File size: 20,401 Bytes
3020fbf 57f41c0 92f0a3d 1759207 eb77bf5 92f0a3d 57f41c0 0e1a481 9360932 a16c6fa 2f00243 b793b5b 609945f 3020fbf 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 490cebc 3c59732 f677a33 a16c6fa d88ad14 a16c6fa a1ff8d9 b8b313f a1ff8d9 a16c6fa 45b0092 0cfcc98 d88ad14 e4b9faf d88ad14 0cfcc98 d88ad14 3b9a460 45b0092 490cebc b8b313f 9360932 63b78f5 0290c79 392b945 033b1ca c3511c2 63b78f5 c3511c2 392b945 c3511c2 b8b313f 5eea884 45b0092 5eea884 3c59732 45b0092 5eea884 66f8466 5eea884 45b0092 5eea884 af06305 e4b9faf 45b0092 e4b9faf beb72ff af06305 e4b9faf 45b0092 d057287 2d65e23 d057287 2d65e23 d057287 45b0092 af06305 beb72ff 31471a4 3020fbf 7c84c50 8b99d3c f677a33 3020fbf f677a33 cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 beb72ff cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 8b99d3c cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 8b99d3c cdb8f27 8b99d3c cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 beb72ff cdb8f27 f677a33 ba4818a f677a33 cdb8f27 beb72ff cdb8f27 77ddc55 cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 f677a33 cdb8f27 9cd8e4a cdb8f27 c57a92b b8b313f 3020fbf 2f00243 0e1a481 b8b313f f96350d b8b313f d63287c 609945f d63287c cdb8f27 d63287c 0e1a481 57f41c0 0e1a481 1759207 9360932 eb77bf5 57f41c0 92f0a3d |
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 410 411 412 413 414 415 416 417 418 419 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 448 449 450 451 452 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 468 469 470 471 472 473 474 475 476 477 478 479 480 481 482 483 484 485 486 487 488 489 490 491 492 493 494 495 496 497 498 499 500 |
Wilhelm Vocabulary
==================
[![GitHub workflow status badge][GitHub workflow status badge]][GitHub workflow status URL]
[![Vocabulary count - German]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Latin]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Docker Hub][Docker Pulls Badge]][Docker Hub URL]
[![Hugging Face sync status badge]][Hugging Face sync status URL]
[![Hugging Face dataset badge]][Hugging Face dataset URL]
[![Apache License Badge]][Apache License, Version 2.0]
<!-- TOC -->
- [Wilhelm Vocabulary](#wilhelm-vocabulary)
- [Data Format](#data-format)
- [Encoding Table in YAML](#encoding-table-in-yaml)
- [Data Pipeline](#data-pipeline)
- [How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database](#how-data-vocabulary-is-stored-in-a-graph-database)
- [Why Graph Database](#why-graph-database)
- [Base Schema](#base-schema)
- [Docker](#docker)
- [Interesting Queries](#interesting-queries)
- [Languages](#languages)
- [German](#german)
- [Noun Declension](#noun-declension)
- [Declension Template](#declension-template)
- [Ancient Greek](#ancient-greek)
- [Diacritic Mark Convention](#diacritic-mark-convention)
- [Noun Declension](#noun-declension-1)
- [Adjective Declension](#adjective-declension)
- [Verb Conjugation](#verb-conjugation)
- [Latin](#latin)
- [Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)](#classical-hebrew-coming-soon)
- [Korean](#korean)
- [License](#license)
<!-- TOC -->
Data Format
-----------
The data that serves [wilhelmlang.com](https://wilhelmlang.com/). They are written in YAML format, because
1. it is machine-readable so that it can be consumed quickly in data pipelines
2. it is human-readable and, thus, easy to read and modify
3. it supports multi-lines value which is very handy for language data
### Encoding Table in YAML
To encode the inflections which are common in most Indo-European languages, an
[application-specific YAML](https://stackoverflow.com/q/30894438/14312712) that looks like the following are employed
throughout this repository:
```yaml
- term: der Gegenstand
definition:
- object
- thing
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Gegenstand, Gegenstände ]
- [genitive, "Gegenstandes, Gegenstands", Gegenstände ]
- [dative, Gegenstand, Gegenständen]
- [accusative, Gegenstand, Gegenstände ]
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> - A list under `declension` is a table row
> - All rows have the same number of columns
> - Each element of the list corresponds to a table cell
The declension (inflection) table above is equivalent to
<table><tbody>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>singular</td>
<td>plural</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>nominative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenstände</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>genitive</td>
<td>Gegenstandes, Gegenstands</td>
<td>Gegenstände</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>dative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenständen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>accusative</td>
<td>Gegenstand</td>
<td>Gegenstände</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
Data Pipeline
-------------
![Data pipeline](data-pipeline.png "Error loading data-loading.png")
How Data (Vocabulary) is Stored in a Graph Database
---------------------------------------------------
### Why Graph Database
Graph data representation assumes universal connectivity among world entities. This applies pretty well to the realm of
languages. Multilanguage learners have already seen that Indo-European languages are similar in many aspects. The
similarities not only signify the historical facts about Philology but also surface a great opportunity for
multilanguage learners to take advantages of them and study much more efficiently. What's missing is connecting the dots
using Graph Databases that visually presents these vastly enlightening links between the related languages in a natural
way.
### Base Schema
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
```
_The meaning of a word is called the `definition`_. A term has a natural relationship to its definition(s). For example,
the German noun "[Ecke](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ecke#Noun)" has at least 4 definitions:
![Relationship between term and defintion(s)](./definition.png "Error loading definition.png")
<div align="center">
Graph data generated by <a href="https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk">wilhelm-python-sdk</a>
</div>
> [!TIP]
>
> The parenthesized value at the beginning of each `definition` item played an un-ignorable role: it is the label of the
> relationship between `term` and `definition` in graph database loaded by
> [Wilhelm SDK](https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-python-sdk). For example, both German words
>
> ```yaml
> - term: denn
> definition:
> - (adv.) then, thus
> - (conj.) because
> ```
>
> and
>
> ```yaml
> - term: nämlich
> definition:
> - (adj.) same
> - (adv.) namely
> - (adv.) because
> ```
>
> can mean "because" acting as different types. This is visualized as follows:
>
> ![error loading example.png](./example.png)
>
> __Visualzing synonyms this way presents a big advantage to human brain__ who is exceedingly good at memorizing
> patterns
### Docker
A Docker image has been made to allow us to explore the vocabulary in Neo4J browser backed by a Neo4J database in
container. To get the image and run the container, simply do:
```console
docker run \
--publish=7474:7474 \
--publish=7687:7687 \
--env=NEO4J_AUTH=none \
--env=NEO4J_ACCEPT_LICENSE_AGREEMENT=yes \
-e NEO4JLABS_PLUGINS=\[\"apoc\"\] \
jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
```
> [!NOTE]
>
> The image is based on Neo4J Enterprise 5.23.0.
- When container starts, access neo4j through browser at http://localhost:7474
- Both __bolt://__ and __neo4j://__ protocols are fine.
- Choose __No authentication__ for _Authentication type_
- Then hit __Connect__ as shown below
![Connecting to Neo4J Docker](./neo4j-docker-connect.png "Error loading neo4j-docker-connect.png")
We have offered some queries that can be used to quickly explore our language data in the
[next section](#interesting-queries)
#### Interesting Queries
- Search for all Synonyms: `MATCH (term:Term)-[r]-(synonym:Term) WHERE r.name = "synonym" RETURN term, r, synonym`
- Finding all [gerunds](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Glossary#gerund):
`MATCH (source)-[link:RELATED]->(target) WHERE link.name = "gerund of" RETURN source, link, target;`
- Expanding a word "nämlich" (reveals its relationship to other languages):
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{name:'nämlich'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "RELATED|DEFINITION", null, 1, -1)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
![Expanding "nämlich"](./german-greek-latin.png "Error loading german-greek-latin.png")
- In German, "rice" and "travel" are related:
```cypher
MATCH (term:Term{name:'die Reise'})
CALL apoc.path.expand(term, "RELATED|DEFINITION", null, 1, -1)
YIELD path
RETURN path, length(path) AS hops
ORDER BY hops;
```
![Declension sharing](./german-rice-travel.png "Error loading german-rice-travel.png")
Languages
---------
### [German](./german.yaml)
#### Noun Declension
__Declension__ is the inflection for nouns and adjectives.
> [!TIP]
>
> __The declension tables for all nouns are sourced from
> [Wiktionary](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kaufmann#Declension)__
##### Declension Template
`term` with a _definite article_ of __der__ signifies a __masculine noun__ which has a declension table template of the
following form:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, plural]
- ["", noun, noun ]
- [nominative, ████████, ██████]
- [genitive, ████████, ██████]
- [dative, ████████, ██████]
- [accusative, ████████, ██████]
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: das Getränk
definition: the drink
declension:
- ["", singular, plural ]
- [nominative, Getränk, Getränke ]
- [genitive, Getränkes, Getränks, Getränke ]
- [dative, Getränk, Getränken]
- [accusative, Getränk, Getränke ]
```
> [!CAUTION]
>
> [Adjectival nouns](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/German/Grammar/Nouns/Adjectival_Nouns), however, do NOT follow the
> template above.
### [Ancient Greek](./ancient-greek.yaml)
Unless otherwise mentioned, we are talking about Attic Greek throughout this repository.
#### Diacritic Mark Convention
We employ the following 3 diacritic signs only in vocabulary:
1. the __acute__ (ά)
2. the __circumflex__ (ᾶ), and
3. the __grave__ (ὰ)
In fact, it is called the [_medium diacritics_](https://lsj.gr/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82) and the
same convention used in [Loeb Classical Library prints](https://ryanfb.xyz/loebolus/) from Harvard. Notice that,
however, the commonly sourced [Wiktionary uses full diacritics](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CE%B3%CE%B1%CE%B8%CF%8C%CF%82#Declension),
including the [breve diacritic mark](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breve); we don't do that.
#### Noun Declension
The vocabulary entry for each noun consists of its nominative and genitive forms, an article which indicates the noun's
gender, and the English meaning. For example.
```yaml
- term: τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ
definition:
- art,
- skill,
- craft
declension class: 1st
```
the vocabulary entry above consists of the following 4 items:
1. τέχνη: nominative singular
2. τέχνης: genitive singular
3. ἡ: nominative feminine singular of the article, which shows that the gender of the noun is feminine. Gender will be
indicated by the appropriate form of the definite article "the":
- ὁ for the masculine nouns
- ἡ for the feminine nouns
- τό for the neutor nouns
4. a list of English meanings of the word
5. the noun employs the first declension. The 3 classes of declensions are
1. first declension (`1st`)
2. second declension (`2nd`)
3. third declension (`3rd`)
A multi-form nouns will have a list for this field. For example
```yaml
- term: αὐτός αὐτή αὐτό
definition:
- (without article) he, she, it, they
- (without article) himself, herself, itself, themselves
- (with definite article) same
declension class:
αὐτός: 2nd
αὐτή: 1st
αὐτό: 2nd
```
The declension of the entry is not shown because to decline any noun, we can take the genitive singular, remove the
genitive singular ending to get the stem, and then add the proper set of endings to the stem based on its declension
class[^2].
[^2]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.20_
For example, to decline _τέχνη τέχνης, ἡ, art_, take the genitive singular _τέχνης_, remove the genitive singular ending
_-ης_, and add the appropriate endings to the stem which gives following paradigm:
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|:----------:|:--------:|:-------:|
| nominative | τέχνη | τέχναι |
| genitive | τέχνης | τεχνῶν |
| dative | τέχνῃ | τέχναις |
| accusative | τέχνην | τέχνᾱς |
| vocative | τέχνη | τέχναι |
#### Adjective Declension
Declension template:
```yaml
declension:
- ["", singular, singular, singular, dual, dual, dual plural, plural, plural]
- ["", masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter, masculine, feminine, neuter]
- [nominative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [genitive, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [dative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [accusative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
- [vocative, █████████, ████████, ████████, █████████, ████████, ██████, █████████, ████████, ██████]
```
#### Verb Conjugation
The Greek verb has __6__ principal parts. All 6 must be learned whenever a new verb is encountered:
1. (first person singular) present indicative active
2. (first person singular) future indicative active
3. (first person singular) aorist indicative active
4. (first person singular) perfect indicative active
5. (first person singular) perfect indicative passive
6. (first person singular) aorist indicative passive
> [!TIP]
>
> The minimum number of forms which one must know in order to generate all possible forms of a verb are called the
> __principal parts__ of that verb.
From the 6 forms above, various verb forms (i.e. stems & endings) can be derived by rules[^4]
[^4]: _[Greek: An Intensive Course, 2nd Revised Edition](https://www.amazon.com/Greek-Intensive-Course-2nd-Revised/dp/0823216632)_, Hansen & Quinn, _p.44_
In practice, however,
[obtaining precise and complete principal parts for some verbs has been proven to be impossible](https://latin.stackexchange.com/a/17432).
While the best efforts have been made for reconstructing the complete principal parts, we also put a link to the
Wiktionary of each verb for
[wilhelm-python-sdk](https://sdk.wilhelmlang.com/en/latest/#module-wilhelm_python_sdk.ancient_greek_wiktionary_parser),
which will dynamically load the complete conjugation tables into graph database.
What's also being loaded are the reconstructed principal parts with a list of references that validate the
reconstruction.
In conclusion, the entry of a verb, thus, has the form of:
```yaml
- term: string
definition: list
conjugation:
wiktionary: string
principal parts:
- ["", Attic, (Possibly other dialects)]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, █████, ... ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, █████, ... ]
references: list
```
For example:
```yaml
- term: λέγω
definition:
- to say, speak
- to pick up
conjugation:
wiktionary: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Verb_2
principal parts:
- ["", Attic , Koine ]
- [(first person singular) present indicative active, λέγω , λέγω ]
- [(first person singular) future indicative active, λέξω , ἐρῶ ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative active, ἔλεξα , εἶπον/εἶπα ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative active, (missing), εἴρηκα ]
- [(first person singular) perfect indicative passive, λέλεγμαι , λέλεγμαι ]
- [(first person singular) aorist indicative passive, ἐλέχθην , ἐρρέθην/ἐρρήθην]
references:
- https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/λέγω#Inflection
- http://atticgreek.org/downloads/allPPbytypes.pdf
- https://books.openbookpublishers.com/10.11647/obp.0264/ch25.xhtml
- https://www.billmounce.com/greek-dictionary/lego
- https://koine-greek.fandom.com/wiki/Λέγω
```
### [Latin](./latin.yaml)
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list
```
### Classical Hebrew (Coming Soon)
The vocabulary is presented to help read and understand [Biblical Hebrew](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt00.htm#mp3). A
[complementary audio](https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm) helps well with the pronunciation.
### [Korean](./korean.yaml)
中国人学习韩语有先天优势,加之韩语本身也是一门相当简单的语言,所以这里将语法和词汇合并在一起;
每一项也只由 `term`(韩)和 `definition`(中)组成,
```yaml
vocabulary:
- term: string
definition: list of strings
example:
- Korean: 제가 아무렴 그쪽 편에 서겠어요
Chinese: 我无论如何都会站在你这边
- Korean: ...
Chinese: ...
```
不用费太多功夫记牢简单的语法和词汇,剩下的就是拿韩语字幕剧不停练习听说读写既成。`example` 中的例句均来自[韩国本土语料](https://www.amazon.com/Korean-book-%EB%82%98%EC%9D%98-%EC%95%84%EC%A0%80%EC%94%A8-%EC%A0%842%EA%B6%8C/dp/8933871756)
> [!NOTE]
>
> 韩语不属于汉藏语系,因其所属语系非常狭小,无法和其它语言产生足够关联,因此其数据暂时不被存入图数据库进行数据分析
License
-------
The use and distribution terms for [wilhelm-vocabulary]() are covered by the [Apache License, Version 2.0].
[Apache License Badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Apache%202.0-F25910.svg?style=for-the-badge&logo=Apache&logoColor=white
[Apache License, Version 2.0]: https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
[Docker Pulls Badge]: https://img.shields.io/docker/pulls/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary?style=for-the-badge&logo=docker&color=2596EC
[Docker Hub URL]: https://hub.docker.com/r/jack20191124/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face dataset badge]: https://img.shields.io/badge/Hugging%20Face%20Dataset-wilhelm--vocabulary-FFD21E?style=for-the-badge&logo=huggingface&logoColor=white
[Hugging Face dataset URL]: https://huggingface.co/datasets/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary
[Hugging Face sync status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Hugging%20Face%20Sync%20Up
[Hugging Face sync status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[GitHub workflow status badge]: https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/ci-cd.yaml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge&logo=github&logoColor=white&label=Database%20Loading
[GitHub workflow status URL]: https://github.com/QubitPi/wilhelm-vocabulary/actions/workflows/ci-cd.yaml
[Vocabulary count - German]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Fgerman%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Nodes&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=German&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Latin]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2Flatin%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Nodes&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Latin&color=4581C3
[Vocabulary count - Ancient Greek]: https://img.shields.io/badge/dynamic/json?url=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.paion-data.dev%2Fwilhelm%2Flanguages%2FancientGreek%2Fcount&query=%24%5B0%5D.count&suffix=%20Nodes&style=for-the-badge&logo=neo4j&logoColor=white&label=Ancient%20Greek&color=4581C3
|