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0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Dative-Instrumental may be used to indicate the Means, Cause, Manner, or Agent by which an event occurs."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Dative-Instrumental may also be used to indicate an association with the main subject of the action."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Making distinctions between Means, Cause, Manner, Agent, or Association can be very difficult and often the choice between one category and another is a matter of personal interpretation."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Instrumental of Means is used to indicate the means (or the process or method) by which the action of the verb is accomplished."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Instrumental of Cause is used to indicate the cause, the motivating event, or reason something occurred."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Instrumental of Manner is used to indicate the method or manner used to accomplish something."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "This is very closely related to the Instrumental of Means."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Instrumental of Agent is used with a verb in the middle or passive voice to express the agent or person by which an action is accomplished."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Agency may also be expressed by using the preposition ὑπὸ with the genitive case or δία with the accusative case."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Instrumental of Association is used to indicate an association, relation, or affiliation of some kind with the subject carrying out the action of the verb."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Certain verbs take their object in the dative case."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "This often happens with verbs that indicate some sort of personal relation to the action."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In Koiné Greek, the \"genitive\" case ending serves a wide variety of functions."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Most commonly, it expresses possession, meaning that the term containing the genitive case ending possesses (in some way) the word it describes."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "However, it can also express other meanings as well."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In Koiné Greek, the genitive case ending has potential to express the widest range of meanings of all the various case endings."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The genitive case ending can express possession, description, kinship, apposition, separation, the subject of a verbal idea, the object of a verbal idea, and others."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Often, a specific word with a genitive case ending may seem to fit into more than one category."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "In these cases, the final determination of the meaning must be based upon context."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "In this example, the relationship expressed is that of possession and/or source."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Genitive case is formed by adding the Genitive case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Usually, the word in the Genitive case usually follows the word that it is modifying."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "When the word in the Genitive case occurs before the word it is modifying, the word in the Genitive case is being given more attention by the author."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with a \"possession\" genitive case ending owns or possesses (in some way) the object that is being described."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "However, the most common way a speaker/writer expresses possession is by using a personal pronoun in the genitive case."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Sometimes a possessive pronoun is used to express possession."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In these cases, the possessive pronouns will look like any other adjective and will agree with the noun they are describing in case and gender."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with an \"attributive\" genitive case ending functions very much like a typical adjective."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The word with the genitive case ending expresses some general attribute (or description) of the word it is describing."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with a \"material\" genitive case ending indicates either (1) the substance of which an object is made or (2) something which an object contains."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In both cases, the \"object\" is the word being described by the term containing the genitive case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with a \"kinship\" genitive case ending describes some kind of kinship relationship."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In most cases, this kind of genitive refers someone who is the physical descendent (son or daughter) of another person."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "However, it can refer to someone who is a descendant several generations later, or even someone who is a descendant in a relational sense and not a physical sense."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "For example, in Luke 13:16 the woman is called a \"daughter of Abraham\" even though many centuries had passed since Abraham died."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "The woman was still considered to be a daughter of Abraham."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with an \"apposition\" genitive case ending describes in some way the preceding word (which also has a genitive case ending)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "It functions very much like an adjective, except it is usually not an adjective, but a noun instead."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Apposition is the term used when a noun describes (or gives more information about) another noun."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "This kind of genitive can be translated into English a variety of different ways, depending on the specific context."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Some common ways of translation an apposition genitive into English include \"who is,\" \"which is,\" \"namely,\" a simple comma, or sometimes not translated at all."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The apposition genitive indicates that Mary is the mother of the child specified in the sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with a \"separation/source\" genitive case ending indicates some kind of separation from, movement away from, or the source of some object."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Some grammars call this specific kind of genitive case ending the \"ablative\" case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "However, there is no difference in form between the \"genitive\" case ending and the \"ablative\" case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "They appear exactly the same."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "As might be expected, the prepositions έκ (\"out of\") and ἀπό (\"from\") require their object to have the genitive case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "This kind of genitive can also be used to express a comparison between two objects (as a function of a \"separation\" of the two objects in view)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Note: In this example “of goods” is a Genitive of Source."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Note: In this example we see the comparative function for the Genitive of Separation."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word with a \"subject/object\" genitive case ending indicates either the subject or object of a verbal idea."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In the example below, the word παρουσία (\"coming\") refers to a verbal idea."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The subject of this verbal idea is τοῦ Υἱοῦ (\"the Son\")."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The object of this verbal idea is τοῦ Χριστοῦ (\"the Christ\")."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Genitive case is primarily the case of description."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "A word in the genitive case may also serve as the subject or object of the head noun."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In Koiné Greek, the \"nominative\" case ending usually indicates the subject of the sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "However, the nominative case ending can also indicate a predicate nominative or predicate adjective."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In Koiné Greek, the nominative case ending indicates the subject of a sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Any adjectives or participles that describe the subject of the sentence also take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In a sentence with a linking verb, the nominative case ending can indicate the predicate nominative or predicate adjective."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The nominative case ending is the standard form used for dictionary entries in a Greek lexicon."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The nominative case is formed by adding the nominative case ending to the stem of a word (often with a connecting vowel)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The primary use of the nominative case ending is to identify the subject of the sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "When the subject is paired with the definite article, the definite article will also take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "When an adjective or participle functions as the subject of the sentence, it will take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Any adjectives or participles that describe the subject of a sentence will also take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "This is because adjectives and participles must agree with the term that they describe in case as well as gender and number."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In the example below, the adjective (καλός) and the noun (ποιμὴν) both take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In the example below, the participle (βλέπων) and the noun (Πατήρ) both take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Sometimes a writer may not intend to form a complete sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "This may occur in titles, headings, the greeting of a letter, or when a writer wishes to express strong emotion."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In cases like these, there is often a subject to the sentence fragment but no predicate and no verb."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The subject of these kinds of sentence fragments will take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "When a linking verb requires a predicate, that predicate will contain some kind of predicate nominative (either a noun or a participle functioning as a noun) or predicate adjective (either an adjective or a participle functioning as an adjective)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In these cases, the predicate nominative or predicate adjective will take the nominative case ending."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Unlike in English, a linking verb in Koiné Greek can be implied and not explicitly stated."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The Nominative-Predicate (also referred to as Predicate Nominative) construction can take different forms but consists of a subject + a linking verb + an object in the nominative case."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "It is often difficult to tell which term is the subject and which term is the predicate nominative, but they are not the same thing."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "They must be distinguished from one another.Care must be used in the translation of a Nominative-Predicate because the object may not be in the last position and is often not an exact equivalent of the subject."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Koiné Greek does not use position to distinguish between the subject and the predicate nominative."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The predicate nominative may appear either before or after the subject."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The predicate nominative is generally the larger class of objects, while the subject is the smaller class."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In Koiné Greek, the nominative case ending can be used to indicate a term that is in apposition to another word (usually a noun)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "It functions very much like an adjective, except it is usually not an adjective, but a noun instead."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Appositions can be translated into English a variety of different ways, depending on the specific context."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Some common ways of translating an apposition into English include \"who is,\" \"which is,\" \"namely,\" a simple comma, or sometimes not translated at all."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In the example below, the terms ὁ μάρτυς and ὁ προτότοκος both take the nominative case ending and are in apposition to Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ (even though Ἰησοῦ χριστοῦ takes the genitive case ending)."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "The apposition indicates that Jesus Christ is the person whom the writer indicates is the faithful witness and the firstborn from the dead."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "NOTE: In Koine Greek, the linking verb may be omitted entirely, and may have to be supplied by the reader (or translator) to complete the sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "As stated above, the more definite of the two nominatives will be the subject of the sentence."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The pronoun may be included as a part of the verb."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "When Jesus spoke to the crowd and said “you”, they had a clear understanding of who the “you” was referring to."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "It was referring to them."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In this sentence, the subject “you” is included in the verb εἶ."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "Notice that in this example both the subject (Ἠλείας) and the predicate nominative (ἂνθρςπος) come before the verb."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "This may occur with γίνομαι, εἰμί, or λογίζομαι."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 0,
"text": "This portrays a process of something “changing into” something else."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "In English, it is translated with a predicate nominative and the εἰς is not translated."
} |
0.1.0 | {
"label": 1,
"text": "The vocative case is the case of direct address."
} |
Subsets and Splits