companies, and so did not meet the criteria for eminent domain.", "title": "TransCanada Corporation" }, { "docid": "2100546#2", "text": "This case was appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States from a decision by the Supreme Court of Connecticut in favor of the City of New London. The owners, including lead plaintiff Susette Kelo of 8 East Street, sued the city in Connecticut courts, arguing that the city had misused its eminent domain power. The power of eminent domain is limited by the Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Takings Clause reads: \"...nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, this limitation also applies to the actions of state and local governments. The plaintiffs argued that economic development, the stated purpose of the taking and subsequent transfer of land to the New London Development Corporation, did not qualify as a public use under the Fifth Amendment.", "title": "Kelo v. City of New London" }, { "docid": "8764867#57", "text": "In the 2005, 2006 and 2007 legislative sessions, Cuccinelli worked to pass eminent domain (compulsory purchase) laws that prevented local and state governments from taking private homes and businesses for developers' projects. In April 2010, Cuccinelli told the Roanoke Chamber of Commerce that he wanted to improve the protection of property rights in Virginia's Constitution. \"There is no consistency on the application of eminent domain throughout Virginia,\" he said. In 2012, Cuccinelli championed a constitutional amendment to prohibit eminent domain from being used to take private land for private gain, thus restricting it to being used only for public gain. The amendment was placed on the ballot for a voter referendum in the 2012 general election, and was passed 74%–26%.", "title": "Ken Cuccinelli" } ]

[ { "docid": "30863992#0", "text": "Naval Base Subic Bay was a major ship-repair, supply, and rest and recreation facility of the Spanish Navy and subsequently the United States Navy located in Zambales, Philippines. The base was 262 square miles, about the size of Singapore. The Navy Exchange had the largest volume of sales of any exchange in the world, and the Naval Supply Depot handled the largest volume of fuel oil of any navy facility in the world. The naval base was the largest overseas military installation of the United States Armed Forces after Clark Air Base in Angeles City was closed in 1991. Following its closure in 1992, it was transformed into the Subic Bay Freeport Zone by the Philippine government.", "title": "U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay" }, { "docid": "30863992#75", "text": "In 1992, tons of materiel including drydocks and equipment, were shipped to various Naval Stations. Ship repair, maintenance yards and supply depots were relocated to other Asian countries including Japan and Singapore. On 24 November 1992, the American Flag was lowered in Subic for the last time and the last 1,416 Sailors and Marines at Subic Bay Naval Base left by plane from Naval Air Station Cubi Point and by . This withdrawal marked the first time since the 16th century that no foreign military forces were present in the Philippines. The departure of the United States Navy left a huge clean-up to be completed. Soil and water was contaminated with lead, asbestos, PCBs, pesticides, and possibly nuclear waste from submarines. As of 2012, clean-up estimates for Subic Bay Naval Base and Clark Air Base were $40 million each.", "title": "U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay" }, { "docid": "5961976#0", "text": "Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ), which is known simply as Subic Bay or Subic is a special economic zone covering portions of Olongapo City and the towns of Subic in Zambales and Morong and Hermosa in Bataan.It is the Philippines' first successful case of a military base converted through volunteerism into a tax and duty-free zone, operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority or SBMA. It covers the fenced area of the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay located in the southwest of Luzon Island in the Philippines.The harbor faces the Zambales Mountain Range to the west and the Subic Bay opening to the South China Sea. It is northwest of the Bataan Peninsula and southeast of Zambales Province.", "title": "Subic Bay Freeport Zone" } ]

[ { "docid": "6183608#3", "text": "In 1542, Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo sailed into Subic Bay but no port developed there because the main Spanish naval base would be established in the nearby Manila Bay. When the British captured this base in 1762, the Spanish were forced to find an alternate location and Subic Bay was found to be a strategic and superb port location. In 1884, King Alfonso XII of Spain decreed that Subic was to become \"a naval port and the property appertaining thereto set aside for naval purposes.\"\nThe Americans captured the Spanish base in 1899 during the Philippine–American War, and controlled the bay until 1991. During this period, the naval facilities were greatly built up and expanded, including a new naval air station that was built in the early 1950s by slicing the top half from a mountain and moving the soil to reclaim a part of Subic Bay. In 1979, the area under American control was reduced from to when the Philippines claimed sovereign rule over the base. The presence of the American forces precipitated the start of a red-light district.", "title": "Subic Bay" }, { "docid": "14759619#0", "text": "The Port of Subic Bay is in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone, the former U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, on Subic Bay in the Philippines. It is one of the busiest, largest, historical and most important of ports in the Philippines. The Port is operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority (SBMA).", "title": "Port of Subic" }, { "docid": "2117889#4", "text": "In September 1762, the British invaded the Philippines and took over the Spanish main naval base in Manila Bay. This prompted the Spanish military to scout for the next promising naval station. The expedition returned with the good news for the naval command - a natural bounty and deep waters at Subic Bay. King Alfonso XII issued a decree in 1884 that declared Subic as \"a naval port and the property appertaining thereto set aside for naval purposes.\" Construction of an arsenal and ship repair yard ensued March 8 the following year, as ordered by the new settlers' Naval Commission. Subic Bay's potential as naval station was realized by the Americans. Commodore George Dewey and his men engaged in a battle that destroyed the Spanish Army in 1898, and the Americans took over Subic Bay on December 10, 1899.", "title": "Subic, Zambales" }, { "docid": "30863992#24", "text": "In 1900, the General Board of the United States Navy made a thorough study of the naval base building program and decided that the American fleet in the Philippines could be easily bottled up in either the Manila or Subic bays. They instead recommended Guimaras Island, south of Manila, as the most suitable site for the main American naval base in the Philippines. Admiral of the Navy George Dewey and Admiral George C. Remey, Commander of the Asiatic Fleet, disagreed. They thought Subic Bay held the greatest potential.", "title": "U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay" }, { "docid": "162034#4", "text": "Grande Island and the remains of Fort Wint were incorporated into the U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay. The two disappearing guns of Battery Warwick were dismantled by the United States Navy in the 1960s and shipped to Fort Casey in Washington state for renovation and display. The four guns of Batteries Flake and Jewell were removed and divided between Forts Flagler and Casey in Washington state where they remain on display. The guns of Battery Hall remain in place (pictures right). Grand Island was operated for many decades after WW II by Subic Bay US Navy Special Services as an on base resort for US Military and Civilians stationed throughout the Philippines. It was accessible via a small landing craft type boat shuttle service at the pier adjacent to the Alava Carrier Pier in front of the HQ building at Naval Station Subic Bay. During Operation New Life, in 1975, thousands of Vietnamese refugees were sheltered and processed on Grande Island after the fall of Vietnam to North Vietnam. After that rescue mission, which lasted about six months, Grande Island was rehabilitated and was restored to its Special Services resort configuration until 1991. At that time the lease on US military bases expired, and the US bases were closed about the same time they were damaged by the eruption of Mount Pinatubo volcano. Grande Island was restored as a resort after repairs following damage from the Mount Pinatubo volcano eruption. It was restored by the civilian Philippine Subic Bay Free Port Zone Authority following the closure of the Subic Naval Base in 1992.", "title": "Fort Wint" }, { "docid": "30863992#77", "text": "The US Navy began using the base in Subic Bay in 2015 to deliver materiel and personnel for annual joint military exercises. Some 6,000 US personnel came to Subic in April, and returned for exercises in 2016 in agreement with Philippine authorities. US ships have used Subic Bay as a resupply port during routine calls.", "title": "U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay" }, { "docid": "6183608#0", "text": "Subic Bay is a bay on the west coast of the island of Luzon in the Philippines, about northwest of Manila Bay. An extension of the South China Sea, its shores were formerly the site of a major United States Navy facility named U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay, which is now the location of an industrial and commercial area known as the Subic Bay Freeport Zone under the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority.", "title": "Subic Bay" } ]

[ { "docid": "11669284#14", "text": "Former Chicago Police Superintendent Garry McCarthy blames Chicago's gang culture for its high rates of homicide and other violent crime, stating \"It's very frustrating to know that it's like 7% of the population causes 80% of the violent crime...The gangs here are traditional gangs that are generational, if you will. The grandfather was a gang member, the father's a gang member, and the kid right now is going to be a gang member.\"", "title": "Crime in Chicago" }, { "docid": "11669284#31", "text": "2016's surge in murders and shootings, coupled with a decline in gun seizures, led former Police Superintendent John Escalante to express concerns in March 2016 that officers might be hesitant to engage in proactive policing due to fear of retribution. Officers anonymously reported to the Chicago Sun-Times that they have been afraid to make investigatory stops because the Justice Department and American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois have been scrutinizing police practices. Data of the supposed pullback was reflected with an 80 percent decrease in the number of street stops that officers made since the beginning of 2016. Dean Angelo has claimed that part of the problem is politicians and groups like the ACLU who don't know much about policing, and yet are \"dictating what police officers do\".", "title": "Crime in Chicago" }, { "docid": "11669284#0", "text": "Crime in Chicago has been tracked by the Chicago Police Department's Bureau of Records since the beginning of the 20th century. The city's overall crime rate, especially the violent crime rate, is higher than the US average. Chicago was responsible for nearly half of 2016's increase in homicides in the US, though the nation's crime rates remain near historic lows. The reasons for the higher numbers in Chicago remain unclear. An article in \"The Atlantic\" detailed how researchers and analysts had come to no real consensus on the cause for the violence.", "title": "Crime in Chicago" }, { "docid": "11669284#3", "text": "Chicago experienced a major rise in violent crime starting in the late 1960s, a decline in overall crime in the 2000s, and then a rise in murders in 2016. Murder, rape, and robbery are common violent crimes in the city, and the occurrences of such incidents are documented by the Chicago Police Department and indexed in annual crime reports.", "title": "Crime in Chicago" } ]

[ { "docid": "11669284#29", "text": "The Chicago Police Department has a long history of using data. Chicago's record number of homicides, with 56 in September 2015, has triggered \"guardian-like\" intervention, a method for predicting the likelihood that an individual will be involved in violence, either as a victim or perpetrator. The guardian method relies on information from an individual's criminal history in order to \"build public trust and legitimacy.\"", "title": "Crime in Chicago" }, { "docid": "11827814#1", "text": "Founded just before Prohibition in the Roaring '20s, local businessmen formed the Chicago Crime Commission to address the lawlessness prevalent in Chicago during the time. The businessmen who founded the crime commission did not think of themselves as a reform organization but saw crime as business work to which they applied business methods. The backlog of murder cases awaiting trial was reduced, while the public corruption and organized criminal activities of the Chicago Outfit were exposed. In 1930, the Commission first brought about the Public Enemies list, with Chicago gangster Al Capone as \"Public Enemy Number One.\" The idea of such a list was co-opted by the FBI as the FBI's Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list.", "title": "Chicago Crime Commission" }, { "docid": "11827814#0", "text": "The Chicago Crime Commission is an independent, non-partisan civic watchdog organization of business leaders dedicated to educating the public about the dangers of organized criminal activity, especially organized crime, street gangs and the tools of their trade: drugs, guns, , money laundering, identity theft and gambling, founded in 1919. The police, the judicial system, politicians, prosecutors and citizens rely on the Chicago Crime Commission to provide advice on crime issues and to communicate vital information to the public.", "title": "Chicago Crime Commission" }, { "docid": "11669284#33", "text": "According to Chicago Magazine, superiors often pressure officers to under-report crime. An unnamed police source quoted in the magazine says there are \"a million tiny ways to do it,\" such as misclassifying and downgrading offenses, counting multiple incidents as single events, and discouraging residents from reporting crime. \nChicago Police has responded that their statistics are generally accurate and that the discrepancies can be explained by differences in the Uniform Crime Reporting used by the FBI and CompStat.", "title": "Crime in Chicago" }, { "docid": "59276119#2", "text": "However, what recent scholars have termed \"public criminology\" can be traced to a longer history. For example, sociologist Clifford R. Shaw was persistent in his efforts to improve the circumstances of both communities and individuals in Chicago. In the 1920s, Shaw studied the relationship between the neighborhoods of Chicago and crime. During his work, he formulated social disorganization theory and mapped patterns of ethnic succession in these neighborhoods. In his work, he involved the residents of the communities that had high crime rates and delinquency to learn from them and communicate his research findings. As time progressed, Shaw founded the Chicago Area Project which was geared to reduce conditions that resulted in high delinquency. Another example, from the 1960s and 1970s, is the work of Lloyd Ohlin and other scholars. Ohlin and other American Criminologist were engaged in the Great Society project as advisors to John F. Kennedy and others. John Irwin was a criminal turned criminologists that pushed rehabilitation in the 1960s. Elliot Currie is a professor of criminology at the University of California at Irvine who works on policy and specializes in cases of violent crime, the social context of delinquency, etiology of drug abuse and the assessment of drug policy, race and criminal justice. George L. Kirkham was a criminologist who became a police officer. He wrote a book entitled \"signal zero\" in 1976 which was an attempt to change student's perceptions of a police officer.", "title": "Public criminology" }, { "docid": "11669284#25", "text": "In 2003, the Chicago Police Department began installing POD's (Police Observation Devices) in high crime areas. The cameras are able to rotate 360 degrees and zoom to a fine level of detail. The devices are also bullet proof, operable in any weather condition, record continuously and switch into night vision mode after dark. POD's are used to monitor street crimes and direct police deployment. Data from the cameras is wirelessly transmitted to the Chicago Crime Prevention and Information Center (CPIC) which can individually control any camera. Over 20,000 cameras are currently in operation in Chicago. In addition to PODs, often referred to as \"blue light cameras\" colloquially, the city has added general surveillance cameras to CTA stations, busses, Chicago Housing Authority buildings, public buildings and schools. This has prompted harsh criticism from privacy advocates and the ACLU who called the program \"A pervasive and poorly regulated threat to our privacy\".", "title": "Crime in Chicago" } ]

[ { "docid": "2075493#0", "text": "The Arrau turtle (\"Podocnemis expansa\"), also known as the South American river turtle, giant South American turtle, giant Amazon River turtle, Arrau sideneck turtle or simply the Arrau, is the largest of the side-neck turtles (Pleurodira) and the largest freshwater turtle in Latin America. The species primarily feeds on plant material and typically nests in large groups on beaches. Due to hunting of adults, collecting of their eggs, pollution, habitat loss, and dams, the Arrau turtle is seriously threatened.", "title": "Arrau turtle" }, { "docid": "9636749#43", "text": "The Leatherback Sea Turtles often inhabit open waters but are still sometimes seen on coastal waters because of their title of the most migratory sea turtle species. The Leatherback Sea Turtle is the largest turtle in the world, weighing up to two thousand pounds and reaching up to six and a half feet by their adult years. The shell of the Leatherback Turtle, also called a carapace, can develop to one and a half inches and is the only shell on a sea turtle that is not hard and boney but rather soft and leather like to the touch. The front flippers on the Leatherback Sea Turtle are not equipped with scales and claws unlike other species, and they outgrow the flippers on other species of sea turtles. ☂", "title": "Wildlife of Alaska" }, { "docid": "3605051#0", "text": "Cantor's giant softshell turtle or Asian giant softshell turtle (\"Pelochelys cantorii\") is a species of freshwater turtle native to Southeast Asia. It has been considered among the largest extant freshwater turtle. The species is endangered and in the 20th century has disappeared from much of its former range.", "title": "Cantor's giant softshell turtle" }, { "docid": "5630919#0", "text": "The spiny softshell turtle (\"Apalone spinifera\") is a species of softshell turtle, one of the largest freshwater turtle species in North America. Both the common name, spiny softshell, and the specific name, \"spinifera\" (spine-bearing), refer to the spiny, cone-like projections on the leading edge of the carapace, which are not scutes (scales).", "title": "Spiny softshell turtle" }, { "docid": "37751#8", "text": "The largest living chelonian is the leatherback sea turtle (\"Dermochelys coriacea\"), which reaches a shell length of and can reach a weight of over . Freshwater turtles are generally smaller, but with the largest species, the Asian softshell turtle \"Pelochelys cantorii\", a few individuals have been reported up to . This dwarfs even the better-known alligator snapping turtle, the largest chelonian in North America, which attains a shell length of up to and weighs as much as .\nGiant tortoises of the genera \"Geochelone\", \"Meiolania\", and others were relatively widely distributed around the world into prehistoric times, and are known to have existed in North and South America, Australia, and Africa. They became extinct at the same time as the appearance of man, and it is assumed humans hunted them for food. The only surviving giant tortoises are on the Seychelles and Galápagos Islands and can grow to over in length, and weigh about .", "title": "Turtle" }, { "docid": "12170337#6", "text": "\"P. bibroni\" is the among the largest species of freshwater turtle, surpassed or matched only by other species of \"Pelochelys\", as well as certain \"Chitra\", \"Rafetus\", and \"Macrochelys\" species. \"P. bibroni \" can reach up to in straight carapace length, and in weight.", "title": "New Guinea giant softshell turtle" }, { "docid": "36050099#0", "text": "Chelodina\" (\"Macrochelodina\") \"expansa, commonly known as the broad-shelled river turtle or the broad-shelled snake-necked turtle, is a pleurodire freshwater turtle and is the largest of the long-necked turtles. The broad-shelled river turtle is one of the oldest maturing and longest living species of freshwater turtles in existence and occurs in wide sympatry with \"Emydura macquarii\" and \"Chelodina longicollis\". \"C. expansa\" is listed as ‘vulnerable’ in South Australia and ‘threatened’ in Victoria.", "title": "Chelodina expansa" }, { "docid": "322578#0", "text": "The leatherback sea turtle (\"Dermochelys coriacea\"), sometimes called the lute turtle or leathery turtle or simply the luth, is the largest of all living turtles and is the fourth-heaviest modern reptile behind three crocodilians. It is the only living species in the genus Dermochelys and family Dermochelyidae. It can easily be differentiated from other modern sea turtles by its lack of a bony shell, hence the name. Instead, its carapace is covered by skin and oily flesh. \"Dermochelys\" is the only extant genus of the family Dermochelyidae.", "title": "Leatherback sea turtle" } ]

[ { "docid": "8364073#1", "text": "The Yangtze giant softshell turtle is noted for its deep head with a pig-like snout and dorsally placed eyes. This critically endangered species holds the title of being the largest freshwater turtle in the world. Although hard to compare due to the extremely small number of remaining specimens, its average and maximum sizes seem to exceed other large freshwater turtles such as alligator snapping turtles and related giant softshells such as other \"Rafetus\" and \"Pelochelys\" species. It measures over in overall length and to in width, and can easily weigh up to . The average size of large turtle specimens (i.e. turtles weighing over ) that could be collected in the Yangtze River per one study was , although not all specimens were definitively identified as \"Rafetus\". Its carapace, or shell, can grow larger than , with the largest shell that could be found having measured in length. However, along the curve carapace lengths of up to have been reported and it is possible for the largest specimens (largely reported in Vietnam) to have weighed up . Its head can measure over in length and in width. The male is generally smaller than the female and has a longer, larger tail.", "title": "Yangtze giant softshell turtle" }, { "docid": "43853127#3", "text": "The U.S. Virgin Islands are home to the world’s largest species of reptile, the leatherback turtle, as well as one of the largest land lizards, the green iguana. Other species of turtles include the green- and hawksbill turtles, as well as the only non-marine turtle, the red-footed tortoise. Smaller lizards include the Saint Croix's anole, Saint Croix ground lizard, Puerto Rican crested anole, St. Thomas anole, common grass anole and Virgin Islands worm lizard, as well as geckos such as the cotton ginner and house gecko (locally nicknamed “woodslave\"). The most common lizard is the ground lizard, and to a lesser extent, the tree lizard.", "title": "Fauna of the United States Virgin Islands" }, { "docid": "10946605#12", "text": "Nile crocodiles \"(Crocodylus niloticus)\" the largest living reptile seen in river banks and ponds in the two protected parks, the dwarf caiman, smaller and docile species of chameleons in 100 colour variations. \nTortoises are: leopard tortoise \"(Stigmochelys pardalis)\", several species of terrapin and turtles – out of eight species of marine turtles four are found in Benin coast, namely, the green sea turtle \"(Chelonia mydas)\", olive ridley sea turtle \"(Lepidochelys olivacea)\" and leatherback sea turtle (\"Dermochelys coriacea\"). The indigenous hawksbill sea turtle \"(Eretmochelys imbricata)\" is the source of traditional tortoiseshell). \nLizards found are harmless and of two types, the water and savanna monitors – \"Varanus niloticus\" and \"Varanus exanthematicus\" – both are predatory species; house gecko \"(Hemidactylus mabouia)\", a translucent white lizard; agama species in large size of varied mixed colours and the skinks.", "title": "Wildlife of Benin" } ]

[ { "docid": "198155#0", "text": "G4S Secure Solutions (USA) is a United States / British-based security services company, and a subsidiary of G4S plc. It was founded as The Wackenhut Corporation in 1954, in Coral Gables, Florida, by George Wackenhut and three partners (all are former FBI agents). In 2002, the company was acquired for $570 million by Danish corporation Group 4 Falck (itself then merged to form British company G4S in 2004). In 2010, G4S Wackenhut changed its name to G4S Secure Solutions (USA) to reflect the new business model. The G4S Americas Region headquarters is in Jupiter, Florida.", "title": "G4S Secure Solutions" }, { "docid": "284758#1", "text": "The company was set up in 2004 when London-based company Securicor amalgamated with Danish business Group 4 Falck. The company offers a range of services, including the supply of security personnel, monitoring equipment, response units and secure prisoner transportation. G4S also works with governments overseas to deliver security.", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "284758#4", "text": "G4S has its origins in a guarding business founded in Copenhagen in 1901 by Marius Hogrefe, originally known as \"København Frederiksberg Nattevagt\" (\"Copenhagen and Frederiksberg Night Watch\") and subsequently renamed \"Falck\" (\"Falcon\").\nIn 2000, Group 4, a security firm formed in the 1960s, merged with \"Falck\" to form \"Group 4 Falck\" and by 2000 the company was described as \"the world's largest private security systems company\". In 2002 \"Group 4 Falck\" went on to buy The Wackenhut Corporation in the United States.", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "284758#2", "text": "It is the world's largest security company measured by revenues and has operations in more than 90 countries. With over 570,000 employees, it is the world's third-largest private employer, the largest European and African private employer, and among the largest on the London Stock Exchange. G4S was founded in 2004 by the merger of the UK-based Securicor plc with the Denmark-based Group 4 Falck.", "title": "G4S" } ]

[ { "docid": "284758#9", "text": "In 2009, G4S continued to acquire companies: Secura Monde International Limited and Shiremoor International Engineering Limited, together, the UK's leading specialist banknote and high security technical and commercial advisory companies; All Star International for $60 million, one of the premier facilities management and base operations support companies providing services to the US government; Adesta, US-based provider of integrated security systems and communication systems; and Hill & Associates Consultants Limited, Asia's leading provider of specialist risk-mitigation consulting services. The Västberga helicopter robbery occurred on 23 September 2009 at 05:15 CET when a G4S cash service depot was robbed in Västberga in southern Stockholm, Sweden. In the autumn of 2009, G4S personnel in Australia went on strike, arguing that the company had subjected them to low pay and poor working conditions. The strike imperiled the operations of the court system in the state of Victoria. The guards provided entry-point screening for weapons and bombs in both the County Court and Magistrates Court, as well as additional security in the court rooms themselves.", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "50677561#8", "text": "G4S supplied security equipment, services and maintenance for use at Israeli prisons, checkpoints and settlements in the West Bank, including across the highly controversial Israeli West Bank barrier. In 2007, the Israeli subsidiary of G4S signed a contract with the Israeli Prison Authority to provide security systems for major Israeli prisons. In April 2012, G4S released a statement detailing its activities in Israel – the provision of maintenance for some electronic security systems at a prison, a police station and a small number of checkpoints in the West Bank. In June 2014, Desmond Tutu and others protested at G4S's involvement with Israeli prisons. They also penned an open letter to the security firm, calling for it to \"end its complicity in Israel's abuse of child prisoners\". A report prepared by Hugo Slim, a research fellow at University of Oxford, and commissioned by G4S stated that the company \"had no causal or contributory role in human rights violations\" and \"there are clearly human rights failings in some parts of Israel's security system, but G4S's role is far removed from their immediate causes and impact.\"", "title": "Controversies surrounding G4S" }, { "docid": "284758#20", "text": "Mateen then worked for British-based security firm G4S Secure Solutions in Jupiter, Florida, from September 2007 until his death. The company said two screenings of Mateen—one conducted upon hiring and the other in 2013—had raised no red flags. Nonetheless, G4S removed Mateen from his job post at a courthouse because of threats he made towards coworkers, including one threat where he claimed he would have al-Qaeda kill a deputy's family. Mateen had claimed that his coworkers and courthouse deputies were making racist comments towards him. Despite this, G4S \"kept Mateen as an employee\" but moved him \"to a kiosk at a gated community in Palm Beach County.\" They never informed the community or its property management company about why he was transferred there.", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "284758#8", "text": "In May 2008, G4S acquired ArmorGroup International. GSL, a provider of outsourced justice services, was also acquired by G4S in May 2008. Also, in the same month, G4S acquired Serbian company Progard Securitas. In 2008, G4S also acquired Touchcom, Inc. for US$23 million. Touchcom, Inc. is located in the Burlington/Bedford, Massachusetts, area. The rebranding of Touchcom, Inc. to G4S was completed by 1 January 2012. In December 2008, G4S and UNI Global Union, announced the launch of an \"Ethical Employment Partnership\", which will drive improvements in standards across the global security industry. Simultaneous to this, G4S and the SEIU reached an agreement to end their long dispute and establish a framework to work together in the interest of employees.", "title": "G4S" }, { "docid": "323232#3", "text": "In 1992 G4S Cash Solutions, a subsidiary of British security services company G4S plc, began a pilot project with Toronto–Dominion Bank in metro Toronto that developed into a nationwide partnership in 1997. G4S Cash Solutions secured the contract to transport cash and provide first line maintenance for the bank's automated teller machines (ATMs) – both cash dispensing and deposit pick up units.\" By 2010, G4S Cash Solutions operated 2,577 ATMs, 1,093 branch night deposits, 95 weekly balanced cash dispensers as well as eight cash dispensers for branch tellers and 100 across the pavement services and hosted a discussion on the introduction of polymer banknotes in 2011 with leading Canadian financial institutions.", "title": "Toronto–Dominion Bank" }, { "docid": "284758#14", "text": "On 12 July 2012, it was announced that 3,500 British troops would be deployed at the 2012 Summer Olympics due to a shortage of adequately trained G4S security staff, with Labour MP Keith Vaz claiming that, \"G4S has let the country down and we have literally had to send in the troops\". Shares in G4S later dropped 9 percent after the firm claimed it faced a possible £50 million loss as a result of failing to provide sufficient trained staff for the 2012 Olympic Games. On 17 July, the company's chief executive, Nick Buckles, appeared before the Home Affairs Select Committee, where he apologised for the organisational failings, expressed regret at having taken on the Olympic security contract, and agreed in principle to pay bonuses to soldiers drafted at the last moment as replacement security staff. Pressed by Labour MP David Winnick, he was forced to admit that organisational situation had become a \"humiliating shambles\".", "title": "G4S" } ]

[ { "docid": "3160300#2", "text": "Needlestick injuries are a common event in the healthcare environment. When drawing blood, administering an intramuscular or intravenous drug, or performing any procedure involving sharps, accidents can occur and facilitate the transmission of blood-borne diseases. Injuries also commonly occur during needle recapping or via improper disposal of devices into an overfilled or poorly located sharps container. Lack of access to appropriate personal protective equipment, or alternatively, employee failure to use provided equipment, increases the risk of occupational needlestick injuries. Needlestick injuries may also occur when needles are exchanged between personnel, loaded into a needle driver, or when sutures are tied off while still connected to the needle. Needlestick injuries are more common during night shifts and for less experienced people; fatigue, high workload, shift work, high pressure, or high perception of risk can all increase the chances of a needlestick injury. During surgery, a surgical needle or other sharp instrument may inadvertently penetrate the glove and skin of operating room personnel; scalpel injuries tend to be larger than a needlestick. Generally, needlestick injuries cause only minor visible trauma or bleeding; however, even in the absence of bleeding the risk of viral infection remains.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#23", "text": "Needlestick injuries are among the top three injuries that occur among material-recovery facility workers who sort through trash to remove recyclable items from the community-collected garbage. Housekeeping and janitorial workers in public sites, including hotels, airports, indoor and outdoor recreational venues, theaters, retails stores, and schools are at daily risk of exposure to contaminated syringes. Needlestick injuries that occur in children from discarded needles in community settings, such as parks and playgrounds, are especially concerning. Not only for families but also for the entire community. While the exact number of needlestick injuries in children in the US is unknown, even one injury in a child is enough to cause public alarm. Studies in Canada have reported 274 injuries from needlesticks in children with the majority being boys (64.2%) and occurring from needles discarded in streets and/or parks (53.3%).", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "491353#10", "text": "Accidental injection or needlestick injuries are a common injury that plague agriculture workers and veterinarians. The majority of these injuries are located to the hands or legs, and can result in mild to severe reactions, including possible hospitalization. Due to the wide variety of biologics used in animal agriculture, needlestick injuries can result in bacterial or fungal infections, lacerations, local inflammation, vaccine/antibiotic reactions, amputations, miscarriage, and death. Due to daily human-animal interactions, livestock related injuries are also a prevalent injury of agriculture workers, and are responsible for the majoriy of nonfatal worker injuries on dairy farms. Additionally, approximately 30 people die of cattle and horse-related deaths in the United States annually.", "title": "Occupational injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#7", "text": "While needlestick injuries have the potential to transmit bacteria, protozoa, viruses and prions, the risk of contracting hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV is the highest. The World Health Organization estimated that in 2000, 66,000 hepatitis B, 16,000 hepatitis C, and 1,000 HIV infections were caused by needlestick injuries. In places with higher rates of blood-borne diseases in the general population, healthcare workers are more susceptible to contracting these diseases from a needlestick injury.", "title": "Needlestick injury" } ]

[ { "docid": "3160300#4", "text": "It is difficult to establish correct figures for the risk of exposure or the incidence of needlestick injuries. First of all it is difficult to observe a needlestick injury, either in oneself or in other persons. Glove perforations in surgeons are considered a reasonable proxy that can be measured objectively. Even though glove perforations can be objectively measured, it is still unclear what the relation is between glove perforations and needlestick injuries. Another problem is underreporting of needlestick injuries. It is estimated that half of all occupational needlestick injuries are not reported. Additionally, an unknown number of occupational needlestick injuries are reported by the affected employee, yet due to organizational failure, institutional record of the injury does not exist. This makes it difficult to determine what the exact risk of exposure is for various medical occupations. Most studies use databases of reported needlestick injuries to determine preventable causes. However this is different from establishing an exposure risk.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#0", "text": "A needlestick injury, percutaneous injury, or percutaneous exposure incident or sharps injury is the penetration of the skin by a needle or other sharp object, which has been in contact with blood, tissue or other body fluids before the exposure. Even though the acute physiological effects of a needlestick injury are generally negligible, these injuries can lead to transmission of blood-borne diseases, placing those exposed at increased risk of contracting infectious diseases, such as hepatitis B (HBV), hepatitis C (HCV), and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Among healthcare workers and laboratory personnel worldwide, more than 25 blood-borne viruses have been reported to be caused by needlestick injuries. In addition to needlestick injuries transmission of these viruses can also occur as a result of contamination of the mucous membranes, such as those of the eyes, with blood or body fluids but needlestick injuries make up more than 80% of all percutaneous exposure incidents in the United States. Various other occupations are also at increased risk of needlestick injury, including law enforcement, laborers, tattoo artists, food preparers, and agricultural workers.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#18", "text": "Some studies have found that safer needles attached to syringes reduce injuries, but others have shown mixed results or no benefit. The adherence to \"no-touch\" protocols that eliminate direct contact with needles during use and disposal greatly reduces the risk of needlestick injuries. In the surgical setting, especially in abdominal operations, blunt-tip suture needles were found to reduce needle stick injuries by 69%. Blunt-tip or tapered-tip suture needles can be used to sew muscle and fascia. Though they are more expensive than sharp-tipped needles, this cost is balanced by the reduction in injuries, which are expensive to treat. Sharp-tipped needles cause 51-77% of surgical needlestick injuries. The American College of Surgeons (ACS) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have endorsed the adoption of blunt-tip suture needles for suturing fascia and muscle. Hollow-bore needles pose a greater risk of injury than solid needles, but hollow-bore needle injuries are highly preventable: 25% of hollow-bore needle injuries to healthcare professionals can be prevented by using safer needles. Gloves can also provide better protection against injuries from tapered-tip as opposed to sharp-tipped needles. In addition, the use of two pairs of gloves (double gloving) can halve the risk of needle stick injury in surgical staff. Triple gloving may be more effective than double gloving, but using thicker gloves does not make a difference. A 2014 Cochrane review, updated in 2017, found low quality evidence showing that safety devices on IV start kits and venipuncture equipment reduce the frequency of needlestick injuries. However, these safety systems can increase the risk of exposure to splashed blood. Education with training for at-risk healthcare workers can reduce their risk of needlestick injuries. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)as a campaign (Stop Sticks) to educate at-risk healthcare workers.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#6", "text": "In the United States, approximately half of all needlestick injuries affecting health care workers are not reported, citing the long reporting process and its interference with work as their reason for not reporting an incident. The availability of hotlines, witnesses, and response teams can increase the percentage of reports. Physicians are particularly likely to leave a needlestick unreported, citing worries about loss of respect or a low risk perception. Low risk perception can be caused by poor knowledge about risk, or an incorrect estimate of a particular patient's risk. Surveillance systems to track needlestick injuries include the National Surveillance System for Healthcare Workers (NaSH), a voluntary system in the northeastern United States, and the Exposure Prevention Information Network (EPINet), a recording and tracking system that also gathers data.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#22", "text": "Many professions are at risk of needlestick injury including law enforcement, waste collectors, laborers, and agricultural workers. There is no standard system for collecting and tracking needlestick injuries in the community, which makes it difficult to measure the full impact of this problem. Law enforcement workers, like healthcare workers, under-report needlestick injuries. In San Diego, 30% of police reported needle sticks. A study of 1,333 police officers in the Denver Police Department found that only 43.4% reported a needlestick injury they received; 42% of which occurred during their evening shift. Most of the needlestick injuries experienced by these workers occurred in their first 5 years of employment. In New York City, a study found a rate of 38.7 exposures (needlesticks and human bites) per 10,000 police officers.", "title": "Needlestick injury" }, { "docid": "3160300#9", "text": "The psychological effects of occupational needlestick injuries can include health anxiety, anxiety about disclosure or transmission to a sexual partner, trauma-related emotions, and depression. These effects can cause self-destructive behavior or functional impairment in relationships and daily life. This is not mitigated by knowledge about disease transmission or PEP. Though some affected people have worsened anxiety during repeated testing, anxiety and other psychological effects typically abate after testing is complete. A minority of people affected by needlestick injuries may have lasting psychological effects, including post-traumatic stress disorder.", "title": "Needlestick injury" } ]

[ { "docid": "298549#18", "text": "Mythology also plays a large part in \"Boogiepop Phantom\". Two of the main protagonists are said to be \"Shinigami\", death deities of Japanese folklore who can take on many forms. \"Kitsune\" are fox spirits of Japanese folklore, they possess magical powers that increase with age and are capable of assuming human form, with Boogiepop being described as a kitsune by Touka Miyashita's parents. The Manticore is named after the man-eater of Persian mythology, sometimes described as being a chimera with the face of a beautiful women, or to inhabit the forests of Asia and kill with a single scratch or bite, before devouring the entire body leaving no evidence. The title of episode eleven \"Under the Gravity's Rainbow\" is a homage to the novel \"Gravity's Rainbow\" by Thomas Pynchon, which is known for ripping the normal rules of narrative and character development wide open and covering specialist knowledge from many fields, and is subsequently criticized for being \"difficult\" and \"unreadable\". The famous quote by philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche \"God is Dead\" was used as the title of the CD given to Panuru, who didn't believe in the existence of God.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "5993973#1", "text": "Japanese voice actors and voice actors for \"Boogiepop Phantom\", as well as actors for \"Boogiepop and Others\", are listed under the appropriate character. A list of all titles the character appears in is also present for each of the minor characters.", "title": "List of Boogiepop characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "298549#0", "text": "The story takes place in an unnamed Japanese city, a month after a pillar of light appeared in the night sky and five years after a string of serial killings. \"Boogiepop Phantom\" follows an ensemble cast of characters, mostly high school students, who are witnesses to the incident and its consequences. At the time of the series, high school students have started to disappear again and the blame is placed on Boogiepop, an urban legend who is said to be the personification of Death.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#15", "text": "\"Boogiepop Phantom\" was conceived as an original story taking place after the events of the novels \"Boogiepop and Others \" and \"Boogiepop at Dawn\". Sadayuki Murai developed the series concept and wrote the screenplay for both the anime and the live-action prequel \"Boogiepop and Others\", having previously worked on the script for \"Perfect Blue\", a feature film that explored many similar themes. The character designer and key animator Shigeyuki Suga had been a key animator for \"Serial Experiments Lain\", a series with which \"Boogiepop Phantom\" is often compared. The reduced brightness and sepia color palette for most of the episodes, added to the anxieties and depressions of the characters, were designed to make the series play like a psychological horror. Production staff later commented that the color scheme was more effective than they had originally intended, and were surprised by how bleak the series turned out.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#11", "text": "\"Boogiepop Phantom\" is a story that primarily deals with change and how perceptions change as people grow older. The theme of change is represented not only by the ongoing struggle between the Towa organization and the evolved humans, but also by the way the look of the city is changing and through the growth of children into adults. Similar to the theme of change, the concept of moving on and not being stuck in the past is integral to the story as both Boogiepop and Boogiepop Phantom confront Manaka for what they perceive as keeping people stuck in the past. However, the series' view on change is presented ambiguously, as while the Towa organization seeks to prevent change in the world, it has world domination as its agenda. Boogiepop parallels this dualism as he encourages people to move forward with their lives while hunting down evolved humans thus preventing the possible transformation of society.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#7", "text": "\"Boogiepop Phantom\" is set one month later and revolves around the consequences of the pillar of light. Echoes' light inadvertently allowed the memories of that night to continue as holograms, giving rise to a mixed reality where past and present co-exist, and forced the evolution of the citizens, including those who were administered the Towa drug by Dr Kisugi. The series is concerned with these evolved individuals, how evolution affected their lives, and their disappearance after meeting Boogiepop Phantom. The Phantom explains it hid them below the city to save them, and that although their bodies no longer function, their nerves extend across the city so they will keep dreaming until the day the rest of humanity catches up to them.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#19", "text": "Yota Tsuruoka was the sound and music director for \"Boogiepop Phantom\". The soundtrack for the series featured many artists and various styles, ranging from Gregorian to electronic. The opening theme song , which was also used as the ending theme for the live action prequel \"Boogiepop and Others\", was composed, arranged, and performed by Shikao Suga. Kyoko composed and performed the ending song . The \"Boogiepop Phantom\" soundtrack was published by AnimeTrax and released by The Right Stuf International as a two-disc CD on 30 April 2002. The songs \"Evening Shower\" and \"Future Century Secret Club\" were not included on the OST with the rest of the soundtrack, but were instead released separately by the artists. \"Evening Shower\" was published on 8 September 1999, prior to the initial airing of the series, on Shikao Suga’s album \"Sweet\", while Kyoko’s \"Future Century Secret Club\" was initially released as a single of the same name on 9 February 2000, and later as part of an album titled \"Under The Silk Tree\" on 8 November 2000.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#13", "text": "Relationships, and the tragedy of loss and misunderstanding inherent within them, are major themes in \"Boogiepop Phantom\". The relationships that the characters Mamoru, Manaka, and Shizue have with their parents highlights the lack of support that children receive from parents who are otherwise busy, and the resulting disconnection between parents and children. With the actions of Poom Poom later in the series the theme of the Pied Piper is explored, as Poom Poom takes away the children because the parents have broken their promise. The message the show leaves the viewer however is positive, as both Manaka and Shizue reconcile with their mothers, and so the parent-child relationship can be saved by open communication and understanding. Another form of relationship is explored through the interaction between Moto and Manticore Phantom, where the physical surrender of Moto, who harbored feelings for Masami, associates the sexual relationship with death.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#23", "text": "\"Boogiepop Phantom\" was a hit. The \"spooky sepia puzzle\" juggles an ensemble cast of characters, each with unique point of view, while revealing tidbits about the larger plot in a nonlinear fashion. Christopher Macdonald of Anime News Network gives special mention to Sadayuki Murai's skill as a screenwriter, for being able to keep the viewer engrossed as well as tying all elements and plot threads by the final episode.\nBut the series' intricate nature is counterproductive. Its increasingly convoluted plot can discourage people from watching, and viewers not familiar with the \"Boogiepop\" universe will leave with \"more questions than answers\".", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#4", "text": "The \"Boogiepop at Dawn\" light novel describes how Dr Kisugi witnessed Nagi's remarkable recovery and, through experimentation on rats, learned of the drug's powers to grant superhuman abilities, before administering it to herself. The drug changed the doctor into a composite human, granting her the vast increase in physical and mental attributes shared with all composite humans and allowing her to sense the hormones that produce fear and develop a craving for them. At first terrorizing her patients and sampling their blood, she then murdered a number of strong-willed girls to consume the fear they produced at the moment of their death. \"Boogiepop Phantom\" shows how Dr Kisugi gave the drug to her patients, claiming it could heal them, and how it worsened their problems and resulted in their evolution. Kirima investigated the murders, and discovered Dr Kisugi was the serial killer. Nagi and Dr Kisugi confronted each other at the hospital, where The Fire Witch was initially overwhelmed by the doctor’s power, but managed to kill her with Boogiepop's help.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" }, { "docid": "298549#3", "text": "Five years before the events of \"Boogiepop Phantom\", Nagi Kirima met and befriended Shinpei Kuroda, an undercover agent of the Towa organization, at the local prefecture's hospital. Nagi was hospitalized because she was dying as her body was evolving. Shinpei, upon learning the truth behind Nagi's sickness, betrayed the Towa organization and administered a stolen Towa drug to Nagi that saved her life. He was mortally wounded by Towa agents as he fled from the hospital, leaving the drug behind in the process. Touka Miyashita came across Shinpei (as the Towa Agent Scarecrow) and the psychological trauma from seeing the dying man (after being hit by More Murder) created her Boogiepop persona.", "title": "Boogiepop Phantom" } ]

[ { "docid": "11125639#34", "text": "Within this unitary framework, Turkey is subdivided into 81 provinces (\"il\" or \"vilayet\") for administrative purposes. Each province is divided into districts (\"ilçe\"), for a total of 923 districts. Turkey is also subdivided into 7 regions (\"bölge\") and 21 subregions for geographic, demographic and economic purposes; this does not refer to an administrative division. The centralised structure of decision-making in Ankara is considered by some academicians as an impediment to good local governance, and occasionally causes resentment in the municipalities of urban centres that are inhabited largely by ethnic minority groups, such as the Kurds. Steps towards decentralisation since 2004 have proven to be a highly controversial topic in Turkey. The efforts to decentralise the administrative structure are also driven by the European Charter of Local Self-Government and with Chapter 22 (\"Regional Policy & Coordination of Structural Instruments\") of the \"acquis\" of the European Union. A decentralisation program for Turkey has been a topic of discussion in the country's academics, politics and the broader public.", "title": "Turkey" }, { "docid": "30199#1", "text": "The area of Turkey is ; \"land:\" , \"water:\" .", "title": "Geography of Turkey" } ]

[ { "docid": "30199#3", "text": "Anatolia () is a large, roughly rectangular peninsula, situated In Asia. The Anatolian part of Turkey accounts for 95% of the country's area. It is also known as Asia Minor, Asiatic Turkey or the Anatolian Plateau. The term Anatolia is most frequently used in specific reference to the large, semiarid central plateau, which is rimmed by hills and mountains that in many places limit access to the fertile, densely settled coastal regions.", "title": "Geography of Turkey" }, { "docid": "34594189#0", "text": "The “Turkish model” refers to the focus on Republic of Turkey as \"an example of a modern, moderate Muslim state that works.\" Turkey has been seen as combining a secular state and constitution, with a government run by a political party or political parties (Justice and Development Party, AKP) with \"roots in political Islam\". The AKP, led by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, has ruled Turkey with a large majority in parliament since 2002. During this time Turkey has had good relations with the West, but also cordial ties with the Islamic Republic of Iran and a more pro-Palestinian policy. It has had vigorously contested, \"substantially free and fair\" elections, a vibrant culture, and has undergone an economic boom, developing a \"large and growing middle class.\" However, as of summer 2013 and the crushing of the Taksim Gezi Park protests, some commentators complained that the model has come \"unstuck\".", "title": "Turkish model" }, { "docid": "17733874#13", "text": "However others, such as former French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel, maintain an opposition to Turkey's membership. Opponents argue that Turkey does not respect the key principles that are expected in a liberal democracy, such as the freedom of expression. Turkey's large population would also alter the balance of power in the representative European institutions. Upon joining the EU, Turkey's 70 million inhabitants would bestow it the second largest number of MEPs in the European Parliament. Demographic projections indicate that Turkey would surpass Germany in the number of seats by 2020. Turkey also does not recognise one EU state, Cyprus, over the Cyprus dispute and the Cypriot government blocks some chapters of Turkey's talks.", "title": "Future enlargement of the European Union" }, { "docid": "31478892#0", "text": "The wildlife of Turkey is abundant and very varied. Turkey is a large country with many geographic and climatic regions and a great diversity of plants and animals, each suited to its own particular habitat. About 1500 species of vertebrates have been recorded in the country and around 19,000 species of invertebrate. There are about 11,000 species of flowering plants; some of the world's staple crops were first cultivated in this area, and many of their wild relatives are still found here. The country acts as a cross roads with links to Europe, Asia and the Near East, and many birds use the country as a staging post during migration.", "title": "Wildlife of Turkey" }, { "docid": "49691494#0", "text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.", "title": "ㅞ" }, { "docid": "33462688#17", "text": "Today, the existence of Bosniaks in the country is evident everywhere. In cities like İstanbul, Eskişehir, Ankara, İzmir, or Adana, one can easily find districts, streets, shops or restaurants with names such as Bosna, Yenibosna, Mostar, or Novi Pazar. However, it is extremely difficult to estimate how many Bosniaks live in this country. Some Bosnian researchers believe that the number of Bosniaks in Turkey is about four million. Turkish politicians are aware of the large number of Bosniaks living in Turkey, and, referencing this in 2010, Turkish Foreign Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu said: \"There are more Bosniaks living in Turkey than in Bosnia.\"", "title": "Minorities in Turkey" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" } ]

[ { "docid": "5504541#1", "text": "I-75 is the longest Interstate Highway within Georgia. It enters near Valdosta, and it continues northward through the towns of Tifton and Cordele until it reaches the Macon area, where it intersects with I-16 eastbound towards Savannah. For northbound traffic wishing to avoid potential congestion in Macon, I-475 provides a relatively straight bypass west of that city and I-75's route.", "title": "Interstate 75 in Georgia" }, { "docid": "7670231#0", "text": "State Route 11 (SR 11) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Georgia, traveling through portions of Echols, Lanier, Berrien, Irwin, Ben Hill, Wilcox, Pulaski, Houston, Peach, Bibb, Jones, Jasper, Newton, Walton, Barrow, Jackson, Hall, White, Lumpkin, and Union counties. It travels the entire length of the state from south to north, connecting the Florida state line with the North Carolina state line, roughly bisecting the state into two equal parts. It travels through Warner Robins, Macon, and Gainesville It is the longest route in the state. The portion from the southeastern city limits of Monticello to the Jasper–Newton county line is included in the Monticello Crossroads Scenic Byway.", "title": "Georgia State Route 11" } ]

[ { "docid": "110234#5", "text": "The of railway between Valdosta and Waycross were once the longest straight stretch of railroad in the world. Today highways stretch through the county for miles with hardly a curve, rise, or fall.", "title": "Valdosta, Georgia" }, { "docid": "18006006#8", "text": "The state of Georgia has of Interstate Highways within its borders. Georgia's major Interstate Highways are Interstate 16 (I-16), I-20, I-75, I-85, and I-95. Other important interstate highways are I-24 and I-59. I-285 is Atlanta, Georgia's perimeter route and I-575 connects counties in North Georgia to I-75. The Georgia Department of Transportation maintains only 16% of the roads in the state. The other 84% are the responsibility of the counties and cities; 75% of those roads are county roads.", "title": "Transportation in Georgia (U.S. state)" }, { "docid": "48830#115", "text": "Transportation in Georgia is overseen by the Georgia Department of Transportation, a part of the executive branch of the state government. Georgia's major Interstate Highways are I-20, I-75, I-85, and I-95. On March 18, 1998, the Georgia House of Representatives passed a resolution naming the portion of Interstate Highway 75, which runs from the Chattahoochee River northward to the Tennessee state line the Larry McDonald Memorial Highway. Larry McDonald, a Democratic member of the House of Representatives, had been on Korean Air Lines Flight 007 when it was shot down by the Soviets on September 1, 1983.", "title": "Georgia (U.S. state)" }, { "docid": "5861318#20", "text": "The record between the two teams is 65 Georgia wins, 41 Georgia Tech wins, and 5 ties. Georgia Tech's longest winning streak, and the longest in the series, was eight games from 1949–1956. Georgia's longest winning streak in the series was seven straight games from 1991 to 1997 and again from 2001 to 2007. Georgia won the most recent game in the series on November 24, 2018 with a 45-21 victory at Sanford Stadium. The victor wins the Governor's Cup.\nThe first time the two teams met on the football field was on November 4, 1893. The Georgia School of Technology (Georgia Tech's original name) Blacksmiths led by coaches Stanley E. \"Stan\" Borleske and Casey C. Finnegan traveled by train to play the Georgia team coached by Ernest Brown in Athens at Herty Field. The Blacksmiths defeated Georgia handily 28–6 on four scores by Leonard Wood, a thirty-three-year-old United States Army physician and future Medal of Honor recipient. During and after the game, disgruntled Georgia fans threw rocks and other debris at the Georgia Tech players and chased the victorious Blacksmiths back to their awaiting train.", "title": "Clean, Old-Fashioned Hate" }, { "docid": "23168844#0", "text": "U.S. Route 76 (US 76) is an east–west U.S. highway in the U.S. state of Georgia. It begins at the Tennessee state line, east of Lakeview, Georgia (and in East Ridge, Tennessee), where the roadway continues concurrent with US-41/SR-8 toward Chattanooga. It ends at the South Carolina state line, where US 76 continues toward Anderson. In Georgia, the highway travels within portions of Catoosa, Whitfield, Murray, Gilmer, Fannin, Union, Towns, and Rabun counties. It travels through North Georgia and connects Ringgold, Dalton, Chatsworth, Ellijay, Blue Ridge, Blairsville, and Clayton. Most of the highway is part of the Lookout Mountain Scenic Highway, a highway that travels through northern Georgia and through the Chattahoochee-Oconee National Forest.", "title": "U.S. Route 76 in Georgia" }, { "docid": "841422#4", "text": "The Department is responsible for waterways, including the intercoastal waterway and the Savannah and Brunswick ports. Additionally, the department is responsible for rail transit.The state of Georgia has of Interstate highways within its state lines. Georgia's major Interstate Highways are I-95, I-75, I-16, I-85, and I-20. Other important interstate highways are I-24 and I-59. I-285 is Atlanta's perimeter route and I-575 connects with counties in north Georgia on I-75 and I-675 connects to I-285 on the south side of Atlanta. I-475 is a western bypass of Macon, shortening the trip for through I-75 traffic. The Georgia Department of Transportation maintains only 16 percent of the roads in the state. The other 84 percent are the responsibility of the counties and cities; 75 percent of those roads are county roads.", "title": "Georgia Department of Transportation" }, { "docid": "266720#27", "text": "The GTA also consists number of King's Highways and supplemented by municipal expressways. One of the most principal highways in the GTA, Highway 401, is also the longest in Ontario and is also one of the busiest highways in the world. Notably, a segment of the highway passing through the GTA holds the distinction of being North America's busiest highway. The GTA is laced with a number of limited-access highways, including the 400-series highways. These include:", "title": "Greater Toronto Area" }, { "docid": "887108#8", "text": "US 29 passes through the northern portion of Georgia, starting in Hart County towards Athens and Gwinnett County and then onward to Atlanta. The highway passes by notable universities, such as Georgia Tech and Emory University in Atlanta and the University of Georgia in Athens. US 29 meanders through Hartwell and the Lake Hartwell region near the South Carolina border. From West Point, Georgia (Just south of LaGrange, Georgia) at the Alabama-Georgia Line to downtown Atlanta, Georgia State Route 8 and Georgia State Route 14 are paired with US 29 at various points in the state. US 29 to the southwest of Atlanta has been named Roosevelt Highway, since Franklin D. Roosevelt made his final journey northward from Warm Springs along this stretch of highway. Large crowds gathered along US 29 on this day in April 1945 to pay their final respects to the deceased President. Unfortunately for those who waited along the highway they missed seeing the president's body being transported back to Washington on a train that ran on nearby tracks.", "title": "U.S. Route 29" } ]

[ { "docid": "37871037#2", "text": "A member of the Diocese of the Central States is \"Covenant Reformed Episcopal Church\", a historic Reformed Episcopal church and rectory located at Roanoke, Virginia. \nThe Covenant Church is across the street from the historic Starkey School, and \"Covenant Reformed Episcopal Church is located in the Cave Spring area of southwest Roanoke County.\" Covenant Church is part of a founding jurisdiction of the Anglican Church in North America\nThe current church building was built between 1920-1921, and is a plain wooden church on a stone foundation in the austere Protestant style. There are few permanent decorations in the church, and no stained glass windows. The brass Candelabra and other fixtures are in the Colonial Williamsburg style. Also located on the property is a rectory built in 1945. An earlier Reformed Episcopal Church, Providence Reformed Episcopal Church, transferred all care of property and title to the daughter Covenant Church on March 1, 1984.The vestry of Covenant Church both supported and encouraged the writings of Allen C. Guelzo in his book, \"For the Union of Evangelical Christendom: The Irony of the Reformed Episcopalians\".", "title": "Diocese of the Central States" }, { "docid": "2996466#49", "text": "The Theological Seminary of the Reformed Episcopal Church, otherwise known as Reformed Episcopal Seminary, is the largest and oldest of the seminaries of the Reformed Episcopal Church and is accredited by the Association of Theological Schools. It began offering classes in 1886 in West Philadelphia and was chartered in 1887. Now located in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, it offers Master of Divinity (MDiv), a Certificate in Bible and Theology, and a Licentiate in Diaconal or Deaconess Ministry.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#11", "text": "Within a year from the founding of the REC, like-minded Canadian Anglicans in New Brunswick and Ontario seceded from that Church and formed Reformed Episcopal congregations. In October 1874, Edward Cridge, dean of the Anglican cathedral in Victoria, British Columbia, withdrew with about 350 of his congregation to form the Church of Our Lord\nand join the Reformed Episcopal Church. Cridge was consecrated a bishop for the REC in 1876. Many of the Canadian Reformed Episcopal Churches joined the United Church at its founding. The Reformed Episcopal Church now has three churches in Canada, two in British Columbia and one in Ontario. St. George's Church, Hamilton is affiliated with the Diocese of the Northeast in the USA, and both Holy Trinity Church in Colwood and Living Word in Courtenay are a part of the Diocese of Western Canada and Alaska.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "36577596#0", "text": "The Diocese of the Southeast is a Reformed Episcopal Church diocese and as such an Anglican Church in North America founding diocese. The diocese comprises 32 parishes, 30 in South Carolina and 2 in Georgia, in the United States. Its headquarters are located in Summerville, South Carolina. The current Bishop Ordinary is Alphonza Gadsden and the Bishop Suffragan was William White, who become Bishop Coadjutor on 10 January 2014.", "title": "Diocese of the Southeast (Reformed Episcopal Church)" }, { "docid": "21429443#0", "text": "Cummins Memorial Church is an historic Reformed Episcopal Church building located at 1210 West Lanvale Street in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It is a Gothic Revival-style church executed in granite ashlar. It features a high-pitched gable roof; a short, two-staged tower with a slate-shingled, hexagonal roof; and a large stained glass, lancet window with wood tracery. It was erected in 1878 for the Cummins Memorial Reformed Episcopal Church, a memorial to George David Cummins (1822-1876), and originally named Church of the Rock of Ages. The building is now Emmanuel Christian Community Church.", "title": "Cummins Memorial Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#0", "text": "The Reformed Episcopal Church (REC) is an Anglican church of evangelical Episcopalian heritage. It was founded in 1873 in New York City by George David Cummins, formerly a bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" } ]

[ { "docid": "18386248#5", "text": "The seminary further describes itself as Evangelical, Catholic, Reformed, Ecumenical and Episcopal, defining the terms this way:The seminary's first location was at the corner of 43rd and Chestnut streets in West Philadelphia alongside the magnificent Christ Memorial Church (pictured at right.) Currently the seminary is in Blue Bell, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia. It consists of three buildings, including one dorm house for students. Also resident on campus are the offices of the Reformed Episcopal diocese of the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic and it's Committee on Young People's Work.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Seminary" }, { "docid": "2996466#51", "text": "Cummins Memorial Theological Seminary, located in Summerville, South Carolina, near Charleston, is named for Bishop George Cummins, the founder of the Reformed Episcopal Church. The seminary which is conservative, evangelical, biblical and Anglican was founded in the later part of the nineteenth century as a rogative college, meaning it was located wherever the Bishop of the Southeast took up residence. Colonel Stevens from the Citadel was the first bishop. The founding bishop was Bishop David Cummins. In 1912, the Diocese of the Southeast purchased property for a permanent campus. Its motto is to \"enter to learn and depart to serve\". Its purpose is to equip generations of Church leaders for excellence in ministry and service with the theological foundation and skills to meet the spiritual, emotional and physical needs of communities through the Gospel of Jesus Christ.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#2", "text": "Due to the death of Royal U. Grote Jr., the then current Vice President of the Reformed Episcopal Church, Ray Sutton became the Presiding Bishop of the REC. At the 55th General Council of the Reformed Episcopal Church in June 2017 in Dallas, Texas, USA, Sutton was elected to be the Presiding Bishop, and David L. Hicks, Bishop Ordinary of the Diocese of the North East and Mid-Atlantic, was elected as Vice-President, of the Reformed Episcopal Church.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#17", "text": "The REC in North America has been in full communion with the Free Church of England since 1927, when Reformed Episcopal congregations and clergy in England merged with the FCE. Bishops of the two churches take part in episcopal consecrations of the other, and there are periodic visits between them. On occasion REC clergy have served in FCE parishes and vice versa.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#3", "text": "As of 2016, the REC reports 108 parishes and missions in the United States and three in Canada, and also has churches in Croatia, Cuba, Germany, and Serbia. In 2009, the Reformed Episcopal Church reported 13,600 members.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#5", "text": "The founding of the Reformed Episcopal Church followed an 1873 controversy about ecumenical activity. In October of that year, Bishop Cummins joined with Dean Smith of Canterbury, William Augustus Muhlenberg, and some non-Anglican ministers at an ecumenical conference of the Evangelical Alliance for the United States of America. During the conference, held in New York City, Cummins, Smith and the non-Episcopalian ministers presided at joint services of Holy Communion without using any version of the \"Book of Common Prayer\". Retired missionary bishop, William Tozer, who was visiting New York at the time, criticized Smith and implicitly Cummins for participating in the rite. Tozer's criticism appeared in a letter published by the New York \"Tribune\" on October 6, 1873.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#4", "text": "In the 19th century, as the Oxford Movement urged that the Protestant Episcopal Church and the Church of England return to Anglicanism's roots in pre-Reformation Catholic Christianity, George David Cummins, the Assistant Bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Kentucky, became concerned about the preservation of Protestant, Evangelical, Reformed, and Confessional principles within the church.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#8", "text": "Some in the Protestant Episcopal Church saw Cummins' decision as schismatic. Others, however, disagreed. One correspondent of the publication \"The Episcopalian\" said, \"If we say that this new church has begun in schism, the church of Rome alleges the same things against us. The real question is, which party is guilty of the schism, the party which separates and goes out? or the party that forces the separation, by making binding on the conscience what Christ has not made binding?\" Rather than characterize this as schism, Bishop Cummins and his fellow reformers portrayed themselves as providing a Protestant, Anglican identity under which there could be a 'closer union of all Evangelical Christendom.' \"The Reformed Episcopal Church would be what the Protestant Episcopal Church might have become had it not been paralyzed by the Tractarian virus.\" The term \"Reformed\" was never intended to denote any Calvinistic sense of Reformed theology, but was intended to convey Cummins' purpose of an Episcopal Church that had been reformed against Catholic influences [it should be noted that the founders of the church would often stylise the name as The Re-Formed Episcopal Church, for disambiguation so that it was known this was the Episcopal Church Re-Formed and not of a reformed theology]. Bishop Cummins was in attendance at a Convention on 21 October 1868 and was greatly disappointed by the \"Catholic\" practices which he witnessed: \"[a]ltars erected, with super-altars, with burning candles, and floating clouds of incense; the communion service set in a Roman framework ... there is a departure from the doctrinal basis of the Reformation.\" Cummins' feelings grew stronger after reading an essay titled \"Are There Romanising Germs in the Prayer Book?\" which asserted that the Romanisation of the church and the Holy Eucharistic service was not an influence from the outside but, rather came from inside the church - it was in the Prayer Book itself, thus; Cummins started pushing stronger against the \"Roman germs\" which sadly, caused him to lose friends on both sides: Anglo-Catholics and Evangelicals alike.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" }, { "docid": "2996466#37", "text": "REC ministers, unlike ministers of the Protestant Episcopal Church, exchanged pulpits with evangelical ministers of non-episcopal traditions. They viewed the ministries of the word and sacraments in other evangelical denominations as equally valid. True churches of Christ existed outside episcopal church structures, they held, contrary to Tractarian and High Church teaching. Inter-evangelical collegiality was an important issue for the REC, because Bishop Cummins had been censured for participation with Presbyterian and Methodist ministers in an inter-church communion service. This practice of the founders' praxis and belief has now been abandoned. The current praxis is to require reordination and regularization of orders if ordained outside episcopal ordination.", "title": "Reformed Episcopal Church" } ]

[ { "docid": "31644#86", "text": "The Twenty-second Amendment (1951) limits an elected president to two terms in office, a total of eight years. However, under some circumstances it is possible for an individual to serve more than eight years. Although nothing in the original frame of government limited how many presidential terms one could serve, the nation's first president, George Washington, declined to run for a third term, suggesting that two terms of four years were enough for any president. This precedent remained an unwritten rule of the presidency until broken by Franklin D. Roosevelt, who was elected to a third term as president 1940 and in 1944 to a fourth.", "title": "United States Constitution" }, { "docid": "505825#4", "text": "Many modern presidential republics employ term limits for their highest offices. The United States placed a limit of two terms on its presidency by means of the 22nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1951. There are no term limits for Vice Presidency, Representatives and Senators, although there have been calls for term limits for those offices. Under various state laws, some state governors and state legislators have term limits. Formal limits in America date back to the 1682 Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties, and the colonial frame of government of the same year, authored by William Penn and providing for triennial rotation of the provincial council, the upper house of the colonial legislature. (See also term limits in the United States).", "title": "Term limit" }, { "docid": "5046614#2", "text": "Each president has a term of 5 years in office. Each president can have two terms in office. The President is elected through direct and secret ballots. In the event of a state of war during term of office of the President of Montenegro shall be extended for as long as the state of war exists.", "title": "President of Montenegro" }, { "docid": "3434750#90", "text": "The Senate has 100 members with each state having two senators, elected at-large to six-year terms; one-third of Senate seats are up for election every other year. The District of Columbia and the five major U.S. territories do not have senators. The President serves a four-year term and may be elected to the office no more than twice. The President is not elected by direct vote, but by an indirect electoral college system in which the determining votes are apportioned to the states and the District of Columbia. The Supreme Court, led by the Chief Justice of the United States, has nine members, who serve for life.", "title": "United States" }, { "docid": "24113#43", "text": "Since the amendment's adoption, five presidents have served two full terms: Dwight D. Eisenhower, Ronald Reagan, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama. Both Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush sought a second term, but were defeated. Richard Nixon was elected to a second term, but resigned before completing it. Lyndon B. Johnson, having held the presidency for one full term in addition to only 14 months of John F. Kennedy's unexpired term, was eligible for a second full term in 1968, but withdrew from Democratic Primary. Additionally, Gerald Ford, who served out the last two years and five months of Nixon's second term, sought a full term, but was defeated by Jimmy Carter in the 1976 election.", "title": "President of the United States" }, { "docid": "10826158#7", "text": "In the United States, the president of the United States is elected indirectly through the United States Electoral College to a four-year term, with a term limit of two terms (totaling eight years) or a maximum of ten years if the president acted as president for two years or less in a term where another was elected as president, imposed by the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1951.", "title": "Term of office" } ]

[ { "docid": "2015257#19", "text": "As head of the executive branch, the president appoints the top officials for all federal agencies. These positions are listed in the Plum Book which outlines more than seven thousand appointive positions in the government. Many of these appointments are made by the president. In the case of ten agencies, the president is free to appoint a new agency head. For example, it is not unusual for the CIA's Director or NASA's Administrator to be changed by the president. Other agencies that deal with federal regulation such as the Federal Reserve Board or the Securities and Exchange Commission have set terms that will often outlast presidential terms. For example, governors of the Federal Reserve serve for fourteen years to ensure agency independence. The president also appoints members to the boards of directors for government-owned corporations such as Amtrak. The president can also make a recess appointment if a position needs to be filled while Congress is not in session.", "title": "Powers of the President of the United States" }, { "docid": "3556902#15", "text": "Since 1789 there have been 58 inaugural ceremonies to mark the commencement of a new four-year term of a president of the United States, and an additional nine marking the start of a partial presidential term following the intra-term death or resignation of an incumbent president. With the 2017 inauguration of Donald Trump, the oath has been taken 75 different times by 44 people. This numerical discrepancy results chiefly from two factors: a president must take the oath at the beginning of each term of office, and, because the day of inauguration has sometimes fallen on a Sunday, five presidents have taken the oath privately before the public inaugural ceremonies. In addition, three have repeated the oath as a precaution against potential later constitutional challenges.", "title": "United States presidential inauguration" }, { "docid": "26107554#1", "text": "The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) has five Members, each of whom serves for a five-year term. Terms are staggered so that one Member's term expires each year (although delays in nominations and confirmation, as well as the use of recess appointments, can upset this schedule). Members are nominated by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate. Traditionally, a majority of the board belongs to the President's political party. The President designates the Chair from one of the existing Members. The Chair serves at the pleasure of the President, and may be demoted without cause or warning at any time.", "title": "List of Chairs of the National Labor Relations Board" }, { "docid": "8882101#1", "text": "In the United States, the president and vice president are elected every four years in indirect (electoral college) presidential elections. The legislative bodies of the United States are the Senate (who serve six year terms) and House of Representatives (2 year terms). The Senate has one-third of its members up for election every two years while the House has all its membership up for election every two years. Regarding elections to the United States Congress, the point of reference is the president's term. There are three classes of United States Senators; each election replaces one class, hence a \"midterm election\" appears as one-third through the term of one class and two-thirds through the other, while still midway the term of a president. In addition to federal legislative bodies, governors of 36 states and three territories are also up for election during a midterm election.", "title": "Midterm election" }, { "docid": "1038417#2", "text": "William Henry Harrison spent the shortest time in office, and Franklin D. Roosevelt spent the longest. Roosevelt is the only president to have served more than two terms. Following ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment in 1951, presidents—beginning with Dwight D. Eisenhower—have been ineligible for election to a third term or for election to a second full term after serving more than two years of a term to which some other person was elected president. The amendment contained a grandfather clause that explicitly exempted the incumbent president, then Harry S. Truman, from the new term limitations, which first applied to Dwight D. Eisenhower.", "title": "List of Presidents of the United States by time in office" } ]

[ { "docid": "1208983#1", "text": "The VFW resulted from the amalgamation of several societies formed immediately following the Spanish–American War. In 1899, little groups of veterans returning from campaigning in Cuba and the Philippine Islands, founded local societies upon a spirit of comradeship known only to those who faced the dangers of that war side by side. Similar experiences and a common language drew them together. The American Veterans of Foreign Service (predecessor to the Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States) was established in Columbus, Ohio, September 29, 1899, by Spanish‑American War veteran James C. Putnam. The Colorado Society, Army of the Philippines, was organized in Denver, Colorado, on December 12, 1899. Shortly thereafter, a society known as the Foreign Service Veterans was born in Pennsylvania. These organizations grew up side by side, increasing in scope and membership until 1913, when at an encampment held at Denver, they merged their interests and identities in a national organization now known as the VFW.", "title": "Veterans of Foreign Wars" }, { "docid": "5640532#4", "text": "In conjunction with these requirements being on offer, Germany's Federal Ministry of Defence (BMVg) championed for the merger of the competing companies; it deliberately withheld the issuing of a development contract in order to incentivise companies to undertake such activities.\nAs such, during September 1961, a new German aircraft company, known as Vereinigte Flugtechnische Werke (VFW), was formed as joint venture between Focke-Wulf and Weser-Flugzeugbau, to develop its own VTOL strike aircraft. Initially, Italian aircraft manufacturer Fiat was also a participating company in VFW, however, Italy later chose to withdraw from the joint development agreement with Germany during 1967. Despite this decision, Fiat remained as a major sub-contractor for the venture, being responsible for the production of various structural elements such as wings, tailplanes and some of the fuselage.", "title": "VFW VAK 191B" }, { "docid": "55688311#7", "text": "In 1972, Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 1534 was founded by Joseph Lamar Stone and resides at 1 Clubhouse Drive on the south side of the B Bar H Ranch. The Post is housed inside the B Bar H Ranch's original guest area built in the early-to-mid 1900's. It is one of the last VFW Posts in Southern California's Coachella Valley serving Riverside County Desert Cities. This includes and is not limited to Palm Springs, Cathedral City, Desert Hot Springs, La Quinta, Indio, Rancho Mirage, Palm Desert, Indian Wells, unincorporated County areas of Sky Valley, Desert Edge, B Bar H Ranch and other Desert Cities surrounding locations. There are approximately 35,000 veterans within the Coachella Valley.", "title": "B Bar H Ranch, California" }, { "docid": "1208983#0", "text": "The Veterans of Foreign Wars of the United States (VFW, or simply Veterans of Foreign Wars) is an American war veterans organization headquartered in Kansas City, Missouri. The Veterans of Foreign Wars was established by James C. Putnam on September 29, 1899, in Columbus, Ohio. The organization's membership consists of veterans who, as soldiers, sailors, marines, airmen, and coast guardsmen served the United States in wars, campaigns, and expeditions on foreign soil or in hostile waters.", "title": "Veterans of Foreign Wars" }, { "docid": "26606589#0", "text": "The VFW-Fokker H3 Sprinter was a single-engined experimental rotorcraft designed and built in West Germany. Two aircraft were produced by VFW-Fokker in the early 1970s, registered \"D-9543\" and \"D-9544\". Intended as the first of a family of tip-jet driven helicopters the two H3 prototypes flew briefly but the method of rotor propulsion was found to be unsuccessful for this size of aircraft. Due to a high rotor overspeed, they could perform jump take-offs to at a rate of per minute. An improved H4 variant was designed but not built.", "title": "VFW-Fokker H3 Sprinter" } ]

[ { "docid": "1411727#1", "text": "Senses Fail was formed in August 2001 by guitarist Garrett Zablocki and vocalist Buddy Nielsen. Zablocki posted an advert on the message board NJska looking for people to play local VFW halls for fun. Nielsen saw the advert, and the pair began jamming. They struggled to bring in new members and went on break in October. They returned in February 2002 with the addition of new members. Zablocki recruited drummer Dan Trapp and guitarist Dave Miller after their previous band broke up. Bassist James Gill was also brought into the fold. After writing a handful of original songs, the band started playing in VFW halls and small clubs in New Jersey. The band tracked two three-song demos, which were eventually released as \"From the Depths of Dreams\" in August 2002 through ECA Records. They supported its release with tours alongside Finch, Millencolin and The Starting Line. Within two months of its release, the band sold all available copies of the EP.", "title": "Let It Enfold You" }, { "docid": "5640532#10", "text": "During April 1969, the first prototype was rolled out at VFW's facility in Bremen, and was later displayed at that year's Hanover Air Show. Over the course of the following 17 months, it went through a flight-qualification programme, during which some issues were discovered, most of these associated with the hydraulic system. During February 1971, trials commenced using the cruise engine for the first time. The first hovering flight performed by the VAK 191B was conducted at Bremen on 20 September 1971.", "title": "VFW VAK 191B" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "26165493#16", "text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.", "title": "Documentary Organization of Canada" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" } ]

[ { "docid": "5108599#7", "text": "The Judicial order (\"Ordem Judicial\") is the first category of common courts (excluding the Constitutional Court), forming a proper hierarchical structure that has the Supreme Court of Justice (\"Supremo Tribunal de Justiça\") in Lisbon as its superior body. This order also includes the five intermediate level courts called \"Relação\" (Guimarães, Oporto, Coimbra, Lisbon and Évora) and the judicial courts of first instance. The judicial courts of first instance can be courts of generic competence or courts of specific competence.", "title": "Judiciary of Portugal" }, { "docid": "21825681#5", "text": "The judiciary organization reform of 2014 simplified the judicial division of Portugal, that until then included 231 \"comarcas\", grouped in 57 \"círculos judiciais\" (judicial circles), by themselves grouped in four \"distritos judiciais\" (judicial districts). Depending of the size of its population, each \"comarca\" could have from a single judicial court of generic competence to a complex structure of diverse courts of specific competences (civil, criminal, criminal procedure, labor, family, etc.).", "title": "Judicial district" }, { "docid": "5108599#8", "text": "For the purpose of the Judicial order, until 2014, Portugal was divided in 231 uneven \"comarcas\", constituting the territorial areas of jurisdiction of the courts of first instance. With some adjustments carried away over the years, that division was essentiality the one established in the judiciary reform of 1835. Depending on the size of its population, each \"comarca\" could have from a single court of general jurisdiction with just a single judge to a complex structure of diverse courts of special jurisdiction (civil, criminal, criminal procedure, labour, family, etc.), each of which, by itself, could include several specialized sections and judgeships. The \"comarcas\" were grouped in 57 judicial circles (\"círculos judiciais\") and these in four judicial districts (\"distritos judiciais\").", "title": "Judiciary of Portugal" }, { "docid": "21825681#4", "text": "The basic type of judicial division of Portugal is the \"comarca\", corresponding to the territorial area of jurisdiction of a judicial court of first instance.", "title": "Judicial district" }, { "docid": "21825681#6", "text": "Since 2014, the country has the \"comarca\" as its single type of judicial division. Portugal is now divided in 23 larger \"comarcas\", all of them having, each one, a single generic competence judicial court of first instance. Each judicial court is divided in several specialized sections.", "title": "Judicial district" } ]

[ { "docid": "4584049#19", "text": "The sharp increase of the number of lawyers and judicial state-employees throughout the following decades did not produce increased efficiency in the legal system. The proliferation of both private and public law schools created a massive increase of numerus clausus vacancies for new law students across the whole country year after year, together with lower admission selectivity and a downgrade of academic integrity. Already internationally known for decades as excruciatingly slow and inefficient for European Union and USA standards, Portugal's justice system was by 2011 the second slowest in Western Europe after Italy's, even though it has one of the highest rates of judges and prosecutors, over 30 per 100,000 people, a feature that plagued the entire Portuguese public service, reputed for its overcapacity, useless redundancies and a general lack of productivity as a whole. After the collapse of the Portuguese public finances and banking system in 2011 amid the larger European sovereign debt crisis that impelled Portugal to European Union-International Monetary Fund state bailout, many reforms were put in place and measures to cut down costs and increase productivity were enforced across the entire public service. The number of district courts were slashed to 23 from 320, pooling their work in larger centers and closing courts in rural areas where the population has shrunk since the system was established in 1837. Courts were also reorganized to specialize to deal with labor or trade issues.", "title": "Law of Portugal" }, { "docid": "5108599#4", "text": "The Portuguese judiciary system is not unitary, but it is instead divided in four independent categories or orders of courts: Constitutional, Judicial, Administrative and Auditors. Each order contains their own structure of courts. The Constitutional and Auditors orders include a single court each one, while the other two orders include a plurality of hierarchical organized courts. Until 2003, a fifth order of courts existed, this being the Military Jurisdiction.", "title": "Judiciary of Portugal" }, { "docid": "23033#130", "text": "The Portuguese legal system is part of the civil law legal system, also called the continental family legal system. The main laws include the Constitution (1976, as amended), the Portuguese Civil Code (1966, as amended) and the Penal Code of Portugal (1982, as amended). Other relevant laws are the \"Commercial Code\" (1888, as amended) and the \"Civil Procedure Code\" (1961, as amended).", "title": "Portugal" }, { "docid": "4584049#0", "text": "The Law of Portugal is the legal system that applies to Portugal. It is part of the family of the civil law legal systems, based on Roman law. As such, it has many common features with the legal systems found in most of the countries in Continental Europe.", "title": "Law of Portugal" }, { "docid": "5108599#9", "text": "Following the judiciary organization reform of 2014, the country is now divided in 23 larger \"comarcas\", all of them having, each one, a single judicial court of first instance, with general jurisdiction. Each judicial court is divided in judgeships (\"juízos\"), with the following types existing: central civil, local civil, central criminal, local criminal, local minor crimes, criminal procedure, labor, family and juvenile, commercial, execution, general jurisdiction and proximity.", "title": "Judiciary of Portugal" } ]

[ { "docid": "410295#0", "text": "Burntisland ( , ) is a royal burgh and parish in Fife, Scotland, on the northern shore of the Firth of Forth. According to the 2011 census, the town has a population of 6,269.", "title": "Burntisland" } ]

[ { "docid": "32099129#43", "text": "On 14 March and 27 May 1963 and Gourlay told the Commons that Burntisland Shipbuilding had cut its workforce from about 1,500 in 1961 to just over 500 in 1963. (An alternative source states that in 1961 Burntisland had 1,000 employees.) On 14 March Gourlay pleaded for small shipyards on the east coast of Scotland such as Burntisland to be awarded War Department contracts and on 27 May he claimed in the Commons that the Local Employment Act had not led to the creation of any new jobs in Burntisland. Whitelaw conceded that the number of shipyard workers unemployed in Burntisland had risen from six in May 1961 to 116 in May 1963.", "title": "Burntisland Shipbuilding Company" }, { "docid": "258053#13", "text": "As of the 2010 United States Census, Barrington had a population of 16,310. It is a predominantly white community at 94.7 percent of residents. There were 6,011 households; 40.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 68.7% were married couples living together, 7.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.6% were non-families. 18.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.14. The population was spread out, with 28.2% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 14.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.0 males.", "title": "Barrington, Rhode Island" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "437757#16", "text": "Bearsden is primarily a middle-class commuter suburb, with its residents travelling into Glasgow each day to work or study. The majority of its housing stock is detached. According to the 2001 census of Scotland, the area comprises 10,417 households, with a total population of 27,967. This is an increase of 0.6% (or 161 people) since 1991, when the population stood at 27,806 (there are an average of 2.64 people per household). Of these, 8,306 are over 55 years old, 17,700 are in social class ABC1, and 6,052 are in social class C2DE. A similar population figure was estimated in 2010 for the two council wards (27,551). 73% of working residents surveyed travel to work by car, 16% by train or bus, 5% by other methods, and 6% work mainly at home. Many of the west of Scotland's most expensive houses are in the Old Bearsden Outstanding Conservation Area – Bearsden's postcode (G61) was ranked 7th richest in the UK by a 2005 survey, with an estimated 176 millionaires living there. By comparison, just 235 people were estimated to be receiving Jobseeker's Allowance in 2011.", "title": "Bearsden" }, { "docid": "121094#6", "text": "In 2012, Barendrecht had a population of 47,055, of which 23,230 were male (49.4%) and 23,825 female (50.6%). According to the civil registry, 21% of its population were under the age of 14, 11% were between 15 and 24 years old, 27% were from 25 to 44, 28% were from 45 to 64 and 13% were 65 years of age or older. The marital status of the municipality was distributed such that 46% of its population was married, 45% never married, 6% divorced and 4% widowed. Twenty percent of the population of Barendrecht was from foreign origin, which is one percent point below the national average of twenty-one percent. The foreign origin of the municipality was 7% Western, 4% Suriname, 3% Turkey, 2% Morocco, 1% Dutch Caribbean and 4% from other countries.", "title": "Barendrecht" }, { "docid": "94347#9", "text": "The 2001 UK Census revealed that the borough had a population of 263,464 – of whom 127,806 were male, and 135,658 female. Of those stating a choice, 47.71% described themselves as Christian, 17.71% as Hindu, 12.26% as Muslim and 10% as having no religion. Of the population, 39.96% were in full-time employment and 7.86% in part-time employment – compared to a London average of 42.64% and 8.62%, respectively. Residents were predominantly owner-occupiers, with 23.17% owning their house outright, and a further 31.33% owning with a mortgage. 10.59% were in local authority housing, with a further 13.29% renting from a housing association, or other registered social landlord.", "title": "London Borough of Brent" }, { "docid": "842417#0", "text": "Bodedern is a village and community in the west of Anglesey, Wales.\nAt the 2001 census, it had a population of 1,074, decreasing slightly to 1,051 at the 2011 census.\nThe village has a bilingual primary school, Ysgol Gynradd Bodedern, and a secondary school, Ysgol Uwchradd Bodedern. The village's football team, Bodedern Athletic F.C. play in the Welsh Alliance League. Bodedern was the site of the National Eisteddfod of Wales in 2017.\nBodedern lies on the B5109, about east of its junction with the A4025 south of Llanfachraeth. About to the south, beyond the A55 road lie the villages of Caergeiliog and Llanfihangel yn Nhowyn. The Valley Wetlands, an area of lakes and marshes and a RSPB bird sanctuary, lie between these two villages. Bodedern is the closest village to the island's largest natural lake, Llyn Llywenan, which lies to the north. The parish church (St Edern's Church, Bodedern) dates from the 14th century and is a Grade II* listed building, being listed because it is considered a good example of a late medieval church with some fine interior fittings.", "title": "Bodedern" }, { "docid": "1040698#0", "text": "Shawlands () is an area of Glasgow, Scotland located less than south of the River Clyde. The area has an approximate population of 7015 people, with over 82% dwelling in flats, 74% owner occupied and 79% living alone or with one other person. Neighbouring districts include the areas of Crossmyloof, Strathbungo, Langside, Newlands, and Pollokshaws with Shawlands itself overlapping the Glasgow City Ward map areas 6 (Pollokshields) and 7 (Langside) The area consists mainly of tenement flats but also includes two-storey terraced cottages and a small number of detached and semi-detached houses. Tenements remain the most common form of dwelling in the city today.", "title": "Shawlands" }, { "docid": "311737#43", "text": "The United Kingdom Census 2001 showed a total resident population for Burnley urban area of 73,021. The town is the main population centre in the Burnley-Nelson urban area, which has an estimated population of over 150,000; for comparison purposes, this is about the same size as Oxford, Swindon or Slough. At that time the racial composition of the wider local government district (the Borough of Burnley) was 91.77% White and 7.16% South Asian or South Asian / British, predominantly from [Bangladesh] . The largest religious groups were Christian (74.46%) and Muslim (6.58%). 59.02% of adults between the ages of 16 and 74 were classed as economically active and in work. In the United Kingdom Census 2011 these figures had changed to 87.4% White and 10.7% South Asian or South Asian / British, with 63.6% identifying as Christian and 9.9% Muslim. The ONS annual population survey for the year Apr 2013 – Mar 2014 showed that 63.1% of adults between the ages of 16 and 64 were classed as economically active.", "title": "Burnley" } ]

[ { "docid": "5019316#18", "text": "Pallid sturgeon are generally bottom feeders, skimming the sandy reaches of the various rivers and streams in their habitat. Though little is known about the precise eating habits of the species, they are thought to be opportunistic feeders. One study which examined the contents from the stomachs of juvenile pallid sturgeon revealed that their diets were seasonally dependent. Various insects were consumed during some seasons and various fish species during others. These results support the description of the pallid sturgeon's eating habits as opportunistic. Fish is a more important dietary staple for pallid sturgeon than it is for shovelnose sturgeon. In one study comparing dietary tendencies between adult shovelnose sturgeon and immature pallid sturgeon, the pallid sturgeon was found to consume far greater numbers of small fish such as cyprinids (minnows). In another study conducted in the upper Missouri River region, an examination of the stomach contents of hatchery-reared pallid sturgeon showed that 82% of the wet weight was small fish and the balance was mosquito-like insects, mayflies, and caddis flies and small amounts of detritus and plant material.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#8", "text": "The pallid sturgeon is one of the largest freshwater fish species in North America. They are generally between in length and weigh as much as . The species is ancient and has remained virtually unchanged for 70 million years, since the Cretaceous period. The pallid sturgeon has a distinctive appearance that has been referred to as \"primitive\", \"dinosaur-like\" and even \"ugly\". Although visually similar, the shovelnose sturgeon is much smaller and usually weighs no more than . Pallid sturgeon are much paler in coloration with grayish white backs and sides, while shovelnose sturgeon are brown. Pallid sturgeon turn whiter as they age and younger specimens are easily confused with adult shovelnose sturgeon since they are similar in color. Like the shovelnose sturgeon, their tails are heterocercal, with the top tail fin being longer than the bottom fin, though this is more pronounced in pallid sturgeon.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#19", "text": "Though never believed to be common, pallid sturgeon populations rapidly declined during the late 20th century and the species was listed as endangered on September 6, 1990. The U.S. government and most of the states with pallid sturgeon populations have commenced restoration efforts to save the species from extinction. Wild reproduction of pallid sturgeon is rare to nonexistent in most areas; therefore, human intervention is needed to ensure the survival of the species. Pallid sturgeon were previously considered a prized trophy game fish species, until their numbers declined and they were placed on the endangered species list. All captured pallid sturgeon must now be released back to the wild. The species was known for being very palatable and the roe from females was used as caviar.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#10", "text": "The pallid sturgeon's snout and head are longer than that of the shovelnose sturgeon. In both species, the mouth is located well back from the tip of the snout. Lacking teeth, they use their extendable mouths to suck up small fish, mollusks, and other food sources from river bottoms. Both species also have four barbels which descend from the snout near the front of the mouth. The barbels are believed to be sensory features to locate food sources. On pallid sturgeon, the two inner barbels are about half as long as the outer ones, while on the shovelnose sturgeon, all four barbels are the same length. The inner barbels of the pallid sturgeon are positioned in front of the outer ones, but those on the shovelnose sturgeon are all located in essentially a straight line. The length and positioning of the barbels is one of the best ways to distinguish the two species.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" } ]

[ { "docid": "5019316#16", "text": "Pallid sturgeon prefer moderate to swift river currents and most captured specimens have been recovered in rivers and streams in which the current averages between . They also prefer turbid waterways and water depths between . The species is more commonly found where sandy substrates are plentiful, but also lives in predominately rocky waterways. Pallid sturgeon prefer swift river currents more often than do shovelnose sturgeon.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#6", "text": "To better protect the pallid sturgeon from extinction, research on its DNA and that of other closely related species was conducted to assess the differences within various populations of pallid sturgeon, and the differences between pallid and shovelnose sturgeon. Early DNA research indicated that pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon were a single species. However, a 2000 study comparing DNA sequences in the three members of the genus \"Scaphirhynchus\"(pallid, shovelnose, and Alabama sturgeon) showed that the three are distinct species. Between 2001 and 2006, several studies examined two populations of pallid sturgeon located in the upper Great Plains section of the Missouri River and compared them to a southern population located in the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana. These DNA studies concluded that the northern populations of pallid sturgeon are reproductively isolated and are genetically distinct from the Atchafalaya population. However, the genetic variability among pallid sturgeon was found to be far less than that between them and the shovelnose sturgeon.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#17", "text": "In a study based in Montana and North Dakota conducted on both the pallid and shovelnose sturgeon, both species were fitted with radio transmitters so researchers could track their swimming habits. Pallid sturgeon were found to prefer wider river channels, midchannel sandbars, and numerous islands, and were most commonly recorded in water depths between . The study also showed that the pallid sturgeon moved as much as per day and up to . Pallid sturgeon are believed to have preferred the muddy and generally warmer waters that existed prior to Missouri River dam construction.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#14", "text": "The pallid sturgeon's historical range spanned the entire Missouri River and into the Mississippi River. Historically, the species was rare to nonexistent in the upper Mississippi, probably due to a lack of proper habitat. Currently, the species is considered imperiled throughout its entire range. As of 2008, pallid sturgeon can still be found throughout their original range, but their population numbers have severely declined from the mid-20th century. The Missouri and Mississippi rivers from Montana to Louisiana, as well as the Atchafalaya River in Louisiana, continue to harbor an aging population of pallid sturgeon. Pallid sturgeon have never been very common; as early as 1905 when the species was first identified, they represented only one in five of all sturgeon in the lower Missouri River and as few as one in 500 where the Illinois River meets the Mississippi. Between 1985 and 2000, the ratio of pallid sturgeon to all sturgeon netted declined from one in about 400 to one in nearly 650. A 1996 study concluded that between 6,000 and 21,000 pallid sturgeon remained in their natural habitat at that time.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#22", "text": "In Nebraska, a small number of pallid sturgeon have been captured along the lower reaches of the Platte River. Unlike most rivers in the Mississippi-Missouri River System, the Platte River has only a few dams and they are well upstream from its confluence with the Missouri River. The lower Platte River is shallow with numerous sand bars and small islands. Though pallid sturgeon prefer more turbulent and deeper rivers than the Platte, between 1979 and 2003, over a dozen pallid sturgeon, including some from hatcheries, have been captured from the Platte River. A number of these pallid sturgeon have been fitted with radio transmitters which track their return to the Platte River when water levels and turbidity conditions are favorable. Coinciding with the majority of the pallid sturgeon that have been captured, the period that is generally most favorable is during the spring and early summer. By midsummer, a reduction in water levels and turbidity on the Platte River encourages pallid sturgeon to return to the Missouri River.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" }, { "docid": "5019316#12", "text": "Prior to the construction of dams on the Missouri, pallid sturgeon migrated hundreds of miles upstream to spawn, and sought out rocky or hard surfaces to deposit hundreds of thousands of eggs. One female pallid sturgeon caught in the upper Missouri River was estimated to be carrying 170,000 eggs, representing over 11 percent of its total body weight. After fertilization, pallid sturgeon eggs hatch in 5 to 8 days, after which the larvae drift back downstream for several weeks. As the larvae develop tails, they seek out slower-moving waterways and slowly mature over a period of a dozen years. The rate of survival to maturity for pallid sturgeon larvae is extremely low, and of the hundreds of thousands of eggs spawned, only a few live to adulthood.", "title": "Pallid sturgeon" } ]

[ { "docid": "7990664#7", "text": "In its early years after , the NFL did not have a set schedule, and teams played as few as eight and as many as sixteen games, many against independent professional, college, or amateur teams. From through , they played from eleven to fourteen games per season, depending on the number of teams in the league. From through , each NFL team played 12 games per season. The American Football League began play in 1960 and introduced a balanced schedule of 14 games per team over a fifteen-week season, in which each of the eight teams played each of the other teams twice, with one bye week. Competition from the new league caused the NFL to expand and follow suit with a fourteen-game schedule in .", "title": "NFL regular season" }, { "docid": "23906306#4", "text": "Teams do not play a given conference opponent from outside their division more than once during the regular season. However, they may meet again for a second time in the playoffs. The NFL schedules divisions to play against each other on a rotating basis, so that every team from one division will play every team from another division, for a total of four games per team. Each team will also play one team from each of the remaining two divisions within the conference that finished in the same divisional standing position in the prior year—for a grand total of 20 conference games. Conference games are often important, as a team's record in common games, as well as its overall record against its conference, is sometimes used as a tiebreaker for playoff seeding at the end of the regular season. Also, many regular season opponents have met again in the playoffs, and the result of a regular season game can affect where the playoff game will be played. Conference rivals will play each other at least once every three years in the regular season, and as frequently as once every year depending on record, and can play each other in the preseason.", "title": "National Football League rivalries" }, { "docid": "7990664#24", "text": "There have been proposals to expand the regular season schedule to 17 or 18 games per team. Current Commissioner Roger Goodell has said he favors expanding it to 18 games. However, a longer regular season proposal was defeated in the 2011 labor negotiations between the owners and the players association. One of the proposals for the 17th and 18th games is to have every team play at least one game abroad every year. Another idea being put forth by Houston Texans owner Bob McNair is to move the traditional regional rivalries that are currently played in the preseason (such as the Governor's Cups) into a permanent annual part of each NFL team's schedule. The NFL Players' Association opposes extending the season, largely because of injury concerns, and extending the season would require that such an extension be included in the next collective bargaining agreement. The collective bargaining agreement signed in 2011 maintained the sixteen game regular season schedule.", "title": "NFL regular season" }, { "docid": "207152#2", "text": "Currently, the thirteen opponents each team faces over the 16-game regular season schedule are set using a pre-determined formula.\nEach NFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to 10 other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL. Two of these games are assigned on the basis of a particular team's final divisional standing from the previous season. The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions. This assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle. Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the NFC West plays against every team in the AFC East and NFC North. In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents – the exception being the two games assigned based on the team's prior-season divisional standing.", "title": "National Football Conference" }, { "docid": "7990664#0", "text": "The National Football League (NFL) regular season begins on the weekend following the first Monday of September (i.e, the weekend following the Labor Day holiday) and ends in December or early January. It consists of 256 games, where each team (32 total) plays 16 games during a 17-week period. Since 2012, the NFL schedule generally has games in one of five time slots during the week. The first game of the week is played on Thursday night, kicking off at 8:20 PM (ET). The majority of games are played on Sunday, most kicking off at 1:00 PM (ET), some late afternoon games starting at 4:05 or 4:25 PM (ET). Additionally, one Sunday night game is played every week at 8:20 PM (ET). One Monday night game then starts at 8:15 PM (ET) every week with the exception of the first week of the regular season, in which two Monday night games are played back-to-back (the second game always occurring on the West coast), as well as the last week of the season, in which no Monday night game is held. In addition to these regularly scheduled games, there are occasionally games at other times, such as a Saturday afternoon or evening, or the annual Thanksgiving Day games in which three games are played. During the final week of the regular season, all games are held on Sunday.", "title": "NFL regular season" } ]

[ { "docid": "21211#24", "text": "The NFL preseason begins with the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, played at Fawcett Stadium in Canton. Each NFL team is required to schedule four preseason games, two of which must be at its home stadium, but the teams involved in the Hall of Fame game, as well as any teams playing in an American Bowl game, play five preseason games. Preseason games are exhibition matches and do not count towards regular-season totals. Because the preseason does not count towards standings, teams generally do not focus on winning games; instead, they are used by coaches to evaluate their teams and by players to show their performance, both to their current team and to other teams if they get cut. The quality of preseason games has been criticized by some fans, who dislike having to pay full price for exhibition games, as well as by some players and coaches, who dislike the risk of injury the games have, while others have felt the preseason is a necessary part of the NFL season.", "title": "National Football League" }, { "docid": "7990664#31", "text": "From the beginnings of the NFL, some teams shared stadiums with Major League Baseball teams, with the MLB teams holding leases giving them priority. The NFL was required to schedule around September baseball games. In October, this frequently resulted in NFL teams having to reschedule on short notice if the MLB team in their city made the playoffs. On some occasions, the NFL game could be moved to Saturday or Monday. The NFL would often schedule October division games so that teams would be able to swap home game dates if it appeared that the MLB playoff schedule would make a stadium unavailable to the NFL. Perhaps the most extreme case was in 1973, when the New York Jets played at Shea Stadium and were forced to play their first six games on the road due to the Mets playing in the World Series.", "title": "NFL regular season" }, { "docid": "615#3", "text": "Each AFC team plays the other teams in their respective division twice (home and away) during the regular season, in addition to 10 other games assigned to their schedule by the NFL. Two of these games are assigned on the basis of a particular team's final divisional standing from the previous season. The remaining 8 games are split between the roster of two other NFL divisions. This assignment shifts each year and will follow a standard cycle. Using the 2012 regular season schedule as an example, each team in the AFC West plays against every team in the AFC North and NFC South. In this way, non-divisional competition will be mostly among common opponents – the exception being the two games assigned based on the team's prior-season divisional standing.", "title": "American Football Conference" }, { "docid": "21211#20", "text": "Every NFL team is based in the contiguous United States. Although no team is based in a foreign country, the Jacksonville Jaguars began playing one home game a year at Wembley Stadium in London, England, in 2013 as part of the NFL International Series. The Jaguars' agreement with Wembley was originally set to expire in 2016, but has since been extended through 2020. The Buffalo Bills played one home game every season at Rogers Centre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, as part of the Bills Toronto Series from to . Mexico also hosted an NFL regular-season game, a 2005 game between the San Francisco 49ers and Arizona Cardinals known as \"Fútbol Americano\", and 39 international preseason games were played from 1986 to 2005 as part of the American Bowl series. The Raiders and Houston Texans played a game in Mexico City at Estadio Azteca on November 21, 2016.", "title": "National Football League" }, { "docid": "272719#6", "text": "When he took office following the season, there were twelve teams in the NFL playing a twelve-game schedule to frequently half-empty stadiums, and only a few teams had television contracts. The NFL in 1960 was following a business model that had evolved from the 1930s. One of Rozelle's early accomplishments was helping the league adopt profit-sharing of gate and television revenues. The revenue-sharing was a major factor in stabilizing the NFL and guaranteeing the success of its small-market teams. Another important contribution was Rozelle's success in negotiating large television contracts to broadcast every NFL game played each season. In doing so he deftly played one television network against the other. In 1962, Rozelle was re-elected to a five-year contract to remain as commissioner.", "title": "Pete Rozelle" }, { "docid": "23906306#2", "text": "Purely geographic rivalries are rare in the NFL, since crosstown rivals do not play each other nearly as often as in other leagues that have more games (and therefore more opportunities to play other teams). For example, Major League Baseball teams face each league opponent at least six times in the regular season, and within a division as many as 19 times. In recent years, the NFL changed its scheduling formula to ensure every possible matchup happens within a four-year span, not counting pre-season games or the Super Bowl. A main factor in the fact that crosstown rivals are almost always in opposing conferences is history: in the three current markets (New York/New Jersey, Los Angeles, and San Francisco Bay Area) that have two NFL teams, all have one team (Jets in New York, Raiders in Oakland, Chargers in Los Angeles) that was a member of the American Football League. As part of the AFL–NFL merger, all AFL teams had to be retained, even if it meant multiple teams in one metropolitan area. The newly merged league opted not to go through an extensive geographical realignment, and instead, the AFL formed the basis of the AFC, and the old NFL formed the basis of the NFC; as a result, each team ended up in an opposite conference from their crosstown rival. This allowed the combined league to retain both existing television partnerships of each league—NBC for the AFL/AFC, and CBS for the NFL/NFC—instead of choosing one or the other (ABC joined the mix in 1970 with \"Monday Night Football\").", "title": "National Football League rivalries" }, { "docid": "7990664#1", "text": "In place since 2006, the current broadcasting contract establishes broadcast partners for each game. The Sunday afternoon games are broadcast either on CBS or Fox. CBS has the broadcast rights for teams in the American Football Conference while Fox has the rights for teams in the National Football Conference. In games where teams from both conferences play each other, the network with the broadcast rights for the \"away\" team will broadcast the game. In each local television market, three Sunday afternoon games are shown. One of the two networks gets a doubleheader, while the other network has the right to broadcast a single game; the networks alternate weeks when each has the right to the doubleheader. Doubleheader games are broadcast at 1:00 (ET) and 4:25 PM (ET). The network with the single game will have an official kick-off time at either 1:00 PM (ET) or 4:05 PM (ET). In addition to the regular Sunday afternoon games, there are three prime time games each week. The Thursday night game is broadcast by the NFL Network (with, starting in 2018, ten of those Thursday games also being simulcast by Fox). The Sunday night game is broadcast by NBC, while the Monday night game is broadcast by ESPN.", "title": "NFL regular season" } ]

[ { "docid": "698#1", "text": "The Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Europe and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. As one component of the interconnected global ocean, it is connected in the north to the Arctic Ocean, to the Pacific Ocean in the southwest, the Indian Ocean in the southeast, and the Southern Ocean in the south (other definitions describe the Atlantic as extending southward to Antarctica). The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean and the South Atlantic Ocean at about 8°N.", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" }, { "docid": "698#3", "text": "The oldest known mentions of an \"Atlantic\" sea come from Stesichorus around mid-sixth century BC (Sch. A. R. 1. 211): \"Atlantikoi pelágei\" (Greek: Ἀτλαντικῷ πελάγει; English: 'the Atlantic sea'; etym. 'Sea of Atlantis') and in \"The Histories\" of Herodotus around 450 BC (Hdt. 1.202.4): \"Atlantis thalassa\" (Greek: Ἀτλαντὶς θάλασσα; English: 'Sea of Atlantis' or 'the Atlantis sea') where the name refers to \"the sea beyond the pillars of Heracles\" which is said to be part of the sea that surrounds all land. Thus, on one hand, the name refers to Atlas, the Titan in Greek mythology, who supported the heavens and who later appeared as a frontispiece in Medieval maps and also lent his name to modern atlases. On the other hand, to early Greek sailors and in Ancient Greek mythological literature such as the \"Iliad\" and the \"Odyssey\", this all-encompassing ocean was instead known as Oceanus, the gigantic river that encircled the world; in contrast to the enclosed seas well known to the Greeks: the Mediterranean and the Black Sea.\nIn contrast, the term \"Atlantic\" originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word \"thalassa\" has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of millions of years ago.", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" } ]

[ { "docid": "18951556#0", "text": "The Arctic Ocean is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major oceans. The International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some oceanographers call it the Arctic Mediterranean Sea or simply the Arctic Sea, classifying it a mediterranean sea or an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing World Ocean.", "title": "Arctic Ocean" }, { "docid": "698#10", "text": "The bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). It runs from 87°N or south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S.", "title": "Atlantic Ocean" }, { "docid": "8522084#1", "text": "\"Atlantic\" is a drama film based on the and set aboard a fictional ship, called the \"Atlantic\". The main plotline revolves around a man who has a shipboard affair with a fellow passenger, which is eventually discovered by his wife. The ship also has aboard an elderly couple, the Rools, who are on their anniversary cruise. Midway across the Atlantic Ocean, the \"Atlantic\" strikes an iceberg and is damaged to the point where it is sinking into the Atlantic. A shortage of lifeboats causes the crew to only allow women and children in (though the captain allows a few men to take to the last remaining boats as the disaster reaches its zenith) and many couples are separated. Mrs. Rool refuses to leave her husband and after the boats are gone all the passengers gather on the deck and sing \"Nearer, My God, to Thee\" as the \"Atlantic\" sinks into the ocean. The final scenes depict a group of passengers saying the Lord's Prayer in a flooding lounge.The movie was filmed aboard the White Star Line ship RMS \"Majestic\". The film was originally made as \"Titanic\" but after lawsuits it was renamed \"Atlantic\". The White Star Line, which owned the RMS \"Titanic\", was still in operation at the time; and nevertheless had owned a major liner called which was lost in 1873. The final scene of the movie was filmed as a shot of the liner sinking, but it was cut at the last minute for fear of upsetting \"Titanic\" survivors.", "title": "Atlantic (film)" }, { "docid": "13939841#43", "text": "In the official Argentine map the geographic nomenclature \"OCÉANO ATLÁNTICO SUR\" (South Atlantic Ocean) appears inserted to the south of Hoste Island and in the western region of Wollaston and Hermite Islands, in other words more than one degree longitude west of Cape Horn, thus contradicting the (1978) Argentine thesis concerning the ocean toponymy in the region of the extreme south of America, that the Cape Horn was the border between the Pacific and Atlantic Ocean. The reason could be that in 1938 the Argentine delegation to the Hydrographic Conference in Oslo tried to define the meridian 68° 43'W (through the Chilean Diego Ramírez Islands) as limit between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans.\nDuring the Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (1976–1983) and based on concepts of territorial nationalism and geopolitics Argentine geographs sustained the possession of the islands as a \"vital issue\" and called on to a \"march to the south\" in order to follow some kind of Argentine \"Manifest Destiny\":", "title": "Beagle Channel cartography since 1881" }, { "docid": "18951556#29", "text": "In the depth range of is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the North Atlantic Current enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the Arctic Basin counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer (up to 3 °C). In fact, this water mass is actually warmer than the surface water, and remains submerged only due to the role of salinity in density. When water reaches the basin it is pushed by strong winds into a large circular current called the Beaufort Gyre. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers.", "title": "Arctic Ocean" }, { "docid": "39523982#0", "text": "The Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic, also known as PIRATA, is a system of moored observation buoys in the tropical Atlantic Ocean which collect meteorological and oceanographic data. The data collected by the PIRATA array helps scientists to better understand climatic events in the Tropical Atlantic and to improve weather forecasting and climate research worldwide. Climatic and oceanic events in the tropical Atlantic, such as the Tropical Atlantic SST Dipole affect rainfall and climate in both West Africa and Northeast Brazil. The northern tropical Atlantic is also a major formation area for hurricanes affecting the West Indies and the United States. Alongside the RAMA array in the Indian Ocean and the TAO/TRITON network in the Pacific Ocean, PIRATA forms part of the worldwide system of tropical ocean observing buoys.", "title": "Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Atlantic" }, { "docid": "4522556#25", "text": "It should be noted that Balboa called the Pacific the \"Mar del Sur\" and referred to it as \"la otra mar\", the other sea, by contrast with the Atlantic, evidently with Behaim's concept of only two oceans in mind. The \"Mar del Sur\", the South Sea, was the part of the Indian Ocean to the south of Asia: the Indian Ocean was the \"Oceanus Orientalis,\" the Eastern Ocean, as opposed to the Atlantic or Western Ocean, the \"Oceanus Occidentalis\" in Behaim's two ocean world.", "title": "Waldseemüller map" }, { "docid": "28298424#1", "text": "The originally Greek term Okeanos Aithiopos, is an old name for what is now called the South Atlantic Ocean. It is separated from the North Atlantic Ocean by a narrow region between Natal, Brazil and Monrovia, Liberia. The term Ethiopian Ocean appeared until the mid-19th century, for example on the map \"Accuratissima Totius Africae in Lucem Producta\", engraved by Johann Baptist Homann and Frederick de Wit and published by Jacob von Sandrart in Nürnberg in 1702.", "title": "Aethiopian Sea" }, { "docid": "18951556#26", "text": "In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable, because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and Canadian streams (Ob, Yenisei, Lena, Mackenzie), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called halocline, in which both salinity and temperature are rising with increasing depth.\nBecause of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It is classified as a mediterranean sea, which as “a part of the world ocean which has only limited communication with the major ocean basins (these being the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans) and where the circulation is dominated by thermohaline forcing”. The Arctic Ocean has a total volume of 18.07×10 km, equal to about 1.3% of the World Ocean. Mean surface circulation is predominately cyclonic on the Eurasian side and anticyclonic in the Canadian Basin.", "title": "Arctic Ocean" } ]

[ { "docid": "14882551#54", "text": "Florida State's victory earned it the 1999 BCS national championship and brought the Seminoles' season to an end with an undefeated 12–0 record. By beginning the season at No. 1 and ending it in the same position, Florida State became the first college football team to stay ranked No. 1 for every week of the season after being ranked No. 1 in the preseason poll. Virginia Tech's loss brought it to a final record of 11–1, but the Hokies still completed their first 11-win season in school history. The 75 total points scored in the 2000 Sugar Bowl were a Sugar Bowl record at that point in the game's history.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#0", "text": "The 2000 Sugar Bowl was the designated Bowl Championship Series (BCS) National Championship Game for the 1999 NCAA Division I-A football season and was played on January 4, 2000, at the Louisiana Superdome in New Orleans. The Florida State Seminoles, representing the Atlantic Coast Conference, defeated the Virginia Tech Hokies, representing the Big East Conference, by a score of 46–29. With the win, Florida State clinched the 1999 BCS national championship, the team's second national championship in its history.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" } ]

[ { "docid": "14882551#56", "text": "In recognition of their achievements during the regular season and during the 2000 Sugar Bowl, multiple players and coaches from each team earned awards and recognition after the conclusion of the game. Tech quarterback Michael Vick, despite leading the losing team in the Sugar Bowl, won an ESPY for college football player of the year on February 14, more than a month after the Sugar Bowl. In addition, Virginia Tech head coach Frank Beamer won multiple coach of the year awards, most notably the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award, which was presented to Beamer on March 6. One of Beamer's assistant coaches, Bud Foster, was named the top defensive coordinator in Division I-A football by American Football Coach Magazine in its annual award. Florida State quarterback Chris Weinke won the 2000 Heisman Trophy after the conclusion of the 2000 college football season.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#3", "text": "For his performance in the game, Florida State wide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game's most valuable player. Although Tech lost the game, several of its players won postseason awards—most notably Michael Vick, who earned an ESPY for his performance during the Sugar Bowl and the regular season. Several players from each team entered the National Football League after graduation, being selected either in the 2000 NFL Draft or later editions of that selection process.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#19", "text": "Florida State placekicker Sebastian Janikowski, who was born in Poland, also was a key component of the Seminoles' scoring offense. In his career at Florida State prior to the Sugar Bowl, Janikowski made 65 of 83 field goal attempts, including 33 of his previous 38 kicks of less than 50 yards. Janikowski also handled kickoffs, kicking the ball so hard that 57 of his 83 kickoffs were touchbacks. Janikowski was considered to have the potential to be an early selection in the 2000 NFL Draft by several scouts for professional teams.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#23", "text": "Tech placekicker Shayne Graham won Big East Special Teams Player of the Year honors after scoring 107 points during the regular season. That mark set a Big East record, and Graham's 372 career points during his four years with the Hokies were a NCAA record at the time. Graham's award ensured Tech won all five of the Big East's player and coach of the year awards.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "40519803#5", "text": "The Sugar Bowl Regatta has featured multiple Olympians, including Gilbert Gray, who captured Olympic Gold in the STAR class in the 1932 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles, California. George Friedrichs, with crew Barton Jahncke and Gerald Schreck brought home the gold from the 1968 Summer Olympics in Mexico City, Mexico in the Dragon class. John C. Lovell, took silver in the Tornado class in the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Greece and competed in the 1996, 2000 and 2008 Summer Olympic games. John Dane III became America's oldest Olympian, sailing in the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China.", "title": "Sugar Bowl Regatta" }, { "docid": "14882551#50", "text": "In recognition of his performance during the game, Florida State wide receiver Peter Warrick was named the game's most valuable player. Warrick caught six passes for 163 yards and two touchdowns, leading all receivers in yardage and scores. Warrick also had a 59-yard punt return for a touchdown and a two-point conversion, accounting for 20 of the Seminoles' 46 points. The 20 points scored by Warrick were a Sugar Bowl record for most points scored by an individual player.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#28", "text": "The 2000 Sugar Bowl kicked off at 8 p.m. EST on January 4, 2000, at the Louisiana Superdome, in New Orleans. A crowd of 79,280 people attended the game in person, and an estimated 18.4 million people watched the game's television broadcast on ABC, earning the broadcast a television rating of 17.5, the third-highest rating ever recorded for a BCS game. ABC estimates were higher, speculating that at least 54 million people watched at least a portion of the broadcast. Brent Musburger, Gary Danielson, Lynn Swann, and Jack Arute were the television commentators for the event, and Ron Franklin, Mike Gottfried, and Adrian Karsten provided commentary for the ESPN Radio broadcast of the game. In exchange for their performance at the game, Virginia Tech and Florida State each received more than $4 million.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14726482#22", "text": "Before the Sugar Bowl, Auburn had the top-ranked scoring defense in the country (allowing 11.2 points per game), the fifth-ranked total defense (allowing 269.5 total yards per game), eighth in passing defense (allowing 163 yards passing per game), and 16th in rushing defense (allowing 106.5 yards rushing per game). Cornerback Carlos Rogers was one of the key players on the defensive squad. Rogers, who won the Jim Thorpe Award—given annually to the best defensive back in the country—earned consensus All-America honors and was a finalist for the Bronco Nagurski Award and a semifinalist for the Chuck Bednarik Award, each given to the best defensive college football player in the United States.", "title": "2005 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#17", "text": "Leading the Florida State offense was quarterback Chris Weinke, a former baseball player who, at 27 years old, was by far the oldest player on the Seminoles' team. After suffering a neck injury in the 1998 college football season, Weinke recovered to complete 232 of 377 pass attempts for 3,103 yards, 25 touchdowns, and 14 interceptions.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" }, { "docid": "14882551#61", "text": "The following season, neither Florida State nor Virginia Tech competed for a national championship, but both teams played in the 2002 Gator Bowl, their first matchup in two years. Following the Gator Bowl, Florida State next met Virginia Tech in the 2005 ACC Championship Game after the Hokies left the Big East for the Atlantic Coast Conference. Florida State won that contest, 27–22. Not until the 2007 college football season did Virginia Tech finally avenge its losses to the Seminoles with a 40–21 win en route to an Atlantic Coast Conference championship. It was the first game in fifteen consecutive matchups between the two teams that Virginia Tech had won.", "title": "2000 Sugar Bowl" } ]

[ { "docid": "2616121#6", "text": "Right-wing authoritarians want society and social interactions structured in ways that increase uniformity and minimize diversity. In order to achieve that, they tend to be in favour of social control, coercion and the use of group authority to place constraints on the behaviours of people such as political dissidents and ethnic minorities. These constraints might include restrictions on immigration, limits on free speech and association and laws regulating moral behaviour. It is the willingness to support or take action that leads to increased social uniformity that makes right-wing authoritarianism more than just a personal distaste for difference. Right-wing authoritarianism is characterized by obedience to authority, moral absolutism, racial and ethnic prejudice and intolerance and punitiveness towards dissidents and deviants. In parenting, right-wing authoritarians value children's obedience, neatness and good manners.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#1", "text": "The concept of right-wing authoritarianism was introduced in 1981 by Canadian-American psychologist Bob Altemeyer as a refinement of the authoritarian personality theory originally pioneered by University of California, Berkeley researchers Theodor W. Adorno, Else Frenkel-Brunswik, Daniel Levinson and Nevitt Sanford. After extensive questionnaire research and statistical analysis, Altemeyer found that only three of the original nine hypothesized components of the model correlated together: authoritarian submission, authoritarian aggression and conventionalism. Researchers have traditionally assumed that there was just one kind of authoritarian personality, who could be either a follower or a leader. The discovery that followers and leaders are usually different types of authoritarians is based on research done by Sam McFarland.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#0", "text": "Right-wing authoritarianism (RWA) is a personality and ideological variable studied in political, social and personality psychology. Right-wing authoritarians are people who have a high degree of willingness to submit to authorities they perceive as established and legitimate, who adhere to societal conventions and norms and who are hostile and punitive in their attitudes towards people who do not adhere to them. They value uniformity and are in favour of using group authority, including coercion, to achieve it.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#12", "text": "Milton Rokeach's dogmatism scale was an early attempt to measure pure authoritarianism, whether left or right. The scale was carefully designed to measure closed-mindedness without regard to ideology. Nevertheless, researchers found that it correlated with British political conservativism. In a similar line of research, Philip Tetlock found that right wing beliefs are associated with less integrative complexity than left wing beliefs. People with moderate liberal attitudes had the highest integrative complexity in their cognitions.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#16", "text": "According to research by Altemeyer, right-wing authoritarians tend to exhibit cognitive errors and symptoms of faulty reasoning. Specifically, they are more likely to make incorrect inferences from evidence and to hold contradictory ideas that result from compartmentalized thinking. They are also more likely to uncritically accept insufficient evidence that supports their beliefs and they are less likely to acknowledge their own limitations. Whether right-wing authoritarians are less intelligent than average is disputed, with Stenner arguing that variables such as high verbal ability (indicative of high cognitive capacity) have a very substantial ameliorative effect in diminishing authoritarian tendencies. Measured against other factors of personality, authoritarians generally score lower on openness to experience and slightly higher on conscientiousness.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#2", "text": "Right-wing authoritarianism is measured by the RWA scale, which uses a Likert scale response. The first scored item on the scale states: \"Our country desperately needs a mighty leader who will do what has to be done to destroy the radical new ways and sinfulness that are ruining us\". People who strongly agree with this are showing a tendency toward authoritarian submission (\"Our country desperately needs a mighty leader\"), authoritarian aggression (\"who will do what has to be done to destroy\") and conventionalism (\"the radical new ways and sinfulness that are ruining us\").\nPsychometrically, the RWA scale was a significant improvement over the F-scale, which was the original measure of the authoritarian personality. The F-scale was worded so that agreement always indicated an authoritarian response, thus leaving it susceptible to the acquiescence response bias. The RWA scale is balanced to have an equal number of pro and anti authoritarian statements. The RWA scale also has excellent internal reliability, with coefficient alpha typically measuring between 0.85 and 0.94.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" } ]

[ { "docid": "2616121#13", "text": "There have been a number of other attempts to identify \"left-wing authoritarians\" in the United States and Canada. These would be people who submit to leftist authorities, are highly conventional to liberal viewpoints and are aggressive to people who oppose left-wing ideology. These attempts have failed because measures of authoritarianism always correlate at least slightly with the right. However, left-wing authoritarians were found in Eastern Europe. There are certainly extremists across the political spectrum, but most psychologists now believe that authoritarianism is a predominantly right-wing phenomenon.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#23", "text": "A recent refinement to this body of research was presented in Karen Stenner's 2005 book, \"The Authoritarian Dynamic\". Stenner argues that RWA is best understood as expressing a dynamic response to external threat, not a static disposition based only on the traits of submission, aggression and conventionalism. Stenner is critical of Altemeyer's social learning interpretation and argues that it cannot account for how levels of authoritarianism fluctuate with social conditions. She argues that the RWA Scale can be viewed as a measure of expressed authoritarianism, but that other measures are needed to assess authoritarian predispositions which interact with threatening circumstances to produce the authoritarian response.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#20", "text": "The vast majority of research on right-wing authoritarianism has been done in the United States and Canada. However, a 2003 cross-cultural study examined the relation between authoritarianism and individualism-collectivism in samples (1,080) from Bulgaria, Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, Poland and the United States. Both at the individual level and the societal level, authoritarianism was correlated with vertical individualism (or dominance seeking) and vertical or hierarchical collectivism, which is the tendency to submit to the demands of one's ingroup. A study done on both Israeli and Palestinian students in Israel found that RWA scores of right-wing party supporters were significantly higher than those of left-wing party supporters and scores of secular subjects were lowest.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" }, { "docid": "2616121#14", "text": "Although authoritarians in North America generally support conservative political parties, this finding must be considered in a historical and cultural context. For example, during the Cold War authoritarians in the United States were usually anti-communist, whereas in the Soviet Union authoritarians generally supported the Communist Party and were opposed to capitalism. Authoritarians thus generally favor the established ways and oppose social and political change, hence even politics usually labeled as right or left-wing is not descriptive. While communism in the Soviet Union is seen as leftist, it still inspired the same responses. Furthermore, recent research indicates that political progressives can exhibit the qualities of authoritarianism when they are asked about conservative Christians. This leaves questions over what makes various ideologies left or right open to interpretation. A 2017 study found evidence that was suggestive of the existence of left-wing authoritarians.", "title": "Right-wing authoritarianism" } ]

[ { "docid": "660960#0", "text": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis, also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis and Hashimoto's disease, is an autoimmune disease in which the thyroid gland is gradually destroyed. Early on there may be no symptoms. Over time the thyroid may enlarge forming a painless goiter. Some people eventually develop hypothyroidism with its accompanying weight gain, feeling tired, constipation, depression, and general pains. After many years the thyroid typically shrinks in size. Potential complications include thyroid lymphoma.\nHashimoto's thyroiditis is thought to be due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Risk factors include a family history of the condition and having another autoimmune disease. Diagnosis is confirmed with blood tests for TSH, T4, and anti-thyroid autoantibodies. Other conditions that can produce similar symptoms include Graves’ disease and nontoxic nodular goiter.\nHashimoto's thyroiditis is typically treated with levothyroxine. If hypothyroidism is not present some may recommend no treatment while others may treat to try to reduce the size of the goiter. Those affected should avoid eating large amounts of iodine; however, sufficient iodine is required especially during pregnancy. Surgery is rarely required to treat the goiter.\nHashimoto's thyroiditis affects about 5% of the population at some point in their life. It typically begins between the ages of 30 and 50 and is much more common in women than men. Rates of disease appear to be increasing. It was first described by the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto in 1912. In 1957 it was recognized as an autoimmune disorder.", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis" }, { "docid": "30078#40", "text": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis is an autoimmune disorder in which the thyroid gland is infltrated by the lymphocytes B-cell and T-cells. These progressively destroy the thyroid gland. In this way, Hasimoto's thyroiditis may have occurred insidiously, and only be noticed when thyroid hormone production decreases, causing symptoms of hypothyroidism. Hashimoto's is more common in females than males, much more common after the age of 60, and has known genetic risk factors. Also more common in individuals with Hashimoto's thyroiditis are type 1 diabetes, pernicious anaemia, Addison's disease vitiligo.", "title": "Thyroid" }, { "docid": "54607954#0", "text": "Thyroid disease in women is an autoimmune disease that affects the thyroid in women. This condition can have a profound effect during pregnancy and on the child. It also is called Hashimoto's thyroiditis (theye-royd-EYET-uhss). During pregnancy, the infant may be seriously affected and have a variety of birth defects. Many women with Hashimoto's disease develop an underactive thyroid. They may have mild or no symptoms at first, but symptoms tend to worsen over time. If a woman is pregnant and has symptoms of Hashimoto's disease, the clinician will do an exam and order one or more tests.", "title": "Thyroid disease in women" }, { "docid": "4160656#70", "text": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis is the most common thyroid disease and is characterized by abundant lymphocyte infiltrate and thyroid impairment. Recent research suggests a potential role for HHV-6 (possibly variant A) in the development or triggering of Hashimoto's thyroiditis.", "title": "Human herpesvirus 6" }, { "docid": "660960#3", "text": "The thyroid gland may become firm, large, and lobulated in Hashimoto's thyroiditis, but changes in the thyroid can also be nonpalpable. Enlargement of the thyroid is due to lymphocytic infiltration and fibrosis rather than tissue hypertrophy. Physiologically, antibodies against thyroid peroxidase (TPO) (also called TPOAb) and/or thyroglobulin cause gradual destruction of follicles in the thyroid gland. Accordingly, the disease can be detected clinically by looking for these antibodies in the blood. It is also characterized by invasion of the thyroid tissue by leukocytes, mainly T-lymphocytes. A rare but serious complication is thyroid lymphoma, generally the B-cell type, non-Hodgkin lymphoma.", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis" }, { "docid": "660960#19", "text": "Also known as Hashimoto's disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis is named after the Japanese physician Hakaru Hashimoto (1881−1934) of the medical school at Kyushu University, who first described the symptoms of persons with \"struma lymphomatosa\", an intense infiltration of lymphocytes within the thyroid, in 1912 in a German publication. The report gave new insight into a condition (hypothyroidism) more commonly seen in areas of iodine deficiency that was occurring in the developed world, and without evident causation by dietary deficiency.", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis" }, { "docid": "35954442#5", "text": "Selenium also plays a role in the functioning of the thyroid gland. It participates as a cofactor for the three thyroid hormone deiodinases. These enzymes activate and then deactivate various thyroid hormones and their metabolites. It may inhibit Hashimotos's disease, an auto-immune disease in which the body's own thyroid cells are attacked by the immune system. A reduction of 21% on TPO antibodies was reported with the dietary intake of 0.2 mg of selenium.", "title": "Selenium in biology" }, { "docid": "9729302#0", "text": "Hashimoto's encephalopathy, also known as steroid responsive encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroiditis (SREAT), is a neurological condition characterized by encephalopathy, thyroid autoimmunity, and good clinical response to steroids. It is associated with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. It was first described in 1966. It is sometimes referred to as a neuroendocrine disorder, although the condition's relationship to the endocrine system is widely disputed. It is recognized as a rare disease by the NIH Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center.", "title": "Hashimoto's encephalopathy" } ]

[ { "docid": "3154336#8", "text": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis was first described by Japanese physician Hashimoto Hakaru working in Germany in 1912. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is also known as chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, and patients with this disease often complain about difficulty swallowing. This condition may be so mild at first that the disease goes unnoticed for years. The first symptom that shows signs of Hashimoto's thyroiditis is a goiter on the front of the neck. Depending on the severity of the disease and how much it has progressed, doctors then decide what steps are taken for treatment.", "title": "Thyroiditis" }, { "docid": "660960#16", "text": "Hypothyroidism caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis is treated with thyroid hormone replacement agents such as levothyroxine, triiodothyronine or desiccated thyroid extract. A tablet taken once a day generally keeps the thyroid hormone levels normal. In most cases, the treatment needs to be taken for the rest of the person's life. In the event that hypothyroidism is caused by Hashimoto's thyroiditis, it may be recommended that the TSH levels be kept under 3.0 mIU/L.", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis" }, { "docid": "660960#6", "text": "Having other autoimmune diseases is a risk factor to develop Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, and the opposite is also true. Autoimmune diseases most commonly associated to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis include celiac disease, type 1 diabetes, vitiligo, and alopecia.", "title": "Hashimoto's thyroiditis" } ]

[ { "docid": "41375719#0", "text": "The San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 45th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 55th overall, and the second under head coach Mike McCoy. After former Chargers' offensive coordinator, Ken Whisenhunt, was hired by the Tennessee Titans to become their new head coach, the Chargers promoted Frank Reich to replace him. Reich spent last season as the Chargers' quarterback coach.", "title": "2014 San Diego Chargers season" } ]

[ { "docid": "3560294#9", "text": "Coryell was hired as the San Diego Chargers' head coach on September 25, 1978, the same day as the infamous PSA Flight 182 crash in San Diego. When Don Coryell began coaching the team, the Chargers had a win-loss record of 1–4 for that season. The team broke their losing streak with eight additional wins and three losses that season after Coryell became head coach. The Chargers 9–7 record was their first winning season since 1969.", "title": "Don Coryell" }, { "docid": "15378632#0", "text": "The San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 17th season in the National Football League (NFL), and its 27th overall. the team failed to improve on their 8–8 record from 1985 Following a stagnant 1–7 start, Head Coach Don Coryell was fired and Al Saunders was named interim Head Coach. After the season, Saunders was named the permanent Head Coach and would hold the position through the end of the 1988 season. Leslie O'Neal was named Defensive Rookie of the Year.", "title": "1986 San Diego Chargers season" }, { "docid": "2734490#5", "text": "He then left to become head coach of the San Diego Chargers, where the highlight of his tenure would be an AFC Championship and San Diego's first trip to the Super Bowl after the 1994 season where they fell to the 49ers, 49-26. Ross' first season in San Diego (1992) saw the Chargers drop the first four regular season games, but they recovered to win 11 of their final 12 games to win the AFC West, their first division title since 1981. In his five seasons with the Chargers, they won two division titles and made the playoffs three times. His regular season coaching record with the Chargers was 47–33, and 3–3 in the playoffs.", "title": "Bobby Ross" }, { "docid": "37982195#0", "text": "The San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 44th season in the National Football League (NFL), the 54th overall, and the 1st under head coach Mike McCoy. The Chargers finished the regular season with a record of 9–7, improving on their 7–9 record from 2012. Also, they qualified for the playoffs for the first time since 2009. The Chargers defeated the Cincinnati Bengals in the Wild Card round by a score of 27–10, but lost to the Denver Broncos in the Divisional round by a score of 24–17. This was the Chargers' final playoff appearance in San Diego. They did not play in the postseason again until 2018, after relocating to Los Angeles.", "title": "2013 San Diego Chargers season" }, { "docid": "9984506#41", "text": "During the 1986 San Diego Chargers season, following the resignation of Coryell, Al Saunders was named head coach. The team finished 4-12 that year.", "title": "History of the San Diego Chargers" }, { "docid": "15386248#0", "text": "The 1974 San Diego Chargers season began with the team trying to improve on their 2–11–1 record in 1973. It was Tommy Prothro's first season as the team's head coach.", "title": "1974 San Diego Chargers season" }, { "docid": "15331662#0", "text": "The San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 32nd season in the National Football League (NFL) and the 42nd overall and the third and final season under head coach Mike Riley. The team improved on their 1–15 record in 2000 to finish 5–11 but missed the playoffs for the 6th straight year. It was Mike Riley’s final season as the team’s head coach. At the end of the season running back LaDainian Tomlinson won the Offensive Rookie of the Year award. Despite finishing 5–11 after losing their final nine games of the season, eight of the Chargers’ losses were by less than a touchdown and five of them were by three points.", "title": "2001 San Diego Chargers season" }, { "docid": "48416754#0", "text": "The 2016 San Diego Chargers season was the franchise's 47th season in the National Football League, the 57th overall, the 56th and final season in San Diego, California and the fourth under head coach Mike McCoy.", "title": "2016 San Diego Chargers season" }, { "docid": "17237827#6", "text": "In the 1970s, Al Saunders joined the coaching staff at USC and San Diego State University (SDSU), whose SDSU Aztecs were then under the control of Head Coach Don Coryell. Saunders would go with Coryell to NFL when Coryell became the head coach of the San Diego Chargers.\nStatistics correct as of December 30, 2007, after the end of the 2007 NFL season.", "title": "History of Los Angeles Chargers head coaches" } ]

[ { "docid": "24722207#0", "text": "The Malagasy language of Malayo-Polynesian origin, is generally spoken throughout the island. The official languages of Madagascar are Malagasy and French. Madagascar is a Francophone country, and French is spoken among the educated population of this former French colony. Including second-language speakers, there are more speakers of Malagasy than French in Madagascar .", "title": "Languages of Madagascar" }, { "docid": "15293987#4", "text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two sub-groups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo; and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.", "title": "Culture of Madagascar" }, { "docid": "18964#78", "text": "The Malagasy language is of Malayo-Polynesian origin and is generally spoken throughout the island. The numerous dialects of Malagasy, which are generally mutually intelligible, can be clustered under one of two subgroups: eastern Malagasy, spoken along the eastern forests and highlands including the Merina dialect of Antananarivo, and western Malagasy, spoken across the western coastal plains. French became the official language during the colonial period, when Madagascar came under the authority of France. In the first national Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic. Madagascar is a francophone country, and French is mostly spoken as a second language among the educated population and used for international communication.", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "docid": "24722207#2", "text": "No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992. Instead, Malagasy was named the national language; however, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, as they were \"de facto\". In April 2000, a citizen brought a legal case on the grounds that the publication of official documents in the French language only was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.", "title": "Languages of Madagascar" }, { "docid": "18964#79", "text": "No official languages were recorded in the Constitution of 1992, although Malagasy was identified as the national language. Nonetheless, many sources still claimed that Malagasy and French were official languages, eventually leading a citizen to initiate a legal case against the state in April 2000, on the grounds that the publication of official documents only in the French language was unconstitutional. The High Constitutional Court observed in its decision that, in the absence of a language law, French still had the character of an official language.", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "docid": "18964#80", "text": "In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. The outcome of the referendum, and its consequences for official and national language policy, are not recognized by the political opposition, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the way the election was organized by the High Transitional Authority.", "title": "Madagascar" }, { "docid": "22121673#7", "text": "The Merina dialect of Malagasy is considered the national language of Madagascar. It is one of two official languages alongside French in the 2010 constitution putting in place the Fourth Republic. Previously, under the 2007 constitution, Malagasy was one of three official languages alongside French and English. It is the language of instruction in all public schools through grade five for all subjects, and remains the language of instruction through high school for the subjects of history and Malagasy language.", "title": "Malagasy language" }, { "docid": "1931734#10", "text": "The anthem is officially written in both French (the colonial language) and Malagasy (the predominant local Indonesian language). This is because prior to Madagascar being conquered by the French in 1896, the island was already home to many different people groups, beginning with the arrival of Indonesians in AD 350. African migrants came from AD 1000 and onwards, as well as other smaller groups, making Madagascar a very diverse nation and explaining the emphasis in the anthem of uniting as a nation based on the beauty of the land rather than a specific ethnic identity. In all, the people of Madagascar were influenced by Indonesian, French, Indian, Arab, and African cultural and religious practices.", "title": "Ry Tanindrazanay malala ô!" }, { "docid": "24722207#3", "text": "In the Constitution of 2007, Malagasy remained the national language while official languages were reintroduced: Malagasy, French, and English. The motivation for the inclusion of English was partly to improve relations with the neighboring countries where English is used and to encourage foreign direct investment. English was removed as an official language from the constitution approved by voters in the November 2010 referendum. These results are not recognized by the political opposition or the international community, who cite lack of transparency and inclusiveness in the organization of the election by the High Transitional Authority.", "title": "Languages of Madagascar" }, { "docid": "24722207#1", "text": "In the first Constitution of 1958, Malagasy and French were named the official languages of the Malagasy Republic.", "title": "Languages of Madagascar" } ]

[]

[ { "docid": "704690#7", "text": "From Gresham's, Maclean won a place at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, arriving in 1931 to read modern languages. Even before the end of his first year he began to throw off parental restraints and engage openly in communist agitprop. He also played rugby for his college through the winter of 1932–33. Eventually his ambitions would lead to him joining the Communist Party. In his second year at Cambridge, his father died, afterwards marking a period of parental relaxation. Maclean's political views grew much more apparent in the following years in light of \"his admiring, if sometimes puzzled, mother\".", "title": "Donald Maclean (spy)" } ]

[ { "docid": "704690#0", "text": "Donald Duart Maclean (; 25 May 1913 – 6 March 1983) was a British diplomat and member of the Cambridge Five, who acted as spies for the Soviet Union.", "title": "Donald Maclean (spy)" }, { "docid": "1260465#2", "text": "Nunn May joined the Communist Party of Great Britain in the 1930s, and was active in the Association of Scientific Workers. Cambridge Five spy ring member Donald Duart Maclean was also at Trinity Hall during an overlapping period.", "title": "Alan Nunn May" }, { "docid": "1939941#0", "text": "Yuri Modin (November 8, 1922 in Suzdal – 2007 in Moscow) was the KGB controller for the \"Cambridge Five\" from 1948 to 1951, during which Donald Duart Maclean was said to have passed atomic secrets to the Soviets. In 1951, Modin arranged the defections of Maclean and Guy Burgess. Modin's predecessors in control of the damaging Cambridge spy ring were executed during Stalin's Great Purge.", "title": "Yuri Modin" }, { "docid": "21808277#0", "text": "Sir John Maclean, 4th Baronet of Duart and Morvern (1670–1716) was the 20th Clan Chief of Clan Maclean from 1674 to 1716. He was the 16th and last Laird of Duart, when in 1691 he lost Castle Duart to Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll. The castle wasn't recovered by Clan Maclean until 1912 until it was purchased by Fitzroy Donald Maclean, 221 years later.", "title": "Sir John Maclean, 4th Baronet" }, { "docid": "20799110#35", "text": "Duart Castle was originally built in the 13th century, and was part of Clan MacLean. in 1350, Lachlan Lubanach Maclean of Duart was given the Castle as her dowry. The Clan Campbell's first involvement was an attack in 1647, and Archibald Campbell, 9th Earl of Argyll finally captured the Castle in 1691. The Castle was then demolished, leaving the Castle in ruin. Large bricks from the ruins of the Castle were used by Donald Maclean, 5th Laird of Torloisk, to build a cottage for his family close to the Castle. By 1751, the castle has been abandoned and was officially part of the Torosay Castle estate. \nDescendants of Archibald Campbell, 1st Duke of Argyll sold the castle in 1801. It was purchased by Clan MacQuarrie, before it was sold to Carter-Campbell of Possil, who kept the Castle as a ruin in the Torosay estate. When the estate was sold, the Castle ruin was purchased by Sir Fitzroy Donald Maclean and restored.", "title": "Carter-Campbell of Possil" }, { "docid": "14093807#6", "text": "A group of Soviet sympathizers, in respected positions in British society, formed the Cambridge Five, sometimes called the Cambridge Four, and it has never been established how many active agents were involved. Of these, the most devastating was Kim Philby. Other confirmed members included Donald Duart Maclean, Guy Burgess, and Anthony Blunt. See Cambridge Five for other suspects.", "title": "Counterintelligence failures" }, { "docid": "704690#3", "text": "Born in Marylebone, London, Donald Duart Maclean was the son of Sir Donald Maclean and Gwendolen Margaret Devitt. His father was chosen as chairman of the rump of the 23 independent MPs who backed H. H. Asquith in the Liberal Party in the House of Commons whilst the bulk of the Liberal MPs had followed David Lloyd George into the Coalition Liberal party in the November 1918 election. As the Labour Party had no leader and Sinn Féin did not attend, he became titular Leader of the Opposition. Maclean's parents had houses in London (later in Buckinghamshire) as well as in the Scottish Borders, where his father represented Peebles and Southern Midlothian, but the family lived mostly in and around London. He grew up in a very political household, in which world affairs were constantly discussed. In 1931 his father entered the Coalition Cabinet as President of the Board of Education.", "title": "Donald Maclean (spy)" }, { "docid": "38410920#6", "text": "In 1609, Lachlan was also one of twelve leading men of the Highlands who submitted formally to the Bishop of the Isles (Andrew Knox) in Iona and (in August) entered into a bond to observe the Statutes of Icolmkill, a regulatory reform which Donald Gregory described as “of the utmost importance for the improvement of the Isles”. His eleven co-signatories were Angus Macdonald of Dunnyveg, Hector Og Maclean of Duart, Donald Gorm Macdonald of Sleat, Ruari Macleod of Harris, Donald Macdonald (the Captain of Clanranald), Lachlan Maclean of Coll, Hector Maclaine of Lochbuie, Lachlan and Allan Maclean (the brothers of Duart), Gillespie MacQuarrie of Ulva and Donald Macfie of Colonsay.", "title": "Sir Lachlan Mackinnon (clan chief)" }, { "docid": "704690#37", "text": "The three Maclean children all married Russians, but left Moscow to live in London and the U.S, as they still had the right to British or American passports. Fergus, the eldest son, enrolled at University College London in 1974, prompting a question in Parliament. Donald's son, Donald, married firstly Lucy, daughter of George Hanna, an English man who worked for the BBC and friend of the family. They had a son, Donald Duart Maclean's only grandson (who was born in 1970), who resides in the UK.", "title": "Donald Maclean (spy)" }, { "docid": "460457#6", "text": "Maclean married Gwendolen Margaret Devitt (26 September 1880 – 23 July 1962), daughter of Andrew Devitt (1850–1931) and Jane Dales Morrison (1856–1947), on 2 October 1907. They are buried in the churchyard of Holy Trinity Church, Penn, Buckinghamshire, together with their eldest son, Ian. The diplomat and spy, Donald Duart Maclean, was another of his sons.", "title": "Donald Maclean (British politician)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1389116#0", "text": "Verdigris is the common name for a green pigment obtained through the application of acetic acid to copper plates or the natural patina formed when copper, brass or bronze is weathered and exposed to air or seawater over a period of time. It is usually a basic copper carbonate, but near the sea will be a basic copper chloride. If acetic acid is present at the time of weathering, it may consist of copper(II) acetate.", "title": "Verdigris" } ]

[ { "docid": "28617#39", "text": "Originally, the statue was a dull copper color, but shortly after 1900 a green patina, also called verdigris, caused by the oxidation of the copper skin, began to spread. As early as 1902 it was mentioned in the press; by 1906 it had entirely covered the statue. Believing that the patina was evidence of corrosion, Congress authorized for various repairs, and to paint the statue both inside and out. There was considerable public protest against the proposed exterior painting. The Army Corps of Engineers studied the patina for any ill effects to the statue and concluded that it protected the skin, \"softened the outlines of the Statue and made it beautiful.\" The statue was painted only on the inside. The Corps of Engineers also installed an elevator to take visitors from the base to the top of the pedestal.", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "docid": "1816287#1", "text": "There have been questions raised about how the statue would hold up for thousands of years, based on her current corrosion patterns. Studies done during various repairs in the past hundred years show that the copper \"skin\" of the statue herself will hold up, but her insides may not. The copper has aged and chemically changed to create a patina, which on metal is a coating of various chemical compounds such as oxides, carbonates, sulfides, or sulfates formed on the surface during exposure to atmospheric elements. It is this patina that gives the statue her sea-green coloring, due to the oxidation of the copper. It also means that the statue's deterioration by seawater and winds is greatly slowed. The only thing that still poses a threat to the patina is acid rain, which has the power to corrode the surface.", "title": "Statue of Liberty in popular culture" }, { "docid": "68756#42", "text": "Discoloration of teeth may result from bacteria stains, tobacco, tea, coffee, foods with an abundance of chlorophyll, restorative materials, and medications. Stains from bacteria may cause colors varying from green to black to orange. Green stains also result from foods with chlorophyll or excessive exposure to copper or nickel. Amalgam, a common dental restorative material, may turn adjacent areas of teeth black or gray. Long term use of chlorhexidine, a mouthwash, may encourage extrinsic stain formation near the gingiva on teeth. This is usually easy for a hygienist to remove. Systemic disorders also can cause tooth discoloration. Congenital erythropoietic porphyria causes porphyrins to be deposited in teeth, causing a red-brown coloration. Blue discoloration may occur with alkaptonuria and rarely with Parkinson's disease. Erythroblastosis fetalis and biliary atresia are diseases which may cause teeth to appear green from the deposition of biliverdin. Also, trauma may change a tooth to a pink, yellow, or dark gray color. Pink and red discolorations are also associated in patients with lepromatous leprosy. Some medications, such as tetracycline antibiotics, may become incorporated into the structure of a tooth, causing intrinsic staining of the teeth.", "title": "Human tooth" }, { "docid": "5765251#11", "text": "It has been claimed that the colours of the flag were incorporated into the first public performance of Sir Cavendish Boyle's \"Ode to Newfoundland\" at the Casino Theatre in 1901, where a character resembling the Statue of Liberty clad in a flowing gown of vertical stripes of pink, white and green is said to have appeared on stage. The next day the colours appeared on the cover of the music sheet published by Boyle. The pink, white and green tricolour did, in fact, appear on the first published sheet music of Boyle's \"Ode to Newfoundland\", which was published in January 1902, however, the music which was eventually used for the Ode came later and is used to this day. Connecting the pink, white and green with the Ode to Newfoundland was clever but not definitive. The cover to that sheet music depicted the \"Pink, White and Green\" being held by a fisherman and intertwined with the Union Jack being held by a Royal Navy sailor. It is unsubstantiated, however, that the pink-based tricolour appeared in connection with the first performance of the \"Ode to Newfoundland\" at the Casino Theatre. This performance actually took place on December 22, 1902 as part of the closing of the play \"Mamzelle\" - a play in which the French character Marianne, bearing a strong resemblance to the Statue of Liberty, appears clothed in a tricolour gown of red, white and blue based on the French tricolour.", "title": "Newfoundland Tricolour" }, { "docid": "53887166#12", "text": "In July 2015, the Charleston church shooting caused many Southern states and communities to rethink the public display of Confederate symbols and monuments. The New Orleans mayor Mitch Landrieu called for the Liberty Place monument and statues honoring Robert E. Lee and other Confederate notables to be removed from prominent public spaces, explaining that \"that's what museums are for\". The idea drew both support and resistance and the city council voted unanimously to hold public hearings to discuss the proposal. In December 2016, the council voted to remove the monument, and its move was upheld by a federal appeals court in March 2017.", "title": "Battle of Liberty Place Monument" }, { "docid": "31016272#10", "text": "Once the interior scaffolding was installed, a thorough evaluative survey of the interior coatings was executed. The acknowledged presumption of most involved in the restoration was that all coatings would be removed from the interior metals, that repairs would be made, that metals would be recoated, and the interior would be adequately weatherproofed. The preexisting interior coatings on both the secondary wrought iron framework and the wrought iron central pylon would be removed along with the multiple layers of coal tar and paint that had been applied to the internal copper sheathing. A \"New York Times\" article from February 8, 1984, mentioned that the interior copper which was at that time painted \"government green\" would be cleaned to resemble the salmon color of a new penny. That outermost \"government green\" layer was a vinyl paint applied in 1975.\nBecause certain sections that had corroded were hidden beneath the layers of coatings, no attempt was made to salvage any of the seven layers of paint, (consisting of a base coat of red lead primer plus six additional coats) and the two layers of bituminous paint (a coal tar coating) that had been used as a water sealant in the statues interior around 1911. The three available coating removal methods tested, developed (or not) and implemented (or not) were: thermal coating removal, abrasive coating removal and chemical coating removal. The methods contemplated for the removal of the coatings on the interior copper differed from that of the other interior metals. For the preparation of the wrought iron parts of the statue, an abrasive removal method also known as dry sandblasting was implemented in order to prevent against flash rusting, The low dusting abrasive material used in the dry sandblasting technique was aluminum oxide.", "title": "Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty" }, { "docid": "12460#23", "text": "Green is common in nature, as many plants are green because of a complex chemical known as chlorophyll, which is involved in photosynthesis. Chlorophyll absorbs the long wavelengths of light (red) and short wavelengths of light (blue) much more efficiently than the wavelengths that appear green to the human eye, so light reflected by plants is enriched in green. Chlorophyll absorbs green light poorly because it first arose in organisms living in oceans where purple halobacteria were already exploiting photosynthesis. Their purple color arose because they extracted energy in the green portion of the spectrum using bacteriorhodopsin. The new organisms that then later came to dominate the extraction of light were selected to exploit those portions of the spectrum not used by the halobacteria.\nAnimals typically use the color green as camouflage, blending in with the chlorophyll green of the surrounding environment. Green animals include, especially, amphibians, reptiles, and some fish, birds and insects. Most fish, reptiles, amphibians, and birds appear green because of a reflection of blue light coming through an over-layer of yellow pigment. Perception of color can also be affected by the surrounding environment. For example, broadleaf forests typically have a yellow-green light about them as the trees filter the light. Turacoverdin is one chemical which can cause a green hue in birds, especially. Invertebrates such as insects or mollusks often display green colors because of porphyrin pigments, sometimes caused by diet. This can causes their feces to look green as well. Other chemicals which generally contribute to greenness among organisms are flavins (lychochromes) and hemanovadin. Humans have imitated this by wearing green clothing as a camouflage in military and other fields. Substances that may impart a greenish hue to one's skin include biliverdin, the green pigment in bile, and ceruloplasmin, a protein that carries copper ions in chelation.", "title": "Green" }, { "docid": "28617#40", "text": "On July 30, 1916, during World War I, German saboteurs set off a disastrous explosion on the Black Tom peninsula in Jersey City, New Jersey, in what is now part of Liberty State Park, close to Bedloe's Island. Carloads of dynamite and other explosives that were being sent to Britain and France for their war efforts were detonated, and seven people were killed. The statue sustained minor damage, mostly to the torch-bearing right arm, and was closed for ten days. The cost to repair the statue and buildings on the island was about . The narrow ascent to the torch was closed for public-safety reasons, and it has remained closed ever since.", "title": "Statue of Liberty" }, { "docid": "66881#44", "text": "The Rangers previously had a navy alternate jersey featuring the head of the Statue of Liberty with the team abbreviation (NYR) below in a futuristic script. Silver was used as an accent color, but the player names and numbers retain the same color schemes as the regular jerseys, except for a darker shade of blue. With the exception of a white version used in the 1998–99 season, this jersey was used from 1996 to 2007, and proved to be highly popular with fans.", "title": "New York Rangers" }, { "docid": "3051575#4", "text": "The species was originally called the \"blue frog\" (\"Rana caerulea\") despite its green color. The specimens White sent to England were damaged by the preservative and appeared blue. The color of the frog is caused by blue and green pigments covered in a yellow layer; the preservative destroyed the yellow layer and left the frog with a blue appearance. The specific epithet, \"caerulea\", which is Latin for blue, has remained. This frog is sometimes referred to as \"Pelodryas caerulea\" in the scientific literature. In Australia, the frog is also known more simply as the \"green tree frog\", but that name is often given to the most common green arboreal species in a region, such as the American green tree frog (\"Hyla cinerea\").", "title": "Australian green tree frog" } ]

[ { "docid": "9737467#2", "text": "When a number of planters from Virginia and North Carolina brought their Anglicanism with them to Tennessee, they largely bypassed the rugged, mountainous terrain of the eastern part of the state, in favor of fertile lands in the middle and western parts of the state to grow tobacco and cotton. Therefore, prior to the Civil War, only a few towns in the region had Episcopal congregations. It was not until well into the 20th century that significant growth occurred in East Tennessee, facilitated in large measure by mission-minded bishops and priests.", "title": "Episcopal Diocese of East Tennessee" }, { "docid": "18882270#32", "text": "\"Type 22 tobacco\" is a classification of United States tobacco product as defined by the U. S. Department of Agriculture, effective date November 7, 1986. The definition states that type 22 tobacco is a type of dark fire-cured tobacco, known as Eastern District fire-cured, produced principally in a section east of the Tennessee River in southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. Most type 22 tobacco in northern Tennessee is grown in Robertson and Montgomery County. Its principal use is in the manufacture of chewing tobacco.", "title": "Types of tobacco" }, { "docid": "18882270#1", "text": "Prior to the American Civil War, most tobacco grown in the US was fire-cured dark-leaf. This type of tobacco was planted in fertile lowlands, used a robust variety of leaf, and was either fire cured or air cured. Aromatic Fire-cured smoking tobacco is dark leaf, a robust variety of tobacco used as a condimental for pipe blends. It is cured by smoking over gentle fires. In the United States, it is grown in northern middle Tennessee, western Kentucky and in Virginia. Fire-cured tobacco grown in Kentucky and Tennessee is used in some chewing tobaccos, moist snuff, some cigarettes and as a condiment leaf in pipe tobacco blends. It has a rich, slightly floral taste, and adds body and aroma to the blend.", "title": "Types of tobacco" }, { "docid": "3903341#6", "text": "Much of the early growth of the Diocese of Tennessee occurred in plantation regions, mainly centered in the hilly, fertile tobacco-growing region south of Nashville and in the cotton-producing lands of the Mississippi River region in southwestern Tennessee, the church being imported by Anglican loyalists from Virginia and North Carolina. It was not until after the American Civil War that the Episcopal church penetrated much of East Tennessee, and well into the 20th century before many other towns elsewhere in the state got their own churches. The University of the South, located on the Cumberland Plateau in Sewanee, Tennessee, however, helped the fledgling diocese in matters of clergy development. As with much of American Protestantism during the period after World War II, the Episcopal Church flourished in newly-developing suburban areas, a large number of the new churches being missions founded by long-established in-town parishes.", "title": "Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee" }, { "docid": "11691341#0", "text": "Type 22 tobacco is a classification of United States tobacco product as defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, effective date November 7, 1986. The definition states that type 22 tobacco is a type of fire-cured tobacco, known as Eastern District fire-cured, produced principally in a section east of the Tennessee River in southern Kentucky and northern Tennessee. Most type 22 tobacco in northern Tennessee is grown in Robertson and Montgomery County.", "title": "Type 22 tobacco" } ]

[ { "docid": "3550633#7", "text": "Only about one thousand farm families still produce tobacco in the entire belt. Motivation to cease tobacco farming has been accelerated by health issues and high tobacco taxes. Farmers who never agreed to the tobacco buy-out may grow as much tobacco as their farmland allows through a special tobacco growing licence that was created on the week of May 15, 2009. Relatives of the farmers (either blood relatives or relatives through marriage) who agreed to the buy-out can still grow tobacco on the original farmer's land with a tobacco growing licence. However, this right does not extend to the farmer himself who can still manage the farm but not own it in his name. Farmers must also find a company that will buy his product; otherwise he cannot grow tobacco until next year. Attempts by local youth sports leagues to prohibit the usage of tobacco amongst players, coaches, referees, and even spectators has been successful in a region that was once dominated by the massive profits of Big Tobacco.", "title": "Ontario tobacco belt" }, { "docid": "135382#2", "text": "People were originally attracted from the tobacco belt in Virginia and the Carolinas to the Highland Rim for land speculation and production of dark tobacco. The Highland Rim offered ideal climate and soil conditions for growing dark tobacco. This lucrative crop increased the value of the land, which benefited land speculators in the area. Eventually these speculators moved on to attempt profits elsewhere. The farmers, however, remained.", "title": "Portland, Tennessee" }, { "docid": "345424#3", "text": "For some time Mahal thought of pursuing farming over music. He had developed a passion for farming that nearly rivaled his love of music—coming to work on a farm first at age 16. It was a dairy farm in Palmer, Massachusetts, not far from Springfield. By age nineteen he had become farm foreman, getting up a bit after 4:00 a.m. and running the place. \"I milked anywhere between thirty-five and seventy cows a day. I clipped udders. I grew corn. I grew Tennessee redtop clover. Alfalfa.\" Mahal believes in growing one's own food, saying, \"You have a whole generation of kids who think everything comes out of a box and a can, and they don't know you can grow most of your food.\" Because of his personal support of the family farm, Mahal regularly performs at Farm Aid concerts.", "title": "Taj Mahal (musician)" }, { "docid": "1531321#2", "text": "From before the Civil War to at least 1990, tobacco was the main cash crop in Sango. Besides burley and some flue-cured tobaccos, high-quality dark-fired (wood smoke-cured) tobacco was grown in Sango, as well as throughout Montgomery County. During the tobacco wars of 1904 to 1908 (between the farmers and the Duke tobacco monopoly), a key battle between the \"Night Riders\" (farmers) and agents of the tobacco monopoly took place at the intersection of Bagwell and Sango Roads, in eastern Sango.", "title": "Sango, Tennessee" }, { "docid": "27150634#2", "text": "As the English increasingly used tobacco products, tobacco in the American colonies became a significant economic force, especially in the tidewater region surrounding the Chesapeake Bay. Vast plantations were built along the rivers of Virginia, and social/economic systems developed to grow and distribute this cash crop. In 1713, the General Assembly (under the leadership of Governor Alexander Spotswood) passed a Tobacco Act requiring the inspection of all tobacco intended for export or for use as legal tender. In 1730, the Virginia House of Burgesses standardized and improved quality of tobacco exported by establishing the Tobacco Inspection Act of 1730, which required inspectors to grade tobacco at 40 specified locations. Some elements of this system included the importation and employment of slaves to grow crops. Planters filled large hogsheads with tobacco and conveyed them to inspection warehouses.", "title": "Tobacco in the American colonies" } ]

[ { "docid": "256639#17", "text": "After World War II, Galați was rebuilt along communist lines. The town's population was about 80,000. In 1956, a proposal to join Brăila and Galați was made and the building of a speed tram pier was proposed with a Swiss company. The plans never materialized. Construction of the Galați steel works began in 1960 and the plant opened in 1966. The population at this time was 151,000. In 1971, the Făurei – Galați railway capacity was increased, and, in 1982, it was electrified.", "title": "Galați" }, { "docid": "256639#0", "text": "Galați (; also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County, in the historical region of Moldavia, eastern Romania. Galați is a port town on the Danube River. In 2011, the Romanian census recorded 249,432 residents, making it the 8th most populous city in Romania. Galați is an economic centre based around the port of Galați and the naval shipyard.", "title": "Galați" } ]

[ { "docid": "18577952#0", "text": "Bălăbănești is a commune in Galați County, Romania with a population of 2,339 people. It is composed of four villages: Bălăbănești, Lungești, Bursucani and Zimbru. It also included two other villages until 2004, when they were split off to form Rădești Commune.", "title": "Bălăbănești, Galați" }, { "docid": "18578032#0", "text": "Cosmești is a commune in Galați County, Romania with a population of 6,475 people. It is composed of six villages: Băltăreți, Cosmești, Cosmeștii-Vale, Furcenii Noi, Furcenii Vechi and Satu Nou.", "title": "Cosmești, Galați" }, { "docid": "18578177#0", "text": "Rădești is a commune in Galați County, Romania with a population of 2,200 people. It is composed of two villages, Cruceanu and Rădești. These were part of Bălăbănești Commune until 2004, when they were split off.", "title": "Rădești, Galați" }, { "docid": "18578043#0", "text": "Cuza Vodă is a commune in Galați County, Romania with a population of 3,100 people. It is composed of a single village, Cuza Vodă. This was part of Slobozia Conachi Commune until 2005, when it was split off to form a separate commune.", "title": "Cuza Vodă, Galați" }, { "docid": "256639#14", "text": "In 1919, a high school for Jewish students opened. A first air race between Galați and Bucharest was held in 1926. The 1930 Romanian census recorded 100,000 residents in Galați. After Bucharest, Chișinău, Iași and Cernăuți, Galați was Romania's fifth city. In 1938, the Ținutul Dunării de Jos (Lower Danube Land) was established.", "title": "Galați" }, { "docid": "256639#64", "text": "As of 2011 census data, 249,432 inhabitants live within the city limits, a decrease from the figure recorded at the 2002 census.", "title": "Galați" }, { "docid": "52676319#11", "text": "For the citizens of Galați, the situation was alarming. The Siberian Corps had more soldiers than Galați had citizens. The Romanian archives speak for no more than 500 soldiers in all Romanian detachments. Romanian Navy Commander Constantin Niculescu-Rizea, the Galați sector commander, received an order to bar the road from the west from the Russian columns and to defend the city. Two Romanian companies and half of Regiment 21 defended the western approach to the city on Tiglina hill. In central Galați were a detachment of Marines and two platoons of infantry. Two small detachments were deployed at Fileşti to watch the northern approach and to the east to guard the approach from Moldova. From the Romanian Danube Flotilla, there were four patrol boats, a torpedo boat, and a dinghy stationed on the Danube. Col. Badescu, commander of the 8th Brigade in Fântânele, had the mission to attack from the north and west of the Russian columns, located in the gorge of swamps Lake Malina, Lake Cătușa, and the Siret River. Unfortunately, the Russians forces were disproportionately far more numerous and better prepared.", "title": "Battle of Galați" }, { "docid": "18578171#0", "text": "Poiana is a commune in Galați County, Romania with a population of 2,150 people. It is composed of two villages, Poiana and Vișina. These were part of Nicorești Commune until 2004, when they were split off.", "title": "Poiana, Galați" } ]

[ { "docid": "4855826#3", "text": "John Wesley Hanes' brother Pleasant H. Hanes founded the P.H. Hanes Knitting Company in 1901. The brothers previously operated a tobacco manufacturing business, that they sold to R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company in 1900. The P.H. Hanes Knitting Company merged with Hanes Hosiery in 1965. The P.H. Hanes Knitting Company complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. Consolidated Foods (later renamed Sara Lee) announced its purchase of Hanes in 1978.", "title": "Hanes" }, { "docid": "34657312#0", "text": "John Wesley Hanes (February 3, 1850 – September 22, 1903) was an American businessman from Winston-Salem, North Carolina who ran a tobacco company before founding Shamrock Mills in 1901, the company that became Hanes Hosiery Mills.", "title": "John Wesley Hanes I" }, { "docid": "44369773#0", "text": "P.H. Hanes Knitting Company is a historic textile mill complex located at Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina. The complex includes three buildings. The Knitting Building or North Building was built in 1920-1921, and is a six-story, Beaux-Arts style concrete and steel building sheathed in brick. The Mill Building or East Building was built in 1928, and is a five-story-plus-basement building of concrete, brick, and steel construction. The Warehouse and Shipping Building was built in 1940, and is a six-story steel frame building sheathed in brick. The P.H. Hanes Knitting Company was founded in 1901 by Pleasant H. Hanes, brother of John W. Hanes who founded Shamrock Mills, later Hanes Hosiery. In February 1965, P. H. Hanes Knitting Company merged with Hanes Hosiery. The downtown mill complex closed in 1965. The complex has been converted to loft apartments.", "title": "P.H. Hanes Knitting Company" }, { "docid": "4855826#1", "text": "The Hanes brand is used by the company for marketing a variety of clothing:Hanes was founded in 1900 by John Wesley Hanes at Winston, North Carolina under the name Shamrock Knitting Mills.", "title": "Hanes" } ]

[ { "docid": "53710494#3", "text": "The same year that Hanes returned to Winston-Salem to work in the family business, he was approached by the newly formed Winston-Salem Arts Council, which needed people on its board, and asked to join. Hanes financed the foundation of the Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art in 1956, and later worked with the organization as chairman at Ampersand Inc. In 1963, Hanes was one of the founders of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, as well as serving on the board of trustees under the first president, Vittorio Giannini. In 1965, Lyndon B. Johnson appointed Hanes to the National Endowment for the Arts council, with the likes of John Steinbeck, Duke Ellington, and Harper Lee. Picnicking with his wife in the 1950s by Stone Mountain in North Carolina, Hanes observed a nearby couple littering; upon asking them not do so, the couple informed him that the land was owned by a relative, and if he took issue with the littering he ought to leave. Hanes purchased the land, 80 acres, for $10,000, and over the next two decades purchased thousands of acres more of the surrounding area. Hanes donated that land, which would become Stone Mountain State Park, to the state government in 1975. He also purchased and preserved 9,000 acres around Mount Mitchell and 30,000 acres along ten miles of the New River. In 1979 Hanes co-founded the Awards in the Visual Arts program. Starting in the 1980s and continuing into the 21st century, Hanes invested more extensively in the local arts scene in Winston-Salem, participating in local arts councils, and helping in the foundation of establishments such as The Garage and The Werehouse.", "title": "Phil Hanes" }, { "docid": "53710494#1", "text": "Hanes was born in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, to DeWitt Chatham Hanes and Ralph Philip Hanes Sr. The Hanes family were involved as patrons to the local community when Phil was a child, with his father financing the restoration of Old Salem. His uncle, Frederick Moir Hanes, was a friend of American satirist H. L. Mencken. Hanes attended Woodberry Forest School before attending UNC Chapel Hill, where he enrolled in the V-12 Navy College Training Program, and was later transferred to the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps. Hanes soon left UNC for Yale, where he became a member of The Whiffenpoofs, touring across the Americas and Europe. In addition to a major in English, Hanes took Art Appreciation while at Yale. Hanes graduated with a bachelor's degree in 1949. The following year, on January 14 he married his first wife, Joan Audrey Humpstone.", "title": "Phil Hanes" }, { "docid": "51053978#1", "text": "Hanes was born on October 2, 1917 in Marion, Virginia. She was the daughter of Lutheran minister, the Reverend Eldridge Copenhaver, who was the interim president of Marion College, and Margaret Greever Copenhaver. She had one sister. She went to study at Marion College for two years having resided on campus during the period her father was its president, before she travelled to Springfield, Ohio to enroll at Wittenberg University. After she graduated from the college, Hanes went to University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill to study voice and drama; she later taught those subjects at Salem College and the city's academy. She met her future husband James Gordon Hanes Jr whom she married on August 30, 1941. They had three children, and moved to Wheeling, West Virginia for a short period of time during World War II.", "title": "Helen Copenhaver Hanes" }, { "docid": "21097285#2", "text": "Hanes began his government career with the State Department in 1950. While serving in the State Department Hanes was involved in a variety of public relations activities including media interviews and speeches. He also provided congressional testimony on State Department issues, addressed professional conferences, did a small amount of writing, and served on committees and commissions within and on behalf of the State Department. After spending approximately one and one-half years as an economic analyst he transferred to the Central Intelligence Agency. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles appointed him one of his special assistants in 1953. He handled special projects and assignments of a diverse nature for the Secretary, especially during the period 1953–1957 when serving as his Special Assistant. In the mid-1950s Hanes worked with Dulles in developing plans for the disposition of Dulles’ personal papers. As part of those activities Hanes was involved in drafting changes to Executive Order 10501 dealing with the safe-guarding of official information. After Dulles’ death Hanes actively participated in administrative duties related to the papers. He served as a member of the committee which Dulles designated for the purpose of exercising control over his papers after his death.", "title": "John Wesley Hanes III" }, { "docid": "24405190#3", "text": "Hanes' tenure as mayor of Birmingham was marked by virulent opposition to desegregation, an approach that helped the city to acquire the dubious nickname \"Bombingham\", a reference to the often violent nature of such protests. In addition, Hanes created a firestorm in December 1961, when he defied a federal court order by closing 67 parks, 38 playgrounds, eight swimming pools and four golf courses in the city. The order had demanded that those facilities integrated by January 15, 1962, but Hanes simply cut off $295,000 in park funds and dismissed its employees. Shortly afterward, he met with 60 local residents who implored him to reconsider his order, but Hanes remained adamant in his opposition. One individual had cited the inevitability of integration, but Hanes snapped, \"That's your opinion, madam,\" and later closed the meeting by saying, \"I don't think any of you want a nigger mayor or a nigger police chief, but I tell you, that's what'll happen if we play dead on this park integration.\"", "title": "Art Hanes" }, { "docid": "33204290#1", "text": "He was born in Olinda, Essex County, Ontario and was educated at the University of Toronto's School of Practical Science, receiving a B.Sc.. In 1906, he was named engineer for the city of Windsor. Hanes married Ella Douglas James in 1907. He moved to North Vancouver after being named city engineer in 1909, serving until 1912. From 1913 to 1916, he was mayor of North Vancouver. He was elected to the assembly in 1916 and reelected in 1920. In 1920, Hanes ran as an Independent but was endorsed by the North Vancouver City Liberal Association and the Great War Veterans Association; Benjamin Chubb, running as the Liberal candidate, was repudiated by the North Vancouver City Liberal Association. Hanes was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1924 as an Independent Liberal. In 1918, he served as a lieutenant in the Canadian Engineering Regiment of the Canadian Expeditionary Force. From 1924 to 1936, he was again city engineer for North Vancouver. He also served as consulting engineer for the Burrard Inlet Tunnel and Bridge Company. During World War II, Hanes served as an engineer during the construction of RCAF equipment depots in Calgary and military defense works at Prince Rupert, Tofino, and Port Hardy. From 1943 to 1945, he was city engineer for Prince Rupert. Hanes died in North Vancouver at the age of 74.", "title": "George Samuel Hanes" }, { "docid": "51053978#2", "text": "She spent her entire life as an adult dedicated to improving the reputations of the city of Winston-Salem and North Carolina. After moving to Winston-Salem, Hanes joined the Centenary United Methodist Church which she remained with for the rest of her life. Hanes assisted in establishing the Old Salem Museum and Gardens, the Winston-Salem Symphony, and the Arts Council of Winston-Salem and Forsyth County. She had been either a trustee or a board member for Salem College and Academy, the Moravian Music Foundation and the N.C. Museum of Arts located in the state capital Raleigh. Hanes was a significant figure in the establishment of the University of North Carolina School of the Arts, and along with several volunteers, helped to raise over $850,000 to allow the school to be based in Winston-Salem by making telephone calls to almost every number in the area. She donated an 1861 Civil War flag to the Historic Crab Orchard Museum in Tazewell, Virginia, and gave funds to construct a pleixglass cover that allowed the banner to be displayed.", "title": "Helen Copenhaver Hanes" }, { "docid": "4855826#2", "text": "He died in 1903. In 1911, Shamrock Knitting Mills built a new plant at 3rd and Marshall Streets; it was sold in 1926 and occupied by a Cadillac dealership after a larger plant was built on West 14th Street. Known as Shamrock Mills, the original building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. Shamrock Knitting Mills was named Hanes Hosiery Mills Company in 1914.", "title": "Hanes" } ]

[ { "docid": "142687#0", "text": "Melissa Gaboriau Auf der Maur (; born March 17, 1972) is a Canadian musician, singer-songwriter, photographer and actress.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" } ]

[ { "docid": "142687#5", "text": "Auf der Maur did not meet her father until she was three years old. Gaboriau called Nick Auf der Maur after her daughter began questioning her about her father's identity. Reflecting on the encounter, Auf der Maur said \"[my father] realised my mother Linda was the love of his life because she'd offered the gift of this child without any demands. He fell madly in love with her [and] pursued her for two years\". Auf der Maur and Gaboriau married in 1978 when Melissa was six years old. The couple divorced in 1979 after which Auf der Maur traveled worldwide with her mother. A portion of Auf der Maur's childhood was spent living in \"a circus caravan in Wales, a red post-office box truck in Morocco, and a hut in Kenya\" with her mother. During her time in Kenya, she contracted three bouts of malaria and returned to Montreal.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "142687#4", "text": "Auf der Maur was born in Montreal, Quebec to journalist and politician Nick Auf der Maur and journalist and literary translator Linda Gaboriau. Auf der Maur's father's family was Swiss–German and her mother's was mixed European-American. Gaboriau was born in Boston, Massachusetts in the United States. As a result, she holds dual Canadian–American citizenship. Auf der Maur's surname translates to English as \"on the wall\", as \"maur\" was derived from the German word for \"wall\" (\"die Mauer\"). She has stated that her grandmother, Theresia Schaelin-Auf der Maur, was \"always pounding my heritage down my throat—reminding me that I'm the last one in North America to further the name\".", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "1164056#5", "text": "Gaboriau was previously married to Montreal city councillor Nick Auf der Maur, and is the mother of rock musician Melissa Auf der Maur. She and her late partner of 35 years, author and professor Hervé de Fontenay, have one son, architect Yves de Fontenay.", "title": "Linda Gaboriau" }, { "docid": "142687#14", "text": "Hole reunited again—with the \"Celebrity Skin\" line-up of Love, Erlandson, Auf der Maur and Schemel—for a one-off performance at Public Assembly in Brooklyn, New York on April 12, 2012 at an after-party for Schemel's film \"Hit So Hard\" (2011). Originally Auf der Maur, Erlandson and Schemel were performing as a trio until Love arrived for a spontaneous performance of \"Miss World\" and \"Over the Edge\". \"The Quietus\" reported in April 2014 that the four members had reunited although in subsequent interviews, Love downplayed talk of an imminent reunion. In April 2016, Auf der Maur stated in an interview that she no longer had time or energy for a full-fledged reunion, but would be interested in wrapping up the Hole legacy with a retrospective disc and small set of tour dates.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "142687#6", "text": "In Montreal, Auf der Maur attended the Fine Arts Core Education (FACE) School and Moving in New Directions (MIND) High School—both of which are schools of alternative education. At FACE, she was a member of the classical choir and at MIND, she was \"part of the small English elite\", where she formed friendships with Leonard Cohens daughter Lorca and Rufus Wainwright. At school, she became interested in photography and subsequently attended Concordia University, from which she majored in photography in 1994. At Concordia at age 19, Auf der Maur began working part-time as a disc jockey at Bifteck, a well known rock club, where she met several musicians including Steve Durand.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "142687#21", "text": "Recorded from 2001 to 2003  at various studios in the U.S. and Canada, Auf der Maur's debut studio album \"Auf der Maur\" was released in February 2004 on Capitol Records. Produced with Chris Goss, Auf der Maur financed the recording sessions herself as she was not signed to a record label at the time of recording and during post-production, her budget ran out and she was unable to mix the album. She accepted a recording contract from Capitol soon afterwards and released \"Auf der Maur\" to \"generally favorable reviews\", according to Metacritic. The album's supporting singles—\"Followed the Waves\", \"Real a Lie\" and \"Taste You\"—were moderate successes in the United Kingdom, charting in the Top 40 of the UK Single Charts. As of 2010, \"Auf der Maur\" sold 200,000 copies worldwide.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "12727732#1", "text": "\"Real a Lie\" was one of the many songs written by Melissa Auf der Maur over a 12-year period from 1992 to 2004. Originally titled \"Realalie\", the song was first performed by her original band, Tinker, which also included co-writer Steve Durand, and was released as the band's second single in 1994, which was backed with the b-side \"Saxon Princess.\" Auf der Maur later reworked the song during the recording sessions for \"Auf der Maur\" in 2003-4 featruing a layer Wall of sound of guitars. The song was featured as the third track on the album.A promotional music video was created for the single in 2004 and released on May 3, 2004.Firecrasher, \"MAdM | Melissa Auf der Maur | Archives | Watching video: Auf der Maur - Real, A Lie\" http://www.melissaaufdermaur.org/video/view/auf_der_maur_real_a_lie/14 Retrieved on June 20, 2010. The video is compiled of photographs of Auf der Maur performing \"Real a Lie\" and was recorded in still motion.", "title": "Real a Lie" }, { "docid": "142687#12", "text": "From 1994 to 1995, Auf der Maur toured worldwide with Hole in support of its second studio album, \"Live Through This\" (1994). On the tour, Auf der Maur was described by guitarist Eric Erlandson as \"bringing sunshine to the band\" during the \"dark and grey\" atmosphere of the tour, which was problematic due to the band's recent bereavements—notably the death of Pfaff and Love's husband Kurt Cobain—as well as Love's drug addiction. Auf der Maur befriended Patty Schemel and rented a house with her following the two-year-long tour. The duo began a side project, Constant Comment, and released a split 7\" single with Red Aunts on Sympathy for the Record Industry featuring the song \"Firecrasher\". Auf der Maur has since said her friendship and musical compatibility between her and Schemel was based on a \"redhead connection\"; Schemel has referred to Auf der Maur as her \"anchor\" during the period following the death of Pfaff and Cobain.\nAuf der Maur was featured on various Hole releases, including the 1996 non-album single \"Gold Dust Woman\" and on various live tracks on \"My Body, the Hand Grenade\" (1997). She was featured on the band's third studio album, \"Celebrity Skin\" (1998), performing bass and co-composing five of the 12 songs. \"Celebrity Skin\" was a major critical and commercial success; it charted at number 9 in the U.S. \"Billboard\" 200 albums chart and number 3 in the Canadian Albums Chart, as well its lead single and title track peaking at number 1 on the \"Billboard\" Modern Rock Tracks chart. It has since been certified platinum in both the U.S. and Canada. Following the tour in support of its release, Auf der Maur left Hole in October 1999 as her five-year contract with the band ended and she wished \"to grow in many different directions\".", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" }, { "docid": "142687#25", "text": "Auf der Maur briefly toured with former The Cars frontman Ric Ocasek in 1997, after contributing bass and background vocals to his 1997 solo album \"Troublizing\". She collaborated with French group Indochine on their song \"Le Grand Secret\", singing a duet in French with Nicola Sirkis, to great acclaim in France. Auf der Maur joined the band on stage to perform the song on various occasions and appeared in the music video for the song. She performed a rare, short, acoustic set of some of her solo songs during an Indochine show in Paris, February 22, 2002. Auf der Maur has contributed bass and backing vocals to childhood friend Rufus Wainwright's album \"Poses\" and appears in his 1998 video for \"April Fools\". In 2008, she collaborated with Canadian musician Daniel Victor on his music collaboration project Neverending White Lights. They recorded the song \"The World is Darker\", for which a video was released in March 2008. Aside from this, she has contributed to albums by artists such as Ryan Adams, Ben Lee, Idaho, The Stills and Fountains of Wayne.", "title": "Melissa Auf der Maur" } ]

[ { "docid": "804196#2", "text": "Forecasts of hurricane activity are issued before each hurricane season by noted hurricane experts such as Dr. William M. Gray and his associates at Colorado State University (CSU). A normal season as defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), has eleven named storms, of which six reach hurricane strength, and two major hurricanes. In April 1990, it was forecast that six storms would reach hurricane status, and there would be \"three additional storms\" from the previous year, which would indicate 14 named storms. The forecast did not specify how many hurricanes would reach \"major hurricane\" status. In early June 1990, CSU released their predictions of tropical cyclonic activity within the Atlantic basin during the 1990 season. The forecast from CSU called for 11 named storms, seven of which to intensify into a hurricane, and three would strengthen further into a major hurricane.", "title": "1990 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "27824522#0", "text": "The 1990 Atlantic hurricane season featured the most named storms of any hurricane season at the time. During the season, 14 tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean became named storms. Although Tropical Depression One formed on May 24, the season officially began on June 1; it ended on November 30, dates that conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The season's final storm, Hurricane Nana, dissipated on October 21.", "title": "Timeline of the 1990 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "34158915#0", "text": "The 1990 Pacific hurricane season saw a then-record 16 hurricanes form. Throughout the year, 21 tropical cyclones became named storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Hurricane Alma formed on May 12, 1990, three days before the season's official start on May 15. The Central Pacific hurricane season began on June 1, covering tropical cyclone formation in the region between 140°W and International Dateline. Hurricane Trudy was the last storm to dissipate, doing so on November 1, nearly a month before the Pacific hurricane season officially ended on November 30.", "title": "Timeline of the 1990 Pacific hurricane season" }, { "docid": "3430069#10", "text": "During the 1990s, the Atlantic Ocean moved into its active era, which led to more tropical cyclones forming during the hurricane seasons. The decade featured Hurricane Andrew which at the time was the costliest hurricane on record, and also Hurricane Mitch which is considered to be the deadliest tropical cyclone to have its name retired killing over 11,000 people in Central America. A total of 15 names were retired in this decade, with seven of those during the 1995 and 1996 seasons. Cumulatively, the 15 systems caused over in damage while over 12145 people lost their lives. There were no names retired for the 1993, 1994 and 1997 seasons.", "title": "List of retired Atlantic hurricane names" }, { "docid": "2187753#0", "text": "The 1990 Pacific hurricane season was a very active season which observed 21 named storms within the basin. The season also produced the fourth highest ACE index value on record. The season was officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, these bounds were slightly exceeded when Hurricane Alma formed on May 12.", "title": "1990 Pacific hurricane season" }, { "docid": "2528069#8", "text": "Only two major hurricanes—storms of Category 3 intensity or higher—formed during the season, the least since the 1997 season, although tied with the 2006 and 2002 seasons. Named storms were active for 33.50 days during the season, the lowest number of active days since the 1994 season. There were only 11.25 days with active hurricanes, the lowest value since the 2002 season. Despite this, the number of days with major hurricanes was above the long-term average. Four named storms made landfall on the U.S. during the year, but damage from those storms totaled to only about $82 million (2007 USD); this was the least damage the U.S. saw from any Atlantic hurricane season since the 1990 season. The season was one of only six Atlantic hurricane seasons to produce two Category 5 equivalent hurricanes, the others being the 1932, 1933, 1961, 2005, and 2017 seasons. The two Category 5 hurricanes, Dean and Felix, both reached Category 5 strength on two separate occasions, and both made landfall at Category 5 intensity, making the 2007 season the first to feature two hurricanes doing each, both of which would not be repeated until 2017. When Hurricane Felix was upgraded to a Category 5 storm on September 2, it became the eighth to form in this basin since 2000. This gave the decade more hurricanes of such strength than any other on record.", "title": "2007 Atlantic hurricane season" } ]

[ { "docid": "38113554#2", "text": "Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale) will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and an ongoing La Niña event that had recently formed in November 2017. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, with an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.", "title": "2018 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "38113556#1", "text": "Ahead of and during the season, several national meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes (Category 3 or higher on the Saffir-Simpson scale) will form during a season and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Colorado State University (CSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and an ongoing La Niña event that had recently formed in November 2017. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and three major hurricanes, with an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.", "title": "2019 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "38113549#3", "text": "Ahead of and during the season, several meteorological services and scientific agencies forecast how many named storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes will form during a season, and/or how many tropical cyclones will affect a particular country. These agencies include the Tropical Storm Risk (TSR) Consortium of the University College London, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United Kingdom Met Office (UKMO), Coastal Carolina University (CCU), Colorado State University (CSU), and North Carolina State University (NCSU). The forecasts include weekly and monthly changes in significant factors that help determine the number of tropical storms, hurricanes, and major hurricanes within a particular year. Some of these forecasts also take into consideration what happened in previous seasons and the predicted weakening of the 2014–16 El Niño event. On average, an Atlantic hurricane season between 1981 and 2010 contained twelve tropical storms, six hurricanes, and two major hurricanes, with an accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index of between 66 and 103 units.", "title": "2016 Atlantic hurricane season" }, { "docid": "2187699#0", "text": "The 1993 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly above-average Pacific hurricane season with seven named storms directly impacting land. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and ended on November 30; these dates conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The first tropical cyclone developed on June 11, over a month after the traditional start of the season. The final named storm of the season, Tropical Storm Norma, dissipated on October 14. The Central Pacific Ocean saw very little tropical activity, with only one cyclone, Hurricane Keoni, developing in that particular region. However, many storms out of the season crossed the threshold into the Central Pacific, many as hurricanes, and even major hurricanes.", "title": "1993 Pacific hurricane season" } ]

[ { "docid": "673964#0", "text": "James \"Jim\" Gordon is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics, most commonly in association with the superhero Batman. The character debuted in the first panel of \"Detective Comics\" #27 (May 1939), Batman's first appearance, where he is referred to simply as Commissioner Gordon. The character was created by Bill Finger and Bob Kane. Commissioner Gordon made his debut as an ally of Batman, making him the first Batman supporting character ever to be introduced.", "title": "James Gordon (comics)" }, { "docid": "49654699#1", "text": "\"Gotham Noir\" takes place in 1949. Jim Gordon is the main character, with Batman making infrequent appearances. Bruce Wayne and Gordon served together during World War II. Gordon is an alcoholic private detective who used to be a police officer. He is estranged from his wife, Sarah, and their daughter, Barbara.", "title": "Batman: Gotham Noir" } ]

[ { "docid": "1082091#5", "text": "Gordon was originally a member of the Labour Party, having joined in 1982. She served on its executive in 1988, but resigned from the party in April 1989 to become a founding member of the NewLabour Party. She was first elected to Parliament as a list MP for the Alliance, of which NewLabour was a component party, in the 1996 elections, coming third in , and was re-elected in the 1999 elections, again placing third in Christchurch Central. When the Alliance collapsed, Gordon sided with the faction led by Laila Harré and Matt McCarten, and remained with the Alliance when Jim Anderton left to form a breakaway party. In the 2002 elections, she was ranked fourth on the party list, but the Alliance did not win any seats.", "title": "Liz Gordon" }, { "docid": "3545745#7", "text": "Other notable roles included that of John Dillinger in Siegel's \"Baby Face Nelson\", opposite Mickey Rooney as the crazed protagonist. Gordon may be most noted for his recurring character Big Mike McComb on the ABC/Warner Bross Western television series \"Maverick\", working from 1957 to 1960 alongside James Garner and Jack Kelly. Gordon's five appearances in the role include the much remembered episode \"Shady Deal at Sunny Acres\", \"According to Hoyle\", as well as \"War of the Silver Kings\", the first installment broadcast. Garner later recalled in his videotaped interview for the Archive of American Television that Gordon purposely punched him for real in one of their first scenes together and that Garner hit him back when filming the next scene. Garner and Gordon reunited in the 1970s when Gordon appeared as a dimwitted bodyguard on four episodes of NBC's \"The Rockford Files\".", "title": "Leo Gordon" }, { "docid": "1035953#12", "text": "On July 10, 1984, Gordon was sentenced to 16 years to life in prison. He was first eligible for parole in 1991, but parole has been denied several times. At a 2005 hearing, he claimed his mother was still alive. In 2014, he declined to attend his hearing and was denied parole until at least 2018. A Los Angeles deputy district attorney stated at the hearing that he was still \"seriously psychologically incapacitated\" and \"a danger when he is not taking his medication\". In November 2017, Gordon was rediagnosed with schizophrenia. On March 7, 2018, Gordon was denied parole for the tenth time and is tentatively scheduled to become eligible again in March 2021. , he is serving his sentence at the California Medical Facility, a medical and psychiatric prison in Vacaville, California.", "title": "Jim Gordon (musician)" }, { "docid": "17763608#7", "text": "In between Knicks and Rangers assignments, Gordon appeared on CBS Sports network TV coverage of the NHL in the late-1960s and also was the original television voice of the New York Islanders, calling games in the 1972-73 season. \nReturning to the Rangers in the mid-1970s, he called their cable and broadcast TV games until 1984, when he was replaced by Sam Rosen. During some of those hockey seasons, he also called games on the syndicated NHL Network.", "title": "Jim Gordon (sportscaster)" }, { "docid": "8152059#10", "text": "June 24, 2014 was the official release date for Gordon's album \"I'm Coming Home\". He toured the U.S. and Europe, and on April 19, 2014, he performed at the 17th annual Viva Las Vegas Rockabilly Weekender at The Car Show event in Las Vegas, Nevada.\nIn 1982, Gordon costarred with Willem Dafoe in future Oscar winner's Kathryn Bigelow's first film, a 1950s-styled motor-biking movie (inspired by Marlon Brando's \"The Wild One\") called \"The Loveless\". This was Dafoe's first feature starring role. Critics generally liked the soundtrack but disliked the film. \"The Loveless\" did poorly at the box office but is now considered a cult favorite. Gordon also made numerous TV appearances including a 1981 skit on the popular comedy show SCTV in which he performed with his band, including Danny Gatton—after having been \"mistakenly\" booked on the show as the astronaut Gordon Cooper. The spoof of a space shuttle launch also featured Bob and Doug actors Dave Thomas as Walter Cronkite and Rick Moranis as David Brinkley.", "title": "Robert Gordon (musician)" }, { "docid": "2259524#16", "text": "In July 2014, Gordon signed for Celtic. He made his first appearance for Celtic on 19 July, playing in the first half of a pre-season friendly against Dynamo Dresden. Gordon made several saves in his 45-minute appearance, and said afterwards \"It was good to get back playing. From a personal point of view, it's been a long time out. So it was good to get out there and to play for 45 minutes and get a clean sheet in the first half. I have to be happy with that.\" Fraser Forster was transferred to Southampton for a reported £10 million transfer fee in August, clearing the way for Gordon to become first choice goalkeeper. Gordon made his first competitive appearance in over two years on 13 August 2014, a 3–0 win against St Johnstone.", "title": "Craig Gordon" }, { "docid": "37201625#1", "text": "Born in Northampton, England, Gordon began his career with Peterborough United in 2009 and appeared twice as an unused substitute in the 2011–12 season, having been a first team regular in the youth and development squads. Gordon then signed his first professional contract, in December 2012 on his 17th birthday. By that time he had already made his first team debut, in a 2–0 home defeat by Wolverhampton Wanderers on 22 September 2012. In November 2013, having made four league appearances for Peterborough, Gordon went on trial with Premier League side West Ham United scoring twice in his opening trial game for West Ham under-18 side against Aston Villa under-18s and another two in a 9–0 defeat of Gillingham in a friendly on 11 November 2013. In November 2013, a West Ham United bid for Gordon was rejected by Peterborough United.", "title": "Jaanai Gordon" }, { "docid": "2259524#6", "text": "Gordon made his debut for Heart of Midlothian (Hearts) in a 1–1 draw with Livingston on 6 October 2002. His one other appearance that season was in a 4–0 defeat against Falkirk on 25 January 2003 in the third round of the Scottish Cup. Over the course of the following season, 2003–04 season, he edged out Tepi Moilanen as the regular Hearts goalkeeper, playing in 29 of Hearts' league fixtures. Gordon made his first appearance in European competition on 6 November 2003, playing in the first leg of Hearts' UEFA Cup second round tie in France against Bordeaux. He performed well and kept a clean sheet in an impressive 1–0 win for Hearts. Despite that result, Heart lost the return leg 2–0 in Edinburgh to go out on aggregate. His performances that year resulted in him being short-listed for the Scottish PFA Young Player of the Year award, which was eventually won by then Celtic midfielder Stephen Pearson. Manager Craig Levein praised Gordon for his performances, stating that he had a \"brilliant\" season and that whilst Levein initially only intended to play him in a handful of games, \"he did so well that I couldn't take him out [of the first team].\"\nGordon had become a Scotland regular by 2005 and his consistent displays during the 2005–06 season helped Hearts to a second-place finish in the Scottish Premier League and victory in the Scottish Cup. The trophy was won in a penalty shootout against Gretna following a 1–1 draw, with Gordon saving opponent Derek Townsley's penalty. That season he was voted Scottish Football Writers' Association Player of the Year, becoming the first Hearts player to win the award since Sandy Jardine in 1986 and also the first goalkeeper since Rangers' Andy Goram in 1993.", "title": "Craig Gordon" } ]

[ { "docid": "34293405#22", "text": "Scotus gave the lecture, \"Lectura\" I 39, during 1297–1299 to refute the view that everything is necessary and immutable. He claims that the aim of this lecture has two points (\"Lectura\" I 39, §31): first, to consider the contingency in what is (\"de contingentia in entibus\"); second, to consider how God's certain knowledge is compatible with the contingency of things.\nScotus tries to defend the validity of Christian theology against the attack of ancient philosophers. The main argument is unpacked in \"Lectura\" I 39, §§49–53. Scotus argues that a necessary being (God) is able to have contingent knowledge, and that although this knowledge is contingent, it is not necessarily mutable and temporal by that very fact. \nIn \"Lectura\" I 39 §1, Scotus asks, \"whether God has determinate knowledge of things according to every aspect of their existence, as according to being in the future.\" He presents a counterview which claims that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. To support this counterview, Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX.\nIn the following arguments, Scotus does not attempt to contradict Aristotle. He does not affirm or reject the ideas of Aristotle. The only issue he argues against is the proposition that God cannot have determinate knowledge of the future. Scotus appears to try to fully demonstrate that Aristotle's text is not contradictory to the Christian doctrine of God.\nScotus argues that God wills with one single volition (\"unica volitione\") whatever he wills. God has one volition \"ad intra\", but this one volition can be related to many opposite things \"ad extra\". God can simultaneously will one thing at time 1 and the opposite thing at time 2.\nThere are various possible interpretations of Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX. For example, John Buridan (ca. 1300–1362) thought the Scotistic contingency theory was an Aristotelian view. Buridan's judgment is all the more possible because of at least four reasons: (1) Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX, 19a23-25 can be interpreted like the Scotistic contingency theory; (2) Scotus himself does not refute Aristotle's \"De Interpretatione\" IX in \"Lectura\" I 39 §§49–53; (3) Scotus, rather, tries to formulate his contingency theory with the help of other works of Aristotle in \"Lectura\" I 39 §§51, 54; (4) Scotus introduces the diachronic feature of God's volition to his contingency theory as well as the synchronic feature.", "title": "Duns Scotus" }, { "docid": "2784530#26", "text": "On June 2, 1986, the defense requested for the case to move back to Puerto Rico, where the political motives would be understood and argued that the Sixth Amendment of the US Constitution offered a right to be tried in the district of offense and cited SCOTUS precedents of defendants being tried in their own community. Michael Deutsch brought in sociolinguist William Labov who exposed that due to low quality recording, only native Spanish speakers had been able to understand words in what recorded in the tapes during tests, and that even then there was no agreement about what was being said. Labov argued that this diminished the possibility of a transcript being objective without the jury understanding the words and estimating the voice tones in the tapes. This was used to argue in favor of moving the case back to Puerto Rico and against employing an entirely American jury. Claire declined to move the case, citing that it revolved around a heist in Hartford and that the arguments would not involve Puerto Rican politics. Despite this, the prosecution had emphasized alleged EPB moves in Cuba and Nicaragua, both countries with strong ties to Communism. The defense then moved to argue the suppression of government evidence due to procedural errors in its collection that included being sealed months after dictated by procedure. Concern grew over the prolonged time of reclusion that the accused were spending in jail on preventive detention. On October 21, 1986, the US Court of Appeals for the Second District argued that such a period of pre-trial detention was unconstitutional. By December, Claire had begun to set bonds for the accused that were held for 15 months under preventive detention.", "title": "Águila Blanca (heist)" }, { "docid": "34293405#18", "text": "The doctrine of the univocity of being implies the denial of any real distinction between essence and existence. Aquinas had argued that in all finite being (i.e. all except God) the essence of a thing is distinct from its existence. Scotus rejected the distinction. Scotus argued that we cannot conceive of what it is to be something, without conceiving it as existing. We should not make any distinction between whether a thing exists (\"si est\") and what it is (\"quid est\"), for we never know whether something exists, unless we have some concept of what we know to exist.", "title": "Duns Scotus" }, { "docid": "23004#0", "text": "In common law legal systems, precedent is a principle or rule established in a previous legal case that is either binding on or persuasive for a court or other tribunal when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts. Common-law legal systems place great value on deciding cases according to consistent principled rules, so that similar facts will yield similar and predictable outcomes, and observance of precedent is the mechanism by which that goal is attained. The principle by which judges are bound to precedents is known as stare decisis. Common-law precedent is a third kind of law, on equal footing with statutory law (that is, statutes and codes enacted by legislative bodies) and delegated legislation (in U.K. parlance) or regulatory law (in U.S. parlance) (that is, regulations promulgated by executive branch agencies).", "title": "Precedent" } ]

[ { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "32412340#1", "text": "Ǧwayay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Taurus. \"Ǧwayay\" literally means \"bull\" in Pashto.", "title": "Ǧwayay" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "38358079#15", "text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”", "title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA" }, { "docid": "55853074#0", "text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "37367508#0", "text": "ㅈ(Tsiwt) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅈ is U+3148.", "title": "ㅈ" } ]

[ { "docid": "29888040#10", "text": "The navigator Christopher Columbus, with the economic backing of the Catholic Monarchs, first reached the shores of the New World on 12 October 1492, initially believing that he had reached India. This voyage was carried out to expand markets by establishing new trade routes and therefore rival the Portuguese Empire, which was already well established in Asia. Following the success of that first voyage to the New World, others were organised with the intention of exploring and creating new trade routes. On his fourth voyage, Columbus, in 1502, met an unexpected storm and was forced to temporarily land on 15 August on the Bay Islands. In their first explorations of the area, Columbus' group came upon a boat of Mayan origin travelling from the Yucatán Peninsula. The Spaniards were surprised by the large size of the vessel. Columbus detained the vessel and examined the cargo, which contained cocoa beans that he called \"almonds\" in his diary. However, he did not attach importance to these, and after this original inspection he let the boat proceed with its cargo.", "title": "History of chocolate in Spain" }, { "docid": "5635#18", "text": "Though Columbus was wrong about the number of degrees of longitude that separated Europe from the Far East and about the distance that each degree represented, he did possess valuable knowledge about the trade winds, which would prove to be the key to his successful navigation of the Atlantic Ocean. During his first voyage in 1492, the brisk trade winds from the east, commonly called \"easterlies\", propelled Columbus's fleet for five weeks, from the Canary Islands to The Bahamas. The precise first land sighting and landing point was San Salvador Island. To return to Spain against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food and drinkable water would probably have been exhausted.", "title": "Christopher Columbus" }, { "docid": "28836767#1", "text": "On his first voyage, Christopher Columbus had mostly amicable encounters with the Taínos, one of the indigenous people of the Caribbean islands. He sailed along the islands' coast, entering into capes and harbors to look at the scenery, hoping to find cities and large groups of population to trade with. Ultimately, what he expected was to reach the outer limits of the Chinese empire. Because he never found what he was looking for, he rarely went onto the land, but rather stayed on board his ship \"Santa María\". He saw several fires and canoes that showed Indians lived nearby, but they would all run and hide whenever Columbus’ ship came close. He continued traveling south along the coast, naming the different harbors and capes and trying to find Indians that would trade with him. On a few occasions Columbus did send men to explore the land. He even ventured onto the shore a couple times himself to see what the villages looked like. On these few occasions, Columbus did meet with some of the natives and, after their fear of the Spaniards subsided, they traded with the sailors. Columbus also inquired about the surrounding area and islands. Columbus described in his log the land as being exceedingly beautiful with lush forests and deep waters. He painted a picture of the natives as both a strong and meek people. They all walked around naked without any shame and ranged from dark tan to white in color. Columbus described each group he met as being the handsomest he has found.", "title": "Bay of Arrows" }, { "docid": "1231374#3", "text": "Before Christopher Columbus received support for his voyage from Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain, he had first approached King John II of Portugal. The king's scholars and navigators reviewed Columbus's documentation, determined that his calculations grossly underestimated the diameter of the Earth and thus the length of the voyage, and recommended against subsidizing the expedition. Upon Columbus's return from his first voyage to the Americas, his first landing was made in the Portuguese Azores; a subsequent storm drove his ship to Lisbon on 4 March 1493. Hearing of Columbus's discoveries, the Portuguese king informed him that he believed the voyage to be in violation of the 1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas. The treaty had been ratified with the 1481 papal bull \"Aeterni regis\", which confirmed previous bulls of 1452 (\"Dum diversas\"), 1455 (\"Romanus Pontifex\"), and 1456 (\"Inter caetera\"), recognizing Portuguese territorial claims along the West African coast. It was the King's understanding that the terms of the treaty acknowledged Portuguese claims to all territory south of the Canaries (which had been ceded to Spain).", "title": "Inter caetera" }, { "docid": "13714#10", "text": "Christopher Columbus inadvertently landed on the island during his first voyage across the Atlantic in 1492, where his flagship, the \"Santa Maria\", sank after running aground on December 25. A contingent of men were left at an outpost christened La Navidad, on the north coast of present-day Puerto Plata. On his return the following year, Columbus quickly established a second compound farther east in present-day Dominican Republic, La Isabela after the destruction of La Navidad.", "title": "Hispaniola" }, { "docid": "7375831#36", "text": "On November 3, 1493, Christopher Columbus landed on a rugged shore on an island that he named Dominica. On the same day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa María la Galante. After sailing past Les Saintes (Todos los Santos), he arrived at Guadeloupe (Santa María de Guadalupe), which he explored between November 4 and November 10, 1493. The exact course of his voyage through the Lesser Antilles is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming many islands including Santa María de Montserrat (Montserrat), Santa María la Antigua (Antigua), Santa María la Redonda (Saint Martin), and Santa Cruz (Saint Croix). He also sighted and named the island chain of the Santa Úrsula y las Once Mil Vírgenes (the Virgin Islands), and named the islands of Virgen Gorda. He continued to the Greater Antilles, and landed on the island of San Juan Bautista, present day Puerto Rico, on November 19, 1493. His men rescued two boys who had just been castrated by their captors.", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" } ]

[ { "docid": "18079465#58", "text": "On September 24, 1493, Christopher Columbus departed on his second voyage to the west Indies, with a massive new fleet. The Pope chimed in with yet another bull on the matter, \"Dudum siquidum\", written in December but officially backdated September 26, 1493, where he went further than before, and gave Spain claim over any and all lands discovered by her envoys sailing west, in whatever hemisphere those lands happened to be. \"Dudum Siquidum\" had been issued with a second voyage in mind—should Columbus indeed reach China or India or even Africa on this trip, the lands discovered would come under the Spanish exclusive sphere.", "title": "Columbus's letter on the first voyage" }, { "docid": "15661#6", "text": "Christopher Columbus is believed to be the first European to reach Jamaica. He landed on the island on 5 May 1494, during his second voyage to the Americas. Columbus returned to Jamaica during his fourth voyage to the Americas. He had been sailing around the Caribbean nearly a year when a storm beached his ships in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica, on 25 June 1503. For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on the island, finally departing in June 1504.", "title": "History of Jamaica" }, { "docid": "7375831#29", "text": "While returning to Spain, the \"Niña\" and \"Pinta\" encountered the roughest storm of their journey, and, on the night of 13 February, lost contact with each other. All hands on the \"Niña\" vowed, if they were spared, to make a pilgrimage to the nearest church of Our Lady wherever they first made land. On the morning of February 15, land was spotted. Columbus believed they were approaching the Azore Islands, but other members of the crew felt that they were considerably north of the islands. Columbus turned out to be right. On the night of February 17, the \"Niña\" laid anchor at Santa Maria Island, but the cable broke on sharp rocks, forcing Columbus to stay offshore until the morning, when a safer location was found to drop anchor nearby. A few sailors took a boat to the island, where they were told by several islanders of a still safer place to land, so the Niña moved once again. At this spot, Columbus took on board several islanders who had gathered onshore with food, and told them that his crew wished to come ashore to fulfill their vow. The islanders told him that a small shrine dedicated to Our Lady was nearby. Columbus sent half of the crew members to the island to fulfill their vow, but he and the rest of the crew stayed on the Niña, planning to send the other half to the island upon the return of the first crew members. While the first crew members were saying their prayers at the shrine, they were taken prisoner by the islanders, under orders from the island's captain, João de Castanheira, ostensibly out of fear that the men were pirates. The boat that the crew members had taken to the island was then commandeered by Castanheira, which he took with several armed men to the \"Niña\", in an attempt to arrest Columbus. During a verbal battle across the bows of both craft, during which Columbus did not grant permission for him to come aboard, Castanheira announced that he did not believe or care who Columbus said that he was, especially if he was indeed from Spain. Castanheira returned to the island. However, after another two days, Castanheira released the prisoners, having been unable to get confessions from them, and having been unable to capture his real target, Columbus. There are later claims that Columbus was also captured, but this is not backed up by Columbus's log book.", "title": "Voyages of Christopher Columbus" }, { "docid": "51076275#15", "text": "The first time the mainland of the continent of South America was sighted by European eyes, was at the third voyage of Christopher Columbus in August 1498. During the first half of the month, he explored the Paria Peninsula, presently part of eastern Venezuela. On this voyage, Columbus saw the mouth of the Orinoco River, which water mass he rightly interpreted as a sign the continent must be large. The Orinoco River drainage basin extends to the west into the terrain of the Muisca, via the rivers Meta and its tributaries Lengupá, Upía and Cusiana. Although the country of Colombia is named after Columbus, he never saw the land pertaining to present-day Colombia, while on his fourth and final voyage, he landed in Panama that until 1903 was part of the current republic.", "title": "Spanish conquest of the Muisca" }, { "docid": "47594693#1", "text": "After a short prologue, the diary begins with Columbus's departure from Spain towards the Canary Islands \"half an hour before sunrise\" on 3 August 1492. On 16 September Columbus reported he had entered the Sargasso Sea. The journal mentions several animals encountered during the westward voyage, such as dolphins, boobies and frigatebirds. Columbus also describes magnetic declination. While he was not the first to become aware of that, it is assumed that before Columbus's first voyage the Europeans did not know the western magnetic declination, as all areas where the European sailors travelled to had the eastern magnetic declination. The journal also briefly mentions the crew's mood during the voyage. Columbus writes that the covered distance regularly announced to the crew was usually smaller than the real one. On the eve of arrival to the New World the journal reported an unknown light sighting. Even though the journal shows Columbus's imperfect knowledge of the Spanish language, he makes often comparisons of the New World landscape to that of Spain, such as spring like in Andalusia, rivers like those in Seville, and hills like those behind Córdoba.", "title": "Christopher Columbus's journal" } ]

[ { "docid": "1098754#1", "text": "Pluralistic ignorance may help to explain the bystander effect. If no-one acts, onlookers may believe others believe action is incorrect, and may therefore themselves refrain from acting.", "title": "Pluralistic ignorance" }, { "docid": "33994346#9", "text": "Current research on bystander apathy by psychologist Kyle Thomas et al., found that people's decisions to help are influenced by their level of knowledge. While diffusion of responsibility and pluralistic ignorance are factors, the researchers found that bystanders’ decisions also consider what they know about other bystanders and the situation before getting involved.", "title": "Social experiment" }, { "docid": "319013#31", "text": "In a further study, Thornberg concluded that there are seven stages of moral deliberation as a bystander in bystander situations among the Swedish schoolchildren he observed and interviewed: (a) \"noticing that something is wrong\", i.e., children pay selective attention to their environment, and sometimes they don't tune in on a distressed peer if they're in a hurry or their view is obstructed, (b) \"interpreting a need for help\"—sometimes children think others are just playing rather than actually in distress or they display pluralistic ignorance, (c) \"feeling empathy\", i.e., having tuned in on a situation and concluded that help is needed, children might feel sorry for an injured peer, or angry about unwarranted aggression (empathic anger), (d) \"processing the school's moral frames\"—Thornberg identified five contextual ingredients influencing children's behavior in bystander situations (the definition of a good student, tribe caring, gender stereotypes, and social-hierarchy-dependent morality), (e) \"scanning for social status and relations\", i.e., students were less likely to intervene if they didn't define themselves as friends of the victim or belonging to the same significant social category as the victim, or if there were high-status students present or involved as aggressors—conversely, lower-status children were more likely to intervene if only a few other low-status children were around, (f) \"condensing motives for action\", such as considering a number of factors such as possible benefits and costs, and (g) \"acting\", i.e., all of the above coalesced into a decision to intervene or not. It is striking how this was less an individual decision than the product of a set of interpersonal and institutional processes.", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "17710687#8", "text": "This model, proposed by Latane and Darley, describes five things that must occur in order for a person to intervene:The number of individuals present in the situation requiring help is also a mediating factor in one’s decision to give aid, where the more individuals are present, the less likely it is for one particular individual to give aid due to a reduction in perceived personal responsibility. This is known as diffusion of responsibility, where the responsibility one feels for the person(s) in need is divided by the number of bystanders. Another factor that comes into play is evaluation apprehension, which simply refers to the fear of being judged by other bystanders. Finally, pluralistic ignorance may also lead to someone not intervening. This refers to relying on the reaction of others, before reacting yourself.", "title": "Prosocial behavior" } ]

[ { "docid": "1098754#10", "text": "Pluralistic ignorance can be contrasted with the false consensus effect. In pluralistic ignorance, people privately disdain but publicly support a norm (or a belief), while the false consensus effect causes people to wrongly assume that most people think like they do, while in reality most people do not think like they do (and express the disagreement openly). For instance, pluralistic ignorance may lead a student to drink alcohol excessively because she believes that everyone else does that, while in reality everyone else also wishes they could avoid binge drinking, but no one expresses that due to the fear of being ostracized. A false consensus for the same situation would mean that the student believes that most other people do not enjoy excessive drinking, while in fact most other people do enjoy that and openly express their opinion about it.", "title": "Pluralistic ignorance" }, { "docid": "526636#4", "text": "The false-consensus effect can be contrasted with pluralistic ignorance, an error in which people privately disapprove but publicly support what seems to be the majority view (regarding a norm or belief), when the majority in fact shares their (private) disapproval. While the false-consensus effect leads people to wrongly believe that the majority agrees with them (when the majority, in fact, openly disagrees with them), the pluralistic ignorance effect leads people to wrongly believe that they disagree with the majority (when the majority, in fact, covertly agrees with them). Pluralistic ignorance might, for example, lead a student to engage in binge drinking because of the mistaken belief that most other students approve of it, while in reality most other students disapprove, but behave in the same way because they share the same mistaken (but collectively self-sustaining) belief. In a parallel example of the false-consensus effect, a student who likes binge drinking would believe that a majority also likes it, while in reality most others dislike it and openly say so.", "title": "False consensus effect" }, { "docid": "1098754#8", "text": "Pluralistic ignorance has been linked to a wide range of deleterious consequences. For example, victims of pluralistic ignorance see themselves as deviant members of their peer group: less knowledgeable than their classmates, more uptight than their peers, less committed than their fellow board members, less competent than their fellow nurses (see the Dunning–Kruger effect operating in the opposite direction). This can leave them feeling bad about themselves and alienated from the group or institution of which they are a part. In addition, pluralistic ignorance can lead groups to persist in policies and practices that have lost widespread support: This can lead college students to persist in heavy drinking, corporations to persist in failing strategies, and governments to persist in unpopular foreign policies. At the same time, it can prevent groups from taking actions that would be beneficial in the long run: actions to intervene in an emergency, for example, or to initiate a personal relationship.", "title": "Pluralistic ignorance" }, { "docid": "319013#6", "text": "\"Interpret\":\nOnce a situation has been noticed, a bystander may be encouraged to intervene if they interpret the incident as an emergency. According to the principle of social influence, bystanders monitor the reactions of other people in an emergency situation to see if others think that it is necessary to intervene. If it is determined that others are not reacting to the situation, bystanders will interpret the situation as not an emergency and will not intervene. This is an example of pluralistic ignorance or social proof. Referring to the smoke experiment, even though students in the groups had clearly noticed the smoke which had become so thick that it was obscuring their vision, irritating their eyes or causing them to cough, they were still unlikely to report it. Only one participant in the group condition reported the smoke within the first four minutes, and by the end of the experiment, no-one from five of eight groups had reported the smoke at all. In the groups that did not report the smoke, the interpretations of its cause, and the likelihood that it was genuinely threatening was also less serious, with no-one suggesting fire as a possible cause, but some preferring less serious explanations, such as the air-conditioner was leaking.\nSimilarly, interpretations of the context played an important role in people's reactions to a man and woman fighting in the street. When the woman yelled, \"Get away from me; I don't know you,\" bystanders intervened 65 percent of the time, but only 19 percent of the time when the woman yelled, \"Get away from me; I don't know why I ever married you.\"", "title": "Bystander effect" }, { "docid": "1098754#0", "text": "In social psychology, pluralistic ignorance is a situation in which a majority of group members privately reject a norm, but go along with it because they incorrectly assume that most others accept it. This is also described as \"no one believes, but everyone thinks that everyone believes\". In short, pluralistic ignorance is a bias about a social group, held by the members of that social group.", "title": "Pluralistic ignorance" }, { "docid": "526636#3", "text": "The false-consensus effect can be contrasted with pluralistic ignorance, an error in which people privately disapprove but publicly support what seems to be the majority view (see below).", "title": "False consensus effect" } ]

[ { "docid": "31862312#15", "text": "The \"Joplin Globe\" reported that 54 percent of the people died in their residences, 32 percent died in non-residential areas and 14 percent died in vehicles or outdoors. Joplin officials after the tornado announced plans to require hurricane ties or other fasteners between the houses and their foundations (devices add about $600 US to the construction costs). Officials rejected a proposal to require concrete basements in new houses. Officials noted that only 28 percent of Joplin's new homes had basements as of 2009 compared with 38 percent two decades before.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" }, { "docid": "31862312#13", "text": "As of May 2013, the official death toll from National Weather Service was listed at 158 while the City of Joplin listed the death toll at 161 (158 direct). The list was up to 162, until one man's injuries were found to be unrelated to the event. In one indirect fatality, a policeman was struck by lightning and killed while assisting with recovery and cleanup efforts the day after the storm. Shortly after the tornado, authorities had listed 1,300 people as missing, but the number quickly dwindled as they were accounted for. Many people were reported to have been trapped in destroyed houses. Seventeen people were rescued from the rubble the day after the tornado struck.\nThe Missouri Emergency Management Agency reported more than 990 injured. Of 146 sets of remains recovered from the rubble, 134 victims had been positively identified by June 1. Due to the horrific injuries suffered by some victims, some different sets of remains were from a single person. On June 2 it was announced that four more victims had died.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" }, { "docid": "35486581#31", "text": "161 people were killed and at least 990 injured when an EF5 multiple-vortex tornado hit Joplin, Missouri. Because Joplin is located in a tornado-heavy area of the country, many people considered the tornado sirens routine and ignored them. Instead, many residents waited until they received confirmation from another, non-routine, source, such as seeing the tornado, a radio or TV report, or hearing a second siren. In the aftermath, an assessment team recommended that emergency warnings take risk perception into account to convey a sense of urgency. NOAA Officials are considering ways to change the warning system to distinguish smaller tornadoes from more deadly ones.", "title": "Emergency communication system" }, { "docid": "16245#86", "text": "Joplin's death in October 1970 at age 27 stunned her fans and shocked the music world, especially when coupled with the death just 16 days earlier of another rock icon, Jimi Hendrix, also at age 27. (This would later cause some people to attribute significance to the death of musicians at the age of 27, as celebrated in the notional '27 Club'.) Music historian Tom Moon wrote that Joplin had \"a devastatingly original voice\", music columnist Jon Pareles of \"The New York Times\" wrote that Joplin as an artist was \"overpowering and deeply vulnerable\", and author Megan Terry said that Joplin was the female version of Elvis Presley in her ability to captivate an audience.", "title": "Janis Joplin" }, { "docid": "150749#9", "text": "On May 5, 1971, Joplin was struck by a severe tornado, resulting in one death and 50 injuries, along with major damage to many houses and businesses.\nOn November 11, 1978, Joplin's once-stately Connor Hotel, which was slated for implosion to make way for a new public library, collapsed suddenly and prematurely. Two demolition workers were killed instantly. A third, Alfred Sommers, was trapped for four days, yet survived.", "title": "Joplin, Missouri" }, { "docid": "876705#20", "text": "In the wake of the 2011 Joplin tornado in which seven people were killed in a Home Depot when the panel walls collapsed after the store was hit by an EF5 tornado, engineers in an article published in \"The Kansas City Star\" criticized the practice. They said that once one wall falls, it creates a domino effect. Twenty-eight people in an un-reinforced training room in the back of the building survived. According to a study of the collapse, the tornado hit the south corner of the store and lifted the roof up causing the west walls to collapse into the store. The walls on the east side (where the people survived) collapsed out. Only two walls remained standing. Engineers said that stronger roof-to-wall connections might have tempered the collapse. Two other big box stores at the corner that had concrete block construction (an Academy Sports and Walmart) lost their roofs but the walls remained intact. Those buildings were not directly hit by the tornado but the Home Depot building suffered a direct hit. Three people died in the Walmart, but 200 survived. The engineers told the Star that when concrete blocks fail they usually break apart, and do not come down in huge slabs. Home Depot, which has hundreds of stores built with tilt-up, said it disagreed with the finding and that it would use tilt-up when it rebuilt the Joplin store.", "title": "Tilt up" }, { "docid": "31862312#1", "text": "Overall, the tornado killed 158 people (with an additional three indirect deaths), injured some 1,150 others, and caused damages amounting to a total of $2.8 billion. It was the deadliest tornado to strike the United States since the 1947 Glazier–Higgins–Woodward tornadoes, and the seventh-deadliest overall.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" } ]

[ { "docid": "150749#17", "text": "St. John's Regional Medical Center was damaged, and demolished in 2012. The Missouri Disaster Medical Assistance Team temporarily replaced the demolished St. John's Regional Medical Center with a mobile hospital until the permanent hospital was rebuilt. The local high school, Joplin High School, was totally destroyed, as well. A total of 161 people died from tornado-related injuries as of the end of July 2011. Communications were lost and power was knocked out to many areas. An official statement from the National Weather Service has categorized the tornado as an EF5. On Sunday, May 29, President Barack Obama, Missouri Governor Jay Nixon, and Federal Emergency Management Agency Director Craig Fugate visited and toured Joplin to see what the damage looked like and attended a memorial service for the deceased. Later that day, the city held a moment of silence at 5:41 pm, to mark the time the tornado struck. The area was declared a federal disaster area.", "title": "Joplin, Missouri" }, { "docid": "31862312#14", "text": "Six people were killed when St. John's was struck by the tornado. Five of those deaths were patients on ventilators who died after the building lost power and a backup generator did not work. The sixth fatality was a hospital visitor.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" }, { "docid": "31862312#8", "text": "According to the local branch of the American Red Cross, about 25% of Joplin was destroyed, but the city's emergency manager stated that the number was between 10 and 20%, with roughly 2,000 buildings destroyed. According to the National Weather Service, emergency managers reported damage to 75% of Joplin. In total, nearly 7,000 houses were destroyed (most of which were flattened or blown away) and over 850 others were damaged. Communications were lost in the community and power was knocked out to many areas. With communications down, temporary cell towers had to be constructed. By May 24, three towers owned by AT&T and Sprint had been restored.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" }, { "docid": "31862312#23", "text": "Engineers have criticized the tilt up construction of the Home Depot in which all but two of its walls collapsed in a domino effect after the tornado lifted the roof, killing seven people in the front of the store (although 28 people in the back of the store survived when those walls collapsed outwards). Home Depot officials said they disagreed with the study published by \"The Kansas City Star\" and said they would use the tilt up practice when they rebuild the Joplin store. On June 1, The Home Depot said it would have a new temporary building built and operational within two weeks. In the meantime, it opened for business in the parking lot of its demolished building. On June 20, The Home Depot opened a temporary building constructed by the company's disaster recovery team.", "title": "2011 Joplin tornado" } ]

[ { "docid": "40265247#4", "text": "According to some, derived from the fact that almost all Spaniards are Catholic, and Spain remains to this day one of the most homogeneous Western countries, Spanish Judeophobia reflects a national obsession with religious and ethnic unity which is based on the conception of an imaginary \"internal enemy\" plotting the downfall of the Catholic religion and the traditional social order. However, this assumption clashes with the fact that 21st-century Spain is one of the most secularized countries in Europe, with only 3% of Spaniards considering religion as one of their three most important values and thus not linking it to their national or personal identity. Furthermore, in modern Spain there is not an \"internal enemy\" scare but in far-right circles, which are more often focused against Muslim immigration as well as Catalan and Basque separatism, way more visible phenomena. Modern antisemitic-like attitudes in Spain are actually related to the perceived abusive policies of the State of Israel against Palestinians and in the international scene rather than to any kind of religious or identity obsession, and it has been defined by Jewish authors as an \"antisemitism without antisemites.\"", "title": "Antisemitism in Spain" }, { "docid": "4813514#5", "text": "The appearance of the so-called by Castillian-Spanish nationalism peripheral nationalism, in the aforementioned regions of Spain occurred in a time where Spain itself as a whole first began to look into its own concept of nationhood, and where Spaniards began to study their own nationalism between two competing views, the traditionalist, where religion played a significant role in defining the Spanish nation, intrinsically and traditionally Catholic, and strongly monarchical, and the liberal view where sovereignty resided in the nation—the people, as opposed to the monarch—and where some advocated for a uniform centralised State while others preferred decentralization and even republicanism.", "title": "Nationalities and regions of Spain" }, { "docid": "16938566#137", "text": "Many of the prejudices cultivated during the Franco years persist in the twenty-first century. According to some, derived from the fact that almost all Spaniards are Catholic, and Spain remains to this day one of the most homogeneous Western countries, Spanish Judeophobia reflects a national obsession with religious and ethnic unity which is based on the conception of an imaginary \"internal enemy\" plotting the downfall of the Catholic religion and the traditional social order. However, this assumption clashes with the fact that 21st-century Spain is one of the most secularized countries in Europe, with only 3% of Spaniards considering religion as one of their three most important values and thus not linking it to their national or personal identity. Furthermore, in modern Spain there is not an \"internal enemy\" scare but in far-right circles, which are more often focused against Muslim immigration as well as Catalan and Basque separatism, way more visible phenomena. Modern antisemitic-like attitudes in Spain are actually related to the perceived abusive policies of the State of Israel against Palestinians and in the international scene rather than to any kind of religious or identity obsession, and it has been defined by Jewish authors as an \"antisemitism without antisemites.\"", "title": "Antisemitism in Europe" }, { "docid": "2290752#0", "text": "Catholic Christianity is the largest religion in Spain, but practical secularization is strong. Only 3% of Spaniards consider religion as one of their three most important values, even lower than the 5% European average. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 abolished Catholicism as the official state religion, while recognizing the role it plays in Spanish society. As a result, there is no official religion and religious freedom is protected.", "title": "Religion in Spain" }, { "docid": "2290752#18", "text": "Spain, it has been observed, is a nation-state born out of religious struggle mainly between Catholicism and Islam, but also against Judaism (and, to a lesser extent, Protestantism). The Reconquista against Al Andalus (ending in 1492), the establishment of the Spanish Inquisition (1478) and the expulsion of Jews (1492) were highly relevant in the union of Castile and Aragon under the \"Catholic Monarchs\" Isabel and Fernando (1492), followed by the persecution and eventual expulsion of the Moriscos in 1609. The Counter-Reformation (1563–1648) was especially strong in Spain and the Inquisition was not definitively abolished until 1834, thus keeping Islam, Judaism, Protestantism and parts of Enlightenment at bay for most of its history.", "title": "Religion in Spain" }, { "docid": "26667#151", "text": "Roman Catholicism, which has a long history in Spain, remains the dominant religion. Although it no longer has official status by law, in all public schools in Spain students have to choose either a religion or ethics class. Catholicism is the religion most commonly taught, although the teaching of Islam, Judaism, and evangelical Christianity is also recognised in law. According to a June 2016 study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research about 70% of Spaniards self-identify as Catholics, 2% other faith, and about 25% identify with no religion. Most Spaniards do not participate regularly in religious services. This same study shows that of the Spaniards who identify themselves as religious, 59% hardly ever or never go to church, 16% go to church some times a year, 9% some time per month and 15% every Sunday or multiple times per week. Recent polls and surveys have revealed that atheists and agnostics comprise anywhere from 20% to 27% of the Spanish population.", "title": "Spain" } ]

[ { "docid": "25975414#0", "text": "The Bahá'í Faith in Spain begins with coverage of events in the history of the Bábí religion in the 1850s. The first mention of Spain in Bahá'í literature was `Abdu'l-Bahá mentioning it as a place to take the religion to in 1916. The first Bahá'í to visit Spain was in 1930 and the first pioneer to stay was Virginia Orbison in January 1947. Following some conversions to the religion the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Madrid was elected in 1948. As of 1959 there were 28 Bahá'ís registered in Spain. Following the spread of the religion the first National Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1962. Following the election the breadth of initiatives of the community increased privately until 1968 when the national assembly was able to register as a Non-Catholic Religious Association in the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Information and Tourism allowing public religious events and publication and importation of religious materials. Following this the diversity of initiatives of the community significantly expanded. Bahá'ís began operating a permanent Bahá'í school and in 1970 the first Spanish Roma joined the religion. In 1981 the Bahá'ís held a separate school in the north central region of Spain to which over 100 people form 26 communities attended and the Spiritual Assembly of Mallorca held several month long classes (mostly for non-Bahá'ís) in computer usage in 1985. Fifty years after the first local assembly there were 100 assemblies. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 13300 Bahá'ís in 2005. In 2008 the Universal House of Justice picked the Spanish community to host a regional conference for the Iberian peninsula and beyond.", "title": "Bahá'í Faith in Spain" }, { "docid": "2290752#7", "text": "The recent waves of immigration, especially during and after the 1990s, have led to an increasing number of Muslims and Protestants. Nowadays, Islam is the second largest religion, but far behind Roman Catholicism and irreligion. A study made by \"Unión de comunidades islámicas de España\" showed that there were almost 1,900,000 inhabitants of Muslim background living in Spain in 2016 (4% of the total population.) The vast majority was composed of immigrants and descendants originating from Morocco and other African countries. Almost 780,000 of them had Spanish nationality.", "title": "Religion in Spain" }, { "docid": "38399981#48", "text": "The Bahá'í Faith in Spain begins with coverage of events in the history of the Bábí religion in the 1850s. The first mention of Spain in Bahá'í literature was `Abdu'l-Bahá mentioning it as a place to take the religion to in 1916. The first Bahá'í to visit Spain was in 1930 and the first pioneer to stay was Virginia Orbison in January 1947. Following some conversions to the religion the first Bahá'í Local Spiritual Assembly of Madrid was elected in 1948. The first National Spiritual Assembly was elected in 1962. Following the election the breadth of initiatives of the community increased privately until 1968 when the national assembly was able to register as a Non-Catholic Religious Association in the Ministry of Justice and the Ministry of Information and Tourism allowing public religious events and publication and importation of religious materials. Following this the diversity of initiatives of the community significantly expanded. Bahá'ís began operating a permanent Bahá'í school and in 1970 the first Spanish Roma joined the religion. Fifty years after the first local assembly there were 100 assemblies. The Association of Religion Data Archives (relying on World Christian Encyclopedia) estimated some 12,800 Bahá'ís in 2005. In 2008 the Universal House of Justice picked the Spanish community to host a regional conference for the Iberian peninsula and beyond.", "title": "Bahá'í Faith in Europe" }, { "docid": "2290752#30", "text": "The advent of the Franco regime saw the restoration of the church's privileges under a totalitarian system known as \"National Catholicism\". During the Franco years, Roman Catholicism was the only religion to have legal status; other worship services could not be advertised, and no other religion could own property or publish books. The Government not only continued to pay priests' salaries and to subsidize the Church, it also assisted in the reconstruction of church buildings damaged by the war. Laws were passed abolishing divorce and civil marriages as well as banning abortion and the sale of contraceptives. Homosexuality and all other forms of sexual permissiveness were also banned. Catholic religious instruction was mandatory, even in public schools. Franco secured in return the right to name Roman Catholic bishops in Spain, as well as veto power over appointments of clergy down to the parish priest level.", "title": "Religion in Spain" } ]

[ { "docid": "1403553#4", "text": "Built in the Magdalena Mixhuca public park in 1959, the circuit hosted its first Formula One Grand Prix in 1962, as a non-Championship race. The following year the Mexican Grand Prix became a full World Championship event. The circuit remained part of the F1 calendar through 1970, when spectator overcrowding caused unsafe conditions. When the track re-opened in 1986, the circuit boasted a new pit complex, as well as improved safety all around. In 2001 CIE and Forsythe Racing tasked D3 Motorsport Development with revamping the circuit. A redesign to include the Foro and a complete upgrade of the circuit was done. It saw a record crowd of 402,413 people attend a round of the CART Championship in 2002. As of 2018, the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez has been the only venue for the F1 Mexican Grand Prix.", "title": "Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez" } ]

[ { "docid": "2182552#17", "text": "On September 20, 2016 Fernández's achievements have been recognised by the naming of Turn 12 of the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in his honour.", "title": "Adrián Fernández" }, { "docid": "1122994#0", "text": "The 1987 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez on October 18, 1987. It was the fourteenth round of the 1987 Formula One season. It was the 11th Mexican Grand Prix and the second since the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez was renovated and returned to the World Championship calendar.", "title": "1987 Mexican Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "7935401#0", "text": "The Gran Premio Tecate was a round of the Champ Car World Series held on the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez circuit in Mexico City, Mexico. It was first held in 1980, and in its first two years of competition was the penultimate round of the championship. After its re-inception in 2002, it was the season-ending round. It was to have been the penultimate round of the 2007 season, but became the final round when the Grand Prix Arizona was cancelled.", "title": "Gran Premio Tecate" }, { "docid": "3702462#7", "text": "This road-course race took place on March 5, 2006 at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City, Mexico. Boris Said won the pole.", "title": "2006 NASCAR Busch Series" }, { "docid": "9661919#0", "text": "The 1991 430 km of Mexico City was the seventh round of the 1991 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, Mexico. It took place on October 6, 1991.", "title": "1991 430 km of Mexico City" }, { "docid": "17302892#59", "text": "EDC Mexico in Mexico City is scheduled to return to Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez for February 23-24, 2019.", "title": "Electric Daisy Carnival" }, { "docid": "22104230#1", "text": "The series kicked off at the Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez in Mexico City, with a non-points-paying race during the weekend of March 4, along with events from the Busch Series and the Rolex Sports Car Series. The race was won by Carlos Pardo (#14 Dodge), followed by Rafael Martínez (#19 Ford) and Freddy Tame, Jr. (#18 Ford).", "title": "2007 NASCAR Corona Series" }, { "docid": "1123077#0", "text": "The 1990 Mexican Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez on 24 June 1990. It was sixth race of the 1990 Formula One season, the 14th Mexican Grand Prix and the fifth since the Mexico City circuit returned to the Formula One calendar in 1986. It was held over 69 laps of the 4.4 kilometre circuit for a race distance of 305 kilometres.", "title": "1990 Mexican Grand Prix" }, { "docid": "17302892#55", "text": "EDC Mexico in Mexico City was planned for February 24–25 at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez.", "title": "Electric Daisy Carnival" }, { "docid": "11603286#0", "text": "The 1990 480 km of Mexico City was the ninth and final round of the 1990 World Sportscar Championship season, taking place at Autodromo Hermanos Rodriguez, Mexico. It took place on October 7, 1990.", "title": "1990 480 km of Mexico City" } ]

[ { "docid": "26441648#51", "text": "In 1831, Tahtawi returned home to be part of the statewide effort to modernize the Egyptian infrastructure and education in what became an Egyptian renaissance (\"Nahda\") that flourished in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, later moving to Ottoman-ruled Arabic-speaking regions including Lebanon, Syria and others. He founded the School of Languages (also known as School of Translators) in 1835, which become part of Ain Shams University in 1973. Upon his return, Al-Tahtawi became an advocate of parliamentarian, the rights of citizens to political participation, and the rights of women to education. The School of Languages graduated the earliest modern Egyptian intellectuals, who formed the basis of the emerging grassroots mobilization against British colonialism in Egypt. Three of his published volumes were works of political and moral philosophy. They introduced his Egyptian audience to the liberal ideas of the Enlightenment such as secular authority and political rights and liberty, his ideas regarding how a modern civilized society ought to be and what constituted by extension a civilized or \"good Egyptian\", and his ideas on public interest and public good.", "title": "History of liberalism" }, { "docid": "51218#1", "text": "Arabic is Egypt's official language, it came to Egypt in the 7th century, and the Egyptian Arabic dialect today has become the modern speech of the country. Of the many varieties of Arabic, it is the most widely spoken second dialect, due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and media throughout the Arabic-speaking world. Egypt's position in the heart of the Arab world has also had reversed influence, adopting many words, phrases, and proverbs from neighboring Arabic speaking areas such as the Maghreb area and the Mashriq. Today the daily Egyptian Arabic adopted several French, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Armenian and English words to its dictionary, as well as keeping several other words from its own ancient languages such as Coptic and Demotic.", "title": "Culture of Egypt" }, { "docid": "2673910#14", "text": "Today structures such as clubs, schools, and sports facilities reinforce communications among Armenian Egyptians and revive the heritage of their forefathers. In spite of these efforts, many Armenian Egyptians of the youngest generation (and who are mostly the result of marriages between the Armenian community and other Egyptians - whether Christian or Muslim) do not speak the Armenian language, or go to Armenian schools, and are not in touch with their heritage or community. The Armenian Church and the apolitical structure of the Armenian community have a very important role in unifying Armenians in Egypt. Unlike Armenian minorities in Syria and Lebanon, Armenian Egyptians stay out of local politics.", "title": "Armenians in Egypt" }, { "docid": "706816#10", "text": "Amongst certain groups within Egypt's elite, Egyptian Arabic enjoyed a brief period of rich literary output. That dwindled with the rise of Egyptian Arab nationalism, which had gained wide popularity in Egypt by the final years of the Muhammad Ali dynasty, as demonstrated vividly by Egypt's involvement in the 1948 Arab–Israeli War under King Farouk of Egypt. The Egyptian revolution of 1952, led by Mohammed Naguib and Gamal Abdel Nasser, further enhanced the significance of Arab nationalism, making it a central element of Egyptian state policy. The importance of Modern Standard Arabic was reemphasised in the public sphere by the revolutionary government, and efforts to accord any formal language status to the Egyptian vernacular were ignored. Egyptian Arabic was identified as a mere dialect, one that was not spoken even in all of Egypt, as almost all of Upper Egypt speaks Sa'idi Arabic. Though the revolutionary government heavily sponsored the use of the Egyptian vernacular in films, plays, television programmes, and music, the prerevolutionary use of Modern Standard Arabic in official publications was retained.", "title": "Egyptian Arabic" }, { "docid": "3552038#1", "text": "The official language of Egypt is Modern Standard Arabic.", "title": "Languages of Egypt" } ]

[ { "docid": "35431050#19", "text": "Despite the large numbers of followers and support for these groups, they still remain a minority in Egyptian society. Their beliefs and actions are contradictory to traditional interpretations of Islam, and for them to take power over the people would require a massive shift in the established belief system. Also the approaches that these modern groups have attempted to carry out show brashness and naiveté in terms of effective strategies against the regime. Finally, many Egyptians do not support the radicals’ claim that a simple shift in political power and the establishment of shari`a as governmental law will instantly solve the country’s problems. Ann Elizabeth Mayer argues that Kharijism does support a democratic model in fact that it is a communal decision to elect a leader, and that this could be the early Islamic model from which to build a modern reform. However, the issue then becomes how to rearrange the conditions of Egyptian society to permit what would be an enormous transformation of the Egyptian way of life.", "title": "Islamic extremism in the 20th-century Egypt" }, { "docid": "35001621#4", "text": "In 1963, \"The Egyptian\" became known as the \"Daily Egyptian\" (or \"DE\" for short), publishing five days a week. It is a student-run newspaper and they have the ability to determine what stories will appear in the paper. The students also work as editors, photographers, reporters, page designers, graphic artists, advertising sales representatives, production technicians, and circulation drivers. \"The Daily Egyptian\", one of a handful of student newspapers to do so, owns and operates, with students, its own web press. Roughly, 15,000 copies of \"The Daily Egyptian\" are freely distributed at nearly 200 locations across campus, throughout Carbondale, and other surrounding communities. \"The Daily Egyptian\" has the second largest circulation of any newspaper in southern Illinois, and the most of any college newspaper in the state.", "title": "The Daily Egyptian" }, { "docid": "38420298#15", "text": "A 2015 study by Dobon et al. identified an ancestral autosomal component of West Eurasian origin that is common to many modern Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa. Known as the \"Coptic\" component, it peaks among Egyptian Copts who settled in Sudan over the past two centuries. Copts also formed a separated group in PCA, a close outlier to other Egyptians, Afroasiatic-speaking Northeast Africans and Middle East populations. The Coptic component evolved out of a main Northeast African and Middle Eastern ancestral component that is shared by other Egyptians and also found at high frequencies among other Afroasiatic-speaking populations in Northeast Africa (~70%). The scientists suggest that this points to a common origin for the general population of Egypt. They also associate the Coptic component with Ancient Egyptian ancestry, without the later Arabian influence that is present among other Egyptians.", "title": "DNA history of Egypt" }, { "docid": "37354852#3", "text": "Other genetic studies show much greater levels of sub-Saharan African ancestry in the current-day populations of southern as opposed to northern Egypt, and anticipate that mummies from Upper (southern) Egypt would contain greater levels of sub-Saharan African ancestry than Lower Egyptian mummies. A National Geographic DNA analysis genographic project showed that 68% of modern day Egyptians are ethnically North African, with foreign invasions having little effect on the majority of modern Egyptians's genetics. Other ethnic groups that rounded out modern Egyptians were from Southwest Asia and the Persian Gulf at 17%, Jewish diaspora at 4%, Asia Minor at 3%, Eastern Africa at 3%, and Southern Europe at 3%.", "title": "Black Egyptian hypothesis" }, { "docid": "18880184#3", "text": "Other genetic studies show much greater levels of sub-Saharan African ancestry in the current-day populations of southern as opposed to northern Egypt, and anticipate that mummies from southern Egypt would contain greater levels of sub-Saharan African ancestry than Lower Egyptian mummies. A National Geographic DNA analysis genographic project showed that 68% of modern day Egyptians are ethnically North African, with foreign invasions having little effect on the majority of modern Egyptians's genetics. Other ethnic groups that rounded out modern Egyptians were from Southwest Asia and the Persian Gulf at 17%, Jewish diaspora at 4%, Asia Minor at 3%, Eastern Africa at 3%, and Southern Europe at 3%.", "title": "Ancient Egyptian race controversy" }, { "docid": "1678525#0", "text": "The Egyptian Army or Egyptian Ground Forces ( \"al-Quwwāt al-Barriyya al-Miṣriyya\") is the largest service branch within the Egyptian Armed Forces. The modern army was established during the reign of Muhammad Ali Pasha (1805–1849), widely considered to be the \"founder of modern Egypt\". Its most significant engagements in the 20th century were in Egypt's five wars with the State of Israel (in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1967–1970, and 1973), one of which, the Suez Crisis of 1956, also saw it do combat with the armies of Britain, and France. The Egyptian army was also engaged heavily in the protracted North Yemen Civil War, and the brief Libyan-Egyptian War in July 1977. Its last major engagement was Operation Desert Storm, the liberation of Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in 1991, in which the Egyptian army constituted the second-largest contingent of the allied forces.", "title": "Egyptian Army" } ]

[ { "docid": "328981#1", "text": "Simcoe was founded in 1795 by Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe. Initially, the settlement consisted of two distinct areas, Birdtown, named by William Bird who arrived in the early 1800s and the Queensway which grew up around Aron Culver's sawmill and grist mill in the 1820s. The post office opened in 1829 and was called Simcoe. In 1837, the village became the seat of government of the then Talbot District.", "title": "Simcoe, Ontario" }, { "docid": "386688#5", "text": "When \"Simcoe District\" was formed in 1843 by the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada, it contained 19 original townships. Simcoe District was restructured in 1845, changing its composition to 24 townships including the Township of Mono. Effective January 1, 1850, \"An Act for abolishing the Territorial Divisions of Upper Canada into Districts\" abolished Simcoe \"District\" in favour of the Simcoe \"County\", still composed of the Townships noted in the Act of 1845.", "title": "Mono, Ontario" } ]

[ { "docid": "328981#9", "text": "A cultural club for people of Croatian descent operates in this town; the formal name given to this organization is the 531st branch of the Croatian Fraternal Union. First organized by Franjo Bertovic during the 1990s, he went on to found other Croatian Fraternal Unions throughout Canada and Croatia. Members of this fraternal benefit society refer to the club as the \"Simcoe Croatian Club\" when not in formal conversation. Expenses for sick workers in addition to their funeral expenses are often partially covered through its members' benefits.", "title": "Simcoe, Ontario" }, { "docid": "328981#5", "text": "Simcoe was incorporated as a town in 1878 and had its own town council and mayor until December 31, 2000. In 2001, the town and all other municipalities within the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk were dissolved and the region was divided into two single tier municipalities with city-status but called counties. Simcoe now forms Ward 5 of Norfolk County.", "title": "Simcoe, Ontario" }, { "docid": "900418#4", "text": "Elizabeth Simcoe left a diary that provides a valuable impression of life in colonial Ontario. First published in 1934, there was a subsequent transcription published in 1965 and a paperback version issued at the turn of the 21st century, more than 200 years after she wrote it. Her legacy also includes a series of 595 watercolour paintings that depict the town of York, Upper Canada. She was responsible for the naming of Scarborough, an eastern Toronto district, after Scarborough, North Yorkshire. The townships of North, East and West Gwillimbury, just south of Lake Simcoe in central Ontario, are also named for the family. The Township of Whitchurch (today the Town of Whitchurch–Stouffville, Ontario), was named in honour of her place of birth.\nIn December 2007, a statue of Elizabeth Gwillim Simcoe was erected in the town of Bradford West Gwillimbury, while commemorating the 150th anniversary of the town's incorporation. The statue is located in a parkette in front of the Bradford post office at the corner of John Street West and Barrie Street.", "title": "Elizabeth Simcoe" }, { "docid": "26946180#100", "text": "The population in 1850 was about 1600; in that year, Simcoe became the County seat of Norfolk County. Simcoe was incorporated as a town in 1878 and had its own town council and mayor until December 31, 2000. In 2001, the town and all other municipalities within the Regional Municipality of Haldimand-Norfolk were dissolved and the region was divided into two single tier municipalities with city-status but called counties. Simcoe now forms Ward 5 of Norfolk County.", "title": "Communities in Norfolk County, Ontario" }, { "docid": "2184581#1", "text": "When Upper and Lower Canada were established in 1791, Colonel John Graves Simcoe was appointed the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada. Simcoe named the township of Markham, north of the town of York (now Toronto), after his friend William Markham, the Archbishop of York.", "title": "History of Markham, Ontario" }, { "docid": "328981#21", "text": "Norfolk Street tends to be the dividing road between the \"haves\" and the \"have nots\" in this community. Most houses west of Norfolk Street are aging dilapidated buildings that rarely sell for a price greater than 200,000 Canadian dollars while most houses east of Norfolk Street are ultramodern structures like those seen on Mann Avenue. Throughout the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the western part of Simcoe have generally been described as a neighbourhood for the working class, the unemployed and pensioners while the white collar elite have basically settled in the eastern neighbourhoods of Simcoe; particularly near the Queensway. These people typically range from doctors and lawyers to office workers and nurses. Exceptions to this rule can be found on Millcroft Drive and Miller Crescent (west of Norfolk Street) in addition to Arthur Street (east of Norfolk Street). Metcalfe Street (in the northwestern part of town) and Parker Drive (in the southwestern portion of town) are also considered to be one of the most affluent and safest streets in the western end of Simcoe.", "title": "Simcoe, Ontario" }, { "docid": "8193134#9", "text": "In 1970, the Conservation Authority planned to plant 3 million trees by the year 2001. In this year, the municipalities of Scott, Ontario and Georgina, Ontario joined the Conservation Authority. The name of the authority changed to South Lake Simcoe Conservation Authority in 1971. In 1974, the town of Innisfil joined. The organization established a watershed-wide natural heritage network by creating the following conservation areas:", "title": "Lake Simcoe Region Conservation Authority" }, { "docid": "328981#27", "text": "A Simcoe equipment and boiler maker company called West & Peachey Company invented an amphibious steamboat called an Alligator which was used by logging companies all over Eastern North America in 1878. The firm built 230 alligator tugs between 1889 and 1932. West and Peachey would become one of the first manufacturing companies to operate within the town limits of Simcoe.", "title": "Simcoe, Ontario" } ]

[ { "docid": "192605#46", "text": "School students must take a national exam to enter a university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. About 5–7% of students can pass the exam. There are 3 aspects to the exam. These are on math, chemistry, and physics or biology. After being trained in the university students receive a 5-year bachelor's degree in pharmacy. Or they are university pharmacists (university pharmacist to discriminate between college pharmacist or vocational pharmacist in some countries of the world these pharmacist are call pharmacist assistants). An alternative method of obtaining a bachelor's degree is as follows. School pupils study in a college of pharmacy or a vocational school of pharmacy. After attending the school or college they go to work. And with two years of practice they could take an exam to enter university of pharmacy or the pharmacy department of a university of medicine and pharmacy. This exam is easier than the national one. Passing the exam they continue studying to gain 3-year bachelor's degrees or 4-year bachelor's degrees. This degree is considered equivalent to a 5-year bachelor's degree.", "title": "Pharmacist" }, { "docid": "1273580#3", "text": "In the United States, there is no mandated regulatory agency governing the training of Pharmacy Technicians. Each state has a Board of Pharmacy which regulates the licensure of Pharmacy Technicians in their state. Licensure requirements vary widely by state. Some states require training from board-approved schools, PTCB certification, on-the-job training or no requirements at all. There are two National Examinations for the certification of Pharmacy Technicians (PTCE @ www.ptcb.org) (ExCpT @ www.nhanow.com/pharmacy-technician.aspx).", "title": "Pharmacy technician" } ]

[ { "docid": "192605#33", "text": "Acceptance into a doctorate of pharmacy program depends upon completing specific prerequisites or obtaining a transferable bachelor's degree. Pharmacy school is four years of graduate school (accelerated Pharmacy Schools go January to January and are only 3 years), which include at least one year of practical experience. Graduates receive a Doctorate of Pharmacy (PharmD) upon graduation. Most schools require students to take a Pharmacy College Admissions Test PCAT and complete 90 credit hours of university coursework in the sciences, mathematics, composition, and humanities before entry into the PharmD program. Due to the large admittance requirements and highly competitive nature of the field, most pharmacy students complete a bachelor's degree before entry to pharmacy school.", "title": "Pharmacist" }, { "docid": "14831636#80", "text": "A new pharmacy graduate may choose to complete an optional post-graduate residency (one to three years) rather than entering directly into pharmacy practice. A pharmacy residency consists of one to two years of general residency and one to two years of specialized residency. Residencies allow graduates to further hone their clinical skills in a structured environment. The first year of residency training is a general practice year and is referred to as post-graduate year one or \"PGY1.\" The second year of residency training, which is referred to as post-graduate year two or \"PGY2,\" is typically geared toward specialization in a specific therapeutic area, such as cardiology, pediatrics, infectious disease, etc. Residency programs may be accredited by the American Society of Health-system Pharmacists (ASHP). A list of accredited programs can be accessed via ASHP's website as well as ACCP’s website.In Zimbabwe pharmacists are trained at two Universities, namely the University of Zimbabwe (which has been training pharmacists since the 1970s) and the Harare Institute of Technology. Both universities offer a four-year (Honours)undergraduate degree. After qualification, the graduates then undertake a one-year pre-registration training under the auspices of the Pharmacists Council of Zimbabwe. They are then expected to do a year of community service at designated health institutions. Only after these two years do pharmacists in Zimbabwe get an open practising certificate.", "title": "Pharmacy school" }, { "docid": "707762#30", "text": "In 1930 Tehran University changed the Pharmacy degree from Masters to doctorate, and the duration of the study was increased to 5 years. Graduates need to present and defend their theses in different fields of pharmacy, and this adds another year to their studies, and generally after 6 years students can graduate as Doctor in Pharmacy. The master's degree in Pharmacy was available in Tehran University since 1926.", "title": "Doctor of Pharmacy" }, { "docid": "297350#16", "text": "There are different requirements of schooling based on the area of pharmaceuticals a student is seeking. In the United States, the general pharmacist will attain a Doctor of Pharmacy Degree (Pharm.D.). The Pharm.D. can be completed in a minimum of six years, which includes two years of pre-pharmacy classes, and four years of professional studies. After graduating pharmacy school, it is highly suggested that the student go on to complete a one or two year residency, which provides valuable experience for the student before going out independently to be a generalized or specialized pharmacist.", "title": "Pharmacy" }, { "docid": "707762#24", "text": "The education of pharmacists in the Netherlands requires a minimum of six years of university study. EU-harmonisation has led to division into three bachelor and three master years. A bachelor title is, however, not used at all professionally. The Dutch consider the educational level of their current (M.Sc.) degree in pharmacy to be comparable to the Pharm.D. title in use in the United States. Before the harmonization a four-year Master of Science was superseded by two more years of university education preparing for pharmacy practice. To become a hospital pharmacist, a four-year residency program has to be completed after that.", "title": "Doctor of Pharmacy" }, { "docid": "754155#15", "text": "The university launched a School of Pharmacy in 2009 with 52 students beginning a three-year pre-pharmacy curriculum. The four-year professional graduate program (Doctor of Pharmacy) launched in 2012 culminating with the graduation of 48 Doctor of Pharmacy graduates in 2016. The program is fully accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), affording all graduates eligibility for licensure in all 50 states. The program, the faculty and the students have won numerous regional, state, and national awards, including recognitions by the American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. The Doctor of Pharmacy degree is the University's only doctoral degree.", "title": "Cedarville University" }, { "docid": "14831636#27", "text": "In New Zealand, as with other western nations, a four-year BPharm must be completed, followed by an internship at a pharmacy (Community, Hospital, Industry &/or University). Pharmacists are registered with the Pharmacy Council and must meet competence standards as set by the Pharmaceutical Society Of New Zealand. The degree can be taken at University Of Otago in Dunedin and University Of Auckland in Auckland. The School of Pharmacy is divided into three main sections of research focus. These are:", "title": "Pharmacy school" }, { "docid": "14831636#5", "text": "In Canada, pharmacists must complete undergraduate four-year bachelor of science degrees in pharmacy after completing a minimum of one or two years of university study studies beforehand. The University of Waterloo requires two years of prerequisite study in the basic sciences.", "title": "Pharmacy school" }, { "docid": "707762#25", "text": "In Portugal, pharmacy studies consists of four years of basic school, five years of preparatory school, and three years of high school, where afterward the student is submitted to nationwide exams. The process is the same for every degree the student chooses, from medicine to engineering.\nThe student takes the master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences (equivalent to the PharmD program) in one of the nine Pharmacy faculties with their own respective numerous clausus which comprises a six-year rigorous study (5 with the uniformities in EU teaching). Finished the degree, the academic title of Doctor of Pharmacy is issued. The graduate can then enroll in the regulatory institution for the Pharmacist profession in Portugal called, \"Portuguese Pharmaceutical Society\" or, in Portuguese, \"Ordem dos Farmacêuticos\". After the enrollment, the title of Pharmacist is issued. Afterwards, Pharmacists can start their career in a limitless number of professional areas that range from community pharmacies, drug development, fundamental or applied research, biotechnology to areas such as forensic sciences, toxicology, regulatory affairs, clinical analysis, law enforcement (scientific police), bromatology, drug marketing, regulatory authorities, university teachers, etc. The Pharmacists can also choose to become a specialist in one of following areas of activity: Pharmaceutical Industry, Regulatory Affairs, Hospital Pharmacy, and Clinical Analysis. Each specialization requires an additional 5-year professional study program guided by a tutor in the respective area of knowledge. This training includes regular evaluations by the professional competent authority (\"Ordem dos Farmacêuticos\"), which also requires an exam at the end of the 5-year training. After the success at the exam, the Pharmacist then becomes a specialist in its area of expertise.", "title": "Doctor of Pharmacy" } ]

[ { "docid": "969608#9", "text": "In 1957, the Russian flight of Sputnik 1 prompted the United States to accelerate its fledgling space program. On July 29, 1958, President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, which established NASA and subsumed NACA within this newly created organization. Langley Research Center became a part of NASA, as did Langley employees such as Kraft. Even before NASA began its official existence in October, Kraft was invited by Gilruth to become a part of a new group that was working on the problems of putting a man into orbit. Without much hesitation, he accepted the offer. When the Space Task Group was officially formed on November 5, Kraft became one of the original thirty-five engineers to be assigned to Project Mercury, America's man-in-space program.", "title": "Christopher C. Kraft Jr." }, { "docid": "387135#22", "text": "In addition to ARPA, various groups within the US government had been considering the formation of a civilian agency to handle space exploration. After the Sputnik launch, these efforts gained urgency and were quickly moved forward. NASA was formed on July 29, 1958, and immediately set about studying the problem of manned space flight, and the launchers needed to work in this field. One goal, even in this early stage, was a manned lunar mission. At the time, the NASA panels felt that the direct ascent mission profile was the best approach; this placed a single very large spacecraft in orbit, which was capable of flying to the Moon, landing and returning to Earth. To launch such a large spacecraft, a new booster with much greater power would be needed; even the Saturn was not nearly large enough. NASA started examining a number of potential rocket designs under their Nova program.", "title": "Saturn (rocket family)" }, { "docid": "33189523#0", "text": "As a result of the space race between USA and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, NASA was created in 1958 from NACA (National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, formed 1915) and other related organizations.", "title": "Creation of NASA" }, { "docid": "18426568#5", "text": "On July 29, 1958, Eisenhower signed the National Aeronautics and Space Act, establishing NASA. When it began operations on October 1, 1958, NASA absorbed the 43-year-old NACA intact; its 8,000 employees, an annual budget of US$100 million, three major research laboratories (Langley Aeronautical Laboratory, Ames Aeronautical Laboratory, and Lewis Flight Propulsion Laboratory) and two small test facilities. A was approved by President Eisenhower in 1959. Elements of the Army Ballistic Missile Agency and the United States Naval Research Laboratory were incorporated into NASA. A significant contributor to NASA's entry into the Space Race with the Soviet Union was the technology from the German rocket program led by Wernher von Braun, who was now working for the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA), which in turn incorporated the technology of American scientist Robert Goddard's earlier works. Earlier research efforts within the US Air Force and many of ARPA's early space programs were also transferred to NASA. In December 1958, NASA gained control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a contractor facility operated by the California Institute of Technology.", "title": "NASA" }, { "docid": "16421#20", "text": "Beginning in 1958, NASA and military worked side by side on robotic mission launches (previously referred to as unmanned), cooperating as they broke ground in the field. In the early 1960s, NASA had as many as two robotic mission launches a month. The frequent number of flights allowed for quick evolution of the vehicles, as engineers gathered data, learned from anomalies and implemented upgrades. In 1963, with the intent of KSC ELV work focusing on the ground support equipment and facilities, a separate Atlas/Centaur organization was formed under NASA's Lewis Center (now Glenn Research Center (GRC)), taking that responsibility from the Launch Operations Center (aka KSC).", "title": "Kennedy Space Center" }, { "docid": "11384247#4", "text": "Newell played a significant behind the scenes role in the negotiations which led to the creation of NASA, chairing a committee of rocket and satellite experimenters that drafted a consensus plan for a national space establishment which was presented to Eisenhower's science advisor, and advising the Senate preparedness investigating subcommittee. In both roles, Newell—though at this time a senior DOD administrator—both publicly and privately advocated transfer of space activities to a separate civilian agency. When the legislation establishing NASA was passed in 1958, Newell was given credit by his peers, including Van Allen, who called him \"The Spark Plug\" for a strong space science element in NASA. Newell joined NASA in 1958, and was successively assistant director for space sciences (1958-1960), deputy director of space flight programs (1960-1961), director of space sciences (1961-1963), associate administrator for space science and applications (1963-1967) and finally associate administrator of NASA (1967-1974). In 1965, Newell was awarded the President's Award for Distinguished Federal Civilian Service", "title": "Homer E. Newell Jr." }, { "docid": "18426568#1", "text": "NASA was established in 1958, succeeding the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). The new agency was to have a distinctly civilian orientation, encouraging peaceful applications in space science. Since its establishment, most US space exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the Apollo Moon landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. NASA is supporting the International Space Station and is overseeing the development of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle, the Space Launch System and Commercial Crew vehicles. The agency is also responsible for the Launch Services Program which provides oversight of launch operations and countdown management for unmanned NASA launches.", "title": "NASA" } ]

[ { "docid": "13101737#0", "text": "The NASA Art Program was established in 1962. NASA administrator, James Webb, jump-started the program by recommending artists to become involved in the agency. Artists, including Norman Rockwell, Robert Rauschenberg, and Andy Warhol were commissioned to record the history of space exploration through the eyes of artists. The first director of the Art Program was James Dean (NASA). Using artists of different mediums and genres serves the purpose of educating different audiences about NASA and space exploration. To give the artists the best experience possible, NASA allowed them unprecedented access to sites and materials. Participants were present at suit-up, launch sites, and press releases. All works, from sketches to finished products, were given to NASA for use in museums and exhibitions. The collection now includes 2,500 works by more than 350 artists. The program still exists today but is much smaller.", "title": "NASA Art Program" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "32355726#0", "text": "Hatfield Cemetery is a historic cemetery located near Sarah Ann, Logan County, West Virginia. The earliest burial dates to 1898, and is the grave of Captain S. Hatfield (1891–1898). The cemetery features the grave and monument with a life-size statue of Captain Anderson \"Devil Anse\" Hatfield, erected in 1926. It is notable as a burial place for members of the Hatfield family, early settlers of the region and participants in the famous Hatfield-McCoy feud during the 19th century. It is a companion to the Hatfield Cemetery near Newtown, West Virginia.", "title": "Hatfield Cemetery (Sarah Ann, West Virginia)" }, { "docid": "1936310#6", "text": "Shortly after the publication of \"Report #3\", NASA began posting elements for a variety of visible and other well known objects in their periodic \"NASA Prediction Bulletins\", which consisted of the transmission format data in printed form. After trying for some time to convince NASA to release these in electronic form, T.S. Kelso took matters into his own hands and began manually copying the listings into text files which he distributed through his CelesTrak bulletin board system. This revealed a problem in NASA's checksum system, which traced back to the lack of the plus character (+) on the teletype machines used at NASA, which ultimately turned out to be a problem from the punch card era that occurred when NORAD updated from the BCD to EBCDIC character set on the computer sending out the updates. This problem went away when Kelso began to receive data directly from NORAD in 1989.", "title": "Two-line element set" } ]

[ { "docid": "2755475#22", "text": "After fermentation, the oak barrel aging regiment will vary with the length of time and proportion of new oak barrels that are used. Most Cote de Nuit producers prefer to age their red wines for at least a year to 18 months and blend lots between barrels of different ages. The traditional barrel used in Burgundy holds 228 liters which is slightly larger than the 225 liters that a traditional Bordeaux wine barrel holds. Prior to bottling, the producer will decide on what, if any fining and filtration methods will be used in the clarification and stabilization of the wine. Some producers will use both, others will fine and not filter and a few will choose to use neither, believing that they can reduce the complexity of the wine even though the wine may have a higher risk of spoilage and instability.", "title": "Côte de Nuits" }, { "docid": "748887#17", "text": "Wine barrels, especially those made of oak, have long been used as containers in which wine is aged. Aging in oak typically imparts desirable vanilla, butter and spice flavors to wine. The size of the barrel plays a large role in determining the effects of oak on the wine by dictating the ratio of surface area to volume of wine with smaller containers having a larger impact. The most common barrels are the Bordeaux barriques style which hold followed by the Burgundy style barrel which hold . Some New World wine makers are now also using the larger hogshead barrel. Larger barrels are also traditionally used in parts of Italy such as Barolo, as well as the south of France.", "title": "Oak (wine)" }, { "docid": "37468361#15", "text": "In Bordeaux, most serious wines undergo barrel-ageing, although white wines can be an exception. Usually, six months of ageing in-barrel is required, but some châteaux barrel-age for as much as 20 months. The number of new barrels (which impart a higher degree of oak flavor to the wine) can vary from vintage to vintage, just as the duration of barrel-ageing. Only recently, addition of oak chips has been made legal in Bordeaux. During barrel-ageing, the wine needs to be racked in order to clear it of lees. This process is being challenged by some producers, as mentioned abovem since ageing on the lees can also add richness to the wine.", "title": "Winemaking in Bordeaux" }, { "docid": "47567946#41", "text": "Style Guide for Barrel Aged Beer according to craftbeer.com\n\"A wood- or barrel-aged beer is any lager, ale or hybrid beer, either a traditional style or a unique experimental beer, that has been aged for a period of time in a wooden barrel or in contact with wood. This beer is aged with the intention of imparting the unique character of the wood and/or the flavor of what has previously been in the barrel. Today's craft brewers are using wood (mostly oak) to influence flavor, and aromatics. Beer may be aged in wooden barrels (new or previously used to age wine or spirits), or chips, spirals and cubes may be added to the conditioning tanks that normally house beer. A variety of types of wood are used including oak, apple, alder, hickory and more. The interior of most barrels is charred or toasted to further enhance the flavor of the wood.\"", "title": "Devils Peak Brewing Company" }, { "docid": "5797851#5", "text": "After fermentation the grapes are then aged in small oak barrels. In many DOC regions, the wines are required to age for at least 3 years though it is not uncommon for producers to age their wines for 5 to 10 years. Traditionally the barrels were made of chestnut instead of oak, which contributed high amounts of wood tannins and was very porous which promoted excessive evaporation in the barrel. Under this same traditional style of winemaking, a large ullage or air space would emerge in the barrel and oxidation took place. This gave the wine its characteristic amber but also flavours and traits that may be characterised as wine faults. Towards the end of the 20th century, more produces began switching to oak barrels while maintaining the tradition of not topping up the barrels and filling in the ullage space. This angel's share still produces some level of oxidation, though not as severe as the style was historically made. Modern winemaking technique also calls for more temperature control and keeping the wine in rooms with a consistent temperature that promotes more fresh flavours in the wine and fewer faults.", "title": "Vin Santo" }, { "docid": "3815735#3", "text": "Ducru-Beaucaillou produces two wines. The grand vin called Château Ducru-Beaucaillou, and a second wine produced since 1995 to which lesser-quality lots are relegated, La Croix de Beaucaillou. The wines are aged for 18 months in 50% to 80% new oak barrels according to the richness of the vintage, fined with egg whites, lightly filtered, and then bottled.\nWine writer Jay McInerney wrote \"Ducru has always been a wine of finesse rather than sheer brute power, a kind of Burgundian Bordeaux.\"", "title": "Château Ducru-Beaucaillou" }, { "docid": "904269#20", "text": "Most red wine is aged for some period before bottling, though this can vary from a few days, in the case of Beaujolais Nouveau to 18 months or more in the case of top Bordeaux reds. Aging can take place in stainless-steel or concrete tanks, or in small or large oak barrels. The latter impart some flavour to the wine as a function of their age and size (small, new barrels give more flavour than large, older barrels).", "title": "Red wine" }, { "docid": "748887#0", "text": "Oak is used in winemaking to vary the color, flavor, tannin profile and texture of wine. It can be introduced in the form of a barrel during the fermentation or aging periods, or as free-floating chips or staves added to wine fermented in a vessel like stainless steel. Oak barrels can impart other qualities to wine through evaporation and low level exposure to oxygen.", "title": "Oak (wine)" } ]

[ { "docid": "160246#22", "text": "Sherry is then aged in the solera system where new wine is put into wine barrels at the beginning of a series of three to nine barrels. Periodically, a portion of the wine in a barrel is moved into the next barrel down, using tools called the \"canoa\" (canoe) and \"rociador\" (sprinkler) to move the wine gently and avoid damaging the layer of flor in each barrel. At the end of the series only a portion of the final barrel is bottled and sold. Depending on the type of wine, the portion moved may be between five and thirty percent of each barrel. This process is called \"running the scales\" because each barrel in the series is called a scale. Thus, the age of the youngest wine going in the bottle is determined by the number of barrels in the series, and every bottle also contains some much older wine than is stated. Sherry is aged in the solera for a minimum of two years. A large solera system may consist of scales that require more than one barrel to hold. The word 'solera' means 'on the ground'; this refers to the stacking system that was, and sometimes still is, used, with the youngest barrels at the top and the oldest scale, also somewhat ambiguously called 'the solera', at the bottom. Of late, Sherry producers and marketers have been bottling their wines \"en rama\", with only a light filtration, and often a selection of a favored barrel from a larger solera. Such sherries can be considerably more complex in flavour than the standard bottlings, and, according to many, are worth seeking out. In order to allow the sale of reliable average age-dated sherries, the regulating council has set up a system that accurately tracks the average age of the wines as they move through their solera. Two average age-dated categories are recognized: VOS ('Vinum Optimum Signatum' – 20 years old average age minimum) and VORS ('Vinum Optimum Rare Signatum' – 30 years old average age minimum).", "title": "Sherry" }, { "docid": "230708#3", "text": "For instance, suppose the \"solera\" consists of three barrels of wine, and half of each barrel is transferred once a year. At the end of the third year (and each subsequent year), half the third barrel is bottled. This first bottling is aged three years. The third barrel is then refilled with by transferring half of the wine from the second barrel. The wine transferred from the second barrel has an average age of 2.5 years (at the end of year 2, after barrel transfers, it was half 2-year old wine, half 1-year old wine, for an average age of 1.5 years; at the end of year 3, before barrel transfers, it will have aged another year for an average age of 2.5 years). The second bottling will then be half 3.5 years old and half four years old (the wine left in the last barrel at the previous cycle), for an average age of 3.75 years. The third bottling will be an average age of 4.25 years (one half wine that was left over from the second bottling - average age 4.75 years, and one half wine transferred from the second barrel after the second bottling - average age 3.75 years). After 20 years, the output of the \"solera\" would be a mix of wine from 3 to 20 years old, averaging very slightly under five years. The average age asymptotically converges on five years as the \"solera\" continues.", "title": "Solera" }, { "docid": "640764#4", "text": "An \"aging barrel\" is used to age wine; distilled spirits such as whiskey, brandy, or rum; beer; tabasco sauce; or (in smaller sizes) traditional balsamic vinegar. When a wine or spirit ages in a barrel, small amounts of oxygen are introduced as the barrel lets some air in (compare to microoxygenation where oxygen is deliberately added). Oxygen enters a barrel when water or alcohol is lost due to evaporation, a portion known as the \"angels' share\". In an environment with 100% relative humidity, very little water evaporates and so most of the loss is alcohol, a useful trick if one has a wine with very high proof. Most beverages are topped up from other barrels to prevent significant oxidation, although others such as vin jaune and sherry are not.", "title": "Barrel" } ]

[ { "docid": "3571236#9", "text": "From the earliest days when the first elevated railroad was constructed between the Central Area and the South Side in June 1892, the focus of rail rapid transit activity has been the Chicago Loop area. Each net addition to the Elevated system has added to the transportation accessibility of the Loop. The first formal transit plan in Chicago was the Burnham Plan of 1909, which described an extensive rapid transit and streetcar subway system in, and connected to, the central area. Many elements (some transposed with bus service in place of streetcars) are in operation today.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#0", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan, or generally referred to as the Chicago Central Area Transit Project (CCATP) in the 1970s, was an extensive study of the rapid transit system in downtown Chicago; the study had begun in 1965.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" } ]

[ { "docid": "3571236#44", "text": "Additional funding constraints were placed upon the Chicago Central Area Transit Project, and the project was scaled down to more modest levels to meet the funding limits. Initially, the Core Plan, consisting essentially of the Franklin and Monroe Lines on specific alignments determined after extensive interagency studies and conferences in 1975 and 1976, was to be built first. Together, the lines of the Core Plan, when constructed, would permit better balanced operations in downtown Chicago and elimination of the Loop 'L' structure.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#56", "text": "An aspect of a downtown circulator plan was revived when the United States Department of Transportation announced a Livability Program, Urban Circulator Grant to the Chicago Department of Transportation for the \"Chicago Central Transitway,\" a project to establish designated bus priority lanes, bus signal priority, \"next bus\" information, and bus shelter branding on Madison, Washington, Canal, and Clinton Streets. The city noted that the \"project would meet the goals of the Chicago Central Area Action Plan by promoting transit, bicycle use and walking, thereby making the Central Area even more of an attractive place to do business, visit and live.\". The project is known as \"Loop Link\" and broke ground in 2015. It was formerly called Central Loop BRT, because it contains some elements of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems like dedicated bus lanes, stations shared by several routes, level boarding, and traffic signal priority.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#53", "text": "A few years after the demise of the Chicago Central Area Transit Project (CCATP), the city was working on plans for new and less expensive transit alternatives for downtown Chicago. The Central Area had grown well beyond the expectations of the 1968 Transit Planning Study in terms of building development and employment growth. There were still concerns among Chicago's civic leaders that this growth would seriously outpace Chicago's mass transportation systems which had become insubstantial. By the 1980s and 1990s, replacement subways were deemed too expensive and extensions to the existing CTA heavy rail transit system were considered too limited in their benefits. Additional or expanded bus service on overcrowded and badly congested streets was considered impractical.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#31", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Project was formally adopted by the City of Chicago as part of the Comprehensive Plan of Chicago. In April 1970, the Chicago City Council passed a resolution authorizing the creation and implementation of the Chicago Urban Transportation District (CUTD). It also defined the boundaries of the District, a area encompassing downtown Chicago — bounded on the north by North Avenue, on the west by Ashland Avenue, on the south by the Stevenson Expressway, and on the east by Lake Michigan. In June, the CUTD was approved by public referendum with the power to levy taxes to provide the local share of funds for the Chicago Central Area Transit Project, which might have been the seed money for massive Federal assistance, at last, to bury the venerable Union Loop. In July, it was established by Illinois Statute as a separate municipal corporation with taxing powers.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#14", "text": "The next major step in the development of downtown subways in Chicago came in January 1958, when the Chicago Transit Authority proposed the \"New Horizons for Chicago's Metropolitan Area\", a $315 million, 20-year rapid transit improvement and expansion program to be carried out once financial arrangements had been made. The program was divide into three principal categories:", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#11", "text": "When the State and Milwaukee-Dearborn Subways were being constructed between 1938 and 1951, \"A Comprehensive Plan for the Extension of the Subway System of the City of Chicago\" was published in October 1939, forming the basis for all subsequent rail rapid transit improvements built through 1960.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#45", "text": "On June 9, 1976, after meeting with the Mayor of Chicago and representatives of all interested City and Regional agencies, a decision was made to separate the CCATP Core Plan into its two main components, the Franklin Line and Monroe Line, in a new implementation plan that introduced certain revisions to reduce the cost of each increment, and build one of them immediately.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#57", "text": "While no additional heavy rail rapid transit subways are planned for Chicago's Central Area because they are still deemed too high in construction costs and limited in their service potential, an east-west, cross-the-Loop rail system to link the Near West Side, Loop, and Near North Side communities, as well as Chicago's Union Station, Ogilvie Transportation Center, and Millennium Station (Metra Electric & South Shore Lines) is very possible. When the Chicago Central Area Transit Project was shelved in 1979, only the Loop replacement portion of the project (The Franklin Line) was deferred. However, the Monroe Street Distributor Subway was never \"officially\" cancelled; it remains to this day an active, viable program. Even with the Loop Link BRT in place and no available funding for such an endeavor ($478 million in 1969; around $3.3 billion today) seems likely, the Monroe Street Distributor Subway (Harrison/Morgan to Walton Place) could provide a more direct link serving the downtown Metra, Amtrak, and NICTD terminal stations (except LaSalle Street Station), and connect with all CTA rapid transit lines on the Loop Elevated, State, and Dearborn Subways. It could also provide better rail transportation to the University of Illinois at Chicago, Greektown, Millennium Park, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Navy Pier, and the North Michigan Avenue business district, as it was originally planned to do.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#34", "text": "In 1971, the CCATP was reviewed by local consultants to verify the assumptions and results of the 1968 Transit Planning Study, based on new data then available. The 1968 study was determined to be reasonable, in terms of mode, service pattern, route alignments and station location. The 1971 report also looked beyond the Recommended Subway Plan to possible extensions of the Distributor system, and various operating options within the Loop system. It also explored the relationship of the CCATP with downtown parking facilities and the pedestrian passageway system, existing and planned for the Central Business District. The result of this report was a reaffirmation of the 1968 Chicago Central Area Transit Plan.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#22", "text": "The study was conducted by the City of Chicago, the Chicago Transit Authority, and other public agencies to examine the rapid transit system in downtown Chicago, and develop a plan to maximize the contributions that effective public transportation could make toward the City's economic health. The main objectives were to produce a definitive plan to improve distribution of rapid transit and commuter railroad passengers in the Central Area, to permit removal of the 'L' structures in the Loop, and to extend the rapid transit system to sectors of downtown Chicago not presently served — thereby assuring that people working and visiting the Central Area could move about faster, easier, and in a more pleasant environment.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#23", "text": "Earlier proposals for transit facilities in the Chicago Central Area were reviewed, new plans were prepared and analyzed, and a recommended Central Area Transit Plan was developed. Loop area development potential was evaluated. Traffic projections were made. Consideration was given to architectural and environmental factors, operational requirements, and potential methods of financing the system. In April 1968 the study had culminated into an exhaustive three volume report recommending the construction of a fifteen-mile (24 km) subway system to replace the old elevated lines in downtown Chicago, naming it the Chicago Central Area Transit Project or CCATP.\nThe system proposed as a result of the 1968 Transit Planning Study consisted of two major transit facilities:The 'L' structures in downtown Chicago were to be replaced by subways under Franklin Street, Van Buren Street, Wabash Avenue, and Randolph Street. The proposed Loop Subway was to be linked to the Dan Ryan branch (then under construction at the time; now part of the Red Line) using the median strip of the proposed (but never built) Franklin Street Extension Expressway from the southwest corner of the Loop (Van Buren/Franklin) to Cermak-Chinatown. The Lake Street 'L' (Green Line) was to be replaced from Damen Avenue to the northwest corner of the Loop (Franklin/Randolph) by a new subway under Randolph Street. The Northside 'L' which carries Ravenswood (Brown Line) and Evanston Express (Purple Line) trains from Willow Street to the northwest corner of the Loop (Franklin/Randolph) would have been replaced by a new subway under Orleans Street to Division Street, and then northwest along Clybourn Avenue (adjacent to the State Street tubes) to the connection with the existing lines just south of Armitage.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#30", "text": "The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan called for subway construction to start in 1969, with the system opening in stages between 1973 and 1978. According to the 1968 report, the new Loop and Distributor Subways should have carried more than 390,000 passengers on an average weekday, including 152,000 daily passengers using the Distributor system. The total daily Distributor Subway travel by passengers who transferred to or from the commuter railroads (today's Metra and Amtrak) or other CTA rapid transit lines would have been twice these volumes. The Chicago Central Area Transit Plan's financial recommendations were, in retrospect, overly optimistic even for those days before the runaway inflation of the late 1960s and 1970s. The projected cost of building the Loop and Distributor Subway systems was $478 million in 1969 dollars. In this and other financial projections, the CCATPS assumed an \"escalation\" of 5% per year, an unfortunate estimate of the unforeseeable 8–11% inflation rates of the next few years.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#1", "text": "In April 1968, the completed study resulted in a three-volume report that proposed a series of recommendations for redeveloping and expanding Central Area communities, and for the replacement of The Loop elevated rapid transit system with a new Loop Subway under Randolph, Franklin, Van Buren, and Wabash, and a new Distributor Subway system in downtown Chicago (see Chicago \"L\").", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" }, { "docid": "3571236#35", "text": "In 1973, the CUTD retained another consultant, American-Bechtel, Inc., to further review and refine the CCATP, reevaluate the determination of system technology to be used in implementing the project, and conduct the necessary Environmental Impact Analysis of the resulting Transit Plan. This review and refinement was based upon the City of Chicago's community goals and objectives, as expressed in the Comprehensive Plan of Chicago. From this report was other alternative concepts of the plan, put forth by various groups since 1968. Four of these alternatives were selected for further analysis based on the evaluation of alternatives performed for the CUTD by American-Bechtel, which included:The CUTD remained dormant from 1971 to 1973, and the CCATP was put on hold pending finalization of legality tests and approval of its application for a Technical Studies Grant. Much of the District's resources had been transferred to other programs, including exhaustive and time consuming validation and alternative analysis reports for the project. In June 1973, the CUTD commenced the first phase of the project, which included design criteria, specifications and general plans for the Distributor Subway, which was completed in 1974. Federal, state and local funds totaling $8.7 million were used for that eighteen-month effort. Similar predesign work was begun on the Franklin Line portion of the Loop Subway system, which in turn was completed in 1975.", "title": "Chicago Central Area Transit Plan" } ]

[ { "docid": "31537978#0", "text": "\"Blue Exorcist\" began broadcasting in Japan on the Mainichi Broadcasting System and the Tokyo Broadcasting System on April 17, 2011, the anime then ended on October 2, 2011. The series was originally scheduled to start airing on April 10, 2011, however due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, the series' initial broadcast was delayed by a week. The episodes are being simulcasted with English subtitles online via Hulu, Anime News Network, and Crunchyroll, starting on April 20, 2011. and Aniplex of America release Blue Exorcist on DVD in four sets, starting by releasing the first DVD on October 18, 2011.", "title": "List of Blue Exorcist episodes" }, { "docid": "24327353#13", "text": "Aniplex announced they would simulcast the series in North America through video sites Hulu, Crunchyroll, Anime News Network and Netflix starting on April 20, 2011. Aniplex of America released Blue Exorcist on DVD in four sets, starting by releasing the first DVD on October 18, 2011. An OVA was released in 2011, called \"Ao No Exorcist: Kuro no Iede\". The series began broadcasting in the United States and Canada on Viz Media's online network, Neon Alley, on October 2, 2012. The series began airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block on February 23, 2014 and finished airing on August 10, 2014.", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "24327353#7", "text": "The chapters of the \"Blue Exorcist\" manga series are written and illustrated by Kazue Kato and have been serialized by Shueisha in the monthly manga magazine \"Jump Square\" since April 2009. The first \"tankōbon\" volume was released on August 4, 2009; eighteen volumes have been released as of December 31, 2016. The one-shot of the manga was first featured in the September 2008 issue of \"Jump Square\" and was titled .", "title": "Blue Exorcist" } ]

[ { "docid": "24327353#0", "text": "The series was adapted into an anime television series by A-1 Pictures in 2011 and into an anime film (\"Ao no Exorcist Gekijouban\") in December 2012. Viz Media has licensed the manga for North American production, with the first volume released in April 5, 2011. Aniplex of America also released the anime's DVDs in English regions. A second season, titled \"Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga\", premiered on January 7, 2017.", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "31617356#1", "text": "\"Blue Exorcist\" has been serialized by Shueisha in the monthly manga magazine \"Jump Square\" since April 2009. The first \"tankōbon\" volume was released on August 4, 2009; twenty-two volumes have been released as of November 2, 2018. The digital versions of the tankōbon in Japan are released in \"Remastered\" format, which include color on pages within each chapter that were originally printed in color in the monthly issues.", "title": "List of Blue Exorcist chapters" }, { "docid": "24327353#8", "text": "The series was licensed by Viz Media for release in North America, with the first volume released on April 5, 2011; twenty volumes have been released as of October 2, 2018 and a 21st volume is scheduled for January 1, 2019. \"Blue Exorcist\" has also been released as part of the \"Shōnen Jump Advance\" imprint starting April 5, 2011. In 2016, Kazue stated, \"I think there might be four more arcs. I have a rough storyline complete for the ending, but I haven’t figured out all of the details. I have a few things where I’m not sure what to decide to do.\"", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "24327353#14", "text": "After six years, a second season titled \"Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga\" was announced in June 2016 and premiered on January 7, 2017. Koichi Hatsumi directed the sequel, while Toshiya Ōno wrote the scripts, Keigo Sasaki designed the characters, and Hiroyuki Sawano and Kohta Yamamoto composed the series' soundtrack. A-1 Pictures returned to produce the animation. It was also announced that there would be five new characters in the sequel. The opening theme song was by Uverworld, while the ending theme song was by Rin Akatsuki.", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "24327353#18", "text": "As of November 2016, Blue Exorcist has sold over 15 million copies. The manga has been popular in Japan with the seventh volume receiving first print run of one million copies becoming the first \"Jump Square\" manga to reach such milestone. The release of the anime also drastically increased the manga's sales to the point that Shueisha decided to increase the print run for the seventh volume. Critics have praised the \"Blue Exorcist\" manga with Comic Book Bin reviewer Leroy Douresseaux feeling the first volume had potential, enjoying the comedy in the work and the characters and their interactions, recommending it to teen readers. Danica Davidson from Otaku USA felt that while the series employs disturbing storytelling, Rin's heroic traits despite being Satan's son make the plot more appealing to the readers. Kato's artwork has been praised by Anime News Network's Carlo Santos for the way each character has distinct traits while background images are well designed. Despite noting that the story uses several clichés, Carl Kimlinger from the same site emphasized how the execution was well-performed, resulting in entertaining episodes, especially its fight scenes, which were noted to be one of the anime's strongest points.", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "24327353#9", "text": "The series is also licensed in France by Kazé Manga, with the first volume released on May 27, 2010, and in Poland by Waneko.", "title": "Blue Exorcist" }, { "docid": "86351#11", "text": "On October 31, 2010, Cemetery Dance published a special omnibus edition of \"The Exorcist\" and its sequel \"Legion\", signed by Blatty (). A limited edition of 750 copies (with an additional 52 leatherbound copies), it is now out of print. On September 27, 2011, \"The Exorcist\" was re-released as a 40th Anniversary Edition in paperback, hardcover and audiobook editions with differing cover artwork. This new, updated edition featured and revised material, as Blatty writes: \"The 40th Anniversary Edition of The Exorcist will have a touch of new material in it as part of an all-around polish of the dialogue and prose. It also features all new cover artwork and interiors by the artist Jeremy Caniglia. First time around I never had the time (meaning the funds) to do a second draft, and this, finally, is it. With forty years to think about it, a few little changes were inevitable — plus one new character in a totally new, very spooky scene. This is the version I would like to be remembered for.\"", "title": "The Exorcist (novel)" } ]

[ { "docid": "42645#0", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath is an American realist novel written by John Steinbeck and published in 1939. The book won the National Book Award\nand Pulitzer Prize for fiction, and it was cited prominently when Steinbeck was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath" }, { "docid": "42645#10", "text": "Steinbeck was known to have borrowed from field notes taken during 1938 by Farm Security Administration worker and author Sanora Babb. While Babb collected personal stories about the lives of the displaced migrants for a novel she was developing, her supervisor, Tom Collins, shared her reports with Steinbeck, then working at the \"San Francisco News\". Babb's own novel, \"Whose Names Are Unknown\", was eclipsed in 1939 by the success of \"The Grapes of Wrath\" and was shelved until it was finally published in 2004, a year before Babb's death.\n\"The Grapes of Wrath\" developed from \"The Harvest Gypsies\", a series of seven articles that ran in the \"San Francisco News\", from October 5 to 12, 1936. The newspaper commissioned that work on migrant workers from the Midwest in California's agriculture industry. (It was later compiled and published separately.)", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath" }, { "docid": "20313125#2", "text": "The book was published in 1940, within a year of \"The Grapes of Wrath\", and by the same publisher. \nThe cabin that appears on the cover of the newest edition was located in Knott County, Kentucky, where Still lived for about 50 years.", "title": "River of Earth" }, { "docid": "130040#9", "text": "Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath, published in 1939, was poorly received locally. According to Erick city clerk Nyla Tennery, \"I can remember plainly when the book came out my parents and other people who stayed here were just real upset. That book gave all Missouri, Arkansas and Oklahoma people a shiftless, bad name, like that was the only kind of people who were here.\"", "title": "Erick, Oklahoma" }, { "docid": "4350811#13", "text": "According to The New York Times, \"The Grapes of Wrath\" was America's best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940.\nIn that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)" }, { "docid": "9052167#0", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath is an opera in three acts composed by Ricky Ian Gordon to a libretto by Michael Korie based on John Steinbeck’s 1939 novel of the same title. It premiered on February 10, 2007 at the Ordway Center for the Performing Arts in Saint Paul, Minnesota in a production by Minnesota Opera. The work has been revised in subsequent years and has also been performed as a two-act concert version.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (opera)" } ]

[ { "docid": "602717#0", "text": "The Grapes of Wrath are a Canadian rock band.\nFormed in 1983, they enjoyed their greatest commercial success in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The group split in 1992, although throughout the 1990s, most of the band continued to record as Ginger while the \"Grapes of Wrath\" band name was tied up in litigation. Vocalists Tom Hooper and Kevin Kane briefly reunited as the Grapes of Wrath for one album in 2000. With the addition of Chris Hooper, the three founding members reunited in July 2010. They have played several concerts in various Canadian cities, and are again active as a group.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (band)" }, { "docid": "3391498#7", "text": "In 1992, the band released a VHS video collection entitled \"Those Days\". The collection comprises all of their promotional videos, with the exception of \"A Fishing Tale\", since that video was released just after the release of this collection. It begins with the audience from a concert at Massey Hall in Toronto screaming in unison, \"The Grapes of Wrath present Those Days\". Between each video, there is rare footage of the band, some when they are children.", "title": "These Days (The Grapes of Wrath album)" }, { "docid": "4350811#14", "text": "In 1962, the Nobel Prize committee said \"The Grapes of Wrath\" was \"great work\" and one of the committee's main reasons for granting Steinbeck the Nobel Prize for Literature. \"Time\" magazine included the novel in its \"TIME 100 Best English-language Novels from 1923 to 2005\". In 2009, \"The Daily Telegraph\" also included the novel in its \"100 novels everyone should read\". In 1998, the Modern Library ranked \"The Grapes of Wrath\" tenth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath (film)" }, { "docid": "42645#2", "text": "\"The Grapes of Wrath\" is frequently read in American high school and college literature classes due to its historical context and enduring legacy. A celebrated Hollywood film version, starring Henry Fonda and directed by John Ford, was released in 1940.\nThe narrative begins just after Tom Joad is paroled from McAlester prison, where he had been imprisoned after being convicted of homicide. On his return to his home near Sallisaw, Oklahoma, Tom meets former preacher Jim Casy, whom he remembers from his childhood, and the two travel together. When they arrive at Tom's childhood farm home, they find it deserted. Disconcerted and confused, Tom and Casy meet their old neighbor, Muley Graves, who tells them the family has gone to stay at Uncle John Joad's home nearby. Graves tells them that the banks have evicted all the farmers, but he refuses to leave the area.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath" }, { "docid": "42645#17", "text": "At the time of publication, Steinbeck's novel \"was a phenomenon on the scale of a national event. It was publicly banned and burned by citizens, it was debated on national radio; but above all, it was read.\" According to \"The New York Times,\" it was the best-selling book of 1939 and 430,000 copies had been printed by February 1940. In that month it won the National Book Award, favorite fiction book of 1939, voted by members of the American Booksellers Association. Soon it won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction.", "title": "The Grapes of Wrath" } ]

[ { "docid": "34922265#2", "text": "During the mid-1990s, prototypes of this machine, as well as several others, were shown in major outdoor power equipment shows across the world, with the most viable interest coming from the European market. Manufacturing facilities in Prostejov, Czech Republic were first leased in 1996, later purchased in 1998, from the then defunct Agrostroj Prostejov (later Wikov-Slavia).", "title": "Wisconsin Engineering" }, { "docid": "44362658#0", "text": "The machine industry or machinery industry is a subsector of the industry, that produces and maintains machines for consumers, the industry, and most other companies in the economy.", "title": "Machine industry" }, { "docid": "44362658#14", "text": "The machinery industry produces different kind of products, for example engines, pumps, logistics equipment; for different kind of markets from the agriculture industry, food & beverage industry, manufacturing industry, health industry, and amusement industry till different branches of the consumer market. As such companies in the machine industry can be classified by product of market.", "title": "Machine industry" }, { "docid": "44362658#2", "text": "The machine industry is a subsector of the industry that produces a range of products from power tools, different types of machines, and domestic technology to factory equipment etc. On the one hand the machine industry provides:\nThese means of production are called capital goods, because a certain amount of capital is invested. Much of those production machines require regular maintenance, which becomes supplied specialized companies in the machine industry.", "title": "Machine industry" }, { "docid": "44362658#1", "text": "This machine industry traditionally belongs to the heavy industry. Nowadays, many smaller companies in this branch are considered part of the light industry. Most manufacturers in the machinery industry are called machine factories.", "title": "Machine industry" } ]

[ { "docid": "2210854#17", "text": "There are several differences between the fighting machines as described in Wells' novel and those in Steven Spielberg's 2005 film, which come from an undisclosed alien world. In this version the tripods were long ago brought to Earth, having been buried underground sometime in its distant past. The aliens instead travel in capsules to their buried machines by some kind of \"beaming\" process resembling lightning (from where or what is never revealed), which transports them underground. The lightning containing the capsules travel faster than the human eye can see, and the unearthing of the first fighting machine suggests they may have each been kept in something similar to a cylinder (which might have been part of a rocket or other transportation that brought them to Earth long ago). In a published interview screenwriter David Koepp stated his belief that they were planted by these extraterrestrials as a part of some kind of alien \"contingency plan\" (said plan never being revealed to the audience).", "title": "Fighting machine (The War of the Worlds)" }, { "docid": "2210854#24", "text": "The fighting machines are described in \"Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds\" and depicted on the album artwork painted by Michael Trim. This version of the tripods does have major inconsistencies when compared to Wells' description in the novel; for example, the heat-ray emanates from a proboscis in the cupola rather than from a camera-like box carried by an articulated arm on the tripod, the basket to hold captured humans is a cage on the handling machines instead of the fighting machines, and the \"cowl\" (cockpit) of the fighting machine is fixed in place, instead of being a separately moving hood. The three legs of the fighting machine have fixed joints and stiff legs rather than the jointless, free-flowing organic legs described in Wells' novel. They are also described in the prologues of the live stage versions as being modified versions of similar walking machines the Martians use on Mars.", "title": "Fighting machine (The War of the Worlds)" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "38724644#6", "text": "The currently available models have ball capacities of 50-60 balls. Both ball speed range and ball frequencies are adjustable and vary from 30 to 150 km/h and 1.5-12 balls per second, respectively, with the .75 second interval suitable for quick volleys and 10 second interval for other strokes. Changing the speed and frequency of the ball coming out of the machine is intended to help the player to visualize real-game situations where the ball does not always come back into play at the same speed. The adjustable speed is also useful for increasing the speed as the player becomes more skillful.", "title": "Squash ball machine" }, { "docid": "34559818#0", "text": "The Ŭnsan Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Ŭnsan on the P'yŏngra Line to Taegŏn.", "title": "Ŭnsan Line" }, { "docid": "37367511#0", "text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.", "title": "ㅋ" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "44362658#20", "text": "In the Netherlands in 1996, a total of some 93,000 workers were employed in the machinery industry, with approximately 2,500 companies present. In 1000 of these companies there were working 20 or more employees. In the Netherlands, according to the Chamber of Commerce in this subsector of the industry in 2011 some 15,000 companies were active. Some of the largest companies in the Netherlands are Lely (company), Philips and Stork B.V..", "title": "Machine industry" }, { "docid": "44362658#3", "text": "On the other end the machinery industry supplies consumer goods, including kitchen appliances, refrigerators, washers, dryers and a like. Production of radio and television, however, is generally considered belonging to the electrical equipment industry. The machinery industry itself is a major customer of the steel industry.", "title": "Machine industry" } ]

[ { "docid": "37631682#0", "text": ", also known by the nickname \"Yoshi-P,\" is a Japanese video game producer, director and designer working for Square Enix. He is known primarily for his work on massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs), as chief planner on \"Dragon Quest X\", and as director and producer of \"\". He is credited with rescuing the original \"Final Fantasy XIV\" project from its disastrous launch. Yoshida is an Executive Officer at Square Enix, the Head of Square Enix's Business Division 5 and part of the \"Final Fantasy\" Committee that is tasked with keeping the franchise's releases and content consistent.", "title": "Naoki Yoshida" }, { "docid": "37631682#2", "text": "Yoshida eventually joined Square Enix in 2004 and became the head of the \"\" series as well as a game designer of \"Dragon Quest X\" in its early stages. In December 2010, he was taken off the \"Dragon Quest\" team and placed in charge of the staff that developed the massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) \"Final Fantasy XIV\", which had been unsuccessful since its launch several months before. Then company president Yoichi Wada attributed this decision to Yoshida's experience, \"charismatic\" leadership skills and \"passionate\" will to satisfy customers. Yoshida was not acquainted with any of the \"Final Fantasy XIV\" team's members and thus had to demonstrate his dedication to the project first to gain their trust as director. He then talked with the individual developers to find out their ideas for improvements to the revised version known as \"\". He proceeded with describing to the team the precise goals to achieve. Yoshida drew some inspiration from his long-lasting enthusiasm for MMORPGs, having played such titles as \"Ultima Online\", \"EverQuest\", \"Dark Age of Camelot\", \"World of Warcraft\", \"Warhammer Online\", \"Rift\", \"\" and \"Guild Wars 2\". As a result of his direction, reviewers and commentators have credited Yoshida with \"rescuing\" the \"Final Fantasy XIV\" project.", "title": "Naoki Yoshida" } ]

[ { "docid": "9213332#8", "text": "As production for season one progressed, more artists were brought on board. Dan \"Ghostshrimp\" Bandit, a freelance illustrator who had also written and storyboarded on \"Flapjack\", was hired as the show's lead background designer; Ward told him to create background art that set the show \"in a 'Ghostshrimp World\". Ghostshrimp designed major locations, including Finn and Jake's home, the Candy Kingdom, and the Ice Kingdom. The position of lead character designer was eventually given to Phil Rynda, who held this role for two-and-a-half seasons. The lead production crew for the show (which included Ward and McHale) were initially hesitant to bring him on board, but they were soon convinced by director Larry Leichliter, who assured them that Rynda was talented and could draw in a variety of styles. With the producers satisfied, Rynda quickly began designing characters that were simple but that still fell in line with \"Pen's natural aesthetic\". Around this time, Rynda and McHale began drafting artistic guidelines for the show, so that its animation style would always be somewhat consistent. With many of the lead production roles filled, Ward turned his attention to choosing storyboard artists for the first season. He eventually assembled a team made up largely of \"younger, inexperienced people\", many of whom he discovered on the Internet. Many of these individuals had backgrounds in indie comics, and Pendleton Ward has called them \"really smart, smartypants people\" who were eventually responsible for inserting more idiosyncratic and spiritual ideas into the series.", "title": "Adventure Time" }, { "docid": "5785694#3", "text": "The lead optical engineer at Canon who led the design team for this lens was a fashion photographer, and his intention was to design a lens that would be the definitive lens for fashion photography. This required a completely new design that would take a new direction from Canon's previous 85mm lens designs. A new element was placed in the lens to give bokeh that was unlike any of the other lenses that fashion photographers had used before. This new large element required a new clutched electronic manual focusing mechanism that was only used on Canon's 50mm f/1.0 to handle the large specialized element. When it finally hit the market, it was the only lens in the industry that was explicitly designed for fashion photography.", "title": "Canon EF 85mm lens" }, { "docid": "39984653#1", "text": "Kevin Martens has been a lead designer at Blizzard Entertainment since 2009, and is a co-creator of \"Diablo III\". Prior to joining Blizzard, Martens worked for eleven years as a designer for BioWare, where he was the lead designer for \"Jade Empire\" and \"\", and the co-lead designer for \"\". Martens was a senior designer for \"\" and \"Neverwinter Nights\", was a senior design consultant on \"\", and worked on \"Baldur's Gate\", \"MDK2\", and \"\".", "title": "Kevin Martens" }, { "docid": "31513219#67", "text": "The Morpheus/ALHAT team successfully completed Free Flight 14 (FF14) at the KSC SLF on Wednesday, May 28, 2014, Bravo's 12th and ALHAT's 5th free flight—and the first ever night flight. Initial data indicated nominal performance of all vehicle systems. The ALHAT Hazard Detection System (HDS) performed well, but identified a safe site just outside the conservatively established limits around the center of the landing pad. ALHAT then navigated the vehicle in closed-loop mode through the entire approach, with the vehicle taking over navigation during the descent phase of the trajectory when ALHAT was already dead-reckoning. Had less conservative position error limits allowed ALHAT to continue to navigate to landing, the vehicle still would have landed safely on the pad.", "title": "Project Morpheus" }, { "docid": "47815337#0", "text": "Ross Watson (born May 22, 1975) is a designer of computer, miniature and role-playing games and a writer in various genres. Watson worked on the Warhammer 40,000 Roleplay line as the Lead Developer for Dark Heresy, was the lead designer for Rogue Trader and Deathwatch, and was part of the design team for Black Crusade. He was the lead developer for both Aaron Allston's Strike Force and Savage Worlds Rifts. His written works include the Accursed and Weird War I settings for Savage Worlds, contributions to the Star Wars: Edge of the Empire RPG, and the video games Darksiders II, , and . Watson has designed rules and scenarios for miniature game lines, such as Dust Warfare, and he has written for several card games, including , Empire Engine, and the Lost Legacy series.", "title": "Ross Watson (game designer)" }, { "docid": "3590089#2", "text": "The director of \"Ultima V: Lazarus\" is Ian Frazier, a game designer who moved on to Big Huge Games where he was Lead Designer on before shifting to a similar role at BioWare. As a tribute to his efforts, Ultima fans bought for him a crossbow made by David R. Watson, the real world inspiration for the recurring Ultima character Iolo.", "title": "Ultima V: Lazarus" }, { "docid": "19156642#34", "text": "\"Diablo III\"s lead designer was Jay Wilson, a former Relic Entertainment designer credited with work on \"\" and \"Company of Heroes\", as well as \"\" for Monolith Productions. The lead world designer was Leonard Boyarsky, one of the six co-creators of \"Fallout\".", "title": "Diablo III" }, { "docid": "25414501#15", "text": "The audio engine received a massive overhaul to upgrade the quality of sound effects. Brian Tibbetts was declared the lead sound designer of the sound effects team, resuming his endeavors from \"The Force Unleashed\". David Collins, who formerly served as the lead sound designer, sustained a supervisory position. The sound effects team was divided to address specific details; Tom Bible was in charge of creating sound for weapons and force powers, while Aaron Brown specialized in the spaceships. Although some effects were borrowed from \"The Force Unleashed\", the vast majority of sounds were completely new. Tibbetts thought that collaborating with his peers to be one of the most complex and challenging parts of his job. \"I chose to have my office in the main area of game development and always had an open door policy regarding communication with other disciplines. There were many meetings regarding asset changes and in general communication at Lucasarts is good between disciplines. I’ve always stressed that we should work together as much as possible and there were many moments of myself and sound designers working directly with designers, artists, and producers at their desks or ours.\"", "title": "Star Wars: The Force Unleashed II" }, { "docid": "35592396#7", "text": "SuperBot Entertainment was linked as developer of the game, who confirmed to be working on a \"very amazing PS3 game\" for Sony Computer Entertainment America. According to a job advert, SuperBot was after a senior combat designer with \"a strong familiarity with fighting games and fighting game theory\". Another job advert asked for a lead designer with \"a strong familiarity with online mode and matchmaking design as they apply to console gaming\". When Eurogamer contacted Sony to ask about the rumour that they were making a \"PlayStation 3 exclusive \"Smash Bros.\" rival\", Sony declined to comment stating \"we do not comment on rumour or speculation\".", "title": "PlayStation All-Stars Battle Royale" }, { "docid": "46644707#8", "text": "Nanyang Technological University, Singapore \nIt is one of the top universities in the world, commonly known as NTU. Timothy Seow was the lead designer who designed the School of Art, Design and Media (ADM) at NTU which was completed in 2006. It is a 4-story building with sloped 'grass roofs'. Besides the aesthetic features, the roofs keep the temperature cool during day time. Its building consists of 3 interconnected blocks covered with roofs weaving in and out of the ground. The idea was to blend architecture with its landscape rather than dominate it. This building was one of the 4 international entries that received the Honour Award in 2007 for Innovative Learning Environments.", "title": "Timothy Seow" } ]

[ { "docid": "13949533#3", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses were an outgrowth of the International Bible Students, who began missionary work in Europe in the 1890s. A German branch office of the Watch Tower Society opened in Elberfeld in 1902. By 1933, almost 20,000 Witnesses were counted as active door-to-door preachers, and their annual Memorial service was attracting almost 25,000 people. In Dresden, there were more Bible Students than in New York, where the Watch Tower Society was headquartered.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany" }, { "docid": "3897876#0", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses originated as a branch of the Bible Student movement, which developed in the United States in the 1870s among followers of Christian Restorationist minister Charles Taze Russell. Bible Student missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and the first overseas branch was opened in London in 1900. The group took on the name International Bible Students Association and by 1914 it was also active in Canada, Germany, Australia and other countries. The movement split into several rival organizations after Russell's death in 1916, with one—led by Russell's successor, Joseph \"Judge\" Rutherford—retaining control of both his magazine, \"The Watch Tower\", and his legal and publishing corporation, the Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania.", "title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses" } ]

[ { "docid": "2303855#40", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses did not have a significant presence in the Soviet Union prior to 1939 when the Soviet Union forcibly incorporated eastern Poland, Moldavia, and Lithuania, each of which had a Jehovah's Witness movement. Although never large in number (estimated by the KGB to be 20,000 in 1968), the Jehovah's Witnesses became one of the most persecuted religious groups in the Soviet Union during the post-World War II era. Members were arrested or deported; some were put in Soviet concentration camps. Witnesses in Moldavian SSR were deported to Tomsk Oblast; members from other regions of the Soviet Union were deported to Irkutsk Oblast. KGB officials, who were tasked with dissolving the Jehovah's Witness movement, were disturbed to discover that the Witnesses continued to practice their faith even within the labor camps.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "docid": "2384370#3", "text": "Scholars estimate that during the Nazi regime, about half of all Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany were incarcerated in prison or concentration camps, where they were exposed to \"sadism marked by an unending chain of physical and mental tortures, the likes of which no language in the world can express.\" At the time, they were represented by several geographical Bible Students Associations, each of which considered itself affiliated with the Watch Tower Society despite little contact with their US headquarters in Brooklyn. When contact was re-established, a minority of German Jehovah's Witnesses either preferred their autonomy or disagreed with the doctrinal changes that had occurred in the meantime. Some disassociated themselves from the Watch Tower Society and some individual members established contact with non-Jehovah's Witness Bible Student groups.", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses splinter groups" }, { "docid": "140541#3", "text": "Originally known as the \"Peoples Pulpit Association\", the organization was incorporated in 1909 when the Society's principal offices moved to Brooklyn, New York. In 1939, it was renamed \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society, Inc.\", and in 1956 the name was changed to \"Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc\". Until 2000, a member of the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses was president of both the \"Watch Tower\" (Pennsylvania) and \"Watchtower\" (New York) corporations, as well as Britain's International Bible Students Association corporation; in 2001, it was decided that the corporations' directors need not be members of the Governing Body.\"Christian Congregation of Jehovah's Witnesses, Inc.\" was established to organize and administer the congregational affairs of Jehovah's Witnesses in the United States. It filed for incorporation on August 21, 2000 in New York State as a “domestic non-profit corporation” in Putnam County, New York. An incorporation record was also filed with the State of Florida on March 3, 2006, as a \"foreign non profit corporation\" with agency in Collier County, Florida.", "title": "Corporations of Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "docid": "34284695#8", "text": "Witnesses believe that after the death of the apostles, the Church embarked on a \"Great Apostasy\", diverging from the original teachings of Jesus on several major points. Influenced by Restorationism in the 19th century, Charles Taze Russell and his associates formed a Bible study group in the 1870s in Allegheny, Pennsylvania, developing teachings that they considered to be a revival of \"the great truths taught by Jesus and the Apostles\". Watch Tower publications claim both the Great Apostasy and Russell's subsequent \"restoration\" of original Christianity were a fulfilment of Jesus' parable of the wheat and the weeds at Matthew 13:24-30,36-43. Although many of their eschatological teachings have changed over the years, Jehovah's Witnesses have consistently claimed to be the only true religion. Based on their interpretation of Revelation 18:2-24, Jehovah's Witnesses believe all other religions are part of \"Babylon the Great\", a \"world empire of false religion\" under the control of Satan; consequently, they refuse all ecumenical relations with other religious denominations.", "title": "Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs" }, { "docid": "1364162#53", "text": "Jehovah's Witnesses were banned from practicing their religion. Under Operation North, the personal property of over eight-thousand members was confiscated, and they (along with underage children) were exiled to Siberia from 1951 until repeal in 1965. All were asked to sign a declaration of resignation as a Jehovah's Witness in order to not be deported. There is no existing record of any having signed this declaration. While in Siberia, some men, women, and children were forced to work as lumberjacks for a fixed wage. Victims reported living conditions to be very poor. From 1951 to 1991, Jehovah's Witnesses within and outside Siberia were incarcerated – and then rearrested after serving their terms. Some were forced to work in concentration camps, others forcibly enrolled in Marxist reeducation programs. KGB officials infiltrated the Jehovah's Witnesses organization in the Soviet Union, mostly to seek out hidden caches of theological literature. Soviet propaganda films depicted Jehovah's Witnesses as a cult, extremist, and engaging in mind control. Jehovah's Witnesses were legalized in the Soviet Union in 1991; victims were given social benefits equivalent to those of war veterans.", "title": "Religion in the Soviet Union" }, { "docid": "2303855#3", "text": "During the World Wars, Jehovah's Witnesses were targeted in the United States, Canada, and many other countries for their refusal to serve in the military or help with war efforts. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Japanese and Chinese descent. Activities of Jehovah's Witnesses have previously been banned in the Soviet Union and in Spain, partly due to their refusal to perform military service. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, for example in Singapore, China, Vietnam, Russia and many Muslim-majority countries.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses" }, { "docid": "16143902#32", "text": "In March 2007 Jehovah's Witness centers throughout the country rented local halls and rooms for an April 2, 2007, religious ceremony, and distributed fliers inviting citizens to the event. However, in several cities, including Kyzylorda, Shaktinsk, Shymkent, and Taraz, the landlords called the Jehovah's Witnesses shortly before the event and canceled the reservation. The Jehovah's Witnesses alleged that the landlords were pressured by local government officials. In Semipalatinsk, the Jehovah's Witnesses and their guests arrived on April 2 to find their rented space surrounded by firefighters. A local government representative claimed that they needed a permit for the ceremony and denied them admission to their rented room. In each case, the Jehovah's Witnesses were able to hold their ceremony in other locations. No other religious groups reported similar instances of government interference in their public gatherings.", "title": "Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan" }, { "docid": "13949533#21", "text": "From 1935, the authorities began sending hundreds of Jehovah's Witnesses to concentration camps, where they were imprisoned with Communists, Socialists, other political prisoners and union members. In May 1938, they accounted for 12 percent of all prisoners at Buchenwald concentration camp near Weimar; by May 1939, they represented 40 percent of all prisoners at Schloss Lichentenburg, the central concentration camp for women, though as the total number of prisoners increased rapidly, the proportion of Witnesses generally fell to about 3 percent. About 2000 Witnesses were eventually sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died in custody, including 250 who were executed. Garbe claims members of the group were special objects of hatred by the SS, receiving beatings, whippings and public humiliation and given the dirtiest and most laborious work details for refusing to salute, stand at attention or sing Nazi songs. They were subjected to high-pressure jets of ice-cold water from fire hydrants and subjected to arbitrary acts of torture, including pushing a fully laden wheelbarrow with their necks while crawling on hands and knees. Others were forced to stand still for an entire day in the heat or cold, or were confined in groups in small closets in an attempt to suffocate them. From March to December 1938, Jehovah's Witnesses in Buchenwald were not allowed to send or receive letters or to purchase food. Many approached starvation and were forced to eat leaves from trees and bushes. Many were forced to engage in a \"drill\" that included rolling, creeping, hopping, and running for 75 minutes while camp guards kicked and beat them, while others, forced to work in stone quarries, were refused medical attention when sick. Despite persecution, Jehovah's Witnesses continued to hold secret religious gatherings inside the camps.", "title": "Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany" }, { "docid": "25074#92", "text": "Outside mainstream Christianity, the Jehovah's Witnesses were targets of Nazi Persecution, for their refusal to swear allegiance to the Nazi government. In Nazi Germany in the 1930s and early 1940s, Jehovah's Witnesses refused to renounce their political neutrality and they were placed in concentration camps as a result. The Nazi government gave detained Jehovah's Witnesses the option of release if they signed a document which indicated their renouncement of their faith, their submission to state authority, and their support of the German military. Historian Hans Hesse said, \"Some five thousand Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps where they alone were 'voluntary prisoners', so termed because the moment they recanted their views, they could be freed. Some lost their lives in the camps, but few renounced their faith\".", "title": "Persecution of Christians" }, { "docid": "3897876#14", "text": "Two missionaries were sent to England in 1881 and overseas branches were opened in London (1900), Germany (1903) and Australia and Switzerland (1904). The Watch Tower Society's headquarters were transferred to Brooklyn, New York in 1908.\nIn 1910 Russell introduced the name \"International Bible Students Association\" as a means of identifying his worldwide community of Bible study groups. The name was also used when advertising and conducting conventions of Russell's followers.", "title": "History of Jehovah's Witnesses" } ]

[ { "docid": "265943#0", "text": "A conurbation is a region comprising a number of cities, large towns, and other urban areas that, through population growth and physical expansion, have merged to form one continuous urban or industrially developed area. In most cases, a conurbation is a polycentric urbanised area, in which transportation has developed to link areas to create a single urban labour market or travel to work area.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "265943#2", "text": "The term as described is used in Britain, whereas in the United States each polycentric \"metropolitan area\" may have its own common designation, such as San Francisco Bay Area or the Dallas-Fort Worth Metroplex. Conurbation consists of adjacent metropolitan areas that are connected with one another by urbanization Internationally, the term \"urban agglomeration\" is often used to convey a similar meaning to \"conurbation.\" A conurbation should also be contrasted with a megalopolis, where the urban areas are close but not physically contiguous and where the merging of labour markets has not yet developed.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "265943#12", "text": "One example of a conurbation is the expansive concept of the New York metropolitan area (the Tri-state region) centered on New York City, including 30 counties spread among New York State, New Jersey, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, with an estimated population of 21,961,994 in 2007. Approximately one-fifteenth of all U.S. residents live in the Greater New York City area. This conurbation is the result of several central cities whose urban areas have merged.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "265943#1", "text": "The term \"conurbation\" was coined in 1915 by Patrick Geddes in his book \"Cities In Evolution\". He drew attention to the ability of the then new technology of electric power and motorised transport to allow cities to spread and agglomerate together, and gave as examples \"Midlandton\" in England, the Ruhr in Germany, Randstad in the Netherlands and North Jersey in the United States.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "351097#5", "text": "Although the exact boundaries of any conurbation are open to debate, dependent on what criteria are used to determine where an urban area ceases, the Office for National Statistics defines the West Midlands Built Up Area as including the urban areas of Birmingham, Wolverhampton, Solihull, West Bromwich, Dudley, and Walsall amongst others. These settlements are not coterminous with the Metropolitan Boroughs of the same name.", "title": "West Midlands conurbation" } ]

[ { "docid": "265943#41", "text": "Katowice Urban Area (\"aglomeracja katowicka\"', \"konurbacja górnośląska\", \"GOP\") is the largest conurbation in Poland, located in Upper Silesia, southern Poland. Around 2.5 million people live in the region — up 5.26% of the population of Poland.Industrial and housing growth in the United Kingdom during the 19th and early 20th centuries produced many conurbations. Greater London is by far the largest urban area and is usually counted as a conurbation in statistical terms, but differs from the others in the degree to which it is focused on a single central area. In the mid-1950s the Green Belt was introduced to stem the further urbanisation of the countryside in South East England.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "265943#25", "text": "The National Capital Region (NCR) is a name for the coordinated planning region which encompasses the entire National Capital Territory of Delhi as well as several surrounding districts in the neighbouring states of Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Rajasthan. However, since not all of the aforementioned areas are completely urban, the Delhi conurbation is actually limited to the NCT of Delhi and the neighbouring contiguous urban areas comprising Gurgaon, Faridabad, Noida, (Greater Noida) and Ghaziabad lying in \"\"Central National Capital Region (CNCR)\"\", a small part of overall NCR. The population of this conurbation was estimated 21.7 million in 2011. It is the world's third most populous urban agglomeration.", "title": "Conurbation" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "37367511#0", "text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.", "title": "ㅋ" } ]

[ { "docid": "17574075#17", "text": "A \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World\" panel featured at the San Diego Comic-Con International held on July 22, 2010. After the panel, Wright invited selected members of the audience for a screening of the film which was followed by a performance by Metric. \"Scott Pilgrim\" was also shown at the Fantasia Festival in Montreal, Quebec, Canada on July 27, 2010 and was also featured at the Movie-Con III in London, England on August 15, 2010.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" }, { "docid": "17574075#1", "text": "A film adaptation of the comics was proposed following the release of the first volume. Wright became attached to the project, and filming began in March 2009 in Toronto. The film premiered after a panel discussion at the San Diego Comic-Con International on July 22, 2010, and received a wide release in North America on August 13, 2010.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" } ]

[ { "docid": "17574075#21", "text": "At the 2010 MTV Movie Awards, the first clip was released featuring Scott facing Lucas Lee in battle. The actors playing Lee's stunt doubles are the actual stunt doubles for Chris Evans. Alison Pill, who plays Kim in the film, stated that her character's past relationship with Scott will be explored in other media stating that \"There will be a little something-something that will air on Adult Swim\". The animated short, \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the Animation\", produced by Titmouse Inc., adapts the opening prologue of the second \"Scott Pilgrim\" book and was aired on Adult Swim on August 12, 2010, a day prior to the film's theatrical release, later being released on their website. Michael Cera stated that he felt the film was \"a tricky one to sell. I don't know how you convey that movie in a marketing campaign. I can see it being something that people are slow to discover. In honesty, I was slow to find \"Shaun of the Dead\"\".", "title": "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" }, { "docid": "1631590#9", "text": "To illustrate his reasoning for eventually ending the \"Scott Pilgrim\" series, O'Malley used a quote from famed Belgian comics writer and artist Hergé, creator, writer, and illustrator of the well-regarded \"The Adventures of Tintin\" comic book series, from 1929 until his death in 1983. Hergé told his wife, \"And right now, my work makes me sick. Tintin is no longer me. And I must make a terrible effort to invent (him)… If Tintin continues to live, it is through a sort of artificial respiration that I must constantly keep up and which is exhausting me.\" O'Malley said, \"If I was still doing Scott Pilgrim in ten years, I would be dead inside.\" O'Malley said that he did conceive of a continuation centering on Scott and Ramona and involving the other major characters, except for Gideon and the other evil exes of Ramona. He said, \"maybe in a few years I’d think about playing with Scott Pilgrim some more\" and although \"there doesn't need to be more Scott Pilgrim\", he agreed that \"more would be fun\".", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "28384218#1", "text": "\"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack\" was released on August 10, 2010 by ABKCO Records on vinyl and compact disc. A deluxe version of the soundtrack was released on September 7, 2010. People who pre-ordered the album on iTunes, as well as those who buy the deluxe version, receive a bonus video of Metric's \"Black Sheep\", as sung by Brie Larson, who plays Envy Adams in the movie. The soundtrack contains a mix of classic rock, alternative rock, indie, garage and post-punk.", "title": "List of Scott Pilgrim soundtracks" }, { "docid": "2544108#7", "text": "The crook heads to a casino. Despite a robbery in progress, the Pilgrim manages to retrieve the money. He gives it and the church collection to Miss Brown. When he is apprehended by the sheriff, Miss Brown comes to his defense, revealing what he has done. As a result, the sheriff takes his prisoner to the border and orders him to pick him some flowers on Mexican land. Not taking the hint, the Pilgrim returns. The sheriff has to literally kick him out of American jurisdiction before he recognizes the lawman's act of kindness. However, his enjoyment of the peace of a new land proves to be short-lived; several gunmen pop out of the undergrowth and start shooting at each other. The frightened Pilgrim hastens away, straddling the border as he ponders his options.Chaplin biographer Jeffrey Vance considers \"The Pilgrim\" to be an important work and gives the film careful consideration in his 2003 book \"Chaplin: Genius of the Cinema\" in contrast to other Chaplin biographers.\nVance writes, \"\"The Pilgrim\" is one of Chaplin's richest—and most neglected—films.\" Vance praises the film's economy of action, classical theatrical roots (including Molière and the British music-hall), the sharp edge to the film's comedy, and the ironic ending with Chaplin's character straddling the international line between the USA and Mexico. In the 1952 \"Sight & Sound\" poll, the great French film critic Andre Bazin picked \"The Pilgrim\" as one of the ten greatest movies of all time.", "title": "The Pilgrim (1923 film)" }, { "docid": "3352770#11", "text": "\"Scott Pilgrim vs. The World\", based on the graphic novel series by Bryan Lee O'Malley that was inspired by the Plumtree song \"Scott Pilgrim\", was released on August 13, 2010. In the film and comic book, the main character Scott Pilgrim can be seen wearing a Plumtree T-shirt. The song \"Scott Pilgrim\" appears both in the film as well as on the soundtrack to the film and the song \"Go!\" appears in the film itself while not the soundtrack.", "title": "Plumtree (band)" }, { "docid": "1631590#39", "text": "The film was a critical success, but did not fare well commercially in theaters. However, its commercial fortunes improved after being released on Blu-ray and DVD. The DVD includes extras including bloopers, outtakes, deleted scenes, storyboards (which include the ending provided by the comics), and trailers. The 2-disc edition includes soundtracks, animation (when Scott dates Kim), and a making-of.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "17574075#9", "text": "After artist Bryan Lee O'Malley completed the first volume of \"Scott Pilgrim\", his publisher Oni Press contacted producer Marc Platt to propose a film adaptation. O'Malley originally had mixed feelings about a film adaptation, stating that he \"expected them to turn it into a full-on action comedy with some actor that I hated\" but ultimately \"didn't even care. I was a starving artist, and I was like, 'Please, just give me some money.'\" Universal Studios contracted director Edgar Wright, who had just finished \"Shaun of the Dead\" (2004) and agreed to adapt the \"Scott Pilgrim\" comics. In May 2005, the studio signed Michael Bacall to co-write the screenplay. Wright cited Mario Bava's \"\" (1968) as an influence on his approach to \"Scott Pilgrim\", describing it as an \"Italian influence, a sense of completely unbridled imagination. They don't make any attempt to make it look realistic. Mario Bava's composition and staging has a real try-anything attitude.\" Bacall said that he wanted to write the \"Scott Pilgrim\" film because he felt strongly about its story and empathized with its characters. By 2010, casting had been completed and the film was titled \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World\". Wright said that O'Malley was \"very involved\" with the script of the film from the start, contributing lines and adding polish. Due to the long development, several lines from various scripts written by Wright and Bacall were used in later \"Scott Pilgrim\" comics. No material from \"Scott Pilgrim's Finest Hour\", the sixth \"Scott Pilgrim\" volume, appeared in the film, as the comic was not complete at the time of the film's production. O'Malley contributed suggestions for the film's ending and gave the producers his notes for the sixth volume, but stated that the film's ending was \"their ending\".", "title": "Scott Pilgrim vs. the World" }, { "docid": "1631590#38", "text": "The film \"Scott Pilgrim vs. the World\" was released on August 13, 2010. It is based on all six volumes of the graphic novel series, despite the different ending due to the sixth volume having been released after the film finished shooting. The film is directed by Edgar Wright and stars Michael Cera and Mary Elizabeth Winstead as Scott and Ramona, respectively.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" }, { "docid": "1631590#28", "text": "\"Scott Pilgrim's Precious Little Life\" was re-released in color in August 2012, with the others being released on an irregular schedule, the last in May 2015. The hardcover color editions contain bonus content such as original sketches and creator notes.", "title": "Scott Pilgrim" } ]

[ { "docid": "2919217#0", "text": "Konstantin Dmitriyevich Balmont (; – 23 December 1942) was a Russian symbolist poet and translator. He was one of the major figures of the Silver Age of Russian Poetry.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" } ]

[ { "docid": "2919217#4", "text": "Konstantin Balmont was born at his family's estate, Gumnishchi, Shuya (then Vladimir Governorate, now Ivanovo Oblast), the third of seven sons of a Russian nobleman, lawyer, and senior state official, Dmitry Konstantinovich Balmont, and Vera Nikolayevna (née Le′bedeva) who came from a military family. The latter knew several foreign languages, was enthusiastic about literature and theater, and exerted a strong influence on her son. Balmont learned to read at the age of five and cited Aleksandr Pushkin, Nikolai Nekrasov, Alexey Koltsov, and Ivan Nikitin as his earliest influences. Later he remembered the first ten years of his life spent at Gumnishchi with great affection and referred to the place as 'a tiny kingdom of silent comfort'.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#33", "text": "On 27 September 1896 Balmont married Yekaterina Alekseyevna Andreyeva (1867–1952), a well-educated woman who came from a rich merchant's family, related to the well-known Moscow publishers, the Sabashnikovs. Andreyeva and Balmont had much in common; they formed a tandem of translators and worked together on the works of Gerhart Hauptmann and Oscar Wilde. Andreyeva, a strong-minded woman, was a leading force in the family, and in her 'strong, healthy and loving hands' (according Boris Zaitsev, who knew them well) Balmont led a \"disciplined, working man's life.\" In 1901 their daughter Nina Balmont (Bruni in marriage, died in Moscow in 1989) was born.\nIn the early 1900s, while in Paris, Balmont met Yelena Konstantinovna Tsvetkovskaya (1880–1943), general K. G. Tzvetkovsky's daughter, a student of mathematics at the University of Paris and the poet's ardent fan. Balmont, as some of his letters suggested, wasn't in love with her, but soon found himself in many ways dependent upon the girl who proved to be a loyal, devoted friend. Balmont's family life got seriously complicated in 1907 when Tsvetkovskaya gave birth to a daughter Mirra, named so by her father in the memory of the poet Mirra Lokhvitskaya, who died in 1905 and with whom he had passionate platonic relations. Torn between the two families, in 1909 Balmont attempted suicide for the second time (jumping out a window) and again survived. Up until 1917 he lived in Saint Petersburg with Tsvetkovskaya and Mirra, occasionally visiting Yekaterina and Nina in Moscow. While in France Balmont continued to correspond with Andreyeva up until 1934.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#25", "text": "Balmont died on 23 December 1942 in a refuge for Russian emigres, the Russian House, due to complications from pneumonia. He is interred in Noisy-le-Grand's Catholic cemetery, four words engraved on his grey tomb: \"Constantin Balmont, poete russe\". Among the several people who came to the funeral were Zaitsev, Balmont's daughter Mirra, and Jurgis Baltrushaitis's widow.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#35", "text": "From 1919 Balmont was romantically linked with Dagmar Shakhovskaya (née von Lilienfeld, 1893–1967), who followed Balmont to France in 1921. They lived apart except for brief periods, although Dagmar bore Balmont two children: Georges (1922–1943) and Svetlana (b. 1925). Balmont sent her letters or postcards almost daily; in all, 858 of them survived, mostly from 1920-1924. It was Elena Tsvetkovskaya, though, who remained with Balmont until his dying day. She died in 1943, surviving her husband by a year. Mirra Balmont (in her first marriage Boychenko, in the second Ayutina) was a published poet, who used the pseudonym Aglaya Gamayun. She died in Paris in 1970.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#20", "text": "1918–1920 were years of great hardship for Balmont who, living in Petrograd (with Elena Tsvetkovskaya and their daughter Mirra) had also to support Andreyeva and their daughter Nina in Moscow. He struck up a friendship with Marina Tsvetayeva, another poet on the verge of physical collapse. Unwilling to collaborate with the Bolsheviks (whose \"hands were smeared with blood,\" as he declared openly at one of the literary meetings) occasionally he had to be forced to. In 1920 Anatoly Lunacharsky (urged by Jurgis Baltrushaitis, then the head of the Lithuanian diplomatic mission in Moscow) granted Balmont permission to leave the country. Boris Zaitsev later opined that what Baltrushaitis did was actually to save Balmont's life. According to Sergey Litovtsev (a Russian critic who lived in immigration) at one of the secret meetings of the Cheka the fate of Balmont was discussed, \"...it's just that those who were demanding he be put to a firing squad happened to be in the minority at the time.\" On May 25, 1920, Balmont and his family left Russia for good. As soon as Balmont reached Reval, rumors began to circulate that he had begun to make anti-Soviet public statements, leading to the cancellation of other writers' journeys out of Soviet Russia. Balmont denied these rumors, and there is no evidence to support them, but by 1921 Balmont was regularly publishing inflammatory articles against the Soviet government in the émigré press.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#8", "text": "In 1890 Balmont released a self-financed book called \"Collection of Poems\" (Sbornik stikhotvoreny), which included some of the pieces published in 1885. Instrumental in helping the publication was Vladimir Korolenko, by then an established writer, who had received a handwritten notebook (sent to him by Konstantin's classmates) and sent back detailed and favorable critical analysis. He praised the schoolboy's eye for detail, warned against the occasional lapse of concentration, and advised him to \"trust that unconscious part of the human soul which accumulates momentary impressions.\" \"Should you learn to concentrate and work methodically, in due time we'll hear of your having developed into something quite extraordinary,\" were the last words of this remarkable letter. Balmont was greatly impressed with the famous writer's magnanimity and later referred to Korolenko as his 'literary godfather'. The book, though, proved to be a failure. Disgusted with it, Balmont purchased and burnt all the remaining copies. \"My first book, of course, was a total failure. People dear to me have made this fiasco even less bearable with their negativism,\" he wrote in 1903, meaning apparently Larisa, but also his university friends who considered the book 'reactionary' and scorned its author for 'betraying the ideals of social struggle'. Again, Korolenko came to Balmont's aid: \"The poor guy is very shy; more editorial attention to his work would make great difference,\" he wrote to Mikhail Albov, one of the editors of \"Severny Vestnik\", in September 1891.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#30", "text": "In his 1903 short autobiography Balmont wrote: According to Yekaterina Andreyeva's \"Memoirs\", Balmont's paternal grand-grandfather Ivan Andreyevich Balamut (Баламут, the Ukrainian surname, translated literally as \"trouble-maker\") was a landowner in Kherson, Southern Ukraine, who served as a cavalry sergeant in Catherine the Great's Imperial Guard regiment (Andreyeva insisted she had seen the proof of it in an original parchment-written document kept in the family archives).", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#14", "text": "In March 1901 Balmont took part in a student demonstration on the square in front of Kazan Cathedral which was violently disrupted by police and Cossack units. Several days later, at a literary event in the Russian State Duma, he recited his new poem \"The Little Sultan\" (Malenkii sultan), a diatribe against Tsar Nicholas II, which then circulated widely in hand-written copies. As a result, Balmont was deported from the capital and banned for two years from living in university cities. On 14 March 1902 Balmont left Russia for Britain and France, lecturing at the Russian College of Social Sciences, Paris. While there he met Elena Konstantinovna Tsvetkovskaya, the daughter of a prominent general, who in 1905 became his third (common-law) wife. In 1903 Balmont returned to Russia, his administrative restrictions having been removed by Interior Minister von Plehve. Back in Moscow, he joined Bryusov and Polyakov in the founding of the journal \"Vesy\" (The Scales), published by Scorpion.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" }, { "docid": "2919217#2", "text": "In February 1889 he married Larisa Mikhailovna Garelina; unhappy in marriage, on 13 March 1890 Balmont attempted suicide by jumping from a third-story window, leaving him with a limp and an injured writing hand for the rest of his life. He was involved in two other common-law marriages and attempted suicide a second time later in life.", "title": "Konstantin Balmont" } ]

[ { "docid": "180093#28", "text": "Following Canary's departure, Frizzell's character accompanied Jamie Hunter to the Ponderosa and became the Cartwright's foreman.Initially, \"Bonanza\" aired on Saturday evenings opposite \"Dick Clark's Saturday Night Beech-Nut Show\" and \"John Gunther's High Road\" on ABC, and \"Perry Mason\" on CBS. \"Bonanza\"s initial ratings were respectable, often coming in behind Mason but ahead of the ABC line-up. Ironically, executives considered canceling the show before its premiere because of its high cost. NBC kept it because \"Bonanza\" was one of the first series to be filmed and broadcast in color, including scenes of picturesque Lake Tahoe, Nevada, although most of the episodes were obviously filmed on soundstages until the seasons near the end of the series. NBC's corporate parent, Radio Corporation of America (RCA), used the show to spur sales of RCA-manufactured color television sets (RCA was also the primary sponsor of the series during its first two seasons).", "title": "Bonanza" }, { "docid": "33969018#0", "text": "Bonanza City is a ghost town in New Mexico, southwest of Santa Fe. Nothing remained of the town but remnants of foundations. A movie set (Bonanza Creek Movie Ranch) was built near the remains and has been used for several films. The 2007 TV show, Kid Nation, was filmed here for one season which aired on CBS.", "title": "Bonanza City, New Mexico" }, { "docid": "92733#26", "text": "In an episode of the television series \"Bonanza\" (\"Look to the Stars\", broadcast March 18, 1962), Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene) helps the 16-year-old Michelson (portrayed by 25-year-old Douglas Lambert (1936–1986)) obtain an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy, despite the opposition of the bigoted town schoolteacher (played by William Schallert). \"Bonanza\" was set in and around Virginia City, Nevada, where Michelson lived with his parents prior to leaving for the Naval Academy. In a voice-over at the end of the episode, Greene mentions Michelson's 1907 Nobel Prize.", "title": "Albert A. Michelson" }, { "docid": "11263877#3", "text": "The show, featuring 40 children aged 8 to 15, was filmed on location at the Bonanza Creek Movie Ranch, a privately owned town built on the ruins of Bonanza City, New Mexico, eight miles south of Santa Fe, with production beginning on April 1, 2007.", "title": "Kid Nation" } ]

[ { "docid": "705805#5", "text": "David Dortort, the creator/producer of \"Bonanza\", saw Canary in \"Hombre\" and cast him in the role of the new ranch foreman; he said that Canary was \"the kind of kid who comes on and suddenly there's nobody else on the screen\". Canary left \"Bonanza\" in June 1970 after a contract dispute. He returned after Dan Blocker's death in May 1972. Canary said that he loved \"Bonanza\", except for filming in Nevada in 100-degree heat. Canary appeared on Broadway with Colleen Dewhurst in \"Great Day in the Morning\" and with Geraldine Page in Tennessee Williams's \"Clothes for a Summer Hotel\". He did numerous musical stage roles in shows such as \"Kismet\", \"Man Of La Mancha\", and \"The Fantasticks\", and dramatic performances in \"The Seagull\" and \"Macbeth\". David's first daytime television role was on \"Search for Tomorrow\" where he played the short-term role of Liza Walton's agent. He had two short stints on \"The Doctors\" as Far Wind, a cult leader who took the hospital staff hostage and killed Melissa Dancy (Dorian Lo Pinto). In 1981, he assumed the role of Steve Frame on the soap opera \"Another World\". The revival of the Steve/Alice/Rachel romantic triangle was unsuccessful, and he left the show in 1983 after his character was killed off.", "title": "David Canary" }, { "docid": "180093#47", "text": "In 2001, there was an attempt to revive the \"Bonanza\" concept with a prequel, \"Ponderosa\" – not to be confused with the 1972 summer reruns under the same title – with a pilot directed by Simon Wincer and filmed in Australia. Covering the time when the Cartwrights first arrived at the Ponderosa, when Adam was a teenager and Joe a little boy, the series lasted 20 episodes and featured less gunfire and brawling than the original. \"Bonanza\" creator David Dortort approved PAX TV (now Ion TV)'s decision to hire Beth Sullivan, formerly of \"Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman\", which some believe gave the series more depth as well as a softer edge. The Hop Sing character is depicted not only as a cook but also a family counselor and herbal healer. The series takes place in Nevada Territory in 1849, which is actually an anachronism. The Nevada Territory did not split from the Utah Territory until 1861, meaning that until at least the 5th season (the episode \"Enter Thomas Bowers\" establishes that year as 1857), \"Bonanza\" is also set in what in real life would have been Utah Territory.", "title": "Bonanza" }, { "docid": "38967785#0", "text": "Bonanza River (alternates, Ki-ul-uk, Bonanza California, Bonanza Cal) is a waterway on the Seward Peninsula in the U.S. state of Alaska. The headwaters lie close to Venetia Creek and the Koksuktapaga River. It flows southeast for before reaching Safety Sound, as do the Flambeau and Eldorado Rivers, and then through Safety Inlet to Norton Sound. The village of Solomon is approximately away. Across the divide of West Creek, in the Bonanza River drainage, and lying above the West Creek schists, is a series of green chloride schists and sills of greenstone; these chloritic schists are the prevailing rocks of the divide between Eldorado and Bonanza rivers. In its general character, it is similar to the Eldorado River. Also called Bonanza Cal, later maps indicate California Creek to be a principal tributary of Bonanza River. According to Alfred Hulse Brooks, the Eskimo name is Ki-ul-uk.", "title": "Bonanza River" }, { "docid": "2528753#0", "text": "Bonanza is a ghost town in Custer County, Idaho, United States. It was originally established as a mining town. As of 2005, the land is privately owned but open to the public. Custer has a museum for the gold-rush era where visitors can experience the lives of the citizens of Custer and can search for gold.", "title": "Bonanza, Idaho" }, { "docid": "28954319#0", "text": "Bonanza is a small Italian supermarket store based in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Founded in 1973, the first location (no longer in operation) operated in Montréal-Nord, Quebec on Pie IX Street. From the late 1980s until the early 1990s, Bonanza operated at a peak of eight locations, but all except for the store located in the St. Leonard borough of Montreal were sold to IGA in 1997. Prior to the IGA acquisition of Bonanza locations, Buon Gusto was used as an in-store brand.", "title": "Bonanza (supermarket)" }, { "docid": "29008583#1", "text": "\"Bonanza\" is set around the Ponderosa Ranch near Virginia City, Nevada and chronicles the weekly adventures of the Cartwright family, consisting of Ben Cartwright (Lorne Greene) and his three sons (each by a different wife), Adam (Pernell Roberts), Eric \"Hoss\" (Dan Blocker), and Joseph (Michael Landon). Veteran actor Victor Sen Yung played the ranch cook, Hop Sing. In 1964, Pernell Roberts began expressing a desire to leave the series, and so prospective replacements were introduced via Barry Coe as Little Joe's wayward maternal half-brother Clay, and Guy Williams as Ben's nephew Will Cartwright. However, Roberts was persuaded to complete his contract, and remained through season six. The characters of Clay and Will were discontinued. In the ninth season, David Canary was added to the cast as ranch hand/foreman Candy Canady. After four years with the series, Canary left due to a contract dispute. In the twelfth season, Mitch Vogel joined the cast as Jamie Hunter, a teenage orphan who is adopted by Ben Cartwright. Following Dan Blocker's death in May 1972 after season thirteen ended, Greene, Landon, and Vogel continued the series into a fourteenth season, with Canary returning as Candy (reportedly approached by Landon) and Tim Matheson was introduced as ex-prisoner and newly hired ranch-hand Griff King. The program was moved to Tuesday nights where it slipped badly in the ratings to number 52 and was subsequently cancelled. \"Bonanza\" has, however, continued to be popular in syndication. From 1964-1967, \" Bonanza \" became the most watched show in the U.S.", "title": "List of Bonanza episodes" } ]

[ { "docid": "18426568#11", "text": "NASA has conducted many manned and unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Unmanned programs launched the first American artificial satellites into Earth orbit for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore the planets of the solar system, starting with Venus and Mars, and including \"grand tours\" of the outer planets. Manned programs sent the first Americans into low Earth orbit (LEO), won the Space Race with the Soviet Union by landing twelve men on the Moon from 1969 to 1972 in the Apollo program, developed a semi-reusable LEO Space Shuttle, and developed LEO space station capability by itself and with the cooperation of several other nations including post-Soviet Russia. Some missions include both manned and unmanned aspects, such as the Galileo probe, which was deployed by astronauts in Earth orbit before being sent unmanned to Jupiter.", "title": "NASA" }, { "docid": "729193#0", "text": "Mercury-Redstone 1 (MR-1) was the first Mercury-Redstone unmanned flight test in Project Mercury and the first attempt to launch a Mercury spacecraft with the Mercury-Redstone Launch Vehicle. Intended to be an unmanned sub-orbital spaceflight, it was launched on November 21, 1960 from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The launch failed in a peculiar fashion which has been referred to as the \"four-inch flight\".", "title": "Mercury-Redstone 1" }, { "docid": "7437933#5", "text": "One of the most earliest and notable achievements of SUPARCO activities was its unmanned space flight programme that was recorded on 7 June 1962. SUPARCO made research in the development of first solid-fuel expandable rockets, an assistance provided by the United States. On 7 June 1962, SUPARCO landed a record achievement when it launched first unmanned solid-fuel sounding rocket and took its first initial space flight from the Sonmiani Terminal Launch. The rocket was developed in a joint venture with Air force in a team led by PAF's Air Commodore (Brigadier-General) WJM Turowicz. Known as the \"Rehbar-I\" (lit. \"Teller of the way\"), Pakistan had secured its distinction as the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct successful spaceflight. The unmanned spaceflight mission continued under Turowicz, and according to SUPARCO, since 1962 til the partial termination of mission in 1972, ~200 sounding rockets took high success space flights from Sonmiani Terminal Launch. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) publicly hailed the space flight programme as the beginning of \"a programme of continuous cooperation in space research of mutual interest.\"", "title": "Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission" }, { "docid": "6949369#11", "text": "On October 4, 1957, the Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite of Earth in the history of mankind.", "title": "History of spaceflight" } ]

[ { "docid": "6949369#35", "text": "Project Gemini was NASA's second manned spaceflight program. The program ran from 1961 to 1966. The program pioneered the orbital maneuvers required for space rendezvous. Ed White became the first American to make an extravehicular activity (EVA, or \"space walk\"), on June 3, 1965, during Gemini 4. Gemini 6A and 7 accomplished the first space rendezvous on December 15, 1965. Gemini 8 achieved the first space docking with an unmanned Agena Target Vehicle on March 16, 1966. Gemini 8 was also the first US spacecraft to experience in-space critical failure endangering the lives of the crew.", "title": "History of spaceflight" }, { "docid": "216132#6", "text": "On April 1, 2004, the U.S. Department of Transportation issued the company what it called the world's first license for a sub-orbital manned rocket flight. The license was approved by the Federal Aviation Administration's Office of Commercial Space Transportation, which has backed licenses for more than 150 commercial launches of unmanned launch vehicles in its 20 years, but never a license for manned flight on a sub-orbital trajectory. The Mojave Airport, operating part-time as Mojave Spaceport, is the launch point for SpaceShipOne. SpaceShipOne performed the first privately funded human spaceflight on June 21, 2004. Flight 16P on September 29, 2004 and Flight 17P on October 4, 2004 won the X-Prize for Scaled Composites and SpaceShipOne.", "title": "Scaled Composites" }, { "docid": "198078#26", "text": "Development began in 1992, under the name of Project 921-1. The Chinese National Manned Space Program was given the designation Project 921 with Project 921-1 as its first significant goal. The plan called for a manned launch in October 1999, prior to the new millennium. The first four unmanned test flights happened in 1999, 2001 and 2002. These were followed with three manned launches in 2003, 2005, and 2008. Unmanned and manned launches to test docking occurred in 2011 and 2012 respectively. It is launched on the Long March 2F from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. The command center of the mission is the Beijing Aerospace Command and Control Center.", "title": "List of human spaceflight programs" }, { "docid": "32363#2", "text": "The Space Race between the Soviet Union and the United States, the two Cold War superpowers, began just before the Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957. Both countries wanted to develop spaceflight technology quickly, particularly by launching the first successful human spaceflight. The Soviet Union secretly pursued the Vostok programme in competition with the United States Project Mercury. Vostok launched several precursor unmanned missions between May 1960 and March 1961, to test and develop the Vostok rocket family and space capsule. These missions had varied degrees of success, but the final two—Korabl-Sputnik 4 and Korabl-Sputnik 5—were complete successes, allowing the first manned flight.", "title": "Vostok 1" }, { "docid": "1773#0", "text": "Apollo 7 was an October 1968 human spaceflight mission carried out by the United States. It was the first mission in the United States' Apollo program to carry a crew into space. It was also the first U.S. spaceflight to carry astronauts since the flight of Gemini XII in November 1966. The AS-204 mission, also known as \"Apollo 1\", was intended to be the first manned flight of the Apollo program. It was scheduled to launch in February 1967, but a fire in the cabin during a January 1967 test killed the crew. Manned flights were then suspended for 21 months, while the cause of the accident was investigated and improvements made to the spacecraft and safety procedures, and unmanned test flights of the Saturn V rocket and Apollo Lunar Module were made. Apollo 7 fulfilled Apollo 1's mission of testing the Apollo command and service module (CSM) in low Earth orbit.", "title": "Apollo 7" }, { "docid": "23599836#0", "text": "Spaceflight in 1977 included some important events such as the roll out of the space shuttle orbiter, Voyager 1 and Voyager space probes were launched. NASA received the space shuttle orbiter later named , on 14 January. This unpowered sub-orbital space plane was launched off the top of a modified 747 and was flown unmanned until 13 August until a manned crew landed the \"Enterprise\" for the first time.", "title": "1977 in spaceflight" }, { "docid": "12162818#2", "text": "The first unmanned automated docking in the history of spaceflight, between Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188 in 1967, was achieved with this generation of Soyuz spacecraft. The generation encompasses furthermore the first docking between two manned spacecraft (Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5), the longest manned flight involving only one spacecraft (the 18-day flight of Soyuz 9 in 1970) and the first successful manning of the first space station in the history of space flight (Soyuz 11 and Salyut 1 in 1971).", "title": "Soyuz 7K-OK" } ]

[ { "docid": "5254#62", "text": "A reception statute is a statutory law adopted as a former British colony becomes independent, by which the new nation adopts (i.e. receives) pre-independence common law, to the extent not explicitly rejected by the legislative body or constitution of the new nation. Reception statutes generally consider the English common law dating prior to independence, and the precedent originating from it, as the default law, because of the importance of using an extensive and predictable body of law to govern the conduct of citizens and businesses in a new state. All U.S. states, with the partial exception of Louisiana, have either implemented reception statutes or adopted the common law by judicial opinion.", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "620724#3", "text": "The law of most of the states is based on the common law of England; the notable exception is Louisiana, whose civil law is largely based upon French and Spanish law. The passage of time has led to state courts and legislatures expanding, overruling, or modifying the common law; as a result, the laws of any given state invariably differ from the laws of its sister states. Thus, as noted above, the U.S. must be regarded as 50 \"separate\" systems of tort law, family law, property law, contract law, criminal law, and so on. (In addition, the District of Columbia and the federal territories also have their own separate legal systems analogous to state legal systems, although they do not enjoy state sovereignty.)", "title": "State law (United States)" }, { "docid": "27552742#8", "text": "The actual substance of English law was formally \"received\" into the United States in several ways. First, all U.S. states except Louisiana have enacted \"reception statutes\" which generally state that the common law of England (particularly judge-made law) is the law of the state to the extent that it is not repugnant to domestic law or indigenous conditions. Some reception statutes impose a specific cutoff date for reception, such as the date of a colony's founding, while others are deliberately vague. Thus, contemporary U.S. courts often cite pre-Revolution cases when discussing the evolution of an ancient judge-made common law principle into its modern form, such as the heightened duty of care traditionally imposed upon common carriers.", "title": "Law of the United States" }, { "docid": "3736878#5", "text": "A majority of U.S. jurisdictions do not follow the common law rule that a person must retreat prior to using deadly force. Whether the person retreated may, however, be relevant as to the reasonableness of the use of deadly force. Under the common law rule and the rule in a minority of states, the actor must have shown that he or she retreated prior to using deadly force unless: 1) it was not safe to retreat; or 2) the incident occurred at the actor's home. In addition, the Model Penal Code requires retreat or compliance, if it can be done with complete safety.", "title": "Self-defense (United States)" }, { "docid": "5254#28", "text": "In common law legal systems, the common law is crucial to understanding almost all important areas of law. For example, in England and Wales, in English Canada, and in most states of the United States, the basic law of contracts, torts and property do not exist in statute, but only in common law (though there may be isolated modifications enacted by statute). As another example, the Supreme Court of the United States in 1877, held that a Michigan statute that established rules for solemnization of marriages did not abolish pre-existing common-law marriage, because the statute did not affirmatively require statutory solemnization and was silent as to preexisting common law.", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "194261#40", "text": "All U.S. jurisdictions recognize common-law marriages that were validly contracted in the originating jurisdiction, because they are valid marriages in the jurisdiction where they were contracted. see: Full Faith and Credit Clause. However, absent legal registration or similar notice of the marriage, the parties to a common law marriage or their eventual heirs may have difficulty proving their relationship to be marriage. Some states provide for registration of an informal or common-law marriage based on the declaration of each of the spouses on a state-issued form.", "title": "Common-law marriage" }, { "docid": "15153859#26", "text": "All U.S. jurisdictions recognize common-law marriages that were validly contracted in the originating jurisdiction, because they are valid marriages in the jurisdiction where they were contracted, because of the Full Faith and Credit Clause. However, absent legal registration or similar notice of the marriage, the parties to a common law marriage or their eventual heirs may have difficulty proving their relationship to be marriage. Some states provide for registration of an informal or common-law marriage based on the declaration of each of the spouses on a state-issued form.", "title": "Marriage in the United States" }, { "docid": "1662030#0", "text": "Federal common law is a term of United States law used to describe common law that is developed by the federal courts, instead of by the courts of the various states. The United States is the only country to combine the creation of common law doctrines with a complete federalism, wherein the national supreme court has virtually no power to review state court decisions to determine whether the state courts have followed state laws. The High Court of Australia is sometimes said to have federal common law, but because all state and territorial courts are directly appealable to the High Court, this is indistinguishable from a general common law. In contrast, the United States Supreme Court has effectively barred the creation of federal common law in areas traditionally under the authority of state courts. Nevertheless, there are several areas where federal common law continues to govern.", "title": "Federal common law" }, { "docid": "15154305#7", "text": "Domestic contract of common law marriage was abolished in the following 27 states on the dates indicated. Note that Massachusetts (which included Maine, 1652 - 1820) abolished common law marriage during the colonial period and before it was abolished in England and Wales.These 13 states have never permitted domestic common law marriage; but like all 50 states and the District of Columbia, they recognise all validly contracted out-of-state marriages, including validly contracted common law marriages.Outside of confederation, the Territory of Guam does not recognise common law marriage. The Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands also does not recognise common law marriage but \"might\" recognise customary marriage. In \"Santos v. Commonwealth\", Petitioner argued that common law marriage was sufficiently similar to Carolinian customary marriage that it should be recognised as the same. The Court ruled that, while CNMI statute provides that (English) common law provides the rule of decision in the absence of statutory law \"or\" customary law to the contrary, Petitioner did not argue that her marriage was a marriage under \"customary\" law but a marriage under \"common law\"; thus, whereas a validly contracted marriage under Carolinian or Chamorro customary law might be held a valid marriage, a common law marriage could \"not\" be.", "title": "Common-law marriage in the United States" }, { "docid": "15154305#6", "text": "Today, domestic common law marriages can be contracted in the following nine jurisdictions:Additionally, these two jurisdictions recognise domestic common law marriage in the limited circumstances indicated:Of the remaining 40 states, 13 never permitted and 27 no longer permit common law marriages to be contracted within their jurisdiction. The latter group will only recognise a domestic common law marriage if it was contracted in the state prior to the date of abolition. Nevertheless, all states recognise validly contracted \"foreign\" common law marriages, because they recognise all validly contracted foreign marriages. E.g. California abolished the common law contract of marriage in 1895 and, thus, will only continue to recognise a domestic common law marriage contracted in California prior to that date; but any validly contracted \"out-of-state\" common law marriage will be recognised by California, because it recognises \"all\" validly contracted foreign marriages under Cal. Family Code 308.", "title": "Common-law marriage in the United States" }, { "docid": "15154305#9", "text": "All U.S. jurisdictions recognise all validly contracted out-of-state marriages under their laws of comity and choice of law/conflict of laws rules - including marriages that cannot be legally contracted \"domestically.\" Likewise, an invalidly contracted out-of-state marriage will not be valid domestically, even if it could have been validly contracted domestically. E.g. California allows first cousins to marry but Nevada does not. If two first cousins attempt to marry in Nevada, that marriage will not be valid in either Nevada or California, notwithstanding it could be legally contracted in California. But if they attempt to marry in California, their attempt will be successful and the marriage will be valid in both California and Nevada, notwithstanding the marriage could not be legally contracted in Nevada. (The Full Faith and Credit Clause of the United States Constitution does not apply to common law marriages because they are not public acts (i.e. statutes, ordinances, general laws, etc.), not public records, and not judicial proceedings.)", "title": "Common-law marriage in the United States" }, { "docid": "15154305#37", "text": "California Family Code Section 308 provides that a marriage validly contracted in another jurisdiction is valid in California. Thus, a common law marriage validly contracted in another jurisdiction is valid in California notwithstanding it could not be legally contracted within California; and a common law marriage that was not validly contracted in another U.S. jurisdiction is not valid in California. All other states have similar statutory provisions. Exceptions to this rule are marriages deemed by the jurisdiction to be \"odious to public policy\".", "title": "Common-law marriage in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "3168340#0", "text": "Commonwealth is a designation used by four of the 50 states of the United States in their full official state names: Kentucky, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Virginia. Commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Prior to the formation of the United States of America in 1776, all four were part of Great Britain's possessions along the Atlantic coast of North America. As such, they share a strong influence of English common law in some of their laws and institutions.", "title": "Commonwealth (U.S. state)" }, { "docid": "5254#89", "text": "Examples of common law being replaced by statute or codified rule in the United States include criminal law (since 1812, U.S. federal courts and most but not all of the States have held that criminal law must be embodied in statute if the public is to have fair notice), commercial law (the Uniform Commercial Code in the early 1960s) and procedure (the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure in the 1930s and the Federal Rules of Evidence in the 1970s). But note that in each case, the statute sets the general principles, but the interstitial common law process determines the scope and application of the statute.", "title": "Common law" }, { "docid": "15154305#11", "text": "Similar problems of proof may arise if the parties to a common law marriage were not actually domiciled in the state where they lived at the time they sought to contract the marriage; or they may have thought they were contracting a marriage but they did not actually conform to the law of the state in which they were living. The essential question is whether the marriage was validly contracted under the laws of the jurisdiction where the parties allege their marriage was contracted.", "title": "Common-law marriage in the United States" } ]

[ { "docid": "2047817#7", "text": "Sewer gas can contain methane and hydrogen sulfide, both highly flammable and potentially explosive substances. As such, ignition of the gas is possible with flame or sparks.\nThe methane concentration in open sewers is lower (7 to 15 ppmv) than the closed drains (up to 300 ppmv) in samples collected 2 cm above the level of sewage.", "title": "Sewer gas" } ]

[ { "docid": "3022#37", "text": "Septic tanks have to be pumped periodically by a vacuum truck to eliminate non reducing solids. Failure to pump a septic tank can cause overflow that damages the leach field, and contaminates ground water. Septic tanks may also require some lifestyle changes, such as not using garbage disposals, minimizing fluids flushed into the tank, and minimizing nondigestible solids flushed into the tank. For example, septic safe toilet paper is recommended.", "title": "Autonomous building" }, { "docid": "217773#0", "text": "A septic tank is an underground chamber made of concrete, fiberglass or plastic through which domestic wastewater (sewage) flows for basic treatment. Settling and anaerobic processes reduce solids and organics, but the treatment efficiency is only moderate (referred to as \"primary treatment\"). Septic tank systems are a type of simple onsite sewage facility (OSSF). They can be used in areas that are not connected to a sewerage system, such as rural areas. The treated liquid effluent is commonly disposed in a septic drain field which provides further treatment. However, groundwater pollution may occur and can be a problem.", "title": "Septic tank" }, { "docid": "47075289#9", "text": "Septage or \"septic tank sludge\" is partially treated sludge that is accumulated and stored in a septic tank or similar onsite sewage facility. Septage is a by-product from the pretreatment of household wastewater (sewage) in a septic tank. After a few years of accumulation, septage is usually pumped out of a septic tank by a vacuum truck. Septic tanks are receiving blackwater from flush toilets, as well as greywater. This means that septage only contains the kind of solid waste that can be flushed, such as toilet paper. Septage may also include \"scum\", which is material that floats at the top and contains fats, oil and grease as well as any floating solid waste.", "title": "Fecal sludge management" }, { "docid": "48664343#6", "text": "Proponents claim the additives in wastewater can facilitate reduction in organic load and pathogen removal, leading to significant improvements in effluent quality. They also claim benefits relating to the rate of sludge build-up and odor reduction. One source claims that septic tank additives can reduce hydrogen sulphide and ammonia production. Their reasoning is that additives contain natural’ organisms that prevail over the rather less ‘natural’ organisms that would otherwise dominate conditions in the treatment unit, whether this be a septic tank or some form of aerobic treatment. They even claim that by overcoming the effects of ‘unnatural’ substances such as bleach and other disinfectants, the use of septic tank additives allows septic tanks and other treatment systems to function in conditions that would otherwise have resulted in their becoming ‘dead’ and non-functional.", "title": "Pit additive" }, { "docid": "410530#8", "text": "Effluent sewer systems, also called septic tank effluent drainage (STED) or solids-free sewer (SFS) systems, have septic tanks that collect sewage from residences and businesses, and the effluent that comes out of the tank is sent to either a centralized sewage treatment plant or a distributed treatment system for further treatment. Most of the solids are removed by the septic tanks, so the treatment plant can be much smaller than a typical plant. In addition, because of the vast reduction in solid waste, a pumping system can be used to move the wastewater rather than a gravity system. The pipes have small diameters, typically . Because the waste stream is pressurized, they can be laid just below the ground surface along the land's contour.", "title": "Sanitary sewer" }, { "docid": "25983403#0", "text": "Effluent sewer systems, also called septic tank effluent drainage (STED) or solids-free sewer (SFS) systems, have septic tanks that collect sewage from residences and businesses, and the effluent that comes out of the tank is sent to either a centralized sewage treatment plant or a distributed treatment system for further treatment. Most of the solids are removed by the septic tanks, so the treatment plant can be much smaller than a typical plant. In addition, because of the vast reduction in solid waste, a pumping system can be used to move the wastewater rather than a gravity system.", "title": "Effluent sewer" }, { "docid": "217773#16", "text": "The fermentation processes cause the contents of a septic tank to be anaerobic with a low redox potential, which keeps phosphates in a soluble and, thus, mobilized form. Phosphates discharged from a septic tank into the environment can trigger prolific plant growth including algal blooms, which can also include blooms of potentially toxic cyanobacteria.", "title": "Septic tank" }, { "docid": "2006241#7", "text": "Septic tank and drain field microorganisms have very limited capability for catabolizing petroleum products and chlorinated solvents, and cannot remove dissolved metals; although some may sorb onto septic tank sludge or drain field soils, and concentrations may be diluted by other groundwater in the vicinity of the drain field. Cleaning formulations may reduce drain field efficiency. Laundry bleach may slow or stop microbial activity in the drain field, and sanitizing or deodorizing chemicals may have similar effects. Detergents, solvents and drain cleaners may transport emulsified, saponified or dissolved fats into the drain field before they can be catabolized to short-chain organic acids in the septic tank scum layer.", "title": "Septic drain field" }, { "docid": "217773#12", "text": "Like any system, a septic system requires maintenance. The maintenance of a septic system is often the responsibility of the resident or property owner. Some forms of abuse or neglect include the following:\nSeptic tank additives have been promoted by some manufacturers with the aim to improve the effluent quality from septic tanks, reduce sludge build-up and to reduce odors. However, these additives—which are commonly based on \"effective microorganisms\"—are usually costly in the longer term and fail to live up to expectations. It has been estimated that in the U.S. more than 1,200 septic system additives were available on the market in 2011. However, very little peer-reviewed and replicated field research exists regarding the efficacy of these biological septic tank additives.", "title": "Septic tank" }, { "docid": "217773#13", "text": "While a properly maintained and located septic tank does not pose any more environmental problems than centralized municipal sewage treatment, certain problems can arise with septic tanks in unsuitable locations. Since septic systems require large drainfields, they are not suitable for densely built areas.", "title": "Septic tank" } ]

[ { "docid": "167284#35", "text": "NBC News Channel is a news video and report feed service, similar to a wire service, providing pre-produced international, national and regional stories some with fronting reporters customized for NBC network affiliates. It is based in Charlotte, North Carolina with bureaus in New York City at 30 Rockefeller Plaza, Washington, D.C. on North Capital Street NW, and in Los Angeles at the Brokaw News Center on the Universal Studios Hollywood Lot. Its headquarters in Charlotte are connected to the studios of Charlotte NBC affiliate WCNC-TV. NBC News Channel also served as the production base of \"NBC Nightside\" and \"Canal de Noticias, NBC\".", "title": "NBC News" }, { "docid": "2046437#0", "text": "NBC Studios are located in the historic 30 Rockefeller Plaza (on Sixth Avenue between 49th and 50th streets) in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The building houses the NBC television network headquarters, its parent NBCUniversal, and NBC's flagship station WNBC (Channel 4), as well as cable news channel MSNBC.", "title": "NBC Studios (New York City)" }, { "docid": "21780#0", "text": "The National Broadcasting Company (NBC) is an American English-language commercial terrestrial television network that is a flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is headquartered at 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, with additional major offices near Los Angeles (at 10 Universal City Plaza), Chicago (at the NBC Tower) and Philadelphia (at the Comcast Technology Center). The network is one of the Big Three television networks. NBC is sometimes referred to as the \"Peacock Network\", in reference to its stylized peacock logo, introduced in 1956 to promote the company's innovations in early color broadcasting. It became the network's official emblem in 1979.", "title": "NBC" }, { "docid": "55710656#16", "text": "NBC intended to make Chicago a major hub for its radio networks. In 1930, the network leased more than 66,000 square feet of space in the newly completed Merchandise Mart with plans to move 50 radio programs which were presently originating in New York to their new Chicago headquarters. In 1931, NBC was able to purchase Chicago radio station WENR from financially troubled Samuel Insull. Later in the year, it bought WMAQ from the \"Daily News\". With the purchase of WMAQ, the network now owned a radio station in Chicago for their Blue Network (WENR) and their Red Network (WMAQ). While WMAQ was moved to NBC's new Merchandise Mart base of operations a few months after it was purchased, WENR remained at Chicago's Civic Opera House, where it was based when owned by Insull.", "title": "Judith C. Waller" }, { "docid": "21780#124", "text": "In 1993, NBC launched a 24-hour Spanish-language news channel serving Latin America (the second news channel serving that region overall, after Noticias ECO, and the first to broadcast 24 hours a day), Canal de Noticias NBC, which based its news schedule around the \"wheel\" format conceived at CNN. The channel, which was headquartered in the offices of the NBC News Channel affiliate news service in Charlotte, North Carolina, employed over 50 journalists to produce, write, anchor and provide technical services. Canal de Noticias NBC shut down in 1999 due to the channel's inability to generate sustainable advertising revenue.", "title": "NBC" }, { "docid": "5707760#1", "text": "The design, by Adrian D. Smith of Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, is considered one of the finest reproductions of the Art Deco style. It was inspired by 30 Rockefeller Plaza in New York City, which is NBC's global headquarters. The tower is further enhanced by the use of limestone piers and recessed tinted glass with granite spandrels. The building takes additional cues from the nearby landmark Tribune Tower with the use of flying buttresses. A broadcast tower and spire tops the skyscraper. WMAQ and WSNS have STL and satellite facilities on the roof; the STLs link to WMAQ and WSNS's transmitter facilities atop the Willis Tower. WMAQ radio/WSCR studios and STL were located in the building until 2006 when they relocated to Two Prudential Plaza.", "title": "NBC Tower" }, { "docid": "31620331#0", "text": "The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc., more commonly known as the National Baptist Convention (NBC USA or NBC), is the largest predominantly African-American Christian denomination in the United States. It is headquartered at the Baptist World Center in Nashville, Tennessee and affiliated with the Baptist World Alliance. The denomination claims approximately 31,000 congregations and reports having an estimated 7.5 million members.", "title": "National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc." }, { "docid": "759519#1", "text": "The site was founded in 1996 as a 50-50 venture between NBCUniversal and Microsoft at the same time as the two companies formed a separate joint venture for the cable news network MSNBC. Although they shared the same name, msnbc.com and MSNBC maintained separate corporate structures and news operations, with msnbc.com headquartered on the West Coast on the Microsoft campus in Redmond, Washington and MSNBC in the NBC headquarters in New York. Microsoft divested its stake in the MSNBC channel in 2005, and divested its stake in msnbc.com in July 2012.", "title": "NBCNews.com" } ]

[ { "docid": "1295216#56", "text": "The NBC television show \"The Apprentice\" was filmed in Trump Tower, on the fifth floor, in a fully functional television studio. The set of \"The Apprentice\" included the famous boardroom, which was prominently featured in the television show, where at least one person was fired at the end of each episode. Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., founded in 2015, is headquartered within part of the space where \"The Apprentice\" was filmed; unlike the former boardroom, the headquarters is unfurnished, with some offices containing \"only drywall and no door.\" After Trump's successful election in 2016, he indicated that Donald J. Trump for President, Inc., would remain in Trump Tower to organize his 2020 re-election campaign.", "title": "Trump Tower" }, { "docid": "13241785#0", "text": "NBC Sports Boston is an American regional sports network that is owned by the NBC Sports Group unit of NBCUniversal, and operates as an affiliate of NBC Sports Regional Networks. Headquartered in Burlington, Massachusetts, the channel broadcasts regional coverage of professional sports events throughout New England with a major focus on Boston area teams, as well as several original analysis, magazine and entertainment programs. It is available on cable providers throughout Massachusetts, eastern and central Connecticut, Vermont, Maine, New Hampshire and Rhode Island; it is also available nationwide on satellite via DirecTV.", "title": "NBC Sports Boston" } ]

[ { "docid": "50994304#1", "text": "Marvel initially produced two stories featuring Gwenpool as a character, a backup story in the series \"Howard the Duck\", and a one-shot \"Gwenpool Holiday Special\". A retcon in the \"Howard the Duck\" #1 backup revealed her name to actually be \"Gwen Poole.\" Following the publication of the one-shot, an ongoing series titled \"The Unbelievable Gwenpool\" by the same creative team was announced, which started in April 2016. \"The Unbelievable Gwenpool\" #0, collecting Poole's appearances from \"Howard the Duck\" and the first \"Gwenpool Holiday Special\", was later released.", "title": "Gwenpool" } ]

[ { "docid": "50994304#22", "text": "Gwen goes to visit the Earth-616 version of the Poole family despite MODOK's inability to find any records of Gwen existing before Doctor Strange's intervention, where she is greeted by her brother Teddy, who, for some unknown reason and with no real explanation, drags her back to her world (or a reasonably facsimile) before she can meet the Marvel version of her parents. She's then transported back to her universe, where she begins to live her normal life from the moment she left (2015) again with apparently no memory of her time in the Marvel Universe, which she hates. Gwen is drawn to a machine in a sleep study she volunteered for that could get her back to the Marvel Universe. Gwen is stopped from jumping into the vortex by her brother, who implies it's different to the way she originally entered the Marvel Universe, prompting her to reluctantly deactivate the machine and decide to go home. Then, while breaking the fourth wall and being confused by this, she sees a \"The End\" lying on the floor and picks it up before dropping and breaking it. It is then replaced by \"to be continued\" and a preview for #17, confusing Gwen.", "title": "Gwenpool" }, { "docid": "4184506#14", "text": "In the first series of \"Torchwood\", Gwen functioned as an audience surrogate. Russell T Davies likened her character type to that of 2005–06 \"Doctor Who\" lead female Rose Tyler (Billie Piper): \"She is the ordinary person who stumbles into something extraordinary and finds herself their equal.\" Eve Myles characterised Gwen as an ambitious and feisty young woman, who at the same time embodies many aspects of the girl next door archetype. Her distinct role within the team stems from the fact that \"she's there for the people\", who she feels \"instinctive and passionate\" about. Producer Richard Stokes noted that Gwen possesses more \"human empathy\" than the more mercenary members of the team, who are seen to be \"technology-and-alien-obsessed\". In this vein, lead actor John Barrowman commented that Gwen brings a \"little bit of soul\" back to Jack. Describing the ways in which Gwen's methods differ from the rest of the team, Myles explained how her police procedural training relates to the job: \"she deals with the families, she deals with profiling, she deals with searching people's backgrounds. It's a new way of working she brings in\". Myles stated that Gwen would have made a \"fantastic policewoman\" prior to joining Torchwood, drawing on the character's ability to get vulnerable characters to \"open up by making them feel comfortable\". Myles perceived Gwen to be \"the heart and emotion of \"Torchwood\"\", and \"Torchwood's social worker\" who can \"run and fight and stand in her own corner and win\". Gaining insight into Torchwood through curiosity, Gwen becomes part of Torchwood because they need her, just as she needs them. Gwen's friendship with former colleague Andy is used by the production team to juxtapose her extraordinary life with a mundane one, as well as highlighting her transformation into a harder woman. Andy is present immediately before Gwen first encounters Torchwood, and Myles feels his later appearances \"takes you right back to the beginning, it reminds you where she came from, how Jack found Gwen\". Myles observed that Gwen's many facets prevent her from getting bored; she feels constantly challenged \"physically\", \"mentally\" and \"morally\" through portraying the character.", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "4184506#4", "text": "Gwen is introduced in the first episode of \"Torchwood\", in which she—a Cardiff police officer— witnesses Captain Jack Harkness (John Barrowman) and his team interrogating a dead man in an alley. After investigating the Torchwood team, she locates the Torchwood Institute's Cardiff branch, home to a team of alien hunters. Though Jack wipes her memories, they are later triggered by reports of murders committed with exotic weaponry. Torchwood's own Suzie Costello (Indira Varma) is the serial killer. Gwen is present at Suzie's attempt to kill Jack, and Suzie's ensuing suicide. Jack reveals that he cannot die and offers Gwen a job in Torchwood. Jack and Gwen's relationship takes on a romantic hue, despite her long-standing relationship with boyfriend Rhys (Kai Owen). Gwen falls into a short-lived destructive affair with colleague Owen (Burn Gorman), after a particularly traumatic experience with cannibals, which she cannot share with Rhys. Shortly afterwards, Gwen is targeted and almost killed by a vengeful undead Suzie. In their conversations, Gwen is shocked to realise the extent to which Torchwood neglected Suzie's emotional welfare, and Suzie is resentful towards Gwen, who has replaced her both professionally, and as Owen's lover. Wracked with guilt, Gwen confesses her affair with Owen after it ends in \"Combat\", but she drugs Rhys with an amnesia pill so he will not remember her confession. In the series one finale, her desire to resurrect a murdered Rhys motivates her to mutiny against Jack by opening the rift in time and space which Torchwood monitors. After Jack sacrifices himself to the released supernatural demon, Gwen maintains a vigil, certain that he will resurrect. As she loses hope, giving Jack a parting kiss, he awakens and thanks her. Shortly afterwards, Jack abandons Torchwood to reunite with the mysterious \"Doctor\" from his past.", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "4184506#5", "text": "In 2008, as series two begins, Gwen has replaced Jack as team leader. When Jack returns to lead Torchwood, Gwen displays anger towards him for abandoning the team, and surprises him with the news she has become engaged. In a later episode she is forced to tell Rhys about her job at Torchwood when he assumes she is having an affair with Jack. After Rhys takes a bullet for her Gwen defies Jack by refusing to wipe Rhys' memories, feeling humbled by her partner's loyalty and bravery. In \"Something Borrowed\", despite being pregnant to an alien Nostrovite, Gwen refuses to postpone the wedding to Rhys. Her marriage makes Jack remember an earlier marriage of his own. In \"Adrift\" Rhys continues to push Gwen to unburden herself from her traumatic experiences, after her attempt to re-unite families with missing children stolen by the rift goes horribly wrong. In the series finale, Gwen's leadership skills allow her to co-ordinate Cardiff during the chaos caused by Captain John Hart (James Marsters) and Jack's younger brother Gray (Lachlan Nieboer). When Gray kills Gwen's teammates Toshiko (Naoko Mori) and Owen, Gwen is desolate. The character makes a crossover appearance in \"Doctor Who\" alongside Jack and Ianto (Gareth David-Lloyd) in its 2008 series' two-part finale, in which Torchwood help contact series protagonist the Doctor (David Tennant) during an invasion of the psychopathic mutant Daleks, and later must defend their headquarters from the attacking aliens. The Doctor suggests a connection to Gwyneth, a separate character portrayed by Eve Myles in the 2005 \"Doctor Who\" episode \"The Unquiet Dead\".", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "4184506#7", "text": "Fourth series \"\" (2011), an American co-production, re-establishes Gwen, Rhys and their daughter Anwen living reclusively in rural Wales. CIA agent Rex Matheson (Mekhi Phifer) renditions Gwen to the United States, believing a worldwide phenomenon wherein no one can die to be connected to Torchwood and she becomes part of a new Torchwood team alongside Jack, Rex and former CIA analyst Esther Drummond (Alexa Havins). In \"The Categories of Life\" and \"The Middle Men\" Gwen returns to Wales to rescue her ailing father Geraint (William Thomas), who survived a fatal heart attack on \"Miracle Day\", from a facility where the critically injured are incinerated. Upon her return to America her family are kidnapped as leverage to make her surrender Jack. Gwen tells Jack, now ostensibly mortal, that she would allow him to be killed to save Anwen. After Gwen is deported by senior CIA official Allen Shapiro (John De Lancie) because of her dissidence she focusses on protecting her father from the authorities; enclosing him in her mother Mary's (Sharon Morgan) cellar and supplying him with palliative medicine. The concluding episode, \"The Blood Line\" opens with Gwen eulogising her father as the kindest man she has ever known, before stating that she is about to kill him. When the power and profit driven conspirators behind Miracle Day try to thwart her resolve by wounding Esther, Gwen declares she will sacrifice her entire Torchwood team to restore order. She shoots Jack through the heart, allowing his unique blood to prompt an ancient phenomenon to reset the human morphic field. As Geraint and other \"Miracle Day\" survivors pass away peacefully, Jack's immortality is restored. Gwen is shocked to discover at Esther's funeral that Rex is now immortal too.", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "4184506#13", "text": "Lead writer and executive producer Russell T Davies initially had the idea of an unnamed policewoman stumbling across a team of alien investigators in an alley as a premise, before \"Torchwood\" or the 2005 revival of \"Doctor Who\" were commissioned. Having been enamoured by her television performances, most notably in the 2005 episode of \"Doctor Who\" in which she guest-starred, Davies wrote the character of Gwen specifically for Eve Myles. Myles stated that having the part written for her was like her \"own personal Oscar\". Part of the attraction of playing Gwen for Myles was that she had the opportunity to play an action hero with her own accent. Speaking on the casting of Welsh actors on \"Torchwood\", Davies commented that it was deliberately intended, to make the Welsh accent mainstream, \"to make it as acceptable as Scottish or Irish\". In an analysis of Welsh mythology in \"Torchwood\", Lynette Porter observes that Gwen's national consciousness forms part of her characterisation: her knowledge of local myths \"highlights her Welsh heritage and common knowledge from her experience and formal education.\" Discussing the international co-production behind series four, executive producer Julie Gardner commented that Myles' continued involvement helped ensure that the \"flavour of Wales\" remained evident.", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "4184506#20", "text": "Much of Gwen's characterisation centers on her developing relationship with her partner Rhys. Eve Myles describes the character as Gwen's \"normality base\". The relationship is tested by Gwen's affair with colleague Owen Harper (Gorman), a betrayal which Myles believes to be \"completely out of character\" for Gwen, explaining that the guilt experienced over her actions tears her to pieces. The production team had originally planned for Rhys to die in the first series but he was given a reprieve. Producer Richard Stokes explains that Rhys' presence keeps Gwen from losing her \"heart\" and that without him \"it simply becomes a sci-fi show about sci-fi people, running around and hunting aliens\". Julie Gardner adds that in the discussion, the writers had felt they could not have written Gwen as ever recovering from Rhys' loss, and so chose not to kill off the character. In his analysis of Gwen, Daniel Rawcliffe opines that Rhys helps to keep her mental health intact, and argues that his presence prevents her from undergoing the same psychological deterioration as Suzie.", "title": "Gwen Cooper" }, { "docid": "50994304#0", "text": "Gwendolyn \"Gwen\" Poole is a fictional character who appears in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, originating as an amalgam of Gwen Stacy and Deadpool on a variant cover of \"Deadpool's Secret Secret Wars\" #2, one of twenty variant covers published due to the popularity of Spider-Gwen from June 2015.", "title": "Gwenpool" }, { "docid": "7424489#1", "text": "The story is told from the perspective of Gwen Cooper (Eve Myles), who comes across the Torchwood team through her job as a police officer with the South Wales Police, who are investigating a series of strange deaths in Cardiff. Through Gwen's discovery of Torchwood, the audience are introduced to team members Owen Harper (Burn Gorman), Toshiko Sato (Naoko Mori) and Ianto Jones (Gareth David-Lloyd). Suzie Costello, as played by Indira Varma, had also been billed as a series regular prior to transmission, though in a twist the character was revealed as the murderer and killed off at the end of the episode, with Gwen replacing her as a member of the Torchwood team.", "title": "Everything Changes (Torchwood)" }, { "docid": "7693584#2", "text": "Gwen Cooper, played by Welsh actress Eve Myles, was recruited into Torchwood Three in the series premiere \"Everything Changes\". A policewoman, partnered with PC Andy Davidson, Gwen by the second series becomes elevated to the team's second-in-command, after serving as leader during Jack's absence. Despite their relationship being tested by Gwen's dishonesty, feelings for Jack Harkness and a tempestuous affair with Owen Harper, Gwen and her live-in boyfriend Rhys eventually get married. Gwen is one of two surviving agents following the destruction of the Cardiff branch of the Torchwood Institute, and goes into hiding following the birth of daughter Anwen. During Miracle Day she is conflicted between her Torchwood duties and her responsibility to her baby daughter and severely ill father.", "title": "List of Torchwood characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "25664190#15", "text": "Socrates was born in Alopeke, and belonged to the tribe Antiochis. His father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor, or stonemason. His mother was a midwife named Phaenarete. Socrates married Xanthippe, who is especially remembered for having an undesirable temperament. She bore for him three sons, Lamprocles, Sophroniscus and Menexenus.", "title": "Socrates" }, { "docid": "8564570#2", "text": "Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Harkness Pavilion, a private clinic in New York City's NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital. He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (1906 –1975) and his first wife, Athina Livanos (1929 –1974), herself a daughter of a Greek shipping magnate, Stavros G. Livanos. Onassis was named after his father's uncle, who was hanged by a Turkish military tribunal during their sacking of Smyrna in September 1922. Onassis's sister, Christina, was born in 1950.", "title": "Alexander Onassis" } ]

[ { "docid": "23221901#1", "text": "Socrates Tryon was born on January 24, 1816, Pawlet Township, Vermont, to Laura Hotchkiss and Jesse Tryon. The younger Tryon was educated at Castleton Medical College in Rutland County, graduating in the Spring of 1836. His grandfather, Socrates Hotchkiss, was also a physician in Vermont. Socrates Tryon later moved to the Iowa Territory where he lived in Linn County and served as the clerk for the United States District Court in 1840. The territorial governor had appointed him as sheriff of the county in January 1839, but Tryon declined the position. Tyron represented Linn and Benton counties at Iowa's Second Constitutional Convention held in May 1846, which led to the admission of Iowa into the Union in December of that year. Tyron then moved to California with his wife, Frances (née Safley), and son, Socrates Hotchkiss Tryon Jr., before moving north to the Oregon Territory. There he was one of the first physicians in Oregon, settling a donation land claim in 1850 near what later became the city of Lake Oswego.", "title": "Socrates Hotchkiss Tryon Sr." }, { "docid": "25664190#14", "text": "The year of birth of Socrates stated is an assumed date, or estimate, given the fact of the dating of anything in ancient history in part being sometimes reliant on argument stemming from the inexact period \"floruit\" of individuals. Diogenes Laërtius stated Socrates birth date was \"the sixth day of Thargelion, the day when the Athenians purify the city\". Contemporaneous sources state, he was born not very much later than sometime after the year 471, his date of birth is within the period of years ranging 470 to 469 BC, or within a range 469 to 468 BC (corresponding to the fourth year of the 77th Olympiad).", "title": "Socrates" }, { "docid": "171171#21", "text": "Socrates, believed to have been born in Athens in the 5th century BCE, marks a watershed in ancient Greek philosophy. Athens was a center of learning, with sophists and philosophers traveling from across Greece to teach rhetoric, astronomy, cosmology, geometry, and the like. The great statesman Pericles was closely associated with this new learning and a friend of Anaxagoras, however, and his political opponents struck at him by taking advantage of a conservative reaction against the philosophers; it became a crime to investigate the things above the heavens or below the earth, subjects considered impious. Anaxagoras is said to have been charged and to have fled into exile when Socrates was about twenty years of age. There is a story that Protagoras, too, was forced to flee and that the Athenians burned his books. Socrates, however, is the only subject recorded as charged under this law, convicted, and sentenced to death in 399 BCE (see Trial of Socrates). In the version of his defense speech presented by Plato, he claims that it is the envy he arouses on account of his being a philosopher that will convict him.", "title": "Ancient Greek philosophy" }, { "docid": "20020595#0", "text": "Socrates (c. 436 BC – 401 BC) was a Greek mercenary general from Achaea who traveled to Persia to fight at the Battle of Cunaxa. Xenophon describes him as brave in war and a reliable friend. Socrates was summoned by Cyrus, with whom he was already connected, to bring as many troops as he could muster under the pretense that Cyrus intended to attack Tissaphernes. Socrates had previously been besieging Miletus alongside Pasion the Megarian. Socrates brought Cyrus about 500 Hoplites. Socrates and the other troops were only later told that Cyrus intended to seize the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes. Socrates fought at the Battle of Cunaxa and the Greek forces were able to drive the Persians into retreat, but Cyrus and his force faced heavy casualties and Cyrus himself was killed in battle.", "title": "Socrates of Achaea" }, { "docid": "17977209#0", "text": "The Death of Socrates () is an oil on canvas painted by French painter Jacques-Louis David in 1787. The painting focuses on a classical subject like many of his works from that decade, in this case the story of the execution of Socrates as told by Plato in his \"Phaedo\". In this story, Socrates has been convicted of corrupting the youth of Athens and introducing strange gods, and has been sentenced to die by drinking poison hemlock. Socrates uses his death as a final lesson for his pupils rather than fleeing when the opportunity arises, and faces it calmly. The \"Phaedo\" depicts the death of Socrates and is also Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, which is also detailed in \"Euthyphro\", \"Apology\", and \"Crito\".", "title": "The Death of Socrates" }, { "docid": "872518#1", "text": "Socrates runs into Phaedrus on the outskirts of Athens. Phaedrus has just come from the home of Epicrates of Athens, where Lysias, son of Cephalus, has given a speech on love. Socrates, stating that he is \"sick with passion for hearing speeches\", walks into the countryside with Phaedrus hoping that Phaedrus will repeat the speech. They sit by a stream under a plane tree and a chaste tree, and the rest of the dialogue consists of oration and discussion.", "title": "Phaedrus (dialogue)" }, { "docid": "41866061#1", "text": "Born in Conway, Massachusetts, Nelson moved to Illinois and then Saint Louis, Missouri. In 1844, he moved to Stillwater, Wisconsin Territory, where he opened the first store. He was also in the lumber business. He served as Minnesota Territorial Auditor in 1835. He served as Washington County, Minnesota commissioner. Nelson then served in the Minnesota State Senate from 1859 to 1860. He died in Stillwater, Minnesota.", "title": "Socrates Nelson" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "18426568#0", "text": "The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA, ) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.", "title": "NASA" } ]

[ { "docid": "32412518#1", "text": "Salwāǧa corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Aquarius. \"Salwāǧa\" literally means \"pail of water\" in Pashto.", "title": "Salwāǧa" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "8517939#1", "text": "What \"H.A.M.M.E.R.\" stands for, if indeed it stands for anything at all, has not been revealed. In \"Dark Avengers\" #1, Osborn told Victoria Hand that it does stand for something, and when she asked what it stands for, he told her to \"get on that for him\". Also, in the \"\" Prelude, when Sin, who is captured by H.A.M.M.E.R, asks what it stands for, the agent present says that it's classified and she does not have a security clearance.", "title": "H.A.M.M.E.R." }, { "docid": "37366706#0", "text": "ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet. It represents the retroflex nasal (IPA: ) which is ण in Devanagari and is transliterated . In Saraiki it is written as ݨ.", "title": "ڼ" }, { "docid": "49691484#0", "text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.", "title": "ㅝ" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "49691472#0", "text": "ㅚ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅚ is U+315A.", "title": "ㅚ" }, { "docid": "258680#0", "text": "Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is \"ĥo\" (pronounced ).", "title": "Ĥ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" } ]

[ { "docid": "9465408#0", "text": "Admiralty House is located in Mount Pearl, Newfoundland. It was proposed in 1914 for the British Admiralty as a World War I communications post. It was constructed in 1915 by the Macroni Telegraph Company to serve the British Navy. This station, is now the last standing of 11 identical stations around the world. It was built to intercept secret German naval transmissions, track icebergs and track ships in distress. Today, it houses a museum, with exhibits on the history of Mount Pearl, Guglielmo Marconi and wireless communications, the wreck of SS \"Florizel\", and HMS \"Calypso\" (later HMS \"Briton\"), a training ship for the Newfoundland Royal Naval Reserve before and during World War I. The museum also house several collections and fonds detailing life in early 20th Century Canada. These include photos and documents from both World Wars.", "title": "Admiralty House, Mount Pearl" }, { "docid": "2988#34", "text": "This is the largest of the Admiralty Buildings. It was begun in the late 19th century and redesigned while the construction was in progress to accommodate the extra offices needed by the naval arms race with the German Empire. It is a red brick building with white stone, detailing in the Queen Anne style with French influences. It has been used by the Foreign and Commonwealth Office from the 1960s to 2016. The Department for Education planned to move into the building in September 2017 following the Foreign and Commonwealth Office's decision to leave the building and consolidate its London staff into one building on King Charles Street. Change of contractor (BAM was replaced by Willmott Dixon) delayed consolidation of Department for Education to the autumn 2018", "title": "Admiralty" } ]

[ { "docid": "55074096#0", "text": "The Admiralty Signal and Radar Establishment (ASRE) originally known as the Experimental Department and later known as the Admiralty Signal Establishment (ASE) and Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment (ASWE) was a research organisation of the British Royal Navy established in 1917 it existed until 1959 when it was merged with the Admiralty Gunnery Establishment to form the Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment its headquarters were located in Haslemere, Surrey, England.", "title": "Admiralty Signals and Radar Establishment" }, { "docid": "48621123#3", "text": "In 1939-41 a partly subterranean complex of buildings was constructed in the grounds of the house, within the ditch of the old fortifications, to serve as a combined RN/RAF headquarters for maritime operations; similar Area Command Headquarters were constructed at the same time close to the Royal Naval Dockyards at Portsmouth, Chatham) and Rosyth. The Prime Minister, Winston Churchill, visited the house and the combined headquarters in 1941. The headquarters were expanded during World War II by a series of underground tunnels, known as Plymouth Underground Extension (PUE), which formed a sizeable bomb-proof bunker complex under the garden of Admiralty House; it could be accessed from Richmond Walk, Blagdon's boatyard and Hamoaze House as well as from the headquarters building itself. PUE was closed in the 1950s but the headquarters block continued in use.", "title": "Admiralty House, Mount Wise" }, { "docid": "5215876#3", "text": "This name \"Admiralty\" reflects the area's association with the large British Naval Base (in the Sembawang area) that was established between 1923 and 1941. Given that the residence of the Rear Admiral of the British Navy was located in this area, the road name probably reflects the Naval High Command. When the British began the construction of the Naval Base they laid out and developed Admiralty Road in 1923 which ran through the Naval Base area. The base was the key British installation in the region and was projected as the Asian bastion of the British Empire between the world wars.", "title": "Admiralty, Singapore" }, { "docid": "39244000#2", "text": "It is the only tunnel that runs from east to the west of the Rock of Gibraltar, and during World War Two the tunnel was reworked and a 3,000-square-metre area roughly halfway down it became a state-of-the-art communications centre. This Allied Command Headquarters centre was protected from enemy bombs by metres of rock in every direction and contained the board room where the invasion of North Africa (Operation Torch) was planned by Dwight Eisenhower. As a result, Eisenhower not only commanded the operation, but he was the first non-British person to command Gibraltar in 200 years. It had its own systems for fresh air, electricity, lighting and communication links to the outside world.", "title": "Admiralty Tunnel" }, { "docid": "14559274#3", "text": "The Dutch Revolt (1568–1648) brought about the need for an improved organisation for the protection of trade, i.e., the sea routes of the new Dutch Republic. Difficulties quickly arose between the different provinces with different views on the design of such organisation. Originally there were three different admiralties: that of Zealand, that of the Southern Quarter of the province of Holland, and that of the Northern Quarter of Holland, with Friesland to be controlled by the latter. In 1587, the Northern Quarter Admiralty established its headquarters at Amsterdam. Quickly a dispute arose between Friesland and this Amsterdam Admiralty over earnings from convoys, over import and export rights, over the financial administration, and because Amsterdam was simply too far away. Consequently, on 6 March 1596, the States of Friesland decided on the \"Foundation of a Chamber or Council of Admiralty for this Territory.\" On 5 May 1597, Hoitze Aisma, Feijcke Tetmans, Sicke van Dijckstra, and Frans Jansz were entrusted with creating the Frisian Admiralty board.", "title": "Admiralty of Friesland" }, { "docid": "9411640#0", "text": "The Admiralty Yard Craft Service was the civilian service which operated auxiliary vessels for the British Admiralty, mainly in HM Dockyards or the vicinity. It was renamed the Port Auxiliary Service (PAS) on 1 October 1958 and the Royal Maritime Auxiliary Service in 1976", "title": "Admiralty Yard Craft Service" }, { "docid": "2258905#3", "text": "Admiralty House was designed by Samuel Pepys Cockerell, a protégé of Sir Robert Taylor, and opened in 1788. Built at the request of Admiral of the Fleet Viscount Howe, First Lord of the Admiralty, in 1782–83 for \"a few small rooms of my own\", it was the official residence of First Lords of the Admiralty until 1964, and has also been home to several British Prime Ministers when 10 Downing Street was being renovated. U.S. President John F. Kennedy attended a meeting there with Prime Minister Harold Macmillan in 1962 to discuss the allies' reaction to the communist threat and more wide-ranging matters.", "title": "Admiralty House, London" }, { "docid": "3330962#4", "text": "From 1827 the Commander-in-Chief was accommodated in Admiralty House, Sheerness, built as part of the renewal of Sheerness Dockyard. From 1834 to 1899 the command was known as the \"Commander-in-Chief, Sheerness\". In 1907 he moved to a new Admiralty House alongside the naval barracks (HMS \"Pembroke\") in Chatham, the Sheerness house being given over to the \"Commander-in-Chief, Home Fleet\". \nIn 1938 an underground Area Combined Headquarters was built close to Admiralty House to accommodate the Commander-in-Chief together with the local Air Officer Commanding (AOC No. 16 Group RAF, Coastal Command) and their respective staffs; similar headquarters were built close to the other Royal Dockyards. During the Second World War, the Nore station assumed great importance: it was used to guard the east coast convoys supplying the ports of North Eastern England.", "title": "Commander-in-Chief, The Nore" }, { "docid": "31669060#0", "text": "The Admiralty building is the former headquarters of the Admiralty Board and the Imperial Russian Navy in St. Petersburg, Russia and the current headquarters of the Russian Navy.", "title": "Admiralty building, Saint Petersburg" } ]

[ { "docid": "375366#0", "text": "The Leclerc tank (French: ) is a main battle tank (MBT) built by GIAT, now Nexter of France. It was named in honour of General Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, who led the French element of the drive towards Paris while in command of the Free French 2nd Armoured Division (\"2e DB\") in World War II. The designation AMX-56 – while very popular – is not used officially.", "title": "Leclerc tank" } ]

[ { "docid": "2995889#12", "text": "The French used a very wide range of tanks, including many unique types. France was the second largest tank producer in the world, behind the Soviet Union (see French armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II). Their cavalry tank class filled the role of what are now called MBTs. They also fielded a heavy tank design, and several lighter types for scouting and infantry support. In addition to these types, they were also working on super-heavy breakthrough tanks (FCM F1). The French didn't have an independent Tank Corps. All tanks belonged to either the Infantry or the Cavalry.The Renault FT-17 had a long life and saw use in World War II and even later in Indochina. It was utilised as far away as in China, during the Chinese Civil wars, and versions of the tank were used both against and by the Japanese during the invasion of China. A large number found their way into both Republican and Nationalist hands during the Spanish Civil War. They were used in the Russian Revolution by both the Bolsheviks and the White Russians, and later by the Finns against the Soviets. France exported the FT-17 right up to World War II. The design was also developed by the Italians as the Fiat 3000 and the USSR as the T-18.", "title": "Tanks of the interwar period" }, { "docid": "38932803#7", "text": "France also produced what may have been the best tank of the 1930s, the SOMUA S35. This tank equipped the armoured divisions of the Cavalry which had to execute the exploitation phase of a battle and was probably the best combination of armour, firepower and mobility prior to the appearance of the German PzKpfw IV Ausf. F2 and Soviet T-34. The S 35 had a long 47 mm gun that could kill any tank then in service, as well as heavy cast armour and good speed.\nThe French \"char de bataille\" Char B1 tank was a very formidable tank, with heavy cast and riveted armour, the same long 47 mm gun as in the S 35, and a hull-mounted 75 mm howitzer. All Char B1s were equipped with radio and the tank was nearly invulnerable to most tanks and towed antitank guns. They equipped the armoured divisions of the Infantry, which were specialised breakthrough units.\nThe French plan of 1926, calling for the creation of a Light Infantry Support Tank, led to the development of the existing Renault NC1 prototype into the Char D1. On 23 December 1930 a first order of 70 main production series of Char D1 tanks was made, followed on 12 July 1932 by a second order of 30; the last order on 16 October 1933 was of 50 vehicles, for a total of 150, delivered between January 1932 and early 1935.", "title": "Tanks in France" }, { "docid": "26700762#5", "text": "In general, French tanks of the 1930s were well-armored, innovative vehicles that owed little to foreign designs. However, the light tanks lacked firepower and almost all French tanks were handicapped by their one-man turrets, even the larger tanks such as the Char B1, which overworked the commander who, besides directing the vehicle, or even a troop, had to load and aim the turret gun. The lack of radios with the light tanks was not seen as a major drawback, since French doctrine called for slow-paced, deliberate maneuvers in close conformance to plans. The role of small unit leaders was to execute plans, not to take the initiative in combat. In 1939, a belated effort was made to improve flexibility and increase the number of radios.", "title": "Light tank" }, { "docid": "38932803#12", "text": "In armour and firepower, French tanks were generally not inferior to their German counterparts. In one incident, a single Char B1 \"Eure\" was able to destroy thirteen German tanks within a few minutes in Stonne on 16 May 1940, all of them Panzer III and Panzer IV tanks. The 37mm and 20mm guns the Germans used were ineffective at penetrating the thick armour of the B1, which was able to return safely despite being hit a large number of times. Even German General Rommel was surprised at how the French tanks withstood the German tank shells and had to resort to using the German 88 artillery as antitank guns against the French tanks to knock them out. Setbacks the French military suffered were more related to strategy, tactics and organisation than technology and design. Almost 80 percent of French tanks did not have radios, since the battle doctrine employed by the French military was more a slow-paced, deliberate conformance to planned maneuvers. French tank warfare was often restricted with tanks being assigned for infantry support. Unlike Germany, which had special \"Panzerwaffe\" divisions, France did not separate tanks from the Infantry arm, and were unable to respond quickly to the Blitzkrieg tactics employed by the Germans, which involved rapid movement, mission-type orders and combined-arms tactics.\nThe S35 medium tank entered service in January 1936 with the \"4e Cuirassiers\". At the end of 1937 the SA 35 gun became available and deliveries of the main production series could begin. By mid 1938 a hundred had been produced, 270 on 1 September 1939 and 246 delivered. On this date 191 served with the troops, 51 were in depot and four had been sent back to the factory for overhaul. After the outbreak of war a fourth order of 200 was made, bringing the ordered total to 700. Later it was decided that from the 451st vehicle onward the tanks would be of the improved S 40 type. Production in fact totalled 430 by June 1940, including the prototype and the preseries.", "title": "Tanks in France" }, { "docid": "5673768#23", "text": "Free French Forces used all major versions of the M4. Tanks were provided by the U.S. under Lend-Lease. French armored divisions were organized and equipped the same as U.S. Army's \"light\" armored division table of organization and equipment of 1943. In 1943, the French decided to create their new army in north Africa, and had an agreement with the Americans to be equipped with modern US weapons. The French 2nd Armored Division () entered the Battle of Normandy fully equipped with M4A2s. The 1st and 5th DB, which entered southern France as part of the First French Army, were equipped with a mixture of M4A2 and M4A4 medium tanks. The 3rd DB, which served as a training and reserve organization for the three operational armored divisions, was equipped with roughly 200 medium and light tanks. Of these, 120 were later turned in to the U.S. Army's Delta Base Section for reissue. Subsequent combat losses for the 1st, 2nd, and 5th Armored Divisions were replaced with standard issue tanks from U.S. Army stocks including M4, M4A1, and M4A3 models.", "title": "Lend-Lease Sherman tanks" }, { "docid": "38932803#5", "text": "The French used a very wide range of tanks, including many unique types. France was the second largest tank producer in the world, behind the Soviet Union (see French armoured fighting vehicle production during World War II). French cavalry tank designs saw attempts to balance the needs of firepower, protection and mobility. They also fielded a heavy tank design, and several lighter types for scouting and infantry support. In addition to these types, they were also working on super-heavy breakthrough tanks (FCM F1). The French didn't have an independent Tank Corps. All tanks belonged to either the Infantry or the Cavalry.The Renault FT had a long life and saw use in World War II and even later in Indochina. It was utilised as far away as in China, during the Chinese Civil wars, and versions of the tank were used both against and by the Japanese during the invasion of China. A large number found their way into both Republican and Nationalist hands during the Spanish Civil War. They were used in the Russian Revolution by both the Bolsheviks and the White Russians, and later by the Finns against the Soviets. France exported the FT right up to World War II. The design was also developed by the Italians as the Fiat 3000 and the USSR as the T-18.", "title": "Tanks in France" }, { "docid": "621815#14", "text": "The last Saint-Chamond tank remaining in existence, an improved mid-1918 model, alongside other French tanks of World War I (Schneider CA1 and Renault FT), is preserved at the Musée des Blindés at Saumur, France. It had survived, together with a Schneider CA1 tank of the same vintage, at the Aberdeen Proving Grounds Ordnance Museum in Maryland and was donated by the U.S. to the French government in 1987. Between 2015 and 2017 it was restored to running condition and repainted in a World War I camouflage scheme, at a cost of €120,000. It took part in various displays throughout 2017 to mark the centenary of the first use of tanks by the French army.", "title": "Saint-Chamond (tank)" }, { "docid": "38932803#6", "text": "By the mid-1930s the French Army was replacing the aging FT fleet with a mixed force of light tanks both in the Infantry and Cavalry branches, as well as medium and heavy tanks. The Infantry light tanks included the Renault R 35, which followed the FT concept quite closely with its very small size, two-man crew, and short 37 mm gun armament. It was, however, heavily armored. The R 35 was mostly used to equip the independent tank battalions, an armoured reserve allocated at army level and intended to reinforce infantry divisions in breakthrough operations. French infantry divisions normally had no organic tank component. The R 35 was exported to Poland and Romania. The cavalry had the similar Hotchkiss H 35, armed with the same 37 mm, as well as light recon tanks such as the AMR 35.", "title": "Tanks in France" }, { "docid": "38932803#1", "text": "French development into tanks began during World War I as an effort to overcome the stalemate of trench warfare, and largely at the initiative of the manufacturers. The Schneider CA1 was the first tank produced by France, and 400 units were built. The French also experimented with various tank designs, such as the Frot-Laffly landship, Boirault machine and Souain experiment. Another 400 Saint-Chamond tanks were manufactured from April 1917 to July 1918, however these tanks were largely underpowered and of limited utility due to the design of the caterpillar tracks, which were too short in comparison with the tank's length and weight. The most significant French tank development during the war was the Renault FT light tank, which set the general layout for future tank designs and was used or redesigned by various military forces, including those of the United States.", "title": "Tanks in France" }, { "docid": "2995889#16", "text": "In general, French tanks of the 1930s were well-armoured, innovative vehicles that owed little to foreign designs. However, the light tanks lacked firepower and almost all French tanks were crippled by their one-man turrets. Even the vaunted Char B1 had a commander who was tasked with commanding the vehicle, aiming the main gun, and loading the main gun. If he were a platoon leader or company commander, he had the additional tasks of controlling his other units. Such a heavy set of tasks was overwhelming, and greatly reduced the effectiveness of the tanks. The lack of radios with the light tanks was not seen as a major drawback, since French doctrine called for slow-paced, deliberate manoeuvers in close conformance to plans: the \"Methodical Battle\" concept, adopted because wargaming showed it to be superior. The role of small unit leaders was to execute plans, not to take the initiative in combat. This was nearly the opposite of German doctrine, which stressed initiative and decision-making at low command levels (\"Auftragstaktik\"). In 1939 a belated effort was made to improve flexibility and increase the number of radios.\nDespite the views of Estienne and later Charles de Gaulle, the French general staff failed in defining an effective military doctrine regarding their use, due to the division of labour between infantry and cavalry tanks. In the Battle of France, despite an advantage in number and armour against the Germans, the French tanks were not used to good enough effect. The infantry tanks were only effective in executing the breakthrough phase of a battle; and thus useless as a mobile reserve. Ironically, cooperation with the infantry was poor. The Cavalry units alone were too few in number.", "title": "Tanks of the interwar period" } ]

[ { "docid": "5054125#1", "text": "The three ships of the class were built in Saint-Nazaire, France at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyards. The first modern \"megaships\" to be built, they also were the first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story atrium with glass elevators. They also had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies instead of oceanview cabins. The first ship, the \"Sovereign of the Seas\" launched in 1988, was the world's largest passenger ship in service, breaking the record held by the (originally designed as an ocean liner. \"Sovereign\" held this distinction until 1990 when \"Norway\" succeeded her after being refurbished with the addition of two more decks. In 1991, Royal Caribbean International launched a slightly modified sister ship, the \"Monarch of the Seas\". In 1992, the line launched its third and final sister ship, the \"Majesty of the Seas\". These ships were among the largest modern cruise ships to sail during the late 1980s and early 1990s.\nDuring that time, other major cruise lines also followed suit, building ships that included many of the same features and similar dimensions as the \"Sovereign\" class. Carnival Cruise Lines launched the \"Fantasy\" class in 1990, comparable in size to the \"Sovereign\" class and also featuring a multi-story atrium with glass elevators. Princess Cruises also countered by launching two ships in 1990 and 1991 to compete with the \"Sovereign\" class, the \"Crown Princess\" and the \"Regal Princess\". They also featured an atrium and two decks devoted to cabins with private balconies instead of windowed \"oceanview\" cabins. Since then, newer and larger ships have exceeded the size of the \"Sovereign\"-class ships. 'They are less than half the size of the \"Freedom\"-class ships and about a third the size of \"Oasis\"-class ships.", "title": "Sovereign-class cruise ship" }, { "docid": "143879#7", "text": "The first modern cruise, which defined the journey not just as transport but as the actual reward, commenced on 22 January 1891, when the SS \"Auguste Victoria\" (named after the German empress) set sail to cruise the Mediterranean for six weeks. The competitors initially sniggered at Ballin, who organized and supervised the voyage personally, but the project was a huge success. In order to accommodate the growing demand, another three of the SS \"Auguste Victoria\"'s sister ships operated as cruise liners, and in 1899, the Hamburg-America Line commissioned Blohm & Voss to construct the first purpose-built cruise ship, the \"Prinzessin Victoria Luise\". It was the very first cruise ship, one exclusively tailored for the needs of well-to-do passengers.", "title": "Albert Ballin" }, { "docid": "314855#6", "text": "The first vessel built exclusively for luxury cruising, was \"Prinzessin Victoria Luise\" of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin, general manager of Hamburg-America Line. The ship was completed in 1900.", "title": "Cruise ship" } ]

[ { "docid": "4761033#3", "text": "P&O first introduced passenger services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and have led to P&O Cruises being recognised as the world's oldest cruise line. The company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople and underwent rapid expansion in the later half of the 19th century, with its ships becoming larger and more luxurious. Notable ships of the era include the SS \"Ravenna\" built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel superstructure, and the SS \"Valetta\" built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.", "title": "P&O Cruises" }, { "docid": "314855#4", "text": "The birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the \"Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company\" in 1822. The company started out as a shipping line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name \"Peninsular Steam Navigation Company\". It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837. In 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the \"Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company\".\nP&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, and P&O Cruises has been recognised as the world's oldest cruise line. The company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of rapid expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger and more luxurious ships to serve the steadily expanding market. Notable ships of the era include the SS \"Ravenna\" built in 1880, which became the first ship to be built with a total steel superstructure, and the SS \"Valetta\" built in 1889, which was the first ship to use electric lights.", "title": "Cruise ship" }, { "docid": "428998#2", "text": "P&O Princess Cruises plc was formed in 2000, following the demerger of the cruise ship division of the P&O group. Originating as the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company in England in 1837, P&O operated the world's first commercial passenger ships, the predecessor of modern cruise ships. Restructuring of the P&O group in the 20th century led to its cruise operations being rebranded as P&O Cruises and P&O Cruises Australia, with the company acquiring Princess Cruises in 1974. Following the demerger in 2000, the company also acquired AIDA Cruises, as well as establishing the A'Rosa Cruises and Ocean Village brands.", "title": "Carnival Corporation & plc" }, { "docid": "314855#10", "text": "\"Queen Elizabeth 2\" also inaugurated \"one-class cruising\" where all passengers received the same quality berthing and facilities. This revitalized the market as the appeal of luxury cruising began to catch on, on both sides of the Atlantic. The 1970s television series \"Love Boat\", helped to popularize the concept as a romantic opportunity for couples. Another ship to make this transition was SS \"Norway\", originally the ocean liner SS \"France\" and later converted to cruising duties as the Caribbean's first \"super-ship\".\nContemporary cruise ships built in the late 1980s and later, such as \"Sovereign\"-class which broke the size record held for decades by \"Norway\", showed characteristics of size and strength once reserved for ocean liners — some have undertaken regular scheduled transatlantic crossings. The \"Sovereign\"-class ships were the first \"megaships\" to be built for the mass cruising market, they also were the first series of cruise ships to include a multi-story atrium with glass elevators. They also had a single deck devoted entirely to cabins with private balconies instead of oceanview cabins. Other cruise lines soon launched ships with similar attributes, such as the \"Fantasy\"-class, leading up to the Panamax-type \"Vista\"-class, designed such that two thirds of the oceanview staterooms have verandas. As the veranda suites were particularly lucrative for cruise lines, something which was lacking in older ocean liners, recent cruise ships have been designed to maximize such amenities and have been described as \"balcony-laden floating condominiums\".\nUntil 1975-1980, cruises offered shuffleboard, deck chairs, \"drinks with umbrellas and little else for a few hundred passengers\". After 1980, they offered increasing amenities. As of 2010, city-sized ships have dozens of amenities.", "title": "Cruise ship" }, { "docid": "24330434#1", "text": "The necessity of building a new passenger terminal was caused by the inability of the existing Marine Terminal for cruise ships longer than 200 meters. As a consequence, large passenger ships arrived in the commercial port of St. Petersburg. In 2002, the St. Petersburg administration has proposed to build a modern complex for the reception of cruise ships. The corresponding government order to begin construction of the marine passenger terminal was signed in 2005, Russian Prime Minister Mikhail Fradkov.In 2006 Marine facade Company has built:\nBy July 2007, 28th the educational sailing vessel named \"Young Baltiets\" was moored at berth number seven. In 2008 two moorings, building the cruise terminal and coastal constructions necessary for work are constructed and transferred in the summer. On September, 10th, 2008 the port accepted the first passenger cruise liner a 16-deck Italian vessel named \"Costa Mediterranea\". In 2009, On August a hydrofoil line to Peterhof and Winter Palace was started. In 2011 work on the passenger port was completed and the newly completed Marine Facade sea passenger port was officially handed over to the city government.", "title": "Passenger Port of St. Petersburg" }, { "docid": "15192708#5", "text": "The first full-time cruise ship was \"Ceylon,\" a P&O liner converted in 1881. Up to this point ship owners had occasionally used liners for off-season cruising. From 1881 the growth of the cruise industry proceeded slowly until the 1970s when major shipping operators became badly affected by the rise in popularity of longhaul jet air travel. Faced with falling demand for their mail and passengers services they turned their business to holiday cruises – voyages that usually end where they begin, providing short leisure visits to other ports on the way. In the case of Southampton at the time ships affected included Cunard's \"QE2\" and the P&O vessels SS \"Oriana\" and SS \"Canberra\": all originally built as fast liners, they began to offer a growing variety of cruises. Through the 1990s cruising's growing popularity saw huge increases in ship size and numbers as well as terminal capacity, with Southampton becoming one of the busiest cruise ports in the world.", "title": "Port of Southampton" }, { "docid": "1990825#9", "text": "The first P&O Princess Cruises purpose-built cruise ship was \"Royal Princess\" in 1984, the largest new British passenger ship in a decade, and one of the first, if not the first, ships to completely dispense with interior cabins. The ship served in P&O Cruises fleet as \"Artemis until 2011.\" The Swan Hellenic Cruiseship Minerva II, originally built as the Renaissance Cruises R8 was renamed Royal Princess in 2007 after an extensive refit during a drydock in Gibraltar.", "title": "Princess Cruises" }, { "docid": "3490205#27", "text": "In the early 1980s, a new port director, Charles Rowland, shifted the focus towards developing the port to a Cruise port. In 1982, a warehouse on the north side of the port was converted into Cruise Terminal 1. The \"SS Scandinavian Sea\", a 10,427-ton ship, was the first cruise ship to home-port at Port Canaveral. Early cruises were simple day cruises out into the ocean and back. The Port then purchased two former Bicentennial exhibit halls from NASA in 1983 and they became Terminals 2 and 3 in 1983. The following year the \"SS Royale\" of Premier Cruise Line was home-ported at Port Canaveral. The first year-round 3- and 4-day cruises to the Bahamas began. A fourth cruise terminal was built in 1986. Expansion into the Western Turning Basin began with the construction of Terminal 5. The \"Carnival Fantasy\" started sailing from there at that time becoming the first mega-ship to call the Port home.", "title": "Port Canaveral" } ]

[ { "docid": "1461479#0", "text": "Capital punishment is a legal penalty in the mainland of People's republic of China, as well as in Republic of China (Taiwan). It is mostly enforced for murder and drug trafficking, and executions are carried out by lethal injection or gun shot. Although Chinese government is often lambasted by Western governments on this issue, capital punishment as a legal penalty receives overwhelming public support in China , and remains popular in many other countries in Asia, including Japan with 80% of respondents supporting the death penalty.", "title": "Capital punishment in China" }, { "docid": "217487#79", "text": "The death penalty is one of the classical Five Punishments of the Chinese Dynasties. In Chinese philosophy, the death penalty was supported by the Legalists, but its application was tempered by the Confucianists, who preferred rehabilitation over punishment of any sort, including capital punishment. In Communist philosophy, Vladimir Lenin urged the retention of the death penalty, whilst Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that the practice was feudal and a symbol of capitalist oppression. Chairman Mao of the Communist Party of China and his government retained the death penalty's place in the legal system, whilst advocating that it be used for a limited number of counterrevolutionaries. The market reformer Deng Xiaoping after him stressed that the practice must not be abolished, and advocated its wider use against recidivists and corrupt officials. Leaders of the PRC's minor, non-communist parties have also advocated for greater use of the death penalty. Both Deng and Mao viewed the death penalty as having tremendous popular support, and portrayed the practice as a means to 'assuage the people's anger'.", "title": "Human rights in China" }, { "docid": "1461479#28", "text": "In Communist philosophy, Vladimir Lenin advocated the retention of the death penalty, while Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels claimed that the practice was \"feudal\" and a symbol of \"capitalist oppression\". Chairman Mao Zedong of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and his government glorified, to an extent, the death penalty's transient place in the legal system, while advocating that it be used for a limited number of counterrevolutionaries. Deng Xiaoping, who succeeded Mao Zedong, stressed that the practice must not be abolished and advocated its wider use against recidivists and corrupt officials. Leaders of China's minor, non-communist parties have also advocated for a wider use of the death penalty. Both Deng and Mao viewed the death penalty as having tremendous popular support and portrayed the practice as a means \"to assuage the people's anger\".", "title": "Capital punishment in China" }, { "docid": "1461479#34", "text": "According to an Amnesty International report, “available information indicates that thousands of people are executed and sentenced to death in China each year.” Human rights groups and foreign governments have criticized China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offenses, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's refusal to publish statistics on the death penalty. However, the vast majority of death sentences, as acknowledged by both the Chinese Supreme Court and the United States Department of State, are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.", "title": "Capital punishment in China" }, { "docid": "217487#87", "text": "Human rights groups and foreign governments have heavily criticised China's use of the death penalty for a variety of reasons, including its application for non-violent offences, allegations of the use of torture to extract confessions, legal proceedings that do not meet international standards, and the government's failure to publish statistics on the death penalty. However, as acknowledged by both the Chinese Supreme Court and the United States Department of State, the vast majority of death sentences are given for violent, nonpolitical crimes which would be considered serious in other countries.", "title": "Human rights in China" }, { "docid": "8221#40", "text": "Legal aspects of death are also part of many cultures, particularly the settlement of the deceased estate and the issues of inheritance and in some countries, inheritance taxation.\nCapital punishment is also a culturally divisive aspect of death. In most jurisdictions where capital punishment is carried out today, the death penalty is reserved for premeditated murder, espionage, treason, or as part of military justice. In some countries, sexual crimes, such as adultery and sodomy, carry the death penalty, as do religious crimes such as apostasy, the formal renunciation of one's religion. In many retentionist countries, drug trafficking is also a capital offense. In China, human trafficking and serious cases of corruption are also punished by the death penalty. In militaries around the world courts-martial have imposed death sentences for offenses such as cowardice, desertion, insubordination, and mutiny.", "title": "Death" } ]

[ { "docid": "1461479#29", "text": "Capital punishment is deeply entrenched in the Chinese legal system as the judiciary maintains the interests of the Communist party. Thus, the death penalty is issued in cases that are deemed to impact social stability. Some supporters of the death penalty believe that the legitimacy of the death penalty depends on a fair and just judiciary, but the current legal system in China is disproportionately skewed against the disenfranchised. In many instances the application of the law is arbitrary.", "title": "Capital punishment in China" }, { "docid": "217487#77", "text": "The death penalty in mainland China is officially administered only to offenders of serious and violent crimes, such as aggravated murder, but China retains in law a number of nonviolent death penalty offences such as drug trafficking. The People's Republic of China administers more official death penalties than any other country, though other countries (such as Iran and Singapore) have higher official execution rates. Reliable NGOs such as Amnesty International and Human Rights in China have informed the public that the total execution numbers, with unofficial death penalties included, greatly exceed officially recorded executions; in 2009, the Dui Hua Foundation estimated that 5,000 people were executed in China – far more than all other nations combined. The precise number of executions is regarded as a state secret.", "title": "Human rights in China" }, { "docid": "1461479#25", "text": "PRC authorities have recently been pursuing measures to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death, and limit how often the death penalty is utilized. Since 2005, China has experienced significant reforms on the death penalty system. In 2011, China abolished the death penalty for 13 crimes in Amendment VIII to the Criminal Law of PRC, which was the most important amendment passed since 1997. The National People's Congress Standing Committee adopted an amendment to reduce the number of capital crimes from 68 to 55. According to \"The Death Penalty in China: Reforms and Its Future\", the 13 crimes (19% of the total number of crimes punishable through death) were: \"smuggling of cultural relics; smuggling of precious metals; smuggling of precious animals or their products; smuggling of ordinary freight and goods; fraud connected with negotiable instruments; fraud connected with financial instruments; fraud connected with letters of credit; false invoicing for tax purposes; forging and selling value-added tax invoices; larceny; instructing in criminal methods; excavating and robbing ancient cultural sites or ancient tombs, and excavating and robbing fossil hominids and fossil vertebrate animals\".", "title": "Capital punishment in China" }, { "docid": "1461479#30", "text": "Capital punishment has widespread support in China, especially for violent crimes, and no group in government or civil society has vocally advocated for its abolition except some that are based in the West. Surveys conducted by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences in 1995, for instance, found that 95 percent of the Chinese population supported the death penalty, and these results were mirrored in other studies. In 2005 a survey of 2000 respondents showed that 82.1% supported the death penalty while 13.7% supported the abolishment of the death penalty. Polling conducted in 2007 in Beijing, Hunan and Guangdong found a more moderate 58 percent in favor of the death penalty, and further found that a majority (63.8 percent) believed that the government should release execution statistics to the public.", "title": "Capital punishment in China" } ]

[ { "docid": "36615225#0", "text": "The Rhodesian giraffe (\"Giraffa camelopardalis thornicrofti\"), more commonly known as Thornicroft’s giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe. It is sometimes deemed synonymous with the Luangwa giraffe. It is geographically isolated, occurring only in Zambia’s South Luangwa Valley. An estimated 550 live in the wild, with no captive populations. The lifespan of the Rhodesian giraffe is 22 years for males and 28 years for females. The ecotype was originally named after Harry Scott Thornicroft, a commissioner in what was then North-Western Rhodesia and later Northern Rhodesia.", "title": "Rhodesian giraffe" }, { "docid": "1328487#3", "text": "All giraffes are considered vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN, and the Masai giraffe population declined 52% in recent decades due to poaching and habitat loss. Overall, the approximate number of all populations accumulate to 32,550 in the wild. Demographic studies of wild giraffes living inside and outside protected areas suggest low adult survival outside protected areas due to poaching, and low calf survival inside protected areas due to predation are the primary influences on population growth rates. Survival of giraffe calves is influenced by the season of birth, and the seasonal local presence or absence of long-distance migratory herds of wildebeest and zebra. Metapopulation analysis indicated protected areas were important for keeping giraffes in the larger landscape. \"In situ\" conservation of Masai giraffes is being done by several government agencies including Kenya Wildlife Service, Tanzania National Parks, Zambia Wildlife Authority; and non-governmental organizations including PAMS Foundation, and Wild Nature Institute. Community-based wildlife conservation areas have also been shown to be effective at protecting giraffes. At several zoos, Masai giraffe have become pregnant and successfully given birth.", "title": "Masai giraffe" }, { "docid": "39531879#30", "text": "Classified as vulnerable, the wild giraffe population totals more than 100,000. In the wild, there are nine subspecies of giraffe, differing in appearance primarily by their coats. The giraffes at White Oak are in the subspecies of reticulated giraffes.", "title": "White Oak Conservation" }, { "docid": "12717#2", "text": "The giraffe has intrigued various cultures, both ancient and modern, for its peculiar appearance, and has often been featured in paintings, books, and cartoons. It is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as Vulnerable to extinction, and has been extirpated from many parts of its former range. Giraffes are still found in numerous national parks and game reserves but estimations as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of \"Giraffa\" in the wild. More than 1,600 were kept in zoos in 2010.", "title": "Giraffe" } ]

[ { "docid": "47190621#5", "text": "Giraffes occurred everywhere in Africa; the Nubian giraffe was widespread throughout North Africa, from Kenya to Egypt. The giraffe lives in savannahs and woodlands. The Nubian giraffe currently lives in eastern South Sudan and southwestern Ethiopia, and isolated pockets in Uganda and Kenya. It was estimated in 2010 that fewer than 250 live in the wild, although this number was uncertain. However, as of 2016, it was recently estimated that 2,150 Nubian giraffes live in the wild, 1,500 of those of the Rothschild's ecotype.", "title": "Nubian giraffe" }, { "docid": "12717#50", "text": "In 1997, Jonathan Kingdon suggested that the Nubian giraffe was the most threatened of all giraffes; , it may number fewer than 250, although this estimate is uncertain. Private game reserves have contributed to the preservation of giraffe populations in southern Africa. Giraffe Manor is a popular hotel in Nairobi that also serves as sanctuary for Rothschild's giraffes. The giraffe is a protected species in most of its range. It is the national animal of Tanzania, and is protected by law. Unauthorised killing can result in imprisonment. The UN backed Convention of Migratory Species selected giraffes for protection in 2017. In 1999, it was estimated that over 140,000 giraffes existed in the wild, estimations as of 2016 indicate that there are approximately 97,500 members of \"Giraffa\" in the wild, down from 155,000 in 1985. , there were more than 1,600 in captivity at Species360-registered zoos (not including non-Species360 zoos or any kept by private people).", "title": "Giraffe" }, { "docid": "10736601#0", "text": "Rothschild's giraffe (\"Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi\") is a subspecies of the giraffe. It is one of the most endangered distinct populations of giraffe, with 1669 individuals estimated in the wild in 2016.", "title": "Rothschild's giraffe" }, { "docid": "1914541#3", "text": "All giraffes are considered Vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN. In 2016, around 97,000 individuals from all subspecies were present in the wild. There are currently 5,195 northern giraffes.", "title": "Northern giraffe" }, { "docid": "41969475#0", "text": "The reticulated giraffe (\"Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata\"), also known as the Somali giraffe, is a subspecies of giraffe native to the Horn of Africa. It lives in Somalia, southern Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. There are approximately 8,500 individuals living in the wild. The reticulated giraffe was described and given its binomial name by British zoologist William Edward de Winton in 1899, however the IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.", "title": "Reticulated giraffe" }, { "docid": "10736601#1", "text": "The IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. \"Giraffa camelopardalis rothschildi\" was named after the Tring Museum's founder, Walter Rothschild, and is also known as the Baringo giraffe, after the Lake Baringo area of Kenya, or as the Ugandan giraffe. All of those living in the wild are in protected areas in Kenya and Uganda. In 2007, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed as a separate species from other giraffe. In 2016, Rothschild's giraffe was proposed to be conspecific with the Nubian giraffe, but that taxonomy has not been widely adopted.", "title": "Rothschild's giraffe" }, { "docid": "12717#11", "text": "The IUCN currently recognises only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies. In 2001, a two-species taxonomy was proposed. A 2007 study on the genetics of \"Giraffa\", suggested they were six species: the West African, Rothschild's, reticulated, Masai, Angolan, and South African giraffe. The study deduced from genetic differences in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that giraffes from these populations are reproductively isolated and rarely interbreed, though no natural obstacles block their mutual access. This includes adjacent populations of Rothschild's, reticulated, and Masai giraffes. The Masai giraffe was also suggested to consist of possibly two species separated by the Rift Valley.", "title": "Giraffe" } ]

[ { "docid": "17157119#16", "text": "Certain symptoms of autism spectrum disorders can interfere with the formation of interpersonal relations, such as a preference for routine actions, resistance to change, obsession with particular interests or rituals, and a lack of social skills. Children with autism have been found to be more likely to be close friends of one person, rather than having groups of friends. Additionally, they are more likely to be close friends of other children with some sort of a disability. A sense of parental attachment aids in the quality of friendships in children with autism spectrum disorders; a sense of attachment with one's parents compensates for a lack of social skills that would usually inhibit friendships.", "title": "Friendship" }, { "docid": "7952327#0", "text": "Social Stories were devised as a tool to help individuals on the autism spectrum better understand the nuances of interpersonal communication so that they could interact in an effective and appropriate manner. Although the prescribed format was meant for high functioning people with basic communication skills, the format was adapted substantially to suit individuals with poor communication skills and low level functioning. The evidence shows that there has been minimal improvement in social interaction skills. However, it is difficult to assess whether the concept would have been successful if it had been carried out as designed.", "title": "Social Stories" }, { "docid": "12391913#20", "text": "Unlike ADHD, which significantly increases the risk of substance use disorder, autism spectrum disorder has the opposite effect of significantly reducing the risk of substance abuse. This is because introversion, inhibition and lack of sensation seeking personality traits, which are typical of autism spectrum disorder, protect against substance abuse and thus substance abuse levels are low in individuals who are on the autism spectrum. However, certain forms of substance abuse, especially alcohol abuse, can cause or worsen certain neuropsychological symptoms which are common to autism spectrum disorder, such as impaired social skills due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the prefrontal cortex area of the brain. The social skills that are impaired by alcohol abuse include impairments in perceiving facial emotions, prosody perception problems and theory of mind deficits; the ability to understand humour is also impaired in alcohol abusers.", "title": "Dual diagnosis" }, { "docid": "36929890#8", "text": "Autism friendliness can have a significant impact on an individual's interpersonal life and work life, benefited by consistency across all areas of one's life.", "title": "Autism friendly" }, { "docid": "36929890#2", "text": "Being autism friendly means being understanding and flexible in interpersonal conversation, public programs and public settings. For example, a person might think that someone is being rude if they will not look them in the eyes - or doesn't understand cliches like \"it's a piece of cake\", when in fact there may be a reason for this. Depending upon the individual's level of functioning, a person who hears \"it's a piece of cake\" may take that literally and not understand that what is really meant is \"it will be easy\". For someone on the autism spectrum, being in an autism friendly environment means they will have a manageable degree of sensory stimuli, which will make them calmer, better able to process the sensory stimulation they receive, and better able to relate to others.", "title": "Autism friendly" }, { "docid": "4078100#17", "text": "Second, social skills treatment attempts to increase social and communicative skills of autistic individuals, addressing a core deficit of autism. A wide range of intervention approaches is available, including modeling and reinforcement, adult and peer mediation strategies, peer tutoring, social games and stories, self-management, pivotal response therapy, video modeling, direct instruction, visual cuing, Circle of Friends and social-skills groups. A 2007 meta-analysis of 55 studies of school-based social skills intervention found that they were minimally effective for children and adolescents with ASD, and a 2007 review found that social skills training has minimal empirical support for children with Asperger syndrome or high-functioning autism.", "title": "Autism therapies" }, { "docid": "3324864#12", "text": "The National Autistic Society said in 2008 that it was \"extremely concerned\" about possible harmful effects of the devices upon people with autism. Since autism causes auditory hypersensitivity, individuals with this disability can have more intense reactions to this sound, especially if they are also under 25. Since autism can also affect communication skills, some individuals may not be able to communicate their discomfort to caregivers. A supermarket in Longridge, England, removed a mosquito device in 2008 after a campaign by a 19-year-old Paul Brookfield, who has autism. Brookfield contended that the device was causing him pain due to his disability.", "title": "The Mosquito" }, { "docid": "4078100#16", "text": "Communication interventions fall into two major categories. First, many autistic children do not speak, or have little speech, or have difficulties in effective use of language. Social skills have been shown to be effective in treating children with autism. Interventions that attempt to improve communication are commonly conducted by speech and language therapists, and work on joint attention, communicative intent, and alternative or augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) methods such as visual methods, for example visual schedules. AAC methods do not appear to impede speech and may result in modest gains. A 2006 study reported benefits both for joint attention intervention and for symbolic play intervention, and a 2007 study found that joint attention intervention is more likely than symbolic play intervention to cause children to engage later in shared interactions.", "title": "Autism therapies" }, { "docid": "865678#7", "text": "People with autistic spectrum disorders are often deficient in social skills. This is most likely the result of the lack of theory of mind, which enables the person to understand other people's emotions. The concept of social skills has been questioned in terms of autistic spectrum. In response for the needs of children with autism, Romanczyk has suggested for adapting comprehensive model of social acquisitions with behavioral modification rather than specific responses tailored for social contexts.", "title": "Social skills" } ]

[ { "docid": "11996900#17", "text": "Employment for those with AS may be difficult. The impaired social skills can be likely to interfere with the interview process – and people with often superior skills can be passed over due to these conflicts with interviewers. Once hired, people with AS may continue to have difficulty with interpersonal communications. Homelessness is very common among people with AS.", "title": "Societal and cultural aspects of autism" }, { "docid": "11996900#13", "text": "Individuals with Asperger syndrome (AS) may develop problems in their abilities to engage successfully in interpersonal relationships.", "title": "Societal and cultural aspects of autism" } ]

[ { "docid": "50774372#0", "text": "Junta ( or ) is a Spanish and Portuguese term for a civil deliberative or administrative council. In English, it predominantly refers to the government of an authoritarian state run by high ranking officers of a military. Military juntas can refer to either a government in which a coalition of military officers rules in conjunction or to a military dictatorship in which a leader's government and administration is staffed primarily by military officers. Juntas, like military dictatorships, are often the result of military coups. \"Junta\" literally means \"union\" and often refers to the army, navy and air force commanders taking over the power of the president, prime minister, king or other non-military leader.", "title": "Junta (governing body)" }, { "docid": "36753998#0", "text": "Junta () during Spanish American independence was the type of government formed as a patriotic alternative to the Spanish colonial government during the first phase of Spanish American wars of independence (1808–1810). The formation of juntas was usually an urban movement. Most juntas were created out of the already-existing \"ayuntamientos\" (municipal councils) with the addition of other prominent members of society.", "title": "Junta (Spanish American Independence)" }, { "docid": "2014815#1", "text": "This Junta—officially named the \"Junta Provisional Gubernativa de las Provincias del Río de la Plata a nombre del Señor Don Fernando VII\" (Provisional Governing Junta of the Provinces of Río de la Plata in the Name of Señor Don Ferdinand VII)—allegedly meant to govern in the name of the King of Spain, while he was imprisoned by Napoleon Bonaparte. Juntas were a form of transitional or emergency government, which attempted to maintain Spanish sovereignty, that emerged during the Napoleonic invasion in Spanish cities that had not succumbed to the French. The most important for Spanish America was the Junta of Seville, which claimed sovereignty over the overseas possessions, given the fact that the province of Seville historically had enjoyed exclusive rights to the American trade. Its claims had been rejected by Spanish Americans, and its authority was quickly superseded by a Supreme Central Junta of Spain, which included American representation.", "title": "Primera Junta" }, { "docid": "7053660#3", "text": "The term was also used in Spanish America to describe the first autonomist governments established in 1809, 1810 and 1811 in reaction to the developments in Spain. By the time the delegates were to be chosen for the Cádiz Cortes, some of the American provinces had successfully established their own juntas, which did not recognize the authority of either the supreme central one or the regency. Therefore, they did not send representatives to Cádiz, but rather the juntas continued to govern on their own or called for congresses to set up permanent governments. This development resulted in the Spanish American wars of independence.", "title": "Junta (Peninsular War)" }, { "docid": "6753451#1", "text": "The Junta was a pre-planned part of the programme of the \"Movimento das Forças Armadas\" (Movement of the Armed Forces; MFA), which aimed to exercise political power before the formation of a civilian government in order to prevent the immediate collapse of the Presidency of the Republic (then held by Rear-Admiral Américo Tomás) and of the government, along with the dissolution of the National Assembly and of the Council of State. Constitutional Law 1/74 of 25 April was promulgated in order to set this process in motion. The choice of President and Vice-President remained with the Junta itself.", "title": "National Salvation Junta" } ]

[ { "docid": "7053660#2", "text": "Realizing that unity was needed to coordinate efforts against the French and to deal with British aid, several supreme juntas—Murcia, Valencia, Seville and Castile and León—called for the formation of a central one. After a series of negotiations between the juntas and the discredited Council of Castile, which initially had supported Joseph I, a \"Supreme Central and Governmental Junta of Spain and the Indies\" met in Aranjuez on 25 September 1808, with the Conde de Floridablanca as its president. Serving as surrogate for the absent king and royal government, it succeeded in calling for representatives from local provinces and the overseas possessions to meet in an \"Extraordinary and General Cortes of the Spanish Nation\", so called because it would be both the single legislative body for the whole empire and the body which would write a constitution for it. By the beginning of 1810, the forces under the Supreme Central Junta's command had suffered serious military reverses—the Battle of Ocaña, the Battle of Alba de Tormes—in which the French not only inflicted large losses on the Spanish, but also took control of southern Spain and forced the government to retreat to Cádiz, the last redoubt available to it on Spanish soil (see the Siege of Cádiz). In light of this, the Central Junta dissolved itself on 29 January 1810 and set up a five-person Regency Council of Spain and the Indies, charged with convening the Cortes. Therefore, the system of juntas was replaced by a regency and the Cádiz Cortes, which established a permanent government under the Constitution of 1812.", "title": "Junta (Peninsular War)" }, { "docid": "49576481#0", "text": "The Junta of Castile and León (; JCyL) is the governing and administrative body of the Spanish autonomous community of Castile and León and serves as the executive branch and regulatory authority. It comprises the President of the Junta, the vice-presidents and the ministers (\"consejeros\"). The function of the Junta is to govern and administer the autonomous community.", "title": "Junta of Castile and León" }, { "docid": "28751371#2", "text": "The Government Junta of 1810 marked the beginning of the political independence of Chile. It was a government body created by the open council (\"cabildo\") of Santiago de Chile on September 18, 1810, in order to organize Chile governmentally and to take actions regarding the government's defense, after Ferdinand VII was taken prisoner by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1808. The Junta was the first autonomous form of government originated in central Chile since its conquest, and was presided over by the Governor of Chile, Mateo de Toro y Zambrano. It allowed the participation of the creole aristocracy, and it marked the beginning of the Chilean War of Independence. The Junta assembled a National Congress, which José Miguel Carrera overturned with a coup d'état.", "title": "Bicentennial of Chile" }, { "docid": "12062650#2", "text": "The Revolutionary Junta, created on April 13, had little direct political participation, since almost all its effort was focused on the military effort. Firmly established in Iquique prosecuted the war vigorously, and by the end of April the whole area was in the hands of the \"rebels\" from the Peruvian border to the outposts of the Balmacedists at Coquimbo and La Serena. The Junta now began the formation of a properly organized army for the next campaign, which, it was believed universally on both sides, would be directed against Coquimbo. The necessary arms and ammunition were arranged for in Europe; they were shipped in a British vessel, and transferred to a Chilean steamer at Fortune Bay, in Tierra del Fuego, close to the Straits of Magellan and the Falkland Islands, and thence carried to Iquique, where they were safely disembarked early in July 1891. A force of 10,000 men was now raised by the junta, and preparations were rapidly pushed forward for a move to the south with the object of attacking Valparaiso and Santiago, because in a few months the arrival of the new ships from Europe would reopen the struggle for command of the sea so the Congressional party could no longer aim at a methodical conquest of successive provinces, but was compelled to attempt to crush the dictator at a blow.", "title": "Government Junta of Chile (1891)" }, { "docid": "151373#26", "text": "What remained of the royalist army retreated to Veracruz and was cornered in the fortress of San Juan de Ulúa, and O'Donoju, who had been assured an important position in the government of the new empire, died shortly afterwards, dishonored by his Spaniard compatriots.\nIturbide was named President of the Provisional Governing Junta, which selected the five-person regency that would temporarily govern the newly independent Mexico. The junta had 36 members who would have legislative power until the convocation of a congress. Iturbide controlled both the membership of the junta and the matters that it considered. The junta would be responsible for negotiating the offer of the throne of Mexico to a suitable royal. Members of the former insurgent movement were left out of the government.", "title": "Agustín de Iturbide" } ]

[ { "docid": "14247822#5", "text": "The oldest car raced at Arena Essex Raceway is a 1928 Dodge Standard Six which started at the back in Firecracker XIII 2004. It is said to be one of the oldest bangers ever raced and after the meeting, was later sold to be used in a movie about damaged cars.", "title": "Arena Essex Raceway" }, { "docid": "52244#1", "text": "A type of hybrid between the purism of open-wheelers and the familiarity of touring car racing, this style is often associated with the annual Le Mans 24 Hours endurance race. First run in 1923, Le Mans is one of the oldest motor races still in existence. Other classic but now defunct sports car races include the Italian classics, the Targa Florio (1906–1977) and Mille Miglia (1927–1957), and the Mexican Carrera Panamericana (1950-1954). Most top class sports car races emphasize endurance (typically between 2.5–24 hours), reliability, and strategy, over pure speed. Longer races usually involve complex pit strategy and regular driver changes. As a result, sports car racing is seen more as a team endeavor than an individual sport, with team managers such as John Wyer, Tom Walkinshaw, driver-turned-constructor Henri Pescarolo, Peter Sauber and Reinhold Joest becoming almost as famous as some of their drivers.", "title": "Sports car racing" }, { "docid": "1905707#6", "text": "In 1906, Vincenzo Florio created the Targa Florio, one of the oldest car races in the world. The first Targa Florio covered 277 miles through multiple hairpin curves on treacherous mountain roads where severe changes in climate frequently occurred and racers even faced bandits and irate shepherds. The race passed through many small villages, and fans lined up along the roads with no protection from the race cars. It was suspended in 1978 because of safety concerns. Today, the race continues with a different circuit as a minor racing event.", "title": "Florio family" }, { "docid": "1022#12", "text": "Turismo Carretera (Road racing, lit., Road Touring) is a popular touring car racing series in Argentina, and the oldest car racing series still active in the world.\nThe first TC competition took place in 1937 with 12 races, each in a different province. Future Formula One star Juan Manuel Fangio (Chevrolet) won the 1940 and 1941 editions of the TC. It was during this time that the series' Chevrolet-Ford rivalry began, with Ford acquiring most of its historical victories.", "title": "Auto racing" }, { "docid": "1140070#11", "text": "The Australian Grand Prix, which was one of the world's oldest Grands Prix having first run in 1928, was added to the Formula One World Championship for the first time in 1985. The race was held in Adelaide, South Australia on a street circuit on 3 November as the last race of the season. The Adelaide Street Circuit was praised by the Formula One fraternity, most of whom arrived down under fully expecting another bad street circuit like Las Vegas, Detroit and Dallas, but instead found a fast, open circuit with a 900-metre long straight where the faster cars reached over . The 50th running of the Australian Grand Prix won the Formula One Promotional Trophy for Race Promoter as the best race meeting of the year. FOCA boss and Brabham team owner Bernie Ecclestone shocked a press conference when he declared that he believed that the standard of the organisation and the circuit itself was bad news for Formula One. He then explained to the shocked media that Adelaide had raised the standards of what would be expected in the future and that several tracks in Europe already on the calendar, or hoping to be, would have to lift their own games in order to match it.", "title": "1985 Formula One World Championship" }, { "docid": "51243246#21", "text": "One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2.5-mile (4.02 km)-long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, built from March to August 1909, when it first opened for racing. It is the largest capacity sports venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257,000+ seated spectators. The oldest asphalt-paved oval track in the United States is Thompson Speedway Motorsports Park in Thompson, Connecticut, once known as the \"Indianapolis of the East.\"", "title": "History of auto racing" } ]

[ { "docid": "9109769#0", "text": "The 12 Hours at the Point was an endurance race for sports cars and sedans hosted by the Washington, D.C. Region of the Sports Car Club of America (SCCA). The initial event was staged in June 1999 at Summit Point Motorsports Park in Summit Point, West Virginia. With the exception of 2006, the race has been held on the weekend closest to June 1. It is the oldest perennial SCCA-sanctioned endurance race.", "title": "12 Hours at the Point" }, { "docid": "2274420#0", "text": "The First Data 500 is a Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held at Martinsville Speedway in Ridgeway, Virginia, the other one being the STP 500 in March, The race has been run in every NASCAR Cup Series, starting with the inaugural 1949 season, making it the oldest NASCAR race still run today. It is the seventh race of ten in the NASCAR Cup Series Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series playoffs, and the first race in the 'Round of 8' of the current playoff format. Starting 2015, NBC has the rights for the final 20 races of the season (17 of 20), including this race.", "title": "First Data 500" }, { "docid": "5422722#1", "text": "He first excelled in modified stock car racing, winning a number of regional championships. He then competed in the USAC Silver Crown Series in 1994. Following the founding of the Indy Racing League in 1996, he competed in the series' second ever race at the Phoenix International Raceway but broke on the first lap. Two months later, he competed in the Indianapolis 500, qualifying the oldest car in the field, a 1992 Lola powered by a stock-block Buick V6 engine in the 24th position. He moved up from 24th to 18th in 9 laps before his engine failed. The following year he took over A. J. Foyt Enterprises' #1 car late on bump day and qualified in the final position with only 12 laps of practice in the car. He crashed on lap 111 of the race and was credited with 21st. Later that season he drove at Las Vegas Motor Speedway for Byrd-Cunningham Racing and finished 26th after a mechanical issue on lap 62. He drove in the first race of the 1998 season at Phoenix for Cobb Racing but suffered an engine failure 99 laps in. He failed to qualify for the 1998 Indianapolis 500 in the same car and his entry failed to arrive at the race the following week at Texas Motor Speedway despite being entered.", "title": "Paul Durant" }, { "docid": "772092#0", "text": "The Targa Florio was an open road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near the island's capital of Palermo. Founded in 1906, it was the oldest sports car racing event, part of the World Sportscar Championship between 1955 and 1973. While the first races consisted of a whole tour of the island, the track length in the race's last decades was limited to the of the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, which was lapped 11 times.", "title": "Targa Florio" }, { "docid": "41935771#0", "text": "The 1966 RAC Tourist Trophy saw the world’s oldest motor race, organised by the Royal Automobile Club, return to Oulton Park on 29 April, for the 31st running of the RAC International Tourist Trophy Race sponsored by \"Daily Express\". The TT, was the second round of the British Sports Car Championship.", "title": "1966 RAC Tourist Trophy" } ]

[ { "docid": "1795879#1", "text": "Schiller's philosophy was very similar to and often aligned with the pragmatism of William James, although Schiller referred to it as \"humanism\". He argued vigorously against both logical positivism and associated philosophers (for example, Bertrand Russell) as well as absolute idealism (such as F. H. Bradley).", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#44", "text": "While Schiller felt greatly indebted to the pragmatism of William James, Schiller was outright hostile to the pragmatism of C.S. Peirce. Both Schiller and James struggled with what Peirce intended with his pragmatism, and both were often baffled by Peirce's insistent rebuffing of what they both saw as the natural elaboration of the pragmatist cornerstone he himself first laid down. On the basis of his misunderstandings, Schiller complains that for Peirce to merely say \"'truths should have practical consequences'\" is to be \"very vague, and hints at no reason for the curious connexion it asserts.\" Schiller goes on to denigrate Peirce's principle as nothing more than a simple truism \"which hardly deserves a permanent place and name in philosophic usage\". After all, Schiller points out, \"[i]t is hard ... to see why even the extremest intellectualism should deny that the difference between the truth and the falsehood of an assertion must show itself in some visible way.\"", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#22", "text": "Now, while by today's philosophic standards Schiller's speculations would be considered wildly metaphysical and disconnected from the sciences, compared with the metaphysicians of his day (Hegel, McTaggart, etc.), Schiller saw himself as radically scientific. Schiller gave his philosophy a number of labels during his career. Early on he used the names \"Concrete Metaphysics\" and \"Anthropomorphism\", while later in life tending towards \"Pragmatism\" and particularly \"Humanism\".", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#23", "text": "Schiller also developed a method of philosophy intended to mix elements of both naturalism and abstract metaphysics in a way that allows us to avoid the twin scepticisms each method collapses into when followed on its own. However, Schiller does not assume that this is enough to justify his humanism over the other two methods. He accepts the possibility that both scepticism and pessimism are true.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" } ]

[ { "docid": "1795879#37", "text": "This passage of Schiller was worth quoting at length because of the insight this chapter offers into Schiller's philosophy. In the passage, Schiller makes the claim that thought only occurs when our unthinking habits prove themselves inadequate for handling a particular situation. Schiller's stressing of the genesis of limited occurrences of thought sets Schiller up for his account of meaning and truth.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#19", "text": "This re-introduction of teleology (which Schiller sometimes calls a re-anthropomorphizing of the world) is what Schiller says the naturalist has become afraid to do. Schiller's method of concrete metaphysics (i.e. his humanism) allows for an appeal to metaphysics when science demands it. However:", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#35", "text": "Both Schiller's theory of truth and meaning (i.e. Schiller's pragmatism) derive their justification from an examination of thought from what he calls his humanist viewpoint (his new name for concrete metaphysics). He informs us that to answer \"what precisely is meant by having a meaning\" will require us to \"raise the prior question of why we think at all.\". A question Schiller of course looks to evolution to provide.", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#27", "text": "While Schiller's will to believe is a central theme of \"Riddle of the Sphinx\" (appearing mainly in the introduction and conclusion of his text), in 1891 the doctrine held a limited role in Schiller's philosophy. In \"Riddles\", Schiller only employs his version of the will to believe doctrine when he is faced with overcoming sceptic and pessimistic methods of philosophy. In 1897, William James published his essay \"The Will to Believe\" and this influenced Schiller to drastically expanded his application of the doctrine. For a 1903 volume titled \"Personal Idealism\", Schiller contributed a widely read essay titled \"Axioms as Postulates\" in which he sets out to justify the \"axioms of logic\" as postulates adopted on the basis of the will to believe doctrine. In this essay Schiller extends the will to believe doctrine to be the basis of our acceptance of causality, of the uniformity of nature, of our concept of identity, of contradiction, of the law of excluded middle, of space and time, of the goodness of God, and more. He notes that we postulate that nature is uniform because we \"need\" nature to be uniform:", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#36", "text": "Schiller provides a detailed defence of his pragmatist theories of truth and meaning in a chapter titled \"The Biologic of Judgment\" in \"Logic for Use\" (1929). The account Schiller lays out in many ways resembles some of what Peirce asserts in his \"\" (1877) essay:", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" }, { "docid": "1795879#5", "text": "In 1891, F.C.S. Schiller made his first contribution to philosophy anonymously. Schiller feared that in his time of high naturalism, the metaphysical speculations of his \"Riddles of the Sphinx\" were likely to hurt his professional prospects (p. xi, \"Riddles\"). However, Schiller's fear of reprisal from his anti-metaphysical colleagues should not suggest that Schiller was a friend of metaphysics. Like his fellow pragmatists across the ocean, Schiller was attempting to stake out an intermediate position between both the spartan landscape of naturalism and the speculative excesses of the metaphysics of his time. In \"Riddles\" Schiller both, \nThe result, Schiller contends, is that naturalism cannot make sense of the \"higher\" aspects of our world (freewill, consciousness, God, purpose, universals), while abstract metaphysics cannot make sense of the \"lower\" aspects of our world (the imperfect, change, physicality). In each case we are unable to guide our moral and epistemological \"lower\" lives to the achievement of life's \"higher\" ends, ultimately leading to scepticism on both fronts. For knowledge and morality to be possible, both the world's lower and higher elements must be real; e.g. we need universals (a higher) to make knowledge of particulars (a lower) possible. This would lead Schiller to argue for what he at the time called a \"concrete metaphysics\", but would later call \"humanism\".", "title": "F. C. S. Schiller" } ]

[ { "docid": "1277129#35", "text": "and this has been interpreted to mean that the name of the country is simply \"Canada\". No constitutional statute amends this name, and the subsequent Canada Act 1982 does not use the term \"dominion\". However, the Canadian constitution includes the preceding BNA Acts, where the term is used; also, the Canada Act 1982 does not state that Canada is not a dominion. Official sources of the United Nations system,\ninternational organizations (such as the Organization of American States), the European Union,\nthe United States,\nand other polities with which Canada has official relations as a state consistently use \"Canada\" as the only official name, state that Canada has no long-form name, or that the formal name is simply \"Canada\". While no legal document ever says that the name of the country is anything other than \"Canada\", \"Dominion\" and \"Dominion of Canada\" remain official titles of the country.", "title": "Name of Canada" }, { "docid": "1390269#1", "text": "The name \"Canada\" comes from the word meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\" in the Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian language spoken by the inhabitants of Stadacona and the neighbouring region near present-day Quebec City in the 16th century. Another contemporary meaning was \"land.\" Jacques Cartier was first to use the word \"Canada\" to refer not only to the village of Stadacona, but also to the neighbouring region and to the Saint-Lawrence River.", "title": "List of place names in Canada of Indigenous origin" }, { "docid": "5042916#4", "text": "While a variety of theories have been postulated for the etymological origins of \"Canada\", the name is now accepted as coming from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word \"kanata\", meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\". In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona. Cartier later used the word \"Canada\" to refer not only to that particular village but to the entire area subject to Donnacona (the chief at Stadacona); by 1545, European books and maps had begun referring to this small region along the Saint Lawrence River as \"Canada\".", "title": "Canada" }, { "docid": "9678658#1", "text": "Canada itself is a name derived from a Laurentian Iroquois word meaning \"village\" (c.f. Mohawk \"kaná:ta’\"). See Canada's name for more details. Aboriginal names are widespread in Canada - for a full listing see List of place names in Canada of aboriginal origin. Those listed here are only well-known, important or otherwise notable places.NB Too many settlements, lakes, rivers, mountains and other items in British Columbia have indiegenous names for all of them to be included here. Only major or relatively notable items are listed.", "title": "List of placenames of indigenous origin in the Americas" }, { "docid": "1277129#0", "text": "The name of Canada has been in use since the founding of the French colony of Canada in the 16th century. The name originates from a Saint-Lawrence Iroquoian word (or ) for \"settlement\", \"village\", or \"land\". It is pronounced in English and in standard Quebec French. In Inuktitut, one of the official languages of the territory of Nunavut, the First Nations word (pronounced ) is used, with the Inuktitut syllabics ᑲᓇᑕ.", "title": "Name of Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "15410971#1", "text": "In English Canada, names follow much the same convention as they do in the United States and United Kingdom. Usually the \"first name\" (as described in e.g. birth certificates) is what a child goes by, although a middle name (if any) may be preferred—both also known as \"given names.\" The \"last name\" is usually taken from a child's parents, which may be from either or both (joined by hyphenation). Outside Quebec (with distinct civil law system), either spouse has the right to assume the otherʼs last name, as long as it is not intended for the purposes of fraud. Getting married does not result in a legal change of name nor automatically change identification records.", "title": "Canadian name" }, { "docid": "1277129#8", "text": "The known Portuguese presence in modern Canadian territory, meanwhile, was located in Newfoundland and Labrador. Neither region is located anywhere near Iroquoian territory, and the name \"Canada\" does not appear on any Spanish or Portuguese maps of the North American coast that predate Cartier's visit. No name for the Bay of Chaleur is attested at all in Spanish sources from that period, while the only name for Newfoundland attested in Portuguese sources is , after the region's plentiful cod.", "title": "Name of Canada" }, { "docid": "196075#47", "text": "Countless North American Indigenous words, inventions and games have become an everyday part of Canadian language and use. The canoe, snowshoes, the toboggan, lacrosse, tug of war, maple syrup and tobacco are just a few of the products, inventions and games. Some of the words include the barbecue, caribou, chipmunk, woodchuck, hammock, skunk, and moose. Many places in Canada, both natural features and human habitations, use indigenous names. The word \"Canada\" itself derives from the St. Lawrence Iroquoian word meaning \"village\" or \"settlement\". The province of Saskatchewan derives its name from the Saskatchewan River, which in the Cree language is called \"Kisiskatchewani Sipi\", meaning \"swift-flowing river.\" Canada's capital city Ottawa comes from the Algonquin language term \"adawe\" meaning \"to trade.\" Modern youth groups such as Scouts Canada and the Girl Guides of Canada include programs based largely on Indigenous lore, arts and crafts, character building and outdoor camp craft and living.", "title": "Indigenous peoples in Canada" }, { "docid": "4378212#42", "text": "Some advocates of inclusion promote the adoption of progressive education practices. In the progressive education or inclusive classroom, everyone is exposed to a \"rich set of activities\", and each student does what he or she can do, or what he or she wishes to do and learns whatever comes from that experience. Maria Montessori's schools are sometimes named as an example of inclusive education.", "title": "Inclusion (education)" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "1277129#9", "text": "In most versions of the Iberian origin theory, the Spanish or Portuguese passed their name on to the Iroquois, who rapidly adopted it in place of their own prior word for a village; however, no historical evidence for any such Iberian-Iroquoian interaction has ever actually been found. Elliott's \"valley\" theory, conversely, was that the Spanish gave their name for the area directly to Cartier, who then entirely ignored or passed over the virtually identical Iroquoian word. According to Elliott, Cartier never explicitly stated that there was a direct connection between or as the Iroquoian word for \"village\" and \"Canada\" as the new name of the entire territory, and never accounted for the spelling difference between and \"Canada\"—and thus the Spanish etymology had to be favoured because the spellings matched. Notably, Cartier never wrote of having any awareness of any preexisting Spanish or Portuguese name for the region either, meaning that Elliott's allegation that the derivation was not adequately supported by Cartier's own writing on the matter was also true of his own preferred theory.", "title": "Name of Canada" } ]

[ { "docid": "15755009#3", "text": "The Commonwealth was first officially formed in 1931 when the Statute of Westminster gave legal recognition to the sovereignty of dominions. Known as the \"British Commonwealth\", the original members were the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Irish Free State, and Newfoundland, although Australia and New Zealand did not adopt the statute until 1942 and 1947 respectively. In 1949, the London Declaration was signed and marked the birth of the modern Commonwealth and the adoption of its present name. The newest member is Rwanda, which joined on 29 November 2009. The most recent departure was the Maldives, which severed its connection with the Commonwealth on 13 October 2016.", "title": "Member states of the Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "4514433#4", "text": "The formation of the Commonwealth of Nations is dated back to the Statute of Westminster, an Act of the British Parliament passed on 11 December 1931. The Statute established the independence of the Dominions, creating a group of equal members where, previously, there was one (the United Kingdom) paramount. The solitary condition of membership of the embryonic Commonwealth was that a state be a Dominion. Thus, the independence of Pakistan (1947), India (1947), and Sri Lanka (1948) saw the three countries join the Commonwealth as independent states that retained the king as head of state. On the other hand, Burma (1948) and Israel (1948) did not join the Commonwealth, as they chose to become republics. In 1949 the Commonwealth chose to regard Ireland as no longer being a member when Ireland repealed legislation under which the King had played a role in its diplomatic relations with other states, although the Irish government’s view was that Ireland had not been a member for some years.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations membership criteria" }, { "docid": "21175158#1", "text": "The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was originally created as the \"British Commonwealth\" through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which modernised the community, and established the member states as \"free and equal\". The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is head of state of 16 member states, known as the Commonwealth realms, while 32 other members are republics and five others have different monarchs.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" } ]

[ { "docid": "6310075#0", "text": "The Commonwealth of Australia was formed on 1 January 1901, when the six British colonies of Australia were merged to form a single commonwealth within the British Empire. Apart from Western Australia, all of the founding area of the country was originally part of the Colony of New South Wales, founded in 1787. Since federation, the only changes to the borders have been the creation, acquisition, or independence of territories. Two countries became independent from Australia in the mid-20th century: Nauru, originally mandated to the country by the League of Nations; and Papua New Guinea, a combination of an earlier British protectorate and a League of Nations mandate.", "title": "Territorial evolution of Australia" }, { "docid": "21175158#12", "text": "On 18 April 1949, Ireland formally became a republic in accordance with the Irish Republic of Ireland Act 1948. Because it did this, it was automatically excluded from the Commonwealth. While Ireland had not actively participated in the Commonwealth since the early 1930s and was content to leave the Commonwealth, other dominions wished to become republics without losing Commonwealth ties. The issue came to a head in April 1949 at a Commonwealth prime ministers' meeting in London. Under the London Declaration, India agreed that, when it became a republic in January 1950, it would accept the British Sovereign as a \"symbol of the free association of its independent member nations and as such the Head of the Commonwealth\". Upon hearing this, King George VI told the Indian politician Krishna Menon: \"So, I've become 'as such'\". The other Commonwealth countries recognised India's continuing membership of the association. At Pakistan's insistence, India was not regarded as an exceptional case and it was assumed that other states would be accorded the same treatment as India.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "2018802#2", "text": "From 1938 to 1950 Schonfield examined various aspects of the project, including questions of international law. Schonfield came up with the idea of a body of persons from different countries which would have relations with the governments of other countries, without that organisation holding any territory itself. When the United Nations was formed, Schonfield wrote to the Secretary-General and to all the states party to the charter of his desire to form his Mondcivitan Republic.", "title": "Commonwealth of World Citizens" }, { "docid": "21175158#5", "text": "The Commonwealth developed from the imperial conferences. A specific proposal was presented by Jan Smuts in 1917 when he coined the term \"the British Commonwealth of Nations\" and envisioned the \"future constitutional relations and readjustments in essence\" at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 by delegates from the Dominions as well as Britain. The term first received imperial statutory recognition in the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921, when the term \"British Commonwealth of Nations\" was substituted for \"British Empire\" in the wording of the oath taken by members of parliament of the Irish Free State.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "21175158#35", "text": "At the time of the Suez Crisis in 1956, in the face of colonial unrest and international tensions, French Premier Guy Mollet proposed to British Prime Minister Anthony Eden that their two countries be joined in a \"union\". When that proposal was turned down, Mollet suggested that France join the Commonwealth, possibly with \"a common citizenship arrangement on the Irish basis\". Talks regarding a form of union faded away with the end of the Suez crisis.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "39582#120", "text": "The Commonwealth of Australia came into being when the Federal Constitution was proclaimed by the Governor-General, Lord Hopetoun, on 1 January 1901. From that point a system of federalism in Australia came into operation, entailing the establishment of an entirely new national government (the Commonwealth government) and an ongoing division of powers between that government and the States. The first Federal elections were held in March 1901 and resulted in a narrow plurality for the Protectionist Party over the Free Trade Party with the Australian Labor Party (ALP) polling third. Labor declared it would offer support to the party which offered concessions and Edmund Barton's Protectionists formed a government, with Alfred Deakin as Attorney-General.", "title": "History of Australia" }, { "docid": "21175158#42", "text": "Until 1948, there was a consensus among the existing half-dozen Commonwealth members that a Commonwealth realms that became a republic would ceased to be members but the situation changed in 1948 when newly-independent India announced its intention to become a republic on 1 January 1950 although it wished to remain in the Commonwealth. This was granted. Now, the majority of the Commonwealth members, including all those from Africa, are republics or have their own native monarch.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "5807102#71", "text": "On May 14, 1935, an election to fill the newly created office of President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines was won by Manuel L. Quezon (Nacionalista Party) and a Filipino government was formed on the basis of principles superficially similar to the U.S. Constitution. The Commonwealth as established in 1935 featured a very strong executive, a unicameral national assembly, and a supreme court composed entirely of Filipinos for the first time since 1901. The new government embarked on an ambitious agenda of establishing the basis for national defense, greater control over the economy, reforms in education, improvement of transport, the colonization of the island of Mindanao, and the promotion of local capital and industrialization. The Commonwealth however, was also faced with agrarian unrest, an uncertain diplomatic and military situation in South East Asia, and uncertainty about the level of United States commitment to the future Republic of the Philippines.", "title": "History of the Philippines (1898–1946)" } ]

[ { "docid": "1791543#6", "text": "The wars began in the last years of the reign of Augustus, first emperor of Rome. Augustus died an old but respected man in the year 14 and was celebrated with much pomp and splendor. He left a document to be read to the senate posthumously, expressly forbidding extension of the empire beyond the Rhine. News of the will was welcomed by the Germans, thinking it gave them a free hand in the region. Germanicus found it necessary to pacify the border, which he did by a combination of scorched earth raids and offers of alliance with Rome - in short, stick and carrot. These raids also kept the army of the lower Rhine distracted from the possibility of mutiny, which had broken out on Augustus's death and only been quelled by concessions and executions.", "title": "Angrivarii" }, { "docid": "1273#3", "text": "The reign of Augustus initiated an era of relative peace known as the \"Pax Romana\". The Roman world was largely free from large-scale conflict for more than two centuries, despite continuous wars of imperial expansion on the Empire's frontiers and the year-long civil war known as the \"Year of the Four Emperors\" over the imperial succession. Augustus dramatically enlarged the Empire, annexing Egypt, Dalmatia, Pannonia, Noricum, and Raetia, expanding possessions in Africa, and completing the conquest of Hispania, but suffered a major setback in Germania. Beyond the frontiers, he secured the Empire with a buffer region of client states and made peace with the Parthian Empire through diplomacy. He reformed the Roman system of taxation, developed networks of roads with an official courier system, established a standing army, established the Praetorian Guard, created official police and fire-fighting services for Rome, and rebuilt much of the city during his reign. Augustus died in AD 14 at the age of 75, probably from natural causes. However, there were unconfirmed rumors that his wife Livia poisoned him. He was succeeded as emperor by his adopted son (also stepson and former son-in-law) Tiberius.", "title": "Augustus" } ]

[ { "docid": "1273#77", "text": "Alternatively, it is possible that Livia did supply a poisoned fig (she did cultivate a variety of fig named for her that Augustus is said to have enjoyed), but did so as a means of assisted suicide rather than murder. Augustus' health had been in decline in the months immediately before his death, and he had made significant preparations for a smooth transition in power, having at last reluctantly settled on Tiberius as his choice of heir. It is likely that Augustus was not expected to return alive from Nola, but it seems that his health improved once there; it has therefore been speculated that Augustus and Livia conspired to end his life at the anticipated time, having committed all political process to accepting Tiberius, in order to not endanger that transition.", "title": "Augustus" }, { "docid": "4372392#11", "text": "Back on his deathbed, Augustus calls out for Julia. She reveals that she has returned to Rome in disguise and goes to his bedside though she refuses to take his hand. However, when he asks her \"Did I play my part well in the comedy of life?\" she takes the death mask from Livia, kisses his forehead and places it herself over Augustus's smiling dead face.\"Imperium: Augustus\" has received criticism for its historical accuracy on the characters and the events that happened, but has been made popular due to the exciting soap opera feeling the drama has. Among its many criticisms is the way Augustus' daughter, Julia, was portrayed. While the character herself is similar in terms of personality, her behaviour with other men is not drawn entirely as history recalls her. Modern historians however have come to see Julia as a much more tragic character than history tells her as, and therefore a number of the changes made to her character is justified. Near the end the Julia scandal breaks and Iullus tries to assassinate Augustus. In reality he never came close and was the only of Julia's lovers that did not get exiled. His fate was far worse, being tried for treason and sentenced to death. He committed suicide before they could execute him. Iullus was also not in Egypt to be spared as the film portrayed.", "title": "Imperium: Augustus" }, { "docid": "37531698#11", "text": "As the year progressed, Augustus fell seriously ill. He gave up the consulship, and as his condition worsened, he began to make plans for the stability of the state should he die. Augustus handed over to his co-consul Piso all of his official documents, an account of the public finances, and authority over all troops in the provinces, declaring his intent that Piso, as consul, should take over the functioning of the state for the duration of his consulship. However, Augustus gave his signet ring to his lifelong friend the general Agrippa, a sign that Agrippa would succeed him if he were to die, not Piso. After Augustus’ recovery, Calpurnius Piso completed the remainder of his term without incident. There is no record of his filling any other post after his consulship.", "title": "Gnaeus Calpurnius Piso (consul 23 BC)" }, { "docid": "54198981#2", "text": "When John Köhler died in 1801, another John Köhler, who had been apprenticed to him, took over the firm. The younger John's untimely death in 1805 meant that his wife was already a widow of five months when she gave birth to a son, John Augustus Köhler. It was John Augustus who would turn out to be the musical innovator of the family. During his childhood it seems that Thomas Percival in partnership with the boy's mother and later on his own ran the firm. In 1830 John Augustus set up a new workshop of his own at 35 Henrietta Street, Covent Garden, where he produced a range of high-quality brasswind instruments for the military and orchestral markets. He entered his mark at Goldsmiths' Hall in 1835. With his son Augustus Charles, who reached the age of majority in 1862, he produced instruments inscribed Köhler & Son, the name by which the firm was known thereafter. When he died in 1878, his son took over the business, moving shortly thereafter to premises in Victoria Street, Westminster. In 1879, he brought out anonymously a booklet titled: \"The Coach Horn: What to Blow, How to Blow It\".", "title": "Köhler & Son" }, { "docid": "1151358#4", "text": "Having no heir since the death of Marcellus, Augustus immediately adopted Lucius and his brother from their father by a symbolic sale following Lucius' birth, and named the two boys his heirs. It is unknown what their father thought of the adoption. Shortly after their adoption in the summer, Augustus held the fifth ever \"Ludi Saeculares\" (\"Secular Games\"). The adoption of the boys coupled with the games served to introduce a new era of peace – the \"Pax Augusta\". Augustus, mostly by himself, taught Gaius and Lucius how to read and swim, as well as how to imitate his own handwriting. He insisted that they earn the applause of people, instead of allowing them to receive it freely. Their adoptive father initiated them into administrative life when they were still young, and sent them to the provinces as consuls-elect.", "title": "Lucius Caesar" }, { "docid": "18702021#7", "text": "The record shows that during his service, on September 27, 1857 he deserted from Fort Randall, South Dakota. He was arrested 3 days later in Sioux City, Iowa having made his way 120 miles down the Missouri River. He was court martialed and sentenced to 6 months of hard labor with a ball and chain and fined $10 plus an additional fine to cover the cost of his recapture. During the trial he declined to testify in his own defense. Fortunately for Augustus, his commanding officer, Captain William M. Gardner, testified on his behalf and prevailed on the court to suspend the harsher penalties. Augustus was only required to make up the 3 days of lost service and pay $30 to cover the cost of his apprehension. The episode is not disclosed in his book. Augustus did however express his gratitude toward the Captain.", "title": "Augustus Meyers" }, { "docid": "17135102#7", "text": "When Augustus died in 14 AD, the Principate legally ended. While Augustus had granted Tiberius the legal standing that he needed in order to become \"Princeps\" (i.e., Roman Emperor), Augustus could not legally make Tiberius \"Princeps\". However, Tiberius' legal powers, as well as his status as the chosen heir of Augustus, gave him an opportunity that his ambition could not refuse. Tiberius knew that if he secured the support of the army, the rest of the government would soon follow. Therefore, Tiberius assumed command of the Praetorian Guard, and used his Proconsular \"imperium\" to force the armies to swear allegiance to him. As soon as this occurred, the senate and the magistrates acquiesced. Tiberius' efforts were so successful, that when the senate declared him \"Princeps\", he made his acceptance appear to be a concession to the demands of the senators. Under Tiberius, the power to elect magistrates was transferred from the assemblies to the senate. Now, the assemblies were only used to hear the results of magisterial elections. In addition, they did retain some theoretical legislative powers. When Tiberius died, Caligula was proclaimed emperor by the senate. Caligula transferred the electoral powers back to the assemblies, but then quickly returned those powers to the senate. In 41 Caligula was assassinated, and for two days following his assassination, the senate debated the merits of restoring the republic. Due to the demands of the army, however, Claudius was ultimately declared emperor. Claudius' antiquarian interests resulted in his attempts to revive the old Censorship, and to return some degree of independence back to the senate. Ultimately, Claudius was killed, and Nero was declared emperor.\nArguably, the most significant flaw in the constitution left by Augustus concerned the matter of succession. This deadly flaw was violently exposed in the year 69. Augustus had established a standing army, where individual soldiers served under the same military governors in the same provinces over an extended period of time. The consequence was that the soldiers in the provinces developed a degree of loyalty to their commanders, which they did not have for the emperor. Thus the empire was, in a sense, a union of inchoate principalities, which could have disintegrated at any time. The first indication of a nationalist movement appeared in Gaul (modern France) in 68, but this movement ended when its leader, C. Julius Vindex, was defeated by an army under L. Verginius Rufus. Rufus was the governor of Upper Germany, and while he was declared \"imperator\" by his soldiers, he decided not to use his support to march on Rome and make himself emperor. He did not decline this opportunity because he was loyal to the emperor Nero, but rather because of his own low birth, and his belief that his low birth might make it difficult for him to accomplish anything as emperor. Shortly after Rufus had been declared \"imperator\", Ser. Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, was proclaimed emperor by his troops. In Rome, the emperor Nero quickly lost his supporters and committed suicide. Galba, however, did not prove to be a wise leader. He chose to punish Rufus' troops, and to antagonize the Praetorian Guard by not fulfilling promises which had been made to them.", "title": "History of the Constitution of the Roman Empire" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "1273#64", "text": "A final reason for the Second Settlement was to give the Principate constitutional stability and staying power in case something happened to Princeps Augustus. His illness of early 23 BC and the Caepio conspiracy showed that the regime's existence hung by the thin thread of the life of one man, Augustus himself, who suffered from several severe and dangerous illnesses throughout his life. If he were to die from natural causes or fall victim to assassination, Rome could be subjected to another round of civil war. The memories of Pharsalus, the Ides of March, the proscriptions, Philippi, and Actium, barely twenty-five years distant, were still vivid in the minds of many citizens. Proconsular imperium was conferred upon Agrippa for five years, similar to Augustus' power, in order to accomplish this constitutional stability. The exact nature of the grant is uncertain but it probably covered Augustus' imperial provinces, east and west, perhaps lacking authority over the provinces of the Senate. That came later, as did the jealously guarded tribunicia potestas. Augustus' accumulation of powers were now complete. In fact, he dated his 'reign' from the completion of the Second Settlement, 1 July 23 BC.", "title": "Augustus" } ]

[ { "docid": "21175158#0", "text": "The Commonwealth of Nations, normally known as The Commonwealth, is a \"sui generis\" political association of 53 member states, nearly all of them former territories of the British Empire. The chief institutions of the organisation are the Commonwealth Secretariat, which focuses on intergovernmental aspects, and the Commonwealth Foundation, which focuses on non-governmental relations between member states.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "21175158#1", "text": "The Commonwealth dates back to the first half of the 20th century with the decolonisation of the British Empire through increased self-governance of its territories. It was originally created as the \"British Commonwealth\" through the Balfour Declaration at the 1926 Imperial Conference, and formalised by the United Kingdom through the Statute of Westminster in 1931. The current Commonwealth of Nations was formally constituted by the London Declaration in 1949, which modernised the community, and established the member states as \"free and equal\". The symbol of this free association is Queen Elizabeth II, who is the Head of the Commonwealth. The Queen is head of state of 16 member states, known as the Commonwealth realms, while 32 other members are republics and five others have different monarchs.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "6766#16", "text": "The Commonwealth of Nations—formerly the British Commonwealth—is a voluntary association or confederation of 53 independent sovereign states, most of which were once part of the British Empire. The Commonwealth's membership includes both republics and monarchies. The Head of the Commonwealth is Queen Elizabeth II, who also reigns as monarch directly in the 16 member states known as Commonwealth realms.", "title": "Commonwealth" } ]

[ { "docid": "21175158#16", "text": "At a time when Germany and France, together with Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, were planning for what later became the European Union, and newly independent African countries were joining the Commonwealth, new ideas were floated to prevent Britain from becoming isolated in economic affairs. British trade with the Commonwealth was four times larger than trade with Europe. The British government under Prime Minister Anthony Eden considered in 1956 and 1957 a \"plan G\" to create a European free trade zone while also protecting the favoured status of the Commonwealth. Britain also considered inviting Scandinavian and other European countries to join the Commonwealth so it would become a major economic common market. At one point in October 1956 Eden and French Prime Minister Guy Mollet discussed having France join the Commonwealth. Nothing came of any of the proposals.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "2731205#0", "text": "In general, a Commonwealth citizen is a citizen of a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations. This designation is given legal effect in the nationality laws of some Commonwealth countries, and Commonwealth citizens may enjoy some privileges in the United Kingdom and, less commonly, other member states. Each Commonwealth country determines what special rights, if any, are accorded to citizens of other Commonwealth countries. The status is most significant in British law and has little effect in many other Commonwealth countries, such as Australia.", "title": "Commonwealth citizen" }, { "docid": "21175158#20", "text": "The Commonwealth Secretariat, established in 1965, is the main intergovernmental agency of the Commonwealth, facilitating consultation and co-operation among member governments and countries. It is responsible to member governments collectively. The Commonwealth of Nations is represented in the United Nations General Assembly by the secretariat as an observer. The secretariat organises Commonwealth summits, meetings of ministers, consultative meetings and technical discussions; it assists policy development and provides policy advice, and facilitates multilateral communication among the member governments. It also provides technical assistance to help governments in the social and economic development of their countries and in support of the Commonwealth's fundamental political values.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "21175158#22", "text": "In recognition of their shared heritage and culture, Commonwealth countries are not considered to be \"foreign\" to each other, although the technical extent of this concept varies in different countries. For example, in Australia, for the purpose of considering certain constitutional and legal provisions no distinction is made between Commonwealth and foreign countries: in the High Court case of \"Sue v Hill\", other Commonwealth countries were held to be foreign powers; similarly, in \"Nolan v Minister for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs\", the nationals of other Commonwealth realms were held to be 'aliens'. Nevertheless, the closer association amongst Commonwealth countries is reflected at least in the diplomatic protocols of the Commonwealth countries. For example, when engaging bilaterally with one another, Commonwealth governments exchange high commissioners instead of ambassadors. Between two Commonwealth realms, they represent the head of government rather than the head of state.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" }, { "docid": "6766#1", "text": "The term evolved to become a title to a number of political entities. Three countries – Australia, the Bahamas, and Dominica – have the official title \"Commonwealth\", as do four U.S. states and two U.S. territories. More recently, the term has been used to name some fraternal associations of nations, most notably the Commonwealth of Nations, an organization primarily of former territories of the British Empire, which is often referred to as simply \"the Commonwealth\".", "title": "Commonwealth" }, { "docid": "862851#3", "text": "The Commonwealth of Australia is a federal nation with six states (and two mainland territories). Section 51 of the Australian Constitution sets out the division of legislative power between the states and the Commonwealth (federal) government. The Commonwealth government is given a variety of legislative powers, including control of foreign policy, taxation (although this cannot discriminate between states or parts of states), and regulation of interstate commerce and corporations. Since the original ratification of the constitution, the High Court of Australia has settled a number of disputes concerning the extent of the Commonwealth's legislative powers, some of which have been controversial and extensively criticised; these included a dispute in 1982 over whether the Commonwealth was entitled to designate land for national heritage purposes under United Nations agreements, as well as numerous disputes over the extent of the Commonwealth's power over trade union and industrial relations legislation.", "title": "State government" }, { "docid": "21175158#78", "text": "Due to their shared constitutional histories, several countries in the Commonwealth have similar legal and political systems. The Commonwealth requires its members to be functioning democracies that respect human rights and the rule of law. Most Commonwealth countries have the bicameral Westminster system of parliamentary democracy. The Commonwealth Parliamentary Association facilitates co-operation between legislatures across the Commonwealth, and the Commonwealth Local Government Forum promotes good governance amongst local government officials. Most Commonwealth members use common law, modelled on English law. The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council is the supreme court of 14 Commonwealth members.", "title": "Commonwealth of Nations" } ]

[ { "docid": "8447308#0", "text": "Survivor is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler. First published in 1978 as part of Butler's \"Patternist series\", \"Survivor\" is the only one of Butler's early novels not to be reprinted after its initial editions. Butler expressed dislike for the work, referring to it as \"my Star Trek novel.\"", "title": "Survivor (Octavia Butler novel)" }, { "docid": "173612#13", "text": "Butler's first work published was \"Crossover\" in the 1971 Clarion Workshop anthology. She also sold the short story \"Childfinder\" to Harlan Ellison for the anthology \"The Last Dangerous Visions\". \"I thought I was on my way as a writer\", Butler recalled in her short fiction collection \"Bloodchild and Other Stories\". \"In fact, I had five more years of rejection slips and horrible little jobs ahead of me before I sold another word.\"\nStarting in 1974, Butler worked on a series of novels that would later be collected as the Patternist series, which depicts the transformation of humanity into three genetic groups: the dominant Patternists, humans who have been bred with heightened telepathic powers and are bound to the Patternmaster via a psionic chain; their enemies the Clayarks, disease-mutated animal-like superhumans; and the Mutes, ordinary humans bonded to the Patternists.\nThe first novel, \"Patternmaster\" (1976), eventually became the last installment in the series' internal chronology. Set in the distant future, it tells of the coming-of-age of Teray, a young Patternist who fights for position within Patternist society and eventually for the role of Patternmaster.\nNext came \"Mind of My Mind\" (1977), a prequel to \"Patternmaster\" set in the 20th century. The story follows the development of Mary, the creator of the psionic chain and the first Patternmaster to bind all Patternists, and her inevitable struggle for power with her father Doro, a parapsychological vampire who seeks to retain control over the psionic children he has bred over the centuries.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" } ]

[ { "docid": "57382395#6", "text": "\"Luminescent Threads: Connections to Octavia E. Butler\" (Twelfth Planet Press, August 2017; ) is a collection of works by more than 40 writers, issued in honor of the 70th anniversary of Octavia E. Butler's birth. It is Mondal's first book-length work. The anthology was co-edited by Mondal and Alexandra Pierce. It consists of memoirs written as if addressed to Butler personally, mixed with more scholarly essays. The title is derived from Butler's novel \"Patternmaster\".", "title": "Mimi Mondal" }, { "docid": "4212295#0", "text": "Parable of the Sower is a science fiction novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler, the first in a two-book series. It was published in 1993.", "title": "Parable of the Sower (novel)" }, { "docid": "173612#11", "text": "During the 1990s, Butler worked on the novels that solidified her fame as a writer: \"Parable of the Sower\" (1993) and \"Parable of the Talents\" (1998). In 1995, she became the first science-fiction writer to be awarded a John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation fellowship, an award that came with a prize of $295,000.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" }, { "docid": "173612#6", "text": "After graduating from John Muir High School in 1965, Butler worked during the day and attended Pasadena City College (PCC) at night. As a freshman at PCC, she won a college-wide short-story contest, earning her first income ($15) as a writer. She also got the \"germ of the idea\" for what would become her novel \"Kindred\". An African-American classmate involved in the Black Power Movement loudly criticized previous generations of African Americans for being subservient to whites. As Butler explained in later interviews, the young man's remarks were a catalyst leading her to respond with a story providing historical context for the subservience, showing that it could be understood as silent but courageous survival. In 1968, Butler graduated from PCC with an associate of arts degree with a focus in History.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" }, { "docid": "173612#5", "text": "At the age of 10, she begged her mother to buy her a Remington typewriter, on which she \"pecked [her] stories two fingered\". At 12, she watched the televised version of the film \"Devil Girl from Mars\" (1954) and concluded that she could write a better story. She drafted what would later become the basis for her Patternist novels. Happily ignorant of the obstacles that a black female writer could encounter, she became unsure of herself for the first time at the age of 13, when her well-intentioned aunt Hazel said: \"Honey ... Negroes can't be writers.\" But Butler persevered in her desire to publish a story, even asking her junior high school science teacher, Mr. Pfaff, to type the first manuscript she submitted to a science fiction magazine.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" }, { "docid": "4272994#0", "text": "Kindred is a novel by American writer Octavia E. Butler that incorporates time travel and is modeled on slave narratives. First published in 1979, it is still widely popular. It has been frequently chosen as a text for community-wide reading programs and book organizations, as well as being a common choice for high school and college courses.", "title": "Kindred (novel)" }, { "docid": "173612#0", "text": "Octavia Estelle Butler (June 22, 1947February 24, 2006) was an African-American science-fiction writer. A multiple recipient of both the Hugo and Nebula awards, she became in 1995 the first science-fiction writer to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" }, { "docid": "173612#44", "text": "Charlie Rose interviewed Octavia Butler in 2000 soon after the award of a MacArthur Fellowship. The highlights are probing questions that arise out of Butler's personal life narrative and her interest in becoming not only a writer, but a writer of science fiction. Rose asked, \"What then is central to what you want to say about race?\" Butler's response was, \"\"Do\" I want to say something central about race? Aside from, 'Hey we're here!'?\" This points to an essential claim for Butler that the world of science fiction is a world of possibilities, and although race is an innate element, it is embedded in the narrative, not forced upon it.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" }, { "docid": "173612#15", "text": "After \"Survivor\", Butler took a break from the Patternist series to write what would become her best-selling novel, \"Kindred\" (1979) as well as the short story \"Near of Kin\" (1979). In \"Kindred\", Dana, an African-American woman, is transported from 1976 Los Angeles to early 19th-century Maryland. She meets her ancestors: Rufus, a white slave holder, and Alice, a black freewoman forced into slavery later in life. In \"Near of Kin\" the protagonist discovers a taboo relationship in her family as she goes through her mother's things after her death.", "title": "Octavia E. Butler" } ]

[ { "docid": "838771#13", "text": "Despite the influence, Fujiwara received no money from Lucas, and Lucas never personally thanked Fujiwara. Fujiwara may or may not have seen the Star Wars films, but he did not comment on what he thought of R2D2 or any other of the characters, though the subject of \"Star Wars\" was brought up in a televised discussion between himself, Akira Kurosawa, and his costars Misa Uehara and Minoru Chiaki. George Lucas acknowledged heavy influence of \"The Hidden Fortress\" on \"Star Wars\", particularly the technique of telling the story from the perspective of the film's lowliest characters, C-3PO and R2-D2.", "title": "Kamatari Fujiwara" }, { "docid": "41746273#0", "text": "R2-D2 is a fictional robot in the Star Wars franchise.", "title": "R2D2 (disambiguation)" }, { "docid": "63166#0", "text": "R2-D2 (), or Artoo-Detoo, is a fictional robot character in the \"Star Wars\" franchise created by George Lucas. A small astromech droid, R2-D2 is a major character and appears in nine out of the ten \"Star Wars\" films to date. Throughout the course of the films, R2 is a friend to C-3PO, Padmé Amidala, Anakin Skywalker, Leia Organa, Luke Skywalker, and Obi-Wan Kenobi in various points in the saga.", "title": "R2-D2" } ]

[ { "docid": "5215325#18", "text": "C-3PO and R2D2 are part of the droid complement of a ship carrying technology vital to the rebellion. When an attacks kills all the humans on board, something must be done. R2D2 has a plan.", "title": "Star Wars Tales Volume 2" }, { "docid": "63170#40", "text": "Daniels also played C-3PO in the live-action segments of \"Star Wars Holiday Special\", while only voicing the character in the animated portion. He also voiced C-3PO in the four \"Star Wars\" animated series \"\", \"\", \"\" and \"Star Wars Rebels\" as well as in the radio drama adaptations of the original trilogy. He reprised his role in \"The Lego Movie\", where C-3PO has a cameo appearance with crew members of the Millennium Falcon. In \"Star Wars Forces of Destiny\", \"Beasts of Echo Base\", although C-3PO does not physically appear his voice can be heard on Leia's comlink. This episode ties with a deleted scene from Episode V, when C-3PO rips a warning sign from an Echo Base door (where the wampas are kept) - to trick the Imperials into going into the wrong room. Daniels also voiced C-3PO in \"Ralph Breaks the Internet\".", "title": "C-3PO" }, { "docid": "1795193#5", "text": "The \"Kalhar Boss Monster\" is based on one of the chess pieces R2D2 plays with on the Millennium Falcon in the film. There was a trash compactor level that was deleted from the game due to lack of cartridge space. An image was published in an issue of Electronic Gaming Monthly around the time of the game's release.", "title": "Super Star Wars" }, { "docid": "12766839#11", "text": "An AT-AT makes a brief appearance in \"Return of the Jedi\", where one walks up alongside a landing platform on Endor, delivering Luke to Darth Vader, but is not seen in the upcoming battle. The first appearance of an AT-AT in the \"Star Wars Rebels\" TV series occurs in the second-season episode \"Relics of the Old Republic\", when Agent Kallus (thanks to Captain Rex's tactics against him) unsuccessfully confronts the rebels while on Seelos, with a trio of the four-legged walkers challenging Captain Rex's retired clone cohorts and their own much-modified AT-TE six-legged walker, where the rebels are hiding out. A ruined AT-AT appears in \"Star Wars: The Force Awakens\" as the makeshift home of the scavenger Rey on the planet Jakku.", "title": "Walker (Star Wars)" }, { "docid": "4042821#21", "text": "A YT-2400 light freighter also appeared within the \"Star Wars Rebels\" Season 3 episode \"Iron Squadron\". It was piloted by Mart Mattin, who was a nephew of Rebel Commander, Jun Sato. It is unknown if the ship is meant to be same as the one in \"A New Hope\". According to Gary Whitta, who served as writer of \"Rogue One\", Dash Rendar is a controversial character among Lucasfilm Story Group, which decreases the chances of the character becoming part of Canon.", "title": "List of Star Wars spacecraft" }, { "docid": "2610594#5", "text": "Also in 1980, RSO released a 45 of \"What Can You Get a Wookiee for Christmas (When He Already Owns a Comb)\" (credited to \"The Star Wars Intergalactic Droid Choir and Chorale\") backed with \"R2-D2 We Wish You a Merry Christmas\" with a picture sleeve. In late 1983, a second 45 from the album was released by Polygram on the RSO label, \"R2D2's Sleigh Ride\" backed with \"Christmas in the Stars\", also with a picture sleeve.", "title": "Christmas in the Stars" }, { "docid": "838771#12", "text": "One of his largest roles was in the Kurosawa epic, Hidden Fortress. It was in this role that he played a comic grotesque, opposite Mifune. His annoying peasant character Matashichi gave inspiration to George Lucas for R2D2. The taller fellow lead character, Tahei, played by Minoru Chiaki served as the inspiration for C-3PO. Additionally, the characters and general plotline involving a princess fleeing an evil empire formed the basis for Lucas's movie, Star Wars.", "title": "Kamatari Fujiwara" }, { "docid": "50554103#9", "text": "Hera Syndulla (voiced by Vanessa Marshall), call sign Spectre 2, is a Twi'lek from the planet Ryloth who is the owner and pilot of the \"Ghost\". She is the daughter of Cham Syndulla, who appeared in the episode \"Liberty on Ryloth\" of \"\" before reappearing on \"Rebels\". She and Kanan share a strong connection; in season 4, they are confirmed to be lovers. Hera has trained herself as a pilot of outstanding skill, commanding the respect of friends and foes alike. In \"Wings of the Master\", Hera was promoted to Captain of the Phoenix Squadron by Kanan's recommendation, and in \"Rebel Assault\" she has advanced in rank to General.", "title": "List of Star Wars Rebels characters" } ]

[ { "docid": "2028257#1", "text": "The company was founded on November 26, 1905, when Florence Butt opened the C.C. Butt Grocery Store on the ground floor of her family home in Kerrville, Texas. In 1919, Howard Edward Butt, Florence's youngest son, took over the store upon his return from World War I. Shortly after becoming owner of his mother's small store, Howard tried four expansions into Central Texas, including one in Junction, all of which failed. Finally, in 1927, Howard launched a successful second store in Del Rio, Texas, followed by the purchase of three grocery stores in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The first initials of Howard E. Butt became the name of the store.", "title": "H-E-B" } ]

[ { "docid": "2359623#1", "text": "Food Emporium's history starts in 1919, when Louis Daitch founded Daitch Crystal Dairies, a public company trading on the American Stock Exchange. Over the years, he opened shops in the New York City area selling butter and eggs. Following World War II, Daitch Crystal Dairies enjoyed tremendous growth in the new supermarket format, emerging in the 1950s as a significant chain. In 1955, Daitch and its 34 stores (in New York City, Nassau and Suffolk counties, and in Connecticut, merged with Shopwell Foods' chain of 18 Westchester County supermarkets. Shopwell was founded by Sigmund Rosengarten, who entered the supermarket business as a butcher. The supermarket chain (known under variations of the Daitch and Shopwell names) underwent a period of significant expansion. Within a year, seven new stores were opened and nine more were added by acquiring the Diamond K chain.", "title": "The Food Emporium" }, { "docid": "58070594#1", "text": "Huck's was founded in 1960, beginning its existence as Big John's Supermarket, in Southern Illinois then as a supermarket chain, before becoming a chain of convenience stores in 1974, opening the first Huck's location in Grayville, Illinois. It has been an employee-owned corporation since 2001, employing over 1500 people, primarily in rural areas.", "title": "Huck's Food & Fuel" }, { "docid": "8484002#0", "text": "Atlantic () was a large supermarket chain in Greece. Atlantic supermarkets were founded in 1980 by Panayiotis Apostolou. Up to 1985 the company was a small chain with just 5 stores. After 1985 the company expanded rapidly through both organic growth and a number of acquisitions and takeovers. Atlantic was a public company and its shares used to trade in the Athens Stock Exchange from 2000 up to 2010. As of 2006–2007, the company had 182 stores nationwide and was the fifth largest supermarket chain in Greece as measured by market share. The company had also operated a franchise network of smaller stores branded \"ARISTA\". Since 2009 the company had suffered from serious financial difficulties (mainly due to excessive borrowing) and eventually (in 2011) went into liquidation. The company ceased all trading as of 3 August 2011.", "title": "Atlantic (supermarkets)" }, { "docid": "52961994#3", "text": "EuroShop debuted from 11 to 15 June 1966 on the old exhibition grounds in the Ehrenhof. A total of 331 exhibitors from 55 countries took advantage of the new platform to present their products. The some 29,000 trade visitors who attended primarily sought information on shop fitting, the dominant subject of the initial events. The fair was held in conjunction with a congress for ‘modern shops and display windows’. EuroShop was founded in response to fundamental changes in retail trade. From the mid-1960s, self-service concepts became increasingly prevalent, especially in the food retail industry. Simultaneously, the first discount supermarkets, introducing new retail concepts, emerged as competitors to the traditionally brand-oriented supermarkets. To heighten their own profile, merchants were increasingly compelled to turn to new measures, especially in the area of shop fitting.", "title": "EuroShop" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "13071291#5", "text": "Canyon Creek has nearby private schools:\nNearby religious institutions include:Lakeline Mall is less than four miles away, and three large grocery supermarkets (HEB, HEB-Plus, and Wal-Mart) are within two miles. Recently, a large shopping plaza has been constructed nearby as well; it has several restaurants and a movie theater.", "title": "Canyon Creek, Austin, Texas" }, { "docid": "18691665#19", "text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.", "title": "Sanaʽa" }, { "docid": "26165493#16", "text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.", "title": "Documentary Organization of Canada" }, { "docid": "57302541#6", "text": "In the context of the gradual revival of production by Hedwig Bollhagen from 1934 onwards (she was at the time just 26 years old) and the re-employment of the employees of the two closed-down ceramic art factories—the Velten-Vordamm stoneware factories G.m.b.H.(1931) and the Haël Workshops for Artistic Ceramics (1933)—through the mediation of the Cologne ceramicist Nora Herz, there was some talk, in a discussion relating to the exhibition to celebrate the 100th birthday of the founder, of expropriation and Aryanisation in line with the Directive on the exclusion of the Jews from the German business economy of 12 November 1938. In terms of setting up and profiting from the HB workshops, at least two Jewish ceramicists were involved, at least up until the end of 1936, these being Margarete Heymann and Nora Herz from Cologne.", "title": "HB-Werkstätten für Keramik" } ]

[ { "docid": "3966377#0", "text": "Cho Namchul (November 30, 1923 - July 2, 2006, alternately Cho Namcheol) was a professional Go player (Baduk in Korean). He died of natural causes in Seoul at the age of 83.", "title": "Cho Nam-chul" } ]

[ { "docid": "3534769#1", "text": "His grandfather taught him Go when he was young. Seeing great talent in Cho, his father sent him to Japan in 1962. His rise to becoming one of the greatest Go players began when he joined Minoru Kitani's Go school. He was accompanied by his uncle Cho Namchul and his brother Cho Shoen on his way to the Haneda airport in Japan in August 1962. He was only six years old at the time. At the airport he met Minoru Kitani and his wife, another pupil Kobayashi Chizu, and the master's daughter, Reiko Kitani (who as an adult married Cho's future rival Koichi Kobayashi). The day after arriving in Japan Cho beat Rin Kaiho in a five stone handicap game at a party held at the Kitani School to celebrate the total dan ranks of Kitani students reaching a sum of 100. A large crowd watched intensely, as if it were a professional game.", "title": "Cho Chikun" }, { "docid": "3534769#0", "text": "Cho Chikun \"25th Honinbo\" \"Honorary Meijin\" (; born June 20, 1956 in Busan, South Korea) is a professional Go player and a nephew of Cho Namchul. His total title tally of 73 titles is the most in the history of the Japanese Nihon Ki-in. Cho is the first player to hold the top three titles—Kisei, Meijin, and Honinbo—simultaneously which he did for 3 years in a row. Cho is the first in history to win all of the \"Top 7\" titles in Japan (Kisei, Meijin, Honinbo, Judan, Tengen, Oza, and Gosei) which he achieved by winning the Oza in 1994. Cho U in 2011 and Iyama Yuta in 2013 would duplicate this feat, both by winning the Kisei. He is also one of the 'Six Supers' Japanese players that were most celebrated in the late twentieth century, along with Rin Kaiho, Otake Hideo, Takemiya Masaki, Kato Masao and his classmate and arch-rival Kobayashi Koichi.Cho was born into a very rich family of six children. His grandfather was a bank director. During the Korean War, the money the family had owned was burnt and they became impoverished. His father then sought the advice of a fortune teller. Originally called Pung-yeon, Cho's name was changed to Chihun, as the fortune teller told him to change his son's name to Chihun or else his mother would die, also saying that following the change, Chihun's younger brother would die but Chihun would become famous. Both predictions proved accurate.", "title": "Cho Chikun" }, { "docid": "3966377#1", "text": "Cho was born in a farming village in Buan, North Jeolla Province. In 1934, Japanese professional Kitani Minoru visited Korea and played with ten-year-old Cho, who deeply impressed the great master. He went to Japan in 1937 to study go as Kitani's first \"insei\", or live-in student. In 1943, he returned to Korea and played a key role in the founding of the Hanguk Kiwon. It wasn't until 1983, that he would be awarded 9 dan, but for most of the 1950s and 1960s, he won the vast majority of national tournaments.", "title": "Cho Nam-chul" }, { "docid": "15625178#1", "text": "Cho was born in Pohang, Korea, on 13 October 1940, during the period of Japanese occupation. He was the eldest of three brothers. He began training in the martial arts when he was around 10 years old. In an interview, he commented on his childhood in Pohang, Korea: \"Although they were not really gang members, young people used to roam from town to town and beat up kids and take away their toys. One time, I was beaten up by some boys around 12 or 13 years old. At the time I thought it was pretty bad, so I wanted to protect myself.\" Cho attained the rank of 1st \"dan\" black belt by the age of 13, and had reached 4th \"dan\" by the age of 21. In addition to taekwondo, he also trained in boxing for two years.", "title": "Hee Il Cho" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "37367511#0", "text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.", "title": "ㅋ" }, { "docid": "49690867#0", "text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.", "title": "ㅛ" }, { "docid": "28025488#0", "text": "ㅅ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅅ is U+3137.", "title": "ㅅ" }, { "docid": "49691813#0", "text": "ㅢ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅢ is U+3162.", "title": "ㅢ" } ]

[ { "docid": "843294#0", "text": "Bibimbap ( , from Korean \"bibimbap\" , literally \"mixed rice\"), sometimes romanized as bi bim bap or bi bim bop, is a Korean rice dish. The term “bibim” means mixing various ingredients, while the “bap” noun refers to rice. \"Bibimbap\" is served as a bowl of warm white rice topped with \"namul\" (sautéed and seasoned vegetables) and \"gochujang\" (chili pepper paste), soy sauce, or \"doenjang\" (a fermented soybean paste). A raw or fried egg and sliced meat (usually beef) are common additions. The hot dish is stirred together thoroughly just before eating.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "843294#9", "text": "Vegetables commonly used in \"bibimbap\" include julienned \"oi\" (cucumber), aehobak (courgette), \"mu\" (radish), mushrooms, \"doraji\" (bellflower root), and \"gim\", as well as spinach, soybean sprouts, and \"gosari\" (bracken fern stems). \"Dubu\" (tofu), either plain or sautéed, or a leaf of lettuce may be added, or chicken or seafood may be substituted for beef. For visual appeal, the vegetables are often placed so adjacent colors complement each other. In the South Korean version, sesame oil, red pepper paste (gochujang), and sesame seeds are added.the Bibimbap meal includes meat, rice, sesame oil, vegetables, as well as gochujang which are presented as a single dish and eaten with chopsticks and spoons. The meal provides unique nutrition and flavor fused with attractive colors due to its rich ingredients. Furthermore, the ingredients have low calorie content, hence offer a healthy diet. The combination of vegetables, rice, fermented sauces and meat provides adequate fiber, carbohydrates and protein content. By harmonizing together various ingredients, bibimbap emerges as a unique meal that symbolizes the harmony and balance in the Korean culture.Bibimbap ingredients are rich in symbolism. Black or dark colours represent North and the kidneys – for instance, shiitake mushrooms, bracken ferns or nori seaweed. Red or orange represents South and the heart, with chilli, carrots, and jujube dates. Green represents East and the liver, with cucumber and spinach. White is West or the lungs, with foods such as bean sprouts, radish, and rice. And finally yellow represents the centre, or stomach. Foods include pumpkin, potato or egg.", "title": "Bibimbap" } ]

[ { "docid": "843294#2", "text": "The exact origin of bibimbap is unknown. People could have started mixing bap (rice) with banchan (side dishes) after the outdoor \"jesa\" (rites), such as \"sansinje\" (rite for mountain god) or \"dongsinje\" (rite for village god), where they needed to \"eat with the god\" but did not have as many dishwares as in home. Some scholars assert that bibimbap originates from the traditional practice of mixing all the food offerings made at an \"jesa\" (ancestral rite) in a bowl before partaking in it.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "843294#8", "text": "Since the late 20th century, \"bibimbap\" has become widespread in different countries, due to its convenience of preparation. It is also served on many airlines connecting to South Korea. It is now internationally accepted as a popular Korean dish.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "843294#3", "text": "This dish was traditionally eaten on the eve of the lunar new year as the people at that time felt that they had to get rid of all of the leftover side dishes before the new year. The solution to this problem was to put all of the leftovers in a bowl of rice and to mix them together. \"Bibimbap\" is also thought to have been eaten by farmers during farming season as it was the easiest way to make food for a large number of people. \"Bibimbap\" was served to the king usually as a lunch or a between-meal snack.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "843294#1", "text": "In South Korea, Jeonju, Jinju, and Tongyeong are especially famous for their versions of bibimbap. In 2011, the dish was listed at number 40 on the \"World's 50 most delicious foods\" readers' poll compiled by CNN Travel.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "44486915#1", "text": "Babb's Bridge is located on the Presumpscot River, carrying Hurricane Road between central-western Windham on the east side and northern Gorham on the west side. It is a single-span queenspost truss bridge, with a total structure length of and a width of . Its end portals have a posted height limit of . It is covered by a gabled roof, and its side and end walls are finished in vertical board siding.", "title": "Babb's Bridge" }, { "docid": "10943177#0", "text": "Hoe-deopbap () or raw fish bibimbap is a Korean dish consisting of steamed rice mixed with sliced or cubed \"saengseon hoe\" (raw fish), various vegetables such as lettuce, cucumber and sesame leaves, sesame oil, and \"chogochujang\" (a sauce made from vinegar, \"gochujang\", and sugar). The fish used for making \"hoedeopbap\" is generally either halibut, sea bass, rockfish, tuna, salmon, or whitefish.", "title": "Hoe-deopbap" }, { "docid": "843294#6", "text": "In \"Collected Works of Oju\" written by Yi Gyu-gyeong (1788–1856), recorded varieties of bibimbap, such as vegetable bibimbap, miscellany bibimbap, hoe bibimbap, shad bibimbap, prawn bibimbap, salted srhimp bibimbap, shrimp roe bibimbap, marinated crab bibimbap, wild chive bibimbap, fresh cucumber bibimbap, gim flake bibimbap, gochujang bibimbap, soybean sprout bibimbap, and also stated that bibimbap was a local specialty of Pyongyang, along with naengmyeon and gamhongno.", "title": "Bibimbap" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "12527374#6", "text": "The Copper Age is the early part of the Bronze Age. Bronze is made when tin is added to copper and brass is copper with zinc. Copper came into use before 5,000 BC and bronze around 3,100 BC, although the times vary by region. Copper and bronze were used for the same types of tools as stone such as axes and chisels, but the new, less brittle, more durable material cut better. Bronze was cast into desired shapes and if damaged could be recast. A new tool developed in the copper age is the saw. Other uses of copper and bronze were to \"harden\" the cutting edge of tools such as the Egyptians using copper and bronze points for working soft stone including quarrying blocks and making rock-cut architecture.", "title": "History of construction" }, { "docid": "17255423#1", "text": "The Bronze Age was the period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally-occurring outcroppings of copper ores, and then combining those ores to cast bronze. These naturally-occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in western Asia before 3000 BC. In some parts of the world, a Copper Age follows the Neolithic and precedes the Bronze Age.", "title": "Timeline of ancient history" }, { "docid": "18994022#1", "text": "Sumer in Mesopotamia, the Indus valley civilization and ancient Egypt were the first civilizations to develop their own scripts, and to keep historical records; this took place already during the early Bronze Age. Neighboring civilizations were the first to follow. Most other civilizations reached the end of prehistory during the Iron Age. The three-age system of division of prehistory into the Stone Age, followed by the Bronze Age and Iron Age, remains in use for much of Eurasia and North Africa, but is not generally used in those parts of the world where the working of hard metals arrived abruptly with contact with Eurasian cultures, such as the Americas, Oceania, Australasia and much of Sub-Saharan Africa. These areas also, with some exceptions in Pre-Columbian civilizations in the Americas, did not develop complex writing systems before the arrival of Eurasians, and their prehistory reaches into relatively recent periods; for example 1788 is usually taken as the end of the prehistory of Australia.", "title": "Prehistory" } ]

[ { "docid": "46672#4", "text": "Metal tools first appeared in Wales about 2500 BC, initially copper followed by bronze. The climate during the Early Bronze Age (c. 2500–1400 BC) is thought to have been warmer than at present, as there are many remains from this period in what are now bleak uplands. The Late Bronze Age (c. 1400–750 BC) saw the development of more advanced bronze implements. Much of the copper for the production of bronze probably came from the copper mine on the Great Orme, where prehistoric mining on a very large scale dates largely from the middle Bronze Age. Radiocarbon dating has shown the earliest hillforts in what would become Wales, to have been constructed during this period. Historian John Davies, theorises that a worsening climate after around 1250 BC (lower temperatures and heavier rainfall) required more productive land to be defended.", "title": "History of Wales" }, { "docid": "4793696#12", "text": "After 2500 BC came the knowledge of making tools and weapons of copper then of bronze - far more adaptable and effective materials than flint in most cases. Relics of the Bronze Age have been unearthed in Henry Preston Road where a distinctive beaker marked a probable early Bronze Age burial and behind Hall Farm in the far south of the parish where burial mounds have been traced. In both cases the burials had been made on what was then the fringe of the likely cultivated area. Their style indicates the development of an upper class.\nNew lords arose soon after 500 BC when the warlike, artistic Celts brought access to iron, a far stronger and more accessible metal than bronze. Iron axes and iron-shod ploughs may well now have made inroads into the heavily forested claylands. Forty-three pieces of Iron Age pottery have been found close by the church, indicating that occupation continued in this area. By the first century AD the people of Norfolk and north Suffolk had become a single tribe, the lceni, and coins of this age inscribed IC.DURO.T are reported to have been found in Tasburgh.", "title": "Tasburgh" }, { "docid": "4620#61", "text": "The Terramare was an early Indo-European civilization in the area of what is now Pianura Padana (northern Italy) before the arrival of the Celts, and in other parts of Europe. They lived in square villages of wooden stilt houses. These villages were built on land, but generally near a stream, with roads that crossed each other at right angles. The whole complex denoted the nature of a fortified settlement. Terramare were widespread in the Pianura Padana (specially along the Panaro river, between Modena and Bologna) and in the rest of Europe. The civilization developed in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, between the 17th and the 13th centuries BC.", "title": "Bronze Age" }, { "docid": "1021554#0", "text": "The Nordic Bronze Age (also Northern Bronze Age, or Scandinavian Bronze Age) is a period of Scandinavian prehistory from c. 1700–500 BC. The Bronze Age culture of this era succeeded the Nordic Stone Age culture (Late Neolithic) and was followed by the Pre-Roman Iron Age. The archaeological legacy of the Nordic Bronze Age culture is rich, but the ethnic and linguistic affinities of it are unknown, in the absence of written sources. Some scholars also include sites in what is now Finland, Estonia, northern Germany and Pomerania, as part of its cultural sphere.", "title": "Nordic Bronze Age" }, { "docid": "44588529#21", "text": "There was clear chronological change throughout the Bronze Age. Throughout what archaeologists have termed Period I and Period II (c.1600–1300 BCE) the number of depositions rose rapidly while the content of the depositions also increased with the inclusion of a wide variety of items. The quantity of bronze items declined during Period III (1300–1100 BCE), before rising again in Period IV (1100–900 BCE) and reaching a peak in Period V (900–700 BCE) before a further decline in Period VI (700–500 BCE). Throughout this period there are also other differences that are apparent; bronze objects associated with women are not present in Period I, although have begun to appear by Period II and by Period VI they were the dominant form of artefact in the wetland deposits.", "title": "Wetland deposits in Scandinavia" }, { "docid": "1556966#8", "text": "Hence, a crucial question is whether the Anatolian branch split off before the beginning of the Bronze Age, or even the Chalcolithic. A Bronze Age society is usually reconstructed from PIE vocabulary, but it is unclear whether this necessarily holds for inherited vocabulary in Anatolian. The Early Bronze Age starts in Anatolia at least with the beginning of the 3rd Millennium cal. BC. In the Caucasus the Bronze Age begins roughly 3300 BC. It is possible that the Proto-Anatolians were involved with the earliest development of Bronze metallurgy. In any case, while evidence that Anatolian shares common terminology of metallurgy with other branches would speak against Indo-Hittite, discarding the value of this evidence does not automatically favour the concept of Indo-Hittite, since even a 'moderate Indo-Hittite' split around 4000 BC would clearly predate the Bronze Age.", "title": "Indo-Hittite" }, { "docid": "13485#7", "text": "The Bronze Age began around 2500 BC with the appearance of bronze objects. This coincides with the appearance of the characteristic Beaker culture; again this might have occurred primarily by folk movement or by cultural assimilation or both. The Bronze Age saw a shift of emphasis from the communal to the individual, and the rise of increasingly powerful elites whose power came from their prowess as hunters and warriors and their controlling the flow of precious resources to manipulate tin and copper into high-status bronze objects such as swords and axes. Settlement became increasingly permanent and intensive. Towards the end of the Bronze Age, many examples of very fine metalwork began to be deposited in rivers, presumably for ritual reasons and perhaps reflecting a progressive change in emphasis from the sky to the earth, as a rising population put increasing pressure on the land. England largely became bound up with the Atlantic trade system, which created a cultural continuum over a large part of Western Europe. It is possible that the Celtic languages developed or spread to England as part of this system; by the end of the Iron Age there is much evidence that they were spoken across all England and western parts of Britain.", "title": "History of England" }, { "docid": "18994022#24", "text": "The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use) included techniques for smelting copper and tin from naturally occurring outcroppings of ores, and then combining them to cast bronze. These naturally occurring ores typically included arsenic as a common impurity. Copper/tin ores are rare, as reflected in the fact that there were no tin bronzes in Western Asia before 3000 BCE. The Bronze Age forms part of the three-age system for prehistoric societies. In this system, it follows the Neolithic in some areas of the world.", "title": "Prehistory" } ]

[ { "docid": "58400031#4", "text": "Gondola Ride is one of the most unique and featured attraction at The Grand Venice. A gondola ride is an enchanting way to explore more about The Grand Venice Mall and experience its unique infrastructure. The Venetian Gondola Ride in Delhi-NCR is as unique as Grand Venice Mall.", "title": "The Grand Venice Mall" }, { "docid": "368324#5", "text": "It is estimated that there were eight to ten thousand gondolas during the 17th and 18th century. There are just over four hundred in active service today, virtually all of them used for hire by tourists. Those few that are in private ownership are either hired out to Venetians for weddings or used for racing. Even though the gondola, by now, has become a widely publicized icon of Venice, in the times of the Republic of Venice it was by far not the only means of transportation; on the map of Venice created by Jacopo de' Barbari in 1500, only a fraction of the boats are gondolas, the majority of boats are batellas, caorlinas, galleys, and other boats. Now, only a handful of batellas survive, and caorlinas are used for racing only.", "title": "Gondola" }, { "docid": "17763344#26", "text": "As a result of the completion of the Venice Canals Improvement, the VCA held a carnival in 1993 with Gondolas, food, art, music to celebrate the rehabilitation and improvement of the Venice Canals. Two gondolas from Naples California were rented to take passengers on the Venice Canals like in 1906.", "title": "Venice Canal Historic District" }, { "docid": "368324#13", "text": "However, as the gondolas became more of a tourist attraction than a mode of public transport all but one of these cooperatives and their offices have closed. The category is now protected by the Institution for the Protection and Conservation of Gondolas and Gondoliers, headquartered in the historical center of Venice.", "title": "Gondola" }, { "docid": "39221445#3", "text": "\"The Lagoon\" of Saint Mark, Venice, is in the background, gondolas in the middle ground, and docks can be seen in the foreground. The sky is awash with pastel purple and blue and large clouds appear throughout the top half of the canvas. The bottom half of the canvas depicts a series of steps leading down to the docks where gondolas are haphazardly tied to posts in the water. The water slowly ebbs in from the wake of the slow-moving gondola in the middle of the painting. The mirroring effect that the steps and water have on one another makes the painting come alive as this movement extends out of the canvas towards the viewer.", "title": "The Lagoon of Saint Mark, Venice" }, { "docid": "368324#4", "text": "After the elimination of the traditional felze—possibly in response to tourists' complaining that it blocked the view—there survived for some decades a kind of vestigial summer awning, known as the \"tendalin\" (these can be seen on gondolas as late as the mid-1950s, in the film \"Summertime\" (1955)). While in previous centuries gondolas could be many different colors, a sumptuary law of Venice required that gondolas should be painted black, and they are customarily so painted now.", "title": "Gondola" }, { "docid": "368324#16", "text": "Alex Hai had begun work in gondolas earlier than Boscolo, in 2007, as Alexandra, but not with a full license because of failures to pass various tests. In June 2017, Hai came out as transgender and said that he had been working \"in the body of a woman\". Hai is the first openly transgender person to be a gondola operator in Venice. He continues to work as a private gondola operator for hotels and individual clients in a self-run business, Alex Hai Gondola Tours.", "title": "Gondola" }, { "docid": "1505440#12", "text": "In Venice, gondolas and other similar flat-bottomed boats are popular forms of transport propelled by oars which are held in place by an open wooden fórcola. The \"Voga alla Veneta\" technique of rowing is considerably different from the style used in international sport rowing, due to the oarsman facing forward in a standing position. This allows the boat to manoeuvre very quickly and with agility - useful in the narrow and busy canals of Venice. Competitive regattas are also held using the Venetian rowing technique, using both gondolas and other types of vessels.", "title": "Rowing" }, { "docid": "368324#7", "text": "In the 1500s an estimated 10,000 gondolas of all types were in Venice; in 1878 an estimated 4000 and now approximately 400.", "title": "Gondola" }, { "docid": "32616#66", "text": "There are approximately 400 licensed gondoliers in Venice in their distinctive regalia and a similar number of the boats, down from 10,000 that travelled the canals two centuries ago. Many gondolas are lushly appointed with crushed velvet seats and Persian rugs. Less well-known is the smaller sandolo. At the front of each gondola that works in the city, there is a large piece of metal called the \"fèro\" (iron). Its shape has evolved through the centuries, as documented in many well-known paintings. Its form, topped by a likeness of the Doge's hat, became gradually standardized, and was then fixed by local law. It consists of six bars pointing forward representing the Sestieri of the city, and one that points backwards representing the Giudecca.", "title": "Venice" }, { "docid": "368324#1", "text": "For centuries, the gondola was a major means of transportation and the most common watercraft within Venice. In modern times, the boats still do have a role in public transport in the city, serving as \"traghetti\" (small ferries) over the Grand Canal operated by two oarsmen. For some years there were seven traghetti, but by 2017, the number had been reduced to three.", "title": "Gondola" } ]

[]

[ { "docid": "22305163#0", "text": "Emma is a four-part BBC television drama serial adaptation of Jane Austen's novel \"Emma\", first published in 1815. The episodes were written by Sandy Welch, writer of previous BBC costume dramas \"Jane Eyre\" and \"North & South\", and directed by Jim O'Hanlon. The serial stars Romola Garai as the titular heroine Emma Woodhouse, Jonny Lee Miller as her loyal lifelong friend Mr. Knightley, and Michael Gambon as Emma's father, Mr. Woodhouse. The serial originally ran weekly on Sunday nights on BBC One from 4 to 25 October 2009.", "title": "Emma (2009 TV serial)" }, { "docid": "57344#0", "text": "Emma, by Jane Austen, is a novel about youthful hubris and the perils of misconstrued romance. The story takes place in the fictional village of Highbury and the surrounding estates of Hartfield, Randalls, and Donwell Abbey and involves the relationships among individuals in those locations consisting of \"3 or 4 families in a country village\". The novel was first published in December 1815 while the author was alive, with its title page listing a publication date of 1816. As in her other novels, Austen explores the concerns and difficulties of genteel women living in Georgian–Regency England; she also creates a lively comedy of manners among her characters and depicts issues of marriage, gender, age, and social status.", "title": "Emma (novel)" } ]

[ { "docid": "22829039#4", "text": "Emma and Frank struggled to make ends meet and often their major source of income was from Emma's short stories and poems. She also made money selling her art, often in the form of small items such as greeting cards. In 1904 Emma sold her first poem to \"Harper's Monthly.\" An eleven-verse poem titled “The Difference,” appeared in the March issue. She followed that up the next month with another poem, “Homesick,” written when she was living in St. Louis. Emma's major success was \"The Spirit of the Mountains\" published in 1905. This genre-defying book has elements of local color, short story, travel narrative, personal memoir, and cultural analysis. The music chapter in \"Spirit of the Mountains\" was first published in 1904 as an article titled “Some Real American Music” in \"Harper's Monthly\". It was probably the first appreciation of Appalachian music to appear in a popular magazine, and it was certainly one of the first to appear anywhere at all, following by only four years the early academic writing on the subject by William Wells Newell in the \"Journal of American Folklore\". She also wrote articles for local newspapers, the most popular of which were entitled \"The Fountain Square Conversations\", a fanciful series in which birds gather at a fireman's memorial fountain in downtown Chattanooga and have philosophical conversations on life. Emma's book, \"Our Southern Birds,\" was published in 1922. Her journals also contain several references to manuscripts of other works, including \"The Good Gray Mother\" and \"Our Southern Flowers,\" that were never published and have not been located. Emma's poetry, journals, and short stories were later published in \"Strains from a Dulcimore\" (1930), \"Once I Too Had Wings: The Journals of Emma Bell Miles, 1908-1918\" (2014), and \"The Common Lot and Other Stories: The Published Short Fiction, 1908-1921\" (2016).", "title": "Emma Bell Miles" }, { "docid": "42809437#3", "text": "Four months after the first issue of \"Courage\" was released, another group of German women created \"Emma\", another feminist newspaper (later published as a magazine, and still in publication as of 2011). Before \"Emma\" first publication, the editors of \"Courage\" offered to work together to create a single newspaper but were turned away. Tensions were high and disputes common between the editing teams of both newspapers as they competed in the same market and often published opposing interpretations of feminism. Faced with criticism from \"Emma\" and the male press, conflicts arose amongst the \"Courage\" editors as the newspaper's readership fell. In 1984, they declared bankruptcy and \"Courage\" ceased publication.", "title": "Courage (newspaper)" }, { "docid": "51179249#8", "text": "In 2003, Pinney's first monograph, \"Regarding Emma: Photographs of American Women & Girls, (With a Foreword by Ann Patchett),\" was published by The Center for American Places. For nearly twenty years, Melissa Ann Pinney had photographed girls and women, from infancy to old age, to portray how feminine identity is constructed, taught, and communicated. Her work depicted the rites of American womanhood-- a prom, a wedding, a baby shower, a tea party, and the informal passages of girlhood: combing a doll's hair, doing laundry with a mother, smoking a cigarette at a state fair. With each view, we gain a greater understanding of the connections between mother and daughter, and by extension the larger world of family, friends, and society. Pinney's approach to interpreting girlhood became more complicated and complex when her daughter, Emma, was born in 1995. Emma's childhood evoked in Pinney her own girlhood and gave her work new meaning and purpose. Ultimately, \"Regarding Emma\" shares with all of us the incremental and the ritualistic changes that take place in a woman's life over time.", "title": "Melissa Ann Pinney" }, { "docid": "23088803#2", "text": "In 1901 she had her work shown at the Royal Photographic Society for the first time. She then began to exhibit portraits and religious subjects, being awarded the Royal Photographic Society Medal in 1903 for \"The Awakening\". In 1904 she had her first solo show at the Royal Photographic Society.The following year, she was awarded a $100 prize at the Second American Salon. Not only was her work highly regarded in England, but also internationally. Many of her photographic exhibitions were held in France, America, England, and Berlin. In Berlin, she held a solo exhibition organized by the Photo Club. In 1906 she exhibited 58 prints at the Birmingham Photographic Society’s Exhibition. From there, she presented work at the Third American Salon, the Salon of the Photo Club of Paris, and the Universal Exhibition of Photography in Berlin. By 1908, her work was published in The Sketch, The Sphere, Country Life, and Illustrated London News. When at the height of her career, Barton was possibly the most published female photographer of her time. In 1911 one critic, Charles E. Dawson, wrote in the Penrose Pictorial Annual and ranked her work alongside \"the best works of Kasbier, Duhroop, Baron de Mayer, Steichen, Demachy, Puyo, and the other photographic giants...\" Peter James of the Birmingham Central Library put on one exhibition featuring Emma Barton’s work. The exhibition featured and honored the work of women born and raised in Birmingham, U.K. Over the years, Emma Barton received several awards for her work.", "title": "Emma Barton (photographer)" }, { "docid": "24853148#0", "text": "Emma Jones, or Emma Scully Jones (born 1977) is an Australian poet. Her first poetry collection, \"The Striped World\", was published by Faber & Faber in 2009.", "title": "Emma Jones (poet)" }, { "docid": "22617462#3", "text": "Five pamphlets with a total of 22 \"Romances and Songs\" were later published with lyrics by prominent names such as Christian Winther, Frederik Paludan-Müller, Swedish Johan Ludvig Runeberg and Ernst Weis. The first pamphlet was published in 1848 by Horneman & Erslev but the last two were published posthumously. The title lead featured both her real name and her pseudonym when her collected romances and songs were published in 1892.", "title": "Emma Hartmann" }, { "docid": "15782#38", "text": "While Murray prepared \"Emma\" for publication, Austen began \"The Elliots\", later published as \"Persuasion\". She completed her first draft in July 1816. In addition, shortly after the publication of \"Emma\", Henry Austen repurchased the copyright for \"Susan\" from Crosby. Austen was forced to postpone publishing either of these completed novels by family financial troubles. Henry Austen's bank failed in March 1816, depriving him of all of his assets, leaving him deeply in debt and losing Edward, James, and Frank Austen large sums. Henry and Frank could no longer afford the contributions they had made to support their mother and sisters.", "title": "Jane Austen" }, { "docid": "57344#31", "text": "In America, copies of this first publication were sold in 1818 for $4 per copy, as well as an American edition published by Mathew Carey of Philadelphia in 1816. The number of copies of this edition are not known. A later American edition was published in 1833 and again in 1838 by Carey, Lea, and Blanchard. A French version was published in 1816 by Arthus Bertrand, publisher for Madame Isabelle De Montolieu. A second French version for the Austrian market was published in 1817 Viennese publisher Schrambl.", "title": "Emma (novel)" }, { "docid": "697926#0", "text": "Emma Grace Frost is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics, most commonly in association with the X-Men. The character first appeared in \"The Uncanny X-Men\" #129 (January 1980), and was created by writer Chris Claremont and artist/co-writer John Byrne. Emma Frost, also known as the White Queen, has evolved from a supervillain and foe of the X-Men, to becoming a superhero and one of the X-Men's most central members and leaders until the events of \"Inhumans vs. X-Men\".", "title": "Emma Frost" } ]

[ { "docid": "1050340#5", "text": "A uniform date for choosing presidential electors was instituted by the Congress in 1845. Many theories have been advanced as to why the Congress settled on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. The actual reasons, as shown in records of Congressional debate on the bill in December 1844, were fairly prosaic. The bill initially set the day for choosing presidential electors on \"the first Tuesday in November,\" in years divisible by four (1848, 1852, etc.). But it was pointed out that in some years the period between the first Tuesday in November and the first Wednesday in December (when the electors are required to meet in their state capitals to vote) would be more than 34 days, in violation of the existing Electoral College law. So, the bill was reworded to move the date for choosing presidential electors to the Tuesday after the first Monday in November, a date scheme already used in New York. The period between Election Day and the first Wednesday in December is always 29 days. The effect of the change was to make November 2 the earliest day on which Election Day may fall.", "title": "Election Day (United States)" }, { "docid": "54635#12", "text": "Tuesday is the usual day for elections in the United States. Federal elections take place on the Tuesday after the first Monday in November; this date was established by a law of 1845 for presidential elections (specifically for the selection of the Electoral College), and was extended to elections for the House of Representatives in 1875 and for the Senate in 1914. Tuesday was the earliest day of the week which was practical for polling in the early 19th century: citizens might have to travel for a whole day to cast their vote, and would not wish to leave on Sunday which was a day of worship for the great majority of them. However, a bill was introduced in 2012 to move elections to weekends, with a co-sponsor stating that \"by moving Election Day from a single day in the middle of the work week to a full weekend, we are encouraging more working Americans to participate. Our democracy will be best served when our leaders are elected by as many Americans as possible.\"", "title": "Tuesday" }, { "docid": "21491579#12", "text": "The presidential election day was established on a Tuesday in the month of November because of the factors involved (weather, harvests and worship). When voters used to travel to the polls by horse, Tuesday was an ideal day because it allowed people to worship on Sunday, ride to their county seat on Monday, and vote on Tuesday—all before market day, Wednesday. The month of November also fits nicely between harvest time and harsh winter weather, which could be especially bad to people traveling by horse and buggy.", "title": "United States presidential election" }, { "docid": "39863433#29", "text": "With the election looming, Sisi publicly called for record voter participation in an effort to boost the election's legitimacy. \"Showing signs of panic,\" according to \"Reuters\", the interim government declared the second day of voting, a Tuesday, to be a public holiday, and extended voting until 10:00PM. However, turnout was lower than expected, with lines outside polling stations short, and in some cases no voters visible at all. By the end of the day, the elections committee decided to extend voting to a third day, the 28 of May. The Justice ministry declared that Egyptians who did not vote would be fined, and waived train fares to try to increase participation. Government-backed media also admonished the public for not voting, and one TV commentator called those not voting \"traitors, traitors, traitors.\"", "title": "2014 Egyptian presidential election" }, { "docid": "1050340#6", "text": "In 1845, the United States was largely an agrarian society. Farmers often needed a full day to travel by horse-drawn vehicles to the county seat/parish seat to vote. Tuesday was established as election day because it did not interfere with the Biblical Sabbath or with market day, which was on Wednesday in many towns.", "title": "Election Day (United States)" }, { "docid": "1823142#1", "text": "Conyers' proposed the holiday in Resolution (H.R.) 63 - Democracy Day Act of 2005. The bill called for the Tuesday after the first Monday in November of every even-numbered year, Election Day, to be a legal public holiday. The purpose of the holiday was to increase voter turnout by giving citizens more time to vote, as well as to allow for the opening of more polling places with more workers while raising awareness of the importance of voting and civic participation.", "title": "Democracy Day (United States)" }, { "docid": "85533#41", "text": "The Tuesday following the first Monday in November has been fixed as the day for holding federal elections, called the Election Day. In 48 states and Washington, D.C., the \"winner-takes-all method\" is used (electors selected as a single bloc). Maine and Nebraska use the \"congressional district method\", selecting one elector within each congressional district by popular vote and selecting the remaining two electors by a statewide popular vote. This method has been used in Maine since 1972 and in Nebraska since 1996.", "title": "United States Electoral College" } ]

[ { "docid": "17450#41", "text": "Dunst supported Democratic candidate John Kerry for the 2004 U.S. presidential election. She supported Barack Obama for the 2008 presidential election, directing and narrating a documentary, \"Why Tuesday\", about the tradition of voting on Tuesdays and the low voter turnout in the U.S., as she felt it important to \"influence people in a positive way\".", "title": "Kirsten Dunst" }, { "docid": "37566527#7", "text": "Soboroff is a member of the board of Why Tuesday, a nonpartisan group working to increase American voter participation, and as a member of the City Year Los Angeles associates board. Jacob Soboroff was a speaker at TEDActive 2011, TEDxPhoenix 2011-11-11, TEDxTalk, about \"Why do we vote on Tuesday? His talk about increasing American voter turnout was featured on the main stage at TED 2012 in Long Beach.", "title": "Jacob Soboroff" }, { "docid": "1050340#7", "text": "In modern times, the United States is no longer primarily an agrarian society, and Tuesday is now normally a work day throughout the country with most voters working on that day. This has led activists to object to Election Day being on a Tuesday on the grounds that it decreases voter turnout. They advocate either making Election Day a federal holiday or allowing voters to cast their ballots over two or more days. Activists also encourage workplaces to allow their employees paid time off in lieu of such mandates and encourage voters to make use of early voting and postal voting facilities when available and convenient.", "title": "Election Day (United States)" } ]

[ { "docid": "4968316#0", "text": "Slavija Square () is a major commercial junction, situated between the intersections of Kralja Milana, Beogradska, Makenzijeva, Svetosavska, Bulevar oslobođenja, Deligradska and Nemanjina streets in Belgrade. The square was previously named Dimitrije Tucović Square after the prominent Serbian socialist.", "title": "Slavija Square" } ]

[ { "docid": "16858715#2", "text": "Pioneer Square station is located under 3rd Avenue between Cherry Street and Yesler Way in the Pioneer Square neighborhood of Downtown Seattle. The station is at the northern end of the Pioneer Square National Historic District, where the city's oldest buildings are located, and is near the Seattle Underground Tour and the Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park. To the north and east is the Seattle Civic Center, a complex of city and King County government office buildings, including Seattle City Hall and the King County Courthouse. Pioneer Square station is six blocks east of Colman Dock, the city's primary ferry terminal for Washington State Ferries and King County Water Taxi service.", "title": "Pioneer Square station" }, { "docid": "1327945#28", "text": "Freedom Square was located on the corner of Victoria and Morris Streets. It was famous in the 1950s for the political meetings held there. It was utilised by the African National Congress (ANC) and the Transvaal Congress Party. Many of the meetings were chaired by Trevor Huddleston. Freedom Square facilitated the cooperation between the aforementioned political parties. Here parties worked together against the apartheid regime. Freedom Square in Sophiatown should not be confused with Freedom Square in Kliptown, Soweto, where the Freedom Charter was adopted by the ANC in 1955. It was in this Freedom Square in Sophiatown that Nelson Mandela made his first public allusion to violence and armed resistance as a legitimate tool for change. This earned him a reprimand from Albert Luthuli who by then replaced Dr A.B. Xuma as president of the ANC. Current remnants of Freedom Square may be found beneath a school playing field alongside the Christ the King Church.", "title": "Sophiatown" }, { "docid": "26985549#0", "text": "Sullivan Square is a traffic circle located in the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The MBTA's Sullivan Square station is located to the west of the square. Adjacent to the East Somerville area of Somerville, Sullivan Square is named after James Sullivan, an early 19th-century Governor of Massachusetts. In the early 2000s, the Sullivan Square Overpass was dismantled, which left a stub approach to Route 99.", "title": "Sullivan Square" }, { "docid": "18691665#19", "text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.", "title": "Sanaʽa" }, { "docid": "6197379#151", "text": "The Town Square, a.k.a. Tidmouth Town Square, is where the Town Hall of Tidmouth is located. The station serving the square is located North of Tidmouth Station, on both the Loop Line and Duck's branch line. There is also a library located at the Town Hall.", "title": "Fictional locations in Thomas & Friends" }, { "docid": "424512#5", "text": "When discussing the time period where children begin to speak, Bates received a lot of attention for finding an overwhelming amount of nouns within the first 50 words of a native English speaker's vocabulary. Bates helped settle an ongoing debate among linguists who argued that a referential language style, characterized by the child's first 50 words containing mostly object labels, was a better strategy in developing language than a personal and socially expressive language style. She found that regardless of the strategy applied by the child, they learn words at the same rate. She did, however, find strong predictive power in the child’s vocabulary at 13 and 20 months old and their grammatical complexity at 2 years old. Bates finds that language learning comes from the neural plasticity in the brain; therefore, children can and are able to learn a language, even with brain trauma.\nResearch in her lab also showed that adult aphasic patients' deficits were not specific to linguistic structures theorized to be localized to specific brain areas, nor were they restricted to the linguistic domain. Lesion sites overlap in the role that they affect speech fluency and complexity. Language is dependent upon basic cognitive processes such as memory, pattern recognition, and spreading activation. This perspective runs counter to the theory of Noam Chomsky, Eric Lenneberg, and Steven Pinker that language is a special stimulus that is processed by specific language modules in the mind such as the localization to the Broca's and Wernicke's areas.", "title": "Elizabeth Bates" }, { "docid": "11247268#8", "text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"", "title": "Brickell World Plaza" }, { "docid": "5001775#0", "text": "ݙ is an additional letter of the Arabic script, not used in the Arabic alphabet itself but used in Saraiki to represent a voiced alveolar implosive, .\nIts other form is also found in Saraiki Spoken in Jhang in the form of voiced retroflex implosive, .", "title": "ݙ" }, { "docid": "19477084#6", "text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai", "title": "Tensta Konsthall" }, { "docid": "37366706#0", "text": "ڼ is the twenty-ninth letter of Pashto alphabet. It represents the retroflex nasal (IPA: ) which is ण in Devanagari and is transliterated . In Saraiki it is written as ݨ.", "title": "ڼ" } ]

[ { "docid": "158894#2", "text": "Beginning in the 1980s, Cosby produced and starred in the television sitcom \"The Cosby Show\", which aired from 1984 to 1992 and was rated as the number one show in America for 1985 through 1989. The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family. Cosby produced the spin-off sitcom \"A Different World\", which aired from 1987 to 1993. He also starred in \"The Cosby Mysteries\" from 1994 to 1995 and in the sitcom \"Cosby\" from 1996 to 2000, and hosted \"Kids Say the Darndest Things\" from 1998 to 2000.", "title": "Bill Cosby" }, { "docid": "11567670#0", "text": "\"The Cosby Show\" is an American television sitcom starring Bill Cosby, which aired for eight seasons on NBC from 1984 until 1992. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York.", "title": "List of The Cosby Show characters" }, { "docid": "20913980#34", "text": "\"The Cosby Show\", airing from 1984 until 1992, spent five consecutive seasons as the number one rated show on television. \"The Cosby Show\" and \"All in the Family\" are the only sitcoms in the history of the Nielsen ratings, to be the number one show for five seasons. It spent all eight of its seasons in the Top 20. According to \"TV Guide\", the show \"was TV's biggest hit in the 1980s, and almost single handedly revived the sitcom genre and NBC's ratings fortunes.\" \"TV Guide\" also ranked it 28th on their list of \"50 Greatest Shows\". In addition, Cliff Huxtable was named as the \"Greatest Television Dad\". In May 1992, \"Entertainment Weekly\" stated that \"The Cosby Show\" helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly African-American cast, from \"In Living Color\" to \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\".", "title": "Sitcom" }, { "docid": "2818164#0", "text": "The episodes for the NBC television sitcom \"The Cosby Show\" aired from September 20, 1984 to April 30, 1992. There were 201 episodes and an outtakes special produced and aired, spanning eight seasons.", "title": "List of The Cosby Show episodes" }, { "docid": "170325#0", "text": "The Cosby Show is an American television sitcom co-created and starring Bill Cosby, which aired for eight seasons on NBC from September 20, 1984, until April 30, 1992. The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family living in Brooklyn, New York.", "title": "The Cosby Show" }, { "docid": "170325#27", "text": "\"The Cosby Show\" aired on Thursdays at 8:00 pm for all eight seasons. In its first season, the show was the beginning of a Thursday NBC schedule that was followed by \"Family Ties\", \"Cheers\", \"Night Court\", and \"Hill Street Blues\".", "title": "The Cosby Show" } ]

[ { "docid": "170325#3", "text": "In May 1992, \"Entertainment Weekly\" stated that \"The Cosby Show\" helped to make possible a larger variety of shows with a predominantly African-American cast, from \"In Living Color\" to \"The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air\". \"The Cosby Show\" was based on comedy routines in Cosby's stand-up act, which in turn were based on his family life. The show led to the spinoff \"A Different World\", which ran for six seasons from 1987 to 1993.", "title": "The Cosby Show" }, { "docid": "2046189#3", "text": "The show began in January 1994 as a two-hour movie, and regular episodes began airing on NBC in September. Critics expressed hope that \"The Cosby Mysteries\" would fare better than Cosby's previous two ventures, \"Here and Now\" and the game-show remake, \"You Bet Your Life\". \"The Cosby Mysteries\" only lasted 18 episodes.", "title": "The Cosby Mysteries" }, { "docid": "5497073#9", "text": "John J. O'Connor of \"The New York Times\" wrote that \"With only the premiere to go on, \"The Cosby Show\" is by far the classiest and most entertaining new situation comedy of the season.\" After the pilot aired, David Bianculli wrote in the Sunday \"Philadelphia Inquirer\" that \"This sitcom will lose to CBS's \"Magnum, P.I.\", but it's too funny, and Cosby is too good, for NBC to dump it.\" In a separate article in the same edition, he spoke more glowingly describing it as \"the best TV sitcom since \"Cheers\", and a good bet to become an instant classic. Cosby is delightful, and his series is both funny and intelligent.\" He also described the family as \"amazingly real\". According to Associated Press syndicated writer Jerry Buck, in the episode, \"Cosby handles his son in a manner that is not only funny but intelligent.\" Mike Boone of \"The Gazette\" described Cosby and Ayers-Allen as \"credible parents\" and Cosby's fatherly advice as a \"delightful confrontation\". Boone also noted that \"understanding the special world of children\" has always been a part of Cosby's comedy, and that this was present in the comical scene where Cliff and Theo discuss serious matters using play money. \"Star-Banner\" said \"The dialogue is typically Cosby — easy and funny — and you can just see yourself getting to like these people very much.\" According to Associated Press writer Fred Rothenberg, the response to the opening episode was glowing with the \"Los Angeles Times\" praising the show as \"the best comedy of the fall season by a long, long, lonnnnnnng shot.\"; \"The New York Times\" saying \"by far the classiest and most entertaining situation comedy.\"; and \"The Washington Post\" calling it \"the best, funniest, most humane new show of the season.\" He also noted that marketing executives were not surprised at the reaction to the show.", "title": "Pilot (The Cosby Show)" }, { "docid": "2823879#12", "text": "When a rerun of this episode aired in 1992, a brief tribute to \"The Cosby Show\" aired following the end credits. \"The Cosby Show\" ended on April 30, 1992, and the tribute featured Bart and Homer discussing the quality of the show, and its importance to Bill Cosby.", "title": "Three Men and a Comic Book" }, { "docid": "170325#4", "text": "The show focuses on the Huxtable family, an upper middle-class African-American family, living in a brownstone in Brooklyn Heights, New York, at 10 Stigwood Avenue. The patriarch is Cliff Huxtable, an obstetrician and son of a prominent jazz trombonist. The matriarch is his wife, attorney Clair Huxtable.", "title": "The Cosby Show" } ]

[ { "docid": "1185547#34", "text": "Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the population of Brownsville was 58,300, a decrease of 799 (1.4%) from the 59,099 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The entirety of Community Board 16 had 86,377 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2015 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 74.1 years. Most inhabitants are young or middle-aged, with 29% between the ages of 0–17, 27% between 25–44, and 22% between 45–64. The ratio of old and college-aged residents was lower, at 10% and 12% respectively. This meant that out of all the neighborhoods in the city, Brownsville had one of the highest percentages of children as a proportion of the population.", "title": "Brownsville, Brooklyn" }, { "docid": "151663#65", "text": "Based on data from the 2010 United States Census, the combined population of Coney Island and Sea Gate was 31,965, a decrease of 2,302 (6.7%) from the 34,267 counted in 2000. Covering an area of , the neighborhood had a population density of . The entirety of Community Board 13 had 106,702 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2015 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.7 years. This is near the median life expectancy for New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are adults, with 24% between the ages of 25–44, 27% between 45–64, and 21% who are at least 65 years old. The ratio of young and college-aged residents was lower, at 19% and 8% respectively. Coney Island's elderly population, as a share of the area's total population, is higher than in other New York City neighborhoods.", "title": "Coney Island" }, { "docid": "1729017#2", "text": "New York City is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,491,079 people living in the city, according to U.S. Census estimates dating July 1, 2014 (up from 8,175,133 in 2010; 8.0 million in 2000; and 7.3 million in 1990). This amounts to about 40% of New York State's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. New York's two key demographic features are its population density and cultural diversity. The city's population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²), makes it the densest of any American municipality with a population above 100,000. Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²), highest of any county in the United States.", "title": "Demographics of New York City" }, { "docid": "1729017#9", "text": "New York is the largest city in the United States, with the city proper's population more than double the next largest city, Los Angeles (or roughly equivalent to the combined populations of Los Angeles, Chicago, and Houston, the United States' second, third, and fourth most populous cities respectively). Demographers estimate New York's population will reach between 9.4 and 9.7 million by 2030.\nIn 2000 the reported life expectancy of New Yorkers was above the national average. Life expectancy for females born in 2009 in New York City is 80.2 years and for males is 74.5 years.\nNew York's two key demographic features are its density and diversity. The city has an extremely high population density of 26,403 people per square mile (10,194/km²), about 10,000 more people per square mile than the next densest large American city, San Francisco. Manhattan's population density is 66,940 people per square mile (25,846/km²).", "title": "Demographics of New York City" } ]

[ { "docid": "126286#10", "text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 1,054 people. Today's population is about half of what it was in 1875.\n356 households, and 259 families reside in the town. The population density was 26.3 people per square mile (10.2/km²). There were 484 housing units at an average density of 12.7 per square mile (4.9/km²). The racial makeup of the town was 98.70% White, 0.50% Native American, 0.10% Asian, 0.10% from other races, and 0.60% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.40% of the population.", "title": "Otselic, New York" }, { "docid": "645042#57", "text": "In 2017, the city had an estimated population density of 28,491 people per square mile (11,000/km²), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities housing over 100,000 residents in the United States, with several small cities (of fewer than 100,000) in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey having greater density, as per the 2010 Census. Geographically co-extensive with New York County, the borough of Manhattan's 2017 population density of makes it the highest of any county in the United States and higher than the density of any individual American city.", "title": "New York City" }, { "docid": "126857#5", "text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 330 people, 123 households, and 87 families residing in what was then a village. The population density was 1,621.2 people per square mile (637.1/km²). There were 138 housing units at an average density of 678.0 per square mile (266.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 99.09% White, 0.61% African American, and 0.30% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.21% of the population.", "title": "Prospect, New York" }, { "docid": "21531764#40", "text": "Although a great disparity exists between New England's northern and southern portions, the region's average population density is 234.93 inhabitants/sq mi (90.7/km²). New England has a significantly higher population density than that of the U.S. as a whole (79.56/sq mi), or even just the contiguous 48 states (94.48/sq mi). Three-quarters of the population of New England, and most of the major cities, are in the states of Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island. The combined population density of these states is 786.83/sq mi, compared to northern New England's 63.56/sq mi (2000 census).", "title": "New England" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "55853074#1", "text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "18691665#1", "text": "Sanaʽa is one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. At an elevation of , it is also one of the highest capital cities in the world, and is next to the Sarawat Mountains of Jabal An-Nabi Shu'ayb and Jabal Tiyal, considered to be the highest mountains in the country and amongst the highest in the region. Sanaʽa has a population of approximately 3,937,500 (2012), making it Yemen's largest city.", "title": "Sanaʽa" } ]

[ { "docid": "21967242#0", "text": "Tuscany ( ; , ) is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013). The regional capital is Florence (\"Firenze\").", "title": "Tuscany" }, { "docid": "9083550#0", "text": "The March of Tuscany (; ) was a frontier march of the Kingdom of Italy and the Holy Roman Empire during the Middle Ages.\nLocated in northwestern central Italy, it bordered the Papal States to the south, the Ligurian Sea to the west and Lombardy to the north. It comprised a collection of counties, largely in the valley of the Arno River, originally centered on Lucca.", "title": "March of Tuscany" }, { "docid": "21967242#34", "text": "Between 1851 and 1860, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, an independent Italian state until 1859 when it joined the United Provinces of Central Italy, produced two postage stamp issues which are among the most prized classic stamp issues of the world, and include the most valuable Italian stamp. The Grand Duchy of Tuscany was an independent Italian state from 1569 to 1859, but was occupied by France from 1808 to 1814. The Duchy comprised most of the present area of Tuscany, and its capital was Florence. In December 1859, the Grand Duchy officially ceased to exist, being joined to the duchies of Modena and Parma to form the United Provinces of Central Italy, which was annexed by the Kingdom of Sardinia a few months later in March 1860. In 1862 it became part of Italy, and joined the Italian postal system.", "title": "Tuscany" }, { "docid": "159620#13", "text": "This area is possibly the most visited in Italy and contains many popular attractions as well as sought-after landscapes. Rome boasts the remaining wonders of the Roman Empire and some of the world's best known landmarks such as the Colosseum. Florence, regarded as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance, is Tuscany's most visited city, whereas nearby cities like Siena, Pisa, Arezzo and Lucca also have rich cultural heritages. Umbria's population is small but it has many important cities such as Perugia and Assisi. For similar reasons, Lazio and Tuscany are some of Italy's most visited regions and the main targets for Ecotourism. This area is known for its picturesque landscapes and attracts tourists from all over the world, including Italy itself. Pristine landscapes serve as one of the primary motivators for tourists to visit central Italy, although there are others, such as a rich history of art.", "title": "Tourism in Italy" } ]

[ { "docid": "319100#16", "text": "Known in Italy as Pietro Leopoldino, Leopold I was the only progressive reformer to rule Tuscany. He abolished the last vestiges of serfdom, encouraged trade and industry, and reformed the bureaucracy. During his long reign Tuscany became one of the most prosperous states in Italy. On 30 November 1786, he promulgated a penal reform making Tuscany the first sovereign state to abolish the death penalty. In this time period Tuscany was also known as a \"Guild\". Ferdinand III was deposed by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1801 so that Tuscany could be given to the Bourbon Dukes of Parma as compensation for the loss of their duchy. During this brief period, the Grand Duchy of Tuscany was known as the Kingdom of Etruria. Tuscany/Etruria was annexed by Napoleonic France in 1807.", "title": "History of Tuscany" }, { "docid": "11397434#0", "text": "Tuscany is one of the 20 regions of Italy.", "title": "Tuscany (disambiguation)" }, { "docid": "41120934#0", "text": "Chiantishire is an informal nickname given to an area of Tuscany, Italy, where many upper class British citizens have moved or usually spend their holidays. The word is a late 20th century neologism and derives from Chianti, a red wine produced in central Tuscany, in particular in the provinces of Siena and Florence.\nThe location rose to prominence in the UK in the mid 1990s when then Prime Minister Tony Blair chose it as one of his preferred summer retreats. Celebrities that have owned properties in the area include Sting, Bryan Ferry, Antonio Banderas and Richard Gere.", "title": "Chiantishire" }, { "docid": "14448498#6", "text": "After Piedmont and the Veneto, Tuscany produces the third highest volume of DOC/G quality wines. Tuscany is Italy's third most planted region (behind Sicily and Apulia) but it is eighth in production volume. This is partly because the soil of Tuscany is very poor, and producers emphasize low yields and higher quality levels in their wine. More than 80% of the regions' production is in red wine.", "title": "Tuscan wine" }, { "docid": "30046284#0", "text": "Micropterix tuscaniensis is a species of moth belonging to the family Micropterigidae. It was described by Heath in 1960. It is only known from central and southern Italy, where it has been found in the provinces of Tuscany, Calabria, Apulia and Basilicata. However, it is probably distributed throughout the whole of mainland Italy, except for the Alps.", "title": "Micropterix tuscaniensis" }, { "docid": "15522170#0", "text": "Eccellenza Tuscany () is the regional Eccellenza football division for clubs in Tuscany, Italy. It is competed amongst 32 teams, in two different groups (A and B). The winners of the Groups are promoted to Serie D. The club who finishes second also have the chance to gain promotion, they are entered into a national play-off which consists of two rounds.", "title": "Eccellenza Tuscany" } ]

[ { "docid": "7959#0", "text": "Democracy ( \"\", literally \"Rule by 'People'\") is a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. In a direct democracy, the citizens as a whole form a governing body and vote directly on each issue. In a representative democracy the citizens elect representatives from among themselves. These representatives meet to form a governing body, such as a legislature. In a constitutional democracy the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority, usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech, or freedom of association. \"Rule of the majority\" is sometimes referred to as democracy. Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.", "title": "Democracy" }, { "docid": "23197874#14", "text": "The second part of the book is dedicated to the invention of the representative model. Shaped by forces as varied as the rebirth of towns, the rise (in northern Spain) of the first parliaments, and the conflicts unleashed by self-governing councils and religious dissent within the Christian Church, democracy came to be understood as representative democracy in this second phase. Contrary to what other sources have often suggested, Keane points out that the oldest roots of that democratic model are in fact undemocratic. The first parliament was not English, but Spanish. Keane locates the birth of representative parliaments in the cloisters of San Isidoro Church, in León, Northern Spain - the site where King Alfonso IX convened the first cortes in 1188 CE. Yet it took several centuries before the term representation began to be used in conjunction with democracy. The birthplace of talk of 'representative democracy' – unknown to the Greeks - was late-eighteenth century France, England and the new American republic. To find a common accepted definition of the word and of the actual meaning of representation (who was entitled to represent whom and what had to be done when representatives disregarded those whom they were supposed to represent ) was by no means an easy task to accomplish. Much ink and blood was spilled. The representative model of democracy as we know it is for Keane the result of many and different power conflicts, many of them bitterly fought in opposition to ruling groups, whether they were church hierarchies, landowners or imperial monarchies, often in the name of \"the people\". The concept of the sovereign \"people\" was one of the most contested in this second phase. The bitter controversies over who \"the people\" were, along with the common belief of the time that good government was government by representatives, characterised this era of representative democracy, an era which also saw the birth of an abundance of democracy-related neologisms, such as social democracy, liberal democracy and Christian democracy. Often contrasted with monarchy, representative democracy was praised as a way of governing better by openly airing differences of opinion – not only among the represented themselves, but also between representatives and those whom they are supposed to represent while encouraging the rotation of leadership guided by merit.", "title": "The Life and Death of Democracy" }, { "docid": "7959#54", "text": "Representatives may be elected or become diplomatic representatives by a particular district (or constituency), or represent the entire electorate through proportional systems, with some using a combination of the two. Some representative democracies also incorporate elements of direct democracy, such as referendums. A characteristic of representative democracy is that while the representatives are elected by the people to act in the people's interest, they retain the freedom to exercise their own judgement as how best to do so. Such reasons have driven criticism upon representative democracy, pointing out the contradictions of representation mechanisms with democracy", "title": "Democracy" }, { "docid": "52318#0", "text": "Representative democracy (also indirect democracy, representative government or psephocracy) is a type of democracy founded on the principle of elected officials representing a group of people, as opposed to direct democracy. Nearly all modern Western-style democracies are types of representative democracies; for example, the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, France is a unitary state, and the United States is a federal republic.", "title": "Representative democracy" }, { "docid": "5104350#36", "text": "Chalke contends that there are two elements to healthy democracy; representative and participatory. He has suggested: \"Democracy used to be focused around participation as much as representation, two ideas which together created a balance.\" Whilst Chalke believes that the hallmark of any healthy democracy is that it gives expression to these two types of democracy, he suggests that, \"In our modern society, the democratic process has become far more passive and is now dominated by the idea of representation, where elected representatives (e.g. MP's) are held responsible for delivering the needs of those who voted, or who did not vote, for them. Westminster is the seat of representative democracy. Our society needs to invent new forms and practices that combine representative with participative democracy. The two can and indeed must meet. And the crucial point regarding the relationship between the two - between representative and participative democracy - is that the activity of the second the quality of the first. Representative democracy needs to be held accountable by participative democracy. /about-us].\"", "title": "Steve Chalke" }, { "docid": "52318#5", "text": "The Roman Republic was the first known government in the western world to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the Roman assemblies. The Roman model of governance inspired many political thinkers over the centuries, and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek models because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader. Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives as opposed to a direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly. A European medieval tradition of selecting representatives from the various estates (classes, but not as we know them today) to advise/control monarchs led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems.", "title": "Representative democracy" } ]

[ { "docid": "9282116#44", "text": "A persistent libertarian and monarchist critique of democracy is the claim that it encourages the elected representatives to change the law without necessity and in particular to pour forth a flood of new laws (as described in Herbert Spencer's \"The Man Versus The State\"). This is seen as pernicious in several ways. New laws constrict the scope of what were previously private liberties. Rapidly changing laws make it difficult for a willing non-specialist to remain law-abiding. This may be an invitation for law-enforcement agencies to misuse power. The claimed continual complication of the law may be contrary to a claimed simple and eternal natural law—although there is no consensus on what this natural law is, even among advocates. Supporters of democracy point to the complex bureaucracy and regulations that has occurred in dictatorships, like many of the former communist states.", "title": "Liberal democracy" }, { "docid": "28018143#0", "text": "Democracy and the Common Wealth: Breaking the Stranglehold of the Special Interests is a 2010 book by urban designer, policy analyst and artist Michael E. Arth. Arth attempts to expose what he calls the \"dirty secrets\" of America's electoral system, and provides a list of solutions that he believes will result in a \"truly representative democracy.\" This democracy would be led by effective, trustworthy leaders, who would be elected by a majority, and who would not have to spend their time raising campaign funds, or catering to paid lobbyists.", "title": "Democracy and the Common Wealth" }, { "docid": "26412953#0", "text": "The Alliance for Representative Democracy is an American organization that is a partnership between the Trust for Representative Democracy at the National Conference of State Legislatures, the Center on Congress at Indiana University, and the Center for Civic Education. The Alliance launched the Representative Democracy in America: Voices of the People project to introduce citizens to the critical relationship between government and the people it serves. The project introduces citizens, particularly young people, to the representatives, institutions, and processes that serve to realize the goal of a government of, by, and for the people.The mission of the Alliance for Representative Democracy is to educate citizens about Congress and state legislatures through an array of programs and initiatives to foster civic learning and citizen engagement.", "title": "Alliance for Representative Democracy" }, { "docid": "1435428#34", "text": "Groups or individuals that describe Cuba is a “democracy” or claim that there is some level of democracy in the political system generally focus on community participation at local municipal level. For example, Cuban Teresita Jorge writes that democracy in Cuba “takes place from the grassroots up in the selection of those who will represent the people at all the levels of government“. Similarly, Political scientists Haroldo Dilla Alfonso and Gerardo González Núñez study what they describe as Cuba’s “community power and grassroots democracy”. They write that “this participatory system contained an interesting combination of direct democracy and the use of representation as granted by election. In general, it attempted to provide citizens with the ability to choose the local leadership, express claims, oversee and evaluate local policy and its results, and become involved in projects of community benefit.” The pair concluded that “we ought to consider Municipal Assemblies as a remarkable step forward in building democracy”.", "title": "Elections in Cuba" } ]

[ { "docid": "189644#2", "text": "Little is known of his early years, but Jacques de Molay was probably born in Molay, Haute-Saône, in the County of Burgundy, at the time a territory ruled by Otto III as part of the Holy Roman Empire, and in modern times in the area of Franche-Comté, northeastern France. His birth year is not certain, but judging by statements made during the later trials, was probably around 1250. He was born, as most Templar knights were, into a family of minor or middle-ranking nobility. It is suggested that he was dubbed a knight at age 21 in 1265 and is known that he was executed in 1314, aged about 70. If correct, these dates lead to the belief that he was born about 1244.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" } ]

[ { "docid": "658736#4", "text": "In 1758, a young Jacques-Jean le Coulteux du Molay (1740–1823), equerry to King Louis XV, and his wife Geneviéve –Sophie le Coulteux de la Noraye (painted below in 1788); built the chateau, his first large residence, in the heart of Normandy’s woodland countryside, close to Rouen, his birthplace. Jacques-Jean was a wealthy and well known banker, who had one son (Jacques Félix Le Coulteux du Molay was born Paris 29 June 1779 and died in Dijon 1 April 1812) with Genevieve before their divorce. During their time together they also bought the famous Malmaison near Paris – some of those styles are reflected in the chateau you now stand. Jacques-Jean later married Alexandrine Sophie Pauline Le Couteulx; the couple had three children.", "title": "Le Molay-Littry" }, { "docid": "189644#16", "text": "On 14 September, Philip took advantage of the rumors and inquiry to begin his move against the Templars, sending out a secret order to his agents in all parts of France to implement a mass arrest of all Templars at dawn on 13 October. Philip wanted the Templars arrested and their possessions confiscated to incorporate their wealth into the Royal Treasury and to be free of the enormous debt he owed the Templar Order. Molay was in Paris on 12 October, where he was a pallbearer at the funeral of Catherine of Courtenay, wife of Count Charles of Valois, and sister-in-law of King Philip. In a dawn raid on Friday, 13 October 1307, Molay and sixty of his Templar brother knights were arrested. Philip then had the Templars charged with heresy and many other trumped-up charges, most of which were identical to the charges which had previously been leveled by Philip's agents against Pope Boniface VIII.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" }, { "docid": "189644#3", "text": "In 1265, as a young man, he was received into the Order of the Templars in a chapel at the Beaune House, by Humbert de Pairaud, the Visitor of France and England. Another prominent Templar in attendance was Amaury de la Roche, Templar Master of the province of France.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" }, { "docid": "189644#5", "text": "After the Fall of Acre to the Egyptian Mamluks in 1291, the Franks (a name used in the Levant for Catholic Europeans) who were able to do so retreated to the island of Cyprus. It became the headquarters of the dwindling Kingdom of Jerusalem, and the base of operations for any future military attempts by the Crusaders against the Egyptian Mamluks, who for their part were systematically conquering any last Crusader strongholds on the mainland. Templars in Cyprus included Jacques de Molay and Thibaud Gaudin, their 22nd Grand Master. During a meeting assembled on the island in the autumn of 1291, Molay spoke of reforming the Order and put himself forward as an alternative to the current Grand Master. Gaudin died around 1292 and, as there were no other serious contenders for the role at the time, Molay was soon elected. In spring 1293, he began a tour of the West to try to muster more support for a reconquest of the Holy Land. Developing relationships with European leaders such as Pope Boniface VIII, Edward I of England, James I of Aragon and Charles II of Naples, Molay's immediate goals were to strengthen the defence of Cyprus and rebuild the Templar forces. From his travels, he was able to secure authorization from some monarchs for the export of supplies to Cyprus, but could obtain no firm commitment for a new Crusade. There was talk of merging the Templars with one of the other military orders, the Knights Hospitaller. The Grand Masters of both orders opposed such a merger, but pressure increased from the Papacy.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" }, { "docid": "3349274#6", "text": "Modern historians agree that the Templar of Tyre's document does not designate Jacques de Molay, but instead designates the Mongol general \"Mûlay\". Earlier historians however, regularly confused the two. This confusion was further expanded in 1805, when the French playwright/historian, François Raynouard, made claims that Jerusalem had been captured by the Mongols, with Jacques de Molay in charge of one of the Mongol divisions. \"\"In 1299, the Grand-Master was with his knights at the taking of Jerusalem.\"\" In 1846, a large-scale painting was created by Claude Jacquand, entitled \"Molay Prend Jerusalem, 1299\" (\"Molay Takes Jerusalem, 1299\"), which depicts the supposed event. Today the painting hangs in the Hall of the Crusades in the French national museum in Versailles. And in the 1861 edition of the French encyclopedia, the \"Nouvelle Biographie Universelle\", it says in the \"Molay\" article:", "title": "Mulay" }, { "docid": "189644#14", "text": "The Grand Master of the Hospitallers, Fulk de Villaret, was also delayed in his travel to France, as he was engaged with a battle at Rhodes. He did not arrive until late summer, so while waiting for his arrival, Molay met the Pope to discuss other matters, one of which was the charges by one or more ousted Templars who had made accusations of impropriety in the Templars' initiation ceremony. Molay had already spoken with the king in Paris on 24 June 1307 about the accusations against his order and was partially reassured. Returning to Poitiers, Molay asked the Pope to set up an inquiry to quickly clear the Order of the rumours and accusations surrounding it, and the Pope convened an inquiry on 24 August.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" }, { "docid": "189644#0", "text": "Jacques de Molay (; c. 1243 – 18 March 1314), also spelled \"Molai\", was the 23rd and last Grand Master of the Knights Templar, leading the Order from 20 April 1298 until it was dissolved by order of Pope Clement V in 1312. Though little is known of his actual life and deeds except for his last years as Grand Master, he is one of the best known Templars.", "title": "Jacques de Molay" }, { "docid": "3066414#1", "text": "Manuel was born in the hamlet of La Conchette, in Enchastrayes (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), near Barcelonette. His family included judges and attorneys who had established careers in the Ubaye Valley. At age seventeen, he joined the army, soon becoming an officer. He fought in the Italian campaigns under Napoleon Bonaparte, notably in the Battle of the Bridge of Arcole where he was wounded ending his military career.", "title": "Jacques-Antoine Manuel" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" } ]

[ { "docid": "99820#10", "text": "The boiling points of the carbon group tend to get lower with the heavier elements. Carbon, the lightest carbon group element, sublimates at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. The melting points of the carbon group elements have roughly the same trend as their boiling points. Silicon melts at 1414 °C, germanium melts at 939 °C, tin melts at 232 °C, and lead melts at 328 °C.", "title": "Carbon group" }, { "docid": "27114#11", "text": "Silicon crystallises in a giant covalent structure at standard conditions, specifically in a [[diamond cubic]] lattice. It thus has a high melting point of 1414 °C, as a lot of energy is required to break the strong covalent bonds and melt the solid. It is not known to have any allotropes at standard pressure, but several other crystal structures are known at higher pressures. The general trend is one of increasing [[coordination number]] with pressure, culminating in a [[hexagonal close-packed]] allotrope at about 40 [[gigapascal]]s known as Si–VII (the standard modification being Si–I). Silicon boils at 3265 °C: this, while high, is still lower than the temperature at which its lighter congener [[carbon]] sublimes (3642 °C) and silicon similarly has a lower [[heat of vaporisation]] than carbon, consistent with the fact that the Si–Si bond is weaker than the C–C bond.", "title": "Silicon" }, { "docid": "27114#0", "text": "Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14. It is a hard and brittle crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre; and it is a tetravalent metalloid and semiconductor. It is a member of group 14 in the periodic table: carbon is above it; and germanium, tin, and lead are below it. It is relatively unreactive. Because of its high chemical affinity for oxygen, it was not until 1823 that Jöns Jakob Berzelius was first able to prepare it and characterize it in pure form. Its melting and boiling points of 1414 °C and 3265 °C respectively are the second-highest among all the metalloids and nonmetals, being only surpassed by boron. Silicon is the eighth most common element in the universe by mass, but very rarely occurs as the pure element in the Earth's crust. It is most widely distributed in dusts, sands, planetoids, and planets as various forms of silicon dioxide (silica) or silicates. More than 90% of the Earth's crust is composed of silicate minerals, making silicon the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust (about 28% by mass) after oxygen.", "title": "Silicon" }, { "docid": "85425#51", "text": "Silicon is a crystalline solid with a blue-grey metallic lustre. Like boron, it is less dense (at 2.33 g/cm) than aluminium, and is hard and brittle. It is a relatively unreactive element. According to Rochow, the massive crystalline form (especially if pure) is \"remarkably inert to all acids, including hydrofluoric\". Less pure silicon, and the powdered form, are variously susceptible to attack by strong or heated acids, as well as by steam and fluorine. Silicon dissolves in hot aqueous alkalis with the evolution of hydrogen, as do metals such as beryllium, aluminium, zinc, gallium or indium. It melts at 1414 °C. Silicon is a semiconductor with an electrical conductivity of 10 S•cm and a band gap of about 1.11 eV. When it melts, silicon becomes a reasonable metal with an electrical conductivity of 1.0–1.3 × 10 S•cm, similar to that of liquid mercury.", "title": "Metalloid" } ]

[ { "docid": "40283#12", "text": "The melting point is sensitive to extremely large changes in pressure, but generally this sensitivity is orders of magnitude less than that for the boiling point, because the solid-liquid transition represents only a small change in volume. If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure. Otherwise the reverse behavior occurs. Notably, this is the case of water, as illustrated graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C.", "title": "Melting point" }, { "docid": "13066203#2", "text": "A sample in a sealed capillary, attached to a thermometer with a rubber band, is immersed in the tube. Heating is commenced, and the temperature ranges at which the sample melts can then be observed. During heating, the point at which melting is observed and the temperature constant is the melting point of the sample. A more modern method uses dedicated equipment, known as a melting point apparatus. A slow heating rate at the melting point is needed in order to get an accurate measurement. Record the temperature on the thermometer when the sample starts to melt and record the temperature again when all of the sample has melted (this gives you the melting point range, which is what is usually quoted in chemical literature).", "title": "Thiele tube" }, { "docid": "7316#36", "text": "Silicon dioxide, also known as glass, silica, or quartz, is very abundant in the universe and has a large temperature range where it is liquid. However, its melting point is , so it would be impossible to make organic compounds in that temperature, because all of them would decompose. Silicates are similar to silicon dioxide and some could have lower boiling points than silica. Gerald Feinberg and Robert Shapiro have suggested that molten silicate rock could serve as a liquid medium for organisms with a chemistry based on silicon, oxygen, and other elements such as aluminium.", "title": "Hypothetical types of biochemistry" }, { "docid": "32537592#10", "text": "Unlike electroplated nickel, electroless nickel deposits do not have a precise melting point but rather have a melting \"range\". Pure nickel has a melting point of 1455 °C (2650 °F), however EN is an alloy and as the phosphorus content is increased within the film, the deposit begins to soften at lower temperatures and continues to soften until it eventually melts. The melting range decreases linearly as the phosphorus levels increase. The eutectic or lowest melting point for NiP alloys is 880 °C (1620 °F) and occurs at a deposit phosphorus content of 11% b.w. The highest melting point is for low Phosphorus deposits (less than 3%) that claim to have melting points at 1,200 °C (2,200 °F). EN has failed in some high temperature applications since it was not fully recognized that even with a relatively high melting range the deposit may still have a liquid phase at lower temperatures. Figure 3 illustrates what happens when you subject EN to temperatures above its melting point.", "title": "Electroless nickel" }, { "docid": "43882480#1", "text": "The silicon content leads to a strengthening of the metal matrix. The appearance is similar to ordinary brass. Silicon tombac has good friction bearing characteristics and is corrosion resistant but is not resistant to ammonia atmosphere. The strength properties are largely retained at application temperatures up to 200 °C.\nIt is a special alloy in terms of the combination of casting process and casting temperature. In most cases, parts made of silicon tombac, are produced through the high pressure die casting process, which is normally specialized on metals with relatively low melting temperatures. But in this case the temperature melting range of silicon tombac is in the area of 950 to 1000 °C, which is relatively high for casting into permanent moulds. The advantage is the productivity of this highly automated casting process. The disadvantage is the temperature stress of the surface of the permanent mould, so that the lifetime of these moulds is limited.", "title": "Silicon tombac" }, { "docid": "3328072#9", "text": "Silicon nitride is difficult to produce as a bulk material—it cannot be heated over 1850 °C, which is well below its melting point, due to dissociation to silicon and nitrogen. Therefore, application of conventional hot press sintering techniques is problematic. Bonding of silicon nitride powders can be achieved at lower temperatures through adding additional materials (sintering aids or \"binders\") which commonly induce a degree of liquid phase sintering. A cleaner alternative is to use spark plasma sintering where heating is conducted very rapidly (seconds) by passing pulses of electric current through the compacted powder. Dense silicon nitride compacts have been obtained by this techniques at temperatures 1500–1700 °C.", "title": "Silicon nitride" } ]

[ { "docid": "53631257#0", "text": "The 2017 Mexico City ePrix (officially the 2017 FIA Formula E Julius Baer Mexico City ePrix) was a Formula E electric car race held on 1 April 2017 before a crowd of 36,000 people at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, Mexico. It was the fourth round of the 2016–17 Formula E season, and the second running of the event. The 45-lap race was won by Audi Sport ABT driver Lucas di Grassi after starting from 15th position. Jean-Éric Vergne finished second for the Techeetah team and Virgin driver Sam Bird came in third.", "title": "2017 Mexico City ePrix" } ]

[ { "docid": "56294773#0", "text": "The 2018 Mexico City ePrix (formally the 2018 ABB Formula E Mexico City ePrix) was a Formula E electric car race held at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in the centre of Mexico City on 3 March 2018. It was the fifth round of the 2017–18 Formula E season and the third edition of the event as part of the championship. The 47-lap race was won by Audi driver Daniel Abt after starting from fifth position. Oliver Turvey finished second for NIO and e.Dams-Renault driver Sébastien Buemi came in third.", "title": "2018 Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "56294773#3", "text": "The 2018 Mexico City ePrix was confirmed as part of Formula E's 2017–18 series schedule in September 2017 by the FIA World Motor Sport Council. It was the fifth of twelve scheduled single-seater electric car races of the 2017–18 season, and the third time that the ePrix has been held as part of the FIA Formula E Championship. It was held on 3 March 2018 at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in the centre of Mexico City. The ePrix was the only race of the season that took place on a permanent motor racing facility: it consists of a mixture of the Grand Prix and oval layouts and has seventeen turns at a length of . The high elevation of the circuit created thin air and lower wind resistance, causing teams to optimise the cooling of their cars, and the asphalt surface was less abrasive than other tracks. Furthermore, the world governing body of motorsport, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) introduced a track limits zone on the approach to turn one to prevent competitors from using the grass in that area. The driver adviser to the stewards for the ePrix was former Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters racer Alexandre Prémat.", "title": "2018 Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "49118736#0", "text": "The 2016 Mexico City ePrix was a Formula E motor race held on 12 March 2016 at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez in Mexico City, Mexico. It was the fifth championship race of the 2015–16 Formula E season, the single-seater, electrically powered racing car series' second season. It also was the 16th Formula E race overall. The race was initially won by Lucas di Grassi, but later the win was handed to Jérôme d'Ambrosio because di Grassi's car was found to be underweight. This was d'Ambrosio's second Formula E win, after the 2015 Berlin ePrix, where he had also benefited from a disqualification of di Grassi.", "title": "2016 Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "53631257#3", "text": "The Mexico City ePrix was confirmed as part of Formula E's 2016–17 series schedule in September 2016 by the FIA World Motor Sport Council. It was the fourth of twelve scheduled single-seater electric car races of the 2016–17 season, the second running of the event, and was held on 1 April 2017 at the Autódromo Hermanos Rodríguez. The ePrix was the only race of the season that took place on a permanent race track which consists of a mixture between the Grand Prix and oval layouts and is long with 17 corners. The circuit underwent changes following the previous year's running of the race with the first corner altered to become a right-hand turn and the final chicane was modified to prevent drivers from short-cutting the corner in order to gain an advantage.", "title": "2017 Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "53631257#5", "text": "After being stripped of the victory in previous year's race because of an underweight car, Audi Sport ABT team principal Hans-Jurgen Abt said his team's objective was to get onto the podium. He acknowledged that getting the victory would not be easy because of the competitiveness of the field. After retiring from the preceding Buenos Aires ePrix, Bird stated that he would enter the Mexico City race with a positive attitude and affirmed his belief in his team and he felt there was a possibility of getting onto the podium in the event they perform well in qualifying. Mitch Evans reiterated that despite Jaguar not scoring points in the season's opening three races, the Buenos Aires race showed that he was becoming more confident and wanted to carry over his momentum from the four-month break. He also said he was excited to compete in the Mexico City ePrix.", "title": "2017 Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "54567088#0", "text": "The 2017 New York City ePrix (formally the 2017 FIA Formula E Qualcomm New York City ePrix) were a pair of Formula E electric car races held on July 15 and 16, 2017 at the Brooklyn Street Circuit in Red Hook, Brooklyn before a two-day crowd of 20,000 people. They were the ninth and tenth races of the 2016–17 Formula E season and the inaugural running of the event. The first race, contested over 43 laps on 15 July, was won by Virgin driver Sam Bird after starting from fourth place. Jean-Éric Vergne finished second for Techeetah, and his teammate Stéphane Sarrazin came third. The longer 49-lap race held the following day was won by Bird from a pole position start. Mahindra teammates Felix Rosenqvist and Nick Heidfeld completed the podium's final two places.", "title": "2017 New York City ePrix" }, { "docid": "19636733#47", "text": "For the 2017 Mexico City ePrix he made a guest appearance as an analyst for Channel 5 coverage.", "title": "David Coulthard" }, { "docid": "48852069#0", "text": "The Mexico City ePrix is an annual race of the single-seater, electrically powered Formula E championship, held in Mexico City, Mexico. It was first raced in the 2015–16 season.", "title": "Mexico City ePrix" }, { "docid": "53631257#1", "text": "Oliver Turvey won the pole position after Daniel Abt was penalised for a tyre pressure infringement and maintained his advantage on the first lap. He came under pressure from José María López until he retired from the ePrix with power issues, handing the lead to López. Di Grassi and Jérôme d'Ambrosio made early pit stops for the switch into their second cars and di Grassi became the leader on lap 26 when the rest of the field made their stops. D'Ambrosio held off pressure from Vergne for second place until he was passed on the 43rd lap and di Grassi remained the leader for the rest of the race after conserving electrical energy to win. There were three lead changes among four different drivers and three safety car periods during the course of the race.", "title": "2017 Mexico City ePrix" } ]

[ { "docid": "16765186#0", "text": "Massachusetts has an estimated 2017 population of 6.833 million. As of 2015, Massachusetts is estimated to be the third most densely populated U.S. state, with 822.7 per square mile, after New Jersey and Rhode Island, and ahead of Connecticut and Maryland.", "title": "Demographics of Massachusetts" } ]

[ { "docid": "116859#9", "text": "There are 2,429 households, out of which 37.2% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 69.7% were married couples living together, 2.2% had a male householder with no wife present, 6.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.7% were non-families. The householder of 17.4% of all households were living alone and 7.6% was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.71 people and the average family size was 3.10 people.", "title": "Stow, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "15138033#3", "text": "They took pictures across New England, particularly in Massachusetts, Connecticut and Rhode Island. They specialized in selling affordable, easily produced photographs, creating a record of the lives of ordinary people, many of whom would never have had a formal studio photograph taken. By 1902 the brothers decided to end their touring life.", "title": "Howes Brothers" }, { "docid": "116852#13", "text": "As of the census of 2010, there were 26,983 people, 11,213 households, and 7,076 families residing in the city. The racial makeup of the city was 91.1% White, 2.4% African American, 0.1% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.9% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.\nThere were 11,213 households out of which 28.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.4% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.9% were non-families. 31.3% of all households were individuals living alone and 13.5% were composed of an individual 65 years or older living alone. The average household size was 2.38 and the average family size was 3.05.", "title": "Melrose, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "53145523#0", "text": "Mukhaestate is a village located in the west part of Georgia, Kobuleti municipality in the Adjarian region (an autonomous region). Village is situated at 60 metres above the sea level. In the village is a small river, which called Achkva. According to the data of 2014, 1 837 people live in the village. During the 15th-16th century Mukhaestate was the main residence place for nobleman from Guria region. Mukhaestate is 36.9 kilometers north of Batumi and approximately 315 km west of the nation's capital Tbilisi. The mountainous area is good for subtropical species.", "title": "Mukhaestate" }, { "docid": "116785#5", "text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 3,777 people, 1,633 households, and 765 families residing in the town. The population density was 262.5 people per square mile (101.3/km²). There were 1,668 housing units at an average density of 115.9 per square mile (44.8/km²). There were 1,633 households out of which 22.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 37.5% were married couples living together, 6.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 53.1% were non-families. 27.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.93.", "title": "Sunderland, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "116666#3", "text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 11,603 people, 5,485 households, and 3,181 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 640.0/km² (1,656.9/mi²). There were 7,834 housing units at an average density of 432.1/km² (1,118.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 94.74% White, 1.53% African American, 0.34% Native American, 0.63% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 1.03% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.63% of the population.\nThere were 5,485 households out of which 18.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 9.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.0% were non-families. 36.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 22.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.08 and the average family size was 2.67.", "title": "South Yarmouth, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "259413#11", "text": "There were 5,290 households out of which 30.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.0% were married couples living together, 8.4% have a woman whose husband does not live with her, and 34.6% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.00.\nIn the town, the population was spread out with 23.0% under the age of 18, 5.1% from 18 to 24, 28.3% from 25 to 44, 28.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.2 males.", "title": "Ipswich, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "76194#11", "text": "As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 158,080 people, 58,702 households, and 34,480 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 62,603 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 88.7% white, 4.5% Asian, 2.5% black or African American, 0.2% American Indian, 1.5% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 4.7% of the population. The largest ancestry groups were:Of the 58,702 households, 26.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.8% were married couples living together, 10.3% had a female householder with no husband present, 41.3% were non-families, and 29.7% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.89. The median age was 36.6 years.", "title": "Hampshire County, Massachusetts" }, { "docid": "118039#9", "text": "As of the census of 2000, there were 6,586 people, 2,912 households, and 1,729 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,023.7 per square mile (782.4/km²). There were 3,426 housing units at an average density of 1,052.7 per square mile (407.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 94.90% White, 0.33% African American, 1.38% Native American, 0.52% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.96% from other races, and 1.88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.20% of the population.\nThere were 2,912 households out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 42.8% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.6% were non-families. 35.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.88.", "title": "Manistee, Michigan" } ]

[ { "docid": "19814545#0", "text": "This list of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University comprehensively shows the Princeton-affiliated individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901. The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the \"Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel\" (commonly known as the Nobel Economics Prize), was established in 1968 (first awarded in 1969) by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University" }, { "docid": "21201#21", "text": "In 1968, Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's central bank) celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honor of Nobel. The following year, the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\". The Board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.", "title": "Nobel Prize" }, { "docid": "19853017#0", "text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the University of Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "23535306#2", "text": "Laureates in the Memorial Prize in Economics are selected by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It was first awarded in 1969 to the Dutch and Norwegian economists Jan Tinbergen and Ragnar Frisch, \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\".", "title": "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences" }, { "docid": "23535306#10", "text": "The first prize in economics was awarded in 1969 to Ragnar Frisch and Jan Tinbergen \"for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes\". In 2009, Elinor Ostrom became the first woman awarded the prize.", "title": "Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences" } ]

[ { "docid": "21233884#0", "text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Johns Hopkins University" }, { "docid": "22806825#0", "text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee; the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Cornell University" }, { "docid": "21967236#0", "text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Imperial College London" }, { "docid": "21976523#0", "text": "The Nobel Prizes are awarded annually by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Karolinska Institute, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee to individuals who make outstanding contributions in the fields of chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine. They were established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel, which dictates that the awards should be administered by the Nobel Foundation. Another prize, the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, was established in 1968 by the Sveriges Riksbank, the central bank of Sweden, for contributors to the field of economics. Each prize is awarded by a separate committee: the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awards the Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, and Economics, the Karolinska Institute awards the Prize in Physiology or Medicine, and the Norwegian Nobel Committee awards the Prize in Peace. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma and a cash prize that has varied throughout the years. In 1901, the winners of the first Nobel Prizes were given 150,782 SEK, which is equal to 7,731,004 SEK in December 2007. In 2008, the winners were awarded a prize amount of 10,000,000 SEK. The awards are presented in Stockholm in an annual ceremony on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.", "title": "List of Nobel laureates affiliated with King's College London" }, { "docid": "24636986#0", "text": "Since 1957, there have been eight Chinese (including Chinese-born) winners of the Nobel Prize. The Nobel Prize is a Sweden-based international monetary prize. The award was established by the 1895 will and estate of Swedish chemist and inventor Alfred Nobel. It was first awarded in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace in 1901. An associated prize, The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, was instituted by Sweden's central bank in 1968 and first awarded in 1969.", "title": "List of Chinese Nobel laureates" }, { "docid": "48713#56", "text": "Nobel Prize winners: Sir Edward Appleton, for discovering the Appleton layer, Sir John Cockcroft KCB, physicist who first split the atom, Allan Cormack, for the invention of the CAT scan, Paul Dirac, one of the founders of quantum mechanics, Sir Nevill Francis Mott, for work on the behaviour of electrons in magnetic solids, Abdus Salam, for unifying the electromagnetic force and the weak force, Frederick Sanger, molecular biologist, Maurice Wilkins, awarded Nobel prize for Medicine or Physiology with Watson and Crick for discovering the structure of DNA, and Eric Maskin (visiting & honorary fellow), awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 2007.", "title": "St John's College, Cambridge" }, { "docid": "212034#6", "text": "For his work in game theory, Selten won the 1994 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (shared with John Harsanyi and John Nash). Selten was Germany's first and, at the time of his death, only Nobel winner for economics.", "title": "Reinhard Selten" } ]

[ { "docid": "11053645#1", "text": "Even before the uprising, the Germans knew that, within a few months, Warsaw would fall into Allied hands. Despite that, they dedicated an unprecedented effort to destroying the city. Their decision tied up considerable resources which could have been used at the Eastern Front and at the newly-opened Western Front following the Normandy landings. The Germans destroyed 80–90% of Warsaw's buildings and deliberately demolished, burned, or stole an immense part of its cultural heritage.\nCurrently, more than half of the antiques and museum objects of Polish heritage stolen by Germans in 1944 have not been returned to Poland. After the war, extensive work was put into rebuilding the city according to pre-war plans and historical documents. As with most of Poland, the city was rebuilt without any German labor, unlike in Stalingrad and other cities, where German forced labor was used during and after the war as part of war reparations.", "title": "Destruction of Warsaw" }, { "docid": "3190563#4", "text": "After the end of World War I, Poland regained her independence and the pre-war commander of I and IV departments, Capt. Józef Hłasko, returned to Warsaw from Moscow (where he served as the commander of that city's firefighters) and became the successor of Tuliszkowski. In 1920, during the Polish-Bolshevik War, the Polish Ministry of Interior decided to nationalize the unit. However, the authorities of Warsaw have sued the state authorities and the decision was withdrawn. Until World War II the Warsaw Fire Guards were the only privately owned fire brigade in Poland and one of the very few such units in the world. Officially their status was similar to that of the Municipal Police. The private ownership (most of the shares were held by the city of Warsaw) allowed for fast modernization of the Guards. In 1928 the last horse-drawn cart was decommissioned; since then the Guard has been fully motorized. In 1936 a new headquarters was built at Polna street, where one of the branches is located even now.", "title": "Warsaw Fire Guard" }, { "docid": "353000#53", "text": "Joseph Stalin, then chief political commissar of the South-western Front, was engaged at Lwów, about 320 kilometres from Warsaw. The absence of his forces at the battle has been the subject of dispute. A perception arose that his absence was due to his desire to achieve 'military glory' at Lwów. Telegrams concerning the transfer of forces were exchanged. Leon Trotsky interpreted Stalin's actions as insubordination; Richard Pipes asserts that Stalin '...almost certainly acted on Lenin's orders' in not moving the forces to Warsaw. That the commander-in-chief Sergey Kamenev allowed such insubordination, issued conflicting and confusing orders and did not act with the decisiveness of a commander-in-chief contributed greatly to the problems and defeat the Red forces suffered at this critical junction of the war.\nThe Polish 5th Army under General Władysław Sikorski counter-attacked on 14 August from the area of the Modlin fortress, crossing the Wkra River. It faced the combined forces of the numerically and materially superior Soviet 3rd and 15th Armies. In one day the Soviet advance toward Warsaw and Modlin had been halted and soon turned into retreat. Sikorski's 5th Army pushed the exhausted Soviet formations away from Warsaw in a lightning operation. Polish forces advanced at a speed of thirty kilometers a day, soon destroying any Soviet hopes for completing their enveloping manoeuvre in the north. By 16 August, the Polish counter-offensive had been fully joined by Marshal Piłsudski's \"Reserve Army.\" Precisely executing his plan, the Polish force, advancing from Warsaw (Colonel Wrzaliński's group) and the south (Polish 3rd and 4 Army), found a huge gap between the Soviet fronts and exploited the weakness of the Soviet \"Mozyr Group\" that was supposed to protect the weak link between the Soviet fronts. The Poles continued their northward offensive with two armies following and destroying the surprised enemy. They reached the rear of Tukhachevsky's forces, the majority of which were encircled by 18 August. Only that same day did Tukhachevsky, at his Minsk headquarters 480 kilometres (300 mi) east of Warsaw, become fully aware of the proportions of the Soviet defeat and ordered the remnants of his forces to retreat and regroup. He hoped to straighten his front line, halt the Polish attack, and regain the initiative, but the orders either arrived too late or failed to arrive at all.", "title": "Polish–Soviet War" }, { "docid": "376841#47", "text": "One of the reasons given for the collapse of the Uprising was the reluctance of the Soviet Red Army to help the Polish resistance. On 1 August, the day of Uprising, the Soviet advance was halted by a direct order from the Kremlin. Soon afterwards the Soviet tank units stopped receiving any oil from their depots. Soviets knew of the planned outbreak from their agents in Warsaw and, more importantly, directly from the Polish Prime Minister Stanisław Mikołajczyk, who informed them of the Polish Home Army uprising plans: The Red Army's halt and lack of support for the Polish resistance is seen as a calculated decision by Stalin to achieve certain post-war political objectives. In other words: had the Polish Home Army triumphed, the Polish government-in-exile would have had legitimacy to continue the pre-war government in Poland, rendering the post-war Polish-communists regime invalid and likely rejected in all of the pre-war Polish areas thus far liberated by the Red Army (the news of planned Warsaw Uprising is likely one of the reason of speeding up the installation of communist regime on 22 July 1944 in Lublin). Also the destruction of the main Polish resistance forces by the Germans was of direct benefit to Soviet Union, since it significantly weakened any potential Polish opposition to planned (and already started) Soviet occupation. Halting the advance and taking Warsaw in January 1945 enabled the Soviets to say they \"liberated\" Warsaw.", "title": "Warsaw Uprising" }, { "docid": "33622#0", "text": "The Warsaw Pact, formally known as the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance, was a collective defence treaty signed in Warsaw, Poland among the Soviet Union and seven Soviet satellite states of Central and Eastern Europe in May 1955, during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the socialist states of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was created in reaction to the integration of West Germany into NATO in 1955 per the London and Paris Conferences of 1954, but it is also considered to have been motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe.", "title": "Warsaw Pact" }, { "docid": "185149#5", "text": "The city suffered heavily during World War II. Although the majority of pre-war projects perished during the war, most of the engineers behind their creation survived and returned to their city to take part in its rebirth. However, the new Communist authorities of Poland envisioned a city completely different from what it had been before the war. As the \"ideal\" communist city, Warsaw was to be decentralized and the need to commute to the city centre reduced. Thus, the Office for the Reconstruction of Warsaw (BOS) commissioned a number of engineers to prepare a project of a fast urban railway (SKM) crossing the city in a deep cutting. Although to a large extent it was to follow the line 1 of the pre-war plans, only the central stations were to be located underground. However, by the end of the decade the project was cancelled. Instead, in 1948 communist planners developed a different concept with the new SKM morphing into a rapid transit line at a depth of up to . The suggested north-south direction, with three parallel branches of the same line in the city centre, corresponded to the planned development of the city along the Vistula. The works, however, never started and this project was also abandoned.", "title": "Warsaw Metro" }, { "docid": "32908#100", "text": "The levelling of Warsaw during the war has left gaping holes in the city's historic collections. Although a considerable number of treasures were spirited away to safety in 1939, a great number of collections from palaces and museums in the countryside were brought to Warsaw at that time as the capital was considered a safer place than some remote castle in the borderlands. Thus losses were heavy.", "title": "Warsaw" }, { "docid": "972776#9", "text": "After the start of Polish Defensive War of 1939 Starzyński, refused to leave Warsaw together with other state authorities and diplomats on September 4, 1939. Instead he joined the army as a major of infantry. The Minister of War shortly before his departure created the Command of the Defense of the Capital with general Walerian Czuma as its commander. On September 7, the forces of 4th German Panzer Division managed to break the Polish lines near Częstochowa and started their march towards Warsaw. Most of the city authorities were evacuated to the east. Warsaw was left with a military garrison composed mainly of infantry battalions and batteries of artillery. The Headquarters of general Czuma had to organize the defense of the city. Unfortunately, there was some misunderstanding among the command. At that time Poland still believed that any time soon Great Britain and France would attack Germany according to the treaties which were signed by these countries at the beginning of 1939. As it happened these obligations were never to materialise. However, at that stage the Polish authorities wanted to preserve younger reservists for future fighting, so the spokesman of the garrison of Warsaw issued a communique in which he ordered all young men to leave the city. That step weakened the strength of the defence garrison.", "title": "Stefan Starzyński" }, { "docid": "921376#0", "text": "In the German language, Festung Warschau (\"Fortress Warsaw\") is the term used to refer to a fortified and well-defended Warsaw. In the 20th century, the term was in use on three occasions during World War I and World War II. It was used when the Germans threw back the Russian advance in 1914, where Warsaw came within distance of the fighting in October. The term resurfaced during the September 1939 German invasion of Poland. Later in the second war, the term resurfaced between September 1944 and January 1945, when the retreating Germans tried to establish a defense in the city against the advancing Soviet Union.\nDuring the invasion of Poland in 1939 the German troops reached the outskirts of Warsaw on 9 September. The Oberkommando des Heeres (OKH) assumed that the unfortified city damaged by countless terror bombing raids would be taken by German motorized units without any resistance and issued a press and radio release stating that the capital of Poland was taken. However, the German motorized assault was defeated and the advancing troops were forced to retreat with heavy casualties. From 8 September the city started to be referred to as \"Fortress of Warsaw\" in German broadcasts, which was to justify the aerial bombardment of civilian targets.", "title": "Festung Warschau" }, { "docid": "11053645#5", "text": "Elsewhere in Warsaw collective responsibility was the rule resulting in the murders of thousands, which resulted in the Warsaw Uprising on August 1, 1944. In response, under orders from Heinrich Himmler, Warsaw was kept under ceaseless barrage by Nazi artillery and air power for sixty-three days and nights with Erich von dem Bach, \"SS-Gruppenführer\" and Police General who took over from Heinz Reinefarth at the helm. Von dem Bach later wrote about his meeting with Reinefarth: \"Reinefarth drew my attention to the existence of a clear order issued by Himmler. The first thing he told me was that he has been distinctly ordered not to take any prisoners but to kill every inhabitant of Warsaw. I asked him, 'women and children, too?' to which he replied, 'Yes, women and children, too ...'\" In the wake of this unprecedented planned destruction and ethnic cleansing, by 1944 around 800,000 civilians were killed, or 60% of the population.", "title": "Destruction of Warsaw" }, { "docid": "927764#0", "text": "The Bombing of Warsaw in World War II refers to the bombing campaign of Warsaw by the German Luftwaffe during the siege of Warsaw in the invasion of Poland in 1939. It also may refer to German bombing raids during the Warsaw Uprising in 1944. During the course of the war approximately 84% of the city was destroyed due to German mass bombings, heavy artillery fire and a planned demolition campaign.", "title": "Bombing of Warsaw in World War II" } ]

[]

[ { "docid": "1057698#0", "text": "Human behaviour genetics is a subfield of the field of behaviour genetics that studies the role of genetic and environmental influences on human behaviour. Classically, human behavioural geneticists have studied the inheritance of behavioural traits. The field was originally focused on testing whether genetic influences were important in human behavior (e.g., do genes influence human behavior). It has evolved to address more complex questions such as: how important are genetic and/or environmental influences on various human behavioral traits; to what extent do the same genetic and/or environmental influences impact the overlap between human behavioral traits; how do genetic and/or environmental influences on behavior change across development; and what environmental factors moderate the importance of genetic effects on human behavior (gene-environment interaction). The field is interdisciplinary, and draws from genetics, psychology, and statistics. Most recently, the field has moved into the area of statistical genetics, with many behavioral geneticists also involved in efforts to identify the specific genes involved in human behavior, and to understand how the effects associated with these genes changes across time, and in conjunction with the environment.", "title": "Human behaviour genetics" }, { "docid": "24646984#0", "text": "Cultural neuroscience is a field of research that focuses on the interrelation between a human’s cultural environment and neurobiological systems. The field particularly incorporates ideas and perspectives from related domains like anthropology, psychology, and cognitive neuroscience to study sociocultural influences on human behaviors . Such impacts on behavior are often measured using various neuroimaging methods, through which cross-cultural variability in neural activity can be examined.", "title": "Cultural neuroscience" }, { "docid": "22921#96", "text": "Comparative psychology refers to the scientific study of the behavior and mental processes of non-human animals, especially as these relate to the phylogenetic history, adaptive significance, and development of behavior. Research in this area explores the behavior of many species, from insects to primates. It is closely related to other disciplines that study animal behavior such as ethology. Research in comparative psychology sometimes appears to shed light on human behavior, but some attempts to connect the two have been quite controversial, for example the Sociobiology of E.O. Wilson. Animal models are often used to study neural processes related to human behavior, e.g. in cognitive neuroscience.", "title": "Psychology" }, { "docid": "26277853#0", "text": "Psychology encompasses a vast domain, and includes many different approaches to the study of mental processes and behavior. Below are the major areas of inquiry that taken together constitute psychology. A comprehensive list of the sub-fields and areas within psychology can be found at the list of psychology topics and list of psychology disciplines.", "title": "Subfields of psychology" } ]

[ { "docid": "22921#28", "text": "The contemporary field of behavioral neuroscience focuses on physical causes underpinning behavior. For example, physiological psychologists use animal models, typically rats, to study the neural, genetic, and cellular mechanisms that underlie specific behaviors such as learning and memory and fear responses. Cognitive neuroscientists investigate the neural correlates of psychological processes in humans using neural imaging tools, and neuropsychologists conduct psychological assessments to determine, for instance, specific aspects and extent of cognitive deficit caused by brain damage or disease. The biopsychosocial model is an integrated perspective toward understanding consciousness, behavior, and social interaction. It assumes that any given behavior or mental process affects and is affected by dynamically interrelated biological, psychological, and social factors.", "title": "Psychology" }, { "docid": "26277853#12", "text": "Comparative psychology refers to the study of the behavior and mental life of animals other than human beings. It is related to disciplines outside of psychology that study animal behavior such as ethology. Although the field of psychology is primarily concerned with humans the behavior and mental processes of animals is also an important part of psychological research. This being either as a subject in its own right (e.g., animal cognition and ethology) or with strong emphasis about evolutionary links, and somewhat more controversially, as a way of gaining an insight into human psychology. This is achieved by means of comparison or via animal models of emotional and behavior systems as seen in neuroscience of psychology (e.g., affective neuroscience and social neuroscience).", "title": "Subfields of psychology" }, { "docid": "418436#0", "text": "Economic anthropology is a field that attempts to explain human economic behavior in its widest historic, geographic and cultural scope. It is practiced by anthropologists and has a complex relationship with the discipline of economics, of which it is highly critical. Its origins as a sub-field of anthropology began with work by the Polish founder of anthropology Bronislaw Malinowski and the French Marcel Mauss on the nature of reciprocity as an alternative to market exchange. For the most part, studies in economic anthropology focus on exchange. In contrast, the Marxian school known as \"political economy\" focuses on production.", "title": "Economic anthropology" }, { "docid": "30784948#0", "text": "Feedforward, Behavior and Cognitive Science is a method of teaching and learning that illustrates or indicates a desired future behavior or path to a goal. Feedforward provides information, images, etc. exclusively about what one could do right in the future, often in contrast to what one has done in the past. The feedforward method of teaching and learning is in contrast to its opposite, feedback, concerning human behavior because it focuses on learning in the future, whereas feedback uses information from a past event to provide reflection and the basis for behaving and thinking differently. In isolation, feedback is the least effective form of instruction, according to US Department of Defense studies in the 1980s. Feedforward was coined in 1976 by Peter W. Dowrick in his dissertation.", "title": "Feedforward, Behavioral and Cognitive Science" }, { "docid": "48180#1", "text": "Humanoid robots are now used as research tools in several scientific areas.\nResearchers study the human body structure and behavior (biomechanics) to build humanoid robots. On the other side, the attempt to simulate the human body leads to a better understanding of it. Human cognition is a field of study which is focused on how humans learn from sensory information in order to acquire perceptual and motor skills. This knowledge is used to develop computational models of human behavior and it has been improving over time.", "title": "Humanoid robot" }, { "docid": "4843630#2", "text": "Humans have limitations in their ability to collect and react to relevant information. When a decision or conclusion has to be made through complex information, human decision-makers often fail to comply with normative decision theories. Moreover, a person's lifestyle, social interaction and collective behaviors has clear influence on people's decisions.\nThis is a relatively new branch of psychology which focuses on humans' ability to make decisions, solve problems, learning, attention, memory and forgetting, these are only a few of the practical applications of this science, to some extent it is also related to motivation and emotion. Cognitive psychology is interested in what is happening within the mind when new information is received, how people respond to this information, and how this response affects their behavior and emotions. Cognitive psychology is considered to be one of the dominant theoretical force in behavioral science.", "title": "Behavioral operations research" }, { "docid": "40746352#2", "text": "Weiss published \"A Theoretical Basis of Human Behavior\" in 1925 and went on to publish a second edition in 1929. He was interested in studying human achievement and how people respond to external stimuli. His method of studying human behavior was considered to be overzealous and radical in comparison to traditional behaviorists. He defined human behaviorism as the reason for human achievement. This is why he believed the study of human behavior needed to be done in a carefully constructed scientific manner. He found previous traditional forms of psychological research methods to be insufficient. Weiss believed the current psychological methodology of his time unfitting to study behaviorism because the main focus was physical and mental phenomena instead of the biological and social aspects that he thought were more important. His unparalleled attention to detail in his behavior studies is one of the main reasons why people today regard him as a radical behaviorist.", "title": "Albert Paul Weiss" } ]

[ { "docid": "53132188#0", "text": "West Memphis Three is three men who – while teenagers – were tried and convicted, in 1994, of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas.", "title": "WM3 (disambiguation)" }, { "docid": "7259630#12", "text": "Ofshe gave testimony in the case of the West Memphis 3, three boys tried and convicted for the murders of three children in the Robin Hood Hills area of West Memphis, Arkansas, United States during 1993. Damien Echols, the alleged ringleader, was sentenced to death. Jessie Misskelley and Jason Baldwin were sentenced to life in prison. The case has received considerable attention. Many critics charge that the arrests and convictions were a miscarriage of justice inspired by a misguided moral panic and that the defendants were wrongfully convicted during a period of intense media scrutiny and so-called \"satanic panic\" of the 1980s and '90s. During Jessie's trial, Ofshe testified that the recording was a \"classic example\" of police coercion. The West Memphis Three were finally released from prison.", "title": "Richard Ofshe" }, { "docid": "8832#0", "text": "The West Memphis Three are three men who – while teenagers – were tried and convicted, in 1994, of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. Damien Echols was sentenced to death, Jessie Misskelley, Jr. was sentenced to life imprisonment plus two 20-year sentences, and Jason Baldwin was sentenced to life imprisonment. During the trial, the prosecution asserted that the children were killed as part of a Satanic ritual.", "title": "West Memphis Three" }, { "docid": "1823097#0", "text": "Free the West Memphis 3 is a compilation album released in October 2000 by Koch Records as a benefit for the legal defense of the West Memphis Three, three men who, while teenagers in 1994, were tried and convicted of the 1993 murders of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. The album was organized by guitarist Danny Bland (of the bands Cat Butt, Best Kissers in the World, and the Dwarves), Eddie Spaghetti of the Supersuckers, and Scott Parker, who served as executive producers of the project.", "title": "Free the West Memphis 3" }, { "docid": "2920237#5", "text": "The pair went on to direct the Paradise Lost Trilogy--\"\" (1996), \"\" (2000), and \"\" (2011), which earned the pair an Academy Award nomination. The trilogy, shot over two decades, focused on the West Memphis Three, a group of teenagers who were wrongfully convicted of the brutal murder of three children. The trilogy raised doubts about the legitimacy of the teenagers' convictions and spurred a movement to release them from prison, where one of the men was awaiting a death sentence. In 2011, the West Memphis Three were released from their respective death and life sentences after filing an Alford Plea with the Federal Court of Arkansas.", "title": "Joe Berlinger" } ]

[ { "docid": "19151146#0", "text": "Devil's Knot: The True Story of the West Memphis Three is a 2002 true crime book by Mara Leveritt, about the 1993 murders of three eight-year-old children and the subsequent trials of three teenagers charged with and convicted of the crimes. The names of the three teens convicted - Damien Echols, Jason Baldwin, and Jessie Misskelley - would come to be known as the West Memphis Three. Leveritt's book revolves around the central idea that the three teenagers' convictions stemmed from \"Satanic panic\" rather than actual evidence. The book also focuses on one of the victim's stepfathers and his possible connection with the murders. All three teenagers convicted were released on August 19, 2011. A film based on the book, \"Devil's Knot\", was released in 2013.", "title": "Devil's Knot: The True Story of the West Memphis Three" }, { "docid": "106948#19", "text": "The 1993 murders of three young boys and the subsequent convictions of Damien Echols, Jason Baldwin, and Jessie Misskelley, Jr. brought a lot of unwanted attention to West Memphis. The three young men convicted were known as the West Memphis Three and brought about a great amount of public intrigue. Three documentaries have been made about the incident, the first being \"\". Echols, Baldwin, and Misskelley were released from jail in 2011 after signing an Alford plea which allowed them to plea guilty while maintaining their innocence. They were released with time served and placed on probation until 2021.", "title": "West Memphis, Arkansas" }, { "docid": "25675132#3", "text": "Berg has directed the 10-minute-long documentary film \"Polarized\" (2007) for Al Gore's Live Earth Pledge. She also produced \"Bhutto\", a documentary feature that played at Sundance 2010. \"West of Memphis\" (2012), produced by Peter Jackson and Damien Echols, documents the story of the West Memphis Three, who were convicted as teenagers of the 1993 murder of three boys in West Memphis, Arkansas. The film has received critical acclaim and won numerous awards at film festivals, including the Sundance Film Festival, where the film premiered in January 2012, and the Toronto International Film Festival.", "title": "Amy J. Berg" }, { "docid": "2805133#7", "text": "Douglas was consulted in another controversial case known as the \"West Memphis Three\". In 1993, three eight-year-old boys were murdered and police and the prosecutor's office claimed the children died as a result of a Satanic ritual sacrifice. Three teens were later tried and convicted. Douglas was consulted by the defense in 2006-7, by which time there was new evidence of the three's innocence, and his report concluded that the killings were not related to Satanism but rather were unplanned homicides by a lone adult who knew the victims and felt rage against them. In 2011, the three men were released under an Alford plea.", "title": "John E. Douglas" }, { "docid": "19151146#4", "text": "Author Mara Leveritt makes numerous comparisons of the Memphis Three trials to the Salem Witch Trials, stating that the three Memphis defendants were convicted based on the \"Satanic Craze\" the community was surrounded by after the murders. Actual evidence used by the prosecution during the trials included pictures of Metallica T-shirts worn by Jason Baldwin and books checked out by Damien Echols at his public library; the prosecutions' cases offered little more than circumstantial evidence. Eventually, all three defendants were convicted of the murders, with Jason Baldwin and Jessie Misskelley receiving life sentences without parole, and Damien Echols receiving the death penalty.Atom Egoyan directed the 2013 film adaptation, starring Colin Firth as Ron Lax and Reese Witherspoon as Pamela Hobbs, mother of Steven Branch.", "title": "Devil's Knot: The True Story of the West Memphis Three" } ]

[ { "docid": "2208837#64", "text": "When people began to believe that Abraham Lincoln would be elected president, states in the Deep South organized conventions to discuss their options. South Carolina was the first state to organize such a convention, meeting in December following the national election. On December 20, 1860, delegates convened in Charleston and voted unanimously to secede from the Union. President James Buchanan declared the secession illegal, but did not act to stop it. The first six states to secede with the largest slaveholding states in the South, demonstrating that the slavery societies were an integral part of the secession question.", "title": "History of South Carolina" }, { "docid": "63876#85", "text": "After Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election, seven Southern states seceded from the union and set up a new nation, the Confederate States of America (Confederacy), on February 8, 1861. It attacked Fort Sumter, a U.S. Army fort in South Carolina, thus igniting the war. When Lincoln called for troops to suppress the Confederacy in April 1861, four more states seceded and joined the Confederacy. A few of the (northernmost) \"slave states\" did not secede and became known as the border states; these were Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri.", "title": "History of the United States" }, { "docid": "863#26", "text": "The election of Lincoln caused the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the \"Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union\". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The \"cotton states\" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861.", "title": "American Civil War" }, { "docid": "6696464#12", "text": "On November 10, 1860 the S.C. General Assembly called for a \"Convention of the People of South Carolina\" to consider secession. Delegates were to be elected on December 6. The secession convention convened in Columbia on December 17 and voted unanimously, 169-0, to declare secession from the United States. The convention then adjourned to Charleston to draft an ordinance of secession. When the ordinance was adopted on December 20, 1860, South Carolina became the first slave state in the south to declare that it had seceded from the United States. James Buchanan, the United States president, declared the ordinance illegal but did not act to stop it.", "title": "South Carolina in the American Civil War" }, { "docid": "16079864#3", "text": "The following year, in 1860, the Church was the site of the first state convention to discuss secession following the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States. It was chosen because it was the largest meeting place in Columbia. Under the chairmanship of D. F. Jamison, a unanimous vote of 159-0 in favor of secession on December 17, 1860 led to South Carolina seceding from the United States; it was the only such convention where the vote to secede was unanimous. Six other states would follow South Carolina's lead before the Battle of Fort Sumter; some felt if they did not secede now, they might lose the argument that a state had the right to secede, a right that has never been confirmed or denied by a court of law.", "title": "First Baptist Church (Columbia, South Carolina)" }, { "docid": "14458903#40", "text": "In 1850, Southern extremists had called the Nashville Convention in an attempt to organize the simultaneous secession of Southern states. In 1860, pro-secession leaders pursued a state-by-state strategy, hoping to trigger a chain reaction by leading states to secede one-by-one. A minority of leaders in the Deep South, including Alexander Stephens, opposed secession before Lincoln made a move that would threaten slavery in the Southern states. However, the wide popularity of secession in the Deep South precluded delay until after Lincoln took office. As Congress scrambled to devise a compromise acceptable to North and South, the first Southern state seceded. South Carolina, long the most radical Southern state, declared its secession on December 20, 1860. The state ordnance of secession accused the North of having \"assumed the right to decide upon the propriety of our domestic institutions\" and also declared that the Republican Party believed that \"a war must be waged against Slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States.\" After declaring its own secession, South Carolina sent commissioners to the other Southern states. By February 1, 1861, another six states had seceded. Conventions in Mississippi, Louisiana, and Florida overwhelmingly voted to secede, while unionists in Alabama and Georgia put up a stronger, but still unsuccessful, fight. In a referendum, two-thirds of Texans also voted to secede, despite the opposition of long-time Texas leader Sam Houston. The other eight slave states rejected secession, though North Carolina, Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas would later secede during Lincoln's presidency. The seceded states organized into the Confederate States of America, and Jefferson Davis was elected as the Confederacy's first president on February 9.", "title": "Presidency of James Buchanan" }, { "docid": "43249853#5", "text": "Between September 20, 1860, and February 1, 1861, seven southern states seceded from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America. Fighting began on April 12, 1861, when American troops were attacked at Fort Sumpter in South Carolina. This is considered the beginning of the American Civil War. Four additional states, including Virginia, seceded during the next three months. Some of the northwestern counties of Virginia disagreed with secession and they met in Wheeling to form a Restored Government of Virginia loyal to the United States.", "title": "William Henry Powell (soldier)" }, { "docid": "31365976#2", "text": "Events in the 1850s culminated with the election of the anti-slavery Republican Abraham Lincoln as President on November 6, 1860. This provoked the first round of state secession as leaders of the Deep South cotton states were unwilling to remain in a second class political status with their way of life threatened by the President himself. Initially, the seven Deep South states seceded, with economies based on cotton (then in heavy European demand with rising prices). They were Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas. After the Confederates attacked and captured Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for volunteers to march south and suppress the rebellion. This pushed the four other Upper South States (Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkansas) also to secede. These states completed the formation of the Confederate States of America. Their addition to the Confederacy ensured a war would be prolonged and bloody because they contributed territory and soldiers.Several small skirmishes and battles as well as bloody riots in St. Louis and Baltimore took place in the early months of the war. The Battle of First Bull Run or Battle of First Manassas, the first major battle of the war, occurred on July 21, 1861. After that, it became clear that there could be no compromise between the Union and the seceding states and that a long and bloody war could not be avoided. All hope of a settlement short of a catastrophic war was lost.", "title": "Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War" }, { "docid": "26562716#1", "text": "As a definite geographic location within the United States, \"Dixie\" is usually defined as the eleven Southern states that seceded in late 1860 and early 1861 to form the new Confederate States of America. They are (in order of secession): South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee. Maryland never seceded from the Union, but many of their citizens favored the Confederacy. Whilst many of Maryland’s representatives were arrested to prevent secession, both the states of Missouri and Kentucky produced Ordinances of Secession and were admitted into the Confederacy. Note that West Virginia was part of Virginia until 1863; counties that chose not to secede from the Union became part of West Virginia.", "title": "Dixie" }, { "docid": "21568984#2", "text": "On December 20, 1860, the state of South Carolina adopted an ordinance to secede from the Union of the United States, and six more southern states seceded in the next three months. On April 12, 1861 the Battle of Fort Sumter marked the start of the American Civil War. More southern states rebelled and voted to secede from the union, including Virginia on April 17, 1861. These \"rebel\" states organized themselves into the Confederate States of America.", "title": "Henry Crimmel" }, { "docid": "17832214#2", "text": "The most serious attempt at secession was advanced in the years 1860 and 1861 as eleven southern states each declared secession from the United States, and joined together to form the Confederate States of America. This movement collapsed in 1865 with the defeat of Confederate forces by Union armies in the American Civil War.", "title": "Secession in the United States" } ]

[]

[ { "docid": "14863497#17", "text": "Signals intelligence, or SIGINT, is a common tool in espionage, although it has been hard to apply to anti-terrorism activities. The National Security Agency (NSA), the organization formally responsible for SIGINT within the United States intelligence community, was used to targeting conventional military communications systems, while terrorists lacked dedicated communications systems, confronting the NSA with the prospect of \"picking out the needles of terrorist transmissions in the haystack\". While some information has been gained, SIGINT is only effective against cells if the group is unaware they are being monitored. Once known communication methods have been compromised, terrorists switch to other means. Terrorists may employ various countersurveillance techniques, including the use of non-electronic messengers to avoid interception, employ encrypted message systems, or exploit public Internet connections such as Internet cafes.", "title": "International counter-terrorism activities of the CIA" }, { "docid": "39603020#0", "text": "A SIGINT Activity Designator (or SIGAD) identifies a signals intelligence (SIGINT) line of collection activity associated with a signals collection station, such as a base or a ship. For example, the SIGAD for Menwith Hill in the UK is USD1000. SIGADs are used by the signals intelligence agencies of the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.", "title": "SIGINT Activity Designator" }, { "docid": "29122#0", "text": "Signals intelligence (SIGINT) is intelligence-gathering by interception of signals, whether communications between people (communications intelligence—abbreviated to COMINT) or from electronic signals not directly used in communication (electronic intelligence—abbreviated to ELINT). Signals intelligence is a subset of intelligence collection management.", "title": "Signals intelligence" }, { "docid": "29122#66", "text": "Signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence (MASINT) are closely, and sometimes confusingly, related.\nThe signals intelligence disciplines of communications and electronic intelligence focus on the information in those signals themselves, as with COMINT detecting the speech in a voice communication or ELINT measuring the frequency, pulse repetition rate, and other characteristics of a radar.", "title": "Signals intelligence" } ]

[ { "docid": "39650167#0", "text": "The SIGINT conference was a three-day conference held yearly on the social and technical aspects of digital society. It was organized by the Chaos Computer Club and held in Cologne, Germany. The conference featured both lectures and workshops on various different topics. It specifically wanted to focus on the social and political aspect of technology and hacker culture. The conference was officially discontinued in January 2014.", "title": "SIGINT (conference)" }, { "docid": "14103867#14", "text": "The range of methods possible in counter-SIGINT cover a wide range of what is appropriate in a combat zone to what can be done in a research laboratory. At the combat end, if an enemy SIGINT interception antenna can be targeted, thoroughly bombing it and its associated electronics will definitely end its career as a SIGINT threat. In slight less dramatic fashion, it can be taken under electronic attack, and strong enough electromagnetic signals directed at it to conceal any friendly signals, and perhaps to overload and destroy the electronics of the SIGINT facility. SIGINT protection for office buildings may require a room to be electronically shielded.", "title": "Intelligence cycle security" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "42712106#0", "text": "X̂ is the Latin letter \"X\" with a circumflex. The letter is used in the Haida language and Aleut languages of Alaska.", "title": "X̂" }, { "docid": "55853074#0", "text": "s͎ is a symbol used in the Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet to represent a whistled s. The sound occurs in the Shona language represented by sv, as in the name of Morgan Tsvangirai.", "title": "S͎" }, { "docid": "32412518#1", "text": "Salwāǧa corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Aquarius. \"Salwāǧa\" literally means \"pail of water\" in Pashto.", "title": "Salwāǧa" }, { "docid": "258680#0", "text": "Ĥ or ĥ is a consonant in Esperanto orthography, representing a voiceless velar fricative or voiceless uvular fricative . Its name in Esperanto is \"ĥo\" (pronounced ).", "title": "Ĥ" }, { "docid": "32412462#1", "text": "Waǵay corresponds with the tropical Zodiac sign Virgo. \"Waǵay\" literally means \"virgin\" in Pashto.", "title": "Waǵay" }, { "docid": "29122#15", "text": "Being a broad field, SIGINT has many sub-disciplines. The two main ones are communications intelligence (COMINT) and electronic intelligence (ELINT).", "title": "Signals intelligence" } ]

[ { "docid": "244717#0", "text": "The Fifth Republic, France's current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. The Fifth Republic emerged from the collapse of the Fourth Republic, replacing the former parliamentary republic with a semi-presidential, or dual-executive, system that split powers between a Prime Minister as head of government and a President as head of state. De Gaulle, who was the first French President elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a strong head of state, which he described as embodying (\"the spirit of the nation\").", "title": "French Fifth Republic" }, { "docid": "5843419#2", "text": "In the 19th century, Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire. His subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a tumultuous succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. France was a major participant in World War I, from which it emerged victorious, and was one of the Allies in World War II, but came under occupation by the Axis powers in 1940. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War. The Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains today. Algeria and nearly all the other colonies became independent in the 1960s and typically retained close economic and military connections with France.", "title": "France" }, { "docid": "53993103#0", "text": "There have been eleven presidential elections in France since the establishment of the Fifth Republic in 1958.", "title": "French presidential elections under the Fifth Republic" }, { "docid": "21374#17", "text": "After the establishment of the Fifth French Republic on 4 October 1958, the territories of French West Africa and French Equatorial Africa were given the right to hold a referendum on their membership in the French Community, a modified form of the French Union which allowed some limited self-government and was viewed as a path to eventual independence.", "title": "History of Niger" }, { "docid": "16052851#0", "text": "French Dahomey was a French colony of and a part of French West Africa\nfrom 1904 to 1958. After World War II, by the establishment of the French Fourth Republic in 1947, Dahomey became part of the French Union with an increased autonomy. On 11 December 1958, the French Fifth Republic was established and the French Union became the French Community. The colony became the self-governing Republic of Dahomey within the Community, and two years later on 1 August 1960 it gained full independence (and in 1975 changed its name to Benin).During the 13th century, the indigenous Edo people of the west Niger area were run by a group of local chieftains, but by the 15th century a single ruler known as the 'oba' had asserted control, creating the Kingdom of Dahomey. Under the dynasty established by Ewuare the Great, the most famous of the obas, Dahoney's territory expanded to cover a region between the Niger River delta and what is now the Nigerian city of Lagos. The obas brought great prosperity and a highly organized state to Benin. They also established good relations and an extensive slave trade with the Portuguese and Dutch who arrived from the 15th century onwards.", "title": "French Dahomey" }, { "docid": "6741484#6", "text": "Following the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War, France once again became a republic – the French Third Republic – in 1870. The President of the Third Republic had significantly less executive powers than those of the previous two republics had. The Third Republic lasted until the invasion of France by Nazi Germany in 1940. Following the end of the war, the French Fourth Republic was constituted along similar lines in 1946. The Fourth Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after the war, and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration, which changed the continent permanently. Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 20 governments in ten years. Additionally, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization. As a result, the Fourth Republic collapsed and what some critics considered to be a de facto coup d'état, subsequently legitimized by a referendum on 5 October 1958, led to the establishment of the French Fifth Republic in 1959.", "title": "Parliamentary republic" }, { "docid": "19599929#7", "text": "Following the revision of the French constitution that established the Fifth Republic in 1958, the AEF dissolved into its constituent parts, each of which became an autonomous colony within the French Community. During these reforms, Middle Congo became known as the Republic of the Congo in 1958 and published its first constitution in 1959. Antagonism between the Mbochis (who favored Jacques Opangault) and the Laris and Kongos (who favored Fulbert Youlou, the first black mayor elected in French Equatorial Africa) resulted in a series of riots in Brazzaville in February 1959, which the French Army subdued.", "title": "Republic of the Congo" }, { "docid": "335804#2", "text": "Some attempts were also made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 21 administrations in its 12-year history. Moreover, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization of the numerous remaining French colonies. After a series of crises, most importantly the Algerian crisis of 1958, the Fourth Republic collapsed. Wartime leader Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration that was empowered to design a new French constitution. The Fourth Republic was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958 which established the modern-day Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency.", "title": "French Fourth Republic" }, { "docid": "255992#14", "text": "Despite this, most of his ideas were implemented in 1958 when De Gaulle created the Fifth Republic and established a presidentialist system based around his RPF party. However, De Gaulle was pushed in the short term to decide in favour of Jean Moulin's proposal as he still struggled to show the Allies (Americans in particular) that he was not a dictator. Brossolette's ideas of a Resistance party raised many opponents' fears of a \"bonapartian\" drift, especially among fellow socialists in London among which Pierre Cot and Raymond Aron. This seemed to be confirmed to his detractor's eyes when Brossolette succeeded a bold blow against the Vichy regime by exfiltrating from France Charles Vallin, deputy leader of conservative PSF (Parti Social Français) that had surged as the main French party with over 30% at pre-war elections, but deemed proto-fascist by the left. Hence the French Fourth Republic eventually reverted to the Third Republic's pre-war parliamentarist system.", "title": "Pierre Brossolette" } ]

[ { "docid": "7236247#3", "text": "On 28 September the new Constitution was approved by 79.25% of voters. The Fifth Republic was born. The two-round system was re-established for the legislative elections. The Gaullists created the Union for the New Republic which became the largest parliamentary group. Their opponents were crushed. The division in the Left between the supporters and the opponents to the Fifth Republic explained, in due to this ballot system which encourages the alliances, the small number of left-wing MPs.", "title": "1958 French legislative election" }, { "docid": "244717#4", "text": "De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The President, under the proposed constitution, would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. On 1 June 1958, Charles de Gaulle was appointed head of the government; on 3 June 1958, a constitutional law empowered the new government to draft a new constitution of France, and another law granted Charles de Gaulle and his cabinet the power to rule by decree for up to six months, except on certain matters related to the basic rights of citizens (criminal law, etc.). These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958. The new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958. Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic.", "title": "French Fifth Republic" } ]

[ { "docid": "14687#1", "text": "Israel's area is approximately , which includes of inland water. Israel stretches from north to south, and its width ranges from to, at its narrowest point, .", "title": "Geography of Israel" } ]

[ { "docid": "31587092#2", "text": "The Council on Foreign Relations states in its publisher's blurb for the book that \"Start-up Nation\" addresses the question: \"How is it that Israel—a country of 7.1 million people, only sixty years old, surrounded by enemies, in a constant state of war since its founding, with no natural resources—produces more start-up companies than large, peaceful, and stable nations like Japan, China, India, Korea, Canada, and the United Kingdom?\" \"The Economist\" notes that Israel now has more high-tech start-ups and a larger venture capital industry per capita than any other country in the world. The success of Israel's high-tech sector over the past two decades has attracted recent attention from business journalists and \"The Economist\" describes \"Start-up Nation\" as the most notable of a \"growing pile\" of books on the subject.", "title": "Start-up Nation" }, { "docid": "66578#29", "text": "\"Like them, we had shaken off foreign rule; like them, we had to learn for ourselves how to reclaim the land, how to increase the yields of our crops, how to irrigate, how to raise poultry, how to live together, and how to defend ourselves.\" Israel could be a role model because it \"had been forced to find solutions to the kinds of problems that large, wealthy, powerful states had never encountered\".", "title": "Golda Meir" }, { "docid": "41959688#0", "text": "Winfield Toll Bridge, also known as the Ross Booth Memorial Bridge, is a historic three-span cantilever Warren Truss bridge located at Winfield and Red House, Putnam County, West Virginia. It was built in 1955, and spans the Kanawha River, carrying West Virginia Route 34. The cantilever through-truss consists of two anchor spans each 245 feet in length and the main span 462 feet in length between pier center lines. The main span consists of two 128 feet, 4 inch, cantilever arms and a 205 feet, 4 inch, suspended span.", "title": "Winfield Toll Bridge" }, { "docid": "37367517#0", "text": "ㅓ(eoh) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅓ is U+3153.", "title": "ㅓ" }, { "docid": "49691494#0", "text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.", "title": "ㅞ" }, { "docid": "49691301#0", "text": "ㅣ(i) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅣ is U+3163.", "title": "ㅣ" }, { "docid": "49691484#0", "text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.", "title": "ㅝ" }, { "docid": "49691504#0", "text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.", "title": "ㅟ" }, { "docid": "49690912#0", "text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.", "title": "ㅜ" }, { "docid": "25602480#0", "text": "ㅏ(ah) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅏ is U+314F.", "title": "ㅏ" } ]

[ { "docid": "19283361#83", "text": "As the first Republican President elected after Roosevelt, Dwight D. Eisenhower (1953–1961) built on the New Deal in a manner that embodied his thoughts on efficiency and cost-effectiveness. He sanctioned a major expansion of Social Security by a self-financed program. He supported such New Deal programs as the minimum wage and public housing—he greatly expanded federal aid to education and built the Interstate Highway system primarily as defense programs (rather than jobs program). In a private letter, Eisenhower wrote:", "title": "New Deal" }, { "docid": "55769#4", "text": "Streets and highways were the most common PWA projects, as 11,428 road projects, or 33% of all PWA projects, accounted for over 15% of its total budget. School buildings, 7,488 in all, came in second at 14% of spending. PWA functioned chiefly by making allotments to the various Federal agencies; making loans and grants to state and other public bodies; and making loans without grants (for a brief time) to the railroads. For example, it provided funds for the Indian Division of the CCC to build roads, bridges and other public works on and near Indian reservations.\nThe PWA became, with its \"\"multiplier-effect\"\" and first two-year budget of $3.3 billion (compared to the entire GDP of $60 billion), the driving force of America’s biggest construction effort up to that date. By June 1934, the agency had distributed its entire fund to 13,266 federal projects and 2,407 non-federal projects. For every worker on a PWA project, almost two additional workers were employed indirectly. The PWA accomplished the electrification of rural America, the building of canals, tunnels, bridges, highways, streets, sewage systems, and housing areas, as well as hospitals, schools, and universities; every year it consumed roughly half of the concrete and a third of the steel of the entire nation. The PWA also electrified the Pennsylvania Railroad between New York and Washington, DC. At the local level it built courthouses, schools, hospitals and other public facilities that remain in use in the 21st century.The PWA created three Greenbelt communities based on the ideas of Ebenezer Howard which are now the municipalities of Greenbelt, Maryland, Greenhills, Ohio, and Greendale, Wisconsin.", "title": "Public Works Administration" } ]

[ { "docid": "38487554#11", "text": "\"The Bypass was part of a major New Deal project to move U.S. Route 1 traffic away from the congested streets of downtown Portsmouth. The Bypass created a second Piscataqua River crossing into Maine via the Interstate (Sarah M. Long) Bridge. The highway's wide divided lanes and grade separations were the first in the state, earning it the title 'New Hampshire's Most Modern Highway.' Today, the U.S. Route 1 Bypass is one of the oldest signed bypasses in the country's numbered route system.\"", "title": "List of New Hampshire historical markers (226–250)" }, { "docid": "1352339#2", "text": "By the early 1930s it was clear that the ferries were insufficient for the travel needs of the keys, and Monroe County and the State Road Department began making plans to connect the two portions of State Road 4A to make a continuous highway. By 1931, the ferries would also service a 13-mile road built through Marathon on the Vaca Keys with terminals at Hog and Grassy Keys. In 1933, the state legislature created the Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District to seek federal funding to extend the roadways. Funding was scarce as the country was in the midst of the Great Depression, but funding would eventually come through the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, part of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Hundreds of disgruntled World War I veterans seeking early payment of wartime bonuses were employed for construction on the roadway and bridges as part of a government relief program.\nConstruction on a bridge connecting Lower Matecumbe Key and Long Key was already underway when the Category 5 Labor Day Hurricane struck Islamorada on September 2, 1935. The hurricane caused widespread damage throughout the area and destroyed much of the Overseas Railroad in the upper keys. Of the over 400 fatalities from the hurricane, more than half were veterans and their families. Their deaths caused anger and charges of mismanagement that led to a Congressional investigation. Just west of Lower Matecumbe Key at Mile Marker 73 on the current highway, eight concrete bridge piers and a small dredged island are all that remains of the veterans' work. The dredged island is now known as Veteran's Key and the piers remain as a tribute to the veterans with a memorial plaque on Craig Key.\nAfter the hurricane, the Florida East Coast Railway was financially unable to rebuild the damaged sections of the Overseas Railroad. Seizing a rare opportunity, the state purchased the railroad's entire right of way and remaining infrastructure for a price of $640,000. The Overseas Road and Toll Bridge District abandoned its original highway plans and made new plans to build the highway on the old rail bed from Lower Matecumbe Key to Little Torch Key, effectively connecting the two segments of State Road 4A. The railroad's bridges, which withstood the hurricane and were in good condition, were retrofitted with new two-lane wide concrete surfaces for automobile use. In the case of the Bahia Honda Rail Bridge, which was a truss bridge, the concrete road surface was built on top of the trusses. The conversion of the railroad bridges to automobile use was accomplished by Cleary Brothers Construction Co. of West Palm Beach. Portions of the road were tolled until April 15, 1954; toll booths were located on Big Pine Key and Lower Matecumbe Key. Pigeon Key, roughly the midway point of the Seven Mile Bridge, served as the headquarters for the \"Overseas Road and Toll District.\" The toll for automobiles was $1, plus 25 cents per passenger. The full highway from the mainland to Key West was officially opened for traffic on March 29, 1938 and upon completion, the route became the southernmost segment of U.S. Highway 1, which previously terminated in Miami (State Road 4A would remain as a hidden designation until the 1945 Florida State Road renumbering, when the hidden designation became State Road 5). President Franklin D. Roosevelt toured the road in 1939.\nAt this time, the Overseas Highway only ran along the old railroad route in the middle keys; the original highway segments were still in use in the upper and lower keys. As the United States entered into World War II, the U.S. Navy sought improvements to the highway to improve their access from the Naval Air Station on Boca Chica Key to the mainland for national security purposes. The 1920s-era lower keys segment was less than ideal with its winding road and rickety wooden bridges. This resulted in completing the rest of the highway throughout the keys on the former railroad right of way, which the state already owned and was a more direct route with smoother curves that would allow for higher speeds. Also included in this project was the construction of the highway from Florida City to Key Largo via Jewfish Creek (known as the 18-Mile Stretch). The new alignments, which were officially completed on May 16, 1944, shortened the route to the mainland by 17 miles. The original Card Sound Bridge was closed after the Jewfish Creek alignment opened, and its remains were subsequently destroyed by a fire (the Card Sound route would be restored as a secondary route in 1969 with the opening of the current bridge). Today, some segments of the original highway remain as side and frontage roads for the current highway.", "title": "Overseas Highway" }, { "docid": "1232571#61", "text": "The TSPC took advantage of several New Deal programs that Roosevelt had established upon being elected President in 1932. Funds provided under the National Industrial Recovery Act were used to build the road, while Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers based in camps at the commission's state parks improved the parks and landscaping along the highway. Roosevelt himself was no longer involved as actively as he had been in state office, but continued to make occasional suggestions, such as the location of picnic areas in Columbia County. He also took a widely publicized drive from his home in Hyde Park to the site of the 1939 New York World's Fair in 1938 that brought publicity to the new highway.", "title": "Taconic State Parkway" }, { "docid": "42251205#10", "text": "The first U.S. Numbered Highways were established in Wisconsin in 1926, in many cases taking the place of highways the state had already established. As a result, the goals of the state highway system were expanded, aiming to reach every town with a population over 2,500 and relaxing its previous upper bound on network length. During the Great Depression, the state of Wisconsin launched a large number of public works projects in accordance with the New Deal, which led to massive expansions of the state system. By the end of the Depression, the system had approximately reached its current length.", "title": "Wisconsin State Trunk Highway System" }, { "docid": "5872676#7", "text": "Plans for a limited-access highway along the Delaware River originated in 1932, as part of a proposed cars-only parkway system for the Philadelphia area similar to the contemporary system being built in New York City. However, planning for the proposed parkway system stalled and the plan was eventually abandoned. In 1937, plans for the highway were revived as the \"Delaware Skyway\", a planned elevated highway along the waterfront similar in design to the West Side Highway in New York, though these plans were also scrapped due to concerns that the supports would hinder access to port operations on the waterfront.\nIn 1945, the city approved the current routing as the Delaware Expressway, envisioned to link all the industrial areas along the river with the Industrial Highway and the Trenton–Morrisville Toll Bridge to New Jersey. The planned highway was incorporated into the Pennsylvania Turnpike system, and was planned to be built as a toll road. However, with the advent of the Interstate Highway System in 1956, the project was turned over to the Pennsylvania Department of Highways and incorporated into Interstate 95. Construction on the road commenced in 1959.", "title": "Interstate 95 in Pennsylvania" }, { "docid": "341635#3", "text": "In the 1930s, as part of the New Deal, the U.S. federal government constructed national parkways designed for recreational driving, and to commemorate historic trails and routes. As with other roads through national parks, these mostly undivided and two-lane parkways have lower speed limits, and are maintained by the National Park Service and the Federal Highway Administration jointly through the Federal Lands Transportation Program. An example is the Civilian Conservation Corps-built Blue Ridge Parkway in the Appalachian Mountains of North Carolina and Virginia. Others are: Skyline Drive in Virginia; the Natchez Trace Parkway in Mississippi, Alabama, and Tennessee; and the Colonial Parkway in eastern Virginia's Historic Triangle area. The George Washington Memorial Parkway and the Clara Barton Parkway, running along the Potomac River near Washington, D.C., were also constructed during this era.", "title": "National Parkway" }, { "docid": "23325453#3", "text": "The system was further expanded in 2004, with the addition of approximately of highway that was not part of the original 1988 network. It was in this era that the current \"core\", \"feeder\" and \"northern or remote\" classes of route were established. Not all highways within the system are designated in their entirety, but may instead be part of the system over only part of their length; a few highways even have two or more discontinuous segments designated as part of the system. In some locations, the National Highway System may also incorporate city arterial streets to connect highway routes which are part of the system but do not directly interconnect, or to link the system to an important intermodal transport hub—such as a shipping port, a railway terminal, an airport or a ferry terminal—which is not directly located on a provincial-class highway.", "title": "National Highway System (Canada)" }, { "docid": "36187775#1", "text": "The network was both inspired by, and an expansion of the network of imperial highways constructed by France during the era of Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte. In 1795 a new Dutch republic had been proclaimed with the armed support of the revolutionary French Republic. The country's rule was centralised, and French influence started getting ever stronger. In 1804 Napoleon became emperor of France, and between 1810 and 1813 the Netherlands was made a full part of the French Empire. During those years, construction of the French imperial highways was also extended to Holland. Amsterdam was connected to Paris by \"Route Impériale no. 2\". The section between Amsterdam and Utrecht is today still a part of the A2 motorway. The name \"Rijksstraatweg\" literally translates as \"Imperial paved road\", reflecting not only the French example, but also the Netherlands' own status, still being a colonial empire at that time.\nAfter the independence of the Kingdom of the Netherlands in 1815, paving of existing and construction of new interregional roads continued. The first plan for 26 national roads, had already been drawn up in 1814. By 1816 it had grown to 31, and to 42 in 1821. In this period, roads between towns were still mostly unpaved, and horse-drawn boats were still common, so this was a significant development. But costs had to be weighed. Paving was done predominantly in regions with a sufficient amount of industry, and tolls were charged. Important routes across the borders were also paved. \nThe numbering was based on geographical location, with its center in Amsterdam, where the highways 1-9 radiated into the country (see list below). Highway 10 connected Leiden with Haarlem, the numbers 11-14 were connected to The Hague, 15-21 to Rotterdam, 22-27 to Utrecht and so forth, up to number 82.", "title": "Rijksstraatweg" }, { "docid": "48037616#52", "text": "New York City was not the only part of New York to face an onslaught of freeway revolts. Long Island had dozens of roads planned by the New York State Department of Transportation, as well as Suffolk and Nassau Counties, although not all the roads were intended to be freeways (see List of Suffolk County (New York) Road proposals). On two occasions, Suffolk County built roads and allowed them to be redesignated as state highways, in the hope that the state would upgrade them when the county couldn't. The following is a list of roads throughout New York State that were either canceled, truncated, or stalled.Buffalo-Niagara Falls was also not immune to freeway revolts. An extensive system of highways and parkways were planned to be built in the counties of Niagara and Erie.Cuyahoga County, Ohio proposed three freeways that would bisect Cleveland’s eastern suburbs and parkland including Cleveland Heights, Shaker Heights and East Cleveland. The Clark Freeway was to connect I-271 with downtown Cleveland via Shaker Boulevard, the Shaker Lakes, North Park Boulevard and East Cleveland. The Lee Freeway was to run north from an interchange with the Clark Freeway at Shaker Lakes over Lee Road to the Heights Freeway that would have run east–west approximately where Monticello Blvd and Taylor roads are. Local residents blocked all three highways. One of several key actions was the 1966 formation of the Nature Center at Shaker Lakes.", "title": "Highway revolts in the United States" } ]