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RickBrannan

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categorize_bib_lang_grammar

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{ "label": 1, "text": "In Koiné Greek, adverbs can be formed from any number of different kinds of word endings." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, any one particular adverb usually has only one single form that is always used." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "There are several different ways that an adverb can describe a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A \"correlative adverb\" is an adverbial particle used with a correlative conjunction to join together two different words, phrases, or clauses." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Koiné Greek, the \"case\" ending of a word indicates how that term functions within the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Koiné Greek uses various kinds of word endings." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The term \"case\" in Koiné refers to one of these varieties of word endings." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Case endings in Koiné Greek indicate the function of a word in a sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, participles, and definite articles all require a case ending." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Verbs and adverbs do not require a case ending." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "There are five different case endings in Koiné Greek: nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, and vocative." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, the Nominative case indicates the subject of a sentence and other words that describe the subject, such as a predicate nominative or predicate adjective." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It is also used for adjectives and participles modifying the subject of the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, the Genitive case indicates possession." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, the genitive can also be used to indicate many other kinds of relationships between two entities in a sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some prepositions take their complement in the genitive case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, the Dative case indicates the indirect object of a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, the dative case is also commonly used to express location, means, or agency." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some prepositions take their object in the dative case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, the Accusative case indicates the Direct Object of a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, the accusative case is also commonly used to express the object of an infinitive." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some prepositions take their object in the accusative case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Vocative case indicates the addressee of a speech, that is, the person being spoken to." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The case of a noun, pronoun, adjective, article, or participle is indicated by the case ending (or suffix) attached to the end of the word." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "First declension nouns have a feminine gender for the most part and in the nominative singular end in an alpha or an eta." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A few masculine nouns end in an -ας or –ης." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These words also follow a first declension pattern." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Second declension nouns end in –ος or –ον in the nominative singular." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Almost all words ending in –ος in the nominative singular are masculine gender." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "All words that end in –ον in the nominative singular are neuter gender." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Third declension nouns have stems that end in a consonant or the vowels (ι, υ, ευ)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "They are made up of all three genders." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Adjectives and pronouns agree in case and number with the noun they are modifying (or to which they are referring)." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Sometimes, the changes may be more significant." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Because the Greek language has a case system, the order of the words in a sentence can be changed to place an emphasis on a particular word or clause." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The normal word order is conjunction – verb – subject – object." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "When this order is changed there is probably a slight emphasis being made on the words that are moved forward." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Note: In this sentence the phrase “if you are the son of god” has been moved to the first position in the sentence." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The movement of the phrase to the front of the sentence places a slight emphasis or stress on the condition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Koiné Greek, the \"accusative\" case ending of a word indicates either the direct object of a verb (including participles) or the object of a preposition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It can also be used to indicate the subject of an infinitive verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Koiné Greek, the accusative case ending indicates the direct object of a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This includes both infinitives and participles." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Thus, when a participle requires a direct object, that term takes the accusative case ending." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The accusative case ending can also indicate the object (or complement) of a preposition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some infinitives in Koiné Greek take a subject." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In these cases, the subject of an infinitive verb takes the accusative case ending." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The accusative case ending can also indicate that that word is functioning as an adverb describing the verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Accusative case is formed by adding the accusative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Note: The hyphen (-) indicates that there is no case ending for the third declension accusative singular neuter nouns and adjectives." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The accusative case most commonly indicates the direct object of a transitive verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The direct object refers to the person(s) or thing(s) upon which the verb is acting." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Note: In this example, ἁμαρτίαν is the direct object of the participle αἴρων." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some verbs may require two or more objects to complete their meaning." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "These verbs will require two or more objects, a person (or persons) and/or a thing (or things)in the accusative case to complete their thought." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "In this case, the translator may wish to use an implied preposition in their translation in order to make a smoother translation." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Another example of a double accusative is the accusative that is used with an oath." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The preposition “by” may be used to assist in the translation." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Note: In this example, σε and με are Accusative Direct Objects." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Certain prepositions take their object in the accusative case such as είς, δία, πρός, and ὑπό." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Often the meaning of the preposition is specific first to the preposition itself and then to the case of the noun it is used with." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Therefore, the basic meaning of the case cannot be trusted to arrive at a proper understanding of the meaning of the preposistion and a lexicon must be consulted." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In some cases the meaning of the preposition will conform to the basic meaning of the case such as ἀπό with the Genitive case (from, out from) but in other cases such as when ὑπό is used with the accusative case it has the basic meaning of “below” or “under” and when used with the genitive case AND AN ACTIVE VERB ὑπό has the basic meaning of “with” or “by” ." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Therefore, a lexicon must be consulted to arrive at the meaning of the preposition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The subject of an infinitive may also be the subject of the sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If this is the case, the subject of the sentence (and of the infinitive) will be in the nominative case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If the subject of the infinitive is not the subject of the sentence, it will almost always be in the accusative case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Therefore, the accusative case is considered to be the case for the subject of an infinitive." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Infinitives can have both a subject and an object." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If this is the case both will be in the accusative case." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In this instance, usually word order and context will clarify which word is the subject and which is the object of the infinitive." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If there are two words in the accusative case, and context by itself does make clear (1) which word is the subject of the infinitive, and (2) which word is the object of the infinitive, then the reader may use the following rule as a helpful guideline." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This same basic principle may also be used to help identify the subject from the predicate nominative." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example a single word serves as the object of a participle and at the same time as the subject of the infinitive." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An Adverbial Accusative occurs when an adjective or number in the accusative case is used to quantify (or limit) the action of a verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some words such as μᾶλλον and σχεδόν have become adverbs because of their exclusive use in this manner." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Koiné Greek, the \"dative\" case ending can serve a wide range of functions." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It can indicate the indirect object (or recipient) of a verbal action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It can also express a variety of adverbial meanings, including location, instrument, manner, or relation." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Dative case serves three primary functions." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "It points to whom something was done or for whom something was done." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "It can also be used to indicate someone or something that is being eferred to by the verb, including possession." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Dative case is formed by adding the Dative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel)." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The movable Nu may be present when (1) it appears at the end of a sentence or (2) when the following word begins with a vowel." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "However, sometimes it appears when the following word begins with a consonant." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "There is no fixed rule that determines when a moveable Nu will be present." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The reader/translator must be aware that it may or may not be present." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Dative- Indirect object will only occur with a transitive verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The noun or pronoun in the dative case receives the object of the verb." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Example: He hit the ball to Tom." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In this example, “ball” is the object of the verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, if the verb is passive, the word in the dative case will receive the subject of the verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Dative-Indirect Object/personal Interest is the most common use of the dative case when a preposition is not used." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Often, the translator will use the key words “to” or “for” in the translation." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "As an indirect object, the dative case is used to point out the person “to whom” or “for whom” something is done." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If the dative case is treating an object as if it were a person, then the dative case is used to point out the thing “to which” or “for which” something is done." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A sub-category of the Dative of Indirect Object is the Indirect Object of Advantage or (Disadvantage)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "It may be to the advantage (or disadvantage) of the person who receives the object." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If it is to the persons advantage, it is referred to as the Indirect Object of Advantage." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "If it is to their disadvantage (or harm), it is referred to as the Indirect Object of Disadvantage." }