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[ "Dumbledore's Army. Identical twin actors James and Oliver Phelps played Fred and George respectively in the Harry Potter film series.", "James and Oliver Phelps. James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin British actors, best known for playing identical twins, Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series.", "James and Oliver Phelps. In 2000, at age 14, the twins skipped school exams to attend an open audition, despite having no previous acting experience, and, after about six auditions, were cast as Fred and George Weasley in the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. They went on to portray their characters in all of the subsequent Harry Potter films.", "Dumbledore's Army. Fred and George were listed by IGN as eleventh top Harry Potter characters, saying that \"taking umbrage at Umbridge and leaving Hogwarts with a bang in Order of the Phoenix showed us that these two weren't just goofy side splitters; they were brave and valiant freedom fighters\".[12]", "Dumbledore's Army. Fred Weasley and George Weasley are the fun-loving, troublemaking twins of the Weasley family. Born on April Fools' Day, the two work together making pranks and are addressed as a single unit as opposed to two individual people. They are so similar that even their parents often have a difficult time telling the two apart. They first appear in Philosopher's Stone as third years and are the school clowns. Despite their poor results in their O.W.L. exams, the twins are intelligent and proficient wizards capable of sophisticated magic. In addition, they serve as Beaters for the Gryffindor Quidditch team.", "Jarvis Cocker. American director Wes Anderson is an admirer of Cocker's work.[44] This led to Anderson giving Cocker a role in the stop-animation movie Fantastic Mr. Fox as the voice of Petey, who also sings an original song.[45] In Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire he plays Myron Wagtail, lead singer of the Weird Sisters. He also played himself in the 2007 romantic comedy, The Good Night.", "Paul Frees. Frees was a regular presence in Jay Ward cartoons, providing the voices of Boris Badenov (from The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show), Inspector Fenwick (from Dudley Do-Right, impersonating Eric Blore), Ape (impersonating Ronald Colman), District Commissioner Alistair and Weevil Plumtree in George of the Jungle, Baron Otto Matic in Tom Slick, Fred in Super Chicken, and the Hoppity Hooper narrator, among numerous others.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard will play Rose Granger-Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively. Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient - making their professional debut - will play Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter, respectively.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 3). Guest stars and recurring cast include: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Dan Benson as Zeke Beakerman, Hayley Kiyoko as Stevie Nichols, Bridgit Mendler as Juliet Van Heusen, Moisés Arias as Conscience, Bella Thorne as Nancy Lukey, Fred Willard as Mr. Stuffleby, Austin Butler as George, Shakira as Herself, Ted McGinley as Magroder, John O'Hurley as Captain Jim Bob Sherwood, Wilmer Valderrama as Uncle Ernesto, Kate Flannery as Elaine Finkle, and Jeff Garlin as Uncle Kelbo.", "James and Oliver Phelps. James and Oliver are close with several of the Harry Potter cast members, including Rupert Grint, Tom Felton, Daniel Radcliffe and Matthew Lewis. They attended Radcliffe's Broadway performances, and often meet up with Grint, Felton and Lewis to play golf.", "Freddie Highmore. Highmore next starred in the dual role of American twins Simon and Jared Grace, alongside Sarah Bolger as their sister Mallory, in the fantasy adventure film The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), based on the popular children's stories of the same name by Tony DiTerlizzi. The film also had a video game, The Spiderwick Chronicles, in which Highmore reprised the characters of Simon and Jared in a voice role.[12] That same year, he provided voice acting for the role of Little Jack in the animated film A Fox's Tale (2008). In 2009, Highmore voiced the lead character in the animated film Astro Boy,[13] and provided his voice to its accompanying video game, Astro Boy: The Video Game.[14] He then played the main role in Toast, a BBC autobiographical film about chef Nigel Slater, which was aired on 30 December 2010. The miniseries marked the third time Highmore has worked with Helena Bonham Carter.[15] Also in 2010, he starred as Hally Ballard, opposite Ving Rhames, in the drama film Master Harold...and the Boys, based on the play of the same name by Athol Fugard. The following year, he co-starred alongside Emma Roberts in the romantic comedy-drama The Art of Getting By (2011).[16]", "Fred G. Sanford. Fred is also very untrusting of Lamont's friend Rollo (Nathaniel Taylor) often referring to him as a convict because of his style. Fred has two best friends, Grady Wilson (Whitman Mayo) and Bubba Bexley (Don Bexley). Even though Fred thinks the two are dim-witted, he knows that they are more than reliable and can always lend him a helping hand.", "Harry Enfield. In October 2014, Enfield and Paul Whitehouse returned to the characters of Frank and George in a sketch for Channel 4's testicular cancer awareness comedy show \"The Feeling Nuts Comedy Night\".[6]", "Nicholas Lyndhurst. Nicholas Simon Lyndhurst (born 20 April 1961)[1] is an English actor. He played Rodney Trotter in Only Fools and Horses, Gary Sparrow in Goodnight Sweetheart, Dan Griffin in the BBC drama New Tricks and Adam Parkinson in Carla Lane's series Butterflies. Lyndhurst also starred as Ashley Philips in The Two of Us, as Fletch's son Raymond in Going Straight, the sequel to the classic British sitcom Porridge, Jimmy Venables in After You've Gone, and Freddie 'The Frog' Robdal in the Only Fools and Horses prequel Rock & Chips.", "Leslie Phillips. After his marriage to Angela Scoular in 1982 Phillips decided to move away from the kind of lecherous twits with suave chat-up lines which had characterised much of his previous work. Phillips has remained busy in both stage and television productions, along with character roles in films like Empire of the Sun (1987) directed by Steven Spielberg and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001). Phillips also provided the voice for the Sorting Hat in the Harry Potter films appearing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) as well as reprising his role in the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011). He has also appeared in British television sitcoms including Honey for Tea with Felicity Kendal and appeared in cameo roles in the popular series such as The Bill.", "Toby Jones. Jones has appeared in more than 20 films since his first acting role in the 1992 film Orlando. He voiced Dobby in two Harry Potter films: Chamber of Secrets (2002) and The Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). He played Robert Cecil, 1st Earl of Salisbury in the HBO/Channel 4 production Elizabeth I. In 2006, he portrayed Truman Capote in the biopic Infamous. He appeared in the film adaptation of Stephen King's The Mist in 2007. In 2008, he portrayed Karl Rove in Oliver Stone's W and Hollywood agent Swifty Lazar in Frost/Nixon. He appeared alongside his father in the 2004 film Ladies in Lavender.[3]", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Guest stars: Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs, John Rubinstein as Gorog, Frank Pacheco as Felix, Fred Stoller as Dexter, Josh Sussman as Hugh Normous, Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre", "List of supporting Harry Potter characters. Robert Pattinson appeared as Cedric Diggory in the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, a clip from which was shown again in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix as a flashback. The actor who portrayed him in Prisoner of Azkaban is unidentified.", "Freddie Prinze Jr.. In 2002, he played Fred Jones in the live-action film version of the popular cartoon, Scooby-Doo, and reprised the role in the 2004 sequel, Scooby-Doo 2: Monsters Unleashed, both alongside his wife Sarah Michelle Gellar and along with Matthew Lillard and Linda Cardellini. He guest starred on the popular NBC show, Friends, as a sensitive male nanny named Sandy on the series' 200th episode. He also appeared as Donny Crane, a character believed to be Denny Crane's son in the ABC legal drama-comedy Boston Legal. Prinze starred in his own television sitcom, titled Freddie. The sitcom is said to depict some actual events from his life, and lasted one season before being canceled in May 2006. He guest starred on George Lopez for a crossover with Freddie. In 2004, Prinze accepted a special award from TV Land on behalf of his late father. He thanked his father's former co-star, Della Reese, for her continued advice and support. In 2006, he lent his voice to the character of Pi in the computer-animated film Shark Bait. Also in 2007, he lent his voice to the character of Rick in Happily N'Ever After along with his wife Gellar, Wallace Shawn, Andy Dick, George Carlin, and Sigourney Weaver. In 2008, he auditioned for Jigsaw in Punisher: War Zone, but was not given the part at the decision of Lionsgate Studios. He later voice titular character in animation movie Delgo.[12] In 2010, Prinze guest starred on Psych as Dennis, a grade school friend of Shawn Spencer and Burton Guster.[citation needed]", "Fred Gwynne. Frederick Hubbard Gwynne (July 10, 1926 – July 2, 1993) was an American actor, artist and author. Gwynne was best known for his roles in the 1960s sitcoms Car 54, Where Are You? and The Munsters, as well as his later roles in The Cotton Club, Pet Sematary and My Cousin Vinny.", "Freddie Stroma. Frederic Wilhelm C.J. Sjöström[1] (born 8 January 1987[2][better source needed]), known professionally as Freddie Stroma, is a British actor and model, best known for playing Cormac McLaggen in the Harry Potter film series and Luke in the 2011 musical comedy film A Cinderella Story: Once Upon a Song. He starred as Adam Cromwell on the dramedy series Unreal, which premiered on Lifetime in June 2015. He starred as Brit Vayner in the 2016 Michael Bay war film, 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi. In 2016, he played H.G. Wells in the ABC series, Time After Time.", "Joe Lo Truglio. Lo Truglio appeared on the Starz comedy Party Down and also had a recurring role on the short-lived 2010 Fox sitcom Sons of Tucson. In 2011, he co-starred in the short-lived NBC comedy series Free Agents starring Hank Azaria. Lo Truglio provided the voice of Freddy in the American Dad! episode \"Stan's Best Friend.\" In 2013, Lo Truglio began co-starring opposite Andy Samberg and Andre Braugher on the Fox comedy series Brooklyn Nine-Nine.", "Frank Dillane. Frank Stephenson Dillane (born 21 April 1991)[1] is an English actor, best known for his portrayal of Nick Clark on Fear the Walking Dead (2015–18), and for playing Tom Riddle in the film Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (2009). He also appeared as Owen Coffin in the film In the Heart of the Sea (2015).", "Sanford and Son. Similarly, Fred is initially depicted as a man who, though not always ethically or culturally sensitive, has the wisdom of experience and significant street smarts. As the series progressed, Fred got into increasingly ludicrous situations, such as faking an English accent to get a job as a waiter, convincing a white couple that an earthquake was really the \"Watts Line\" of the then-nonexistent L.A. subway (a wordplay on the common phrase \"WATS line\"), taking over a play featuring George Foreman, or sneaking into a celebrity's private area, such as Lena Horne's dressing room or Frank Sinatra's hotel room. Some of these situations revolve around Fred's trying to make a quick buck.", "Timothy Spall. Spall received critical acclaim for his performance in Secrets & Lies (1996), for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role. Subsequently, he starred in supporting roles including The Last Samurai (2003), Peter Pettigrew in the Harry Potter film series (2004-2010), played Albert Pierrepoint in Pierrepoint (2005), Beadle Bamford in Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007), Peter Taylor in The Damned United (2009) and Winston Churchill in The King's Speech (2010).", "Dumbledore's Army. In Deathly Hallows, the twins serve as two of Harry's six decoys when he escapes Privet Drive. George's ear is permanently severed by a stray Sectumsempra curse from Severus Snape, who was actually aiming at a Death Eater. Meanwhile, the twins are forced to abandon their shop due to the Death Eater-controlled Ministry of Magic's surveillance of the Weasley family, and instead operate another owl-order business out of their Great-Aunt Muriel's house. During this time, one of the twins, speculated to be Fred,[25] shows up in the pirate radio station Potterwatch as \"Rapier\".[26] The twins return to participate in the Battle of Hogwarts, during which Fred is killed in an explosion. Rowling said in an MSNBC interview that she always knew Fred would be the twin who would die, though she could not specify a particular reason.[27] She stated in a web chat after the release of Deathly Hallows that George never fully gets over Fred's death, but succeeds in turning Weasleys' Wizarding Wheezes into a \"money spinner\" with Ron, who eventually quits to become an Auror.[28][29] Rowling also revealed that, by the time of the epilogue of Deathly Hallows, George is married to Angelina Johnson and has two children, Fred and Roxanne.[30]", "Patrick Warburton. Patrick John Warburton (born November 14, 1964) is an American actor and voice artist. In television, he is known for playing David Puddy on Seinfeld,[1] the title role on The Tick, Jeb Denton on Less Than Perfect, Jeff Bingham on Rules of Engagement, and Lemony Snicket on A Series of Unfortunate Events.[2] His voice roles include Kronk in The Emperor's New Groove and its sequels, paraplegic police officer Joe Swanson on Family Guy, Brock Samson on The Venture Bros, Lok in the Tak and the Power of Juju video game series and in the television series, Sheriff Bronson Stone in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, and Flynn in the Skylanders video games.[3] In advertising he has played a \"control enthusiast\" in a series of commercials for National Car Rental.[4]", "Richard Armitage (actor). Armitage appeared in a two-part 2006/07 Christmas/New Years special of The Vicar of Dibley, as Harry Kennedy, the vicar's new love interest (and eventual husband). He reprised the role in 2007 for Red Nose Day. On 8 April 2007, he played biker Ricky Deeming in the detective drama George Gently with Martin Shaw and Lee Ingleby. On 9 May 2007, he appeared in the BBC Four production of Miss Marie Lloyd – Queen of The Music Hall playing Marie Lloyd's first husband, Percy Courtenay. He also appeared in the Granada TV production of Agatha Christie's novel Ordeal by Innocence as the character Philip Durrant.", "Jeff Rawle. Rawle played Amos Diggory, father to Cedric Diggory (Robert Pattinson), in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. 2008 saw Rawle play Gilbert Murray in the National Theatre's production of Tony Harrison's play Fram. The following year, the actor guested in The Bill and appeared in The Sarah Jane Adventures on CBBC. During 2010, Rawle joined the cast of Hollyoaks in the role of Silas Blissett.[2] He stated that he was delighted to be playing such a sinister character. He has won various awards for his portrayal of Silas.[3]", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Guest stars: John Rubinstein as Gorog, Frank Pacheco as Felix, Fred Stoller as Dexter, Christopher Douglas Reed as Ogre", "Merlin Olsen. Olsen's last acting work was in the short-lived 1988 TV series Aaron's Way, in which he played the lead role. He was also in the John Wayne movie The Undefeated as Little George along with teammate Roman Gabriel.", "Wizards of Waverly Place (season 4). Guest stars: Bill Chott as Mr. Laritate, Ian Abercrombie as Professor Crumbs, Frank Pacheco as Felix, Fred Stoller as Dexter, Regan Burns as Everett, Jane Carr as Martha St. Claire" ]

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[ "Derek (TV series). It is Derek's 50th birthday. Dougie says that he is a decade younger. Derek celebrates with a party at Broad Hill, specifying the music and food that he wants. Dougie takes Kev and some of the residents in a minibus to the local library. The party takes place that night, during which Hannah brings Derek a birthday cake with 50 candles on it. Derek feels nauseated after drinking Special Brew given to him by Kev.", "Derek (TV series). In the home's garden, Derek licks a toad after Kev tells him to. Derek wants to save the life of a baby bird that has fallen from a tree. He phones 999 for an ambulance. One of the paramedics tells him that it is dead.", "Zoolander. Mugatu takes Derek to his headquarters, masked as a day spa, where Derek is conditioned to attempt the assassination when the song \"Relax\" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood is played. Matilda, feeling partially responsible for Derek's retirement, becomes suspicious of Mugatu's offer and, tipped off by an anonymous caller, tries to enter the spa, but is thrown out. Matilda tries to voice her concerns to Derek once he leaves, but he ignores her.", "Derek (TV series). The pilot episode aired on 12 April 2012 on Channel 4. The show's writer, Ricky Gervais, revealed on his blog, just after the pilot had aired, that he was writing six more episodes. Filmed in a mockumentary style, the series is set mostly in a nursing home and centres on Derek, a helper at the home.[11] The title character first made an appearance in the 2001 Edinburgh Fringe show Rubbernecker,[12] and appears briefly in his Science tour of 2010. In this show, Gervais bemoans the harassment he suffers at the hands of autograph-hunters, adopting a 'Derek-like' persona before denouncing 'them' as genetically inferior.[13]", "Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds). Morgan also became close with Ellie Spicer, a little girl who was the daughter of a murder victim in the \"Prince of Darkness\" case. In the Season 6 premiere, Morgan was left injured and tied up after being attacked by the Prince of Darkness, Billy Flynn (played by Tim Curry), who also killed Matthew Spicer (a local LAPD detective) in the attack and kidnapped Spicer's daughter Ellie. After being treated by paramedics, Morgan rejoined his coworkers in hunting Flynn, who the team had identified as \"a pure psychopath\". Throughout the episode, Morgan snaps at several of his teammates, including Garcia, whom he is normally flirtatious with. After Flynn turns Ellie loose, the team arrives at a house where Flynn is holding two people hostage. Flynn calls Hotch's phone, and demands that Morgan enter. Hotch initially refuses, until Morgan steps to him and says, \"This one is mine.\" Morgan enters the house with his weapon drawn, and finds Flynn in a bedroom, with two victims tied up. Flynn tells Morgan that while he may not be afraid, the hostages were. Morgan responds by saying \"You point that gun at them, and I will kill you, and that is another promise.\" After a bit of attempted conversation, Flynn starts crying, and asks Morgan if he believes in heaven, causing the agent to raise his gun. Flynn stands up and aims his gun at the female victim, resulting in Morgan instantly opening fire, coldly shooting Flynn in the chest repeatedly until \"The Prince of Darkness\" dies, and falls back onto the bed. Morgan emerges from the house removing his Kevlar vest and is greeted by Ellie. He takes her into his arms and comforts her as her bravado cracks, and she begins to cry. Ellie is placed into a foster home following her father's death because her parents were separated and her aunt (Matt Spicer's sister, who had been caring for Ellie) was also killed by Flynn. When Ellie catches a boy in the home peeping at her as she bathes, she runs away, flies to D.C., seeks out Morgan and asks to live with him. Morgan declines, but he and the BAU team members are able to reunite Ellie with her mother.", "Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy). The hospital is hit with an unprecedented crisis: a shooter is in the hospital, and there is a lockdown. Meanwhile, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) discovers that she is pregnant, and Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) must choose between Teddy and Cristina (Sandra Oh). The shooter kills Reed Adamson and wounds Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). Lexie (Chyler Leigh) and Mark (Eric Dane) find the latter and try to save him. Soon, it is revealed that the shooter, Gary Clark (whose wife was a patient at the hospital and later died), is looking for Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). At the end, he shoots Derek, which is witnessed by Meredith, Cristina, and April. With the crisis unfolding, each character is put through extreme trials and tribulations. Cristina is put under pressure to save Derek, who is seriously injured.", "Derek (TV series). After being called to remove a large spider from the toilet, being annoyed by Geoff and being electrocuted by an electric heater that he had wired wrongly, Dougie quits.", "How to Save a Life (Grey's Anatomy). \"How to Save a Life\" is the twenty-first episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 241st episode overall. It aired on April 23, 2015 on ABC in the United States. The episode was written by showrunner Shonda Rhimes and directed by Rob Hardy, making it the first episode Rhimes has written since the season eight finale \"Flight\". The installment marked the death and final appearance of the series’ male lead character, Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), who had starred on the series since its inception.", "Derek (TV series). The first series became available for streaming on Netflix on 12 September 2013.[8] The second series, consisting of six episodes, started airing on 23 April 2014 on Channel 4 and concluded on 28 May 2014.[9] In November 2014, Channel 4 announced that a 60-minute \"final\" special episode of Derek would air in the United Kingdom on 22 December 2014.[10]", "Death and All His Friends (Grey's Anatomy). Mr. Clark tells Hunt that he'd shoot him first and then Cristina but he really only wanted to kill Derek. He believes this is retribution for his wife's death, which he believes is on Derek's hands. Meredith then comes into the room and tells Mr. Clark to shoot her. She explains that she is Lexie's sister, she is the closest thing Webber has to a daughter, and she is Derek's wife. He turns the gun toward Meredith, but Cristina says Meredith is pregnant. Hunt makes a move toward Mr. Clark and is shot, knocking him unconscious. Cristina and Avery then raise their hands and Avery tells Mr. Clark that Derek will die and he can watch it happen on the monitor. Derek flatlines and Meredith cries almost hysterically. Mr. Clark walks out.", "American History X. A few years earlier, Danny and Derek's father Dennis Vinyard was murdered by black drug dealers after being sent on a call to fight a fire in a drug den. In a television interview conducted after Dennis's death, Derek erupts in a long racist tirade. Shortly thereafter, Cameron Alexander and Derek form a white supremacist gang called the Disciples of Christ (D.O.C.). As a skilled basketball player, Derek is reluctantly dragged into a 3-on-3 game against several members of the Crips in which the prize is control of the recreation center basketball courts. After winning with his friends, Derek leads a large gang of skinheads to attack a supermarket owned by a Korean that included African-American and Latino workers. Derek's mother Doris invites Murray, whom she is dating, home for dinner, which turns into a full-blown argument between Derek and Murray, causing them to leave. That night, as Danny hears people attempting to steal Dennis' truck, Derek shoots and kills one of the thieves and curb stomps another, before being arrested. He is sentenced to three years in prison for voluntary manslaughter.", "Derek (TV series). Derek watches a video of a baby monkey riding on a pig.", "Derek (TV series). On 9 May 2012, Channel 4 announced that it had commissioned a full series, which began airing on 30 January 2013.[6] On 4 March 2013 (two days before the final episode of the first series was aired), it was announced that Derek had been recommissioned for a second series to be shown again on Channel 4 and later on Netflix.[7]", "Give Peace a Chance (Grey's Anatomy). \"Give Peace a Chance\" is the seventh episode of the sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 109th episode overall. Written by Peter Nowalk and directed by Chandra Wilson, the episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on October 29, 2009. Grey's Anatomy centers on a group of young doctors in training. In this episode, Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) performs an operation on a hospital technician's \"inoperable\" tumor, despite the objections of the chief of surgery, Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.).", "Derek Wilton. Derek died from a heart attack during a road rage incident on Mavis's birthday in 1997.", "Elevator Love Letter (Grey's Anatomy). Owen and Derek go to the roof of the hospital to receive a head trauma patient who was helicoptered in. The sound of the helicopter makes Owen freeze up for a moment until Derek snaps him out of it. Outside the hospital, Derek reminds Owen that PTSD is a real injury that produces real physiological changes, but it can also be healed.", "Derek Morgan (Criminal Minds). In \"Big Sea,\" Morgan gets personal on a case in Jacksonville, Florida when bodies are discovered buried in the ocean floor off the coast. His aunt Yvonne fears that her missing daughter, Cindi, was one of the victims. Rossi tells Seaver that Morgan's cousin escaped a stalker and was never heard from. After Morgan catches the Unsub, he shows him pictures of two of his victims during his interrogation. When Morgan showed Cindi's picture he claims that she cried for Morgan before her throat was sliced.\"The killer didn't know Cindi's name, but he knew those of the other victims\" Morgan said to Rossi. Even though Cindi wasn't one of the victims, Morgan lies to his aunt, and tells her that she was dead, to give her closure however, she is still missing. In the season six finale, he fatally shoots the unsub leader of the human trafficking ring who'd been pretending to be a victim and was about to shoot Rossi.", "Derek Shepherd. Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode \"My Next Life\", Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt, Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings.", "The Thing (2011 film). Lars and Jonas go to retrieve Carter and Derek for testing, and discover they have broken out. As Lars searches a nearby building, he is suddenly pulled inside. The group hears Carter and Derek breaking into the building and rushes to intercept them. In the middle of a standoff, Edvard orders Peder to burn them. Before he can, Derek shoots Peder dead in self-defense with Lars' gun, but also punctures the flamethrower's fuel tank, setting off an explosion that knocks Edvard unconscious.", "Derek (TV series). Hannah tells Derek that his father, Anthony, phoned the home and wants to see him. Derek has not seen him since he walked out when he was a child and he refuses to see Anthony.", "Derek Shepherd. In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother.", "Derek (TV series). Tom and Hannah are trying to conceive, which Derek tells the other staff and residents about.", "Derek (TV series). The special was given two stars out of five by The Telegraph. The reviewer, Ed Power, criticised the episode for the \"weak performance\" from Gervais and the \"sub-Forrest Gump sympathy milking\". He described it as \"glib\" and \"manipulative\".[44] The Guardian reviewer Julia Raeside concurred, adding \"I can find no comedy in it and it lacks the emotional truth required for a drama.\"[45]", "Criminal Minds (season 11). On January 14, 2016, CBS announced that actor Danny Glover will guest-star as Derek Morgan's deceased father in the episode \"Derek\".[16]", "Brian O'Conner. As Brian and Mia race out to stop Dominic from making another highway robbery, two of his drivers, Letty (Michelle Rodriguez) and Vincent, are injured in the process, with Letty rolling her car on the side of the road and Vincent being shot in the side by a shotgun from the truck driver who they tried to hijack. Brian saves Vincent only to reveal to Dom that he's a cop. Brian later finds Dominic at his house attempting to look for Jesse (played by Chad Lindberg) when Tran and his accomplice roll up on their motorbikes pulling a drive by shooting on the Toretto house, narrowly missing everyone there except for Jesse who is killed in the process.", "Derek (TV series). Derek is a British comedy-drama television series starring Ricky Gervais, who is also its writer and director.[2] The pilot was produced by Derek Productions Ltd. for Channel 4 and aired on 12 April 2012.[3][4] Channel 4 describes the show as \"A bittersweet comedy drama about a group of outsiders living on society's margins.\"[5]", "Derek (TV series). Derek and Kev try to sell some of their autographs in order to raise money for the home. They are unable to, because Derek cannot remember who the autographs were signed by and Kev's are all on pictures which prominently include him.", "Zoolander. Mugatu attempts to cover up the incident, but Maury steps forward and offers to turn over the evidence of the assassination plot after years of guilt for his complicity in the conspiracy. Mugatu attempts to kill the Prime Minister himself by throwing a shuriken, but Derek stops him by unleashing his ultimate model look, \"Magnum\", that stuns everyone and causes the shuriken to freeze in the air in front of Derek's face and fall harmlessly to the ground. In Derek's rural hometown, Larry is watching the event on TV, and proudly acknowledges Derek as his son. Mugatu is arrested, and Derek is thanked by the Prime Minister.", "Derek (TV series). Some of the residents attend a jumble sale. Dougie is annoyed with Derek for buying an ugly ornament which they took to the jumble sale to get rid of.", "American History X. The next morning, Danny finishes his paper, which reflects on why he had adopted Nazi values and why they were deeply flawed. Derek walks Danny to school, and on their way they stop at a diner. Sweeney and a police officer tell Derek that his friend Seth and Cameron were attacked the previous night. At school, Danny is ambushed and killed in the bathroom by a young black student named Little Henry. Derek arrives at the school and mourns for Danny.", "Malibu's Most Wanted. Shondra shows up to the party, after seeing the news as well. Shondra sees PJ and Sean and asks where B-Rad is; they tell her, only to be shut up by other gangsters there. Shondra enters a bedroom, where B-Rad and two other woman are taking off his pants. Shondra acts like his baby mama to get them to leave. B-Rad gets mad and shoots his foot, not thinking the gun is real. Realizing it is, he jumps around the room in pain. Shondra tries to help him as Tec walks in, thinking Shondra is hooking up with B-Rad. Tec is furious and threatens to shoot them both.", "David Janssen. He starred as a Los Angeles police detective trying to clear himself in the killing of an apparently innocent doctor in the 1967 film Warning Shot. The film was shot during a break in the spring and summer of 1966 between the third and fourth seasons of The Fugitive." ]

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[ "New Orleans Saints. The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Saints currently compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member of the league's National Football Conference (NFC) South division. The team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr., David Dixon and the city of New Orleans. The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967.", "New Orleans Saints. Conference championships (1)", "History of the New Orleans Saints. The 1970 season saw yet another realignment for the Saints due to the AFL–NFL merger. The Saints were placed in the NFC West, where they would remain through 2001. Their original NFC West competitors – the Atlanta Falcons, Los Angeles (and later, St. Louis) Rams, and San Francisco 49ers – would also remain in the division through 2001 (with the Carolina Panthers joining in 1995), leading to the development of long-standing rivalries.", "2017 New Orleans Saints season. The 2017 New Orleans Saints season is the franchise's 51st season in the National Football League, the 42nd to host games at the Mercedes-Benz Superdome and the eleventh under head coach Sean Payton.", "New Orleans Saints. National Football League (1967–present)", "2009 New Orleans Saints season. The 2009 New Orleans Saints season was the franchise's 43rd season in the National Football League (NFL). It was the most successful season in franchise history, culminating with a victory in Super Bowl XLIV. The Saints recorded a franchise record 13 regular season victories (later tied in the 2011 season), an improvement on their 8–8 record and fourth-place finish in the National Football Conference (NFC)'s southern division from 2008. As a result, the Saints advanced to the playoffs for the first time since 2006. For head coach Sean Payton, this was his fourth season with the franchise, commanding a club overall record of 36–24.", "New Orleans Saints. The Saints have a developing rivalry with the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who have been part of the NFC South with the Saints since 2002.", "New Orleans Saints. * Unanimous selection", "History of the New Orleans Saints. In 1995, the Saints again finished 7-9 in the NFC West, which was newly expanded to include the Carolina Panthers. Due to tiebreakers, the Saints had the disgrace of finishing in last place in the division behind even the expansion team.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team organized in 1967 and based in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA. This article details the history of the New Orleans Saints NFL football team.", "Playoff history of the New Orleans Saints. In addition, Reggie Bush became the fifth Heisman Trophy winner to play in a conference championship game the year after winning the trophy. Mike Garrett, who also went to the University of Southern California, did so with the Chiefs in 1966 (technically it was the AFL title game since the league didn't merge until 1970), Tony Dorsett did with the Cowboys in 1977, Earl Campbell did with the Houston Oilers in 1978 and Ron Dayne did with the Giants in 2000. Campbell and Bush are the only two of those to not advance to the Super Bowl in that season.", "New Orleans. New Orleans' professional sports teams include the 2009 Super Bowl XLIV champion New Orleans Saints (NFL), the New Orleans Pelicans (NBA), and the New Orleans Baby Cakes (PCL).[146] It is also home to the Big Easy Rollergirls, an all-female flat track roller derby team, and the New Orleans Blaze, a women's football team.[147][148] A local group of investors began conducting a study in 2007 to see if the city could support a Major League Soccer team.[149] New Orleans is also home to two NCAA Division I athletic programs, the Tulane Green Wave of the American Athletic Conference and the UNO Privateers of the Southland Conference.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. The 2006 Saints orchestrated one of the more remarkable turnarounds in NFL history, as they were the first team to go from 3-13 to a conference title game the next season. First-year head coach Sean Payton, who came from Dallas as a Bill Parcells pupil, was hired for a daunting task at hand. In his first move as coach, he released almost half of the roster, most notably inconsistent quarterback Aaron Brooks.", "New Orleans Saints. The Saints and the Carolina Panthers have been minor rivals since Carolina joined the league as an expansion franchise in 1995. The teams have been divisional rivals since then, originally in the NFC West and then in the NFC South since 2002. This series has been extremely close. As of the end of the 2017 regular season Carolina leads 24–23.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. In 1990, the Saints started off poorly, going 2-5 in their first seven games. However, they turned their season around and close wins in their final two games of the season were enough to give them an 8-8 record and a playoff berth in the newly expanded NFL playoffs, which now included six teams from each conference. They traveled to Soldier Field to take on the Chicago Bears, but lost 16-6.", "Falcons–Saints rivalry. Conference championships (3)", "New Orleans Saints. The New Orleans Saints' rivalry with NFC counterparts Dallas Cowboys is more of a regional rivalry rather than a divisional one as the two franchises have never competed in the same division since the last time both clubs were in the same division, in 1969, as a part of the NFL Capital Division, before the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. Their fanbases overlap in parts of northern Louisiana, such as the Shreveport – Bossier City metropolitan area which borders the state of Texas.[31][32]", "New Orleans Saints. Most preseason games are televised by WVUE (Channel 8), a station which has been owned by a consortium led by Saints owner Tom Benson since mid-2008, and, as the Fox affiliate for New Orleans, carries the majority of Saints games; both stations also carry a heavy complement of coach and player shows. Tim Brando and Jon Stinchcomb call the preseason games for the Saints .", "NFC South. The NFC South is a division of the National Football Conference (NFC) in the National Football League (NFL). It was created prior to the 2002 NFL season, when the league realigned divisions after expanding to 32 teams. The NFC South currently has four member clubs: the Atlanta Falcons, Carolina Panthers, New Orleans Saints, and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Prior to the 2002 season, the Buccaneers belonged to the AFC West (1976) and NFC Central (1977–2001), while the other three teams were part of the geographically inaccurate NFC West.", "National Football Conference. The National Football Conference (NFC) is one of the two conferences of the National Football League (NFL), the highest professional level of American football in the United States. This conference and its counterpart, the American Football Conference (AFC), currently contain 16 teams each, making up the 32 teams of the NFL. Both conferences were created as part of the 1970 merger with the rival American Football League (AFL), with all ten of the former AFL teams and three NFL teams forming the AFC while the remaining thirteen NFL clubs formed the NFC. A series of league expansions and division realignments have occurred since the merger, thus making the current total 16 clubs per conference.", "New Orleans Saints. The teams have played each other 28 times, with New Orleans owning the recent series winning 8 out of the last 10 games. The Saints have won 4 of the last 5 meetings in Dallas, with a 2–1 record at Cowboys Stadium. The all-time series record stands at 12–16, in favor of Dallas. The two teams most recently met on October 4, 2015, which the Saints won 26–20 in overtime in New Orleans. In the teams' most recent meeting at the Superdome, the Saints set a National Football League record of 40 first downs and a franchise record of 625 yards of total offense with Texas native Drew Brees throwing four touchdown passes without any interceptions for the 15th time in his career.[33] Additionally, the Saints' defensive coordinator was Rob Ryan, who had been let go by the Cowboys earlier that year, and Ryan's replacement Monte Kiffin was demoted from the position at the end of the 2013 season.", "New Orleans Saints. In 2003, the Saints again missed the playoffs after finishing 8–8. The 2004 season started poorly for the Saints, as they went 2–4 through their first six games and 4–8 through their first twelve games. At that point Haslett's job appeared to be in jeopardy; however, he managed to win the three straight games leading up to the season finale, leaving the Saints in playoff contention in the final week of the season. In week 17, the Saints defeated division rivals Carolina; however, the Saints needed other results to break their way and when the St. Louis Rams beat the New York Jets the Saints were eliminated despite having beaten the Rams, who finished with the same record. The Rams, Saints, and Vikings all were 8–8, with the Rams having a 7–5 conference record, Saints 6–6, and the Vikings 5–7. The Rams received the #1 wild-card due to having the best conference record out of the 3, followed by the Vikings due to the 38–31 loss handed to the Saints in Week 6. Haslett was fired after the 2005 season, in which the Saints finished 3–13 and did not play any regular season games in New Orleans due to Hurricane Katrina.", "Playoff history of the New Orleans Saints. The Saints gained 208 rushing yards and 435 total yards, both postseason franchise records, en route to a 27-24 victory over the Eagles, allowing them to advance to the conference championship game for the first time in the team's 40-year history.", "New Orleans Saints. Division championships (6)", "New Orleans Saints. Saints preseason games were previously produced by Cox Sports Television. Beginning in the 2015 season, owing to Raycom Media's management of the station on behalf of Tom Benson's ownership group, production of preseason telecasts were taken over by Raycom Sports under a new multi-year deal, and syndicated to Raycom stations and others around the team's footprint.[54] Regular season games are aired on WWL-TV, the local CBS station whenever they host an AFC opponent (and games vs. NFC opponents cross-flexed from Fox to CBS) and NBC affiliate WDSU via Sunday Night Football.", "New Orleans Saints. The players are chosen in a vote by the Hall of Fame media selection committee, which includes local and regional media members who cover the Saints now or did so in the past. The All-45th Anniversary Team is as follows, with an asterisk (*) designating those players who have already been inducted into the Hall of Fame:", "NFC South. The NFC South is the only NFC division not to have any teams that predate the 1960 launch of the American Football League. Each of the other NFC divisions has 3 such teams, while the remaining three are in the American Football Conference. (In contrast, the NFC South's oldest team is the Falcons, who began play in 1966. The Saints began play only a year later in 1967.)", "New Orleans Saints. Special Teams Coaches", "New Orleans Saints. To commemorate the club's 45th anniversary, the New Orleans Saints Hall of Fame selected its All-45th Anniversary Team. The Hall of Fame updates its all-time team every five years, and this latest squad of head coach and players features four standouts from the club's roster at the time of selection: QB Drew Brees, G Jahri Evans, and DE Will Smith as well as head coach Sean Payton.", "New Orleans Saints. League championships (1)", "Playoff history of the New Orleans Saints. at Sun Life Stadium, Miami, Florida", "National Football Conference. Since 2002, the NFC has 16 teams that organized into four divisions each with four teams: East, North, South, and West." ]

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[ "Schwinn Bicycle Company. Starting in 2005, Schwinn also marketed Motorscooters under the Schwinn Motorsports brand.[66] Production ceased in 2011 \n(approx).", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In an attempt to preserve remaining market share and avoid a unionized workforce, Schwinn later moved remaining United States bicycle production to a new plant in Greenville, Mississippi, where bicycles could be assembled at lower cost using parts sourced from Asia.[52] The Greenville plant was not a success, as it was remote from both the corporate headquarters as well as the West coast ports where the material components arrived from Taiwan and Japan.[51] Additionally, Asian manufacturers could still produce and assemble high-quality bicycles at a far lower per-unit cost than Schwinn at its plant in Mississippi, which had to import parts, then assemble them using higher-priced United States labor.[53] The Greenville manufacturing facility, which had lost money each year of its operation, finally closed in 1991, laying off 250 workers in the process.[54]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By this time, Schwinn's bicycle factory was completely outmoded in comparison to modern bicycle manufacturing centers in Japan and Taiwan, who had continually invested in new and up-to-date manufacturing techniques and materials, including new joinery techniques and the latest lightweight chrome-molybdenum alloy steel, and later, aluminum.[41][42] The company considered relocating to a single facility in Tulsa, Oklahoma, but financing the project would have required outside investors, perhaps even foreign ones. Schwinn's board of directors rejected the new plant in 1978.[41]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. The Schwinn Bicycle Company was founded by German-born mechanical engineer Ignaz Schwinn (1860–1945) in Chicago in 1895.[2][3] It became the dominant manufacturer of American bicycles through most of the 20th century. After declaring bankruptcy in 1992, Schwinn has since been a sub-brand of Pacific Cycle, owned by the multi-national conglomerate, Dorel Industries.[4]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By 1990, other United States bicycle companies with reputations for excellence in design such as Trek, Specialized, and Cannondale had cut further into Schwinn's market. Unable to produce bicycles in the United States at a competitive cost, by the end of 1991 Schwinn was sourcing its bicycles from overseas manufacturers. This period in Schwinn's history plays a cameo role in a novel by Dave Eggers, A Hologram for the King (2012).[57] Seeking to increase its brand recognition, Schwinn established additional company-operated shops, a move that alienated existing independent bike retailers in cities where the company stores had opened. This in turn led to further inroads by domestic and foreign competitors. Faced with a downward sales spiral, Schwinn went into bankruptcy in 1992.[58] The company and name were bought by the Zell/Chilmark Fund, an investment group, in 1993. Zell moved Schwinn's corporate headquarters to Boulder, Colorado.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. Another problem was Schwinn's failure to design and market its bicycles to specific, identifiable buyers, especially the growing number of cyclists interested in road racing or touring. Instead, most Schwinn derailleur bikes were marketed to the general leisure market, equipped with heavy \"old timer\" accessories such as kickstands that cycling aficionados had long since abandoned. More and more cyclists, especially younger buyers, began to insist on stronger steel alloys (which allowed for lighter frames), responsive frame geometry, aluminum components, advanced derailleur shifting, and multiple gears.[8][30] When they failed to find what they wanted at Schwinn, they went elsewhere. While the Paramount still sold in limited numbers to this market, the model's customer base began to age, changing from primarily bike racers to older, wealthier riders looking for the ultimate bicycle. Schwinn sold an impressive 1.5 million bicycles in 1974, but would pay the price for failing to keep up with new developments in bicycle technology and buying trends.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By 1950, Schwinn had decided the time was right to grow the brand. At the time, most bicycle manufacturers in the United States sold in bulk to department stores, which in turn sold them as store brand models. Schwinn decided to try something different. With the exception of B. F. Goodrich bicycles, sold in tire stores, Schwinn eliminated the practice of rebranding in 1950, insisting that the Schwinn brand and guarantee appear on all products. In exchange for ensuring the presence of the Schwinn name, distributors retained the right to distribute Schwinn bikes to any hardware store, toy store, or bicycle shop that ordered them. In 1952, F. W. Schwinn tasked a new team to plan future business strategy, consisting of marketing supervisor Ray Burch, general manager Bill Stoeffhaas, and design supervisor Al Fritz.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. At the close of the 1920s, the stock market crash decimated the American motorcycle industry, taking Excelsior-Henderson with it. Arnold, Schwinn, & Co. (as it remained until 1967) was on the verge of bankruptcy. With no buyers, Excelsior-Henderson motorcycles were discontinued in 1931.[5] Ignaz' son, Frank W. \"F. W.\" Schwinn, took over day-to-day operations at Schwinn. Putting all company efforts towards bicycles, he succeeded in developing a low-cost model that brought Schwinn recognition as an innovative company, as well as a product that would continue to sell during the inevitable downturns in business cycles. After traveling to Europe to get ideas, F. W. Schwinn returned to Chicago and in 1933 introduced the Schwinn B-10E Motorbike, actually a youth's bicycle designed to imitate a motorcycle. The company revised the model the next year and renamed it the Aerocycle.[6][7] For the Aerocycle, F. W. Schwinn persuaded American Rubber Co. to make 2.125-inch-wide (54.0 mm) balloon tires, while adding streamlined fenders, an imitation \"gas tank\", a streamlined, chrome-plated headlight, and a push-button bicycle bell.[6][8] The bicycle would eventually come to be known as a paperboy bike or cruiser.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In October 1979, Edward R. Schwinn, Jr. took over the presidency of Schwinn from his uncle Frank, ensuring continuity of Schwinn family in the operations of the company.[43] However, worker dissatisfaction, seldom a problem in the early years, grew with steep increases in inflation. In late 1980, the Schwinn Chicago factory workers voted to affiliate with the United Auto Workers.[44][45] Plant assembly workers began a strike for higher pay in September 1980, and 1,400 assembly workers walked off the job for thirteen weeks.[46][47] Although the strike ended in February 1981, only about 65% of the prior workforce was recalled to work.[48] By this time, increasingly stiff competition from lower-cost competition in Asia resulted in declining market share.[49] These problems were exacerbated by the inefficiency of producing modern bicycles in the 80-year-old Chicago factory equipped with outdated equipment and ancient inventory and information systems.[50] After numerous meetings, the board of directors voted to source most Schwinn bicycle production from their established bicycle supplier in Japan, Panasonic Bicycle. As Schwinn's first outsourced bicycles, Panasonic had been the only vendor to meet Schwinn's production requirements. Later, Schwinn would sign a production supply agreement with Giant Bicycles of Taiwan. As time passed, Schwinn would import more and more Asian-made bicycles to carry the Schwinn brand, eventually becoming more a marketer than a maker of bikes.[51]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. While every large bicycle manufacturer sponsored or participated in bicycle racing competition of some sort to keep up with the newest trends in technology, Schwinn had restricted its racing activities to events inside the United States, where Schwinn bicycles predominated. As a result, Schwinns became increasingly dated in both styling and technology. By 1957, the Paramount series, once a premier racing bicycle, had atrophied from a lack of attention and modernization. Aside from some new frame lug designs, the designs, methods and tooling were the same as had been used in the 1930s. After a crash-course in new frame-building techniques and derailleur technology, Schwinn introduced an updated Paramount with Reynolds 531 double-butted tubing, Nervex lugsets and bottom bracket shells, as well as Campagnolo derailleur dropouts. The Paramount continued as a limited production model, built in small numbers in a small apportioned area of the old Chicago assembly factory. The new frame and component technology incorporated in the Paramount largely failed to reach Schwinn's mass-market bicycle lines. Another change occurred in 1963 following the death of F. W. Schwinn, when grandson Frank Valentine Schwinn took over management of the company.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By the late 1950s, Schwinn's exclusive marketing practices were well entrenched in the United States, practices that had ensured a dominant position in the United States bicycle market.[16] In order to prevent competition among its wholesalers, Schwinn assisted them by dividing up the national market.[17] Schwinn also strengthened its dealer network, shrinking the number of authorized dealers. Since Schwinn could decide who got their bikes and who didn't, the company rewarded the highest volume dealers with location exclusivity, as well as mandating service standards and layouts.[18] In response, the company was sued by the Department of Justice in 1957 for restraint of trade.[19] In a ten-year legal battle, many of Schwinn's practices were upheld by the courts: judges ruled they had the right to have their bicycles sold by retailers equipped to service the bikes as well as sell them. However, in a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in 1967, U.S. v. Arnold, Schwinn & Co., Schwinn was found guilty of restraint of trade by preventing distributors shipping bicycles to unapproved dealers.[20] Though the Arnold decision would be essentially overturned in later rulings, the company stopped working solely through independent local distributors and constructed four regional warehouses from which bicycles would — legally — be sent to shops. While this solved the problem of unfair trade practice with the courts, the new warehouses and distribution system cost millions of dollars at a time of rising competition from foreign manufacturers.[21] It also made it more difficult for the company to stay informed of customer complaints regarding manufacturing or assembly problems.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. The boom in bicycle sales was short-lived, saturating the market years before motor vehicles were common on American streets. By 1905, bicycle annual sales had fallen to only 25% of that reached in 1900. Many smaller companies were absorbed by larger firms or went bankrupt; in Chicago, only twelve bicycle makers remained in business. Competition became intense, both for parts suppliers and for contracts from the major department stores, which retailed the majority of bicycles produced in those days. Realizing he needed to grow the company, Ignaz Schwinn purchased several smaller bicycle firms, building a modern factory on Chicago's west side to mass-produce bicycles at lower cost. He finalized a purchase of Excelsior Company in 1912, and in 1917 added the Henderson Company to form Excelsior-Henderson. In an atmosphere of general decline elsewhere in the industry, Schwinn's new motorcycle division thrived, and by 1928 was in third place behind Indian and Harley-Davidson.[5]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In September 2001, the Schwinn Company, its assets, and the rights to the brand, together with that of the GT Bicycle, was purchased at a bankruptcy auction by Pacific Cycle, a company previously known for mass-market brands owned by Wind Point Partners.[61] In 2004, Pacific Cycle was in turn acquired by Dorel Industries. Once America's preeminent bicycle manufacturer, the Schwinn brand was now affixed to bicycles fabricated entirely in China, fueling most of its corporate parent's growth.[51][62] In 2010, Dorel launched a major advertising campaign to revive and contemporize the Schwinn brand by associating it with consumer childhood memories of the iconic company, including a wildly popular reintroduction of the Schwinn Sting-Ray.[62][63]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. Despite a huge increase in popularity of lightweight European sport or road racing bicycles in the United States, Schwinn adhered to its existing strategy in the lightweight adult road bike market. For those unable to afford the Paramount, this meant a Schwinn 'sports' bike with a heavy steel electro-forged frame along with steel components such as wheels, stems, cranks, and handlebars from the company's established United States suppliers. Though weighing slightly less, the mid-priced Schwinn Superior or Sports Tourer was almost indistinguishable from Schwinn's other heavy, mass-produced models, such as the Varsity and Continental. While competitive in the 1960s, by 1972 these bicycles were much heavier and less responsive in comparison to the new sport and racing bicycles arriving from England, France, Italy, and increasingly, Japan.[29]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In the 1950s, Schwinn began to aggressively cultivate bicycle retailers, persuading them to sell Schwinns as their predominant, if not exclusive brand. During this period, bicycle sales enjoyed relatively slow growth, with the bulk of sales going to youth models. In 1900, during the height of the first bicycle boom, annual United States sales by all bicycle manufacturers had briefly topped one million. By 1960, annual sales had reached just 4.4 million.[10] Nevertheless, Schwinn's share of the market was increasing, and would reach in excess of 1 million bicycles per year by the end of the decade.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. Ignaz Schwinn was born in Hardheim, Baden, Germany, in 1860 and worked on two-wheeled ancestors of the modern bicycle that appeared in 19th century Europe. Schwinn emigrated to the United States in 1891. In 1895, with the financial backing of fellow German American Adolph Frederick William Arnold (a meat packer), he founded Arnold, Schwinn & Company. Schwinn's new company coincided with a sudden bicycle craze in America. Chicago became the center of the American bicycle industry, with thirty factories turning out thousands of bikes every day. Bicycle output in the United States grew to over a million units per year by the turn of the 20th century.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. The company also joined with other United States bicycle manufacturers in a campaign to raise tariffs across the board on all imported bicycles.[14] In August 1955, the Eisenhower administration implemented a 22.5% tariff rate for three out of four categories of bicycles. However, the most popular adult category, lightweight or \"racer\" bicycles, were only raised to 11.25%.[14] The administration noted that the United States industry offered no direct competition in this category, and that lightweight bikes competed only indirectly with balloon-tire or cruiser bicycles. The share of the United States market taken by foreign-made bicycles dropped to 28.5% of the market, and remained under 30% through 1964.[15] Despite the increased tariff, the only structural change in foreign imports during this period was a temporary decline in bicycles imported from Great Britain in favor of lower-priced models from the Netherlands and Germany. In 1961, after a successful appeal by bicycle importers, the Eisenhower tariffs were declared invalid by the Court of United States Customs Appeals, and President Kennedy imposed a new tariff rate at 50% on foreign-made bicycles, a rate which remained in place until 1964.[14]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By the mid-1970s, competition from lightweight and feature-rich imported bikes was making strong inroads in the budget-priced and beginners' market. While Schwinn's popular lines were far more durable than the budget bikes, they were also far heavier and more expensive, and parents were realizing that most of the budget bikes would outlast most kids' interest in bicycling. Although the Varsity and Continental series would still be produced in large numbers into the 1980s, even Schwinn recognized the growing market in young adults and environmentally-oriented purchasers, devoting the bulk of their marketing to lighter models intended to pull sales back from the imports.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. With their aging product line, Schwinn failed to dominate the huge sport bike boom of 1971–1975, which saw millions of 10-speed bicycles sold to new cyclists.[8] Schwinn did allow some dealers to sell imported road racing bikes, and by 1973 was using the Schwinn name on the Le Tour, a Japanese-made low-cost sport/touring 10-speed bicycle. Schwinn developed strong trading relationships with two Japanese bicycle manufacturers in particular, Bridgestone and National/Panasonic. Though these met initial dealer resistance as \"imports\" and were not included in the Schwinn consumer catalog, it was soon realized that the Panasonic and Bridgestone 'Schwinn' bicycles were fully the equal of the American-made versions in quality and performance. Schwinn soon had a range of low, mid- and upper-level bicycles all imported from Japan. Schwinn's standard road bike model from Panasonic was the World Traveler, which had a high-quality lugged steel frame and Shimano components. Schwinn also marketed a top-shelf touring model from Panasonic, the World Voyager, lugged with butted Tange chrome-molybdenum alloy tubing, Shimano derailleurs, and SunTour bar-end shifters, a serious challenge to the Paramount series at half the price.[31][32]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By 1975, bicycle customers interested in medium-priced road and touring bicycles had largely gravitated towards Japanese or European brands. Unlike Schwinn, many of these brands were perennial participants in professional bicycle racing, and their production road bicycles at least possessed the cachet and visual lineage of their racing heritage, if not always their componentry.[33] One example was Peugeot, which won several Tour de France victories using race bikes with frames occasionally constructed by small race-oriented framebuilders such as Masi, suitably repainted in Team Peugeot colors. In reality, mass-market French manufacturers such as Peugeot were not infrequently criticized for material and assembly quality — as well as stagnant technology — in their low- and mid-level product lines. Nevertheless, Peugeot proudly advertised its victorious racing heritage at every opportunity. While not as prominent at the winner's podium, Japanese brands such as Fuji and Panasonic offered consistently high quality, reasonable prices, and state-of-the-art-derailleur, crankset, and gearing design.[34] Unlike Schwinn, most Japanese bicycle manufacturers were quick to adopt the latest European road racing geometries, new steel alloys, and modern manufacturing techniques.[35] As a result, their moderately-priced bicycles, equipped with the same Japanese-made components, usually weighed less and performed better than competitive models made by Schwinn.[36] Schwinn brand loyalty began to suffer as huge numbers of buyers came to retailers asking for the latest sport and racing road bikes from European or Japanese manufacturers. By 1979, even the Paramount had been passed, technologically speaking, by a new generation of American as well as foreign custom bicycle manufacturers.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. By the late 1970s, a new bicycle sport begun by enthusiasts in Northern California had grown into a new type of all-terrain bicycle, the mountain bike. Originally based on Schwinn balloon-tired cruiser bicycles fitted with derailleur gears, called \"Klunkers\", a few participants had begun designing and building small numbers of mountain bikes with frames made out of modern butted chrome-molybdenum alloy steel. When the sport's original inventors demonstrated their new frame design, Schwinn marketing personnel initially discounted the growing popularity of the mountain bike, concluding that it would become a short-lived fad.[39] The company briefly (1978–1979) produced a bicycle styled after the California mountain bikes, the Klunker 5. Using the standard electro-forged cantilever frame, and fitted with five-speed derailleur gears and knobby tires, the Klunker 5 was never heavily marketed, and was not even listed in the Schwinn product catalog. Unlike its progenitors, the Klunker proved incapable of withstanding hard off-road use, and after an unsuccessful attempt to reintroduce the model as the Spitfire 5, it was dropped from production.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In 1946, imports of foreign-made bicycles had increased tenfold over the previous year, to 46,840 bicycles; of that total, 95 per cent were from Great Britain.[11] The postwar appearance of imported \"English racers\" (actually three-speed \"sport\" roadsters from Great Britain and West Germany) found a ready market among United States buyers seeking bicycles for exercise and recreation in the suburbs.[12] Though substantially heavier than later European-style \"racer\" or sport/touring bikes, Americans found them a revelation, as they were still much lighter than existing models produced by Schwinn and other American bicycle manufacturers. Imports of foreign-made \"English racers\", sports roadsters, and recreational bicycles steadily increased through the early 1950s. Schwinn first responded to the new challenge by producing its own middleweight version of the \"English racer\". The middleweight incorporated most of the features of the English racer, but had wider tires and wheels.[13]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In 1962, Schwinn's designer Al Fritz heard about a new youth trend centered in California for retrofitting bicycles with the accoutrements of motorcycles customized in the \"bobber\" or \"chopper\" style, including high-rise, \"ape-hanger\" handlebars and low-rider \"banana seats\".[23] Inspired, he designed a mass-production bike for the youth market known as Project J-38. The result, a wheelie bike, was introduced to the public as the Schwinn Sting-Ray in June 1963.[23][24][25][26] It had ape-hanger handlebars, Persons's Solo Polo Seat banana seat and 20-inch tires. Sales were initially slow, as many parents desiring a bicycle for their children did not find the Sting-Ray appealing in the least. However, after a few appeared on America's streets and neighborhoods, many young riders would accept nothing else, and sales took off. In the December 1963 Schwinn Reporter Schwinn announced the arrival of the Deluxe Sting-Ray. This model included Fenders, white-wall tires, and a padded Solo polo seat. Next, in July 1964 Schwinn announced the arrival of the Super Deluxe Sting-Ray. This model included a front spring-fork, and a new sleeker Sting-Ray banana seat, and a Person's Hi-loop Sissy bar. Also, the Super Deluxe gave the rider a choice of White wall tires or the new Yellow oval rear Slik tire paired with a front black wall Westwind tire. By 1965, a host of American and foreign manufacturers were offering their own version of the Sting-Ray.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In 1993, Richard Schwinn, great-grandson of Ignaz Schwinn, with business partner Marc Muller, purchased the Schwinn Paramount plant in Waterford, Wisconsin, where Paramounts were built since 1980. They founded Waterford Precision Cycles, which is still in operation. In 2003 they employed 18 workers building lightweight bicycles.[59]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. The Sting-Ray[28] sales boom of the 1960s accelerated in 1970, with United States bicycle sales doubling over a period of two years. However, there were clear warning signs on the horizon.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. After a series of production cuts and labor force reductions, Schwinn was able to restructure its operations. The company renegotiated loans by putting up the company and the name as collateral, and increased production of the Airdyne exercise bicycle, a moneymaker even in bad times. The company took advantage of the continued demand for mountain bikes, redesigning its product line with Schwinn-designed chrome-molybdenum alloy steel frames. Supplied by manufacturers in Asia, the new arrangement enabled Schwinn to reduce costs and stay competitive with Asian bicycle companies. In Taiwan, Schwinn was able to conclude a new production agreement with Giant Bicycles, transferring Schwinn's frame design and manufacturing expertise to Giant in the process.[55] With this partnership, Schwinn increased their bicycle sales to 500,000 per year by 1985. Schwinn annual sales soon neared the million mark, and the company turned a profit in the late 1980s. However, after unsuccessfully attempting to purchase a minority share in Giant Bicycles, Edward Schwinn Jr. negotiated a separate deal with the China Bicycle Co. (CBC) to produce bicycles to be sold under the Schwinn brand.[56] In retaliation, Giant introduced its own line of Giant-branded bikes for sale to retailers carrying Schwinn bikes. Both Giant and CBC used the dies, plans, and technological expertise from Schwinn to greatly expand the market share of bicycles made under their own proprietary brands, first in Europe, and later in the United States.[56]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. In late 1997, Questor Partners Fund, led by Jay Alix and Dan Lufkin, purchased Schwinn Bicycles. Questor/Schwinn later purchased GT Bicycles in 1998 for $8 a share in cash, roughly $80 million. The new company produced a series of well-regarded mountain bikes bearing the Schwinn name, called the Homegrown series.[60] In 2001, Schwinn/GT declared bankruptcy.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. From the 1950s to the 1980s, Schwinn produced a series of lightweight tandem bicycles known as the Schwinn Twinn. They came in three different models: the single speed Twinn, a two speed semi-automatic, and the five speed Deluxe Twinn.", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. The company's next answer to requests for a Schwinn mountain bike was the King Sting and the Sidewinder, inexpensive BMX-derived bicycles fabricated from existing electro-forged frame designs, and using off-the-shelf BMX parts. This proved to be a major miscalculation, as several new United States startup companies began producing high-quality frames designed from the ground up, and sourced from new, modern plants in Japan and Taiwan using new mass-production technologies such as TIG welding. Schwinn's new competitors such as Specialized and Fisher MountainBikes were soon selling hundreds of thousands of mountain bikes at competitive prices to eager customers, setting sales records in a market niche that soon grew to enormous proportions.[40]", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. A growing number of teens and young adults were purchasing imported European sport racing or sport touring bicycles, many fitted with multiple derailleur-shifted gears. Schwinn decided to meet the challenge by developing two lines of sport or road 'racer' bicycles. One was already in the catalog — the limited production Paramount series. As always, the Paramount spared no expense; the bicycles were given high-quality lightweight lugged steel frames using double-butted tubes of Reynolds 531 and fitted with quality European components including Campagnolo derailleurs, hubs, and gears. The Paramount series had limited production numbers, making vintage examples quite rare today. Starting in 1960, for the rest of the market, Schwinn offered the Schwinn Varsity and Continental, now equipped as multi-geared sport bikes (10-speeds), and designed to imitate the style of the new narrow-tired 'racing' and sport bikes from Europe, though not their performance.[27] The 1960 Varsity was introduced as an 8-speed bike, but in mid-1961 was upgraded to 10 speeds. Other road bikes were introduced by Schwinn in the early and mid 1960s, such as the Superior, Sierra, and Super Continental, but these were only produced for a few years. The Varsity and Continental sold in large numbers through the 1960s and early 1970s, becoming Scwhinn's leading models. The major difference between the two models was the use of a tubular front fork on the Continental -- both bikes used the same frame design, a lugless, steel unit, using Schwinn's standard Ashtabula cranksets and welded in such a way that the joints were smoothly filled (similar to the joints in 21st-century composite frames). The wheel rims were likewise robust, chromed, stamped steel with a unique profile designed to hold the tire bead securely, even if pressure were low or lost.", "Recumbent bicycle. Three of the largest recumbent manufacturers in the US went out of business after the 1990s, including BikeE (August 2002), ATP-Vision (early 2004) and Burley Design Cooperative (September 2006).", "Schwinn Bicycle Company. Schwinn developed the Corvette in 1954, after their catalog, for that year, had been in use. Therefore, with the release of a single photograph, the Corvette was introduced. The picture showed company executives standing behind their new product, that would remain in production for 10 years. 1955 was the first year in which the Corvette appeared in the Schwinn catalog; it was Schwinn's top listing in their \"middleweight\" category.[22]" ]

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[ "The Andy Griffith Show. The show was filmed at Desilu Studios,[5] with exteriors filmed at Forty Acres in Culver City, California.[5] Woodsy locales were filmed north of Beverly Hills at Franklin Canyon.[5]", "Adventures of Superman (TV series). Many exteriors in the first season were shot at the RKO Pictures backlot, called \"Forty Acres\", a facility later used for the fictional, idealized small town of Mayberry, North Carolina, on The Andy Griffith Show. Hillsides in Culver City, city streets of downtown Los Angeles, or residential areas of the San Fernando Valley were sometimes used as exteriors during all six seasons. In later seasons, filming occurred on sound stages, with exterior shots, such as cars driving along roadways, shot as second-unit material, often with doubles at the wheel. Establishing shots of Queen of Angels Hospital in the Echo Park section of Los Angeles were often used in episodes (such as \"The Face and the Voice\") during the second season, although the hospital was identified as \"Mercy General\". Another Los Angeles stock-footage landmark was the Griffith Observatory, which had several different \"cameos\" in the series, first serving as Jor-El's home/laboratory. Aside from a few clips of New York City in \"Superman on Earth\", most, if not all, of the stock clips used to depict Metropolis are of the Los Angeles area.", "The Andy Griffith Show. The cable television network TV Land erected bronze statues of Andy and Opie in Mount Airy and Raleigh, North Carolina (see: Pullen Park).[16]", "Mount Airy, North Carolina. Actor Andy Griffith was born in Mount Airy, and the town is believed[10] to have been the basis for Mayberry, the setting of the TV shows The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry RFD.[11] The community holds an annual \"Mayberry Days\" celebration during the last weekend of September; 30,000 attended in 2009, and 50,000 were expected for the show's 50th anniversary in 2010. The University of North Carolina at Greensboro estimates the town receives $5 million each year as a result. Surviving members of the cast, along with family members of other cast members, often visit. The 2012 event was slated to have Karen Knotts (Don's daughter) and George Lindsey Jr. (eponymous son of the actor who portrayed Goober).", "Economy of North Carolina. The television show most associated with North Carolina is The Andy Griffith Show, which aired on CBS-TV from 1960 to 1968. The series is set in the fictional small town of Mayberry, North Carolina, and was based on the real-life town of Mount Airy, North Carolina, although it was filmed in California. Mount Airy is the hometown of actor Andy Griffith. The show is still popular in reruns and is frequently shown in syndication around the nation. North Carolina is also home to some of the Southeast's biggest film festivals, including the National Black Theatre Festival, RiverRun International Film Festival in Winston-Salem, Full Frame Documentary Film Festival in Durham, North Carolina, and the BluMoon Film Festival in Greenville, North Carolina.", "Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.. The show was produced by creator Aaron Ruben, Andy Griffith Show producer Sheldon Leonard (in partnership with Griffith), and Ronald Jacobs; it was co-produced by Bruce Bayley Johnson and Duke Vincent.[18] Among the writers were Sam Bobrick, Harvey Miller, Aaron Ruben, Jack Elinson, and Bill Idelson; Andy Griffith Show writers Everett Greenbaum and Jim Fritzell also wrote episodes. Coby Ruskin was the primary director in the first four seasons, before John Rich took over the role for the fifth season; other directors included Gary Nelson, Peter Baldwin, and Alan Rafkin. Ruth Burch was in charge of the casting, and John Finger directed the cinematography.[18] The theme song was composed by Earle Hagen, who also composed the themes for shows such as The Andy Griffith Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, and That Girl.[19] The show was filmed at Camp Pendleton, Desilu Studios's Desilu-Cahuenga, and RKO Forty Acres backlot, where The Andy Griffith Show was filmed.[20][21][22][23] Though Ruben preferred the use of a multiple-camera setup for comedy programs, Gomer Pyle used a single-camera setup because much of the shooting was conducted outdoors.[24] In his book And The Show Goes On, Sheldon Leonard explained that the armed forces offer levels of \"cooperation\" with filmmakers. Because the Marines felt that the show would be good for the branch's image, Gomer Pyle was given \"total cooperation,\" meaning that the show was allowed unlimited access to military equipment.[21]", "The Andy Griffith Show. Dell Comics published two The Andy Griffith Show comic books during the show's first run, with art work by Henry Scarpelli.[12] In 2004, copies in near-mint condition were priced in excess of $500 each.[13] The show's enduring popularity has spawned considerable merchandise since its first run, including board games, bobblehead dolls, kitchenware, books, and other items. In 2007, a line of canned foods inspired by the series was made available in grocery stores across America. Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina annually hosts a week-long \"Mayberry Days\" celebration featuring concerts, parades, and appearances by the show's players.", "Mayberry. Mayberry is a real community in Patrick County, Virginia, located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. The Mayberry Trading Post, home of the Mayberry, Virginia, post office until it closed in 1922, told local TV station WGHP-TV[3] that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post. Griffith incorporated several community places and names from his childhood home into the show. The term \"Mayberry\" is mentioned many times in television shows such as Cheers, House, M.D., Criminal Minds, Supernatural, How I Met Your Mother, and Scrubs.[citation needed] According to the episode \"The Battle of Mayberry\", the town was almost named Taylortown in honor of Colonel Carleton Taylor, who was one of the first settlers in the town. There actually is a Taylortown in North Carolina, but it has nothing to do with the fictional town of Mayberry or the show.", "The Andy Griffith Show. Sheldon Leonard, producer of The Danny Thomas Show, and Danny Thomas hired veteran comedy writer Arthur Stander (who had written many of the \"Danny Thomas\" episodes) to create a pilot show for Andy Griffith, featuring him as justice of the peace and newspaper editor in a small town.[5] At the time, Broadway, film, and radio star Griffith was interested in attempting a television role, and the William Morris Agency told Leonard that Griffith's rural background and previous rustic characterizations were suited to the part.[5] After conferences between Leonard and Griffith in New York, Griffith flew to Los Angeles and filmed the episode.[5] On February 15, 1960, The Danny Thomas Show episode \"Danny Meets Andy Griffith\" aired.[5] In the episode Griffith played fictional Sheriff Andy Taylor of Mayberry, North Carolina, who arrests Danny Williams (Thomas's character) for running a stop sign. Future players in The Andy Griffith Show, Frances Bavier and Ron Howard, appeared in the episode as townspeople Henrietta Perkins and Opie Taylor (the sheriff's son).[5] General Foods, sponsor of The Danny Thomas Show, had first access to the spin-off and committed to it immediately.[5] On October 3, 1960, at 9:30 pm, The Andy Griffith Show made its debut.[6]", "Mount Airy, North Carolina. The Andy Griffith Museum, founded in 2009 by Emmett Forrest, attracts 200 visitors a day.[12][13] The 2,500-square-feet museum, located half a mile from Griffith's childhood home, houses the world's largest collection of Andy Griffith memorabilia.[14]", "The New Andy Griffith Show. This time the setting was a mid-sized North Carolina town called Greenwood (pop. 12,785), with Griffith portraying Andy Sawyer, a returning hometown boy who instantly becomes the town's new Mayor pro tem.", "The Andy Griffith Show. The Mayberry Cafe in Danville, Indiana, features Aunt Bee's Fried Chicken and a replica of Andy's Ford Galaxy police car.", "Matlock (TV series). Coinciding with the move to the ABC network was also a change in filming venues. After taping in California for its entire previous run on NBC, requiring Griffith to commute from his longtime home in North Carolina to the West Coast, ABC moved production to the DEG Film Studios in Wilmington to ease the travel burden on Griffith. Many viewers and media critics lauded the new atmosphere of different geographical locations and \"out-of-Hollywood\" venues breathing some new life into the crime/lawyer/legal/court scenes. The Perry Mason-style of \"whodunit\" format was also adjusted to a more Columbo TV series-style \"howcatchem\" format.", "Floyd Lawson. Hiatt died May 3, 2016 at 92 after nearly 70 years working at Floyd's City Barber Shop in Andy Griffith's real hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Due to health problems, he had retired several years earlier.[5] It is uncertain whether he cut Griffith's hair when the actor had yet to become famous,[6] though Griffith got his hair cut at Palace Barber Shop. Hiatt was only two years older than Griffith, so he would have had to have cut his hair before Griffith moved away from Mt. Airy for college in the late 1940s. They both would have been teenagers at that time. In 1946, Hiatt started working at City Barber Shop (which was established in 1929), which added the name Floyd's in 1989 and now has photos and drawings of characters from the show. Jim Clark of the Andy Griffith Show Rerun Watchers Club doubts that City Barber Shop inspired Floyd's, but believes it was based Griffith's memories of barber shops in Mount Airy. Even though Hiatt made no attempt to look like or act like the TV character, Clark called Hiatt \"the uncanny virtual embodiment of Floyd the Barber\".[5]", "Mayberry. Mayberry, North Carolina is a fictitious community that was the setting for two popular American television sitcoms, The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. Mayberry was also the setting for a 1986 reunion television movie titled Return to Mayberry. Mayberry is said to be based on Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. Mount Airy is also known as Mayberry and this town is known by both names to the people who reside there.", "The Andy Griffith Show. The series never placed lower than seventh in the Nielsen ratings and ended its final season at number one. On separate occasions, it has been ranked by TV Guide as the 9th-best and 13th-best show in American television history.[2][3] Though neither Griffith nor the show won awards during its 11-season run, co-stars Knotts and Bavier accumulated a combined total of six Emmy Awards. The series spawned its own spinoff, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. (1964) and a reunion telemovie, Return to Mayberry (1986). After the eighth season, when Andy Griffith became one of the original cast members to leave the show, it was retitled Mayberry, RFD with Ken Berry and Buddy Foster replacing Andy Griffith and Ron Howard in new roles. Reruns of the show are often aired to TV Land, MeTV, and SundanceTV, while the complete series is available on DVD. The show has also been made available on streaming video services such as Netflix. An annual festival celebrating the show, Mayberry Days, is held each year in Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina.[4]", "Mount Airy, North Carolina. Mount Airy is a city in Surry County, North Carolina, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city population was 10,388.[1] The town is perhaps best known internationally as the home of actor Andy Griffith and the inspiration for the fictional town of Mayberry on his eponymous show.", "The Andy Griffith Show. The series plot revolves around Sheriff Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith) and his life in sleepy, slow-paced fictional Mayberry, North Carolina. Sheriff Taylor's level-headed approach to law enforcement makes him the scourge of local moonshiners and out-of-town criminals, while his abilities to settle community problems with common-sense advice, mediation, and conciliation make him popular with his fellow citizens. His professional life, however, is complicated by the repeated gaffes of his inept deputy, Barney Fife (Don Knotts). Barney is portrayed as Andy's cousin in the first, second, and sixth episodes, but is never again referred to as such. Andy socializes with male friends in the Main Street barber shop and dates various ladies until a schoolteacher becomes his steady interest in season three. At home, Andy enjoys fishing trips with his son, Opie (Ronny Howard), and quiet evenings on the front porch with his maiden aunt and housekeeper, Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier). Opie tests his father's parenting skills season after season, and Aunt Bee's ill-considered romances and adventures cause her nephew concern.", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show). Andy Taylor lives in the fictional, sleepy community of Mayberry, North Carolina. Andy is a widower and father to one young son, Opie. In the backdoor pilot episode from The Danny Thomas Show, viewers learn Andy lost his wife when Opie was \"the least little speck of a baby.\" In the first episode of the show Andy has a maid that is getting married and moving away. Andy's Aunt Bee comes in to act as his live-in housekeeper and as surrogate mother/grandmother to Opie. Andy goes fishing with his son and often spends evenings on the front porch strumming his guitar. He sometimes entertains (with reluctance) overnight guests like his Aunt Nora and Uncle Ollie and often has friends in for Aunt Bee's fried chicken dinners. Andy goes to the movies occasionally and to dinner at Morelli's with friends. He enjoys picnicking at Myers Lake and fishing is his favorite pastime.", "Mayberry. Many assume Mayberry was loosely based on Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina, but actually, Griffith has indicated that nearby Pilot Mountain, also in Surry County, North Carolina, inspired him in creating the town. Pilot Mountain likely was the inspiration for the fictional town of \"Mount Pilot\", a nearby larger town in relation to Mayberry, often referred to and occasionally visited by the characters in The Andy Griffith Show. The county seat of Surry County is in Dobson; thus, this is the location of the nearest courthouse to Mount Airy. One episode has a fictional nearby location - \"Pierce County\". Another episode has Barney Fife referring to Sheriff Taylor and himself as \"the law west of Mount Pilot\".", "The Andy Griffith Show. The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3, 1960, to September 6, 1971, with a total of 249 half-hour episodes spanning over 8 seasons, first in black and white and then in color, which partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show. It originally starred Andy Griffith in the role of Andy Taylor, the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry, North Carolina. Other major characters include Andy's inept but well-meaning deputy, who is also his cousin, Barney Fife (Don Knotts); Andy's spinster aunt and housekeeper, \"Aunt\" Bee Taylor (Frances Bavier), and Andy's precocious young son, Opie (Ron Howard). Eccentric townspeople and temperamental girlfriends complete the cast. Regarding the tone of the show, Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting, the show evoked nostalgia, stating in a Today Show interview: \"Well, though we never said it, and though it was shot in the '60s, it had a feeling of the '30s. It was, when we were doing it, of a time gone by.\"[1]", "Mayberry. Mayberry is the name of a real community in Patrick County, Virginia; located 22 miles northeast of Andy Griffith's hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. The Mayberry Trading Post, home of the Mayberry, Virginia post office until it closed in 1922, told local TV station WGHP-TV[3] that Griffith and his father made many trips to the Mayberry Trading Post.", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show). The premiere episode of the Andy Griffith Show begins with Andy telling Opie he was raised by Aunt Bee, who is about to return to Mayberry after a five-year sojourn in Morgantown, West Virginia (the real-life hometown of Don Knotts, the actor who portrayed Barney Fife). Being raised by Aunt Bee suggests that Andy was orphaned at an early age, though there is very little evidence offered on the show about Andy's childhood or his family. In one or two instances, old timers remember Andy as a boy. He seems to have no close relatives in Mayberry other than his aunt, his son, and his cousin Barney. In the first two episodes it is stated that Barney is his cousin.", "The Andy Griffith Show. The Taylor Home Inn in Clear Lake, Wisconsin, is a bed-and-breakfast modeled after the Taylor Home.[17]", "Everwood. The series begins with Dr. Andy Brown, played by Treat Williams, who moves his family to the fictional small town of Everwood, Colorado after the death of his wife. The series also stars Gregory Smith, Vivien Cardone, Emily VanCamp, Chris Pratt, Debra Mooney, John Beasley and Tom Amandes. Filming took place primarily in Ogden, South Salt Lake, Draper, Utah, and Park City, Utah except the series pilot which was filmed in Canmore, Alberta, Denver, Colorado and Calgary.[1]", "Return to Mayberry. Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith), now living in Cleveland as a U.S. Postal Inspector, returns to his native Mayberry to see his son Opie (Ron Howard) become a first-time father, and also to run in the soon-to-be held sheriff's election, as he has already asked county clerk Howard Sprague (Jack Dodson) to prepare the paperwork. But when Andy learns that his old deputy Barney Fife (Don Knotts), now back in Mayberry working as acting sheriff, announced his own candidacy while Andy was on the road back to town he quietly tells Opie, \"I won't run against Barney.\"", "Franklin Canyon Park. Franklin Canyon Park is a public park located near Benedict Canyon at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains. The park comprises 605 acres (2.45 km2), and is located at the purported geographical center of the city of Los Angeles.[1] The park features a 3-acre (12,000 m2) lake, a duck pond and over five miles (8 km) of hiking trails. The lake and pond are visited by birds in the Pacific Flyway. The park was used for the hitchhiking scene in It Happened One Night, and the opening credits of The Andy Griffith Show. The lake was also frequently seen in the Nickelodeon show Salute Your Shorts.", "Peter Kay's Car Share. The first series was filmed in and around Greater Manchester - notably Peter Kay's native Bolton; and Manchester, Trafford and Salford.[3]", "Mayberry. Mayberry originated in an episode of The Danny Thomas Show and was the setting for The Andy Griffith Show, Mayberry RFD, and the 1986 reunion movie Return to Mayberry. Although the county seat of an agricultural county, black people were sometimes seen in the original series, but more often seen on RFD.", "Floyd Lawson. Floyd Lawson (Floyd the Barber) is a fictional character on the American sitcom The Andy Griffith Show, who was likely inspired by barbers in Andy Griffith's real-life hometown of Mount Airy, North Carolina. One barber named Russell Hiatt was known as \"the real-life Floyd\". Hiatt may have cut Andy Griffith's hair while Griffith was young and living in Mount Airy, and was still cutting hair daily at \"Floyd's City Barber Shop\" in Downtown Mount Airy until several years before his death on May 3, 2016. Griffith denied that Hiatt was the inspiration for Floyd Lawson, however, saying, \"A barber up there says he cut my hair when I was a child. Hell, he’ll have to be 115 years old.\"[1]", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show). As sheriff, Andy is the chief law enforcement officer in the county, yet most of his activity is in and around the town of Mayberry, and there is no evidence of a separate city police force. Both the town and the county are named Mayberry, so Andy is the chief law enforcement officer for both. These working conditions, plus his reliance on a single deputy (and no clerk or jailer) indicate that the county is very small in both size and population; however, in the episode Mountain Wedding, Andy and Barney get up at four o'clock in the morning to get an \"early start\" on their trip to the Darling's cabin, which is described as being \"up in the mountains\". When they arrive, it is full daylight, so it could be inferred that Mayberry County is larger than originally thought and with mountainous areas, but sparsely populated. Andy and Barney both work the courthouse during daytime hours, and rotate shifts at night. The length of night duties is never specified; however, it appears the only time either spends all night at the courthouse is when a prisoner, other than regular inmate Otis Campbell, is incarcerated. One confusing aspect of Andy's authority however, is his apparent subservience to the town mayor; a plot device which is utilized in several episodes throughout the course of the series - including Season 3's \"The Cow Thief\" - but which makes no sense in real life, since both are elected officials. Additionally, since Andy is elected countywide, while the mayor is a town official, his authority would actually - in most areas - exceed that of the mayor. This apparent dichotomy is never addressed during the run of the show.", "The New Andy Griffith Show. The New Andy Griffith Show is an American sitcom that was broadcast in the United States on CBS in 1971 on Fridays at 8:30 ET. It debuted on January 8, 1971, and ended on May 21, 1971.[1]" ]

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[ "Cancellation (insurance). A non-penalty method of calculating the return premium of a canceled policy. A return premium factor is calculated by taking the number of days remaining in the policy period divided by the number of total days of the policy. This factor is multiplied by the written premium to arrive with the return premium.[2]", "Term life insurance. For example, if an individual owns a 10-year return of premium term life insurance plan and the 10-year term has expired, the premiums paid by the owner will be returned, less any fees and expenses which the life insurance company retains. Usually, a return premium policy returns a majority of the paid premiums if the insured person outlives the policy term.", "Cancellation (insurance). When a policy is canceled before its expiration date a return premium may be owed to the insured. The return premium is generally calculated using a wheel calculator.[4] The return premium is calculated by calculating the unearned premium and then subtracting any unpaid premium and penalty for early cancellation. Short rate (old short rate) and short rate (90% pro rata) are penalty methods of calculating the return premium.", "Term life insurance. The premiums for a return premium term life plan are usually much higher than for a regular level term life insurance policy, since the insurer needs to make money by using the premiums as an interest free loan, rather than as a non-returnable premium.", "Cancellation (insurance). This is the premium registered on the books of an insurer or a reinsurer at the time a policy is issued and paid for.[5]", "Cancellation (insurance). A penalty method of calculating the return premium[3] often used when the policy is canceled at the insured's request. It uses a table of factors that results in penalties that can be lower or higher than short rate (90% pro rata) depending upon the date of cancellation.", "Cancellation (insurance). Earned premium is the portion of an insurance written premium which is considered \"earned\" by the insurer, based on the part of the policy period that the insurance has been in effect, and during which the insurer has been exposed to loss. For instance, if a 365-day policy with a full premium payment at the beginning of the term has been in effect for 120 days, 120/365 of the premium is considered earned. Earned premium will not be returned to the insured if the policy is cancelled.", "Cancellation (insurance). The date a policy's coverage is cancelled prior to the normal expiration date of a policy, often resulting in a return premium owed to the insured.", "Cancellation (insurance). A penalty method that where the penalty is 10% of the unearned premium.", "Vehicle insurance. When the premium is not mandated by the government, it is usually derived from the calculations of an actuary, based on statistical data. The premium can vary depending on many factors that are believed to affect the expected cost of future claims.[38] Those factors can include the car characteristics, the coverage selected (deductible, limit, covered perils), the profile of the driver (age, gender, driving history) and the usage of the car (commute to work or not, predicted annual distance driven).[39]", "Cancellation (insurance). Unearned premium is the portion for an insurance written premium which is considered \"unearned\" by the insurer. It is the written premium less the earned premium. The unearned premium would be returned to the insured if the policy is canceled using pro rata cancellation method, when the policy is cancelled with no penalty.", "Vehicle insurance. Private Car Insurance – Private Car Insurance is the fastest growing sector in India as it is compulsory for all the new cars. The amount of premium depends on the make and value of the car, state where the car is registered and the year of manufacture. This amount can be reduced by asking the insurer for No Claim Bonus (NCB) if no claim is made for insurance in previous year.[20]", "Vehicle insurance. Comprehensive insurance covers all of the above and damage to the vehicle caused by the driver themselves, as well as vandalism and other risks. This is usually the most expensive type of insurance. It is custom in the UK for insurance customers to refer to their Comprehensive Insurance as \"Fully Comprehensive\" or popularly, \"Fully Comp\". This is a tautology as the word 'Comprehensive' means full.", "Vehicle insurance in the United States. This would be expressed as \"$15,000/$30,000/$5,000\".", "Vehicle insurance. Depending on the jurisdiction, the insurance premium can be either mandated by the government or determined by the insurance company, in accordance with a framework of regulations set by the government. Often, the insurer will have more freedom to set the price on physical damage coverages than on mandatory liability coverages.", "Vehicle insurance. CTP insurance is linked to the registration of a vehicle. It is transferred when an already registered vehicle is sold. It covers the vehicle owner and any person who drives the vehicle against claims for liability in respect of the death or injury to people caused by the fault of the vehicle owner or driver, but not for damage. A Compulsory Third Party Insurance is the coverage which covers the third party with the repairing cost of the vehicle, any property damage or medication expenses which are encountered as a result of an accident by the insured. This may include any kind of physical damage, bodily injuries or damage to property and covers the cost of all reasonable medical treatment for injuries received in the accident, loss of wages, cost of care services, and in some cases compensation for pain and suffering. Notably, the motorist or the insured is responsible for his own loss as he is not covered for any loss in such type of insurance.", "Insurance in the United States. Provisions for additional or return premium do not, in and of themselves, render a contract something other than insurance. However, it should be unlikely that either a return or additional premium provision be triggered, and neither party should have discretion regarding the timing of such triggering.", "Whole life insurance. In a participating policy (also \"par\" in the United States, and known as a \"with-profits policy\" in the Commonwealth), the insurance company shares the excess profits (divisible surplus) with the policyholder in the form of annual dividends. Typically these \"refunds\" are not taxable because they are considered an overcharge of premium (or \"reduction of basis\"). In general, the greater the overcharge by the company, the greater the refund/dividend ratio; however, other factors will also have a bearing on the size of the dividend. For a mutual life insurance company, participation also implies a degree of ownership of the mutuality.[10]", "Term life insurance. A form of term life insurance coverage that provides a return of some of the premiums paid during the policy term if the insured person outlives the duration of the term life insurance policy.", "Vehicle insurance in the United States. Generally, liability coverage purchased through a private insurer extends to rental cars. Comprehensive policies (\"full coverage\") usually also apply to the rental vehicle, although this should be verified beforehand. Full coverage premiums are based on, among other factors, the value of the insured's vehicle. This coverage, however, cannot apply to rental cars because the insurance company does not want to assume responsibility for a claim greater than the value of the insured's vehicle, assuming that a rental car may be worth more than the insured's vehicle.", "Reinsurance. A policy which covers all claims reported to an insurer within the policy period irrespective of when they occurred.", "Payment protection insurance. PPI premiums may be charged on a monthly basis or the full PPI premium may be added to the loan up-front to cover the cost of the policy. With this latter payment approach, known as a “Single Premium Policy”, the money borrowed from the provider to pay for the insurance policy incurs additional interest, typically at the same APR as is being charged for the original sum borrowed, further increasing the effective total cost of the policy to the customer.[12]", "Vehicle insurance in the United States. Vehicle insurance, in the United States and elsewhere, is designed to cover risk of financial liability or the loss of a motor vehicle the owner may face if their vehicle is involved in a collision resulting in property or physical damages. Most states require a motor vehicle owner to carry some minimum level of liability insurance. States that do not require the vehicle owner to carry car insurance include Virginia, where an uninsured motor vehicle fee may be paid to the state; New Hampshire, and Mississippi which offers vehicle owners the option to post cash bonds (see below). The privileges and immunities clause of Article IV of the U.S. Constitution protects the rights of citizens in each respective state when traveling to another. A motor vehicle owner typically pays insurers a monthly fee, often called an insurance premium. The insurance premium a motor vehicle owner pays is usually determined by a variety of factors including the type of covered vehicle, the age and gender of any covered drivers, their driving history, and the location where the vehicle is primarily driven and stored. Credit scores are also taken into consideration. Most insurance companies offer premium discounts based on these factors.", "Vehicle insurance. To reduce the insurance premium, the insured party may offer to pay a higher excess (deductible) than the compulsory excess demanded by the insurance company. The voluntary excess is the extra amount, over and above the compulsory excess, that is agreed to be paid in the event of a claim on the policy. As a bigger excess reduces the financial risk carried by the insurer, the insurer is able to offer a significantly lower premium.", "Vehicle insurance. Under the cents-per-mile system, rewards for driving less are delivered automatically, without the need for administratively cumbersome and costly GPS technology. Uniform per-mile exposure measurement for the first time provides the basis for statistically valid rate classes. Insurer premium income automatically keeps pace with increases or decreases in driving activity, cutting back on resulting insurer demand for rate increases and preventing today's windfalls to insurers, when decreased driving activity lowers costs but not premiums.", "Vehicle insurance. Auto insurance in India is a compulsory requirement for all new vehicles used whether for commercial or personal use. The insurance companies have tie-ups with leading automobile manufacturers. They offer their customers instant auto quotes. Auto premium is determined by a number of factors and the amount of premium increases with the rise in the price of the vehicle. The claims of the auto insurance in India can be accidental, theft claims or third party claims. Certain documents are required for claiming auto insurance in India, like duly signed claim form, RC copy of the vehicle, driving license copy, FIR copy, original estimate and policy copy.", "Vehicle insurance. The immediate impounding of an apparently uninsured vehicle replaces the former method of dealing with insurance spot-checks where drivers were issued with an HORT/1 (so-called because the order was form number 1 issued by the Home Office Road Traffic dept). This 'ticket' was an order requiring that within seven days, from midnight of the date of issue, the driver concerned was to take a valid insurance certificate (and usually other driving documents as well) to a police station of the driver's choice. Failure to produce an insurance certificate was, and still is, an offence. The HORT/1 was commonly known – even by the issuing authorities when dealing with the public – as a \"Producer\". As these are seldom issued now and the MID relied upon to indicate the presence of insurance or not, it is incumbent upon the insurance industry to accurately and swiftly update the MID with current policy details and insurers that fail to do so can be penalised by their regulating body.", "Insurance. The insured receives a contract, called the insurance policy, which details the conditions and circumstances under which the insurer will compensate the insured. The amount of money charged by the insurer to the insured for the coverage set forth in the insurance policy is called the premium. If the insured experiences a loss which is potentially covered by the insurance policy, the insured submits a claim to the insurer for processing by a claims adjuster. The insurer may hedge its own risk by taking out reinsurance, whereby another insurance company agrees to carry some of the risk, especially if the primary insurer deems the risk too large for it to carry.", "Vehicle insurance. The profession of the driver may be used as a factor to determine premiums. Certain professions may be deemed more likely to result in damages if they regularly involve more travel or the carrying of expensive equipment or stock or if they are predominant either among women or among men.[43]", "Vehicle insurance. Another important factor in determining car-insurance premiums involves the annual mileage put on the vehicle, and for what reason. Driving to and from work every day at a specified distance, especially in urban areas where common traffic routes are known, presents different risks than how a retiree who does not work any longer may use their vehicle. Common practice has been that this information was provided solely by the insured person, but some insurance providers have started to collect regular odometer readings to verify the risk.", "Home insurance. Homeowner's policy is a multiple-line insurance policy, meaning that it includes both property insurance and liability coverage, with an indivisible premium, meaning that a single premium is paid for all risks. This means that it covers both damage to your property and your liability for any injuries and property damage caused by you or members of your family to other people. It may also include damage caused by household pets.The U.S. uses standardized policy forms that divide coverage into several categories. Coverage limits are typically provided as a percentage of the primary Coverage A, which is coverage for the main dwelling.[1]", "Vehicle insurance. Vehicle insurance (also known as car insurance, motor insurance or auto insurance) is insurance for cars, trucks, motorcycles, and other road vehicles. Its primary use is to provide financial protection against physical damage or bodily injury resulting from traffic collisions and against liability that could also arise from incidents in a vehicle. Vehicle insurance may additionally offer financial protection against theft of the vehicle, and against damage to the vehicle sustained from events other than traffic collisions, such as keying, weather or natural disasters, and damage sustained by colliding with stationary objects. The specific terms of vehicle insurance vary with legal regulations in each region." ]

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[ "Portugal. In the 20th century, Portugal engaged in two major conflicts: World War I and the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974). After the end of the Portuguese Empire in 1975, the Portuguese Armed Forces have participated in peacekeeping missions in East Timor, Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan, Somalia, Iraq (Nasiriyah), Lebanon, Mali[78] and Central African Republic.[79] Portugal also conducted several independent unilateral military operations abroad, as were the cases of the interventions of the Portuguese Armed Forces in Angola in 1992 and in Guinea-Bissau in 1998 with the main objectives of protecting and withdrawing of Portuguese and foreign citizens threatened by local civil conflicts.", "Portugal. In 1762, Spain invaded Portuguese territory as part of the Seven Years' War, but by 1763 the status quo between Spain and Portugal before the war had been restored.", "Military history of Portugal. Before the emergence of Portugal, between the 9th and the 12th centuries, its territory was part of important military conflicts – these were mainly the result of three processes.", "Military history of Portugal. The Portuguese–Indian War was a conflict with the Republic of India's armed forces that ended Portuguese rule in its Indian enclaves in 1961. The armed action involved defensive action against air, sea and land strikes by a numerically superior Indian force for over 36 hours, and terminated in Portuguese surrender, ending 451 years of Portuguese rule in Goa. Thirty-one Portuguese and thirty-five Indians were killed in the fighting.", "Military history of Portugal. Portugal remained steadfastly neutral in World War II, but became involved in counterinsurgency campaigns against scattered guerrilla movements in Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique, and Portuguese Guinea. Except in Portuguese Guinea, where the revolutionary PAIGC quickly conquered most of the country, Portugal was able to easily contain anti-government forces through the imaginative use of light infantry, home defense militia, and air-mobile special operations forces, despite arms embargoes from other European countries. During the counterinsurgency campaigns in Angola and Mozambique, Portugal was significantly aided by intelligence provided by native residents who did not support revolutionary forces. However, a left-wing military coup in Lisbon by Portuguese military officers in 1974 toppled the Caetano government and forced a radical change in government attitudes. Faced with international condemnation of its colonial policies and the increasing cost of administering its colonies, Portugal quickly moved to grant the remainder of its African colonies independence.", "Portugal. Also in the early 1960s, independence movements in the Portuguese overseas provinces of Angola, Mozambique and Guinea in Africa, resulted in the Portuguese Colonial War (1961–1974).", "Military history of Portugal. During the Napoleonic Wars, Portugal was, for a time, Britain's only ally on the continent. Throughout the war, Portugal maintained a military of about 200–250 thousand troops worldwide. In 1807, after the Portuguese government's refusal to participate in the Continental System, French troops under General Junot invaded Portugal, taking Lisbon. However, a popular revolt against Junot's government broke out in the summer of 1808 and Portuguese irregulars took up arms against the French. This enabled a British army under Arthur Wellesley to be landed in Portugal where, aided by Portuguese troops, they defeated Junot at the Battle of Vimeiro; this first French invasion was ended by the Convention of Sintra negotiated by his superiors, which allowed Junot's men to withdraw unmolested with their plunder. Meanwhile, the general revolt against the French in Spain led to the landing of Sir John Moore in the north of that country, forcing Napoleon himself to lead an army into the Peninsula. Though Moore was killed, the British managed to extricate themselves from the Peninsula in the Battle of La Coruña. Portugal itself, however, remained independent of the French, and Napoleon left things in the Iberian Peninsula in the hands of Marshal Soult.", "Military history of Portugal. The invasions during the Migration Period and the Decline of the Roman Empire, in the beginning of the 5th century, and the subsequent conflicts between conquerors (until the 8th century), namely:", "Portugal. In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death.[42] In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. Over time, this went far beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.", "Portugal–Spain relations. World War II came to a close in 1945, with the Allies victorious, the two states of Portugal and Spain became increasingly isolated with their governments rooted in the old war, as authoritarian dictatorships, rather than the democracy that was being established or re-established throughout the rest of Western Europe.", "Military history of Portugal. The county of Portugal slowly grew in power and its counts started to style themselves as dukes, one of which became regent of the Kingdom of Leon between 999 and 1008. In 1070, the Portuguese count Nuno Mendes wished the Portuguese title and the Battle of Pedroso was fought on February 18 1071, the count was killed in combat led by Garcia II of Galicia. The later annexed the county and started to styled himself as \"King of Portugal and Galicia\" (Garcia Rex Portugallie et Galleciae). Garcia's brothers Sancho II of Castille and Alfonso VI of Leon united and annexed Garcia's Kingdom during that same year who agreed to split it among themselves, however the king of Castille was killed by a noble in that same year and Alfonso took Castille for himself and Garcia recovered his kingdom of Portugal and Galicia, but in 1073 the Alfonso VI gathered all power and started to style himself as Imperator totius Hispaniæ (Emperor of All Hispania) since 1077. When the Emperor died, the Crown was left for his daughter Urraca, while Teresa inherited the County of Portugal.", "Portugal. Portugal was one of only five European countries to remain neutral in World War II. From the 1940s to the 1960s, Portugal was a founding member of NATO, OECD and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). Gradually, new economic development projects and relocation of mainland Portuguese citizens into the overseas provinces in Africa were initiated, with Angola and Mozambique, as the largest and richest overseas territories, being the main targets of those initiatives. These actions were used to affirm Portugal's status as a transcontinental nation and not as a colonial empire.", "Portugal. Another forcible retreat from overseas territories occurred in December 1961 when Portugal refused to relinquish the territories of Goa, Daman and Diu. As a result, the Portuguese army and navy were involved in armed conflict in its colony of Portuguese India against the Indian Armed Forces.", "Portugal. All these factors made Portugal one of the world's major economic, military, and political powers from the 15th century until the late 16th century.", "Military history of Portugal. After the Napoleonic War, the British ruled Portugal in the name of the absent king in Brazil, with Beresford as de facto Regent, until the Liberal Revolution of 1820 when they were driven out and the king was forced to return as a constitutional monarch. Over the next 25 years the fledgling Portuguese democracy experienced several military upheavals, especially the Liberal Wars fought between the brothers Dom Pedro, ex-Emperor of Brazil and the absolutist usurper Dom Miguel. To assert the cause of the rightful Queen, his daughter Maria da Glória, Pedro sailed from Terceira in the Azores with an expeditionary force consisting of 60 vessels, 7500 men including the Count of Vila Flor, Alexandre Herculano, Almeida Garrett, Joaquim António de Aguiar, José Travassos Valdez and a volunteer British contingent under the command of Colonels George Lloyd Hodges and Charles Shaw and effected a Landing at Mindelo on the shores north of Porto. On 9 July Porto was taken by the liberal forces, and after an inconclusive result at the Battle of Ponte Ferreira on 22–23 July were besieged in the city by the Miguelites for nearly a year until, in July 1833, the Duke of Terceira (as Vila Flor had now been created) was able to land in the Algarve and defeat Miguel's forces at the Battle of Almada. Meanwhile, Miguel's fleet was comprehensively defeated by Pedro's much smaller squadron, commanded by Charles Napier, in the fourth Battle of Cape St. Vincent. The Miguelites were driven out of Lisbon but returned and attacked the city in force, unsuccessfully. Miguel was finally defeated at the Battle of Asseiceira, 16 May 1834, and capitulated a few days later with the Concession of Evoramonte. He was exiled, though his supporters continued to plot for his return and cause trouble up to the 1850s.", "Military history of Portugal. In the 19th century, Portugal became involved in the scramble for Africa, enlarging its territories in Portuguese Angola, Portuguese Mozambique, Portuguese Cabinda, and Portuguese Guinea.", "Military history of Portugal. Portugal was a founding member of NATO, and, although it had scarce forces, it played a key role in the European approaches. After 1991, Portugal committed several infantry and air-landing battalions to international operations. The Portuguese Army keeps soldiers in Bosnia, Kosovo, Macedonia and East Timor (around 6,000 men overall) and it has 128 Guardsmen military police in Iraq (Nasiriyah) under control of the Italian Army. Portugal also sent its soldiers to Afghanistan, which controlled the Kabul airport during 2005. As international observers, Portuguese were also in Croatia, Georgia and Western Sahara.", "Military history of Portugal. In the period of instability after the end of the Portuguese Civil War, several guerrillas happened between pro-governmental and anti-governmental local groups and between local groups and government forces, both by forces of the defeated Miguelites who kept the guerrillas and between different factions of Portuguese liberals. Among these were included:", "Mozambican War of Independence. Portugal's wars against independence guerrilla fighters in its 400-year-old African territories began in 1961 with Angola. In Mozambique, the conflict erupted in 1964 as a result of unrest and frustration amongst many indigenous Mozambican populations, who perceived foreign rule to be a form of exploitation and mistreatment, which served only to further Portuguese economic interests in the region. Many Mozambicans also resented Portugal's policies towards indigenous people, which resulted in discrimination, traditional lifestyle turning difficult for many Africans, and limited access to Portuguese-style education and skilled employment.", "Military history of Portugal. Salazar gave material and diplomatic aid to Francisco Franco's nationalist forces while maintaining a formal neutrality. A special volunteer force of 18,000, called Os Viriatos (in honour of Lusitanian leader and Portuguese national hero Viriatus), led by regular army officers, was recruited to fight as part of Franco's army, even if unofficially. When the civil war ended in 1939, Portugal and Spain negotiated the Treaty of Friendship and Nonaggression (Iberian Pact). The pact committed the two countries to defend the Iberian Peninsula against any power that attacked either country and helped to ensure Iberian neutrality during World War II.", "History of Portugal (1415–1578). Having fought to achieve and to retain independence, the nation's leadership had also a desire for fresh conquests. Added to this was a long struggle to expel the Moors that was religiously sanctioned and influenced by foreign crusaders with a desire for martial fame. Making war on Islam seemed to the Portuguese both their natural destiny and their duty as Christians.", "Portugal. Throughout the colonial war period Portugal had to deal with increasing dissent, arms embargoes and other punitive sanctions imposed by most of the international community. However, the authoritarian and conservative Estado Novo regime, first installed and governed by António de Oliveira Salazar and from 1968 onwards led by Marcelo Caetano, tried to preserve a vast centuries-long intercontinental empire with a total area of 2,168,071 km2.[56]", "Portugal. War led to a deterioration of the relations with Portugal's oldest ally, England, and the loss of Hormuz, a strategic trading post located between Iran and Oman. From 1595 to 1663 the Dutch-Portuguese War primarily involved the Dutch companies invading many Portuguese colonies and commercial interests in Brazil, Africa, India and the Far East, resulting in the loss of the Portuguese Indian sea trade monopoly.", "Peninsular War. First invasion of Portugal 1807–1808", "Portugal. In 1640, John IV spearheaded an uprising backed by disgruntled nobles and was proclaimed king. The Portuguese Restoration War between Portugal and the Spanish Empire, in the aftermath of the 1640 revolt, ended the sixty-year period of the Iberian Union under the House of Habsburg. This was the beginning of the House of Braganza, which reigned in Portugal until 1910.", "History of the Portugal national football team. In the 1938 FIFA World Cup qualification, the Seleção played one game against Switzerland in a neutral ground, held in Milan, losing 2–1 against the Swiss, ending qualification prospects. Because of the international conflict due to the World War II, there was no World Cup held until the 1950 competition and subsequently, the national team made very few games against other teams. A 10–0 away friendly defeat against England, two years after the war, was the proof of how the irregularity of the games had taken its effects on the squad.", "Military history of Portugal. A failed badly planned attempt of revolt against the government in the afternoon of 29 April 1847, which ended with the imprisonment of several of the involved members.", "Mozambican War of Independence. Fighting colonial wars in Portuguese colonies had absorbed forty-four percent of the overall Portuguese budget.[32][36][37] This led to an obvious diversion of funds from necessary infrastructural developments in Portugal itself. This contributed to the growing unrest in the European nation. Portugal's GDP growth during the colonial war period (1961–1974), was strong and reached a 6% rate (a percentual GDP growth which were not achieved in any other comparable period after 1974).", "Portugal national football team. In the 1938 FIFA World Cup qualification, the Seleção played one game against Switzerland in a neutral ground, held in Milan, losing 2–1 against the Swiss, ending qualification prospects. Because of the international conflict due to the World War II, there was no World Cup held until the 1950 competition and subsequently, the national team made very few games against other teams. A 10–0 home friendly defeat against England, two years after the war, was the proof of how the irregularity of the games had taken its effects on the squad; this result still stands as their biggest ever defeat.", "Portugal–Spain relations. While the other European colonial powers, such as France, Britain, and the Netherlands, gave up their colonial empires in the post-war years, both Spain and Portugal clung to their possessions around the globe. Portugal fought a costly colonial war in Africa, and in 1961 saw its territory of Goa invaded by India. Despite their apparent mutual self-interest, there was very little co-operation between Spain and Portugal when it came to defending their empires.", "Portugal in the Eurovision Song Contest. Portugal has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest 50 times since its debut at the 1964 contest. Since then it has missed five contests (1970, 2000, 2002, 2013 and 2016). The contest is broadcast in Portugal by Rádio e Televisão de Portugal (RTP). Portugal won the contest for the first time in 2017 and hosted the 2018 contest in Lisbon.", "World War II by country. For the duration of World War II, Portugal was under the control of the dictator António de Oliveira Salazar. Early in September 1939, Portugal proclaimed neutrality to avoid a military operation in Portuguese territory. This action was welcomed by Great Britain. Germany's invasion of France brought the Nazis to the Pyrenees, which increased the ability of Hitler to bring pressures on Portugal and Spain." ]

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[ "Sean Bean. Bean's most prominent role was as Boromir in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings trilogy. His major screen time occurs in the first installment, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. He appears briefly in flashbacks in The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, as well as in a scene from the extended edition of The Two Towers. Before casting finished, rumours circulated that Jackson had considered Bean for the role of Aragorn, but neither Bean nor Jackson confirmed this in subsequent interviews. Bean's fear of flying in helicopters caused him difficulties in mountainous New Zealand, where the trilogy was filmed. After a particularly rough ride, he vowed not to fly to a location again; in one instance, he chose to take a ski lift into the mountains while wearing his full costume (complete with shield, armour, and sword) and then hike the final few miles.[21][22]", "Sean Bean. Despite being professionally trained, Bean adopts an instinctive style of acting that some say makes him especially well-suited to portraying his characters' depths.[41] He has said that the most difficult part is at the start of filming when trying to understand the character.[42] After achieving this, he can snap in and out of character instantly. This ability to go from the quiet man on set to the warrior Boromir \"amazed\" Sean Astin during filming of The Fellowship of the Ring.[43] Other fans include directors Mike Figgis and Wolfgang Petersen, who described working with Bean as a \"beautiful thing\".[41]", "Sean Bean. Shaun Mark Bean (born 17 April 1959), known professionally as Sean Bean /ˈʃɔːn ˈbiːn/, is an English actor. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983. Retaining his Yorkshire accent, he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe. Bean has since garnered further recognition for his performance as Ned Stark in the HBO epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, as well as roles in the BBC anthology series Accused and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII. His most prominent film role was Boromir in The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–03).", "Sean Bean. Bean has a tattoo of the number nine on his shoulder, written using Tengwar, in reference to his involvement in the Lord of the Rings films and the fact that his character was one of the original nine companions of the Fellowship of the Ring. The other actors of \"The Fellowship\" (Elijah Wood, Sean Astin, Orlando Bloom, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, and Viggo Mortensen) have the same tattoo. John Rhys-Davies, whose character was also one of the original nine companions, arranged for his stunt double to get the tattoo instead.[54]", "Boromir. In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, Boromir is played by Sean Bean. In a departure from the structure of Tolkien's book, Boromir's death is shown at the end of The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), instead of being related at the beginning of The Two Towers. In the film, Boromir is mortally wounded by three large arrows fired by the Uruk-hai leader Lurtz, a character created for the films, instead of by numerous arrows from orcs led by Uglúk. He is found by Aragorn, who slays Lurtz before the latter can deal a final blow to Boromir.", "Sean Bean. Bean is often described as \"down to earth\" and has retained his Yorkshire accent, despite now living in London.[12] He is also described as a sex symbol, partly because of his role as Sharpe. He was voted the UK's second sexiest man in 2004, placing just behind his Lord of the Rings co-star Orlando Bloom.[36] He admits that he does not mind being considered as a \"bit of rough\" by women.[37] He has developed a reputation as a loner, in addition to his image as a sex symbol and an admitted \"bit of rough,\" a label that he considers unfair.[12] He has described himself instead as quiet, and interviewers confirm that he is a \"man of few words\",[38] with one interviewer calling him \"surprisingly shy\".[39] He admits that he can be a workaholic; he relaxes with a book or listens to music in his spare time, and is a talented pianist. He is also a keen gardener, welder, and sketcher.[40]", "Faramir. In the Lord of the Rings movie trilogy directed by Peter Jackson, Faramir is played by David Wenham. The actor jokes that he got the role because he and Sean Bean, who played Boromir, both had large noses.[32] Faramir and his brother's appearances were slightly altered from the book: in the films, they have fair hair and are slightly bearded, whereas in the book they were dark-haired and, following a statement in Unfinished Tales,[33] lacked beards.", "Sean Bean. In 2013, Bean was named best actor at the Royal Television Society awards and won an International Emmy Award for his role in Accused.[61] He received three separate awards in 2004 as part of the ensemble cast in The Return of the King[62] from the Screen Actors Guild, the National Board of Review, and the Broadcast Film Critics Association.", "Sean Bean. Bean starred in the first season of Game of Thrones, HBO's adaptation of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin, playing the part of Lord Eddard Stark.[29] Bean and Peter Dinklage were the two actors whose inclusion show runners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss considered necessary for the show to become a success, and for whose roles no other actors were considered. His portrayal won him critical praise; as The A.V. Club's reviewer put it, he \"portrayed Ned as a man who knew he lived in the muck but hoped for better and assumed everyone else would come along for the ride.\"[30] HBO's promotional efforts focused on Bean as the show's leading man and best-known actor.", "Sean Bean. Other roles gave more scope for his acting abilities. In 1999's Extremely Dangerous, his character walked a fine line between villain and hero.[23] He became a repentant, poetry-reading Grammaton cleric who succumbs to his emotions in 2002's Equilibrium, a quirky alien cowboy in 2003's The Big Empty, and a sympathetic and cunning Odysseus in the 2004 film Troy. He appeared with other Hollywood stars in Moby's music video \"We Are All Made of Stars\" in February 2002.[24] In the same year, he returned to the stage in London performing in Macbeth.[25] Due to popular demand, the production ran until March 2003.", "Sean Bean. Bean was not the first actor to be chosen to play Sharpe. As Paul McGann was injured while playing football two days into filming, the producers initially tried to work around his injury, but it proved impossible and Bean replaced him. The series ran continuously from 1993 to 1997, with three episodes produced each year. It was filmed under challenging conditions, first in Ukraine and later in Portugal. After several years of rumours, more episodes were produced: Sharpe's Challenge, which aired in April 2006, and Sharpe's Peril, which aired in autumn 2008 and was later released on DVD.[17] Both of these were released as two cinema-length 90 minute episodes per series.[18] With a role as enigmatic Lord Richard Fenton in the TV miniseries Scarlett, Bean made the transition to Hollywood feature films. His first notable Hollywood appearance was that of an Irish republican terrorist in the 1992 film adaptation of Patriot Games. While filming his death scene, Harrison Ford hit him with a boat hook, giving him a permanent scar. Bean's rough-cut looks made him a patent choice for a villain, and his role in Patriot Games was the first of several villains that he would portray, all of whom die in gruesome ways.[19]", "Sean Bean. Bean completed a one-hour pilot, Faceless, for US television. He has also appeared in Outlaw, an independent British production, and a remake of 1986 horror film, The Hitcher (released in January 2007); here he used an American accent again. In 2009, he appeared in the Red Riding trilogy as the malevolent John Dawson. He also appeared in Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief (2010), playing the role of Zeus, the king of Mount Olympus and god of the sky, thunder, and lightning. Also that year, Bean starred in Cash, playing the lead role of Pyke Kubic, a dangerous man determined to recover his wealth in a bad economy. Cash explored the role money plays in today's hard economic times. Bean also played the villain's twin brother, Reese.", "Sean Bean. In 1975, Bean left Brook Comprehensive School with O Levels in Art and English.[6] After a job at a supermarket and another for the local council, he started working for his father's firm with a day release at Rotherham College of Arts and Technology to take a welding course.[7] While there, he stumbled into an art class and decided to pursue his interest in art. After attending courses at two other colleges, one for half a day and the other for less than a week, he returned to Rotherham College, where he subsequently enrolled in a drama course. After some college plays and one at Rotherham Civic Theatre, he won a scholarship to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), starting a seven-term course in January 1981.[4]", "Sean Bean. Other roles include Alec Trevelyan in the James Bond film GoldenEye (1995) and Odysseus in Troy (2004), as well as roles in Patriot Games (1992), Ronin (1998), National Treasure (2004), North Country (2005), The Island (2005), Silent Hill (2006), Black Death (2010), Jupiter Ascending (2015) and The Martian (2015). As a voice actor, Bean has been featured in the video games The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, Sid Meier's Civilization VI, and the drama The Canterbury Tales, among several others. He has received several awards during his career and won an International Emmy for Best Actor. He has also been nominated for a BAFTA and Saturn Award.[2]", "Sean Bean. Bean graduated from RADA in 1983, making his professional acting debut later that year as Tybalt in Romeo and Juliet at the Watermill Theatre in Newbury.[4] His early career involved a mixture of stage and screen work. As an actor, he adopted the Irish spelling of his first name. His first national exposure came in an advert for non-alcoholic lager.[8] Between 1986 and 1988, he was a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company, appearing in productions of Romeo and Juliet, The Fair Maid of the West, and A Midsummer Night's Dream.[9][10] He appeared in his first film, Derek Jarman's Caravaggio (1986), opposite Tilda Swinton, playing Ranuccio Tomassoni, followed in the same director's War Requiem (1988). In 1989, he starred as the evil Dominic O'Brien in The Fifteen Streets, where he gained a dedicated following.", "Sean Bean. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Bean became an established actor on British television.[11] He appeared in the BBC productions Clarissa and Lady Chatterley (1993) with Joely Richardson.[12] In 1990, Bean starred in Jim Sheridan's adaption of the John B. Keane play The Field. Also in 1990, his role as the journalist Anton in Windprints examined the difficult problems of apartheid in South Africa. In 1996, he combined his love of football with his career to finally achieve his childhood dream of playing for Sheffield United, as Jimmy Muir in the film When Saturday Comes.[13] Although the film was not critically acclaimed, Bean received credit for a good performance.[14] In August 1997, Bean appeared in what became a famous Sky Sports commercial for the upcoming 1997–98 Premier League season.[15] His football related work continued in 1998 when he narrated La Coupe de la Gloire, the official film of the 1998 FIFA World Cup held in France.[16]", "Sean Bean. In the 1995 film GoldenEye, Bean portrayed James Bond's nemesis Alec Trevelyan (MI6's 006).[20] He played the weak-stomached Spence in Ronin (1998), a wife-beating ex-con in Essex Boys (2000), and a malevolent kidnapper/jewel thief in Don't Say a Word (2001). He was also widely recognised as villainous treasure hunter Ian Howe in National Treasure, and played a villainous scientist in The Island (2005). In the independent film Far North, he plays a Russian mercenary who gets lost in the tundra and is rescued by an Inuit woman and her daughter, whom he later pits against one another.", "Sean Bean. In August 2012, Bean appeared as cross-dressing teacher Simon in the opening episode of the second season of UK television series Accused, a role which would earn him a Royal Television Society best actor award. He starred in Soldiers of Fortune and the 2012 film Cleanskin, in which he plays a secret service agent faced with the task of pursuing and eliminating a suicide bomber and his terrorist cell.", "Sean Astin. Astin has a tattoo on his ankle of the word \"nine\" written with the Tengwar script, commemorating his Lord of the Rings involvement and his character's membership in the Fellowship of the Ring. Seven of the eight other actors (Elijah Wood, Sean Bean, Billy Boyd, Ian McKellen, Dominic Monaghan, Viggo Mortensen and Orlando Bloom) all have the same tattoo. John Rhys-Davies' stunt double, Brett Beattie, has the tattoo as well.[27]", "Ned Stark. Ned is portrayed by Sean Bean in the first season of Game of Thrones,[3][4] and as a child and young man by Sebastian Croft and Robert Aramayo respectively in the sixth season. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television and a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor for the role. He and the rest of the cast were nominated for Screen Actors Guild Awards for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series in 2011.", "Ned Stark. Bean was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actor on Television,[29] a Scream Award for Best Fantasy Actor,[30] and an EWwy Award for Best Actor, Drama for the role.[31] IGN named Ned its Best TV Hero of 2011,[32] and Bean won the Portal Award for Best Actor.[33]", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The series appears in the Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association's Top 10 Films, Time magazine's All-Time 100 Movies, and James Berardinelli's Top 100.[71] In 2007, USA Today named the series as the most important films of the past 25 years.[72] Entertainment Weekly put it on its end-of-the-decade, \"best-of\" list, saying, \"Bringing a cherished book to the big screen? No sweat. Peter Jackson's trilogy — or, as we like to call it, our preciousssss — exerted its irresistible pull, on advanced Elvish speakers and neophytes alike.\"[73] Paste Magazine named it one of the 50 Best Movies of the Decade (2000–2009), ranking it at No. 4.[74] In another Time magazine list, the series ranks second in \"Best Movies of the Decade\".[75] Empire magazine voted the films at #1 on the '32 Greatest Film Trilogies'.[76] In addition, six characters and their respective actors made the list of 'The 100 Greatest Movie Characters', also compiled by Empire, with Viggo Mortensen's portrayal of Aragorn ranking No. 15, Ian McKellen's portrayal of Gandalf ranking No. 30, Ian Holm's portrayal of Bilbo Baggins (shared with Martin Freeman for his portrayal of the same character in The Hobbit films) ranking No. 61, Andy Serkis' portrayal of Gollum ranking No. 66, Sean Astin's portrayal of Samwise Gamgee ranking No. 77, and Orlando Bloom's portrayal of Legolas ranking No. 94.[77]", "Sean Bean. Bean starred in the espionage television series Legends as Martin Odum, an FBI agent who takes on various fabricated identities to go undercover. The show was cancelled after its second season. An intensive viral marketing campaign was centred on the hashtag #DontKillSeanBean, focusing on the various deaths of his past characters and promising his character in Legends would not suffer the same fate.[34] The campaign culminated with a Funny or Die exclusive video featuring Bean filming a scene for the show where he's become so accustomed to dying on screen that he expects his character to die a bizarrely gruesome death despite the simplicity of the scene.[35]", "Sean Bean. Bean has done voice-over work, mostly in the British advertising industry.[26] He has featured in television adverts for O2, Morrisons and Barnardos as well as for Acuvue and the Sci-Fi Channel in the United States. He also does the voice over for the National Blood Service's television and radio campaign. For the role playing video game, The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion, he voiced Martin Septim.[27] Bean's distinctive voice has also been used in the intro and outro segments of the BBC Formula 1 racing coverage for the 2011 and 2012 seasons.[28]", "Boromir. In The Return of the King (2003), Boromir appears in the theatrical version during a brief flashback as Pippin remembers his heroic self-sacrifice. Due to that scene alone, Sean Bean's name and portrait appears in the closing credits of the film. In the Extended Edition of the film, Boromir appears briefly when Denethor looks at Faramir and imagines for a moment that he sees Boromir walking towards him, smiling.", "Sean Bean. Bean has married five times and divorced four times. He married his secondary school sweetheart Debra James on 11 April 1981. The marriage ended in divorce in 1988. Bean met actress Melanie Hill at RADA, and they married on 27 February 1990. The couple's first daughter was born in October 1987; their second was born in September 1991. Bean and Hill's marriage ended in divorce in August 1997. During the filming of Sharpe, Bean met actress Abigail Cruttenden, and they married on 22 November 1997. Their daughter was born in November 1998. Bean and Cruttenden divorced in July 2000.", "Sean Bean. Bean was born in Handsworth, a suburb of Sheffield, which was then part of West Riding of Yorkshire (the County of South Yorkshire was created in 1974). He is the son of Rita (née Tuckwood) and Brian Bean.[4] He has a younger sister named Lorraine. His father owned a fabrication shop that employed 50 people, including Bean's mother, who worked as a secretary. Despite becoming relatively wealthy, the family never moved away from the council estate as they preferred to remain close to friends and family.[5] As a child, Bean smashed a glass door during an argument, which left a piece of glass embedded in his leg that briefly impeded his walking and left a large scar.[4] This prevented him from pursuing his dream of playing football professionally.", "The Hobbit (film series). In addition, John Bell plays Bain,[134][135] Manu Bennett plays Azog,[136] Craig Hall plays Galion,[137] Ben Mitchell plays Narzug,[137] John Rawls plays Yazneg,[138] Stephen Ure plays Fimbul and Grinnah, Kiran Shah plays a goblin scribe,[139] and Stephen Colbert was cast in an undisclosed cameo.[140] Conan Stevens was to play Bolg,[141] but he eventually played a Gundabad Orc, also known as Keeper of Dungeons.", "Frodo Baggins. In the 1980 Rankin/Bass animated version of The Return of the King, made for television, the character was voiced by Orson Bean, who had previously played Bilbo in the same company's adaptation of The Hobbit.", "Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire). The image of Sean Bean as Ned Stark sitting in the Iron Throne is featured on the covers of the 2011 Season 1 DVD and Blu-ray Disc sets, released in March 2012.[35][36]", "Sean Bean. Renowned for dying frequently in his films and TV shows, Bean's fictional deaths have earned him status as an internet meme.[3]", "John Hurt. Hurt appeared in the 1978 Midnight Express, for which he won a Golden Globe and a BAFTA and was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor (the latter of which he lost to Christopher Walken for his performance in The Deer Hunter).[18] Around the same time, he lent his voice to Ralph Bakshi's animated film adaptation of Lord of the Rings, playing the role of Aragorn. Hurt voiced Hazel, the heroic rabbit leader of his warren in the film adaptation of Watership Down (both 1978) and later played the major villain, General Woundwort, in the animated television series version.[19] As the deformed John Merrick in The Elephant Man (1980), he won another BAFTA and was nominated for a Golden Globe and an Academy Award for Best Actor.[17]" ]

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[ "Frances Bavier. She was in an episode of Make Room for Daddy, which featured Andy Griffith as Andy Taylor and Ron Howard as Opie Taylor. She played a character named Henrietta Perkins. The episode led to The Andy Griffith Show, and Bavier was cast in the new role of Aunt Bee. Bavier had a love-hate relationship with her famous role during the run of the show. As a New York City actress, she felt her dramatic talents were being overlooked, yet after playing Bee for eight seasons, she was the only original cast member to remain with the series in the spin-off, Mayberry R.F.D., for two additional seasons.[4]", "Frances Bavier. Frances Elizabeth Bavier (December 14, 1902 – December 6, 1989) was an American stage and television actress. Originally from New York theatre, Bavier worked in film and television from the 1950s. She is best known for her role of Aunt Bee on The Andy Griffith Show and Mayberry R.F.D. from 1960–70. Aunt Bee logged more Mayberry years (ten) than any other character. She won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Comedy Actress for the role in 1967.", "List of The Andy Griffith Show characters. Beatrice \"Aunt Bee\" Taylor is Andy's paternal aunt. Aunt Bee is a spinster in her late-50s who raised Andy. She was living alone in West Virginia when Andy invited her to come to live with him and Opie, after their housekeeper Rose got married and moved away. Aunt Bee is a motherly figure who takes the place of Opie's late mother and dotes over the boy, caring for his welfare and taking care of Andy as well. She is prominent in town, a respected lady who spends her time helping with social functions and church events. She is prone to spend time with her friends gossiping about the town's citizens.", "Return to Mayberry. Most of the surviving cast members of The Andy Griffith Show reprised their roles in the reunion movie. One notable exception was Frances Bavier, who played Aunt Bee for all eight seasons as well as two seasons of Mayberry R.F.D. Bavier had retired shortly after leaving R.F.D. in 1970. Her absence was explained by a scene in which Andy visits the cemetery where Aunt Bee is buried, confirming that Aunt Bee is deceased. (The official reason given for Bavier's absence was poor health. Bavier reportedly was also reclusive and ambivalent about coming out of retirement, but she did in fact die three years after the program was filmed.) Elinor Donahue (as Ellie Walker) and Jack Burns (as Warren Ferguson) were two other cast members not to be involved in the movie. Some of the main R.F.D. regulars, including Sam Jones, son Mike, and Millie Swanson—all of whom were first introduced on the last season of The Andy Griffith Show itself—were also absent. (Ken Berry, who had played Jones, was asked to appear but had to decline as he was busy playing Vinton Harper on Mama's Family.) Former series regulars Howard McNear (as Floyd Lawson), Hope Summers (as Clara Edwards), and Paul Hartman (as Emmett Clark) were all long deceased.", "Jack Albertson. Other 1960s series on which Albertson appeared were NBC's sitcom, Happy starring Ronnie Burns, and Glynis, starring Glynis Johns and Keith Andes, which aired for 13 weeks in the fall of 1963. Albertson appeared in two episodes of The Twilight Zone. In a 1967 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, he played the ne'er-do-well cousin, Bradford J. Taylor, of series character Aunt Bee (Frances Bavier). He co-starred as \"The Man\" Ed Brown in Chico and the Man, with Freddie Prinze, for which he earned an Emmy.", "The Andy Griffith Show. In 1986, the reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry was broadcast with several cast members reprising their original roles. Absent, however, was Frances Bavier. She was living in Siler City, North Carolina, in ill health, and declined to participate. In the TV movie, Aunt Bee is portrayed as deceased (and in fact Bavier did die three years later), with Andy visiting her grave.", "Elinor \"Ellie\" Walker. Elinor Donahue was an established television star and had just finished her tour of duty as Betty \"Princess\" Anderson in the popular 1950s sitcom, Father Knows Best when she joined The Andy Griffith Show. Producers believed her name would have \"drawing power\" and gave her top billing in the opening credits with stars Andy Griffith, Ron Howard and Don Knotts. The only other performer to receive top billing during the course of the series' run was Frances Bavier (Aunt Bee) who began to appear in the opening credits in the 1965-1966 season after Don Knotts left the series.", "Opie Taylor. Opie is a 6-year-old when the series opens, who lives in the fictional and idealized small, sleepy southern community of Mayberry, North Carolina with his widowed father, Andy Taylor (Andy Griffith), the sheriff of Mayberry County, and his father's spinster aunt, Beatrice \"Aunt Bee\" Taylor (Frances Bavier). Opie appears once in The Andy Griffith Show spinoff Mayberry R.F.D., twice in the spinoff Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C. and also in the 1986 reunion telemovie Return to Mayberry.", "Opie Taylor. In the first episode of The Andy Griffith Show (October 1960), Andy's Aunt Bee returns to Mayberry via Morgantown, West Virginia at her nephew's invitation in order to manage the Taylor household after Andy's housekeeper Rose marries and departs. Opie, 6, takes an instant dislike to Aunt Bee based upon his grief at losing his beloved Rose, although he does secretly enjoy her cooking. After discovering that she can neither play baseball nor fish, Opie declares that he will never love her. The final straw comes when she accidentally lets his pet bird escape, though it reappears at the end of the episode (the bird is never again mentioned). A disheartened Aunt Bee chooses to leave. However, in a surge of empathy, Opie begs his father to let her stay, as she doesn't know how to do anything on her own.", "Hee Haw. Other cast members over the years included, but were not limited to: Roy Acuff, Cathy Baker (as the show's emcee), Billy Jim Baker, Barbi Benton, Kelly Billingsley, Vicki Bird, Jennifer Bishop, Archie Campbell, Phil Campbell, Harry Cole (Weeping Willie), Mackenzie Colt, John Henry Faulk, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Marianne Gordon (Rogers), Jim and Jon Hager, Victoria Hallman, Diana Goodman, Gunilla Hutton, Linda Johnson, Grandpa Jones, Zella Lehr (the \"unicycle girl\"), George Lindsey (reprising his \"Goober\" character from The Andy Griffith Show), Jimmy Little, Irlene Mandrell, Charlie McCoy, Dawn McKinley, Patricia McKinnon, Sherry Miles, Rev. Grady Nutt, Minnie Pearl, Claude \"Jackie\" Phelps, Slim Pickens, Kenny Price, Anne Randall, Chase Randolph, Susan Raye, Jimmie Riddle, Jeannine Riley, Alice Ripley, Lulu Roman, Misty Rowe, Junior Samples, Ray Sanders, Terry Sanders, Gailard Sartain, Diana Scott, Gerald Smith (the \"Georgia Quacker\"), Jeff Smith, Donna Stokes, Dennis Stone, Roni Stoneman, Mary Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Linda Thompson, Lisa Todd, Pedro Tomas, Nancy Traylor, Buck Trent, Jackie Waddell, Pat Woodell, and Jonathan Winters, among many others.", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show). Other relatives include Bee's sister Nora (who would also be Andy's aunt), who pays a visit in one episode. In another episode, Andy tells Barney that Aunt Bee is heavily against alcohol due to her brother's trouble with the bottle. It is unclear whether this brother is meant to be Andy's father, or one of Andy's uncles.", "The Real McCoys. Jon Lormer was cast seven times on The Real McCoys in 1959 and 1960, six as the character Sam Watkins. Joan Blondell appeared three times near the end of the series as Aunt Win. Marjorie Bennett was cast three times as Amanda Comstock. Pat Buttram and Howard McNear also appeared three times; they were subsequently cast as Eustace Haney on CBS's Green Acres and as Floyd the Barber on CBS's The Andy Griffith Show. Olin Howland and Willard Waterman appeared five times each as Charley Perkins and Mac Maginnis, respectively.[3]", "Aunt Em. Margaret Hamilton who portrayed Miss Gulch and the Wicked Witch of the West voiced Aunt Em. She and Uncle Henry (voiced by Paul Ford) have a farmworker named Amos (voiced by Larry Storch). He does not have an alter ego in Oz.", "Clara Edwards. Summers appeared as Bertha/Clara in 32 episodes of TAGS and was one of only a few characters (the others being Andy Taylor, Aunt Bee, and Opie Taylor) who appeared in all eight seasons of the show's run. The character migrated to the show's spin-off series Mayberry R.F.D..", "The Andy Griffith Show. Andy's friends and neighbors include barber Floyd Lawson (Howard McNear – but played by Walter Baldwin in the 1960 episode \"Stranger in Town\"), service station attendants and cousins Gomer Pyle (Jim Nabors) and Goober Pyle (George Lindsey), and local drunkard Otis Campbell (Hal Smith). There were two mayors: Mayor Pike, who was more relaxed, and Mayor Stoner, who had a more assertive personality. On the distaff side, townswoman Clara Edwards (Hope Summers), Barney's sweetheart Thelma Lou (Betty Lynn) and Andy's schoolteacher sweetheart Helen Crump (Aneta Corsaut) become semi-regulars. Ellie Walker (Elinor Donahue) is Andy's girlfriend in the first season, while Peggy McMillan (Joanna Moore) is a nurse who becomes his girlfriend in season 3. Ernest T. Bass (Howard Morris) made his first appearance in Episode #94 (\"Mountain Wedding\"). In the color seasons, County Clerk Howard Sprague (Jack Dodson) and handyman Emmett Clark (Paul Hartman) appear regularly, while Barney's replacement deputy Warren Ferguson (Jack Burns) appears in season six. Unseen characters such as telephone operator Sarah, and Barney's love interest, local diner waitress Juanita Beasley, as mentioned in the first season, are often referenced. In the series' last few episodes, farmer Sam Jones (Ken Berry) debuts, and later becomes the lead of the show's sequel, Mayberry R.F.D..[5]", "Leave It to Beaver characters. Several Andy Griffith Show players appeared on Leave It to Beaver. Hal Smith, Mayberry's town sot Otis Campbell, appeared as a restaurant manager in the fourth-season episode \"Beaver Won't Eat\", while Dorothy Neumann, Otis Campbell's wife Rita on The Andy Griffith Show, appeared in \"The Community Chest\" as a Mayfield housewife. Howard McNear, Mayberry's barber Floyd Lawson, played a barber in a second-season Beaver episode. Burt Mustin (Mayfield's Gus, the fireman) had a long career as Jud Fletcher on The Andy Griffith Show and Will Wright (Mayfield's first season Pete, the fireman) appeared on The Andy Griffith Show as Ben Weaver, a sour, miserly Mayberry department store owner.", "List of The Andy Griffith Show characters. Opie Taylor is the son of Andy Taylor and his late wife. A good-hearted, normal little boy (about six when the series began), most of Opie's lessons come from his close relationship with his father, and his Great Aunt Bee. He is not prone to get into trouble and that probably has to do with spending a great deal of time around the jail. At one point, Aunt Bee considers this to be a bad influence and when Opie runs away from home briefly, she relents and allows him to visit the jail after school on a conditional basis.", "Andy Taylor (The Andy Griffith Show). The premiere episode of the Andy Griffith Show begins with Andy telling Opie he was raised by Aunt Bee, who is about to return to Mayberry after a five-year sojourn in Morgantown, West Virginia (the real-life hometown of Don Knotts, the actor who portrayed Barney Fife). Being raised by Aunt Bee suggests that Andy was orphaned at an early age, though there is very little evidence offered on the show about Andy's childhood or his family. In one or two instances, old timers remember Andy as a boy. He seems to have no close relatives in Mayberry other than his aunt, his son, and his cousin Barney. In the first two episodes it is stated that Barney is his cousin.", "Opie Taylor. Opie Taylor is a fictional character played by Ron Howard in the American television program The Andy Griffith Show, which was televised on CBS from October 3, 1960 to April 1, 1968. Opie Taylor appeared in 209 of the 249 episodes of The Andy Griffith Show, and appeared in 2 spin-off shows and a TV Movie.", "Barbara Stuart. Stuart played Lily in The George Burns Show.[5] She also played comedy roles on such television sitcoms as December Bride, The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Bill Dana Show, The Joey Bishop Show, The Cara Williams Show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The Andy Griffith Show, Mister Roberts, The Farmer's Daughter, Three's Company, Taxi, and Love, American Style. She also played with The Three Stooges.", "Mayberry. Other place names used in the show refer to actual places in North Carolina, such as Raleigh—which was also often called \"Capital City\" – Siler City, Greensboro, Winston-Salem, Chapel Hill, Stokes County, Elm City and Charlotte. One of the stars of the show, Frances Bavier (who played Aunt Bee) retired to Siler City in real life. In episode 249 \"A Girl For Goober\", the towns of Manteo and Toast are mentioned. Andy Griffith owned a home in Manteo (on North Carolina's Atlantic coast), and Toast is about two miles outside of Mt. Airy in Surry County. Stokes County, which borders Surry County to the east, is mentioned as the location of Myers Lake in episode 140 \"Andy And Helen Have Their Day\". In episode 62 \"Cousin Virgil\", the bus picks up Barney's cousin in Currituck. A Currituck County is located in eastern North Carolina. In episode 17 \"Alcohol And Old Lace\" while looking for moonshine stills, Barney suggests looking into Fancy Gap, Virginia, a town just across the state line from Mt. Airy. In episode 60 \"Bookie Barber\", Aunt Bee states that Floyd's Barber Shop has received phone calls from as far away as Morehead City. In episode 136 \"Opie's Fortune\", a man from Bannertown lost $50. Bannertown is a few miles from Mt. Airy in Surry County. In episode 68 \"Barney Mends a Broken Heart\", the towns of Harnett and Yancey are mentioned. Both a Harnett County and a Yancey County are in North Carolina. In episode 3 \"The Guitar Player\" played by James Best, who later played Sheriff Rosco P. Coltrane on The Dukes of Hazzard, Best's character Jim Lindsey buys his guitar picks in Winston-Salem, which is actually the nearest big city to Mount Airy (37 miles).", "Clara Edwards. Clara lives in the fictional community of Mayberry, North Carolina on \"The Andy Griffith Show\" (TAGS) and \"Mayberry RFD\". Clara's best friend is her past classmate Aunt Bee. The two women have a warm, yet competitive relationship, which began on a high school basketball team. The kinship would continue with such domestic contests as jarring pickles (TAGS, \"The Pickle Story, Episode#31)\", and planting prize roses (TAGS, \"Only a Rose\", Episode #212). \nIn \"The Pickle Story\", TAGS, episode#31, Clara and Bee both compete for a blue ribbon at the county fair with their entries of pickles. Clara wins the ribbon.", "Julie Bowen. Julie Bowen Luetkemeyer (born March 3, 1970),[1] known professionally as Julie Bowen, is an American actress and model. She is best known for playing Aunt Gwen on Dawson's Creek (2000), Carol Vessey on Ed (2000–04), Denise Bauer on Boston Legal (2005–07), Sarah Shephard on Lost (2005–07), and Claire Dunphy on the comedy Modern Family (since 2009). The last earned her six nominations for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (2010–2015), winning in 2011 and 2012.", "Eve Plumb. In 2010, Plumb originated the title character in the New York production of Miss Abigail's Guide to Dating, Mating and Marriage, inspired by a book and website of the same name. The role was her first New York stage role. She was next seen on the New York stage when she starred in Nora Ephron and Delia Ephron's award-winning Love, Loss, and What I Wore, and she co-starred in Same Time, Next Year with Broadway's John Bolton at the Surflight Theater in Beach Haven, New Jersey. In July–October 2013, Plumb portrayed Aunt June in the off-Broadway play Unbroken Circle by James Wesley.[3]", "Charlotte Rae. In 1954, Rae made her TV debut on an episode of Look Up and Live. This led to roles on other shows such as The United States Steel Hour, Armstrong Circle Theatre, Kraft Television Theatre, NBC Television Opera Theatre, The Philco Television Playhouse, The Colgate Comedy Hour, The DuPont Show of the Week, The Phil Silvers Show, Car 54, Where Are You?, Way Out, The Defenders, Temperatures Rising, The Love Boat, The Partridge Family, Love, American Style, McMillan & Wife, Barney Miller, 227, Murder, She Wrote, St. Elsewhere, Diagnosis: Murder, All in the Family and Good Times. In 1993, Rae voiced the character \"Aunt Pristine Figg\" in Tom and Jerry: The Movie.[7]", "Maggie Peterson. For The Andy Griffith Show, Peterson initially read for the role of love interest for Sheriff Andy Taylor, but the role went to Elinor Donahue (Ellie Walker). Soon after, she was selected to play the role of Charlene Darling. The only daughter of Briscoe Darling, she had a crush on Sheriff Taylor (\"Pa, can't I just look at the pretty man?\").", "Otis Campbell. In the Season 1 episode, \"Bringing Up Opie,\" Aunt Bee is concerned with Opie's frequent trips to visit Andy at the jail because of the nature of Andy's work. This includes Otis' presence. Near the end of the episode, Opie is allowed to conditionally return if Otis is not there. Opie, then 7, responds \"You mean when he's had a snootful?\"", "Dee Bradley Baker. Baker moved to Southern California in time for the 1994 Northridge earthquake. He got involved in voice-over work; his first major character was Cow & Chicken's dad in the Cow & Chicken and I.M. Weasel cartoons.[5] His first feature film voice-over was on the basketball/Looney Tunes-themed movie Space Jam where he voiced Daffy Duck and Taz.[5] He did voice work for various episodic and recurring cartoon characters on The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, [13] Johnny Bravo,[14] Dexter's Laboratory,[15] SpongeBob SquarePants[16] and The Powerpuff Girls.[17] He voiced starring characters Og in Mike, Lu & Og[18] and Bagheera in the second season of Jungle Cubs.[19] In 2001, he added voice roles for Sanjay, Binky and other characters for The Fairly OddParents;[20][21] and co-starred as Mandy's father on Billy and Mandy,[22][21] He had a lead role as Numbuh 4 in Codename: Kids Next Door.[23] On the live-action front, he became the co-host and announcer for the game show Shop 'til You Drop which spanned several hundred episodes when it resumed broadcasting on the Family Channel and on the Pax television network, until a series retool in 2003; it was produced by Stone Stanley Entertainment, which had earlier co-produced Legends of the Hidden Temple. [24] He also had a recurring role as Phil Berg in the Nickelodeon sitcom series The Journey of Allen Strange where he plays a crazed journalist who tries to expose Allen's identity as a space alien.[25]", "The Andy Griffith Show. The Andy Griffith Show is an American situation comedy which aired on CBS from October 3, 1960, to September 6, 1971, with a total of 249 half-hour episodes spanning over 8 seasons, first in black and white and then in color, which partially originated from an episode of The Danny Thomas Show. It originally starred Andy Griffith in the role of Andy Taylor, the widowed sheriff of the fictional small community of Mayberry, North Carolina. Other major characters include Andy's inept but well-meaning deputy, who is also his cousin, Barney Fife (Don Knotts); Andy's spinster aunt and housekeeper, \"Aunt\" Bee Taylor (Frances Bavier), and Andy's precocious young son, Opie (Ron Howard). Eccentric townspeople and temperamental girlfriends complete the cast. Regarding the tone of the show, Griffith said that despite a contemporary setting, the show evoked nostalgia, stating in a Today Show interview: \"Well, though we never said it, and though it was shot in the '60s, it had a feeling of the '30s. It was, when we were doing it, of a time gone by.\"[1]", "Green Acres. Shady Rest Hotel owner Kate Bradley appears in a few early episodes. She tries to help Lisa adapt to country living, most notably giving her the recipe for her hotcakes, which Lisa ends up botching, resulting in Lisa's infamous \"hotscakes\". Uncle Joe Carson is seen at times playing checkers, loafing or mooching fruit at Drucker's Store with Petticoat Junction regulars Newt Kiley and train conductor Floyd Smoot. Betty Jo Bradley appears in one episode as Eb Dawson's date. Her sister Bobbie Jo appears in the same episode. Blonde-haired Billie Jo is the only Bradley sister never to appear in Green Acres. Western film actor Smiley Burnette guest-stars several times as railway engineer Charley Pratt in 1965 and 1966. Burnette and Pat Buttram (Mr. Haney) were both comic sidekicks of singing cowboy Gene Autry in his '50s Westerns.[10]", "Aunt Em. Aunt Em was played by Queen Latifah in the ABC made-for-television movie The Muppets' Wizard of Oz where this character owned a diner. In the VeggieTales episode The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's, Aunt Em and her husband Uncle Henry were substituted by a father (Dad Asparagus) to retell The Prodigal Son, a biblical parable from the Gospel of Luke.", "Aunt Em. Aunt Em was portrayed by Clara Blandick." ]

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[ "Bubba Watson. Watson was born and raised in Bagdad, Florida, near Pensacola. He played on the golf team at Milton High School, which had featured future PGA Tour members Heath Slocum and Boo Weekley just before he attended.[6] Watson played golf for Faulkner State Community College in nearby Baldwin County, Alabama, where he was a junior college All-American. He transferred to the University of Georgia, the defending NCAA champions, and played for the Bulldogs in 2000 and 2001. As a junior, Watson helped lead the Bulldogs to the SEC title in 2000.", "The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963. Lawrence \"Larry\" Dunn - the school bully in Kenny and Rufus's class, until Byron teaches him a lesson for stealing Kenny's gloves.", "Bubba Watson. Watson was nicknamed by his father after the former professional American football player Bubba Smith.[6] Watson is married to Angela \"Angie\" Watson (née Ball), a 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) Canadian whom he met at Georgia while he was on the golf team and she was on the women's basketball team.[1][27] They were married in September 2004.[28] In 2009, she was diagnosed with an enlarged pituitary gland, which accounts for her height.[29]", "Earl Sweatshirt. He attended the UCLA Lab School in Los Angeles and New Roads High School and Middle School in Santa Monica.[2][3]", "Deshaun Watson. Watson attended Gainesville High School in Gainesville, Georgia, arriving there in the fall of 2010. He played for the school's football team. Gainesville head coach Bruce Miller had planned to start a rising junior to quarterback his spread offense, but Watson won the starting spot. He was the first freshman quarterback Coach Miller had ever started.[1]", "Bubba Watson. Watson is also a member of the \"Golf Boys\", a boy band consisting of Watson, Ben Crane, Rickie Fowler, and Hunter Mahan. Their single \"Oh Oh Oh\" is currently on YouTube. The video was produced by Farmers Insurance Group. Farmers donates $1000 to charity for every 100,000 views the video gets.[33]", "Bubba Watson. Watson is a committed Christian who speaks openly about the importance of faith in his life.[38] Watson devotes much of his money and time to charity.[39]", "Bubba Watson. In 2015, Watson moved to Pensacola, where he has become very involved in the community. Among other ventures, Watson opened an ice cream store, purchased a part ownership in the Pensacola Blue Wahoos Minor League Baseball team.[45][46] and purchased a Chevrolet dealership in nearby Milton, Florida.[47] Watson has made considerable donations to Studer Family Children’s Hospital in Pensacola.[48] He recently announced that he plans to run for mayor of Pensacola at some future date.[49]", "Bubba Watson. Gerry Lester \"Bubba\" Watson Jr.[1][2] (born November 5, 1978) is an American professional golfer who plays on the PGA Tour. One of the few left-handed golfers on tour, he is a multiple major champion, with victories at the Masters Tournament in 2012 and 2014.[3] In February 2015, Watson reached a career-high 2nd place in the Official World Golf Ranking.", "Lubbock, Texas. National Motorcycle Champion, Don Wayne (Bubba Shobert) was born and went to school in Lubbock.", "John B. Watson. A precocious student, he entered college at the age of 16, and left with a master's degree at the age of 21. Watson made his way through college with significant effort, succeeding in classes that other students simply failed. He held a few jobs on campus to pay for his college expenses. He continued to see himself as \"unsocial\" and made few friends. After graduating, he spent a year at \"Batesburg Institute\", the name he gave to a one-room school in Greenville. He was principal, janitor, and handyman for the entire school.", "The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963. Byron \"Daddy Cool\" Watson - Older brother of Kenny and Joey. He is considered the \"God\" of Clark Elementary School. He bullies smaller kids along with his best friend Buphead. He is known for being a terrible student and is also known for breaking the rules and being a rebel. Byron is thirteen.", "A Boogie wit da Hoodie. Growing up, Dubose frequently got into legal trouble, mainly for selling cannabis and narcotics,[5] after finding out when he was sixteen, Dubose's parents sent him to Florida as punishment. He graduated high school from the Performance-based Preparatory Academy in Fort Pierce, Florida.[3]", "The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963. The novel is a first-person account narrarated by Kenny Watson, who lives in Flint, Michigan with his parents, Daniel and Wilona Watson, his older brother Byron, and younger sister Joetta. The opening chapters establish Kenny as a very bright and shy 4th grader who has difficulty making true friends until Rufus Fry arrives in town from Arkansas. Rufus is also bullied by the students at Clark Elementary for his \"country\" clothes and accent, making Kenny reluctant to befriend him at first, but they are soon inseparable. Kenny is alternatively bullied and protected by his 13 year old brother Byron, whom he calls \"an official teenage juvenile delinquent\". Byron has been retained twice because he often skips school and is still in 6th grade. He invents a series of \"fantastic adventures\" which constantly get him into trouble and include playing with matches in the house, abusing his parent's credit at the corner grocery store to buy himself treats, and getting a \"conk\" hairstyle against his parents' orders.", "John B. Watson. Despite his poor academic performance and having been arrested twice during high school (first for fighting, then for discharging firearms within city limits),[8] Watson was able to use his mother's connections to gain admission to Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. Watson considered himself to be a poor student. Others called him a quiet kid, lazy, and insubordinate.[12] Watson completed a few psychology courses at Furman, but did not excel.[4] He struggled to make the transition from a rural to an urban area, which was expressed through his weak social skills.", "Bubba Watson. Watson turned professional in 2003 and joined the Nationwide Tour where he played until 2005. He finished 21st on the Nationwide Tour's money list in 2005, making him the last player to qualify for the following year's PGA Tour. As a rookie in 2006, he earned $1,019,264 (90th overall) and led the PGA Tour in driving distance at 319.6 yards (292.2 m). His longest drive in professional competition was 442 yards (404 m) on the PGA Tour at the WGC-Bridgestone Invitational.", "John B. Watson. Watson was born in Travelers Rest, South Carolina, to Pickens Butler and Emma (née Roe) Watson.[4][7] His mother, Emma Watson, a very religious woman who adhered to prohibitions against drinking, smoking, and dancing, named Watson after a prominent Baptist minister in hopes that it would help him receive the call to preach the Gospel. In bringing him up, she subjected Watson to harsh religious training that later led him to develop a lifelong antipathy toward all forms of religion and to become an atheist.[8][9][10] His alcoholic father left the family to live with two Indian women when Watson was 13 years old (a transgression which Watson never forgave).[11] In an attempt to escape poverty, Watson’s mother sold their farm and brought Watson to Greenville, South Carolina,[4] to provide him a better opportunity for success.[8] Moving from an isolated, rural location to the large village of Greenville proved to be important for Watson by providing him the opportunity to experience a variety of different types of people, which he used to cultivate his theories on psychology. Watson understood that college was important to his success as an individual: \"I know now that I can never amount to anything in the educational world unless I have better preparation at a real university.\"[12]", "Bubba Watson. Watson purchased a General Lee car from the television series The Dukes of Hazzard at auction for $110,000 in 2012.[43] Following the Charleston church shooting in June 2015, display of the Confederate flag - which is featured on the car's roof - became the subject of renewed controversy. Watson responded by saying he would paint over the flag with the American flag.[44]", "Bubba Watson. Watson played well at the 2007 U.S. Open. He was in the final group on Saturday after shooting rounds of 70-71 (+1) at Oakmont Country Club near Pittsburgh. Watson was one stroke off the lead after 36 holes but then slipped, shooting 74 (+4) in both the third and fourth rounds; he finished in a tie for fifth.", "Bubba Watson. Watson purchased the mansion in the Isleworth community of Windermere, Florida, that was previously owned by Tiger Woods.[40] In 2013, he was added to the list of Great Floridians by Governor Rick Scott.[41][42]", "The Watsons Go to Birmingham – 1963. Buphead - Byron's best friend, who is also an \"official delinquent,\" helps Byron bully many kids, including Kenny, although Byron and Buphead stand up for Kenny and Rufus when they're being bullied by Larry.", "Deshaun Watson. During his career, Watson set numerous state records, including total yards (17,134), total touchdowns (218), career passing yards (13,077), and career passing touchdowns (155).[2] He rushed for 4,057 yards and 63 touchdowns. Watson excelled in his junior year, winning a state championship and earning accolades such as Junior All-American, 2014 Player to Watch, and 2014 Top 100 Recruit.[3] During his sophomore and senior years, he led the Gainesville High School Football Team to the state semi-finals.[4]", "Bubba Watson. Watson claimed his first PGA Tour win on June 27, 2010, in Cromwell, Connecticut, at the Travelers Championship on the second hole of a sudden-death playoff with Corey Pavin and Scott Verplank.[7] Watson tearfully dedicated the win to his parents, specifically his father who was battling cancer.", "Gainesville, Georgia. The Gainesville City School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of five elementary schools, a middle school, and a high school.[34][35] The district has 282 full-time teachers and over 4,438 students.[36] Its lone high school, Gainesville High School boasts several notable alumni, including Deshaun Watson, Clemson quarterback, Cris Carpenter, former professional baseball player (St. Louis Cardinals, Florida Marlins, Texas Rangers, Milwaukee Brewers), Tasha Humphrey, professional basketball player, and Micah Owings, Current professional baseball player (Arizona Diamondbacks, Cincinnati Reds, San Diego Padres).", "Bubba Watson. The 2018 season started with a T7 at the QBE Shootout in December 2017 marking the best of his first six starts. Watson returned to the winner's circle with a 12-under finish at the Genesis Open in February, his third victory at this tournament (2014, 2016), all at Riviera. His trifecta at the Genesis (previously known as the Los Angeles Open, Northern Trust Open, and Nissan Open) makes him only the fifth to win this long-standing event at least three times, along with Ben Hogan, Arnold Palmer, Lloyd Mangrum, and Macdonald Smith. On March 25, he gained his eleventh tour win at the WGC-Dell Match Play event in Austin, Texas, with a winner's share of $1.7 million.[26]", "Bubba Watson. Watson had his own clothing line called \"Bubba Golf\" at the former Steve & Barry's. He was invited on The Ellen DeGeneres Show after he sent her a video of a golf trick shot he completed for her birthday.", "Bubba Watson. Watson took part in the Long Drive Contest for charity at the Hyundai Tournament of Champions alongside Dustin Johnson and Robert Garrigus. He finished in second place, with a longest drive of 370 yards (338 m) behind a drive of over 400 yards (366 m) by Jamie Sadlowski.", "Cotton Bowl Classic. Brown and fellow Heisman winner Davey O'Brien, who played in the 1937 Cotton Bowl, both attended nearby Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas) in the Lakewood area. \"Woodrow\" became the first high school ever to produce two Heisman winners.", "Bubba Watson. Watson began the year with three top-5 finishes in seven events, including finishing second at the WGC-Cadillac Championship.[12]", "Bubba Watson. Watson's first major championship win came at the Masters. He began the final round at six-under-par, three strokes off the lead, held by Peter Hanson. On the back nine, Watson bogeyed the par-3 12th hole to return to even par for the round. He then recorded four consecutive birdies for a round of 68 (-4) and tied for the 72-hole lead with fourth-round playing partner Louis Oosthuizen at ten-under-par. In the sudden-death playoff, Oosthuizen and Watson both made par on the uphill 18th hole. On the next hole, the downhill 10th, both drove their tee shots towards the woods to the right of the hole. Oosthuizen's landed in the rough 220 yards (200 m) away, while Watson's ball landed deep in the woods on pine straw, 164 yards (150 m) from the pin without a clear shot to the green. Watson executed a miraculous recovery shot with 40 yards of hook on his 52-degree gap wedge and stopped the ball within fifteen feet of the hole. Oosthuizen's approach shot landed short of the green, but he chipped past the hole and narrowly missed his lengthy putt for par. Watson trickled his birdie putt a foot past the hole, took his time on the very short par putt, then made it for the emotional victory.[13][14] The win took him to a world ranking of four, a career-high at the time.[15]", "Bubba Watson. Results not in chronological order prior to 2015.", "Bubba Watson. Tying for 30th at the Greenbrier Classic, he then played in the third major of the year, The Open Championship. After two solids rounds of 70 and 73, he shot 77 in the third round, and tied for 32nd." ]

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[ "In the Middle of the House. \"In the Middle of the House\" is a novelty song written by Bob Hilliard. It was performed by Vaughn Monroe and separately by Rusty Draper in 1956. Each was released as a single. Monroe's version reached number 11 on Billboard Magazine's Most Played by Jockeys chart and number 21 on the magazine's Top 100 chart in September 1956. Draper's version, released only weeks later, peaked lower on the Most Played by Jockeys chart, climbing to number 24. Draper outdid Monroe by one spot on the Top 100, peaking at number 20.[1] The song was quite popular in the UK as it was covered by Alma Cogan (# 20), Jimmy Parkinson (# 20) and the Johnston Brothers (# 27). All versions were in the UK charts simultaneously in November 1956.", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). \"Our House\" is a song written by British singer-songwriter Graham Nash and recorded by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young on their album Déjà Vu (1970). The single reached #30 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100[1] and #20 on the Cash Box Top 100.[2] The song, \"an ode to countercultural domestic bliss\",[3] was written while Nash was living with Joni Mitchell, recording both Crosby, Stills & Nash and Déjà Vu.", "Our House (Madness song). \"Our House\" is a song by English ska and pop band Madness. It was released as the lead single from their fourth studio album, The Rise & Fall, on 12 November 1982. The song charted within the top ten in multiple countries and won Best Pop Song at the May 1983 Ivor Novello Awards.[3]", "Middle of the Road (song). \"Middle of the Road\" is a single that appears on The Pretenders' album Learning to Crawl.", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). The song has been covered by a number of artists, including Helen Reddy, The Onyx, Phantom Planet, Sheena Easton, Kidsongs and Sharon, Lois & Bram.", "Our House (Madness song). A 1992 episode of Spitting Image featured a satirical version of the song highlighting the negative equity crisis being faced by many British homeowners at the time.", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). Graham Nash once admitted that he was \"bored with 'Our House' the day after [he] recorded it\", but will play it occasionally \"because it does mean so much to so many people\".[8] It is praised for its \"innocent elegance\",[9] though Barney Hoskyns called it a \"trite ditty\" and wondered what Neil Young, whose protest song \"Ohio\" was recorded and released by CSNY in June 1970, would have thought of it: \"the journey from 'Ohio' back to 'Our House' seemed to sum up a general failure of nerve in the LA music scene\".[10]", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). A portion of the song's lyrics were spoken in The Simpsons episode \"Bart After Dark\", by Reverend Lovejoy. The song was featured in the fifth season of How I Met Your Mother, in an episode called \"Home Wreckers\". It also appeared as a cover in a Target commercial from 2013, for its \"Threshold\" brand for house and home. It was also featured as the closing song on The Blacklist, season 3 episode 2 (\"Marvin Gerard\"), which aired on October 9, 2015. An episode of 'Cheers' had Frasier and Lilith singing it in honor of their new apartment, only to very abruptly stop when Diane chimed in.", "Our House (Madness song). The video depicts the band acting out the song's lyrics in an old Victorian terraced house. The song's lyrics mostly describe the working-class family lifestyle, and the band acts them out by portraying such a family in the video. The band plays their instruments in the living room, prepares for work and school as the family plays squash and relaxes in a hot tub. The video also includes exterior shots of various other houses including the \"Playboy Mansion\" Stocks House in Aldbury, Hertfordshire,[9] and Buckingham Palace. The property that featured in the video is a terrace house on Stephenson Street in north west London, near Willesden Junction.[10]", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). In the same interview, Nash was asked about the harmonies in the song: \"It's me and David [Crosby] and Stephen [Stills] doing our best. That's all we ever do. You know, we're lucky enough to be able to do, you know, anything that we want to do, musically. And, you know, these two guys are incredible musicians. Crosby is one of the most unique musicians I know, and Stephen Stills has got this blues-based, South American kind of feeling to his music. And I'm this, you know, Henry VIII guy from England... You know, it's not supposed to work, but it does, somehow\".[7]", "Our House (Madness song). At the 2012 Olympic Games Madness performed \"Our House\" in the closing Olympic ceremonies during an elaborate light show with scores of dancers.[17]", "My House (Flo Rida song). \"My House\" debuted at number 96 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the issue dated November 28, 2015, before falling to 99 on the following week. The song then slowly gained momentum until a sharp increase in attention following Flo Rida's January 14, 2016 performance on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, a halftime performance at an NFL playoff game on January 16, and its appearance as WrestleMania 32's theme song on April 3, jumping places from 23–12 and becoming the track to gain the most digital sales in a week on the chart.[2]", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). It was also used as a commercial jingle for Eckrich sausage in the 1980s, and has appeared in various television shows and films, most notably in the 1996 Only Fools and Horses Christmas special, \"Time on Our Hands\", which was watched by 24.3 million viewers when it was broadcast in the United Kingdom. It was also used in an advert for Halifax Building Society in the 1990s.", "Our House (Madness song). In 1985 \"Our House\" was the theme song for a children's drama series, Dodger, Bonzo and the Rest.[11] The version featured on the show was performed by the cast members.", "Our House (Madness song). The B-side, \"Walking With Mr. Wheeze\", is an instrumental song. The title is a play on \"Groovin' With Mr. Bloe\", an instrumental hit of 1970 by the session group Mr. Bloe.[7] In 1984, Madness performed Our House on the episode \"Sick\" of The Young Ones.[8]", "Our House (Madness song). Released in November 1982, it peaked at #5 in the UK singles chart.[4] In 1983, \"Our House\" was their biggest hit in the US, reaching #7 on the Billboard Hot 100.[5] On the US rock chart the song peaked at #9, and also reached #21 on the US dance chart.[6] It receives constant airplay by radio stations.", "Our House (Madness song). An altered version of the song is used in a 2014 TV advertisement for Chemist Warehouse.[18]", "My House (Flo Rida song). \"My House\" is a song by American recording artist Flo Rida from his 2015 EP of the same name. The song was released as the album's third official single on October 13, 2015 in the US.[1] The song contains a sample from \"Impeach the President\" by The Honey Drippers.", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). Well, it's an ordinary moment. What happened is that Joni [Mitchell] and I – I don't know whether you know anything about Los Angeles, but on Ventura Boulevard in the Valley, there's a very famous deli called Art's Deli. And we'd been to breakfast there. We're going to get into Joan's car, and we pass an antique store. And we're looking in the window, and she saw a very beautiful vase that she wanted to buy... I persuaded her to buy this vase. It wasn't very expensive, and we took it home.\nIt was a very grey, kind of sleety, drizzly L.A. morning. And we got to the house in Laurel Canyon, and I said – got through the front door and I said, you know what? I'll light a fire. Why don't you put some flowers in that vase that you just bought? Well, she was in the garden getting flowers. That meant she was not at her piano, but I was... And an hour later 'Our House' was born, out of an incredibly ordinary moment that many, many people have experienced.[7]", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). The song originates in a domestic event that took place while Graham Nash was living with Joni Mitchell (and her two cats[4]) in her house on Laurel Canyon (Los Angeles), after they had gone out for breakfast and had bought an inexpensive vase on Ventura Boulevard.[5] Nash wrote the song in an hour, on Mitchell's piano.[6]", "Our House (Madness song). In Chile, the song was used in the spot and theme song of Chilean Canal 13 TV series Papá Mono.[19]", "Audra Mae. Mae provided background vocals for The All-American Rejects (who also originated in Oklahoma) in their fourth studio album, Kids in the Street. She can be heard in \"Fast & Slow\", \"Kids in the Street\", and \"Beekeeper's Daughter\"[9] In 2013, she was featured in 3 Avicii songs that were featured on his album True. The songs are \"Addicted to You\", \"Shame on Me\", and \"Long Road To Hell\".[10] Avicii announced that \"Addicted to You\" would receive a full single release on April 7, 2014.[11] She is featured in one of Jon Bellion's songs called \"Luxury,\" which was released on September 2, 2014.[12]", "Mainstreet (song). Seger has stated that the street he was singing about is Ann Street, just off Main Street in Ann Arbor, Michigan, where he grew up. There was a pool hall there where they had girls dancing in the window and R&B bands playing on the weekends.[2]", "Dancing in the Street. \"Dancing in the Street\" peaked at No. 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart when it was originally released as the group's third album Dance Party's first single in 1964 (see 1964 in music), with \"There He Is (at My Door)\" included as a B-side. The song also reached the Top 5 on the UK Singles Chart peaking at No. 4 in a 1969 release after initially peaking at No. 28 on the chart and helped to revive the Vandellas' success in England.[3][4]", "Stuck in the Middle with You. American baroque pop band San Fermin performed a version of the song in July 2015 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[20]", "Home (The Wiz song). US 7\" 45 RPM Single[2]", "The Angel in the House. More recently, the feminist folk-rock duo The Story used the title in their album The Angel in the House.", "Our House (Madness song). A musical called Our House, featuring Madness songs, ran in London's West End between October 2002 and August 2003.[12] A recording of the show was broadcast on BBC Three and was released as a DVD.[13]", "Ying Yang Twins. Their song \"Halftime (Stand Up and Get Crunk)\" is now a standard in many NFL football stadiums, and is considered to be the unofficial anthem of the New Orleans Saints during their Super Bowl victory season, even though it has been a staple at Saints games since 2006. This song was performed live during the victory parade.[10] The song has also been used in NFL Street 2 and Madden NFL 11 as well as the Opening Tip at home games for the NBA's San Antonio Spurs throughout the majority of the 2000s.", "Our House (Madness song). In 2010, a mashup of \"Jingle Bells\" and \"Our House\", created by New York music and audio branding company Expansion Team, was used in a Christmastime commercial for Verizon.[16]", "Our House (Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young song). In October 2013, in an interview with Terry Gross on NPR's \"Fresh Air\", Nash elaborated:", "New York Groove. The British glam rock band Hello first recorded the song in 1975, for their debut album, Keeps Us Off the Streets." ]

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[ "Cigarette pack. A carton of cigarettes usually contains 10 packs, totaling 200 cigarettes.[1] Some cartons contain twenty packs, totaling 400 cigarettes.[1]", "Cigarette pack. In the United States of America, the quantity of cigarettes in a pack must be at least 20. Certain brands, such as Export As, come in a pack of 25. For many years, half-packs of 10 (or even 14) cigarettes were commonly available.", "Dipping tobacco. Dipping tobacco is packaged in \"tins\", although they are not typically completely metal anymore. Dipping tobacco is also available in \"rolls\", \"logs\", or \"sleeves\", which is a package of 5 tins of tobacco, a similar concept to that of a carton of cigarettes. Ten tin rolls were also available in the past. Another package of dipping tobacco is the \"tub\", available in only select brands, equivalent to 6, 10, or 12 tins.", "Cigarette pack. A pack or packet of cigarettes is a rectangular container, mostly of paperboard, which contains cigarettes. The pack is designed with a flavor-protective foil, paper or biodegradable plastic[citation needed], and sealed through a transparent airtight plastic film. By pulling the \"pull-tabs\", the pack is opened. Hard packs can be closed again after opening, whereas soft packs cannot.", "Cigarette pack. In Australia, the most common quantity per pack is 25, although some brands have changed them to 26, second to 20 which by law, is the minimum. 30, 40 and even 50 packs are also sold.", "Cigarette pack. In the United Kingdom brands are only sold in packets of 20, following a May, 2017 law prohibiting the sale of 10-stick packs. The legislation also outlawed branded packaging, introducing boxes which are a plain, green color. The packaging has the brand name in a basic typeface, with most of the packet dedicated to textual and photographic health warnings. Vending machines sometimes dispense packets containing 16 or 18 cigarettes, although the dimensions of the packaging are the same as the equivalent packet containing 20.[1]", "Cigarette pack. A soft pack is a box packaging made of thin paper, usually containing 20 cigarettes. Soft packs may be considered inconvenient as they rupture easily and cannot be resealed. They offer the immediate convenience of not having to open the package each time the smoker wants a cigarette. They require less physical 'pocket space' when fewer cigarettes remain in the pack. With American brands, cigarettes from a soft pack are usually a few millimeters longer than their hard-boxed counterparts.", "Cigar. A cigar is a rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco leaves made to be smoked. They are produced in a wide variety of sizes and shapes. Since the 20th century, almost all cigars are made up of three distinct components: the filler, the binder leaf which holds the filler together, and a wrapper leaf, (which is often the best leaf used). Often the cigar will have a band printed with the cigar manufacturer's logo. These days many cigars come with 2 bands, especially Cuban Cigar bands, showing Limited Edition (Edicion Limitada) bands, with the year.", "Cigarette. A cigarette, or cigaret, is a small cylinder of finely cut tobacco leaves rolled in thin paper for smoking. The cigarette is ignited at one end causing the cigarette to smoulder and allowing smoke to be inhaled from the other end, which is held in or to the mouth; in some cases, a cigarette holder may be used, as well. Most modern manufactured cigarettes are filtered, and also include reconstituted tobacco and other additives.[1]", "Firecracker. The final operation involved applying a branded label on each pack, then bundling finished packs into wholesale lots called \"bricks\" which contained an average of 80 packs each (varying according to the size of the packs being bundled; for example, packs of 32 crackers might have 40 packs per brick, compared to packs of 16 or 20 with 80 packs per brick).", "Cigarette pack. In Canada, most packs sold have 25 cigarettes, but packs of 20 are also popular.", "Tobacco products. Cigarettes are a product consumed through smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives,[1] then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter).", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. On the back of cigarette and cigar packages, covering about 45% of the area:", "T206 Honus Wagner. Thereafter, the ATC was back in competition with other tobacco companies, so it reinserted baseball cards into cigarette packs. In 1909, the company introduced the T206 series – also known as the \"white border set\" – of baseball cards of 524 players into its cigarette packs. The cards were printed at seven factories in New York, North Carolina, Ohio and Virginia.[7] Two years later, the ATC was broken up into several major companies as part of the United States Supreme Court ruling in United States v. American Tobacco Company, 221 U.S. 106 (1911).[8][9]", "United States military ration. The reserve ration was first issued during the latter part of World War I to feed troops who were away from a garrison or field kitchen. It originally consisted of 12 ounces of fresh bacon or one pound of canned meat known as the Meat Ration—usually, corned beef. Additionally, two 8-ounce cans of hard bread or hardtack biscuits, a packet of 1.16 ounces of pre-ground coffee, a packet of 2.4 ounces of granulated sugar, and a packet of 0.16 ounces of salt were issued. There was also a separate \"tobacco ration\" of 0.4 ounces of tobacco and 10 cigarette rolling papers, later replaced by brand-name machine-rolled cigarettes.", "History of tobacco. Early on, the preparation of tobacco for shipping was very simple. The tobacco leaves were twisted and rolled, then spun into rope, which was wound into balls weighing as much as a hundred pounds ( 45.3 kilograms ). These balls were protected in canvas or barrels, which would then be shipped to Britain. Although the export of bulk tobacco was not outlawed until 1730, a large barrel called a \"hogshead\" soon became the favored container throughout the colonial period. Even though its capacity varied slightly, governed by the regulations of the day, the average weight of the tobacco stored in a hogshead barrel was about a thousand pounds ( 453.6 kilograms ).[16]", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. In 1999, Philip Morris U.S.A. purchased three brands of cigarettes from Liggett Group Inc. The brands were: Chesterfield, L&M, and Lark.[45] At the time Philip Morris purchased the brands from Liggett, the packaging for those cigarettes included the statement \"Smoking is Addictive\". After Philip Morris acquired the three Liggett brands, it removed the statement from the packages.[46]", "Skoal (tobacco). Skoal is packaged in a 1.2 oz plastic can with a metal lid and is available in three textures: fine cut, long cut and two different pouch sizes. Fine cut is more grain-like, while long cut is more string-like. Two pouch varieties of Skoal are also available, Bandits, which are small pouches, and standard size pouches. The tobacco is sealed in a teabag-like pouch, eliminating the problem of tobacco spreading through the mouth. They are also easier to remove, since the tobacco stays in the pouch throughout use. Skoal Bandits are smaller, 1 gram pouches. To compensate for the smaller portion of Bandits, tins of them contain 20 pouches, instead of the standard 15.", "C-ration. The Reserve Ration was issued during the later part of World War I to feed troops who were away from a garrison or field kitchen. It originally consisted of 12 ounces (340 g) of bacon or 14 ounces (400 g) of meat (usually canned corned beef), two 8-ounce (230 g) cans of hard bread or hardtack biscuits, a packet of 1.16 ounces (33 g) of pre-ground coffee, a packet of 2.4 ounces (68 g) of granulated sugar, and a packet of 0.16 ounces (4.5 g) of salt. There was also a separate \"tobacco ration\" of 0.4 ounces (11 g) of tobacco and 10 cigarette rolling papers, later replaced by brand-name machine-rolled cigarettes.", "Cigar. Little cigars (sometimes called small cigars or miniatures in the UK) differ greatly from regular cigars.[36] They weigh less than cigars and cigarillos,[40] but, more importantly, they resemble cigarettes in size, shape, packaging, and filters.[41] Sales of little cigars quadrupled in the U.S. from 1971 to 1973 in response to the Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, which banned the broadcast of cigarette advertisements and required stronger health warnings on cigarette packs. Cigars were exempt from the ban, and perhaps more importantly, were taxed at a far lower rate. Little cigars are sometimes called \"cigarettes in disguise\", and unsuccessful attempts have been made to reclassify them as cigarettes. In the United States, sales of little cigars reached an all-time high in 2006, fueled in great part by favorable taxation.[26] In some states, however, little cigars have successfully been taxed at the rate of cigarettes, such as Illinois,[42] as well as multiple other states. This has caused yet another loophole, in which manufacturers classify their products as \"filtered cigars\" instead to avoid the higher tax rate. Yet, many continue to argue that there is in fact a distinction between little cigars and filtered cigars. Little cigars offer a similar draw and overall feel to cigarettes, but with aged and fermented tobaccos, while filtered cigars are said to be more closely related to traditional cigars, and are not meant to be inhaled.[43] Research shows that people do inhale smoke from little cigars.[44]", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. Each packet of tobacco products must carry:", "Units of paper quantity. In general, a package of approximately 50 pounds of chipboard is called a bundle. Thus, a bundle of 22 point chipboard (0.022\" thick) 24\" × 38\", with each sheet weighing 0.556 pounds, contains 90 sheets.", "John Player & Sons. Also the following rolling tobacco in 30g and 50g pouches:", "Tobacco products. A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth and expelled; thus the cigar is generally \"puffed on\" (like a tobacco pipe) as opposed to being inhaled from (as is the case with cigarettes). The cigar is one of the oldest methods of preparing tobacco for consumption, some of the first cigars being introduced to Europeans as rolls of tobacco smoked by the Taíno of 15th century Cuba.", "Blunt (cigar). Individually packaged blunt leaves have been available for many years. These are tobacco leaves that because of their nature and appearance are used to roll a cigar in one continuous sheet[7][8] (thus the name blunt is used). The United States Tobacco Taxation Board has classified all individual cigar wrappers as \"blunts\" and taxes them as roll-your-own tobacco.[9] Many US states classify blunt wraps as tobacco and a license is required to sell them and collect tax.[10][11][12] Canada defines a blunt wrap as \"a sheet or tube made of tobacco used to roll cigarette tobacco in—similar to rolling paper\".[13] Use of these single continuous sheets is closer to the original blunts of the 19th century since it is not a spiral wrap.", "Cigarette pack. The size of a pack is often regulated. Government agencies usually set a minimum pack size.", "Cigar band. Cigar bands in the early 20th Century were precut by the printer and generally were shipped in bundles of 100.[1] Bands were applied by hand as one of the final stages of the production process, with the cigarmaker generally backing the band with a dab of plant-based glue to hold it in place on the finished cigar.[1] Bands produced in Europe were typically carefully designed to match packaging motifs while in the United States many bands bore to the boxes or inner paper in which they were packaged.[1]", "Cigarette filter. Between the 1930s and the 1950s, most cigarettes were 70 mm (~2 3/4 in) long. The modern cigarette market includes mainly filter cigarettes that are 80 mm (in boxes; ~3 1/8 in), 85 mm (in softpack; ~3 3/8 in), 100 mm (~3 15/16 in), or even 120 mm (~4 3/4 in) long.[7]", "Province of Maryland. By 1730 there were public tobacco warehouses every fourteen miles. Bonded at £1,000 sterling, each inspector received from £25 to £60 as annual salary. Four hogsheads of 950 pounds were considered a ton for London shipment. Ships from English ports did not need port cities; they called at the wharves of warehouses or plantations along the rivers for tobacco and the next year returned with goods the planters had ordered from the shops of London.[34][35]", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. Este produto contém mais de 4,7 mil substâncias tóxicas, e nicotina que causa dependência física ou psíquica. Não existem níveis seguros para consumo dessas substâncias. (This product contains over 4700 toxic substances and nicotine, which causes physical or psychological addiction. There are no safe levels for the intake of these substances.)", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. Note: 12 different variants.[38]", "Tobacco packaging warning messages. On 24 March 2005, another warning was introduced in every cigarette pack: \"Este producto contiene alquitrán, nicotina y monóxido de carbono, los cuales son cancerígenos y tóxicos. No existen niveles seguros para el consumo de estas sustancias\" (This product contains tar, nicotine and carbon monoxide, which are carcinogenic and toxic. There are no safe levels for consumption of these substances\"." ]

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[ "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). The monument was dedicated in 1884, at Tivoli Circle (since commonly called Lee Circle) on St. Charles Avenue. Dignitaries present at the dedication on February 22—George Washington's birthday—included former Confederate President Jefferson Davis, two daughters of General Lee, and Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard.[5] Efforts raise funds to build the statue began after Lee's death in 1870 by the Robert E. Lee Monument Association, which by 1876 had raised the $36,400 needed. The association's president was Louisiana Supreme Court Justice Charles E. Fenner.[6] New York sculptor Alexander Doyle was hired to sculpt the statue, which was installed in 1884. Base and pedestal designed and built by John Ray [Roy], architect; contract dated 1877. Cost $26,474. John Hagan, a builder, was contracted to \"furnish and set\" the column. Cost $9,350.[7]", "List of Confederate monuments and memorials. To enforce a 2015 City Council decision, unsuccessfully challenged in court, in April and May 2017 the city of New Orleans began the removal statues of Jefferson Davis; Gen. Robert E. Lee, Gen. Pierre G.T. Beauregard.[389][390][391]", "List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America. To enforce a 2015 City Council decision, unsuccessfully challenged in court, in April of 2017 the city of New Orleans began the removal statues of Confederate President Jefferson Davis; Gen. Robert E. Lee, who resigned his U.S Army commission at the time of Virginia's secession and accepted command of the state's military forces; Gen. Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who oversaw the Battle of Fort Sumter; and the Battle of Liberty Place Monument. The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet-proof vests, helmets, and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety.[413][414] According to Mayor Landrieu, \"The original firm we’d hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze.\"[415] \"The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be 'placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history.\"[416] On May 19, 2017, the Monumental Task Committee,[417] an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city, commented on the removal of the statues: \"Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks. With the removal of four of our century-plus aged landmarks, at 299 years old, New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic.\" Landrieu replied on the same day: \"These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for.”[418]", "Robert E. Lee. From its installation in 1884 until its removal in 2017, the most prominent monument in New Orleans was a 60-foot (18 m)-tall monument to General Lee. A 16.5-foot (5.0 m) statue of Lee stood tall upon a towering column of white marble in the middle of Lee Circle. The statue of Lee, which weighs more than 7,000 pounds (3,200 kg) faced the north. Lee Circle is situated along New Orleans' famous St. Charles Avenue. The New Orleans streetcars roll past Lee Circle and New Orleans' best Mardi Gras parades go around Lee Circle (the spot is so popular that bleachers are set up annually around the perimeter for Mardi Gras). Around the corner from Lee Circle is New Orleans' Confederate museum, which contains the second-largest collection of Confederate memorabilia in the world.[158] The statue of General Lee was removed on May 19, 2017, the last of four Confederate monuments in New Orleans to be taken down.[159]", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). The Robert E. Lee Monument formerly in New Orleans, Louisiana, is a historic statue dedicated to Confederate General Robert E. Lee. It was removed intact by official order from that location on May 19, 2017 to one unknown and any future display is uncertain.[2] The monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.[1][3] It was included by New Orleans magazine in June 2011 as one of the city's \"11 important statues\".[4]", "St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans). Three Roman Catholic churches have stood on the site since 1718, when the city was founded. The first was a crude wooden structure in the early days of the French colony. As the French were Catholic, their church was prominently located on the town square. Construction of a larger brick and timber church was begun in 1725 and was completed in 1727. Along with numerous other buildings, the church was destroyed in the Great New Orleans Fire (1788) on Good Friday, March 21, 1788. The cornerstone of a new church was laid in 1789 and the building was completed in 1794. In 1793 Saint Louis Church was elevated to cathedral rank as the See of the Diocese of New Orleans, making it one of the oldest cathedrals in the United States. In 1819, a central tower with the clock and bell was added.", "Removal of Confederate monuments and memorials. To comply with a 2015 City Council order, New Orleans removed statues of Confederate President Jefferson Davis; Gen. Robert E. Lee, who resigned his U.S Army commission at the time of Virginia's secession and accepted command of the state's military forces; Gen. Pierre G.T. Beauregard, who oversaw the Battle of Fort Sumter; and the Battle of Liberty Place Monument. Court challenges were unsuccessful. The workers who moved the monuments were dressed in bullet-proof vests, helmets, and masks to conceal their identities because of concerns about their safety.[85][86] According to Mayor Landrieu, \"The original firm we’d hired to remove the monuments backed out after receiving death threats and having one of his cars set ablaze.\"[87] \"The city said it was weighing where to display the monuments so they could be 'placed in their proper historical context from a dark period of American history.\"[2] On May 19, 2017, the Monumental Task Committee,[88] an organization that maintains monuments and plaques across the city, commented on the removal of the statues: \"Mayor Landrieu and the City Council have stripped New Orleans of nationally recognized historic landmarks. With the removal of four of our century-plus aged landmarks, at 299 years old, New Orleans now heads into our Tricentennial more divided and less historic.\" Landrieu replied on the same day: \"These statues are not just stone and metal. They are not just innocent remembrances of a benign history. These monuments purposefully celebrate a fictional, sanitized Confederacy; ignoring the death, ignoring the enslavement, and the terror that it actually stood for.”[89]", "History of New Orleans. In 1927 a project was begun to fill in the shoreline of Lake Pontchartrain and create levees along the lake side of the city. Previously areas along the lakefront like Milneburg were built up on stilts, often over water of the constantly shifting shallow shores of the Lake.", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). On December 17, 2015, the New Orleans City Council voted to relocate four statues from public display, among them the statue of Robert E. Lee located in Lee Circle.[19][20] Four organizations immediately filed a lawsuit[21] in federal court the day of the decision and the city administration agreed that no monument removals would take place before a court hearing scheduled for January 14, 2016.[22]", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). Following oral argument before United States 5th Circuit Court of Appeals on September 28, 2016 for whether its injunction should be maintained pending a final judgment of the district court on the merits of the suit brought by the Monumental Task Committee and other groups opposed to the removal of the Robert E. Lee Monument, and monuments to Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard, on March 6, 2017 the three-judge panel of the Court of Appeals unanimously held the City of New Orleans should be enjoined no further and could proceed forward with the removal of the three Confederate monuments. In support of its ruling the three-judge panel found, \"", "New Orleans. For much of its history, New Orleans' skyline displayed only low- and mid- rise structures. The soft soils are susceptible to subsidence, and there was doubt about the feasibility of constructing high rises. Developments in engineering throughout the twentieth century eventually made it possible to build sturdy foundations to underlie high rises. In the 1960s, the World Trade Center New Orleans and Plaza Tower demonstrated skyscrapers' viability. One Shell Square became the city's tallest building in 1972. The oil boom of the 1970s and early 1980s redefined New Orleans' skyline with the development of the Poydras Street corridor. Most are clustered along Canal Street and Poydras Street in the Central Business District.", "Battle of New Orleans. In honor of Jackson, the newly organized Louisiana Historical Association dedicated its new Memorial Hall facility on January 8, 1891, the 76th anniversary of the Battle of New Orleans.[73]", "History of New Orleans. In the 1920s an effort to \"modernize\" the look of the city removed the old cast-iron balconies from Canal Street, the city's commercial hub. In the 1960s another \"modernization\" effort replaced the Canal Streetcar Line with buses. Both of these moves came to be regarded as mistakes long after the fact, and the streetcars returned to a portion of Canal Street at the end of the 1990s, and construction to restore the entire line was completed in April 2004.", "French Quarter. Many of the buildings date from before 1803, when New Orleans was acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, although 19th-century and early 20th-century buildings were added to the area. Since the 1920s, the historic buildings have been protected by law and cannot be demolished; and any renovations or new construction in the neighborhood must be carried out in accordance with city regulations, preserving the historic architectural style.", "French Quarter. Most extant historical buildings were constructed in the late 1700s, during a period of Spanish rule, or during the early 1800s, after U.S. annexation and statehood. The district is a National Historic Landmark, and numerous contributing buildings have received separate designations of significance. The French Quarter is a prime destination for tourists and local residents.", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). As part of a sixty-day period for public input, two city commissions called for the removal of four monuments associated with the Confederacy: the Lee statue, statues of Jefferson Davis and P.G.T. Beauregard, and an obelisk commemorating the Battle of Liberty Place. Governor Bobby Jindal opposed the removals.[13]", "Battle of New Orleans. A federal park was established in 1907 to preserve the battlefield; today it features a monument and is part of Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve.", "History of New Orleans. In the final third of the Spanish period, two massive fires burned the great majority of the city's buildings. The Great New Orleans Fire of 1788 destroyed 856 buildings in the city on Good Friday, March 21 of that year.[7] In December 1794 another fire destroyed 212 buildings. After the fires, the city was rebuilt with bricks, replacing the simpler wooden buildings constructed in the early colonial period. Much of the 18th-century architecture still present in the French Quarter was built during this time, including three of the most impressive structures in New Orleans—St. Louis Cathedral, the Cabildo and the Presbytere. While the architecture from this period is commonly attributed to French influence, characteristics of the French Quarter, such as multi-storied buildings centered around inner courtyards, large arched doorways, and the use of decorative wrought-iron, were most ubiquitous in parts of Spain and the Spanish colonies. This influence may be attributed to the fact that the period of Spanish rule saw a great deal of immigration from all over the Atlantic, including Spain and the Canary Islands, and the Spanish colonies.[8] In addition, although the architectural style of New Orleans, with its wrought iron balconies and full-height windows may remind one of Paris, many of New Orleans's oldest buildings actually predate the Haussman Projects that later renovated large areas of Paris in this same style.[9]", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). On March 25, 2016 a three-judge panel of the U. S. 5th Circuit Court of Appeals unanimously issued an injunction for that suit brought in federal district court by the Monumental Task Committee and other groups opposed to the removal of the Robert E. Lee Monument, and statues of Confederate President Jefferson Davis and Gen. P.G.T. Beauregard prohibiting the City of New Orleans from proceeding forward with the removal of the Lee Monument and statues of Davis and Beauregard. The Court of Appeals set a hearing date of September 28, 2016 for oral argument for whether its injunction should be maintained pending a final judgment on the merits of the district court suit.[29] The decision of the Court of Appeals superseded that ruling of United States District Court Judge Carl Barbier rendered January 26, 2016 denying the motion of the plaintiffs for a preliminary injunction against the City of New Orleans pending a final judgment on the merits of their suit.[30][31]", "St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans). The Cathedral-Basilica of Saint Louis, King of France, also called St. Louis Cathedral (French: Cathédrale Saint-Louis, Roi-de-France, Spanish: Catedral de San Luis), is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans and is the oldest cathedral in what would become the United States. The first church on the site was built in 1718; the third, built in 1789, was raised to cathedral rank in 1793. The cathedral was expanded and largely rebuilt in 1850, with little of the 1789 structure remaining.", "St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans). These specified that everything be demolished except the lateral walls and the lower portions of the existing towers on the front facade. During the reconstruction, it was determined that the sidewalls would have to be demolished also. During construction in 1850, the central tower collapsed. De Pouilly and Kirwan were replaced.[1] As a consequence of these problems and reconstruction, very little of the Spanish Colonial structure survived. The present structure dates primarily to 1850. The bell from the 1819 tower was reused in the new building and is still there today.[2] During the renovation, St. Patrick's Church served as the pro-cathedral for the city.", "History of New Orleans. On September 14, 1874 armed forces led by the White League defeated the integrated Republican metropolitan police and their allies in pitched battle in the French Quarter and along Canal Street. The White League forced the temporary flight of the William P. Kellogg government, installing John McEnery as Governor of Louisiana. Kellogg and the Republican administration were reinstated in power 3 days later by United States troops. Early 20th century segregationists would celebrate the short-lived triumph of the White League as a victory for \"white supremacy\" and dubbed the conflict \"The Battle of Liberty Place\". A monument commemorating the event was built near the foot of Canal Street, to the side of the Aquarium near the trolley tracks. This monument was removed on April 24, 2017. The removal fell on the same day that that three states -- Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia -- observed what's known as Confederate Memorial Day.", "List of Confederate monuments and memorials. In the late nineteenth century, technology innovations in the granite and bronze industries helped reduce costs, and made monuments more affordable for small towns. Companies looking to capitalize off of this opportunity often sold nearly identical copies of monuments to both the North and South.[18] Another wave of monument construction coincided with the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968) and the American Civil War Centennial.[19] Thirty-two Confederate monuments were dedicated between 2000 and 2017, but not all were new monuments, several were re-dedications to mark the 100-year anniversary of their construction.[6]", "French Quarter. Most of the French Quarter's architecture was built during the late 18th century and the period of Spanish rule over the city, which is reflected in the architecture of the neighborhood. The Great New Orleans Fire (1788) and another great fire in 1794 destroyed most of the Quarter's old French colonial architecture, leaving the colony's new Spanish overlords to rebuild it according to more modern tastes. Their strict new fire codes mandated that all structures be physically adjacent and close to the curb to create a firewall. The old French peaked roofs were replaced with flat tiled ones, and wooden siding was banned in favor of fire-resistant stucco, painted in the pastel hues fashionable at the time. As a result, colorful walls and roofs and elaborately decorated ironwork balconies and galleries, from the late 18th and the early 19th centuries, abound. (In southeast Louisiana, a distinction is made between \"balconies\", which are self-supporting and attached to the side of the building, and \"galleries,\" which are supported from the ground by poles or columns.)", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). On April 6, 2016 Senate Bill 276 by State Sen. Beth Mizell, R-Franklinton to block local governments in Louisiana from removing Confederate monuments and other commemorative statues without State permission[32] was rejected by the Governmental Affairs Committee on a straight 5-4 racial and party line vote.[33] On August 14, 2016 pro-monuments House Bill 944 by Rep. Thomas Carmody, R-Shreveport to create a state board with the power to grant or deny proposals to remove or relocate a statue, monument, memorial or plaque that has been on public property for more than 30 years died in the Municipal Affairs Committee after a 7-7 tie vote.[34][35][36]", "List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America. In the late nineteenth century, technology innovations in the granite and bronze industries helped reduce costs, and made monuments more affordable for small towns. Companies looking to capitalize off of this opportunity often sold nearly identical copies of monuments to both the North and South.[16] Another wave of monument construction coincided with the African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954–1968) and the American Civil War Centennial.[17] Thirty-two Confederate monuments were dedicated between 2000 and 2017, but not all were new monuments, several were re-dedications to mark the 100-year anniversary of their construction.[6]", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). Contrary to assertions that Robert E. Lee never set foot in New Orleans, he visited or passed through the city in 1846, 1848, 1860 and 1861, while serving in the United States Army.[16][17] While in New Orleans, Lee was quartered at the military post of Jackson Barracks.[18]", "Battle of New Orleans. On January 8, 1815 at 0500, the British marched against General Andrew Jackson's lines of defense. The British infantry and two rifle units advanced in two columns under the cover of artillery.[41] The Americans had constructed three lines of defense, the forward one four miles in front of the city, was strongly entrenched at the Rodriguez Canal, which stretched from a swamp to the river, with a timber, loopholed breastwork and earthworks for artillery.[42]:361 [43]", "Robert E. Lee Monument (New Orleans, Louisiana). In January of 1953, the statue of General Lee was lifted from atop the column for repairs to the monument's foundation. The statue was returned to its perch in January the following year. [10]", "Culture of New Orleans. New Orleans Square, a replica of the French Quarter, was built in Disneyland in 1966, with buildings and landscaping meant to evoke 19th-century New Orleans. When it opened, Walt Disney had then-New Orleans mayor Victor H. Schiro made honorary mayor of New Orleans Square. Schiro, in turn, made Disney an honorary citizen of the real New Orleans.[19]", "List of monuments and memorials of the Confederate States of America. Scholarly studies of the monuments began in the 1980s. In 1983 John J. Winberry published a study which was based on data from the work of R.W. Widener.[26] He estimated that the main building period for monuments was from 1889 to 1929 and that of the monuments erected in courthouse squares over half were built between 1902 and 1912. He determined four main locations for monuments; battlefields, cemeteries, county courthouse grounds, and state capitol grounds. Over a third of the courthouse monuments were dedicated to the dead. The majority of the cemetery monuments in his study were built in the pre-1900 period, while most of the courthouse monuments were erected after 1900. Of the 666 monuments in his study 55% were of Confederate soldiers, while 28% were obelisks. Soldiers dominated courthouse grounds, while obelisks account for nearly half of cemetery monuments. The idea that the soldier statues always faced north was found to be untrue and that the soldiers usually faced the same direction as the courthouse. He noted that the monuments were \"remarkably diverse\" with \"only a few instances of repetition of inscriptions\".", "History of New Orleans. The city again served as capital of Louisiana from 1865 to 1880. Throughout the years of the Civil War and the Reconstruction period the history of the city is inseparable from that of the state. All the constitutional conventions were held here, the seat of government again was here (in 1864–1882) and New Orleans was the center of dispute and organization in the struggle between political and ethnic blocks for the control of government." ]

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[ "Map symbolization. Dot maps use one single dot to represent where a single phenomenon is the most likely to occur. The total amount of dots can cover a single area or multiple areas. The density of the dots is interpreted by the user as areas of high value. This method is more accurate than proportional and Isopleth maps.[5]", "Thematic map. A dot distribution map might be used to locate each occurrence of a phenomenon, as in the map made by Dr. Snow during the 1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak, where each dot represented one death due to cholera. Where appropriate, the dot distribution technique may also be used in combination the proportional symbol technique", "Map symbolization. A map is a smaller representation of an area on the earth’s surface; therefore, map symbols are used to represent real objects. Without symbols, maps would not be possible.[3] Both shapes and colors can be used for symbols on maps. A small circle may mean a point of interest, with a brown circle meaning recreation, red circle meaning services, and green circle meaning rest stop. Colors may cover larger areas of a map, such as green representing forested land and blue representing waterways. To ensure that a person can correctly read a map, a map legend[citation needed] is a key to all the symbols used on a map. It is like a dictionary so you can understand the meaning of what the map represents/[3]", "Map symbolization. Apart from showing just contour lines, topographic maps also use a lot of map symbols to represent its features. Features are represented by using point, line, and area symbols. Individual features, such as houses, are shown as point symbols like a small dot or square. However, a cluster of houses or neighborhood can be shown as a shaded area or polygon. Areas of importance or landmarks may receive special symbols that represent what they are. For instance, a church may be symbolized as a picture of a little church or cross or the town hall may have a special color or symbol.", "Dot (diacritic). When used as a diacritic mark, the term dot is usually reserved for the Interpunct ( · ), or to the glyphs 'combining dot above' ( ◌̇ ) and 'combining dot below' ( ◌̣ )\nwhich may be combined with some letters of the extended Latin alphabets in use in Central European languages and Vietnamese.", "Dot (diacritic). Language scripts or transcription schemes that use the dot above a letter as a diacritical mark:", "Map symbolization. Map symbolization is the characters, letters, or similar graphic representations used on a map to indicate an object or characteristic in the real world.", "Map. A map is a symbolic depiction emphasizing relationships between elements of some space, such as objects, regions, or themes.", "Dot plot (statistics). A dot chart or dot plot is a statistical chart consisting of data points plotted on a fairly simple scale, typically using filled in circles. There are two common, yet very different, versions of the dot chart. The first has been used in hand-drawn (pre-computer era) graphs to depict distributions going back to 1884.[1] The other version is described by William S. Cleveland as an alternative to the bar chart, in which dots are used to depict the quantitative values (e.g. counts) associated with categorical variables.[2]", "Dot (diacritic). In mathematics and physics, when using Newton's notation the dot denotes the time derivative as in \n\n\n\nv\n=\n\n\n\nx\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle v={\\dot {x}}}\n\n. However, today this is more commonly written with a prime or using Leibniz's notation.[citation needed] In addition, the overdot is one way used to indicate an infinitely repeating set of numbers in decimal notation, as in \n\n\n\n0.\n\n\n\n3\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 0.{\\dot {3}}}\n\n, which is equal to the fraction ⅓, and \n\n\n\n0.\n\n\n\n1\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n\n4\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n\n2\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n\n8\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n\n5\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n\n7\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 0.{\\dot {1}}{\\dot {4}}{\\dot {2}}{\\dot {8}}{\\dot {5}}{\\dot {7}}}\n\n or \n\n\n\n0.\n\n\n\n1\n˙\n\n\n\n4285\n\n\n\n7\n˙\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle 0.{\\dot {1}}4285{\\dot {7}}}\n\n, which is equal to ⅐.", "Road surface marking. In California, Botts' dots are commonly used to mark lanes on most freeways. A large number of California cities also use Botts' dots on some (or all) major arterial roads. The notable exception is the city of Los Angeles which only uses paint.[citation needed]", "X. Maps and other images sometimes use an X to label a specific location, leading to the expression \"X marks the spot\".[6]", "Therefore sign. The graphically identical sign ∴ serves as a Japanese map symbol on the maps of the Geographical Survey Institute of Japan, indicating a tea plantation. On other maps the sign, often with thicker dots, is sometimes used to signal the presence of a national monument or ruins.", "Map. Further inaccuracies may be deliberate. For example, cartographers may simply omit military installations or remove features solely in order to enhance the clarity of the map. For example, a road map may not show railroads, smaller waterways or other prominent non-road objects, and even if it does, it may show them less clearly (e.g. dashed or dotted lines/outlines) than the main roads. Known as decluttering, the practice makes the subject matter that the user is interested in easier to read, usually without sacrificing overall accuracy. Software-based maps often allow the user to toggle decluttering between ON, OFF and AUTO as needed. In AUTO the degree of decluttering is adjusted as the user changes the scale being displayed.", "Tittle. A tittle or superscript dot[1] is a small distinguishing mark, such as a diacritic or the dot on a lowercase i or j. The tittle is an integral part of the glyph of i and j, but diacritic dots can appear over other letters in various languages. In most languages, the tittle of i or j is omitted when a diacritic is placed in the tittle's usual position (as í or ĵ), but not when the diacritic appears elsewhere (as į, ɉ).", "Tire. The DOT Code is an alphanumeric character sequence molded into the sidewall of the tire and allows the identification of the tire and its age. The code is mandated by the U.S. Department of Transportation[68] but is used worldwide.[citation needed]", "Raised pavement marker. Nonreflective raised pavement markers (also known as Botts' dots) are usually round, are white or yellow, and are frequently used on highways and interstates in lieu of painted lines. They are glued to the road surface with an epoxy and as such are not suitable in areas where snow plowing is conducted. They are usually made out of plastic or ceramic materials.", "Google Maps pin. In the original version of Google Maps, the pin was displayed with the letters \"A\" through \"J\" when there was more than one search results.[9] In later versions, the pin was shown with a black dot inside to mark a single location.[10] In 2011, Google released a minor redesign of the pin that changed the black outline of the pin to a dark red for a softer look.[11]", "Dot plot (statistics). Dot plot may also refer to plots of points that each belong to one of several categories. They are an alternative to bar charts or pie charts, and look somewhat like a horizontal bar chart where the bars are replaced by a dots at the values associated with each category. Compared to (vertical) bar charts and pie charts, Cleveland argues that dot plots allow more accurate interpretation of the graph by readers by making the labels easier to read, reducing non-data ink (or graph clutter) and supporting table look-up.", "Dot plot (statistics). The dot plot as a representation of a distribution consists of group of data points plotted on a simple scale. Dot plots are used for continuous, quantitative, univariate data. Data points may be labelled if there are few of them.", "Symbol. In cartography, an organized collection of symbols forms a legend for a map.", "Map. The various features shown on a map are represented by conventional signs or symbols. For example, colors can be used to indicate a classification of roads. Those signs are usually explained in the margin of the map, or on a separately published characteristic sheet.[1]", "Template:United States Cities Labeled Map. Specifies text to be used in the image's \"title\" attribute. In certain browsers, this text will appear in a tooltip when the mouse pointer is rolled over it.", "Cartography. The map key, or legend, describes how to interpret the map's symbols and may give details of publication and authorship.", "Map database management. Each node within a map graph represents a point location of the surface of the Earth and is represented by a pair of longitude (lon) and latitude (lat) coordinates. Each link represents a stretch of road between two nodes, and is represented by a line segment (corresponding to a straight section of road) or a curve having a shape that is generally described by intermediate points (called shape points) along the link. However, curves may also be represented by a combination of centroid (point or node), with a radius, and polar coordinates to define the boundaries of the curve. Shape points are represented by lon-lat coordinates as are nodes, but shape points do not serve the purpose of connecting links, as do nodes. Areas are two-dimensional shapes that represent things like parks, cities, blocks and are defined by their boundaries. These are usually formed by a closed polygon, which are shapes that indicated an object over a map has to have a close boundary, meaning the first polygon should be same as a last polygon. (For example, to plot a square object on a map, the polygons are 1,2,3,4,1.)", "Template:United States Cities Labeled Map. Specifies text to be used in the image's \"alt\" attribute. If |link= is empty, this should be empty; if |link= is File: or is not given, this should describe the image; if |link= points to some other page this should describe the action that will be taken if you click on the image. See Wikipedia:Alternative text for images.", "GPS signals. The following table depicts the local replicas that would be compared against the digitalized signal in this example. \"•\" means a single local replica while \"...\" is used for elided local replicas:", "Google Maps pin. The Google Maps pin is the inverted-drop-shaped icon that marks locations in Google Maps. The pin is protected under a U.S. design patent as \"teardrop-shaped marker icon including a shadow.\"[1][2] Google has used the pin in various graphics, games, and promotional materials.", "Template:United States Cities Labeled Map. Specifies where the image should link to. If File: (the default), the image links to its file page. If empty, the image does not link to anything; this is appropriate for purely decorative images.", "Polka dot. Polka dot is a pattern consisting of an array of large filled circles of same size.", "Cartography. A map may have any of many kinds of symbolization. Some examples are:", "Dot (diacritic). In Unicode, the dot is encoded at:" ]

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[ "Mandamus. Only the Supreme Court and High Courts are empowered to exercise Writ Jurisdiction, under Art. 32 and 226 of Constitution. No other courts are empowered to issue writ. mandmus:- It means court can ask common people, authorities to do or no to do some task.It does not come against president , governor,parliament,state legisture, private bodies & individual persons.", "Mandamus. In the context of mandamus from a United States Court of Appeals to a United States District Court, the Supreme Court has ruled that the appellate courts have discretion to issue mandamus to control an abuse of discretion by the lower court in unusual circumstances, where there is a compelling reason not to wait for an appeal from a final judgment.[13] This discretion is exercised very sparingly. It is exercised with somewhat greater frequency, although still sparingly, in the context of discovery disputes involving privileged materials, since a district court order erroneously forcing the disclosure of privileged material may never be remediable through a later appeal.[citation needed] Recently, in In Re Electronic Privacy Information Center, privacy advocates sought a writ of mandamus directly from the Supreme Court to halt the National Security Agency's bulk phone record collection program. The Supreme Court denied the petition. More recently, the Supreme Court sided with the US Government and issued a writ of mandamus related to discovery in a court case involving the rescinding of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals policy.[14]", "Mandamus. In modern practice, the Court has effectively abolished the issuance of writs of mandamus, although it theoretically retains the power to issue them.[12] The authority of the United States district courts to issue mandamus has been expressly abrogated by Rule 81(b) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, but relief in the nature of mandamus can be had by other remedies provided for in the Rules, where provided by statute, or by use of the District Court's equitable powers.", "Mandamus. Mandamus, being a discretionary remedy, the application for that must be made in good faith and not for indirect purposes. Acquiescence cannot, however, bar the issue of mandamus. The petitioner must, of course, satisfy the Court that he or she has the legal right to the performance of the legal duty as distinct from mere discretion of authority.[5] A mandamus is normally issued when an officer or an authority by compulsion of statute is required to perform a duty and that duty, despite demand in writing, has not been performed. In no other case will a writ of mandamus issue unless it be to quash an illegal order.", "Mandamus. In the administrative law context in the United States, the requirement that mandamus can be used only to compel a ministerial act has largely been abandoned. By statute or by judicial expansion of the writ of mandamus in most of the U.S. states, acts of administrative agencies are now subject to judicial review for abuse of discretion. Judicial review of agencies of the United States federal government, for abuse of discretion, is authorized by the U.S. Administrative Procedures Act.", "Mandamus. In India, the sine qua non for mandamus is the existence of a statutory public duty incumbent upon the person or body against whom the mandamus is sought. There must equally co-exist a corresponding right in the petitioner entitling him to claim the enforcement of such public duty. These two preconditions form the foundation for the issue of mandamus. The primary scope and function of mandamus is to \"command\" and \"execute\" rather than to \"enquire\" and \"adjudicate\". It cannot be issued to change the decision of a body so as to suit the petitioner. Obligations which are not of statutory nature cannot be enforced by mandamus.[10] The writ petition is not maintainable when a remedy provided for under the Code of Civil Procedure is available. For example, the High Court cannot entertain writ petitions for mandamus to the Government who fails to deposit and pay in the requisite time an enhanced compensation account as ordered by a lower Court. The petitioners in this case would be directed to approach the executing Court for appropriate relief.[11]", "Marbury v. Madison. The Supreme Court shall also have appellate jurisdiction from the circuit courts and courts of the several states, in the cases herein after specially provided for; and shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts, when proceeding as courts of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction, and writs of mandamus, in cases warranted by the principles and usages of law, to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States.", "Subpoena duces tecum. The writ of mandamus is appropriate to compel surrender of documents in the possession of attorneys or other persons that have been illegally obtained under the abuse of a writ of attachment.[10] Mandamus can vacate an order to produce books and papers.[11] However, mandamus is not the proper remedy to quash a motion to compel a district attorney to relinquish books and records to his successor office holder.[12]", "Mandamus. Mandamus (\"We command\") is a judicial remedy in the form of an order from a superior court,[1] to any government subordinate court, corporation, or public authority, to do (or forbear from doing) some specific act which that body is obliged under law to do (or refrain from doing), and which is in the nature of public duty, and in certain cases one of a statutory duty. It cannot be issued to compel an authority to do something against statutory provision. For example, it cannot be used to force a lower court to reject or authorize applications that have been made, but if the court refuses to rule one way or the other then a mandamus can be used to order the court to rule on the applications.", "Article Four of the United States Constitution. In Kentucky v. Dennison,[1] the Supreme Court held that the federal courts may not compel state governors to surrender fugitives through the issue of writs of mandamus. The Dennison decision was overruled by Puerto Rico v. Branstad; now, the federal courts may require the extradition of fugitives.[2] Alleged fugitives generally may not challenge extradition proceedings.", "Mandamus. The applicant pleading for the writ of mandamus to be enforced should be able to show that he or she has a legal right to compel the respondent to do or refrain from doing the specific act. The duty sought to be enforced must have two qualities:[2] It must be a duty of public nature and the duty must be imperative and should not be discretionary. Furthermore, mandamus will typically not be granted if adequate relief can be obtained by some other means, such as appeal.[3]", "Marbury v. Madison. After concluding that Marbury had a right to his commission and that a legal remedy existed to provide it to him, the Court then turned to whether or not it was proper for the Supreme Court to issue the writ Marbury requested. Marshall first concluded that a writ of mandamus—a type of court order that commands a government official to perform an act they are legally required to perform—was the proper remedy for Marbury's situation.[19] Marshall then addressed the most important issue of the opinion: the propriety of the Supreme Court's jurisdiction over the matter. Marbury argued that the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction over his case.[20]", "Judiciary Act of 1789. A clause granting the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus under its original jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison (1803) (5 U.S. 137), one of the seminal cases in American law. The Supreme Court held that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act was unconstitutional because it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution. In Marbury, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and that it is the role of the judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits. Thus, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act of Congress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court.[11][12]", "Mandamus. In some state court systems, mandamus has evolved into a general procedure for discretionary appeals from non-final trial court decisions. In some U.S. states, such as the courts of California, the writ is now called mandate instead of mandamus, and may be issued by any level of the state court system to any lower court or to any government official. It is still common for Californians to bring \"taxpayer actions\" against public officials for wasting public funds through mismanagement of a government agency, where the relief sought is a writ of mandate compelling the official to stop wasting money and fulfill his duty to protect the public fisc.[15] The writ of mandate is also used in California for interlocutory appeals. In this context, the party seeking the writ is treated on appeal like a plaintiff, the trial court becomes the defendant, and the opponent is designated as the \"real party in interest.\"", "Judicial review in the United States. The constitutional issue involved the question of whether the Supreme Court had jurisdiction to hear the case.[44] The Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court original jurisdiction in cases involving writs of mandamus. So, under the Judiciary Act, the Supreme Court would have had jurisdiction to hear Marbury's case. However, the Constitution describes the cases in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction, and does not include mandamus cases.[45] The Judiciary Act therefore attempted to give the Supreme Court jurisdiction that was not \"warranted by the Constitution.\"[46]", "Subpoena duces tecum. Mandamus is the remedy where a lower court has clearly failed to issue compulsion to produce documents, or to allow the petitioner access to such documents as may be in the possession of the court or the parties to the action. Mandamus can be used to compel a court to enforce an order to answer interrogatories (questions submitted by the court or one of the parties to be answered under oath and pain of perjury).[14][15][16]", "Mandamus. In North Carolina state courts, mandamus is authorized as one of the Extraordinary Writs, under Rule 22 of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure. The writ of mandamus may be issued in instances where, for instance, the lower court fails to timely issue a written order after rendition (thus precluding both the possibility of an appeal or enforcement of the rendition and leaving the litigants in limbo). The North Carolina Court of Appeals has spoken on the possible course of action in such situations, and confirmed that petitioning for a writ of mandamus is the only available route. McKyer v. McKyer, 202 N.C.App. 771 at *4 (2010) (unpublished)[19] In McKyer, the lawyer who was unable to persuade the trial court judge to enter an order for about a year, tried to remedy the problem by asking the trial court judge to hold another hearing. Disapproving of the attempted resolution via a new hearing, the Court of Appeals, citing to the Supreme Court case In re T.H.T.[20] 362 N.C. 446, 665 S.E.2d 54 (2008) explained that a party seeking recourse where the trial court has not entered its orders timely should petition for writ of mandamus. Similarly, the writ may issue where the trial court fails or refuses to timely dispose with the litigants' business (for instance, if the judge refuses to hear a case). In North Carolina, as elsewhere, the writ is an action against the official, meaning that the petition must be styled \"In RE Public Figure X\" or \"In RE Judge Y.\" Thus, a mandamus petition not only brings the strife of optically making the officer or judge the defendant, but also in theory requires the official / judge to respond \"within ten days\" \"with supporting affidavits.\" Curiously, Rule 22(c) provides that \"any party\" may respond to the petition for writ. The North Carolina Court of Appeals has interpreted this to mean that where, for instance, one litigant demands that the judge enter a previously rendered order, the other litigant in the same case is free to respond instead of (or in addition to) the judge that presides over both of the litigants.", "Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States. The constitutional grant of original jurisdiction to the Supreme Court can not be expanded by statute. In the case of Marbury v. Madison,[4] the newly elected President, Thomas Jefferson, ordered his acting Secretary of State not to deliver commissions for appointments that had been made by his predecessor, John Adams. One of these appointees, William Marbury, filed a petition for a writ of mandamus directly in the Supreme Court, on the jurisdictional grounds that the Judiciary Act of 1789 stated that the Supreme Court \"shall have power to issue writs of prohibition to the district courts [...] and writs of mandamus [...] to any courts appointed, or persons holding office, under the authority of the United States\". The Court, in its first exercise of judicial review over a statute enacted by Congress, held that this grant of power to the Supreme Court was beyond what the Constitution permitted, and that this language was therefore invalid as unconstitutional.[5][1]", "Supreme Court of the United States. In all other cases, however, the Court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states.[citation needed]", "Court of Appeals of Virginia. The Court of Appeals has original jurisdiction to issue writs of mandamus, prohibition and habeas corpus in any case over which the Court would have appellate jurisdiction.[2]", "Mandamus. Elsewhere, including the Courts of New York, have replaced mandamus (as well as the other prerogative writs) with statutory procedures. In New York, this is known as an Article 78 review after the civil procedure law provision that created the relevant procedure.[17] In still other states, such as Illinois, the state court of last resort has original jurisdiction in mandamus actions.[18]", "Subpoena duces tecum. Mandamus is the proper remedy to compel the quashal of a subpoena duces tecum for the production before a grand jury of attorney–client privilege.[17][18] Presumably, this would apply to attorney work product, although there is no case law on the matter.[19]", "Mandamus. In Virginia, the Supreme Court has \"original jurisdiction\" under the state constitution for mandamus involving the Virginia courts.[16]", "Mandamus. The purpose of mandamus is to remedy defects of justice. It lies in the cases where there is a specific right but no specific legal remedy for enforcing that right. Generally, it is not available in anticipation of any injury except when the petitioner is likely to be affected by an official act in contravention of a statutory duty or where an illegal or unconstitutional order is made. The grant of mandamus is therefore an equitable remedy; a matter for the discretion of the court, the exercise of which is governed by well-settled principles.[4]", "Mandamus. In England and Wales, mandamus was originally known as a writ of mandamus and more recently as an order of mandamus. This procedure was renamed by the Civil Procedure (Modification of Supreme Court Act 1981) Order 2004 to become a mandatory order.", "Writ. Under the Indian legal system, jurisdiction to issue 'prerogative writs' is given to the Supreme Court, and to the High Courts of Judicature of all Indian states. Parts of the law relating to writs are set forth in the Constitution of India. The Supreme Court, the highest in the country, may issue writs under Article 32 of the Constitution for enforcement of Fundamental Rights and under Articles 139 for enforcement of rights other than Fundamental Rights, while High Courts, the superior courts of the States, may issue writs under Articles 226. The Constitution broadly provides for five kinds of \"prerogative\" writs: habeas corpus, certiorari, mandamus, quo warranto and prohibition.", "Marbury v. Madison. Among the men whose commissions had not been delivered in time was William Marbury, a landowner and businessman from Maryland who had been a strong supporter of Adams and the Federalists. In late 1801, Marbury filed a lawsuit in the U.S. Supreme Court asking the Court to issue a writ of mandamus forcing Madison to deliver his commission. The Court, in an opinion written by Chief Justice John Marshall, found firstly that Madison's refusal to deliver the commission was both illegal and correctible. Nonetheless, the Court stopped short of ordering Madison to hand over Marbury's commission, instead holding that the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established.", "Mandamus. Mandamus may be a command to do an administrative action or not to take a particular action, and it is supplemented by legal rights. In the American legal system it must be a judicially enforceable and legally protected right before one suffering a grievance can ask for a mandamus. A person can be said to be aggrieved only when he or she is denied a legal right by someone who has a legal duty to do something and abstains from doing it.", "Marbury v. Madison. The Court agreed with Marbury, and interpreted the relevant section of the Judiciary Act to authorize mandamus on original jurisdiction.[22] However, Marshall noted that this authorization clashed with Article III of the U.S. Constitution, which establishes the judicial branch of the U.S. government.", "Indian High Courts Act 1861. (a) Every High Court under Article 226 is empowered to issue writs, orders, directions including writs in the nature of Habeas Corpus, Mandamus, Prohibition, Quo-warranto and Certiorari or any of them to any person or authority with in its territory for the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights and for any other purpose.", "Article Three of the United States Constitution. Marbury v. Madison involved a highly partisan set of circumstances. Though Congressional elections were held in November 1800, the newly elected officers did not take power until March. The Federalist Party had lost the elections. In the words of President Thomas Jefferson, the Federalists \"retired into the judiciary as a stronghold\". In the four months following the elections, the outgoing Congress created several new judgeships, which were filled by President John Adams. In the last-minute rush, however, Federalist Secretary of State John Marshall had neglected to deliver 17 of the commissions to their respective appointees. When James Madison took office as Secretary of State, several commissions remained undelivered. Bringing their claims under the Judiciary Act of 1789, the appointees, including William Marbury, petitioned the Supreme Court for the issue of a writ of mandamus, which in English law had been used to force public officials to fulfill their ministerial duties. Here, Madison would be required to deliver the commissions.", "All Writs Act. (a) The Supreme Court and all courts established by Act of Congress may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law." ]

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[ "High Hopes (Panic! at the Disco song). \"High Hopes\" is a song by Panic! at the Disco released on May 23, 2018 as the second single from their sixth studio album, Pray for the Wicked, through Fueled by Ramen and DCD2 Records.[1]", "High Hopes (Panic! at the Disco song). Paste magazine described it as having \"a blaring brass section\" and \"crisp vocals\".[2] Rolling Stone described it as \"upbeat\" and having \"punchy horns\".[3]", "Panic! at the Disco. The band's debut album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, was released September 27, 2005. Sales began relatively slow. It debuted at No. 112 on the Billboard 200 album chart, No. 6 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart, and No. 1 on the Billboard Top Heatseekers chart, with nearly 10,000 albums sold in the first week of release. Within a span of four months, Panic! would see the video for its first single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\", rocket up the Billboard Hot 100 as sales of Fever passed the 500,000 mark.[11] At the end of March 2006, the band announced a headlining tour. By August, the group's debut record was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and the music video for \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\" won Video of the Year at the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards.[14] \"Some aspects of the fame are annoying, but at the end of the day it's something we're most grateful for. It's certainly opened the door to a whole new batch of opportunities,\" Ross said of the band's newfound fame and instant success.[11]", "Panic! at the Disco. After the Vices & Virtues tour cycle, Urie, Smith, and Weekes began writing and preparing for a fourth album. During the recording of the album, touring guitarist Ian Crawford, who joined the band in 2009 after the departure of Ryan Ross and Jon Walker, left the band citing his desire to make \"real, genuine\" music.[55] On July 15, 2013, the album was announced as Too Weird to Live, Too Rare to Die!, with a scheduled release date of October 8, 2013. The first single, \"Miss Jackson\", was released on July 15, 2013, along with its music video to promote the album. Panic! at the Disco opened for Fall Out Boy on the Save Rock And Roll Arena Tour with Kenneth Harris replacing Crawford.[56][57]", "Fun (band). Recording took place in the fall of 2008. The band's first single, \"At Least I'm Not as Sad As I Used to Be\" was made available as a free download on the band's Myspace page on April 6, 2009.[9] Aim and Ignite was released on August 25, 2009 and received positive reviews. AbsolutePunk.net's Drew Beringer praised the album, stating it was \"what a pop album 'should' sound like\" and \"the most essential pop album of 2009.\"[10] Allmusic called the album \"progressive, but in the best possible way\" and admired Ruess's lyrics for \"investigating the larger truths of life...with a witty approach that keeps the songs bubbling merrily along on a positive note\".[11] Dave de Sylvia of Sputnikmusic wrote, \"Aim and Ignite isn’t the most consistent pop album around,\" but he ultimately commended the album as \"a superbly mixed and arranged album made by musicians who clearly understand the limits and potential of pop music\".[12] Estella Hung of PopMatters was less impressed with the album. She praised songs \"Be Calm\" and \"The Gambler\", but criticized the lyrics and production of the album's early tracks. Hung concluded that while Aim and Ignite is \"pretty original to say the least\", it \"fails to live up to the Format’s last outing.\"[13] Popdose's Ken Shane called the album \"an interesting and unusual listen.\" Shane applauded the album's songwriting and said \"many of the songs are really good,\" but he objected to the \"cute\" production, desiring to hear the band \"in a more stripped-down form.\" He ended his review with: \"I have a similar problem with Dr. Dog, a band that was recommended to me by a number of people. I think much of their recorded work is too fussed over, but when I saw them live and their sound was more stripped down out of necessity, emphasizing their powerful songwriting, I thought they were wonderful. Perhaps the same fate awaits me with Fun.\"[14] In reviewing the album, The Washington Post called some of the arrangements \"theatrical, much like those on Panic! at the Disco's 2005 debut\".[15] The album reached number 26 on Sputnikmusic's top 50 albums of 2009. The album peaked at 71 on the U.S. album charts.", "Bruce Springsteen. American Beauty, a limited edition four-song EP on 12-inch vinyl released exclusively for Record Store Day on April 18, 2014 contains four unreleased songs from the High Hopes sessions.[102] A music video for the title track was also released. After 34 shows and 182 songs performed, the High Hopes Tour came to an end on May 18, 2014. Springsteen released a short film for the song \"Hunter of Invisible Game\" on July 9, 2014 through his website. It marked Springsteen's directorial debut.[103]", "Bruce Springsteen. Springsteen released his eighteenth studio album, High Hopes, on January 14, 2014. The first single and video were of a newly recorded version of the song \"High Hopes\", which Springsteen had previously recorded in 1995. The album was the first by Springsteen in which all songs are either cover songs, newly recorded outtakes from previous records, or newly recorded versions of songs previously released. The 2014 E Street Band touring lineup, along with deceased E Street Band members Clarence Clemons and Danny Federici, appears on the album along with guitarist Tom Morello.[94]", "Panic! at the Disco. The band co-headlined the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Weezer from June to August 2016.[75] The band released a cover of Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\" in August 2016, on the Suicide Squad soundtrack album.[76][77]", "Panic! at the Disco. The news asserted that both tour plans with blink-182 in August 2009 and new album production \"will continue as previously announced.\"[44] The following day, Alternative Press broke the news that \"New Perspective\", the first song recorded without Ross and Walker, would debut the following month on radio and as a part of the soundtrack to the film Jennifer's Body.[46] On July 10, 2009, Alternative Press also reported that the band had regained the exclamation point, becoming, once again, Panic! at the Disco. \"New Perspective\" was released on July 28, 2009.[47] Former guitarist of pop rock band The Cab, Ian Crawford and Dallon Weekes, frontman of indie rock band The Brobecks, filled in for Ross and Walker on tour during the blink-182 Summer Tour in August 2009.[48]", "Panic! at the Disco. In January 2008, the band unveiled a new logo and dropped the exclamation point from the group's name, becoming Panic at the Disco.[1] Released on March 21, 2008, Pretty. Odd. was described by the band as \"more organic and mellower\" than A Fever You Can't Sweat Out, as well as unintentionally and coincidentally similar to music of the Beatles, in both songwriting and scope.[29] The record debuted at number two on the US Billboard 200 chart, with first-day sales of 54,000, and first-week sales of 139,000 copies in the United States.[30] Those figures marked the band's biggest sales week to that date, beating a previous record held by A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (which sold 45,000 during the winter of 2006). The record also debuted at \"Current Alternative Albums\" chart and No. 2 on the \"Digital Albums\" chart, the latter of which accounted for 26 percent of the disc's overall sales.[31] The album charted high in various other countries and was eventually certified gold in the United Kingdom, however, Pretty. Odd. received relatively disappointing sales in the face of its predecessor.[32] Pretty. Odd. was, however, critically acclaimed in contrast to Fever: Barry Walters of Spin called Panic's debut album \"embarrassing\" while regarding the new record as \"[daring] to be optimistically beautiful at a time when sadness and ugliness might have won them easier credibility.\"[33]", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). \"High Hopes\" is a popular song first popularized by Frank Sinatra, with music written by James Van Heusen and lyrics by Sammy Cahn.[1] It was introduced by Sinatra and child actor Eddie Hodges in the 1959 film A Hole in the Head, nominated for a Grammy and won an Oscar for Best Original Song at the 32nd Academy Awards.[1]", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). Doris Day recorded a rather jazzy version of the song for her 1964 album, With a Smile and a Song. Her version was used in the 1998 animated film Antz.[4]", "Florence and the Machine. Welch confirmed on 27 May 2017 that a new album was in the works.[84] Titled High as Hope, it was released on 29 June 2018.[85]", "Vices & Virtues. In March 2011, the band began streaming the album in its entirety (with the exception of bonus tracks) from the official Panic! at the Disco Facebook page, along with an accompanying introductory video from Urie and Smith.[46]", "Panic! at the Disco. Panic! at the Disco is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, formed in 2004 and featuring the current lineup of vocalist Brendon Urie, accompanied on tour by guitarist Kenneth Harris and drummer Dan Pawlovich. Founded by childhood friends Ryan Ross, Spencer Smith, Brent Wilson and Urie, Panic! at the Disco recorded its first demos while its members were in high school. Shortly after, the band recorded and released its debut studio album, A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). Popularized by the second single, \"I Write Sins Not Tragedies\", the album was certified double platinum in the US. In 2006, founding bassist Brent Wilson was fired from the band during an extensive world tour and subsequently replaced by Jon Walker.", "Panic! at the Disco. The band relocated to College Park, Maryland, to record its debut album from June to September 2005. Although they only had shells of songs when they arrived, the rest of the album shaped up fast through the marathon session. \"We didn't have a day off in the five-and-a-half weeks we were there, 12 or 14 hours a day,\" Ross said in a 2005 interview.[3] \"We were making things up in our heads that weren't there, and on top of the stress of trying to finish the record, we were living in a one-bedroom apartment with four people on bunk beds,\" recalled Ross. \"Everyone got on everybody's nerves. Someone would write a new part for a song and someone else would say they didn't like it just because you ate their cereal that morning.\"[12]", "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage. \"The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide is Press Coverage\" (often shortened to \"The Only Difference...\") is the debut single and second track from American rock band Panic! at the Disco's debut studio album A Fever You Can't Sweat Out (2005). It achieved some commercial success and exposed the band to an audience, subsequently reaching number 77 on the US Billboard Hot 100. No music video was ever made for it.", "Brendon Urie. On January 15, 2016, Panic! at the Disco released their fifth studio album, Death of a Bachelor, eventually earning the band its best sales week and first number one album.[19]", "Florence and the Machine. Several singles from High as Hope were released prior to the album's publication:", "Panic! at the Disco. The band re-entered the studio during early 2010 and spent much of the year recording the group's third studio album.[43] During this time, touring bassist Dallon Weekes joined the band's official lineup along with Urie and Smith, making the band a three-piece. Although Weekes did not perform on the upcoming album, he was responsible for the conceptualization of the cover art of the album and was also featured on the album cover, masked and standing in the background behind Smith and Urie.[49] On January 18, 2011, the band revealed that an album titled Vices & Virtues would officially be released on March 22, 2011. The album was produced by Butch Walker and John Feldmann.[50] The record's first single, \"The Ballad of Mona Lisa\", was released digitally on February 1, 2011, with the music video being released February 8, 2011. Vices & Virtues was officially released March 22, 2011, to relatively positive critical reviews.[51]", "List of songs recorded by Panic! at the Disco. Panic! at the Disco has released six albums, one EP, two live albums, and two compilation albums. 22 singles have been released as well.", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). Rick Logan recorded a rather short version of the song without any music and with a women's chorus by Donna Davidson, Luana Jackman, Susie Stevens-Logan and Bobbi Page for A Goofy Movie in 1995.", "I Hope You're Happy. The song \"I Hope You're Happy\" was the first to be recorded for the album, and was fully mixed and mastered by the end of 2017 in order to push it to radio in 2018. As of May 2018, the song has reached number 17 on the mediabase alternative rock chart.[7] A video for the song was released February 22, 2018. The remainder of the album wrapped up recording in mid-January 2018, with overdubs and early mixing occurring on Justin Furstenfeld's tour bus for his one-man show to promote his Open Book Winter Album in January–February 2018. Final mixing by Tim Palmer and Eric Holtz occurred in March and April 2018, and the album was mastered in mid-April 2018. \"Daylight\" is described as edgy and full of energy, and \"I Want to Come Back Home\" is described as a pop-y song with a kicking beat for a song with sad lyrics.[8]", "Panic! at the Disco. Meanwhile, Wentz began to hype the band wherever possible: from wearing \"Pete! at the Disco\" T-shirts onstage to mentioning the group in interviews. Wentz gave a quick shout-out to the band during a press junket on the day before the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards: \"I've got a couple of bands coming out soon on Decaydance, one being this band called Panic! at the Disco,\" Wentz said. \"Their record is going to be your next favorite record. It's called A Fever You Can't Sweat Out – get it before your little brother does.\"[11] At the time of the band's signing, all of the band members were still in high school (with the exception of Ross, who was forced to quit UNLV). Urie graduated in May 2005, and Wilson and Smith finished school online as the band left for College Park, Maryland, to record their debut record.[3]", "Weezer. On October 26, 2015, the band released a new single, \"Thank God for Girls\", through Apple Music and to radio the same day. The following week, the band released a second single, \"Do You Wanna Get High?\". Cuomo claimed in an interview with Zane Lowe, that the band was not working on a new album.[69] Later, on January 14, 2016, Weezer released a third single, \"King of the World\", and announced that the band's fourth self-titled album, also known as the White Album, which continued the critical success of the band's previous release.[70] In support of the album, the band performed on the Weezer & Panic! at the Disco Summer Tour 2016 with Panic! at the Disco in 2016.[71] The band later signed to Atlantic Records as part of a joint venture between Warner Music Group and Crush Management.[72]", "Panic! at the Disco. The band announced plans to headline the 2008 Honda Civic Tour in January 2008, which took up the majority of early touring for the album.[34] Motion City Soundtrack, the Hush Sound and Phantom Planet opened for the tour, which performed across North America from April 10 to July 14, 2008 .[35] Throughout October and November 2008, the band toured with Dashboard Confessional and the Cab on the Rock Band Live Tour promoting the video game Rock Band 2.[36][37]", "All My Friends We're Glorious. All My Friends We're Glorious (or All My Friends We're Glorious: Death of a Bachelor Tour Live) is the fourth live album by American rock band Panic! at the Disco. It was released on December 15, 2017, in digital versions and as a limited edition double vinyl LP,[1] and documents the band's 2017 Death of a Bachelor Tour concert tour following the release of their fifth album, Death of a Bachelor.[2]", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). \"High Hopes\" was recorded by American singer Frank Sinatra in 1959 in a hit version featuring a children's chorus, which was later included in his 1961 album All the Way (this version is not the version that appeared in the film, as the film version paired Sinatra with Eddie Hodges rather than with a children's chorus[2]). The tune reached #30 on the Billboard Hot 100.[citation needed] The track peaked at #6 in the UK Singles Chart.[1] Sinatra also recorded a version of the tune with different lyrics which was used as the theme song for the 1960 Presidential Campaign of John Kennedy.[3]", "Panic! at the Disco. After a short period of development regarding the ideas of the album, on March 6, 2007 the band arrived at a cabin in the rural mountains of Mount Charleston, Nevada and began the writing process for the new album.[26] After recording the new tracks and performing them live over the summer, the band returned to its native Las Vegas as well as the group's old rehearsal studio, where the band members wrote their debut record.[27] The band grew uninterested in the songs previously written and by August scrapped the entire new album (which Ross later revealed was \"three-quarters\" done)[28] and started over. \"We wanted to approach these songs in the most basic form,\" Ross said. \"We wrote them all on one acoustic guitar and with someone singing. I think that we kind of skipped that part of songwriting on the first record, and this time we're sort of paying attention to that. […] We've written a bunch of songs since we've been home [Las Vegas]. I think it's the most fun and the happiest we've been since we started.\" With simplicity the new focus and the old album shelved, the group settled in and began recording what would become Pretty. Odd.[27] In October, the band entered the Studio at the Palms at the Palms Casino Resort in Las Vegas to begin recording the album.[28]", "The Weight. Panic! At The Disco performed \"The Weight\" for a television special on April 17, 2008.[20]", "Pray for the Wicked. The album was announced on March 21, 2018, alongside the release of two songs from the album, \"(Fuck A) Silver Lining\" and \"Say Amen (Saturday Night)\".[3] The song \"High Hopes\" was released on May 23, 2018.[4][5][6]", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). Bing Crosby recorded the song for his 1968 album, Thoroughly Modern Bing." ]

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[ "Indian Territory. In 1803 the United States of America agreed to purchase France's claim to French Louisiana for a total of $15 million (less than 3 cents per acre).[3]", "American frontier. The $15 million paid France for its sovereignty over the territory in terms of international law. Because of inflation, that $15 million is equivalent to about $294 million in 2012 dollars. Between 1803 and the 1870s, the federal government purchased the actual land from the Indian tribes then in possession of it. 20th century accountants and courts have calculated the value of the payments made to the Indians, which included future payments of cash, food, horses, cattle, supplies, buildings, schooling, and medical care. In cash terms, the total paid to the tribes in the area of the Louisiana Purchase amounted to about $2.6 billion in current dollars, or $8.5 billion in 2012 dollars (nearly $9 billion in 2016 dollars). Additional sums were paid to the Indians living east of the Mississippi for their lands, as well as payments to Indians living in parts of the west outside the Louisiana Purchase.[34]", "Louisiana. However, on April 11, 1803, French Foreign Minister Talleyrand surprised Livingston by asking how much the United States was prepared to pay for the entirety of Louisiana, not just New Orleans and the surrounding area (as Livingston's instructions covered). Monroe agreed with Livingston that Napoleon might withdraw this offer at any time (leaving them with no ability to obtain the desired New Orleans area), and that approval from President Jefferson might take months, so Livingston and Monroe decided to open negotiations immediately. By April 30, they closed a deal for the purchase of the entire Louisiana territory of 828,000 square miles (2,100,000 km2) for 60 million Francs (approximately $15 million).", "Treaty of Paris (1815). The direct expense entailed upon France by this convention greatly exceed the amount of the indemnity of 700 million. Estimating the value of the soldier's portion and allowances at 1½ francs, and the cavalry ration at 2 francs, the annual cost of the deliveries in kind for 200,000 portions and 50,000 rations would have been 146 million in francs, which, with the addition of 50 million franc of money per annum, formed a total of 196 million francs per annum, equal to 22,370 sterling per day at the exchange rate of the time.[19]", "Treaty of Paris (1815). France was to pay to the allies 50 millions francs per annum during the five-year occupation: the allies, however, were content with only 30 million, on account, for the first year. The territories and fortresses definitively ceded by France, as well as the fortresses to be provisionally occupied by the Coalition troops for five years, were to be given up to them within ten days from the signature of the principal treaty, and all the Coalition forces, except 150,000 which were to remain, were to evacuate France within 21 days from that date.[19]", "United States territorial acquisitions. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession.[2]", "Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane \"Sale of Louisiana\") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km²) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000/€9,100,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves.[1]", "James Monroe. Meeting with François Barbé-Marbois, the French foreign minister, Monroe and Livingston agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million; the purchase became known as the Louisiana Purchase. In agreeing to the purchase, Monroe violated his instructions, which had only allowed $9 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida. The French did not acknowledge that West Florida remained in Spanish possession, and the United States would claim that France had sold West Florida to the United States for several years to come. Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States. Monroe would travel to Spain in 1805 to try to win the cession of West Florida, but, with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory.[48]", "War reparations. Following the Treaty of Paris (1815), defeated France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities. France was also to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. In proportion to its GDP, it's the most expensive war reparation ever paid by a country.[3]", "Claude Monet. Monet's Le Pont du chemin de fer à Argenteuil, an 1873 painting of a railway bridge spanning the Seine near Paris, was bought by an anonymous telephone bidder for a record $41.4 million at Christie's auction in New York on 6 May 2008. The previous record for his painting stood at $36.5 million.[69] Just a few weeks later, Le bassin aux nymphéas (from the water lilies series) sold at Christie's 24 June 2008 auction in London, lot 19,[70] for £36,500,000 ($71,892,376.34) (hammer price) or £40,921,250 ($80,451,178) with fees, nearly doubling the record for the artist[71] and representing one of the top 20 highest prices paid for a painting at the time.", "Louisiana Purchase. The American representatives were prepared to pay up to $10 million for New Orleans and its environs, but were dumbfounded when the vastly larger territory was offered for $15 million. Jefferson had authorized Livingston only to purchase New Orleans. However, Livingston was certain that the United States would accept the offer.[23]", "Louisiana Purchase. Although the foreign minister Talleyrand opposed the plan, on April 10, 1803, Napoleon told the Treasury Minister François de Barbé-Marbois that he was considering selling the entire Louisiana Territory to the United States. On April 11, 1803, just days before Monroe's arrival, Barbé-Marbois offered Livingston all of Louisiana for $15 million,[19] (equivalent to about $300 million in 2016 dollars,[20]) which averages to less than three cents per acre (7 ¢/ha).[21][22]", "Bugatti Chiron. The first 200 Chirons were sold before the first delivery of the car.[15] The base price is €2,400,000[16] (US$2,700,000 at the August 2016 exchange rate),[15] and buyers were required to place a €200,000 (US$226,000 at the August 2016 exchange rate) deposit.[15]", "Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Aristide called for France, the former colonizer of the country, to pay $21 billion[44] in restitution to Haiti for the 90 million gold francs supplied to France by Haiti in restitution for French property that was misappropriated in the Haitian rebellion, over the period from 1825 to 1947.[45]", "Treaty of Paris (1815). Thus, France had to pay on account of this convention, 383,251 francs every day for five years; equal to about 16,000 pounds sterling at the exchange rate of the day.[16] For this daily quota, the French government had to give assignations on the French treasury, payable to bearer, day by day. In the first instance, however, the Coalition Commissioners were to receive the whole of the 700 million in fifteen bonds of 46⅔ million each; the first of which was payable on 31 March 1816, the second on 21 July 1816, and so on, every fourth month. In the month preceding the commencement of each of these four monthly periods, France was to redeem successively one of these bonds for 46⅔ millions, by exchanging it against the first-mentioned daily assignations payable to bearer, which assignations, for the purpose of convenience and negotiability, were again subdivided into coupures, or sets of smaller sums. As a guarantee for the regular payment of these assignations, and to provide for deficiencies, France assigned, moreover, to the allies, a fund of interest, to be inscribed in the Grand Livre of her public debt, of seven millions francs on a capital of 140 millions. A liquidation was to take place every six months, when the assignations duly discharged by the French Treasury were to be received as payments to their amount, and the deficiency arising from assignations not honoured would be made good, with interest, at five percent from the fund of interest inscribed in the Grand Livre, in a manner specified in this convention.[16]", "Claude Monet. The total attendance is estimated at 3500, and some works did sell, though some exhibitors had placed their prices too high. Pissarro was asking 1000 francs for The Orchard and Monet the same for Impression: Sunrise, neither of which sold. Renoir failed to obtain the 500 francs he was asking for La Loge, but later sold it for 450 francs to Père Martin, dealer and supporter of the group.[26][27][28]", "Treaty of Paris (1815). The 1815 treaty had more punitive terms than the treaty of the previous year. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 level. France was to pay additional money to cover the cost of providing additional defensive fortifications to be built by neighbouring Coalition countries. Under the terms of the treaty parts of France were to be occupied by up to 150,000 soldiers for five years, with France covering the cost; however, the Coalition occupation under the command of the Duke of Wellington was only deemed necessary for three years and the foreign troops pulled out in 1818.[2][3]", "Louisiana. Part of this sum, $3.5 million, was used to forgive debts owed by France to the United States.[65] The payment was made in United States bonds, which Napoleon sold at face value to the Dutch firm of Hope and Company, and the British banking house of Baring, at a discount of 87½ per each $100 unit. As a result, France received only $8,831,250 in cash for Louisiana. English banker Alexander Baring conferred with Marbois in Paris, shuttled to the United States to pick up the bonds, took them to Britain, and returned to France with the money – which Napoleon used to wage war against Baring's own country.", "War of the Third Coalition. Bonaparte's expeditionary army was destroyed by disease in Haiti, and subsequently swayed the First Consul to abandon his plans to rebuild France's New World empire. Without sufficient revenues from sugar colonies in the Caribbean, the vast territory of Louisiana in North America had little value to him. Though Spain had not yet completed the transfer of Louisiana to France per the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso, war between France and Britain was imminent. Out of anger against Spain and having the unique opportunity to sell something that was useless and not truly his yet, Bonaparte decided to sell the entire territory to the United States for a sum total 68 million francs ($15 million).[6] The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April 1803.", "Panama Canal. Thus in 1904, the United States purchased the French equipment and excavations, including the Panama Railroad, for US$40 million, of which $30 million related to excavations completed, primarily in the Gaillard Cut (then called the Culebra Cut), valued at about $1.00 per cubic yard.[32] The United States also paid the new country of Panama $10 million and a $250,000 payment each following year.", "Treaty of Paris (1815). The treaty was harsher towards France than the Treaty of 1814, which had been negotiated through the manoeuvre of Talleyrand, because of reservations raised by the recent widespread support for Napoleon in France. France lost the territorial gains of the Revolutionary armies in 1790–92, which the previous treaty had allowed France to keep; the nation was reduced to its 1790 boundaries (plus the enclaves of the Comtat Venaissin and the County of Montbéliard, which France was allowed to keep).[5] France was now also ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, in five yearly instalments,[6] and to maintain at its own expense a Coalition army of occupation of 150,000 soldiers[7] in the eastern border territories of France, from the English Channel to the border with Switzerland, for a maximum of five years.[8] The twofold purpose of the military occupation was rendered self-evident by the convention annexed to the treaty outlining the incremental terms by which France would issue negotiable bonds covering the indemnity: in addition to safeguarding the neighboring states from a revival of revolution in France, it guaranteed fulfilment of the treaty's financial clauses.[9]", "Bourbon Restoration. A new Treaty of Paris was signed on 20 November 1815, which had more punitive terms than the 1814 treaty. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 status, rather than 1792 as in the previous treaty. France was occupied by 1.2 million foreign soldiers; occupation continued until 1818, by around 200,000 soldiers under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and France was made to pay the costs of their accommodation and rations, on top of the reparations.[26][27] The promise of tax cuts, prominent in 1814, failed to actualize because of these payments. The legacy of this, and the White Terror, left Louis with a formidable opposition.[26]", "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge (film). Marc Scott Zicree's The Twilight Zone Companion incorrectly states the French film was purchased for $10,000. This mistake has been reprinted in a number of books since the 1984 publication. The Twilight Zone: Unlocking the Door to a Television Classic by Martin Grams correctly verifies the purchase price as $20,000 plus $5,000 additional costs for re-editing.", "Territorial evolution of France. On 2 February 1861, Prince Charles III of Monaco and Napoleon III signed a treaty at Paris by which, in exchange for 4,000,000 francs, the prince and his successors would renounce in perpetuity, in favour of the Emperor of the French, all rights direct and indirect on these two communes.[11]", "Economy of France. In 1998, US–France trade stood at about $47 billion – goods only. According to French trade data, US exports accounted for 8.7% – about $25 billion – of France's total imports. US industrial chemicals, aircraft and engines, electronic components, telecommunications, computer software, computers and peripherals, analytical and scientific instrumentation, medical instruments and supplies, broadcasting equipment, and programming and franchising are particularly attractive to French importers.", "The Scream. The fourth version (pastel, 1895) was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern Art auction on 2 May 2012 to financier Leon Black,[4][5] the fourth highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.[6] The pastel was on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York from October 2012 to April 2013.[7]", "Charles II of England. The same year, in an unpopular move, Charles sold Dunkirk to his first cousin King Louis XIV of France for about £375,000.[41] The channel port, although a valuable strategic outpost, was a drain on Charles's limited finances.[e]", "Economic history of France. The debts left over from the First World War, whose payment had been suspended since 1931, was renegotiated in the Blum-Byrnes agreement of 1946. The U.S. forgave all $2.8 billion in debt, and gave France a new loan of $650 million. In return French negotiator Jean Monnet set out the French five-year plan for recovery and development. American films were now allowed in French cinemas three weeks per month.[90]", "Indian MRCA competition. On the joint press statement made by Prime Minister Narendra Modi's with President François Hollande, during his visit of France, the PM said that India will purchase 36 Rafales, but the contract is yet to be finalized.[14] The agreed upon terms in April 2015 totaled US$8 billion for 36 airplanes costing $200 million each, with an offset requirement of 30 percent of the deal's value for France to reinvest in India's defense sector and create infrastructure in India for the Rafale to operate. India is insisting on a 50 percent offset and two bases, which France says will increase price and require separate infrastructure and two sets of maintenance, training, and armament storage facilities. Ending up, India and France missed the July 2015 target of finalizing the 36-aircraft agreement.[15]", "Marie Antoinette. On 24 October 1784, putting the baron de Breteuil in charge of its acquisition, Louis XVI bought the Château de Saint-Cloud from the duc d'Orléans in the name of his wife. This was unpopular, particularly with those factions of the nobility who disliked the queen, but also with a growing percentage of the population, who disapproved of a Queen of France independently owning a private residence. The purchase of Saint-Cloud thus damaged the public's image of the queen even further. The château's high price, almost 6 million livres, plus the substantial extra cost of redecorating, ensured that much less money was going towards repaying France's substantial debt.[96][97]", "Economy of France. France is the second-largest trading nation in Europe (after Germany).[54] Its foreign trade balance for goods had been in surplus from 1992 until 2001, reaching $25.4 billion (25.4 G$) in 1998; however, the French balance of trade was hit by the economic downturn, and went into the red in 2000, reaching a US$15bn deficit in 2003. Total trade for 1998 amounted to $730 billion, or 50% of GDP—imports plus exports of goods and services. Trade with European Union countries accounts for 60% of French trade.", "Spanish–American War. The result was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the US which allowed it temporary control of Cuba and ceded ownership of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippine islands. The cession of the Philippines involved payment of $20 million ($588,320,000 today) to Spain by the US to cover infrastructure owned by Spain.[25]" ]

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[ "Narmada River. The source of the Narmada is a small reservoir, known as the Narmada Kund, located at Amarkantak on the Amarkantak Plateau[10][6] in the Anuppur District, Shahdol zone of eastern Madhya Pradesh.[11] The river descends from Sonmud, then falls over a cliff as Kapildhara waterfall and meanders in the hills, flowing through a tortuous course crossing the rocks and islands up to the ruined palace of Ramnagar. Between Ramnagar and Mandla, (25 km (15.5 mi)), further southeast, the course is comparatively straight with deep water devoid of rocky obstacles. The Banger joins from the left. The river then runs north–west in a narrow loop towards Jabalpur. Close to this city, after a fall of some (9 m (29.5 ft)), called the Dhuandhara, the fall of mist, it flows for (3 km (1.9 mi)), in a deep narrow channel through the magnesium limestone and basalt rocks called the Marble Rocks; from a width of about 90 m (295.3 ft), above, it is compressed in this channel of (18 m (59.1 ft)), only. Beyond this point up to its meeting the Arabian Sea, the Narmada enters three narrow valleys between the Vindhya scarps in the north and the Satpura range in the South. The southern extension of the valley is wider at most places. These three valley sections are separated by the closely approaching line of the scarps and the Satpura hills.", "Narmada River. The Narmada, also called the Rewa and previously also known as Nerbudda,[3] is a river in central India and the sixth longest river in the Indian subcontinent. It is the third longest river that flows entirely within India, after the Godavari, and the Krishna. It is also known as \"Life Line of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh\" for its huge contribution to the state of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh in many ways. Narmada rises from Amarkantak Plateau near Anuppur district. It forms the traditional boundary between North India and South India and flows westwards over a length of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) before draining through the Gulf of Khambhat into the Arabian Sea, 30 km (18.6 mi) west of Bharuch city of Gujarat.[4][5]", "Sardar Sarovar Dam. To the south west Malwa plateau, the dissected hill tracts culminate in the Mathwar hills, located in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Below these hills Narmada river flows through a long, terrific gorge. This gorge extends into Gujarat where the river is tapped by the Sardar Sarovar dam.", "Narmada River. Important religious places and Ghats along the course of the river, starting from its origin at Narmadakhund at Amarkantak hill, are a) the Amarkantak (in Sanskrit: Neck of Shiva) or Teertharaj (the King of Pilgrimages), b) Omkareshwar, Maheshwar, and Mahadeo temples, Nemawar Siddeshwar Mandir in the middle reach of the river – all named after Shiva, c) Chausath Yogini (sixty four yoginis) temple, d) Chaubis Avatar temple, e) and Bhrigu Rishi temple in Bharuch. The Narmada River is also worshipped as mother goddess by Narmadeeya Brahmins.", "Narmada River. The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km2 (38,145.3 sq mi) and lies between east longitudes 72 degrees 32' to 81 degrees 45' and north latitudes 21 degrees 20' to 23 degrees 45' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (81%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area (4%) in Maharashtra, (2%) in Chhattisgarh and (1%) in Andhra Pradesh. In the river course of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) explained above, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range.[6] Dhupgarh (1,350m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin[13].", "Narmada River. The valley experiences extremes of hydrometeorological and climatic conditions with the upper catchment having an annual precipitation in the range of 1,000 mm (3.3 ft) to 1,850 mm (6.1 ft) and with half or even less than half in its lower regions (650 mm (2.1 ft)–750 mm (2.5 ft)); the diversity of vegetation from lush green in the upper region to dry deciduous teak forest vegetation in the lower region is testimony to this feature.[6]", "Narmada River. Narmada is also said to have been in love with the Sonbhadra, another river flowing on the Chota Nagpur Plateau. According to the Puranas, the Narmada is also called the Rewa, from its leaping motion (from the root 'rev') through its rocky bed.", "Narmada River. Teak and India's best hardwood forests are found in the Narmada River basin and they are much older than the ones in the Himalayas. The lower Narmada River Valley and the surrounding uplands, covering an area of169,900 km2 (65,598.8 sq mi) consists of dry deciduous forests. The ecoregion lies between moister forests to the northeast, southeast, and southwest, which receive greater rainfall from the southeast monsoon, and the drier forests and scrublands of the Deccan to the south and Malwa and Gujarat to the west and northwest. The natural vegetation of the region is a three–tiered forest. Tectona grandis is the dominant canopy tree, in association with Diospyros melanoxylon, Dhaora (Anogeissus latifolia), Lagerstroemia parviflora, Terminalia tomentosa, Lannea coromandelica, Hardwickia binata and Boswellia serrata. Riparian areas along the regions' rivers and streams, which receive year– round water, are home to moist evergreen forests, whose dominant tree species are Terminalia arjuna, Syzygium cumini (Jambul), Syzygium Heyneanum, Salix tetrasperma, Homonoia riparia, and Vitex negundo.", "Narmada River. Apart from the above national parks, there are also a number of natural preserves such as the Amarkantak, the Bagh Caves and the Bhedaghat. In compliance of the Environmental Action Plan for the Narmadasagar and Omkareswar HEPs, as per the recommendations of the Wildlife Institute of India three new protected areas may be created, which are, a) the Narmada National Park (496.70 km2), b) the Surmanya Sanctuary (126.67 km2) and c) Omkareshwar Sanctuary (119.96 km2) comprising a total area of 788.57 km2.[25]", "Narmada River. Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand. The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) at Makrai to 3 km (1.9 mi) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km (13.0 mi) at the Gulf of Cambay. An old channel of the river, 1 km (0.6 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.", "Narmada River. The Narmada Valley is a graben, a layered block of the Earth's crust that dropped down relative to the blocks on either side due to ancient spreading of the Earth's crust. Two normal faults, known as the Narmada North fault and Narmada South fault, parallel to the river's course, and mark the boundary between the Narmada block and the Vindhya and Satpura blocks or Horsts which rose relative to the Narmada Graben. The Narmada's watershed includes the northern slopes of the Satpuras, and the steep southern slope of the Vindhyas, but not the Vindhyan tableland, the streams from which flow into the Ganges and Yamuna.[3] The Narmada valley is considered extremely important for palaeontological studies in India. Several dinosaur fossils have been found in the area including Titanosaurus indicus found in 1877 by Richard Lydekker and the recently discovered Rajasaurus narmadensis.", "Narmada River. The tidal rise is felt up to 32 km (19.9 mi) above Bharuch, where the neap tides rise to about a metre and spring tide 3.5 m (11.5 ft). The river is navigable for vessels of the burthen of 95 tonnes (i.e., 380 Bombay candies) up to Bharuch and for vessels up to 35 tonnes (140 Bombay candies) up to Shamlapitha or Ghangdia. The small vessels (10 tonnes) voyage up to Tilakawada in Gujarat. There are sand bases and shoals at mouth and at Bharuch. The nearby island of Kabirvad, in the Narmada River, features a gigantic Banyan tree, which covers 10,000 square metres (2.5 acres).[12]\nits also called mother of madhya pradesh citizens.", "Narmada River. There are many fables about the origin of the Narmada. According to one of them, once Lord Shiva, the Destroyer of the Universe, meditated so hard that he started perspiring. Shiva's sweat accumulated in a tank and started flowing in the form of a river – the Narmada. Another legend has it that two teardrops that fell from the eyes of Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, yielded two rivers – the Narmada and the Brahmaputra.[19]", "Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada is the longest river in Madhya Pradesh. It flows westward through a rift valley, with the Vindhya ranges sprawling along its northern bank and the Satpura range of mountains along the southern. Its tributaries include the Banjar, the Tawa, the Machna, the Shakkar, the Denwa and the Sonbhardra rivers. The Tapti River runs parallel to Narmada, and also flows through a rift valley. The Narmada–Tapti systems carry an enormous volume of water and provide drainage for almost a quarter of the land area of Madhya Pradesh. The Narmada river is considered very sacred and is worshipped throughout the region. It is the main source of water and acts as a lifeline to the state.", "Narmada River. Some of the important national parks and wild life sanctuaries in the valley are the following-: Kanha National Park located in the upper reaches of Narmada, about 18 km (11.2 mi) from Mandla, boasts of several wild animals including the Tiger. Two tributaries of Narmada, namely, Hallon and Banjar, flow through this park. It is one of the best National Parks of Asia, which has been described vividly by Rudyard Kipling in his famous creation The Jungle Book.", "Narmada River. Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km (24.9 mi) below Nemawar, and Dadrai, 40 km (24.9 mi) further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m (39.4 ft).", "Satpura Range. The Narmada and the Tapti are major rivers that drain into the Arabian Sea. The Narmada originates in eastern Madhya Pradesh ( India) and flows west across the state, through a narrow valley between the Vindhya Range and spurs of the Satpura Range. It flows into the Gulf of Khambhat. The Tapi (also known as Tapti) follows a shorter, parallel course, between 80 and 160 kilometres (50 and 100 miles) south of the Narmada, flowing through the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat to drain into the Gulf of Khambhat.", "Devprayag. The Alaknanda rises at the confluence and feet of the Satopanth and Bhagirath Kharak glaciers in Uttarakhand near the border with Tibet. The headwaters of the Bhagirathi are formed at Gaumukh, at the foot of the Gangotri glacier and Khatling glaciers in the Garhwal Himalaya. These two sacred rivers join to form the Ganges (Ganga) in Devprayag.", "Narmada River. In Indian history, Kannada emperor from Chalukya dynasty Pulakeshin II is said to have defeated emperor Harshavardhana of Kannauj on the banks of Narmada.", "Narmada River. Emerging from the Marble Rocks the river enters its first fertile basin, which extends about 320 km (198.8 mi), with an average width of 35 km (21.7 mi), in the south. In the north, the valley is limited to the Barna–Bareli plain terminating at Barkhara Hills opposite Hoshangabad. However, the hills again recede in the Kannod plains. The banks are about (12 m (39.4 ft)) high. It is in the first valley of the Narmada that many of its important tributaries from the south join it and bring the waters of the northern slopes of the Satpura Hills.[3] Among them are: the Sher, the Shakkar, the Dudhi, the Tawa (biggest tributary) and the Ganjal. The Hiran, the Barna, the Choral, the Karam and the Lohar are the important tributaries joining from the north.", "Son River. The Son originates near Amarkantak in Madhya Pradesh,[2] just east of the headwater of the Narmada River, and flows north-northwest through Madhya Pradesh state before turning sharply eastward where it encounters the southwest-northeast-Kaimur Range. The Son parallels the Kaimur hills, flowing east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand and Bihar states to join the Ganges just west of Patna. Geologically, the lower valley of the Son is an extension of the Narmada Valley, and the Kaimur Range an extension of the Vindhya Range. Dehri on sone and Sonbhadra are the major cities situated on Son River.", "Ganges. The main stream of the Ganges begins at the confluence of the Bhagirathi and Alaknanda rivers in the town of Devprayag in the Garhwal division of the Indian state of Uttarakhand. The Bhagirathi is considered to be the source in Hindu culture and mythology, although the Alaknanda is longer, and, therefore, hydrologically the source stream.[9][10] The headwaters of the Alakananda are formed by snowmelt from peaks such as Nanda Devi, Trisul, and Kamet. The Bhagirathi rises at the foot of Gangotri Glacier, at Gomukh, at an elevation of 3,892 m (12,769 ft), being mythologically referred to as, residing in the matted locks of Shiva, symbolically Tapovan, being a meadow of ethereal beauty at the feet of Mount Shivling, just 5 km (3.1 mi) away.[11][12]", "Vindhya Range. Narmada and Son rivers drain the southern slopes of the Vindhyas. Both these rivers rise in the Maikal hills, which are now defined as an extension of the Satpuras, although several older texts use the term Vindhyas to cover them (see Historical definitions above).", "Narmada River. A few kilometres further down near Bareli and the crossing ghat of the Agra to Mumbai road, National Highway 3, the Narmada enters the Mandleshwar plain, the second basin about 180 km (111.8 mi) long and 65 km (40.4 mi) wide in the south. The northern strip of the basin is only 25 km (15.5 mi). The second valley section is broken only by Saheshwar Dhara fall. The early course of about 125 km (77.7 mi) up to Markari falls is met with a succession of cataracts and rapids from the elevated table land of Malwa to the low level of Gujarat plain. Towards the west of this basin, the hills draw very close but soon dwindle down.", "Narmada River. To Hindus the Narmada is one of the seven holy rivers of India; the other six being Ganges, Yamuna, Godavari, Saraswati, Sindhu, and Kaveri. It is believed that a dip in any of these seven rivers washes one's sins away. According to a legend, the river Ganges, polluted by millions of people bathing in it, assumes the form of a black cow and comes to the Narmada to bathe and cleanse itself in its holy waters. Legends also claim that the Narmada River is younger than the river Ganges and daughter of her.", "Narmada River. Tribunal award.[32]", "Narmada River. Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about 607 km2 (234.4 sq mi), comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including eagles and hawks.[26][27]", "Narmada River. It is one of only three major rivers in peninsular India that run from east to west (longest west flowing river), along with the Tapti River and the Mahi River. It is one of the rivers in India that flows in a rift valley, flowing west between the Satpura and Vindhya ranges. The other rivers which flow through rift valley include Damodar River in Chota Nagpur Plateau and Tapti. The Tapti River and Mahi River also flow through rift valleys, but between different ranges. It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh (1,077 km (669.2 mi)), and Maharashtra, (74 km (46.0 mi)),(39 km (24.2 mi)) (actually along the border between Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra (39 km (24.2 mi)) and then the border between Maharastra and Gujarat (74 km (46.0 mi)) and in Gujarat (161 km (100.0 mi)).[6]", "Narmada River. The Narmada river has a huge water resources potential, as much as 33,210,000 acre feet (40.96 km3) of average annual flow (more than 90% of this flow occurring during the monsoon months of June – September), which according to estimates is greater than the combined annual flows of the Ravi, Beas and the Sutlej rivers, which feed the Indus basin. The 75% dependable flow is 28,000,000 acre feet (35 km3).[30] Till the beginning of planned development in the country was started in 1946, this huge potential went almost abegging without any effective utilisation thus denying much needed succour to the drought stricken people of the valley, both in Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat. Since then plans have been evolved, debated, finally legally examined and adjudicated by a tribunal, and agitated by NGOs. The Supreme Court has finally intervened to ensure that the implementation of the projects are not halted.", "Narmada River. Subsequent to the Tribunal award and approval to the project in 1987 by the Ministry of Water Resources with due clearances from the ministry, implementation of the Sardar Sarovar Project (SSP) was taken up as the terminal project on the main stem of the Narmada, in Gujarat, to use the share of allocated water to Gujarat and Rajasthan. The concrete gravity dam of 1,210 metres (3,970 ft) length and 163 metres (535 ft) height above foundation with storage capacity of 7,700,000 acre feet (9.5 km3) and reservoir length of 214 kilometres (133 mi) extending into Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh is designed to provide an annual irrigation of 18,000 square kilometres (6,900 sq mi) in Gujarat (covering 3360 villages of 62 talukas in 14 districts), 4,260 square kilometres (1,640 sq mi) in Rajasthan and hydel power generation of 1450 MW. As a result of construction of the dam, over 48,269 families (7000 families were assessed in 1979 by the Tribunal) will be affected, as per the latest figures of NCA, in the three States spread over 244 villages (4 fully and 240 partially, 39369 in MP in 192 villages, 4163 in Maharshtra in 33 villages and 4737 in Gujarat in 19 villages); the total area affected being 375.33 square kilometres (144.92 sq mi). The submergence area is broadly divided into two areas. First is fully tribal, which covers the initial reach of about 100 or so villages, which are almost 100% tribal and hilly. They include all the 33 villages of Maharashtra (in Nadurbar District), all 19 of Gujarat and many of the Madhya Pradesh. The second part of the submergence area is the mixed population area on the Nimad plains, with a very well developed economy that is well connected to the mainstream. Considered as the largest water resources project of India in terms of benefits, some of the special features of the project are the following:", "Narmada River. The overall plan for development ultimately conceived involves 30 major dams including Sardar Sarovar (21 irrigation, 5 hydropower, and 4 multipurpose), some 135 medium dams, and over three minor dams in M.P along the main stem of the river and its 41 tributaries to utilise its allocated share of 18,250,000 acre feet (22.51 km3) before 2025 (within 45 years of the NWDT award). In addition to power generation and irrigation within the basin, water was allocated for domestic and industrial water uses and for multipurpose transbasin diversions to Son River and Tons River basins in eastern MP, drought prone areas of Saurashtra, Kutch, northern mainland in Gujarat, and southern Rajasthan. Irrigation benefits to the extent of about 40,000 square kilometres (15,000 sq mi) to 50,000 square kilometres (19,000 sq mi) (of drought prone and scarcity areas) and power generation of 2,600 MW were also envisaged. Thus, the Narmada River development is envisaged as a multi state program for development of hydropower and irrigation dams and their associated irrigation networks. In 1961, the original project envisaged irrigation of almost 2 million acres (8,100 km2) in West India at a cost of $100 million. By 2011, it had escalated to $3 billion.", "Sardar Sarovar Dam. The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada river near Navagam, Gujarat in India. Four Indian states, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra and Rajasthan, receive water and electricity supplied from the dam. The foundation stone of the project was laid out by Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru on April 5, 1961. The project took form in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce hydroelectricity. The dam was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on September 17, 2017.[3]" ]

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[ "Roku. Roku announced the first Netflix Internet video streaming receiver box—the Roku DVP—on May 20, 2008. The device runs Linux.[3] Before Autumn 2010, three versions of the Roku DVP were available: the Roku SD, HD, and HD-XR.[4] The Roku SD only streams standard definition (SD) content.[5] The Roku HD streams both SD (720p) and HD (1080p) content.[6] The Roku SD and HD both have an Ethernet connection and built in 802.11g Wi‑Fi compatible with wireless b, g, and n routers.[7] The Roku HD-XR, which streams both SD and HD (720p and 1080p) content, has built in dual-band 802.11n WiFi support and a USB port on the back.[8]", "Roku. The Roku Streaming Player, or simply Roku (/ˈroʊkuː/ ROH-koo), is a series of streaming players manufactured by Roku, Inc. Roku partners provide over-the-top content in the form of channels. The name comes from the Japanese word 六 (roku) meaning \"six\" and was named so because it was the sixth company that Anthony Wood (founder and CEO since 2002) started.[1][2] A Roku streaming device gets data (the video stream) via a wired or Wi-Fi connection from an Internet router. The data is output via an audio cable, video cable, or an HDMI connector directly on some of the device models.", "Roku. On July 20, 2011, Roku updated its product lineup with three new boxes. However, the Ethernet connection and remote with motion control for games are available only on the XS model.[11][12] The Roku Game Remote uses Hillcrest Labs' Freespace motion control technology, so users can control games with natural gestures.[13] The Netflix application was revamped for the Roku 2 HD, Roku 2 XD and Roku 2 XS; the current models now provide the option of subtitles, when the program provides them.[14]", "Roku. On March 5, 2013, Roku announced the release of their updated media player, Roku 3, with a faster CPU than the Roku 2 XS, and a Wi-Fi Direct remote instead of Bluetooth. The Roku 3 remote includes a headphone jack (with headphones provided) for a private listening mode.[19]", "Roku. Roku announced two new versions of its streaming set-top boxes, for 2015: Roku 3 (2015) has a new remote control, with a microphone for voice search, and the Roku 2 (2015) has a much faster processor than the old Roku 2, but its remote control no longer has a headphone jack built in. The Roku 3 2015 model number is 4230; the 2014 model number is 4200. The Roku 2 2015 model number is 4210 the previous model number was 2720. The naming scheme has caused some confusion among consumers.[20]", "Roku. The Roku is an open-platform device with a freely available software development kit that enables anyone to create new channels.[63] The channels are written in a Roku-specific language called BrightScript, a scripting language the company describes as 'unique', but \"similar to Visual Basic\" and \"similar to JavaScript\".[64]", "Roku. The Roku box runs a custom Linux distribution called Roku OS. The first-generation Roku players first came with Roku OS 1.0. After that, Roku has continued to update the software with bug fixes, security updates, feature additions, and many new interface revisions.\nIn October 2017, the Roku software version 8.0 was released.[60]", "Netflix. Devices that are compatible with Netflix streaming services include Blu-ray Disc players, tablet computers, mobile phones, high-definition television (HDTV) receivers, home theater systems, set-top boxes, and video game consoles.", "Roku. On October 11, 2011, the Roku LT was introduced as a lower cost, stripped down version of the Roku 2 XS. I/O consists of two AV ports, one HDMI, and one 3.5\" mini plug composite SD analog. The same content capability is available, except it cannot play games, and its highest video resolution is 720p. There is no Ethernet port nor microSD card slot.[15]", "Roku. On September 26, 2016, Roku revamped their entire streaming player line-up with 5 new models (low end Roku Express, Roku Express+; high end Roku Premiere, Roku Premiere+ and Roku Ultra), while retaining the released in April new Streaming Stick #3600 as a sixth option.[22] The Roku Premiere+ and Roku Ultra support HDR video using HDR10.[23]", "Roku. Programming and content for the devices are available from a wide variety of global providers.", "Netflix. Netflix's video on demand streaming service, formerly branded as Watch Now, allows subscribers to stream television series and films via the Netflix website on personal computers, or the Netflix software on a variety of supported platforms, including smartphones and tablets, digital media players, video game consoles, and smart TVs[100] According to a Nielsen survey in July 2011, 42% of Netflix users used a standalone computer, 25% used the Wii, 14% by connecting computers to a television, 13% with a PlayStation 3 and 12% an Xbox 360.[101]", "Roku. The feature \"Roku Search\" was added on October 29, 2012. This feature allows users to search movie and TV show titles, actors, and directors for multiple services on Roku such as Amazon Video, HBO Go, and Netflix. The feature is only available on Roku 2, Roku Streaming Stick, Roku LT, and Roku HD, due to technical constraints on earlier models.[16] This feature appears to only work in the USA.[citation needed]", "Roku. Roku revamped its lineup of devices in September 2010. The revised HD became the basic model of the line, offering 720p resolution, 802.11g WiFi reception, and an HDMI output. The middle of the line model, the XD, added 1080p resolution (if channel programmers provide it), an enhanced remote with replay capabilities, and single-band wireless-n WiFi. The top-level XD|S offered component video and optical audio outputs, dual-band wireless N, and a USB port for playing videos, photos, and music.[9]", "Roku. Roku Launched its own streaming channel on its devices in October 2017. It is ad-supported but free. At launch its licensed content from studios such as Lionsgate, MGM, Paramount, Sony Pictures Entertainment and Warner Bros. as well as Roku channel content publishers American Classics, FilmRise, Nosey, OVGuide, Popcornflix, Vidmark, and YuYu. It is implementing an ad revenue sharing model with content providers. It is only available in the US.[67]", "Roku. On October 6, 2015, Roku officially announced the release of the Roku 4. The new device has 4K video streaming capability, a remote control finder, and updated software (Roku OS 7) and hardware that includes support for Wi-Fi 802.11ac. The Roku 4 began shipping in October 2015.[21]", "Internet television. With the advent of broadband internet Connections multiple streaming providers have come onto the market in the last couple of years. The main providers are Netflix, Hulu and Amazon. Some of these providers such as Hulu advertise and charge a monthly fee. Other such as Netflix and Amazon charge users a monthly fee and have no commercials. Netflix is the largest provider; it has over 43 million members and its membership numbers are growing[when?][citation needed]. The rise of internet TV has resulted in cable companies losing customers to a new kind of customer called \"cord cutters\". Cord cutters are consumers who are cancelling their cable TV or satellite TV subscriptions and choosing instead to stream TV shows, movies and other content via the Internet. Cord cutters are forming communities. With the increasing availability of video sharing websites (e.g., YouTube) and streaming services, there is an alternative to cable and satellite television subscriptions. Cord cutters tend to be younger people.", "Netflix. By 2010, Netflix's streaming business had grown so quickly that within months the company had shifted from the fastest-growing customer of the United States Postal Service's first-class service to the largest source of Internet streaming traffic in North America in the evening. In November, it began offering a standalone streaming service separate from DVD rentals.[55] On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced its intentions to rebrand and restructure its DVD home media rental service as an independent subsidiary called Qwikster, separating DVD rental and streaming services.[56][57][58] Andy Rendich, a 12-year Netflix veteran, was to be CEO of Qwikster. Qwikster would carry video games whereas Netflix did not.[59] However, in October 2011, Netflix announced that it would retain its DVD service under the name Netflix and would not, in fact, create Qwikster for that purpose.[60]", "Roku. In 2015, Roku announced the company would no longer update the operating system software or provide any support for Roku models manufactured before May, 2011. The company explained that streaming technology has evolved “and so have our Roku streaming players.”[10]", "Roku. In October 2017, Roku introduced its sixth generation of products. The updates included new processors for the Roku Streaming Stick, Roku Express and Roku Express Plus.[24]", "Roku. Many providers can be streamed on Roku such as: Amazon Cloud Player, Amazon Video, Ameba TV, BBC iPlayer, CBS All Access, Sony Crackle, Compound Media, Crunchyroll, DirecTV Now, EuroRoku,[61] Google Play Movies & TV, Hasbro Studios, HBO Go, Hoopla Digital, Hulu, Kanopy, LinkTV, MLB.TV, NatGeo TV, NBA TV, Netflix, Now TV (UK only), Pandora Radio, PBS, PlayStation Vue, Pluto.tv, Popcornflix, Redbox, RT, SiriusXM, Showtime, Sling TV, TVLuux, Tubi TV, TuneIn Radio, TheBlaze, Time Warner Cable, Vmedia, Xfinity,[62] Vudu, WWE Network, YouTube, Tablo (DVR), and the ITV Hub.", "Roku. Roku announced its first branded Smart TV in early 2014 and it was released in late 2014. These TVs are manufactured by companies like TCL and Hisense and use the Roku user interface as the \"brain\" of the TV. Roku TVs are updated just like the streaming devices.[59]", "Netflix. On July 12, 2011, Netflix announced that it would separate its existing subscription plans into two separate plans: one covering the streaming and the other DVD rental services.[113] The cost for streaming would be $7.99 per month, while DVD rental would start at the same price. The announcement led to panned reception amongst Netflix's Facebook followers, who posted negative comments on its wall.[114] Twitter comments spiked a negative \"Dear Netflix\" trend.[114] The company defended its decision during its initial announcement of the change:", "Netflix. When the streaming service first launched, Netflix's disc rental subscribers were given access at no additional charge. Subscribers were allowed approximately one hour of streaming per dollar spent on the monthly subscription (a $16.99 plan, for example, entitled the subscriber to 17 hours of streaming media). In January 2008, however, Netflix lifted this restriction, at which point virtually all rental-disc subscribers became entitled to unlimited streaming at no additional cost (however, subscribers on the restricted plan of two DVDs per month ($4.99) remained limited to two hours of streaming per month). This change came in a response to the introduction of Hulu and to Apple's new video-rental services.[102] Netflix later split DVD rental subscriptions and streaming subscriptions into separate, standalone services, at which point the monthly caps on Internet streaming were lifted.[103]", "Roku. A partial list of services is currently available through the Roku Channel Store.[66] There is no subscription fee for the basic service, but individual channels and content may require a fee. Technical support is provided for free.", "Roku. On May 14, 2013, an updated software interface was released for second generation Roku units. This is the same interface that was introduced with the release of their third generation player.[17]", "Netflix. A \"Netflix Original\" is content that is produced, co-produced, or distributed by Netflix exclusively on their services. Netflix funds their original shows differently than other TV networks when they sign a project, providing the money upfront and immediately ordering two seasons of most series.[14]", "Netflix. In 2011, Netflix introduced a Netflix button for certain remote controls, allowing users to instantly access Netflix on compatible devices.[144]", "Netflix. Netflix service plans are currently divided into three price tiers; the lowest offers standard definition streaming on a single device, the second allows high definition streaming on two devices simultaneously, and the \"Platinum\" tier allows simultaneous streaming on up to four devices, and 4K streaming on supported devices and internet connections. The HD subscription plan historically cost US$7.99; in April 2014, Netflix announced that it would raise the price of this plan to $9.99 for new subscribers, but that existing customers would be grandfathered under this older price until May 2016, after which they could downgrade to the SD-only tier at the same price, or pay the higher fee for continued high definition access.[104][105][106]", "Netflix. Netflix (/nɛtflɪks/) is an American entertainment company founded by Reed Hastings and Marc Randolph on August 29, 1997, in Scotts Valley, California.[9] It specializes in and provides streaming media, video-on-demand online, and DVD by mail. In 2013, Netflix expanded into film and television production as well as online distribution. It is headquartered in Los Gatos, California.", "Netflix. On September 18, 2011, Netflix announced that it would split out and rebrand its DVD-by-mail service as Qwikster. CEO Reed Hastings justified the decision, stating that \"we realized that streaming and DVD by mail are becoming two quite different businesses, with very different cost structures, different benefits that need to be marketed differently, and we need to let each grow and operate independently.\" It was also announced that the re-branded service would add video game rentals. The decision to split the services was widely criticized; it was noted that the two websites would have been autonomous from each other (with ratings, reviews, and queues not carrying over between them), and would have required separate user accounts. Additionally, the two websites would require separate subscriptions, meaning that a bundle of DVD-by-mail and streaming service now cost US$16 per-month rather than $10.[121][122][123][124]", "Netflix. For some time the company had considered offering movies online, but it was only in the mid-2000s that data speeds and bandwidth costs had improved sufficiently to allow customers to download movies from the net. The original idea was a \"Netflix box\" that could download movies overnight, and be ready to watch the next day. By 2005, they had acquired movie rights and designed the box and service, and was ready to go public with it. But after discovering YouTube, and witnessing how popular streaming services were despite the lack of high-definition content, the concept of using a hardware device was scrapped and replaced with a streaming concept instead, a project that was completed in 2007.[38]" ]

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[ "Light-independent reactions. The light-independent reactions, or dark reactions,[1] of photosynthesis are chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and other compounds into glucose. These reactions occur in the stroma, the fluid-filled area of a chloroplast outside the thylakoid membranes. These reactions take the products (ATP and NADPH) of light-dependent reactions and perform further chemical processes on them. There are three phases to the light-independent reactions, collectively called the Calvin cycle: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.", "Light-independent reactions. These reactions do not occur in the dark or at night. There is a light-dependent regulation of the cycle enzymes, as the third step requires reduced NADP.", "Light-dependent reactions. In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.", "Light-independent reactions. This process occurs only when light is available. Plants do not carry out the Calvin cycle during nighttime. They instead release sucrose into the phloem from their starch reserves. This process happens when light is available independent of the kind of photosynthesis (C3 carbon fixation, C4 carbon fixation, and Crassulacean acid metabolism); CAM plants store malic acid in their vacuoles every night and release it by day to make this process work. They are also known as dark reactions.[2]", "Light-independent reactions. The cycle was discovered by Melvin Calvin, James Bassham, and Andrew Benson at the University of California, Berkeley[3] by using the radioactive isotope carbon-14.", "Light-independent reactions. The regeneration stage can be broken down into steps.", "Light-independent reactions. The sum of reactions in the Calvin cycle is the following:", "Light-independent reactions. These reactions are closely coupled to the thylakoid electron transport chain as reducing power provided by NADPH produced in the photosystem I is actively needed. The process of photorespiration, also known as C2 cycle, is also coupled to the dark reactions, as it results from an alternative reaction of the RuBisCO enzyme, and its final byproduct is also another glyceraldehyde-3-P.", "Light-independent reactions. The Calvin cycle, Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle, reductive pentose phosphate cycle or C3 cycle is a series of biochemical redox reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms.", "Light-dependent reactions. This is the second core process in photosynthesis. The initial stages occur within picoseconds, with an efficiency of 100%. The seemingly impossible efficiency is due to the precise positioning of molecules within the reaction center. This is a solid-state process, not a chemical reaction. It occurs within an essentially crystalline environment created by the macromolecular structure of PS II. The usual rules of chemistry (which involve random collisions and random energy distributions) do not apply in solid-state environments.", "Light-independent reactions. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages in a cell. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage and transport molecules ATP and NADPH. The Calvin cycle uses the energy from short-lived electronically excited carriers to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic compounds[4] that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called RuBisCO. In the following biochemical equations, the chemical species (phosphates and carboxylic acids) exist in equilibria among their various ionized states as governed by the pH.", "Photosynthesis. In plants, light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts where they drive the synthesis of ATP and NADPH. The light-dependent reactions are of two forms: cyclic and non-cyclic.", "Stroma (fluid). The series of biochemical redox reactions which take place in the stroma are collectively called the Calvin cycle or light-independent reactions. There are three phases: carbon fixation, reduction reactions, and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP) regeneration.", "Photosynthesis. In the light-independent (or \"dark\") reactions, the enzyme RuBisCO captures CO2 from the atmosphere and, in a process called the Calvin-Benson cycle, it uses the newly formed NADPH and releases three-carbon sugars, which are later combined to form sucrose and starch. The overall equation for the light-independent reactions in green plants is[24]:128", "Light-dependent reactions. The actual steps of the above reaction are running in the following way (Dolai's diagram of S-states): (I) 2H2O(monoxide) (II) OH. H2O (hydroxide) (III) H2O2(peroxide) (IV)HO2(super oxide)(V) O2(di-oxygen).[4]", "Light-dependent reactions. This initial charge separation occurs in less than 10 picoseconds (10−11 seconds). In their high-energy states, the special pigment and the acceptor could undergo charge recombination; that is, the electron on the acceptor could move back to neutralize the positive charge on the special pair. Its return to the special pair would waste a valuable high-energy electron and simply convert the absorbed light energy into heat. In the case of PSII, this backflow of electrons can produce reactive oxygen species leading to photoinhibition.[1][2] Three factors in the structure of the reaction center work together to suppress charge recombination nearly completely.", "Light-independent reactions. The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are functionally equivalent to most enzymes used in other metabolic pathways such as gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway, but they are found in the chloroplast stroma instead of the cell cytosol, separating the reactions. They are activated in the light (which is why the name \"dark reaction\" is misleading), and also by products of the light-dependent reaction. These regulatory functions prevent the Calvin cycle from being respired to carbon dioxide. Energy (in the form of ATP) would be wasted in carrying out these reactions that have no net productivity.", "Chloroplast. While named \"the dark reactions\", in most plants, they take place in the light, since the dark reactions are dependent on the products of the light reactions.[13]", "Light-independent reactions. In the first stage of the Calvin cycle, a CO2 molecule is incorporated into one of two three-carbon molecules (glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate or G3P), where it uses up two molecules of ATP and two molecules of NADPH, which had been produced in the light-dependent stage. The three steps involved are:", "Light-dependent reactions. PS I accepts electrons from plastocyanin and transfers them either to NADPH (noncyclic electron transport) or back to cytochrome b\n6 (cyclic electron transport):", "Light-dependent reactions. The four photosystems absorb light energy through pigments—primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.", "Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions or light reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.", "Chloroplast. The light reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. They take light energy and store it in NADPH, a form of NADP+, and ATP to fuel the dark reactions.", "Stroma (fluid). Photosynthesis occurs in two stages. In the first stage, light-dependent reactions capture the energy of light and use it to make the energy-storage molecules ATP and NADPH. During the second stage, the light-independent reactions use these products to capture and reduce carbon dioxide.", "Light-independent reactions. There are two regulation systems at work when the cycle must be turned on or off: the thioredoxin/ferredoxin activation system, which activates some of the cycle enzymes; and the RuBisCo enzyme activation, active in the Calvin cycle, which involves its own activase.", "Light-dependent reactions. The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:", "Light-dependent reactions. It is noteworthy that PS I closely resembles photosynthetic structures found in green sulfur bacteria, just as PS II resembles structures found in purple bacteria.", "Light-dependent reactions. The two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.", "Light-dependent reactions. 2H\n2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O\n2 + 2NADPH + 3ATP", "Light-dependent reactions. The electrons are transferred to special chlorophyll molecules (embedded in PS II) that are promoted to a higher-energy state by the energy of photons.", "Light-dependent reactions. The reaction center is in the thylakoid membrane. It transfers light energy to a dimer of chlorophyll pigment molecules near the periplasmic (or thylakoid lumen) side of the membrane. This dimer is called a special pair because of its fundamental role in photosynthesis. This special pair is slightly different in PSI and PSII reaction center. In PSII, it absorbs photons with a wavelength of 680 nm, and it is therefore called P680. In PSI, it absorbs photons at 700 nm, and it is called P700. In bacteria, the special pair is called P760, P840, P870, or P960. Where \"P\" means pigment, and the number following it is the wavelength of light absorbed.", "Chemical reaction. In photochemical reactions, atoms and molecules absorb energy (photons) of the illumination light and convert into an excited state. They can then release this energy by breaking chemical bonds, thereby producing radicals. Photochemical reactions include hydrogen–oxygen reactions, radical polymerization, chain reactions and rearrangement reactions.[31]" ]

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[ "Hard disk drive. A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed disk[b] is a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. The platters are paired with magnetic heads, usually arranged on a moving actuator arm, which read and write data to the platter surfaces.[2] Data is accessed in a random-access manner, meaning that individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order and not only sequentially. HDDs are a type of non-volatile storage, retaining stored data even when powered off.[3][4][5]", "Disk storage. Disk storage (also sometimes called drive storage) is a general category of storage mechanisms where data is recorded by various electronic, magnetic, optical, or mechanical changes to a surface layer of one or more rotating disks. A disk drive is a device implementing such a storage mechanism. Notable types are the hard disk drive (HDD) containing a non-removable disk, the floppy disk drive (FDD) and its removable floppy disk, and various optical disc drives (ODD) and associated optical disc media.", "Hard disk drive. A typical HDD has two electric motors; a spindle motor that spins the disks and an actuator (motor) that positions the read/write head assembly across the spinning disks. The disk motor has an external rotor attached to the disks; the stator windings are fixed in place. Opposite the actuator at the end of the head support arm is the read-write head; thin printed-circuit cables connect the read-write heads to amplifier electronics mounted at the pivot of the actuator. The head support arm is very light, but also stiff; in modern drives, acceleration at the head reaches 550 g.", "Hard disk drive. The HDD's electronics control the movement of the actuator and the rotation of the disk, and perform reads and writes on demand from the disk controller. Feedback of the drive electronics is accomplished by means of special segments of the disk dedicated to servo feedback. These are either complete concentric circles (in the case of dedicated servo technology), or segments interspersed with real data (in the case of embedded servo technology). The servo feedback optimizes the signal to noise ratio of the GMR sensors by adjusting the voice-coil of the actuated arm. The spinning of the disk also uses a servo motor. Modern disk firmware is capable of scheduling reads and writes efficiently on the platter surfaces and remapping sectors of the media which have failed.", "Hard disk drive. Modern hard disk drives appear to their host controller as a contiguous set of logical blocks, and the gross drive capacity is calculated by multiplying the number of blocks by the block size. This information is available from the manufacturer's product specification, and from the drive itself through use of operating system functions that invoke low-level drive commands.[87][88]", "Hard disk drive. The primary characteristics of an HDD are its capacity and performance. Capacity is specified in unit prefixes corresponding to powers of 1000: a 1-terabyte (TB) drive has a capacity of 1,000 gigabytes (GB; where 1 gigabyte = 1 billion bytes). Typically, some of an HDD's capacity is unavailable to the user because it is used by the file system and the computer operating system, and possibly inbuilt redundancy for error correction and recovery. Performance is specified by the time required to move the heads to a track or cylinder (average access time) plus the time it takes for the desired sector to move under the head (average latency, which is a function of the physical rotational speed in revolutions per minute), and finally the speed at which the data is transmitted (data rate).", "Hard disk drive. Information is written to and read from a platter as it rotates past devices called read-and-write heads that are positioned to operate very close to the magnetic surface, with their flying height often in the range of tens of nanometers. The read-and-write head is used to detect and modify the magnetization of the material passing immediately under it.", "Disk storage. The disk drive interface is the mechanism/protocol of communication between the rest of the system and the disk drive itself. Storage devices intended for desktop and mobile computers typically use ATA (PATA) and SATA interfaces. Enterprise systems and high-end storage devices will typically use SCSI, SAS, and FC interfaces in addition to some use of SATA.", "Disk storage. The information is sent from the computer processor to the BIOS into a chip controlling the data transfer. This is then sent out to the hard drive via a multi-wire connector. Once the data is received onto the circuit board of the drive, they are translated and compressed into a format that the individual drive can use to store onto the disk itself. The data is then passed to a chip on the circuit board that controls the access to the drive. The drive is divided into sectors of data stored onto one of the sides of one of the internal disks. An HDD with two disks internally will typically store data on all four surfaces.", "Computer hardware. A storage device is any computing hardware and digital media that is used for storing, porting and extracting data files and objects. It can hold and store information both temporarily and permanently, and can be internal or external to a computer, server or any similar computing device. Data storage is a core function and fundamental component of computers.", "Hard disk drive performance characteristics. Higher performance in hard disk drives comes from devices which have better performance characteristics.[1][2] These devices include those with rotating media, hereby called rotating drives, i.e., hard disk drives (HDD), floppy disk drives (FDD), optical discs (DVD-RW / CD-RW), and it also covers devices without moving parts like solid-state drives (SSD). For SSDs, most of the attributes related to the movement of mechanical components are not applicable, but the device is actually affected by some other electrically based element that still causes a measurable delay when isolating and measuring that attribute.[3] These performance characteristics can be grouped into two categories: access time and data transfer time (or rate).[4]", "Hard disk drive. In modern drives, there is one head for each magnetic platter surface on the spindle, mounted on a common arm. An actuator arm (or access arm) moves the heads on an arc (roughly radially) across the platters as they spin, allowing each head to access almost the entire surface of the platter as it spins. The arm is moved using a voice coil actuator or in some older designs a stepper motor. Early hard disk drives wrote data at some constant bits per second, resulting in all tracks having the same amount of data per track but modern drives (since the 1990s) use zone bit recording – increasing the write speed from inner to outer zone and thereby storing more data per track in the outer zones.", "Disk storage. Digital disk drives are block storage devices. Each disk is divided into logical blocks (collection of sectors). Blocks are addressed using their logical block addresses (LBA). Read from or writing to disk happens at the granularity of blocks.", "Non-volatile memory. Hard disk drives use a rotating magnetic disk to store data; access time is longer than for semiconductor memory, but cost per stored data bit is very low, and they provide random access to any location on the disk. Formerly, removable disk packs were common, allowing storage capacity to be expanded. Optical discs store data by altering a pigment layer on a plastic disk, and are similarly random access. Read-only and read-write versions are available; removable media again allows indefinite expansion, and some automated systems were used to retrieve and mount disks under direct program control.[11][12][13]", "Hard disk drive. A modern HDD records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material[e] on a disk. Sequential changes in the direction of magnetization represent binary data bits. The data is read from the disk by detecting the transitions in magnetization. User data is encoded using an encoding scheme, such as run-length limited encoding,[f] which determines how the data is represented by the magnetic transitions.", "Hard disk drive performance characteristics. Most hard disk drives today support some form of power management which uses a number of specific power modes that save energy by reducing performance. When implemented an HDD will change between a full power mode to one or more power saving modes as a function of drive usage. Recovery from the deepest mode, typically called Sleep, may take as long as several seconds.[45]", "Hard disk drive. A typical HDD design consists of a spindle that holds flat circular disks, also called platters, which hold the recorded data. The platters are made from a non-magnetic material, usually aluminum alloy, glass, or ceramic, and are coated with a shallow layer of magnetic material typically 10–20 nm in depth, with an outer layer of carbon for protection.[35][36][37] For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is 0.07–0.18 millimeters (70,000–180,000 nm).[38]", "Hard disk drive. Driven by ever increasing areal density since their invention, HDDs have continuously improved their characteristics; a few highlights are listed in the table above. At the same time, market application expanded from mainframe computers of the late 1950s to most mass storage applications including computers and consumer applications such as storage of entertainment content.", "Operating system. Access to data stored on disks is a central feature of all operating systems. Computers store data on disks using files, which are structured in specific ways in order to allow for faster access, higher reliability, and to make better use of the drive's available space. The specific way in which files are stored on a disk is called a file system, and enables files to have names and attributes. It also allows them to be stored in a hierarchy of directories or folders arranged in a directory tree.", "Hard disk drive. Modern drives make extensive use of error correction codes (ECCs), particularly Reed–Solomon error correction. These techniques store extra bits, determined by mathematical formulas, for each block of data; the extra bits allow many errors to be corrected invisibly. The extra bits themselves take up space on the HDD, but allow higher recording densities to be employed without causing uncorrectable errors, resulting in much larger storage capacity.[50] For example, a typical 1 TB hard disk with 512-byte sectors provides additional capacity of about 93 GB for the ECC data.[51]", "Hard disk drive interface. The earliest hard disk drive (HDD) interfaces were bit serial data interfaces that connected an HDD to a controller with two cables, one for control and one for data.[a] An additional cable was used for power, initially frequently AC but later usually connected directly to a DC power supply unit. The controller provided significant functions such as serial/parallel conversion, data separation, and track formatting, and required matching to the drive (after formatting) in order to assure reliability. Each control cable could serve two or more drives, while a dedicated (and smaller) data cable served each drive.", "Computer data storage. In modern computers, hard disk drives are usually used as secondary storage. The time taken to access a given byte of information stored on a hard disk is typically a few thousandths of a second, or milliseconds. By contrast, the time taken to access a given byte of information stored in random-access memory is measured in billionths of a second, or nanoseconds. This illustrates the significant access-time difference which distinguishes solid-state memory from rotating magnetic storage devices: hard disks are typically about a million times slower than memory. Rotating optical storage devices, such as CD and DVD drives, have even longer access times. With disk drives, once the disk read/write head reaches the proper placement and the data of interest rotates under it, subsequent data on the track are very fast to access. To reduce the seek time and rotational latency, data are transferred to and from disks in large contiguous blocks.", "Hybrid drive. In computing, a hybrid drive (solid state hybrid drive – SSHD) is a logical or physical storage device that combines a faster storage medium such as solid-state drive (SSD) with a higher-capacity hard disk drive (HDD). The intent is adding some of the speed of SSDs to the cost-effective storage capacity of traditional HDDs. The purpose of the SSD in a hybrid drive is to act as a cache for the data stored on the HDD, improving the overall performance by keeping copies of the most frequently used data on the faster SSD.", "Solid-state drive. Most of the advantages of solid-state drives over traditional hard drives are due to their ability to access data completely electronically instead of electromechanically, resulting in superior transfer speeds and mechanical ruggedness.[92] On the other hand, hard disk drives offer significantly higher capacity for their price.[4][93]", "Hard disk drive performance characteristics. Some desktop- and laptop-class disk drives allow the user to make a trade-off between seek performance and drive noise. For example, Seagate offers a set of features in some drives called Sound Barrier Technology that include some user or system controlled noise and vibration reduction capability. Shorter seek times typically require more energy usage to quickly move the heads across the platter, causing loud noises from the pivot bearing and greater device vibrations as the heads are rapidly accelerated during the start of the seek motion and decelerated at the end of the seek motion. Quiet operation reduces movement speed and acceleration rates, but at a cost of reduced seek performance.[21]", "History of hard disk drives. Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and very expensive optional feature; systems typically had only the less expensive floppy disk drives or even cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport media. However by the late '80s, hard disk drives were standard on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as transport media.", "Hard disk drive interface. Disk drive interfaces have evolved from simple interfaces requiring complex controllers to attach to a computer into high level interfaces that present a consistent interface to a computer system regardless of the internal technology of the hard disk drive. The following table lists some common HDD interfaces in chronological order:", "Hard disk drive. Introduced by IBM in 1956,[6] HDDs became the dominant secondary storage device for general-purpose computers by the early 1960s. Continuously improved, HDDs have maintained this position into the modern era of servers and personal computers. More than 200 companies have produced HDDs historically, though after extensive industry consolidation most current units are manufactured by Seagate, Toshiba, and Western Digital. HDD unit shipments and sales revenues are declining, though production (exabytes per year) is growing. Flash memory has a growing share of the market for secondary storage, in the form of solid-state drives (SSDs). SSDs have higher data-transfer rates, higher areal storage density, better reliability,[7] and much lower latency and access times.[8][9][10][11] Though SSDs have higher cost per bit, they are replacing HDDs where speed, power consumption, small size, and durability are important.[10][11]", "Hard disk drive. The capacity of a hard disk drive, as reported by an operating system to the end user, is smaller than the amount stated by the manufacturer, which has several reasons: the operating system using some space, use of some space for data redundancy, and space use for file system structures. The difference in capacity reported in SI decimal prefixed units vs. binary prefixes can lead to a false impression of missing capacity.", "Hard disk drive performance characteristics. Drives use more power, briefly, when starting up (spin-up). Although this has little direct effect on total energy consumption, the maximum power demanded from the power supply, and hence its required rating, can be reduced in systems with several drives by controlling when they spin up.", "Hard disk drive. Current hard drives connect to a computer over one of several bus types, including parallel ATA, Serial ATA , SCSI, Serial Attached SCSI (SAS), and Fibre Channel. Some drives, especially external portable drives, use IEEE 1394, or USB. All of these interfaces are digital; electronics on the drive process the analog signals from the read/write heads. Current drives present a consistent interface to the rest of the computer, independent of the data encoding scheme used internally, and independent of the physical number of disks and heads within the drive.", "Hard disk drive. The process of initializing these logical blocks on the physical disk platters is called low-level formatting, which is usually performed at the factory and is not normally changed in the field.[91] High-level formatting writes data structures used by the operating system to organize data files on the disk. This includes writing partition and file system structures into selected logical blocks. For example, some of the disk space will be used to hold a directory of disk file names and a list of logical blocks associated with a particular file." ]

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[ "Miles to Go Before I Sleep. Miles to Go Before I Sleep is a quotation from the poem \"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening\" by Robert Frost.", "Miles to Go Before I Sleep. It may also refer to:", "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. The text of the poem describes the thoughts of a lone rider (the speaker), pausing at night in his travel to watch snow falling in the woods. It ends with him reminding himself that, despite the loveliness of the view, \"I have promises to keep, / And miles to go before I sleep.\"", "I like to see it lap the Miles. I like to see it lap the Miles —\nAnd lick the Valleys up —\nAnd stop to feed itself at Tanks —\nAnd then — prodigious step\n\nAround a Pile of Mountains —\nAnd supercilious peer\nIn Shanties — by the sides of Roads —\nAnd then a Quarry pare\n\nTo fit it's sides\nAnd crawl between\nComplaining all the while\nIn horrid - hooting stanza —\nThen chase itself down Hill —\n\nAnd neigh like Boanerges —\nThen — prompter than a Star\nStop — docile and omnipotent\nAt it's own stable door —", "I like to see it lap the Miles. \"I like to see it lap the Miles\" is a short poem by Emily Dickinson describing an \"iron horse\" or railroad engine and its train. The poem was first published in 1891.", "I like to see it lap the Miles. THE RAILWAY TRAIN\n\nI like to see it lap the miles,\nAnd lick the valleys up,\nAnd stop to feed itself at tanks;\nAnd then, prodigious, step\n\nAround a pile of Mountains,\nAnd, supercilious, peer\nIn shanties by the sides of roads;\nAnd then a quarry pare\n\n\nTo fit its sides, and crawl between,\nComplaining all the while\nIn horrid, hooting stanza;\nThen chase itself down hill\n\nAnd neigh like Boanerges;\nThen, punctual as a star,\nStop — docile and omnipotent —\nAt its own stable door.", "I like to see it lap the Miles. This poem is four stanzas, each with a length of four lines, and describes a railroad engine and its train of cars in metaphors that suggest an animal that is both \"docile\" and \"omnipotent\". The train \"laps the miles\" and \"licks up the valleys\" then stops to \"feed itself\" at tanks along the way. It passes mountains with a \"prodigious step\", \"peers\" superciliously into shanties, and moves through a narrow passage in a quarry. After descending a hill, it stops at the terminal like a horse before its barn door. It is also known as \"The Amherst Train\" or \"The Railway Train\".", "Desert. The American poet Robert Frost expressed his bleak thoughts in his poem, Desert Places, which ends with the stanza \"They cannot scare me with their empty spaces / Between stars - on stars where no human race is. / I have it in me so much nearer home / To scare myself with my own desert places.\"[135]", "A Visit from St. Nicholas. \"A Visit from St. Nicholas\", more commonly known as \"The Night Before Christmas\" and \"'Twas the Night Before Christmas\" from its first line, is a poem first published anonymously in 1823 and later attributed to Clement Clarke Moore, who claimed authorship in 1837. Some commentators now believe the poem was written by Henry Livingston Jr..", "Because I could not stop for Death. Because I could not stop for Death —\nHe kindly stopped for me —\nThe Carriage held but just Ourselves —\nAnd Immortality.\n\nWe slowly drove — He knew no haste\nAnd I had put away\nMy labor and my leisure too,\nFor His Civility —\n\nWe passed the School, where Children strove\nAt Recess — in the Ring —\nWe passed the Fields of Gazing Grain —\nWe passed the Setting Sun —\n\nOr rather — He passed Us —\nThe Dews drew quivering and Chill —\nFor only Gossamer, my Gown —\nMy Tippet — only Tulle —\n\nWe paused before a House that seemed\nA Swelling of the Ground —\nThe Roof was scarcely visible —\nThe Cornice — in the Ground —\n\nSince then — 'tis Centuries — and yet\nFeels shorter than the Day\nI first surmised the Horses' Heads\nWere toward Eternity —", "A Red, Red Rose. Other sources have been suggested as an inspiration for Burns. A contemporary poem, \"O fare thee well, my dearest dear\", written by a Lieutenant Hinches bears a striking similarity to Burns's verse, notably the lines which refer to \"ten thousand miles\" and \"Till a' the seas gang dry, my dear\". A ballad originating from the same period entitled \"The Turtle Dove\" also contains similar lines, such as \"Though I go ten thousand mile, my dear\" and \"Oh, the stars will never fall down from the sky/Nor the rocks never melt with the sun\". Of particular note is a collection of verse dating from around 1770, The Horn Fair Garland, a copy of which is thought to exist bearing an inscription \"Robine Burns aught this buik and no other\". A poem in this collection, \"The loyal Lover's faithful promise to his Sweet-heart on his going on a long journey\" also contains similar verses such as \"Althou' I go a thousand miles\" and \"The day shall turn to night, dear love/And the rocks melt in the sun\".[1][2]", "When I Have Fears. \"When I Have Fears\" primarily explores death, the fear of it, and what it prevents Keats from doing. Using the phrase \"cease to be\" shows an emphasis on the life Keats will miss out on rather than simply death itself. The repetition of \"before\" represents the anxieties Keats has about what he cannot achieve before death.[3] He fears he will no longer be able to write, witness the beauty of the world, or experience love or fame once he dies. While the poem ends with a slight resolution, with \"Love and Fame\" no longer mattering to Keats, it is a resolution found in isolation and excessive thought. The two do not matter to Keats because death is inevitable and will prevent him from making those achievements, so they sink away from Keats.", "Walter Scott. In Mother Night (1961) by Kurt Vonnegut Jr., memoirist and playwright Howard W. Campbell Jr. prefaces his text with the six lines beginning \"Breathes there the man...\"", "To His Coy Mistress. The same line appears in full in the opening minutes of Michael Powell and Emeric Pressburger's A Matter of Life and Death (1946), spoken by the protagonist, pilot and poet Peter Carter: 'But at my back I always hear / Time's wingèd chariot hurrying near; And yonder all before us lie / Deserts of vast eternity. Andy Marvell, What a Marvel'.", "Wilfred Owen. Susan Owen's letter to Rabindranath Tagore marked, Shrewsbury, 1 August 1920, reads: \"I have been trying to find courage to write to you ever since I heard that you were in London – but the desire to tell you something is finding its way into this letter today. The letter may never reach you, for I do not know how to address it, tho’ I feel sure your name upon the envelope will be sufficient. It is nearly two years ago, that my dear eldest son went out to the War for the last time and the day he said goodbye to me – we were looking together across the sun-glorified sea – looking towards France, with breaking hearts – when he, my poet son, said those wonderful words of yours – beginning at ‘When I go from hence, let this be my parting word’ – and when his pocket book came back to me – I found these words written in his dear writing – with your name beneath.\"[49]", "When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be. \"When I have Fears\" primarily explores death, the fear of it, and what it prevents Keats from doing. Using the phrase \"cease to be\" shows an emphasis on the life Keats will miss out on rather than simply death itself. The repetition of \"before\" represents the anxieties Keats has about what he cannot achieve before death.[3] He fears he will no longer be able to write, witness the beauty of the world, or experience love or fame once he dies. While the poem ends with a slight resolution, with \"Love and Fame\" no longer mattering to Keats, it is a resolution found in isolation and excessive thought. The two do not matter to Keats because death is inevitable and will prevent him from making those achievements, so they sink away from Keats.", "Alfred Russel Wallace. The poem begins:", "A Noiseless Patient Spider. \"A Noiseless Patient Spider\" is a short poem by Walt Whitman, published in an 1891 edition of Leaves of Grass. It was originally part of his poem \"Whispers of Heavenly Death\", written expressly for The Broadway, A London Magazine, issue 10 (October 1868), numbered as stanza \"3\".[1] It was retitled \"A Noiseless Patient Spider\" and reprinted as part of a larger cluster in Passage to India (1871).[2]", "Catherine Earnshaw. It's a rough journey, and a sad heart to travel it; and we must pass by Gimmerton Kirk to go that journey! We've braved its ghosts often together, and dared each other to stand among the graves and ask them to come. But, Heathcliff, if I dare you now, will you venture? If you do, I'll keep you. I'll not lie there by myself: they may bury me twelve feet deep, and throw the church down over me, but I won't rest till you are with me. I never will!", "Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed. \"Elegy XIX: To His Mistress Going to Bed\", originally spelled \"To His Mistris Going to Bed\", is a poem written by the metaphysical poet John Donne.", "Swing Low, Sweet Chariot. If you get there before I do\n(Coming for to carry me home)\nTell all of my friends, that I'm coming there too\n(Coming for to carry me home)", "Hymn Before Sunrise. Coleridge was introduced to Brun's poem by August 1800, when his friend Wordsworth relied on the work for the story The Seven Sisters. Besides the Brun source, there are other poems which are used within the work, including William Bowles's Coombe Ellen. In describing works about the mountains in general, Coleridge may have used other poems by Brun or a poem by Friedrich Leopold zu Stolberg-Stolberg. There are also lines that are similar to those in John Milton's Comus and the Book of Exodus.[13]", "Frost at Midnight. Coleridge draws upon many poems, including ideas from William Cowper's Task.[15] There is also a possible connection to John Thelwall's poem To the Infant Hampden.—Written during a Sleepless Night. Derby. Oct. 1797 along with his other poems On Leaving the Bottoms of Glocestershire and Maria: A Fragment. Other sources are William Collins Ode on the Popular Superstitions of the Highlands of Scotland.[16] In terms of philosophy, Coleridge brings together ideas in George Berkeley's An Essay Towards a New Theory of Vision and David Hartley's Observations on Man.[17]", "Works of Rabindranath Tagore. The time that my journey takes is long and the way of it long.\nI came out on the chariot of the first gleam of light, and pursued my voyage through the wildernesses of worlds leaving my track on many a star and planet.\nIt is the most distant course that comes nearest to thyself, and that training is the most intricate which leads to the utter simplicity of a tune.\nThe traveller has to knock at every alien door to come to his own, and one has to wander through all the outer worlds to reach the innermost shrine at the end.\nMy eyes strayed far and wide before I shut them and said 'Here art thou!'\nThe question and the cry 'Oh, where?' melt into tears of a thousand streams and deluge the world with the flood of the assurance 'I am!'", "Taps. Day is done, gone the sun,\n From the lake, from the hills, from the sky;\n All is well, safely rest, God is nigh. \n\nFading light, dims the sight,\n And a star gems the sky, gleaming bright.\n From afar, drawing nigh, falls the night. \n\nThanks and praise, for our days,\n 'Neath the sun, 'neath the stars, neath the sky;\n As we go, this we know, God is nigh. \n\nSun has set, shadows come,\n Time has fled, Scouts must go to their beds\n Always true to the promise that they made. \n\nWhile the light fades from sight,\n And the stars gleaming rays softly send,\n To thy hands we our souls, Lord, commend.", "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. First published in 1648 as number 208 in a volume of verse entitled Hesperides, it is perhaps one of the most famous poems to extol the notion of carpe diem. Carpe diem expresses a philosophy that recognizes the brevity of life and therefore the need to live for and in the moment. The phrase originates in Horace's Ode 1.11.", "Do not go gentle into that good night. \"Do not go gentle into that good night\" is a poem in the form of a villanelle, and the most famous work of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas (1914–1953).[1] Though first published in the journal Botteghe Oscure in 1951,[2] it was written in 1947 when Thomas was in Florence with his family. It was published, along with other stories previously written, as part of Thomas' In Country Sleep, And Other Poems of 1952.[1]", "She Walks in Beauty. The first two verses are cited in the novel The Philadelphian by Richard P. Powell. The poem is also referenced in a House of Night book, where Nathan, in his reminiscences of Byron, suggests (without any justification) that the subject of the poem may have been Byron's half-sister, Augusta Leigh.[2]", "The Sparrow's Nest. The poem is a moving tribute to Wordsworth's sister Dorothy, recalling their early childhood together in Cockermouth before they were separated following their mother's death in 1778 when he was barely eight years old.[1]", "To William Wordsworth. The poem paraphrases the ideas of Wordsworth's The Prelude:[5]", "Things I Know to Be True. It's four in the morning, the end of December\nI'm writing you now just to see if you're better\nNew York is cold, but I like where I'm living\nThere's music on Clinton Street all through the evening.\n\nI hear that you're building your little house deep in the desert\nYou're living for nothing now, I hope you're keeping some kind of record.\n\nYes, and Jane came by with a lock of your hair\nShe said that you gave it to her\nThat night that you planned to go clear\nDid you ever go clear?", "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep. Now I lay me down to sleep.\nI pray the Lord my soul to keep.\nFor if I die before I wake,\nthat's one less test I have to take." ]

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[ "Sojourner (rover). The word Sojourner first appeared in print in the first Bible printed by Gutenberg in 1454-1455.[clarification needed] It specifically deals with the travels of Abraham. It is found in the first chapter of Genesis. It means \"traveler\", and was selected in an essay contest won by Vallery Ambroise, a 12-year-old from U.S. state of Connecticut. It is named for abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth. The second-place prize went to Deepti Rohatgi, 18, of Rockville, MD, who proposed Marie Curie, a Nobel Prize-winning Polish chemist. Third place went to Adam Sheedy, 16, of Round Rock, TX, who chose Judith Resnik, a United States' astronaut and shuttle crew-member.[6] The rover was also known as Microrover Flight Experiment abbreviated MFEX.[7]", "Sojourner (rover). Sojourner is the Mars Pathfinder robotic Mars rover that landed on July 4, 1997[1] in the Ares Vallis region, and explored Mars for around three months. It has front and rear cameras and hardware to conduct several scientific experiments. Designed for a mission lasting 7 sols, with possible extension to 30 sols,[2] it was in fact active for 83 sols. The base station had its last communication session with Earth at 3:23 a.m. Pacific Daylight Time on September 27, 1997.[1][3] The rover needed the base station to communicate with Earth, despite still functioning at the time communications ended.[3]", "Mars rover. Sojourner rover on Mars.", "Mars rover. Sojourner rover atop Pathfinder lander.", "Sojourner (rover). Sojourner traveled a distance of just over 100 meters (330 ft) by the time communication was lost.[4] It was instructed to stay stationary until October 5, 1997 (sol 91) and then drive around the lander.[5]", "Unmanned NASA missions. The Mars Pathfinder (MESUR Pathfinder,[25]) later renamed the Carl Sagan Memorial Station, was launched on December 4, 1996, just a month after the Mars Global Surveyor was launched. On board the lander was a small rover called Sojourner that would execute many experiments on the Martian surface. It was the second project from NASA's Discovery Program, which promotes the use of low-cost spacecraft and frequent launches under the motto \"cheaper, faster and better\" promoted by the then administrator, Daniel Goldin. The mission was directed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, responsible for NASA's Mars Exploration Program.", "Sojourner (rover). Sojourner operation was supported by \"Rover Control Software\", which ran on a Silicon Graphics Onyx2 computer back on Earth, and allowed command sequences to be generated using a graphical interface.[13] The rover driver would wear 3D goggles supplied with imagery from the base station and move a virtual model with the spaceball controller, a specialized joystick. The control software allowed the rover and surrounding terrain to be viewed from any angle or position, supporting the study of terrain features, placing waypoints, or doing virtual flyovers.[13]", "Sojourner (rover). Sojourner has solar panels and a non-rechargeable battery, which allowed limited nocturnal operations. Once the batteries were depleted, it could only operate during the day.[2] The batteries are lithium-thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) and could provide 150 watt-hours.[8] The batteries also allowed the health of the rover to be checked while enclosed in the cruise stage while en route to Mars.[9]", "Sojourner (rover). The rover had a mass of 11.5 kg (weighing about 25 pounds on Earth), which equates to a weight of 4.5 kgf (10 pounds) on Mars.[4]", "Sojourner (rover). Its central processing unit (CPU) is an 80C85 with a 2 MHz clock, addressing 64 Kbytes of memory. It has four memory stores; the previously mentioned 64 Kbytes of RAM (made by IBM) for the main processor, 16 Kbytes of radiation-hardened PROM (made by Harris), 176 Kbytes of non-volatile storage (made by Seeq Technology), and 512 Kbytes of temporary data storage (made by Micron). The electronics were housed inside the Warm Electronics Box inside the rover.[2]", "History of robots. Expected to operate for only seven days, the Sojourner rover finally shuts down after 83 days of operation in 1997. This small robot (only 23 lbs or 10.5 kg) performed semi-autonomous operations on the surface of Mars as part of the Mars Pathfinder mission; equipped with an obstacle avoidance program, Sojourner was capable of planning and navigating routes to study the surface of the planet. Sojourner's ability to navigate with little data about its environment and nearby surroundings allowed it to react to unplanned events and objects.[55]", "Rover (space exploration). The Mars Pathfinder mission included Sojourner, the first rover to successfully deploy on another planet. NASA, the space agency of the United States, launched Mars Pathfinder on 4 December 1996; it landed on Mars in a region called Chryse Planitia on 4 July 1997.[17] From its landing until the final data transmission on 27 September 1997, Mars Pathfinder returned 16,500 images from the lander and 550 images from Sojourner, as well as data from more than 15 chemical analyses of rocks and soil and extensive data on winds and other weather factors.[17]", "Mars rover. Comparison: MER, Sojourner rover, MSL.", "Mars rover. Comparison: MER, Sojourner rover, MSL.", "Mars rover. Comparison: Mars Sojourner rover, MER, MSL.", "Mars Exploration Rover. The Spirit and Opportunity rovers were named through a student essay competition. The winning entry was by Sofi Collis,[59] a third-grade Russian-American student from Arizona.", "Sojourner (rover). It communicated with the base station with 9,600 baud radio modems. The practical rate was closer to 2,600 baud with a theoretical range of about half a kilometer. The rover could travel out of range of the lander, but its software would need to be changed to that mode. Under normal driving, it would periodically send a \"heartbeat\" message to the lander.[2]", "Sojourner (rover). The rover had three cameras: two monochrome cameras in front, and a color camera in the rear. Each front camera had an array 484 pixels high by 768 wide. The optics consisted of a window, lens, and field flattener. The window was made of sapphire, while the lens objective and flattener were made of zinc selenide.[12] The rover was imaged on Mars by the base station's IMP camera system, which also helped determine where the rover should go.[7]", "African-American literature. Sojourner Truth (1797–1883) was a leading advocate in both the abolitionist and feminist movements in the 19th century. Born Isabella to a wealthy Dutch master in Ulster County, New York, she adopted the name Sojourner Truth after 40 years of struggle, first to attain her freedom and then to work on the mission she felt God intended for her. This new name was to \"signify the new person she had become in the spirit, a traveler dedicated to speaking the Truth as God revealed it\".[38] Truth played a significant role during the Civil War. She worked tirelessly on several civil rights fronts; she recruited black troops in Michigan, helped with relief efforts for freedmen and women escaping from the South, led a successful effort to desegregate the streetcars in Washington, D.C., and she counseled President Abraham Lincoln. Truth never learned to read or write but in 1850, she worked with Olive Gilbert, a sympathetic white woman, to write the Narrative of Sojourner Truth. This narrative was a contribution to both the slave narrative and female spiritual narratives.", "Exploration of Mars. Mars Pathfinder was a U.S. spacecraft that landed a base station with a roving probe on Mars on July 4, 1997. It consisted of a lander and a small 10.6 kilograms (23 lb) wheeled robotic rover named Sojourner, which was the first rover to operate on the surface of Mars.[56][57] In addition to scientific objectives, the Mars Pathfinder mission was also a \"proof-of-concept\" for various technologies, such as an airbag landing system and automated obstacle avoidance, both later exploited by the Mars Exploration Rovers.[56]", "Opportunity (rover). Honoring Opportunity's great contribution to the exploration of Mars, an asteroid was named Opportunity: 39382 Opportunity.[32] The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who, along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels, discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960. Opportunity's lander is Challenger Memorial Station.[33]", "Alfred Wegener. The Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Bremerhaven, Germany, was established in 1980 on his centenary. It awards the Wegener Medal in his name.[24] The crater Wegener on the Moon and the crater Wegener on Mars, as well as the asteroid 29227 Wegener and the peninsula where he died in Greenland (Wegener Peninsula near Ummannaq, 71°12′N 51°50′W / 71.200°N 51.833°W / 71.200; -51.833), are named after him.[25]", "Mars rover. Mars 2, Mars 3 and Beagle 2 were physically tethered probes; Sojourner was dependent on the Mars Pathfinder base station for communication with Earth; MER-A & B, and Curiosity were on their own. Of these MER-B and Curiosity are still active, and MER-A and Sojourner completed their missions before losing contact in 2010 and 1997 respectively.", "Romulus and Remus. Mars and the Vestal Virgin, Jacques Blanchard (c.1630)", "Spirit (rover). To commemorate Spirit's great contribution to the exploration of Mars, the asteroid 37452 Spirit has been named after it.[90] The name was proposed by Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld who along with Cornelis Johannes van Houten and Tom Gehrels discovered the asteroid on September 24, 1960.", "Mars Exploration Rover. In recognition of the vast amount of scientific information amassed by both rovers, two asteroids have been named in their honor: 37452 Spirit and 39382 Opportunity. The mission is managed for NASA by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, which designed, built, and is operating the rovers.", "Curiosity (rover). NASA gave the general public the opportunity from 2009 until 2011 to submit their names to be sent to Mars. More than 1.2 million people from the international community participated, and their names were etched into silicon using an electron-beam machine used for fabricating micro devices at JPL, and this plaque is now installed on the deck of Curiosity.[154] In keeping with a 40-year tradition, a plaque with the signatures of President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden was also installed. Elsewhere on the rover is the autograph of Clara Ma, the 12-year-old girl from Kansas who gave Curiosity its name in an essay contest, writing in part that \"curiosity is the passion that drives us through our everyday lives.\"[155]", "Mars (mythology). Father Mars is the regular recipient of the suovetaurilia, the sacrifice of a pig (sus), ram (ovis) and bull (taurus), or often a bull alone.[105] To Mars Pater other epithets were sometimes appended, such as Mars Pater Victor (\"Father Mars the Victorious\"),[106] to whom the Roman army sacrificed a bull on March 1.[107]", "List of astronauts by year of selection. Inspiration Mars Foundation, an American nonprofit founded by Dennis Tito, aims to launch a manned mission to flyby Mars in January 2018, or, if the 2018 date is missed, on 2021. Flight candidates include husband and wife travel duo Jane Poynter and Taber MacCallum, who participated in the Biosphere 2 experiment.[65][66]", "Raphael (archangel). The following places have been named in honor of Raphael:", "Curiosity (rover). Curiosity has an advanced payload of scientific equipment on Mars.[53] It is the fourth NASA unmanned surface rover sent to Mars since 1996. Previous successful Mars rovers are Sojourner from the Mars Pathfinder mission (1997), and Spirit (2004–2010) and Opportunity (2004–present) rovers from the Mars Exploration Rover mission.", "Majel Barrett. Barrett and her husband were honored in 2002 by the Space Foundation with the Douglas S. Morrow Public Outreach Award[9] for their work creating awareness of and enthusiasm for space." ]

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[ "Harry Potter (film series). Warner Bros. had initially planned to release the first film over the 4 July 2001 weekend, making for such a short production window that several of the originally proposed directors had withdrawn themselves from contention. Eventually, due to time constraints, the date was put back to 16 November 2001.[26]", "Harry Potter (film series). The rights for the first four novels in the series were sold to Warner Bros. for £1,000,000 by J.K. Rowling. After the release of the fourth book in July 2000, the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was released on 16 November 2001. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $90 million in the United States alone, which set a record opening worldwide. The succeeding three motion picture adaptations followed suit in financial success, while garnering positive reviews from fans and critics. The fifth film, Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, was released by Warner Bros. on 11 July 2007 in English-speaking countries, except for the UK and Ireland, which released the movie on 12 July.[74] The sixth, Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince, was released on 15 July 2009 to critical acclaim and finished its theatrical run ranked as the number two grossing film of 2009 on the worldwide charts.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The first official picture from the first film was released on 1 December 2009 (2009-12-01), showing Harry, Ron and Hermione in a London street. A clip was officially released on 8 December 2009 (2009-12-08) with the release of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince on Blu-ray and DVD.[29] At the 2010 ShoWest convention, Alan F. Horn premiered unfinished footage from both films.[30] The 2010 MTV Movie Awards premiered more footage from Deathly Hallows.[31] Following this was the release of the official teaser poster, which shows the release date of both Part 1 and Part 2 and a destroyed Hogwarts castle.[32] ABC Family broadcast interviews and additional scenes from both parts during their Harry Potter weekend, which began on 8 July 2010.[33] A two-minute trailer for the film was released worldwide on 22 September 2010.[34]", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film). The film was released on 31 May 2004 in the United Kingdom and on 4 June 2004 in North America, as the first Harry Potter film released into IMAX theatres and to be using IMAX Technology. It was also the last Harry Potter film to be released on VHS. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Original Music Score and Best Visual Effects at the 77th Academy Awards in 2005.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 16 November 2001. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing $974.8 million at the box office worldwide. The highest-grossing film of 2001, it is the 34th highest-grossing of all-time (2nd at the time of its release) and the second most successful instalment of the Harry Potter series behind Deathly Hallows – Part 2. The film was nominated for many awards, including Academy Awards for Best Original Score, Best Art Direction and Best Costume Design. It was followed by seven sequels, beginning with Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets in 2002 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in 2011, nearly ten years after the first film's release.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is a 2010 fantasy film directed by David Yates and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[3] It is the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling and features an ensemble cast.[4] The film, which is the seventh and penultimate instalment in the Harry Potter film series, was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman, David Barron, and Rowling.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. The story follows Harry Potter who has been tasked by Dumbledore with finding and destroying Lord Voldemort's secret to immortality – the Horcruxes. Filming began on 19 February 2009 (2009-02-19) and was completed on 12 June 2010 (2010-06-12).[5] Part 1 was released in 2D cinemas and IMAX formats worldwide on 19 November 2010.[6][7][8][9]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 is the first part of a two-part action-adventure video game developed by EA Bright Light and published by Electronic Arts. It was released on November 16, 2010 in the United States, November 18, 2010 in Australia and on November 19, 2010 in Europe and India and is based on the film of the same name.[3][2][4] Part 2 was released to coincide with the second film. The game was released on the Microsoft Windows, Nintendo DS, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Mobile platforms.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). An exclusive first-look of the film was shown on ABC during the television premiere of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets on 7 May 2005.[24] The first trailer was made available online on 8 May 2005.[25] The international trailer debuted online on 23 August 2005.[26]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (released in the United States as Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone)[5] is a 2001 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures.[4] It is based on the novel of the same name by J. K. Rowling. The film is the first instalment in the long-running Harry Potter film series, and was written by Steve Kloves and produced by David Heyman. Its story follows Harry Potter's first year at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry as he discovers that he is a famous wizard and begins his education. The film stars Daniel Radcliffe as Harry Potter, with Rupert Grint as Ron Weasley, and Emma Watson as Hermione Granger.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). Warner Bros. first released the film on VHS and DVD on 11 February 2002 in the E3 UK[68] 11 May 2002 in the UK[68] and 28 May 2002 in the US. The VHS and DVD (The Special Edition) was re-released in 7 May 2004[69] An Ultimate Edition was later released exclusively in the US that included a Blu-ray and DVD. The release contains an extended version of the film, with many of the deleted scenes edited back in; additionally, the set includes the existing special features disc, Radcliffe's, Grint's, and Watson's first screen tests, a feature-length special Creating the World of Harry Potter Part 1: The Magic Begins, and a 48-page hardcover booklet.[70] The extended version has a running time of about 159 minutes, which has previously been shown during certain television airings.[71]", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). The first trailer was released on 17 November 2006, attached to another WB film, Happy Feet. It was made available online on 20 November 2006, on the Happy Feet website.[77] The international trailer debuted online on 22 April 2007 at 14:00 UTC.[78] On 4 May 2007, the US trailer was shown before Spider-Man 3.[79]", "Harry Potter. After extensive casting, filming began in October 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London itself, with production ending in July 2001.[176][177] Philosopher's Stone was released on 14 November 2001. Just three days after the film's release, production for Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, also directed by Columbus, began. Filming was completed in summer 2002, with the film being released on 15 November 2002.[178] Daniel Radcliffe portrayed Harry Potter, doing so for all succeeding films in the franchise.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was released on a single and double disc DVD and 3-disc Blu-ray combo pack on 11 April 2011 in the UK and on 15 April 2011 in the US.[53] On 28 January 2011, it was announced by Emma Watson on the Harry Potter UK Facebook page that the page's fans will get to vote for their preferred cover for the Part 1 Blu-ray. The cover with the most votes will be the cover for the disc. Voting started that same day.[54] The DVD and Blu-ray include eight deleted scenes, with the Blu-ray Combo Pack containing an opening scene from Part 2 featuring Harry and Ollivander discussing the Deathly Hallows.[55][56] Deathly Hallows – Part 1 performed well in DVD sales, selling 7,237,437 DVD units and adding $86,932,256 to the gross revenue of the film,[57] bringing the total to $1,043,331,967.", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). The film premiered in the UK on 3 November 2002 and in the United States and Canada on 14 November 2002 before its wide release on 15 November, one year after the Philosopher's Stone.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). The video game version, designed by EA UK, was released 8 November 2005.[27] Mattel released a line of action figures and artefacts based on the film.[28] Among these was the first edition of Harry Potter Scene It? containing over 1,000 questions involving the four films.[29]", "Warner Bros.. In the late 1990s, Warner obtained rights to the Harry Potter novels and released feature film adaptations of the first in 2001. Subsequently, they released the second film in 2002, the third in June 2004, the fourth in November 2005, the fifth in July 2007, and the sixth in July 2009.[181] The seventh (and at that time, final) book was released as two movies; Deathly Hallows - Part 1 in November 2010 and Deathly Hallows - Part 2 in July 2011.", "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film). Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban held its New York premiere at Radio City Music Hall on 23 May 2004,[39] followed by its London premiere at Leicester Square on 30 May 2004.[40] The film then opened in the United Kingdom on 31 May 2004 and on 4 June 2004 in the United States. It was the first film in the series to be released in both conventional and IMAX theatres.[41]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (video game). On February 8, 2010 EA announced their title line-ups for the year with a Harry Potter title slated for the third quarter of the year.[27] On June 1, 2010 EA and Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment officially announced Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 was in development to be released alongside the film in autumn of 2010.[28] Prior to the game's announcement, EA had launched a campaign through the social networking website, Facebook, where users could \"like\" the page and therefore eventually reveal the first image which depicted the characters Harry, Ron and Hermione in a forest with their wands pointed at the Snatchers.[29][30] A teaser trailer was released online after the game's announcement in a build-up to the E3 Conference showcasing the battle sequences and gameplay.[31] The first box art to be released for the video game depicted an empty foggy forest with the title in the middle but the official box art depicted the same image but with Harry Potter running with his wand pointed in front of him and Voldemort's eyes peering over the top .[32][33]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). The film was released in most countries within a two-week period starting on 18 November 2005 in the United Kingdom and United States, with a 1 December 2005 release in Australia. In the United States, the film opened in a maximum of 3,858 cinemas that included several IMAX screens.[4]", "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film). The film was released in theatres in the United Kingdom and the United States on 15 November 2002. It became a critical and commercial success, grossing $879 million at the box office worldwide. It was the second highest grossing film of 2002 behind The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. The movie was nominated for many awards including the BAFTA Award for Best Production Design, Best Sound, and Best Special Visual Effects. It was followed by six sequels, beginning with Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban in 2004 and ending with Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 in 2011, nearly ten years after the first film's release.", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. In 1999, Rowling sold the film rights of the first four Harry Potter books to Warner Bros. for a reported £1 million ($1,982,900).[67] Rowling demanded that the principal cast be kept strictly British but allowed for the casting of Irish actors such as the late Richard Harris as Dumbledore and of foreign actors as characters of the same nationalities in later books.[68] After extensive casting,[69] filming began in September 2000 at Leavesden Film Studios and in London, with production ending in July 2001.[70] Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was released in London on 14 November 2001.[71][72] Reviewers' comments were positive, as reflected by an 80% Fresh rating on Rotten Tomatoes[73] and by a score of 64% at Metacritic, representing \"generally favourable reviews\".[74]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. The book was published in the United Kingdom by Bloomsbury and in the United States by Scholastic; in both countries the release date was 8 July 2000, the first time a book in the series was published in both countries at the same time. The novel won a Hugo Award, the only Harry Potter novel to do so, in 2001. The book was made into a film, which was released worldwide on 18 November 2005, and a video game by Electronic Arts.", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was adapted into a film, released worldwide on 18 November 2005, which was directed by Mike Newell and written by Steve Kloves. The film grossed $102.7 million for the opening weekend,[25] and eventually grossed $896 million worldwide.[26] The film was also nominated for Best Art Direction at the 78th Academy Awards.[27]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). The film had its world premiere on 4 November 2001, in London's Leicester Square, with the cinema arranged to resemble Hogwarts School.[72] The film was greatly received at the box office. In the United States, it made $32.3 million on its opening day, breaking the single day record previously held by Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. On the second day of release, the film's gross increased to $33.5 million, breaking the record for biggest single day again. In total, it made $90.3 million during its first weekend, breaking the record for highest-opening weekend of all time that was previously held by The Lost World: Jurassic Park.[73] It held the record until the following May when Spider-Man made $114.8 million in its opening weekend.[74] The film held onto the No. 1 spot at the box-office for three consecutive weekends.[75][76] The film also had the highest grossing 5-day (Wednesday-Sunday) Thanksgiving weekend record of $82.4 million, holding the title for twelve years until both The Hunger Games: Catching Fire and Frozen surpassed it with $110.1 million and $94 million respectively.[77] Similar results were achieved across the world. In the United Kingdom, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone broke the record for the highest-opening weekend ever, both including and excluding previews, making £16.3 million with and £9.8 million without previews.[78] The film went on to make £66.1 million in the UK alone, making it the country's second highest-grossing film of all-time (after Titanic), until it was surpassed by Mamma Mia!.[79]", "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film). The first teaser poster was released on 1 December 2000.[62] The first teaser trailer was released via satellite on 2 March 2001 and debuted in cinemas with the release of See Spot Run.[63] The soundtrack was released on 30 October 2001 in a CD format. A video game based on the film was released on 15 November 2001 by Electronic Arts for several consoles.[59] Another video game, for the GameCube, PlayStation 2, and Xbox was released in 2003.[64] Mattel won the rights to produce toys based on the film, to be sold exclusively through Warner Brothers' stores.[65] Hasbro also produced products, including confectionery items based on those from the series.[66] Warner Bros. signed a deal worth US$150 million with Coca-Cola to promote the film,[53] and Lego produced a series of sets based on buildings and scenes from the film, as well as a Lego Creator video game.[67]", "Harry Potter (film series). The final novel, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, was split into two cinematic parts: Part 1 was released on 19 November 2010, and Part 2, the conclusion to both the final film and the series, was released on 15 July 2011.[75] Part 1 was originally scheduled to be released in 3D and 2D,[76] but due to a delay in the 3D conversion process, Warner Bros. released the film only in 2D and IMAX cinemas. However, Part 2 was released in 2D and 3D cinemas as originally planned.[77]", "History of film. In 2001, the Harry Potter film series began, and by its end in 2011, it had become the highest-grossing film franchise of all time until the Marvel Cinematic Universe passed it in 2015.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. On 26 August 2010, director David Yates, producers David Heyman and David Barron, and with Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn attended a test screening for Deathly Hallows – Part 1 in Chicago.[45][46] The unfinished film gained rave reviews from test screeners, some of whom labelled it \"amazing and dark\" and \"the most perfect Harry Potter film\". Others expressed that the film faithfully adapted the novel, which led to an inheritance of the \"book's own problems\".[47]", "Harry Potter (film series). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the seventh and final novel in the series, was adapted into two feature-length parts.[7] Part 1 was released in November 2010, and Part 2 was released in July 2011.[8][9]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1. In the film's worldwide opening weekend, Part 1 grossed $330 million, the third-highest in the series, and the highest opening of 2010, as well as the eighth-highest of all time.[10] With a worldwide gross of $960 million, Part 1 is the third highest-grossing film of 2010, behind Toy Story 3 and Alice in Wonderland,[11] and the third-highest-grossing Harry Potter film in terms of worldwide totals, behind Deathly Hallows – Part 2 and Philosopher's Stone,[12] and the 39th highest-grossing film of all-time.[13] The film received two nominations at the 83rd Academy Awards: Best Art Direction and Best Visual Effects.", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (soundtrack). Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows − Part 1 is a motion picture soundtrack to the 2010 film of the same name, written and conducted by the French film composer Alexandre Desplat.[2] The soundtrack was nominated for the 2010 IFMCA Award for Best Original Score for a Fantasy Film and the 2010 Satellite Award for Best Original Score." ]

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[ "Sami Brady. Samantha Gene Brady is born on October 16, 1984, changed to October 16, 1977, with her twin brother Eric Brady to Marlena Evans and Roman Brady. Sami is named after her deceased aunt, Samantha Evans and Marlena's best friend, Eugene Bradford. A feud between the Brady family and the powerful DiMera family puts the infants in danger. Roman sends them to live in Colorado after their mother's disappearance. In 1993, Sami reappears in Salem as a teenager. She develops a crush on her sister's boyfriend, Austin Reed (Patrick Muldoon). She is traumatized after seeing her mother having sex with John Black (Drake Hogestyn) which leads to an affair that results in the birth of Sami's sister, Belle. At the time, Marlena was \"married\" to Roman. Sami's mental health spirals downward, and she becomes a bulimic in an attempt to lose weight. Sami later tells Marlena that she witnessed her having sex with John. Knowing that she is John's child, Sami, who volunteers at the Salem Hospital, switches Belle's blood test. She then kidnaps Belle and places her on the black market. John rescues Belle on Christmas Eve. On Belle's christening, Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo) shows Roman Sami's diary which reveals the affair and Belle's paternity. Roman leaves Marlena, devastating Sami.", "Sami Brady. Sami Brady is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera, Days of Our Lives, portrayed by Alison Sweeney. The character was born on-screen during the episode dated October 16, 1984, and her birth date was later SORASed to October 16, 1977. Introduced by then head writer Margaret DePriest, Sami has been portrayed by Sweeney since January 22, 1993.[3][4][5][6] Sami is known for her failed relationships with men, her children and her manipulative trouble-making ways. She has been described as vindictive and the girl \"you love to hate\".[7]", "Sami Brady. Since Sweeney has stepped into the role, Sami has been showcased as the series' primary troublemaker and \"the girl you loved to hate\"[7] through her lying and scheming. In recent years, Sweeney has established herself as a leading heroine, with the show centering on the popular and controversial relationships between Sami and her love interests Austin Reed (Patrick Muldoon & Austin Peck), Franco Kelly (Victor Alfieri), Brandon Walker (Matt Cedeno), Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo), EJ DiMera (James Scott), and Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering). Originally characterized as the iron-willed daughter of Dr. Marlena Evans, Sami was transformed by writer James E. Reilly in the summer of 1994, converting the character from a stubborn moody teenager to a \"conniving bitch\", having her kidnap her baby sister, Belle and break up supercouple Carrie Brady and Austin Reed, including blackmail Nicole Walker and Lexie Carver on numerous incidents. However, as ratings declined in the mid-2000s, Sami's storylines proved to be \"worn out\" and in 2006, new Days head writers Hogan Sheffer and Meg Kelly converted to the character to a heroine by pairing her with EJ DiMera and later Rafe Hernandez. Recently, in 2013 head writers Christopher Whitesell and Gary Tomlin turned Sami back into a scheming vixen. With her son Will being tormented by Nick Fallon and her fiancé, EJ DiMera sleeping with Abigail Deveraux, Sami returned to her evil ways and culminated in her committing crimes such as planning a vengeful revenge towards Abby and EJ for their affair and convincing Adrienne that her husband, Justin the father in law of her son, Will, was having an affair. The character has been described as \"vindictive\"; a writer from the American newspaper Asbury Park Press wrote that: \"she's so bad, she's good\".[24] According to Austin American-Statesman in 1996, Sweeney had talked about \"longing to play a conniving troublemaker\" and she got her wish and more. Sweeney stated: \"It's kind of funny that I said that [sic] I had no idea that (the writers) would take me literally\". Sweeney has said to have given a new word to \"manipulative\" during her portrayal of Sami.[25] In 2005, Sami manipulatively created a male alter ego, Stan. During this period of time, from February to August, Dan Wells took over the role. Sami is known for her rivalry with Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker)[26] and Sweeney has said that Sami has never had \"female friends\".[27]", "Sami Brady. Sweeney’s portrayal of \"Salem’s resident bad girl\"[7] has earned her various fan awards during her run, including five Soap Opera Digest Awards[44] and a Special Fan Award for \"America's Favorite Villain\" at the 2002 Daytime Emmy Award ceremony.[7] In 2005, the role was briefly recast with Dan Wells as the character of Sami's male alter ego \"Stan\" while Sweeney was on maternity leave.[7] For her work in the role, Sweeney has won Soap Opera Digest Awards for \"Best Performance in a Daytime Drama — Young Actress\" (1997), \"Best Youth Actress in a Soap Opera\" (1994) and \"America's Favorite Villain\" (2002). Sweeney has also won seven Soap Opera Digest Awards, including three wins for \"Outstanding Villainess\" in 1996, 1998 and 1999.[45] In 2015, Sweeney earned a nomination for the 42nd Daytime Emmy Awards in the category of Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series for her portrayal of Sami.[46]", "Sami Brady. The character was portrayed by seven child actresses. They were: Ronit Arnoff (October 19, 1984), Lauren Ann Bundy (October 22, 1984 to April 10, 1985), Jessica Davis (December 6, 1985 to May 20, 1986), Tiffany Nicole Palma (August 7 to September 9, 1986), Ashleigh Blair Sterling (December 24, 1986 to June 5, 1990) and Christina Wagoner (August 10, 1990 to June 22, 1992). In January 1993, Alison Sweeney took over the role of Sami as a teenager.[8] This was not her first role on the show; she had previously portrayed Adrienne Johnson as a child in 1987.[9] Sweeney has cited Deidre Hall (Marlena), Drake Hogestyn (John) and Wayne Northrop (Roman) as influences on her career playing the role, stating: \"I learned so many lessons from them\".[9] Sweeney has said \"I remember my first day at work. I was so excited to be a part of a show that I'd been a fan of\". The actress also recalled her audition, and said \"My first two weeks on the show I was sneaking around Salem, so there weren't a lot of lines to memorize. My first scene was with Wayne Northrop (then-Roman Brady), who pulled a gun on me and said something like 'Freeze or I'll shoot!'\"[10]", "Sami Brady. A bitter custody battle ensued between Lucas and Sami, who had a \"love/hate\" relationship over the years. Of the pairing, Sweeney said \"their past is such a deep relationship and ultimately a friendship and a trust that they have with each other.\"[33] They ended up marrying,[34] but it was \"permanently ended\" when EJ DiMera (James Scott) entered the picture.[30] EJ, the son of longtime crime boss Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo), developed an obsession with Sami, and ended up controversially \"raping\" her.[35][36] Sami became pregnant and gave birth to twins; her daughter's father is Lucas, and son's paternity belonged to EJ.[30] EJ had asked Sami for sex to save Lucas' life, while he was trapped and nearly died.[30] This led to a sham wedding between EJ and Sami, in exchange for the DiMeras ending the fifty-year family feud between the Brady family. Although she initially hated him, the couple ended up in a \"night of passion\" resulting in another pregnancy.[30] Of whether EJ or Lucas was Sami's \"true love,\" Sweeney said \"I personally think Sami and Lucas truly love each other, but obviously a lot has gone on between them that has pushed them apart. Right now, they are writing Sami more focusing on EJ.\"[27] She also said that she enjoyed working with Scott, and called him \"enchanting.\"[27] Of working with Dattilo, Sweeney said \"I am definitely a long-standing Lumi fan and I miss working with Bryan every day. He is so fun! I was in a scene the other day and looking around, like he and I have such a history together, for some inside joke and he wasn’t on the set. It’s just strange when I don’t get to work with him all the time.\"[33]", "Sami Brady. Sami is known for her relationships, and many \"failed trips to the altar\".[28] Janet Di Lauro of About.com said \"No matter, Sami's always been a character who's fun to watch and root for as she's searched for her soul mate, time and time again.\"[29] As a teenager, she developed a crush on Austin Reed (Austin Peck), but was \"devastated\" when he began dating her sister Carrie Brady (Christie Clark).[30] She worked with Austin's brother Lucas to break up the couple. She ended up having a one night stand with Lucas in early 1995.[31] Di Lauro said Sami's most \"diabolical plot\" was drugging Austin to have sex with her, which was \"the start of an elaborate scheme\" where she ended up pregnant and named Austin as the father, although Lucas was the actual father.[30][32] The truth was eventually revealed and Austin, after nearly marrying Sami without loving her, reunited with Carrie.[30]", "Sami Brady. Sami's sorely compromised psychological state deteriorates to such a degree that Sami begins to work for Tony DiMera (Thaao Penghlis), becomes a transvestite under an assumed name, \"Stan\", and sells illicit drugs to a pain-wracked John Black, all out of a base-born, suppositious need for revenge. Attempting to redeem herself, Sami convinces Lucas that Kate had set her up; that she was never unfaithful. The two reunite and agree to marry once again.", "Sami Brady. Sami is mother to four children: Will Horton, Johnny DiMera, Allie Horton, Sydney DiMera, and believed that Grace Brady was her daughter as well. Grace had been switched at birth with Sydney. Grace has since died and Sydney returned to Sami to raise. Janet Di Lauro of About.com said, \"While Sami wouldn’t exactly be called lucky at love, let’s face it, most of her couplings have been wildly dysfunctional, her romances have produced four beautiful children: Will, Allie, Johnny and Sydney.\"[30]", "Sami Brady. Sami befriends Lucas Roberts (Bryan Dattilo) and dates his friend Alan Harris (Paul Kersey), whom her family strongly opposes. Sami's best friend Jamie overhears Alan talk about being in love with Carrie, but keeps this from Sami. Frustrated by his unrequited love for Carrie, Alan rapes Sami. Sami confides in Lucas, but without corroborating proof, the press vilifies Sami as a liar once the news gets out. Alan tries to rape her again, and she stops him by shooting him in the groin. Distraught, Lucas manages to comfort Sami; and they have sex. She still, however, has a crush on Austin and drugs him into bed so he would believe she was Carrie. After her divorce from Roman, Marlena becomes vulnerable and is possessed by the devil. While possessed, Marlena tells Sami to seduce Austin. She tries, but Austin rejects her. Sami leaves town in February 1995.", "Sami Brady. Sweeney's 20-year anniversary in the role arrived in early 2013.[11] Fans speculated that she might depart from the series, but Sweeney managed to ink a new deal with the show. She said, \"I am super-excited to stay, and I am so honored that they asked me to stay. The job continues to surprise and challenge me. I have already shot my 20th anniversary episode, which airs on January 6, so I had this huge milestone and it's been such an amazing journey. I love my job, I love the people I work with and I love Sami.\"[11] In January 2014, Sweeney announced she will quit the series after 21 years. She revealed on The Ellen DeGeneres Show, \"I've been on Days of Our Lives for 21 years. I'm celebrating my 21st year and I decided that it's going to be my last year with the show,\" Sweeney announced. \"I've been on Days of Our Lives since I was 16-years-old, and I have never had more than a two-week vacation in that whole time. It's awesome. I love Sami, I love Salem, I love my job, I love daytime, I love the fans—I love everything about it.\"[12][13] Sweeney's final episode aired October 30, 2014.[12][13][14][15][16][17] On April 26, 2015, Sweeney announced that she will be returning to Days of Our Lives to be part of the soap's 50th anniversary celebration, starting on October 12, 2015 and ending on November 17, 2015.[18][19][20]", "Sami Brady. Sami starts to feel torn between E.J. and Rafe. Rafe & Sami agree to give their relationship a second chance. Sami plans Gabi Hernandez (Camila Banus) & Nick Fallon's (Blake Berris) wedding, wanting to tell E.J. her decision after the wedding. However, during the wedding, it is revealed that Nick isn't the father of Gabi's unborn baby – Will is. Sami is furious with Gabi, and Rafe defends his sister, insulting Will in the process.Sami is furious and breaks up with Rafe. Sami eventually tells E.J. about Rafe and her plan to leave him. E.J. forgives her, and they reunite. Nick demands Will sign away his paternal rights to the baby. When Sami, Lucas, and E.J. try to stop him, Nick reveals that he knows Will was responsible for shooting E.J. in 2007. Will signs away his rights to avoid being prosecuted, and Sami is devastated. She and E.J. team up to stop Nick's blackmail of Will. When Stefano returns, Sami and E.J. decide to get his help to destroy evidence the police has against Will. Sami and E.J. stay together through the situation, and become engaged in April 2013.", "EJ DiMera. EJ Wells first appeared as Sami Brady’s handsome new neighbor living across the hall.[16] The growing chemistry between him and Samantha stopped abruptly as EJ was soon revealed to be the mysterious figure attacking Sami’s family and his connection to Stefano was also discovered. In December 2006, EJ held Sami at gunpoint and forces her to help him through the police road blocks set up by Salem PD to keep him from leaving the country after he shot John Black. After Sami got him through the road blocks, EJ then told her to get out of the car. Sami refused and told him that since she helped him he must help her save Lucas Horton's life. EJ agreed to help her only if she has sex with him in exchange for saving Lucas; reluctantly, Sami agreed. Afterward, he helped Sami get a beam off of, but then left them to die in the snow with no way out. EJ brainwashed Steve Johnson and forced him to kidnap a comatose John Black, and transplanted one of his kidneys into a dying Stefano. When Sami learned she was pregnant, Celeste Perrault revealed that EJ was the child's father but warned him that Stefano wouldn't approve. His brother, Tony DiMera convinced him to kidnap Sami and harvest the stem cells from the unborn child to save Stefano's life. EJ changed his mind and helped Sami escape at the last minute.[16] Sami later learned she was carrying twins and Stefano ordered them to marry so they could end the feud between the Brady and DiMera families once and for all. Sami welcomed her twins in October 2007. It turned out that Lucas fathered the little girl, Allie and EJ fathered the little boy, Johnny. After John was killed in a hit and run accident, Sami married EJ in November 2007, blackmailed by Stefano and EJ and against her will, but he was shot at the altar by Lucas (it was later that we found that Will, Lucas' son was the one that actually shot EJ.) EJ promised to change and become good example for the twins while Lucas was arrested for EJ's shooting.[16] Later, Sami's mother Marlena Evans gave him a chance to redeem himself by bringing down his father. EJ knew that a brainwashed John Black was in the basement of the DiMera mansion and decided to reunite him with his family in January 2008. To stay safe from Stefano, EJ and Sami moved into a safe house where they bonded over raising the twins. They planned to have the marriage annulled but the death of Sami's grandpa, Shawn forced them to put it off. When they finally got another chance, EJ put it off by pretending that his visa has expired, and Sami agreed to prolong the marriage until he can deal with immigration.[16] EJ began representing Nicole Walker during her divorce from Victor Kiriakis. Meanwhile, EJ and Sami made love for the first time in May 2008 just in time for Lucas to be released from prison and catch them in bed. Sami discovered EJ's ploy to stay married to her by bribing the immigration agent, and their annulment was finalized soon after.[16]", "Sami Brady. Sami turns to E.J., and the two begin dating. Sami then discovers that not only is c sleeping with Kate but that he is also Stefano's son. Sami and Lucas rekindle their love in spite of Kate, and the two decide to take a road trip. Their car breaks down in a snow storm, and they seek shelter in an abandoned cabin where they make love. Weighed down by snow, the crumbling ceiling caves in. Lucas is trapped, Sami runs to get help, meets up with E.J. in a snow drift, and asks him to help her. Revealing himself as a true DiMera, E.J. agrees to help Sami only if she has sex with him. In subsequent weeks, E.J. continues to taunt Sami with reminders of the deal they made that night. Sami tells Lucas about her pregnancy and they get married; the night of their wedding, he learns about E.J. raping her. Her pregnancy was full of speculation about who the father of her unborn twins were. She later gives birth to: John \"Johnny\" Roman Roberts (later legally changed to John Roman DiMera) and Alice \"Allie\" Caroline Horton. It was revealed after a paternity test that E.J. was Johnny's father and Allie was Lucas' daughter. Sami makes the painful decision to end her marriage to Lucas and marry E.J. to end the Brady-DiMera feud. At her wedding to E.J., Lucas, Marlena and Kate attempt to shoot E.J. Lucas is arrested and sent to prison, and Will leaves for Switzerland. It is later revealed that Will was the actual shooter and Lucas went to prison to protect his son.", "Sami Brady. Soon after, Rafe is attacked, and ends up in a coma. Initially, the police suspect E.J., as does Sami, but she eventually realizes his innocence. The real attacker, Jensen, is revealed to be targeting Nick. He kidnaps Nick & Gabi, and ends up shooting Will when he tries to rescue Nick. Sami comes to the hospital and finds out Gabi's baby was born; she meets her granddaughter, Arianna Grace, for the first time. Sami visits Rafe while in the hospital, and while there, sees a man come in with a knife about to kill Rafe. Sami shoots him to protect Rafe. E.J. tries to calm her down, while Roman and the police search for the missing knife. Sami and E.J. realize the man she shot was a police officer who was working for Stefano; the officer dies after surgery, and the knife is never recovered. Sami is arrested for murder by Roman. Once exonerated, Sami and E.J. marry, only for E.J. to be arrested for tax fraud; Sami confronts both E.J. and Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) for the affair the pair had behind her back, and uses her power to take DiMera Enterprises away from the DiMera family with Kate. Sami begins to forgive and re-trust EJ and they re-unite, but E.J. is shot in the Salem park, and Sami finds him just before he dies. It is October 2014, and Sami, overcome with grief, accepts a movie deal with Hollywood executives to build a story about her life, with Will penning the screenplay, and she and the children relocate to Los Angeles. When Will is fired from the movie, he goes back to Salem where, in October 2015, he is apparently murdered by Abigail's new fiancé, Ben Weston. Sami comes back to Salem to mourn Will. Whilst in Salem she discovers that Ben's father Clyde was the one who had gotten EJ shot, and she also finds a letter from EJ which leads her to believe EJ might be alive. The letter contains instructions which lead Sami to a safe deposit box containing the passwords to Stefano's bank account, but she is kidnapped by Stefano's son Andre DiMera who wants the passwords from her. Sami escapes and she steals Stefano's fortune. She takes the kids around Europe as she pursues clues that EJ may still be alive. In October 2017 she learns that Ben Weston has escaped from custody, and is claiming that Will is alive, and Sami once again returns to Salem to find out the truth.", "Sami Brady. By 2009, Will was 16 years old; Sweeney said, \"It’s sort of overwhelming to me sometimes to realize my character has a sixteen-year-old,\" considering she started working on Days of our Lives at 16, but she enjoys the dynamics between Will and Sami.[33] In 2012, Sami and Lucas' son Will came out as gay.[42] While Lucas was accepting, Sami was initially \"responsible for the other point of view,\" according to Dattilo. Sweeney said that viewers can expect Sami to \"have a traditional Sami reaction,\" because it's \"such a vulnerable moment.\"[42] Sweeney explained that Sami thinks it's because of her, and \"She has to sort through all of those feelings and talk to lots of people in Salem about it.\" She added, \"Sami loves her son so much, but she just always seems to say the wrong thing. She always puts her foot in her mouth.\"[42]", "Rafe Hernandez. The character of Rafe was first paired with Sweeney's Sami Brady. Gering appreciated the slow burn pacing of the romance. \"I think they did a great job allowing the audience to see Sami and Rafe fall in love.\"[6] \"I always liked her personality and her spunky fire, so I'm really excited to be working with her\" Gering said of his costar.[4] Rafe is forced to be Sami's new bodyguard in witness protection after she sabotages the first two. However, Sami's usual scheming behavior doesn't fly with Rafe. Gering said \"Sami's definitely met her match.\"[9] Their contentious relationship eventually blossoms into romance, and the duo eventually marries in November 2010. Gering said \"I think they are soul-mates.\" Rafe and Sami \"compliment each other very well and support one another.\" He continued, \"I think they definitely have what it takes to last long-term.\" However, most of their relationship is plagued by Sami's longstanding romance with EJ DiMera (James Scott), the kidnapping and presumed deaths of two of her children, and when EJ's father, Stefano (Joseph Mascolo) replaces Rafe with a doppelganger.[7] Sami and Rafe eventually break up over a disagreement with Nick and Gabi raising Will's baby, causing her to run to EJ.", "Eric Brady. Eric and twin sister, Samantha \"Sami\" Brady are born in 1984 to Roman Brady and his wife, Dr. Marlena Evans. Eric is named after his great uncle, Eric Brady Sr. Following their mother's supposed death in the spring of 1987, the twins are sent to live with Marlena's parents, Frank and Martha in Colorado. However, the twins continue appearing onscreen through frequent visits to Salem. Eric last appears as a child in the summer of 1992 and the twins are rapidly-aged off-screen. Whilst Sami re-arrives in Salem in 1993 as a sixteen-year old in 1993, Eric stays a while longer in Colorado with his grandparents, arriving back in Salem in 1997. Eric and Sami have several half-siblings: their paternal half siblings are Carrie, Rex and Cassie Brady. Belle Black is their maternal half-sister, and Brady Black is their stepbrother.", "Days of Our Lives characters (2000s). Grace Brady is the biological daughter of a young teenage mother, Mia McCormick and her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera, then Peterson-Woods, born on-screen on January 27, 2009, but she was believed to be the biological daughter of EJ DiMera and Sami Brady. It wasn't until November 12, 2009 when Rafe Hernandez revealed the truth that Sami Brady knew she wasn't Grace's birth mother.", "Sami Brady. Sami returns in July of that year and crashes Austin's wedding to Carrie claiming that she is carrying his child. After a rough teen pregnancy, Sami gives birth to William Robert Reed on November 16, 1995. Sami hides the fact that Will is actually Lucas' son, and passes him off as Austin's. Austin and Sami are engaged and plan to wed. However, he leaves her at the altar after Carrie uncovers the truth about Will's paternity. Sami renames her son William Reed Roberts and leaves town. She returns and befriends Franco Kelly (Victor Alfieri). They become engaged; Franco is using her to get a greencard and stay in the country. He is murdered on their wedding day. Sami sees the body and faints near it. Lucas's mother Kate Roberts (Lauren Koslow) frames Sami for the murder so that she will go to jail and Lucas can have full custody of Will. Sami is convicted and sentenced to death for the murder. In the middle of her execution via injection, Lucas confesses to the murder in an attempt to save her life. Unbeknownst to Lucas, Roberto signed a false confession on his death bed which leads to a stay of execution from the governor. Sami is freed and falls in love with Brandon Walker (Matt Cedeno), who helps her regain full custody of Will. Brandon and Sami are married briefly. However, her lies and schemes end the marriage. Sami has an accident at the DiMera mansion and falls through the window. Lucas helps her recover and they fall in love. The become engaged, much to Kate's chagrin. Kate drugs Sami and places her in Brandon's bed the night before her marriage to Lucas in a bid to end the engagement. Lucas leaves Sami.", "Sami Brady. Upon Lucas' return to Days of our Lives in 2012, a poll ran by Soap Opera Digest revealed that majority of fans wanted Lucas and Sami back together.[40] While in the Witness Protection Program while pregnant with her second child with EJ, Sami fell in love with her body guard Rafe.[30] When asked who out of Lucas, EJ or Rafe should be with Sami, Sweeney said \"You can't ask that,\" because \"that is one topic I am now scared to talk about because you say one thing and the fans get all kinds of crazy on you.\"[26] She said that it's so interesting to see how Sami has \"grown and changed\" and feels that the \"relationship with Rafe is definitely a different one from the way she’s been in the past.\"[26] Fans refer to Sami and Rafe as 'Safe'.[41] Sweeney said that it's been fun getting \"to know Galen\" and said \"We have fun working together, and it’s nice. It’s a new, different storyline for Sami.\"[33]", "Will Horton. In another published tweet a fan thanked Alison Sweeney (who plays Will's mother, Sami Brady) for \"voicing our disgust\" to the killing of Will.[25] Sweeney told Soap Opera Digest: \"I was angry. I felt betrayed and hurt\", and \"this particular story point is something that I just don't agree with and I didn't from the moment they told me. And I don't understand why they did it.\" Sweeney said: \"it breaks my heart that there is no Will anymore.\"[129]", "EJ DiMera. Upon the character's 2006 re-introduction, EJ is immediately taken with Sami Brady, with the pairing becoming one of the most popular and controversial couples in recent history with the controversy stemming from EJ forcing Sami into having sex with him in exchange for his help in saving the life of her longtime love, Lucas Horton. This sexual encounter also produces their son, Johnny. The couple's first marriage is for convenience allowing EJ to stay in the country when he begins having problems with immigration. EJ also has a chaotic relationship with Sami's nemesis, Nicole Walker. EJ and Sami's relationship is also rivaled by Sami's relationship with Rafe Hernandez. EJ reunites with Sami but dies after being shot by his disloyal bodyguard that was hired by rival Clyde Weston.", "Eric Brady. In February 2011, it was reported that Greg Vaughan, known for his roles as General Hospital's Lucky Spencer and The Young and the Restless's Diego Guittierez, had turned down a testing deal with Days.[11] But when in June 2012 Soap Opera Digest announced that Vaughan would star in the Hallmark movie Second Chances alongside Alison Sweeney (who plays Eric's twin sister Sami on Days) rumors abounded that Days might really be interested in Vaughan for the role of Eric,[12] with TV Guide's Nelson Branco reporting that several sources were saying Vaughan had signed on as Eric, despite no confirmation from NBC.[13] The next month Soaps In Depth confirmed that Vaughan was set to join Days,[14] and on August 8, 2012, Soap Opera Digest revealed he had began taping as Eric Brady.[15] His first air date was later confirmed as November 13, 2012.[16] Vaughan told soap journalist Michael Fairman that when he initially auditioned for the role of Eric, he was rejected – but now he was happy that he had earned the job instead of having it handed to him.[17]", "James Scott (actor). On 27 September 2015, he reprised his role as EJ DiMera of Days of Our Lives on Last Week Tonight with John Oliver, reuniting with Alison Sweeney (as Sami Brady) in honour of Noujain Mustaffa and the Syrian refugee crises.[6]", "Sami Brady. E.J. tries to take custody of Johnny. But immigration wants to deport E.J., and Sami helps him by moving into the DiMera mansion with Johnny to show to immigration that they are a happily married couple. They have sex, and Lucas, released on house arrest, sees them at it. Although Sami ends her marriage to E.J., Lucas doesn't forgive her. E.J. moves on to Nicole Walker (Arianne Zucker), and Sami finds out she is pregnant again. She doesn't tell E.J., and after witnessing a murder, she goes into witness protection. She befriends her guard, Rafe Hernandez (Galen Gering), and gives birth to a daughter. Nicole miscarries E.J.'s child but pretends to still be pregnant and secretly illegally adopts a baby girl to pass off to E.J. as their own. Nicole then finds out that Sami's baby daughter is actually E.J.'s and she secretly switches the two baby girls, so that E.J. will be raising a child that is really his. Nicole's switch works and she begins raising Sami's child, Sydney DiMera, as her own. Sami is in love with Rafe, and together they raise the adopted baby, called Grace, thinking she is Sami's. But Grace contracts meningitis and dies, and Sami confesses to E.J. that Grace was \"his\", and E.J. is furious. Eventually, the baby switch is revealed and Sami is reunited with Sydney. But for revenge against Sami, E.J. kidnaps Sydney and makes everyone think she is dead. But he falls back in love with Sami and returns Sydney to her, pretending to be the hero. E.J. and Sami reconnect, and after her relationship with Rafe ends, she becomes engaged to E.J. However, at the wedding, Rafe presents evidence to Sami that E.J. was behind Sydney's kidnapping. She leaves E.J. for Rafe, and discovers that he had a plan to kidnap both his children and take them away forever. To stop him, she shoots him in the head. Rafe proposes to her while E.J. narrowly escapes death. He later wins full custody of the children and Sami marries Rafe. Johnny is diagnosed with eye cancer and she regains joint custody. After allowing Johnny and Sydney back into their mother's life, Stefano and E.J. switch Rafe with an impostor whose face they surgically alter so he can pose as Rafe's double.", "Gabi Hernandez. Following Arianna's tragic death, Gabi leaned on her sister-in-law Sami Brady's (Alison Sweeney) son, Will Horton (Chandler Massey) for support.[3] Of a possible Will and Gabi pairing, Rodriguez said \"I think that would be so perfect. They're so compatible. They're just very good people. I think that would be fun, and I think the audience would like that.\"[4] Both virgins, the couple had sex. However, Will soon lost all interest in sleeping with her again which was unsettling to Gabi.[19] Banus said \"To be completely denied by him in this way is definitely going to make her feel like something is wrong with her.\"[20] She also stated \"Gabi loves Will. Before they were ever boyfriend and girlfriend, they were best friends, who were there for each other.\"[20] It was then announced by Days of our Lives that Will would come out as gay. Banus looked forward to playing the \"fallout\", and said \"For me there are so many questions [...] How is Gabi going to react? Is she going to turn to somebody [else]? Is she going to break up with Will? Is he going to go behind her back? So many things could happen that could affect Gabi, her brother, Sami ... It's going to be an amazing storyline.\"[20] Previewing Gabi's reaction, the actress said: \"I feel like when it happens she is going to understand what it was. She is going to go through all those occasions where she felt something weird between them and know what it was. Obviously she will feel hurt because she's invested a lot.\"[21] The couple eventually parted ways.[13]", "Days of Our Lives characters (2000s). Sami Brady and Nicole Walker were both pregnant with EJ DiMera's babies. Nicole miscarried but pretended to still be pregnant. She planned to adopt Mia McCormick's baby and pass it off as hers with E.J. When Mia and Sami gave birth to girls on the same day, in the same medical clinic, almost at the same time, Nicole switched Sami's baby with Mia's baby (Nicole helped deliver Mia's baby), so that she and E.J. would raise a child that was biologically his.", "Lauren Koslow. In the role of vindictive call girl turned corporate executive Kate Roberts, Koslow flourished on Days of Our Lives quickly becoming a woman fans 'love to hate'. The character is known for her wickedness and deception, specifically her ongoing war with fellow Salem resident Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney), the former ex-fiance of Kate's son Austin (Austin Peck) and ex-fiance/current ex-wife of her son Lucas (Bryan Dattilo), and numerous affairs and romantic entanglements. Other notable character conflicts include Kate's mysterious past with series villain Stefano DiMera (Joseph Mascolo), her rocky marriage with mogul Victor Kiriakis (John Aniston), and her rivalries with crazed socialite Vivian Alamain (Louise Sorel) and Nicole Walker DiMera. Kate is the mother of Lucas Horton, Rex Brady, Cassie Brady, Philip Kiriakis, Billie Reed, and Austin Reed.", "Sami Brady. TV Guide's Nelson Branco named Lucas and Sami one of soap's greatest supercouples, and said \"For years all this couple could think of was breaking up Austin and Carrie, until one magical day, partners-in-crime and cohorts Sami and Lucas realized they were in love with each other! Now as Days’ reigning super couple, they face the evil wrath of EJ and his family, The DiMeras. Will Sami marry EJ, the man who raped her to end this family feud forever — and will Lucas be able to forgive her?\"[37] Despite this, the couple divorced and despite minor reunions since, haven't been a couple.[30] James Scott said \"They’re not really re-visiting it. They have never done it. I think it’s about time, frankly. There is a good opportunity for story there. Alison Sweeney (Sami) and I work very well together. It’s sort of a fairy tale. They don’t play it so much now, but the Bradys and the DiMeras have a history.\"[38] Scott also noted that EJ and Sami \"love each other\" but not necessarily in a romantic way.[38] On-Air On-Soaps said \"legions of fans are waiting for their beloved EJami duo to finally start a full-blown romance ... something that has been teased, and teased, and teased for years.\"[39] He romances with Lucas and EJ have been popular with viewers, who call the pairings 'Lumi' and 'Ejami.'[38]", "Sami Brady. Lucas believes that Sami has changed for the better, but Kate reveals Sami's misdeeds as \"Stan,\" and Lucas calls off the wedding. Austin Reed returns to Salem and befriends Sami. Carrie Brady also returns after ending her relationship with Mike Horton. Lucas and Austin, now business rivals, attempt to buy out Carrie's company. Lucas backs out, finding out that Carrie runs the entire company, and that once again, Sami manipulated him. Austin and Carrie fall back in love and plan their future together when Carrie learns that Austin's company has taken over Highstyle. Carrie dates Lucas on the rebound. Austin does the same with Sami, and both couples become engaged.", "Carrie Brady. Throughout the show, Carrie has been involved in classic soap opera storylines. Her romantic pairing with Austin Reed (Austin Peck; Patrick Muldoon) led them to be labeled a supercouple. She is the daughter of Anna DiMera (Leann Hunley) and Roman Brady (at the time Wayne Northrop, later Josh Taylor), though as a child she was mainly raised by her step-parents, Marlena Evans (Deidre Hall) and John Black (Drake Hogestyn). Carrie is a member of the Brady family, one of the show's two core families. She has a long-standing rivalry with her sister Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney); Sami has routinely tried to steal Austin from Carrie. Carrie and Sami started to get along better, but their closeness fell apart when Carrie fell in love with Sami's then-husband, Rafe Hernandez, in 2012." ]

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[ "Human brain. The cerebrum has a contralateral organisation with each hemisphere of the brain interacting primarily with one half of the body: the left side of the brain interacts with the right side of the body, and vice versa. The developmental cause for this is uncertain.[98] Motor connections from the brain to the spinal cord, and sensory connections from the spinal cord to the brain, both cross sides in the brainstem. Visual input follows a more complex rule: the optic nerves from the two eyes come together at a point called the optic chiasm, and half of the fibres from each nerve split off to join the other.[99] The result is that connections from the left half of the retina, in both eyes, go to the left side of the brain, whereas connections from the right half of the retina go to the right side of the brain.[100] Because each half of the retina receives light coming from the opposite half of the visual field, the functional consequence is that visual input from the left side of the world goes to the right side of the brain, and vice versa.[98] Thus, the right side of the brain receives somatosensory input from the left side of the body, and visual input from the left side of the visual field.[101][102]", "Cerebrum. The cerebrum is divided by the medial longitudinal fissure into two cerebral hemispheres, the right and the left. The cerebrum is contralaterally organized, i.e., right hemisphere controls and processes signals from the left side of the body, while the left hemisphere controls and processes signals from the right side of the body.[3] There is a strong but not complete bilateral symmetry between the hemispheres. The lateralization of brain function looks at the known and possible differences between the two.", "Split-brain. The two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex are linked by the corpus callosum, through which they communicate and coordinate actions and decisions. Communication and coordination between the two hemispheres is essential because each hemisphere has some separate functions.[7] The right hemisphere of the cortex excels at nonverbal and spatial tasks, whereas the left hemisphere is more dominant in verbal tasks, such as speaking and writing. The right hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the left side of the body. In a cognitive sense the right hemisphere is responsible for recognition of objects and timing, and in an emotional sense it is responsible for empathy, humor and depression. On the other hand, the left hemisphere controls the primary sensory functions of the right side of the body and is responsible for scientific and math skills, and logic.[8] The extent of specialized brain function by an area remains under investigation. It is claimed that the difference between the two hemispheres is that the left hemisphere is \"analytic\" or \"logical\" while the right hemisphere is \"holistic\" or \"intuitive\".[9] Many simple tasks, especially comprehension of inputs, require functions that are specific to both the right and left hemispheres and together form a one direction systematized way of creating an output[clarification needed] through the communication and coordination that occurs between hemispheres.[10]", "Corticospinal tract. Because some of the connections cross the midline, each side of the brain is responsible for controlling muscles for the limbs on opposite sides of the body, while controlling trunk muscles on the same side of the body.[1]", "Lateralization of brain function. To get a basic understanding of this complex issue it is easiest to first consider the left (LHS) and right (RHS) hemispheres as distinct but interacting entities. These interactions come in the form of both excitatory and inhibitory signals crossing the corpus callosum and other hemispheric bridges.[5][6] As LHS and RHS each have unique interpretations of situations these signals allow for discussion and an ultimate decision to be made.[7] This interaction is called hemispheric rivalry.[8] This term is apt as both hemispheres are in conflict yet on the same team. It has been theorized that in humans the reliance on both hemispheres is the basis of a number of functions including consciousness.[9] Despite this theory, however, there have been fully conscious, otherwise healthy individuals who have had half their brain removed due to Rasmussen's Syndrome, with particularly good outcomes if their other hemisphere was removed during childhood.[citation needed]", "Cerebral hemisphere. The vertebrate cerebrum (brain) is formed by two cerebral hemispheres that are separated by a groove, the longitudinal fissure. The brain can thus be described as being divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Each of these hemispheres has an outer layer of grey matter, the cerebral cortex, that is supported by an inner layer of white matter. In eutherian (placental) mammals, the hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a very large bundle of nerve fibers. Smaller commissures, including the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure and the fornix, also join the hemispheres and these are also present in other vertebrates. These commissures transfer information between the two hemispheres to coordinate localized functions.", "Human brain. The internal carotid arteries supply oxygenated blood to the front of the brain and the vertebral arteries supply blood to the back of the brain.[52] These two circulations join together in the circle of Willis, a ring of connected arteries that lies in the interpeduncular cistern between the midbrain and pons.[53]", "Human brain. The blood in the deep part of the brain drains, through a venous plexus into the cavernous sinus at the front, and the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses at the sides, and the inferior sagittal sinus at the back.[58] Blood drains from the outer brain into the large superior sagittal sinus, which rests in the midline on top of the brain. Blood from here joins with blood from the straight sinus at the confluence of sinuses.[58]", "Visual system. The optic nerves from both eyes meet and cross at the optic chiasm,[31][32] at the base of the hypothalamus of the brain. At this point the information coming from both eyes is combined and then splits according to the visual field. The corresponding halves of the field of view (right and left) are sent to the left and right halves of the brain, respectively, to be processed. That is, the right side of primary visual cortex deals with the left half of the field of view from both eyes, and similarly for the left brain.[29] A small region in the center of the field of view is processed redundantly by both halves of the brain.", "Both Sides of the Brain. Both Sides of the Brain is the fourth studio album by American hip hop musician Del the Funky Homosapien. It was released via Hieroglyphics Imperium Recordings on April 11, 2000.", "Circle of Willis. The anterior communicating artery connects the two anterior cerebral arteries and could be said to arise from either the left or right side.", "Commissural fiber. The commissural fibers or transverse fibers are axons that connect the two hemispheres of the brain. In contrast to commissural fibers, association fibers connect regions within the same hemisphere of the brain, and projection fibers connect each region to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord.[1]", "Anterior commissure. The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a white matter tract (a bundle of axons) connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals.", "Commissural fiber. The anterior commissure (also known as the precommissure) is a tract that connects the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline, and placed in front of the columns of the fornix. The great majority of fibers connecting the two hemispheres travel through the corpus callosum, which is over 10 times larger than the anterior commissure, and other routes of communication pass through the hippocampal commissure or, indirectly, via subcortical connections. Nevertheless, the anterior commissure is a significant pathway that can be clearly distinguished in the brains of all mammals.", "Human brain. The left and right sides of the brain appear symmetrical, but they function asymmetrically.[103] For example, the counterpart of the left-hemisphere motor area controlling the right hand is the right-hemisphere area controlling the left hand. There are, however, several important exceptions, involving language and spatial cognition. The left frontal lobe is dominant for language. If a key language area in the left hemisphere is damaged, it can leave the victim unable to speak or understand,[103] whereas equivalent damage to the right hemisphere would cause only minor impairment to language skills.", "Split-brain. Sperry and Gazzaniga went on to conduct other tests to shed light on the language processing abilities of the right hemisphere as well as auditory and emotional reactions as well. The significance of the findings of these tests by Sperry and Gazzaniga were extremely telling and important to the psychology world. Their findings showed that the two halves of the brain have numerous functions and specialized skills. They concluded that each hemisphere really has its own functions. One's left hemisphere of the brain is thought to be better at writing, speaking, mathematical calculation, reading, and is the primary area for language. The right hemisphere is seen to possess capabilities for problem solving, recognizing faces, symbolic reasoning, art, and spatial relationships.", "Marshall McLuhan. Reading, writing, and hierarchical ordering are associated with the left brain, as are the linear concept of time and phonetic literacy. The left brain is the locus of analysis, classification, and rationality. The right brain is the locus of the spatial, tactile, and musical. \"Comprehensive awareness\" results when the two sides of the brain are in true balance. Visual Space is associated with the simplified worldview of Euclidean geometry, the intuitive three dimensions useful for the architecture of buildings and the surveying of land. It is too rational and has no grasp of the acoustic. Acoustic Space is multisensory.", "Educational neuroscience. The idea that the two hemispheres of the brain may learn differently has virtually no grounding in neuroscience research.[4] The idea has arisen from the knowledge that some cognitive skills appear differentially localised to a specific hemisphere (e.g., language functions are typically supported by left hemisphere brain regions in healthy right handed people). However, massive amount of fibre connections link the two hemispheres of the brain in neurologically healthy individuals. Every cognitive skill that has been investigated using neuroimaging to date employs a network of brain regions spread across both cerebral hemispheres, including language and reading, and thus no evidence exists for any type of learning that is specific to one side of the brain.", "Lateralization of brain function. The lateralization of brain function is the tendency for some neural functions or cognitive processes to be more dominant in one hemisphere than the other. The medial longitudinal fissure separates the human brain into two distinct cerebral hemispheres, connected by the corpus callosum. Although the macrostructure of the two hemispheres appears to be almost identical, different composition of neuronal networks allows for specialized function that is different in each hemisphere.[1]", "Trigeminal nerve. The secondary neurons in each pathway decussate (cross the spinal cord or brainstem), because the spinal cord develops in segments. Decussated fibers later reach and connect these segments with the higher centers. The optic chiasm is the primary cause of decussation; nasal fibers of the optic nerve cross (so each cerebral hemisphere receives contralateral—opposite—vision) to keep the interneuronal connections responsible for processing information short. All sensory and motor pathways converge and diverge to the contralateral hemisphere.[2]", "Split-brain. The corpus callosum is a structure in the brain along the longitudinal fissure that facilitates much of the communication between the two hemispheres and its main function is in allowing for communication between the brain's right and left hemispheres. This structure is composed of white matter: millions of axons that have their dendrites and terminal buttons projecting in both the right and left hemisphere. However, there is evidence that the corpus callosum may also have some inhibitory functions.[11] Post-mortem research on human and monkey brains show that the corpus callosum is functionally organized. It proves that the right hemisphere is superior for detecting faces.[12] This organization results in modality-specific regions of the corpus callosum that are responsible for the transfer of different types of information. Research has revealed that the anterior midbody transfers motor information, the posterior midbody transfers somatosensory information, the isthmus transfers auditory information and the splenium transfers visual information.[13] Although much of the interhemispheric transfer occurs at the corpus callosum, there are trace amounts of transfer via subcortical pathways.", "Lateralization of brain function. Neuroscientists generally agree that around the lateral sulcus[60] (or Sylvian Fissure) in the left hemisphere of the brain, there is a neural loop involved both in understanding and producing spoken language. At the front end or beginning of this loop lies Broca's area, which is usually associated with the production of language, or language outputs. At the other end, or specifically in the superior posterior temporal lobe, lies Wernicke's area, which is associated with the processing of words that we hear being spoken, or language inputs. Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected by a large bundle of nerve fibres called the arcuate fasciculus.[60]", "Cranial nerves. Cranial nerves have paths within and outside the skull. The paths within the skull are called \"intracranial\" and the paths outside the skull are called \"extracranial\". There are many holes in the skull called \"foramina\" by which the nerves can exit the skull. All cranial nerves are paired, which means that they occur on both the right and left sides of the body. The muscle, skin, or additional function supplied by a nerve on the same side of the body as the side it originates from, is referred to an ipsilateral function. If the function is on the opposite side to the origin of the nerve, this is known as a contralateral function.[8]", "Cerebrum. The cerebrum is made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and their cortices, (the outer layers of grey matter), and the underlying regions of white matter.[1] Its subcortical structures include the hippocampus, basal ganglia and olfactory bulb. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, separated from each other by a deep fissure called the longitudinal fissure.", "Lateralization of brain function. Research by Michael Gazzaniga and Roger Wolcott Sperry in the 1960s on split-brain patients led to an even greater understanding of functional laterality. Split-brain patients are patients who have undergone corpus callosotomy (usually as a treatment for severe epilepsy), a severing of a large part of the corpus callosum. The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain and allows them to communicate. When these connections are cut, the two halves of the brain have a reduced capacity to communicate with each other. This led to many interesting behavioral phenomena that allowed Gazzaniga and Sperry to study the contributions of each hemisphere to various cognitive and perceptual processes. One of their main findings was that the right hemisphere was capable of rudimentary language processing, but often has no lexical or grammatical abilities.[34] Eran Zaidel also studied such patients and found some evidence for the right hemisphere having at least some syntactic ability.", "Split-brain. Further research had continued by Roger Sperry up until his death in 1994 and Michael Gazzaniga still is researching the split-brain. Their findings have been rarely critiqued and disputed, however a popular belief that some people are more \"right-brained\" or \"left-brained\" has developed. In the mid 1980s Jarre Levy, a psychobiologist at the University of Chicago, had set out and been in the forefront of scientists who wanted to dispel the notion we have two functioning brains. She believes that because each hemisphere has separate functions that they must integrate their abilities instead of separating them. Levy also claims that no human activity uses only one side of the brain. In 1998 a French study by Hommet and Billiard was published that questioned Sperry and Gazzaniga's study that severing the corpus callosum actually divides the hemispheres of the brain. They found that children born without a corpus callosum demonstrated that information was being transmitted between hemispheres, they concluded that subcortical connections must be present in these children with this rare brain malformation. They are unclear about whether these connections are present in split-brain patients though. Another study by Parsons, Gabrieli, Phelps, and Gazzaniga in 1998 demonstrated that split-brain patients may commonly perceive the world differently from the rest of us. Their study suggested that communication between brain hemispheres is necessary for imaging or simulating in your mind the movements of others. Scientist Morin's research on inner speech in 2001 suggested that an alternative for interpretation of commissurotomy according to which split-brain patients exhibit two uneven streams of self-awareness: a \"complete\" one in the left hemisphere and a \"primitive\" one in the right hemisphere.[6]", "Lateralization of brain function. The role of hemispheric rivalry has become a major talking point for those studying the generation of consciousness within the brain. Some believe the brain’s state of conflict is integrally linked to intelligence and genuine free will.[27]", "Lateralization of brain function. In gaining a fuller understanding of the interaction and function of cerebral hemispheres one must trace neural networks. The basis of the correlation of LHS with action and emotion is its connectivity with specialized parts throughout both hemispheres that play a role in those behaviors. Most notably LHS has been shown to have integral connections to insular cortex and amygdala. Similarly, the association of RHS with inaction and calculation is tied to its extensive networks connecting to the anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex and prefrontal cortices.[20] These specialized areas are implicated in the calculative and inhibitory processes of inaction and those related to delayed gratification.[21][22] In studies looking at individuals with damaged LHS invariably the temporal lobe, insula and amygdala also sustained connectivity damage.[23] Limiting the connectivity of such areas seriously limits the effectiveness by which they operate. This means that although logistically the LHS is not the ‘emotional’ hemisphere its connectivity with emotion related areas is crucial to their functioning.[24] This same process implicates the RHS as the ‘calculative’ hemisphere, though logistically it is not.[25][26]", "Anterior commissure. It serves in this way to connect the two temporal lobes, but it also contains decussating fibers from the olfactory tracts, and is a part of the neospinothalamic tract for pain. The anterior commissure also serves to connect the two amygdalae.", "Circulatory system. The brain has a dual blood supply that comes from arteries at its front and back. These are called the \"anterior\" and \"posterior\" circulation respectively. The anterior circulation arises from the internal carotid arteries and supplies the front of the brain. The posterior circulation arises from the vertebral arteries, and supplies the back of the brain and brainstem. The circulation from the front and the back join together (anastomise) at the Circle of Willis.", "Law of specific nerve energies. In 1945, Roger Sperry showed that it is the location in the brain to which nerves attach that determines experience. He studied amphibians whose optic nerves cross completely, so that the left eye connects to the right side of the brain and the right eye connects to the left side of the brain. He was able to cut the optic nerves and cause them to regrow on the opposite side of the brain so that the left eye now connected to the left side of the brain and the right eye connected to the right side of the brain. He then showed that these animals made the opposite movements from the ones they would have made before the operation. For example, before the operation, the animal would move to the left to get away from a large object approaching from the right. After the operation, the animal would move to the right in response to the same large object approaching from the right. Sperry showed similar results in other animals including mammals (rats), this work contributing to his Nobel Prize in 1981.", "Central nervous system. Connecting each of the hemispheres is the corpus callosum as well as several additional commissures.[8] One of the most important parts of the cerebral hemispheres is the cortex, made up of gray matter covering the surface of the brain. Functionally, the cerebral cortex is involved in planning and carrying out of everyday tasks.[8]" ]

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[ "Wonder Woman (2017 film). Diana Prince, in modern Paris, receives a photographic plate of herself and four men taken during World War I, prompting her to recall her past. Daughter of Queen Hippolyta, Diana was raised on the hidden island of Themyscira, home to the Amazonian warrior women created by Zeus to protect mankind. Hippolyta shares the Amazonian history with Diana, including how Ares, Zeus's son, became jealous of humanity and orchestrated its destruction. When the other gods attempted to stop him, Ares killed all but Zeus, who used the last of his power to wound Ares and force his retreat (thus dying in the process). Zeus left the Amazons the island and a weapon, the \"Godkiller\", to prepare them for Ares' return.", "Wonder Woman. A stand-alone #0 issue was released in September which explored Diana's childhood and her tutelage under Ares, the God of War, now known most often as simply 'War'.[88] The issue was narrated in the style of a typical Silver Age comic book and saw Diana in her childhood years.[194] The main plot of the issue was Diana training under War as he thought of her being an extraordinary girl with immense potential. The issue ultimately concluded with Diana learning and experiencing the importance of mercy, which she first learned when War showed it to her during their sparring. This later translated into her refusal to kill the Minotaur – a task given to her by War; however, this show of mercy makes her a failure in War's eyes, which was actually his fault since he inadvertently \"taught\" her mercy and affection as his protege.[88][194][195] Later in the series, Wonder Woman is forced to kill War during a conflict with her evil half-brother, Zeus' son First Born, and herself becomes the God of War. After the Amazons are restored, she rules over them both as a warrior queen and God of War, as the ongoing conflict with First Born escalates. At the end of Azzarello's run, as part of a final conflict, Wonder Woman kills First Born, while Zeke is revealed to have been Zeus' plan for resurrection, with Zola revealed to have been a mortal shell for the goddess Athena, who gave birth to Zeus just as he once did to her. Wonder Woman pleads with Athena not to allow the Zola personality, whom she has grown to love as a friend, die with Athena's awakening. Athena leaves the site in animal form, leaving a stunned and confused Zola behind with Wonder Woman.[196]", "Wonder Woman. In the early 1970s the character returned to her superhero roots in the Justice League of America and to the World War II era in her own title.[38] This however, was ultimately due to the popularity of the TV series at the time also having Wonder Woman set in WW2 era, and was shifted back to the 1970s era once the TV show did the same.", "Wonder Woman. Starting in Wonder Woman Vol 2 #51, The Amazons, who had revealed their presence to the world in Wonder Woman Vol 2 #50, are blamed for a series of murders and for the theft of various artifacts. The Amazons are then taken into custody, Queen Hippolyta is nowhere to be found and Steve Trevor is forced by General Yedziniak to attack Themyscira. These events lead to the \"War of the Gods\" occurring. The culprit of the murders, thefts and the framing of the Amazons is revealed to be the witch Circe, who \"kills\" Diana by reverting her form back into the clay she was born from. Later, Wonder Woman is brought back to life and together with Donna Troy, battles Circe and ultimately defeats her.[150][151][152][153] Circe would later return by unknown means.", "Wonder Woman (2017 film). Initially forbidding Diana to train as a warrior, Hippolyta allows her sister Antiope to train Diana, only more rigorously than any other warrior. In 1918, Diana, now a young woman, rescues American pilot Captain Steve Trevor when his plane crashes off the Themysciran coast. The island is soon invaded by a German ship pursuing Trevor. The Amazons kill the crew, but Antiope sacrifices herself to save Diana (by taking the bullet fired from a German marine that was meant to target Diana). Steve is interrogated with the Lasso of Hestia, and reveals that a war is consuming the outside world, and that he is an Allied spy. He has stolen a notebook of the chief chemist Isabel Maru, who is attempting to engineer a deadlier form of mustard gas, under the orders of General Erich Ludendorff from a weapon facility in the Ottoman Empire. Believing Ares to be responsible for the war, Diana arms herself with the \"Godkiller\" sword, the lasso, and her armor before leaving Themyscira with Steve to locate and destroy Ares for good.", "Hippolyta (DC Comics). On one visit to the island, Diana discovered that the two tribes of Amazons were on the verge of a civil war due to unresolved issues and mysterious acts of sabotage made on the Bana-Mighdallian's construction of their city. When both Diana and Donna confronted Hippolyta about her inaction of rule at such a dangerous time, Hippolyta became very upset with her two daughters and told them that she intended to continue her role as Wonder Woman in the outside world and that Diana and Donna were to rule the island in her absence. Unfortunately the civil war took place after all and many Amazons on both sides were killed. Returning to the island, Hippolyta and Diana agreed to denounce their royal titles in order for both Amazon tribes to have an opportunity for peace, having both tribes gain equal footing in united rule.[34][14]", "Wonder Woman. Wonder Woman's character was created during World War II; the character in the story was initially depicted fighting Axis military forces as well as an assortment of colorful supervillains, although over time her stories came to place greater emphasis on characters, deities, and monsters from Greek mythology. Many stories depicted Wonder Woman rescuing herself from bondage, which defeated the \"damsels in distress\" trope that was common in comics during the 1940s.[12] In the decades since her debut, Wonder Woman has gained a cast of enemies bent on eliminating the Amazon, including classic villains such as Ares, Cheetah, Doctor Poison, Circe, Doctor Psycho, and Giganta, along with more recent adversaries such as Veronica Cale and the First Born. Wonder Woman has also regularly appeared in comic books featuring the superhero teams Justice Society (from 1941) and Justice League (from 1960).[13]", "Wonder Woman. The demon Neron engaged Diana in battle and managed to kill her.[159] The Olympian Gods granted Diana divinity and the role of the Goddess of Truth who started to reside in Olympus; her mother Hippolyta then assumed the role of Wonder Woman and wore her own different incarnation of the costume.[159] In Wonder Woman Vol 2 #136, Diana was banished from Olympus due to interfering in earthly matters (as Diana was unable to simply watch over people's misery on earth).[159] She immediately returned to her duties as Wonder Woman, but ran into conflicts with her mother over her true place and role as Hippolyta seemed accustomed to her life in America.[159] Their fight remained unsolved, as Hippolyta died during an intergalactic war.[159] Themyscira was destroyed during the war, but was restored and reformed as a collection of floating islands.[159] Circe later resurrected Hippolyta in Wonder Woman Vol 3 #8.[160]", "Wonder Woman (TV series). In early 1942, during the Second World War, American pilot Major Steve Trevor (Waggoner) bails out during an air battle over the Bermuda Triangle, location of Paradise Island.[7] The island is home to the Amazons: beautiful, ageless women with great strength, agility, and intelligence. Amazon princess Diana (Carter) rescues the handsome unconscious Trevor and helps nurse him back to health. Her mother, the Amazon queen (Cloris Leachman; succeeded by Carolyn Jones and Beatrice Straight in later episodes), decrees that Olympic-style games shall be held to select one Amazon to return Trevor back to America. But she forbids her own daughter Diana, the princess, to participate. Diana states that since she is not allowed to participate, she does not want to be present for the games and will take a retreat to the other side of the island. The games are held with participants wearing masks and numbers, shown as Roman numerals in triangles on white sleeveless short tunic-dresses. Among the contestants is a blonde Amazon. During the events, the blonde Amazon shows exceptional skills and she ties for first with another Amazon. To break the deadlock, the \"bullets and bracelets\" event is decided as the tiebreaker, wherein each of the women takes turns shooting at the other; the one being shot at must deflect the bullets with her bulletproof bracelets. The blond woman wins the event, superficially injuring her opponent's arm. When she is pronounced the winner, she removes her mask and wig and reveals that she is Diana. Her mother, though initially shocked, relents and allows her to go to America.", "Hippolyta (DC Comics). Hippolyta continued to establish a distinguished career as Wonder Woman. The Queen enjoyed her role in the Justice Society and became accustomed to life in the United States. Mother and daughter fought on several occasions over Hippolyta's past expected roles — hero or queen — and their differences were unresolved when the queen sacrificed herself to save the Earth from Imperiex during the Imperiex War featured in Our Worlds at War.[35] Ironically Hippolyta died at the birthplace of the Amazons, near the Aegean Sea in Greece. However she was allowed to see her daughter one last time and say goodbye. She, the spirit of her sister Antiope, and Steve Trevor's mother Diana Rockwell Trevor became ghostly guardians of the island watching over both tribes as their distant and former queens.[36]", "Wonder Woman (2017 film). In London, they deliver Maru's notebook to the Supreme War Council, where Sir Patrick Morgan is trying to negotiate an armistice with Germany. Diana translates Maru's notes and reveals that the Germans plan to release the deadly gas at the Western Front. Although forbidden by his commander to act, Steve, with secret funding from Sir Patrick, recruits spy Sameer, marksman Charlie, and smuggler Chief to help prevent the gas from being released. The team reaches the front in Belgium. Diana goes alone through No Man's Land and captures the enemy trench, allowing the Allied forces to help her liberate the village of Veld. The team briefly celebrates, while Diana and Steve grow closer romantically.", "Wonder Woman. Initially, Wonder Woman was an Amazon champion who wins the right to return Steve Trevor – a United States intelligence officer whose plane had crashed on the Amazons' isolated island homeland – to \"Man's World\" and to fight crime and the evil of the Nazis.[30]", "Themyscira (DC Comics). With Diana and Hippolyta adventuring in Patriarch’s World as Wonder Woman for longer and longer periods of time, the Banas and the Themyscirans were manipulated into a bloody civil war at the hands of Magala, who had been possessed by the spirit of Antiope’s murderer, Ariadne. Using the pre-existing disdain of the tribes against each other, Magala used allies among both Amazon cities to spark the vengeful conflict. The island was left in ruins, and the war was only stopped when Hippolyta abolished the royal family, renounced her throne.", "Wonder Woman. Issue #600 introduced Wonder Woman to an alternate time-line created by the Gods in which Themyscira had been destroyed and the Amazons scattered around the world.[42] In this timeline, Diana is an orphan raised in New York who is learning to cope with her powers. The entire world has forgotten Wonder Woman's existence and the main story of this run was of Diana trying to restore reality even though she does not properly remember it herself.[173] Diana has no memories of her prior adventures as Wonder Woman, recollecting her memories in bits and pieces and receiving different abilities and resources (such as the power of flight and her lasso) during the progression of her adventure. A trio of Death Goddesses called The Morrigan acted as Wonder Woman's main enemies.[174] Diana ultimately defeats the evil goddesses and returns everything back to normal.[175]", "Ares (DC Comics). In the DC Rebirth reboot, Wonder Woman's origin is retold in the \"Year One\" storyline. A group of people called the \"Sear\" terrorize a mall where Diana and her friends are exploring. They have been infected with the Maru Virus which causes them to lash out in homicidal rage, though Diana and Steve Trevor are able to defeat them and Barbara Ann Minerva discovers 'Sear' is an anagram of 'Ares.'", "Wonder Woman. At the end of the 1960s, under the guidance of Mike Sekowsky, Wonder Woman surrendered her powers in order to remain in Man's World rather than accompany her fellow Amazons to another dimension. Wonder Woman begins using the alias Diana Prince and opens a mod boutique. She acquires a Chinese mentor named I Ching, who teaches Diana martial arts and weapons skills. Using her fighting skill instead of her powers, Diana engaged in adventures that encompassed a variety of genres, from espionage to mythology.[35][36] This phase of her story was directly influenced by the British spy thriller The Avengers and Diana Rigg's portrayal of Emma Peel.[37]", "Themyscira (DC Comics). When Wonder Woman's homeland is first introduced in 1941, it is referred to as Paradise Island, a secret and hidden island on Earth inhabited by the Amazons of myth. The Amazons were given a break from the hostilities and temptations of Man's World, and so were decreed to start a new life improving themselves by sequestering themselves to this island away from ancient Greece, after being enslaved by Hercules. With the island blessed by the Olympian Gods, no man was allowed to physically set foot on it. When United States Army intelligence officer Steve Trevor's plane crashes there during World War II, he is nursed back to health just outside of the capital city by Princess Diana, daughter of the island's Queen Hippolyta. Diana later competes against other Amazons to become Wonder Woman, the emissary from Paradise Island who will accompany Steve back to \"Man's World\" and aid in the fight against the Axis powers. It was established that all Amazons are adept at a discipline called \"bullets and bracelets\" in which they are able to deflect bullets fired at them using the chain bands on their wrists.", "Steve Trevor. As part of DC Comics' 2016 relaunch of its monthly titles and their continuity, DC Rebirth, Wonder Woman's origin is retold in the \"Year One\" storyline. Steve crashes on the island of Themyscira and is the sole survivor. He is saved and nursed back to health by the Amazons, and a competition is held to determine the one to take Steve and the bodies of his fallen comrades back to America, one that Diana wins. In the United States, Trevor relates to the authorities his experiences with the Amazons and Diana, and the two become allies in subsequent conflicts with terrorists, the Greek god of war Ares, a global virus, an African cult, a paramilitary group called Poison, and the supervillain group Godwatch.[volume & issue needed]", "Steve Trevor. In the original version of Wonder Woman's origin story, Steve Trevor was an intelligence officer in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II whose plane crashed on Paradise Island, the isolated homeland of the Amazons. He was nursed back to health by the Amazon princess Diana, who fell in love with him and accompanied him when he returned to the outside world. There she became Wonder Woman (and also his coworker, Diana Prince).", "Our Worlds at War. The crossover, which occurred mainly through the monthly Superman titles, Wonder Woman, and a series of character themed one-shot specials, dealt with the heroes of the DC Universe facing the threat of the cosmic force known as Imperiex, who attacked Earth for the purpose of using the planet as the staging ground for the \"hollowing\" of the entire universe.", "Superman/Wonder Woman. In the South Pacific Ocean, Zod and Faora build a portal to the Phantom Zone, intending to bring through the armies of Warworld. Using the weapons created by Hephaestus, Superman and Wonder Woman nearly defeat Zod and Faora, but are themselves defeated after Apollo intervenes. Zod and Faora place Superman and Wonder Woman inside a nearby nuclear reactor, as they finish constructing the portal. However, Superman and Wonder Woman set off a nuclear explosion inside the reactor, destroying the portal before it is opened.[14]", "Wonder Woman (TV series). Season 2 establishes that Wonder Woman remained active from 1942 to 1945 and was honored by Franklin D. Roosevelt for her work against Axis attacks.[8]", "Wonder Woman. The Greek messenger god, Hermes, entrusts Wonder Woman with the protection of Zola, a young woman, who is pregnant with Zeus's child, from Hera, seething with jealousy and determined to kill the child.[178][179][180][181][182] With the appearance of a bizarre, new, chalk-white enemy, the goddess Strife (a reimagined version of Eris, the goddess of discord who had battled Wonder Woman in post-Crisis continuity), Wonder Woman discovers she, herself, is the natural-born daughter of Hippolyta and Zeus, who, after a violent clash, became lovers.[123] Hippolyta revealed Diana's earlier origin story to be a lie, spread amongst the Amazons to protect Diana from the wrath of Hera, who is known for hunting and killing several illegitimate offspring of Zeus.[123]", "Wonder Woman (2017 film). A day before Whedon's departure from Wonder Woman, Warner Bros. and Silver Pictures purchased a spec script for the film written by Matthew Jennison and Brent Strickland. Set during World War II, the script impressed executives at Silver Pictures.[82] However, Silver stated that he had purchased the script because he did not want the rights reverting; while stating the script had good ideas, Silver did not want the film to be a period piece.[94] By April 2008, Silver hired Jennison and Strickland to write a new script set in contemporary times that would not depict Wonder Woman's origin, but explore Paradise Island's history.[95] In November 2008, Beyoncé met with representatives from DC Comics and Warner Bros., to discuss her interest in portraying Wonder Woman.[96]", "Superman/Wonder Woman. In London, Superman and Wonder Woman meet up for a date and exchange gifts. However their date is interrupted by an unnatural storm forming in the North Atlantic Ocean. While Superman investigates the cause of the storm, Wonder Woman rescues a plane caught in its path and is mistakenly shot down by a Norwegian Navy vessel. Once aboard the ship, Wonder Woman is attacked by Doomsday.[9]", "Wonder Woman. In August 2010 (issue #600), J. Michael Straczynski took over the series' writing duties and introduced Wonder Woman to an alternate timeline created by the Gods in which Paradise Island had been destroyed and the Amazons scattered around the world.[42] In this timeline, Diana is an orphan raised in New York. The entire world has forgotten Wonder Woman's existence and the main story of this run was of Diana trying to restore reality even though she does not properly remember it herself. A trio of Death Goddesses called The Morrigan acted as the main enemy of Wonder Woman.[43][44] In this run, Wonder Woman wears a new costume designed by Jim Lee.[45] Straczynski determined the plot and continued writing duties until Wonder Woman #605; writer Phil Hester then continued his run, which ultimately concluded in Wonder Woman #614.[46]", "Wonder Woman (2017 film). A. O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that it \"briskly shakes off blockbuster branding imperatives and allows itself to be something relatively rare in the modern superhero cosmos. It feels less like yet another installment in an endless sequence of apocalyptic merchandising opportunities than like ... what's the word I'm looking for? A movie. A pretty good one, too.\"[224] Michael Phillips of Chicago Tribune compared the film to Captain America: The First Avenger, noting that as with \"the first Captain America movie over in the Marvel Comics universe, DC's Wonder Woman offers the pleasures of period re-creation for a popular audience. Jenkins and her design team make 1918-era London; war-torn Belgium; the Ottoman Empire; and other locales look freshly realized, with a strong point of view. There are scenes here of dispossessed war refugees, witnessed by an astonished and heartbroken Diana, that carry unusual gravity for a comic book adaptation.\"[225] Katie Erbland of IndieWire commended its thematic depth, explaining that \"Wonder Woman is a war movie. Patty Jenkins' first—and we hope not last—entry into the DC Expanded Universe is primarily set during World War I, but while the feature doesn't balk at war-time violence, it's the internal battles of its compelling heroine that are most vital.\"[226] Alonso Duralde of TheWrap similarly felt that, \"Diana's scenes of action are thrilling precisely because they're meant to stop war, not to foment it; the idea of a demi-god using love to fight war might sound goofy in the abstract, but Jenkins makes the concept work.\"[227] Ann Hornaday of The Washington Post praised Gadot and Pine's performances as well the film's detailed plot and narrative while comparing of some slow-motion action sequences to The Matrix.[228] Stephanie Zacharek of Time magazine hailed the film as a \"cut above nearly all the superhero movies that have been trotted out over the past few summers\" while praising Gadot's performance as \"charming\" and \"marvelous\" and commending Jenkins' direction of the film as a step forward for women directors in directing big-budget blockbuster films in Hollywood.[229]", "Wonder Woman (TV series). Despite good ratings for the series, ABC stalled on picking up the show for a second season. This was because Wonder Woman was a period piece, being set in the 1940s, which made the set, clothing, automobiles, etc. more expensive to produce. While ABC had not yet committed, the show's production company Warner Bros. listened to an offer from rival network CBS. While ABC continued to make up its mind, CBS agreed to pick up the series on condition that the setting be changed from World War II (the 1940s) to the modern day (the 1970s). Changing the title to The New Adventures of Wonder Woman, the series was moved away from international intrigue to a more conventional police/detective action-type show that was more common in the 1970s.", "Ares (DC Comics). From this base, he sought to defeat the Allied cause in World War II, sending thoughts of conquest, deception, and greed into the Axis leaders with the use of astral projection, but he found himself repeatedly thwarted by the Amazon champion Wonder Woman. When Wonder Woman rescued Steve Trevor from Mars, the War God ordered his three lieutenants to capture her. The Earl of Greed was sent and enlisted German aid, along with convincing the Dean of Holiday College to rob it, but failed and was imprisoned. The Duke of Deception gained Japanese help and captured Wonder Woman, but failed as she escaped before she left Earth and he was imprisoned. The Count of Conquest gained Italian help and by trickery succeeded in shackling Wonder Woman and Steve Trevor and bringing them to Mars. Greed and Deception were released while Wonder Woman was imprisoned in the dungeons. However, with the help of Etta Candy's spirit form, Wonder Woman was able to escape and overpower Mars, whose Iron Palace was destroyed by his weapons, though he survived. The Duke of Deception tried many times to defeat Wonder Woman, but failed despite his cunning and incredible technology, and Mars finally stripped him of his mighty appearance, showing him to be a weak, toothless, man. The Duke, after being set with the female slaves, caused them to rebel and briefly ruled Mars.", "Wonder Woman. The events of Crisis on Infinite Earths greatly changed and altered the history of the DC Universe. Wonder Woman's history and origin were considerably revamped by the event. Wonder Woman was now an emissary and ambassador from Themyscira (the new name for Paradise Island) to Patriarch's World, charged with the mission of bringing peace to the outside world. Various deities and concepts from Greek mythology were blended and incorporated into Wonder Woman's stories and origin. Diana was formed out of clay of the shores of Themyscira by Hippolyta, who wished for a child; the clay figure was then brought to life by the Greek deities. The Gods then blessed and granted her unique powers and abilities – beauty from Aphrodite, strength from Demeter, wisdom from Athena, speed and flight from Hermes, Eyes of the Hunter and unity with beasts from Artemis and sisterhood with fire and the ability to discern the truth from Hestia.[148] Due to the reboot, Diana's operating methods were made distinctive from Superman and Batman's with her willingness to use deadly force when she judges it necessary. In addition, her previous history and her marriage to Steve Trevor were erased. Trevor was introduced as a man much older than Diana who would later on marry Etta Candy.[149] Instead, Perez created Julia and Vanessa Kapatelis, a Greek-American scholar and her teenage daughter whom Diana would live with when she was in Man's world and would be major supporting characters in the series for years.", "Wonder Woman. The story then focuses on Wonder Woman's quest to rescue Zola from Hades, who had abducted her and taken her to Hell at the end of the sixth issue of the series.[184][185][186][187] The male children of the Amazons are introduced and Diana learns about the birth of her \"brothers\" – the Amazons used to infrequently invade ships coming near their island and force themselves on the sailors, before killing them. After nine months, the birth of the resulting female children was highly celebrated and they were inducted into the ranks of the Amazons while the male children were rejected. In order to save the male children from being drowned to death by the Amazons, Hephaestus traded weapons to the Amazons in exchange for them.[184][188][189]", "Wonder Woman. Following the events of the Darkseid War, Wonder Woman is told by the dying Myrina Black that on the night of Diana's birth, Hippolyta gave birth to a twin child. This child was revealed to be male, known as Jason, and is said to be incredibly powerful. Wonder Woman makes it her mission to find him.[205] At the same time, she finds the truth behind her origin and history is now cluttered, as she remembers two versions: the pre-Flashpoint one, and the New 52 rendition. She cannot locate Themiscyra or her fellow Amazons and the Lasso of Truth does not work for her anymore." ]

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[ "Snakehead (fish). Snakeheads became a national news topic in the United States because of the appearance of Channa argus, commonly known as northern snakeheads, spawning in a Crofton, Maryland, pond in 2002.[8] Northern snakeheads became permanently established in the Potomac River around 2004;[10] and possibly established in Florida.[8] in approximately 120 miles (190 km) of river, the population has surpassed 21,000 individuals.[11]", "Snakehead (fish). Humans have been introducing snakeheads to nonindigenous waters for over 100 years. In parts of Asia and Africa, the snakehead is considered a valuable food fish, and is produced in aquacultures (fisheries motivation) or by ignorance (as was the case in Crofton, Maryland). Some examples of the introduction of snakeheads to nonindigenous waters include:", "Snakehead (fish). The Channidae are well represented in the fossil record and known from numerous specimens. Research indicates snakeheads likely originated in the south Himalayan region of the Indian Subcontinent (modern-day northern India and eastern Pakistan) at least 50 million years ago (Mya), during the Early Eocene epoch. Two of the earliest known species, Eochanna chorlakkiensis Roe 1991 and Anchichanna kuldanensis Murray & Thewissen, 2008, have both been found in the Middle Eocene of Pakistan.[1][4] By 17 Mya, during the Early Miocene, Channidae had spread into western and central Eurasia, and by 8 Mya, during the late Tortonian, they could be found throughout Africa and East Asia.[5] As Channidae are adapted to climates of high precipitation with mean temperatures of 20 °C (68 °F), their migrations into Europe and Asia correspond to the development of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, which increased air humidity, and the intensification of the East Asian monsoon, respectively. Both weather patterns emerged due to greater vertical growth of the Alps, Pyrenees, and Himalayas, which affected Eurasian climatic patterns.[5]", "Snakehead (fish). According to the International Game Fish Association, Caleb Newton, a Spotsylvania County, Virginia resident, caught a world record 17 pound, 6 ounce northern snakehead at the junction of Aquia Creek and the Potomac River on June 1, 2013. The previous record, two ounces smaller, had been caught in 2004 in Miki, Kagawa, Japan.[14]", "Snakehead (fish). \"Since 2002, it has been illegal to possess a live snakehead in many US states, where they are considered a destructive invasive species.\"[8] Virginia has criminalized the \"introduc[tion]\" of snakeheads into the state without specific authorization, although the relevant statute does not explain whether mere importation is sufficient to constitute \"introduc[tion] into the Commonwealth\" or whether instead release into the environment is required.[9]", "Snakehead (fish). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, snakeheads have also been spotted in California, Delaware, Florida, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island.[12] In particular, the bullseye snakehead (Channa marulius) has become a major problem throughout South Florida, growing larger than 14 pounds (6.4 kg).[13]", "Snakehead (fish). The snakeheads are members of the freshwater perciform fish family Channidae, native to parts of Africa and Asia. These elongated, predatory fish are distinguished by their long dorsal fins, large mouths, and shiny teeth. They breathe air with gills, which allows them to migrate short distances over land. They have suprabranchial organs developing when they grow older,[2] which is a primitive form of a labyrinth organ. The two extant genera are Channa in Asia and Parachanna in Africa, consisting of about 40 species.", "Snakehead (fish). Snakeheads are considered valuable food fish. Called nga yant in Burmese, it is a prized fish eaten in a variety of ways. In Vietnam, they are called ca loc, ca qua, or ca chuoi; it is prized in clay pot dishes and pickled preparations. Larger species, such as Channa striata, Channa maculata, and Parachanna obscura, are farmed in aquaculture. In the United States, chefs have suggested controlling the snakehead invasion by serving them in restaurants.[15] In Indonesia, snakehead fish are called ikan gabus, served as the main parts of traditional dishes such as Betawi's pucung gabus, and considered to be a delicacy due to their rarity in wild and aquaculture, as they are harder to raise than other popular freshwater fish such as catfish and carp.", "Potomac River. A variety of fish inhabit the Potomac, including bass, muskellunge, pike, walleye. The northern snakehead, an invasive species resembling the native bowfin, lamprey, and American eel, was first seen in 2004.[27][28] Although rare, bull sharks can be found.[29]", "Snakehead (fish). Snakeheads can become invasive species and cause ecological damage because in many areas to which they are not native the absence of natural enemies gives them apex predator status. Not only can they breathe air, but they can also survive on land for up to four days, provided they are wet, and are known to migrate up to 400 metres (1/4 mile) on wet land to other bodies of water by wriggling with their body and fins. National Geographic has referred to snakeheads as \"Fishzilla\"[6] and the National Geographic Channel reported the \"northern snakehead reaches sexual maturity by age two or three. Each spawning-age female can release up to 15,000 eggs at once. Snakeheads can mate as often as five times a year. This means in just two years, a single female can release up to 150,000 eggs.\"[7]", "Snakehead (fish). They are valuable as a food source and have become notorious as an intentionally released invasive species.", "Snakehead (fish). After its release in non-native North American waters, either accidentally or intentionally, the aggressive and predator-free snakehead's reputation as a \"Frankenfish\"[16] or \"monster fish\" has become part of the culture[17] Besides mentions on TV shows such as The Sopranos,[18] the snakehead has been featured in three Sci-fi Channel original pictures entitled Snakehead Terror, Frankenfish, and Swarm of the Snakehead. In the Animal Planet TV series River Monsters, Jeremy Wade shows a dramatization of a snakehead, \"the fish from hell\", stalking an unsuspecting baby and Chihuahua. With the help of a snakehead researcher, however, Wade shows that although it is capable of living outside of water and is able to move on land, its weak pectoral muscles make movement difficult and render the snakehead an unlikely \"stalker\" on land.[19]", "Snakehead (fish). Two other genera are only known from fossils:", "Snakehead (fish). The snakeheads comprise two extant genera:", "Snake River. The Snake River was once one of the most important rivers for the spawning of anadromous fish—which are hatched in the headwaters of rivers, live in the ocean for most of their lives, and return to the river to spawn—in the United States.[100][101] The river supported species including chinook salmon, coho salmon, and sockeye salmon, as well as steelhead, white sturgeon, and Pacific lamprey. It is known that before the construction of dams on the river, there were three major chinook salmon runs in the Snake River; in the spring, summer and fall, totaling about 120,000 fish, and the sockeye salmon run was about 150,000. The historical barrier to fish migration on the Snake River was Shoshone Falls, a waterfall that occurs as the Snake River passes through the Snake River Plain.[100]", "Lake Erie. There was concern in 2007 that snakehead fish could get into the Great Lakes area.[84] Officials warn that if the fish invades, it could \"decimate the aquatic food chain\".[84] A YouTube video mentioned in a newspaper account has a man claiming that the fish could \"bite your entire hand off\". The fish can reach 5 feet 11 inches (1.80 m) in length and \"survive out of water for four days\" and \"has a mouth full of teeth that can shear fish in half\" and can \"eat ducks and small mammals.\"[84] The snakehead fish can not live in a lake that has completely frozen over. They must come to the surface to breathe via their swim bladder.", "Snake River. The Hudson's Bay Company first sent fur trappers into the Snake River watershed in 1819. The party of three traveled into the headwaters of the Owyhee River, a major southern tributary of the Snake, but disappeared.[67] Meanwhile, as American fur trappers kept coming to the region, the Hudson's Bay Company ordered the Canadian trappers to kill as many beavers as they could, eventually nearly eradicating the species from the Snake River watershed, under the \"rationale [that] if there are no beavers, there will be no reason for the Yanks ([Americans]) to come.\"[67] Their goal was to eventually gain rights over the Oregon Territory, a region covering Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and parts of Montana and Wyoming (most of the present-day region called the Pacific Northwest).[68] However, the area was eventually annexed into the United States.", "Snake River. More than 11,000 years ago, prehistoric Native Americans lived along the Snake. Salmon from the Pacific Ocean spawned by the millions in the river. These fish were central to the lives of the people along the Snake below Shoshone Falls. By the time Lewis and Clark crossed the Rockies and sighted the valley of a Snake tributary, the Nez Perce and Shoshone were the most powerful peoples in the region. Some tribes adopted use of horses after contact with Europeans, which reshaped their hunting and cultures for the next few hundred years before outside settlement. Later explorers and fur trappers further changed and used the resources of the Snake River basin. At one point, a hand sign made by the Shoshones representing fish was misinterpreted to represent a snake, giving the Snake River its name.", "Snakehead (fish). The various species of snakeheads differ greatly in size. Dwarf snakeheads, such as Channa gachua, do not surpass 25 cm (10 in) in length. Most other snakeheads reach between 30 and 90 cm (12 and 35 in). Five species (C. argus, C. barca, C. marulius, C. micropeltes and C. striata) can reach 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or more.[3]", "Snake River. The Lewis and Clark Expedition (1804–06) was the first American group to cross the Rocky Mountains and sail down the Snake and Columbia rivers to the Pacific Ocean.[62] Meriwether Lewis supposedly became the first American to sight the drainage basin of the Snake River after he crossed the mountains a few days ahead of his party on August 12, 1805, and sighted the Salmon River valley (a major Snake tributary) from Lemhi Pass, a few miles from the present-day site of Salmon, Idaho. The party later traveled north, descended the Lemhi River to the Salmon and attempted to descend it to the Snake, but found it impassable because of its violent rapids. The expedition named the Snake River the Lewis River, Lewis's River, or Lewis Fork, in his honor, and they traveled northwards to the Lochsa River, which they traveled via the Clearwater River into the lower Snake, and into the Columbia. They also referred to the Shoshone Indians as the \"Snake Indians\", which became the present-day name of the river.[63][64] The name \"Lewis Fork\", however, did not last.[62]", "Asian carp in North America. In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly Southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds.[16][17] The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin.[18] Although many sources cite the record floods of the 1990s as the means by which Asian carp escaped aquaculture ponds into the Mississippi River,[19] this is apocryphal. There is at least one known escape of bighead carp from aquaculture ponds in 1995, but bighead and silver carp were established in the Mississippi River basin prior to 1990.[20][21] Grass carp have been reproducing in the Mississippi River since the 1970s.[22]", "Snakehead (fish). Snakeheads are thrust-feeders that consume plankton, aquatic insects, and mollusks when small. As adults, they mostly feed on other fish (such as carp) or on frogs. In rare cases, small mammals such as rats are eaten.", "Sevendust. In 1994, bassist Vince Hornsby joined drummer Morgan Rose in a band called Snake Nation. John Connolly, a drummer, left his then band and joined Snake Nation as a guitarist. They recorded their first demo. Not happy with vocals, however, Snake Nation spent a year searching for a new singer before finding Lajon Witherspoon. Six months passed, Clint Lowery joined the band, and they renamed themselves Rumblefish.[1]", "Snake River. Later American explorers traveled throughout the Snake River area and up its major tributaries beginning in 1806, just after Lewis and Clark had returned. The first was John Ordway in 1806, who also explored the lower Salmon River. John Colter in 1808 was the first to sight the upper headwaters of the Snake River, including the Jackson Hole area.[65] In 1810, Andrew Henry, along with a party of fur trappers, discovered the Henrys Fork of the Snake River, which is now named after him. Donald Mackenzie sailed the lower Snake River in 1811, and later explorers included Wilson Price Hunt of the Astor Expedition (who gave the river the name \"Mad River\"),[66] Ramsay Crooks, Francisco Payelle, John Grey, Thyery Goddin, and many others after the 1830s.[65] Many of these later explorers were original members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition who had returned to map and explore the area in greater detail. Even later, American fur trappers scouted the area for beaver streams, but Canadian trappers from the British Hudson's Bay Company were by now a major competitor.", "Sockeye salmon. United States sockeye salmon populations are currently listed under the US Endangered Species Act[38] by the National Marine Fisheries Service as an endangered species in the Snake River and as a threatened species in Lake Ozette, Washington. The Snake River sockeye salmon was listed as endangered in November 1991, after the Shoshone-Bannock Tribe at Fort Hall Indian Reservation petitioned the National Marine Fisheries Service. Other sockeye populations in the upper Columbia River and in Puget Sound are not listed under the Act.", "Snake River (St. Croix River tributary). Along with the Knife River, this river served as the main waterway that connected the St. Croix River with Mille Lacs Lake. Chief Kappamappa, as recorded by Henry Schoolcraft, made his home at Chengwatana at the mouth of this river. Near the outlet of Pokegama Lake is a small stream called Mission Creek, named after a Presbyterian mission which brought the first printing press in Minnesota, used to print literature in the Ojibwe language. During the treaty-making periods, this river was inhabited by the Biitan-akiing-enabijig (\"Border-sitters\") who were equally Ojibwa as they were Dakota. The Biitan-akiing-enabijig had numerous skirmishes among themselves as they defined themselves as either Ojibwa or Dakota, giving a false perspective that the Mdewakanton Dakota Sioux and Ojibwa Nations were at constant war with each other. Eventually, the Biitan-akiing-enabijig who defined themselves as Ojibwa became part of the St. Croix Band of Lake Superior Chippewa, and the Snake River sub-band subsequently became part of the St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Minnesota, one of the four constituent tribes of the Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe.", "Asian carp. In the 1970s, fish farmers in mostly Southern states began importing Asian carp from China to help clean their commercial ponds.[17][18] The rise in the populations of bighead and silver carp has been dramatic where they are established in the Mississippi River basin.[19] Although many sources cite the record floods of the 1990s as the means by which Asian carp escaped aquaculture ponds into the Mississippi River,[20] this is apocryphal. At least one known escape of bighead carp from aquaculture ponds occurred in 1995, but bighead and silver carp were established in the Mississippi River basin prior to 1990.[21][22] Grass carp have been reproducing in the Mississippi River since the 1970s.[23]", "Brown trout. The first introductions into the U.S. started in 1883 when Fred Mather, a New York pisciculturist and angler, under the authority of the U.S. Fish Commissioner, Spencer Baird, obtained brown trout eggs from a Baron Lucius von Behr, president of the German Fishing Society (de). The von Behr brown trout came from both mountain streams and large lakes in the Black Forest region of Baden-Württemberg.[8] The original shipment of \"von Behr\" brown trout eggs were handled by three hatcheries, one on Long Island, the Cold Spring Hatchery operated by Mather, one in Caledonia, New York operated by pisciculturalist Seth Green, and other hatchery in Northville, Michigan. Additional shipments of \"von Behr\" brown trout eggs arrived in 1884. In 1885, brown trout eggs from Loch Leven, Scotland, arrived in New York. These \"Loch Leven\" brown trout were distributed to the same hatcheries. Over the next few years, additional eggs from Scotland, England, and Germany were shipped to U.S. hatcheries. Behnke (2007) believed all life forms of brown trout—anadromous, riverine and lacustine—were imported into the U.S. and intermingled genetically to create what he calls the American generic brown trout and a single subspecies the North European brown trout (S. t. trutta).[8]", "Shoshone. Meriwether Lewis recorded the tribe as the \"Sosonees or snake Indians\" in 1805.[2]", "Loggerhead sea turtle. Around three million years ago, during the Pliocene epoch, Central America emerged from the sea, effectively cutting off currents between the Atlantic and Indo-Pacific Oceans. The rerouting of ocean currents led to climatic changes as the Earth entered a glacial cycle. Cold water upwelling around the Cape of Good Hope and reduction in water temperature at Cape Horn formed coldwater barriers to migrating turtles. The result was a complete isolation of the Atlantic and Pacific populations of loggerheads.[74] During the most recent ice age, the beaches of southeastern North America were too cold for sea turtle eggs. As the Earth began to warm, loggerheads moved farther north, colonizing the northern beaches. Because of this, turtles nesting between North Carolina and northern Florida represent a different genetic population from those in southern Florida.[74]", "Brown trout. In April 1884, the U.S. Fish Commission released 4900 brown trout fry into the Baldwin River, a tributary of the Pere Marquette River in Michigan. This was the first release of brown trout into U.S. waters. Between 1884 and 1890, brown trout were introduced into suitable habitats throughout the U.S.[8] By 1900, 38 states and two territories had received stocks of brown trout. Their adaptability resulted in most of these introductions establishing wild, self-sustaining populations.[10]", "Lake Powell. Zebra and quagga mussels first appeared in the United States in the 1980s.[15]" ]

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[ "Gill. Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six pairs and the Broadnose sevengill shark being the only cartilaginous fish exceeding this number. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a cartilaginous gill ray. This gill ray is the support for the sheet-like interbranchial septum, which the individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, projections into the pharyngeal cavity that help to prevent large pieces of debris from damaging the delicate gills.[7]", "Fish physiology. Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six or seven pairs. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a long sheet-like septum, partly supported by a further piece of cartilage called the gill ray. The individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of the septum. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, small projecting elements that help to filter food from the water.[8]", "Pharyngeal slit. Pharyngeal slits are filter-feeding organs found in Invertebrate chordates (lancelets and tunicates) and hemichordates living in aquatic environments. Pharyngeal slits are repeated openings that appear along the pharynx caudal to the mouth. With this position, they allow for the movement of water in the mouth and out the pharyngeal slits. It's postulated that this is how pharyngeal slits first assisted in filter-feeding, and later with the addition of gills along their walls, aided in respiration of aquatic chordates.[1] These repeated segments are controlled by similar developmental mechanisms. Some hemichordate species can have as many as 200 gill slits.[2] Pharyngeal slits resembling gill slits are transiently present during the embryonic stages of tetrapod development. The presence of gill-like slits in the neck of the developing human embryo famously led Ernst Haeckel to postulate that \"ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny\"; this hypothesis, while false, contains elements of truth, as explored by Stephen Jay Gould in Ontogeny and Phylogeny.[3] However, it is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates. Gill slits are, at some stage of life, found in all chordates. One theory of their origin is the fusion of nephridia which opened both on the outside and the gut, creating openings between the gut and the environment.[4]", "Fish gill. Sharks and rays typically have five pairs of gill slits that open directly to the outside of the body, though some more primitive sharks have six or seven pairs. Adjacent slits are separated by a cartilaginous gill arch from which projects a long sheet-like septum, partly supported by a further piece of cartilage called the gill ray. The individual lamellae of the gills lie on either side of the septum. The base of the arch may also support gill rakers, small projecting elements that help to filter food from the water.[6]", "Gill slit. Most sharks and rays have five pairs of gill slits, but a few species have 6 or 7 pairs. Shark gill slits lie in a row behind the head. The anterior edge of a gill slit is motile, moving outward to allow water to exit, but closing to prevent reverse flow. A modified slit, called a spiracle, lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks.[1] While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as \"ram ventilation\"[2]. While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.[3]", "Gill slit. The true gill slits in embryonic fish develop into fish gills. However, the slits in tetrapods do not, so a more general name for the vertebral structures is pharyngeal slits. Gill slits likely originated from pharyngeal slits in tunicates that were used for filter-feeding. The term \"gill slits\" has also been used to refer to the folds of skin in the pharyngeal region in embryos. It is now accepted that it is the vertebrate pharyngeal pouches and not the neck slits that are homologous to the pharyngeal slits of invertebrate chordates.", "Pharyngeal slit. The presence of pharyngeal slits in hemichordates led to debates of whether this structure was homologous to the slits found in chordates or a result of convergent evolution.[10] With the placement of hemichordates and echinoderms as a sister group to chordates, a new hypothesis has emerged-suggesting that pharyngeal gill slits were present in the deuterostome ancestor .[11] Intriguingly, extant echinoderms lack pharyngeal structures, but fossil records reveal that ancestral forms of echinoderms had gill-like structures.[12] Comparative developmental and genetic studies of these pharyngeal structures between hemichordates and urochordates have brought about important insights regarding the evolution of the deuterostome body plan.[13] Comparative molecular biology has revealed that the Pax1/9 genes (which encode for transcription factors) are expressed in similar patterns between hemichordates and urochordates; In vertebrates, Pax 1 and Pax 9 are expressed in the pharyngeal pouches and are important for thymus development.[14] applying excess retinoic acid (excess retincoic acid in vertebrates results in pharyngeal abnormalities) leads to the absence of gill slits in developing Amphioxus, suggesting that retinoic acid may act through the same mechanism in vertebrates and amphioxus.[15] These studies indicate that the pharyngeal slits found in hemichordates and chordates are indeed homologous in a molecular sense.", "Gill. The gills of fish form a number of slits connecting the pharynx to the outside of the animal on either side of the fish behind the head. Originally there were many slits, but during evolution, the number reduced, and modern fish mostly have five pairs, and never more than eight.[6]", "Shark anatomy. Like other fishes, sharks extract oxygen from water as it passes over their gills. The water enters through the mouth, passes into the pharynx, and exits through the gill slits (most sharks have five pairs, the frilled sharks, cow sharks, and sixgill sawshark have six or seven pairs). Most sharks also have an accessory respiratory opening called a spiracle behind their eyes. In bottom-dwelling sharks such as angel sharks, the spiracle allows them to take in water to breathe without having to open their mouths[citation needed].", "Zebra shark. The zebra shark has a cylindrical body with a large, slightly flattened head and a short, blunt snout. The eyes are small and placed on the sides of the head; the spiracles are located behind them and are as large or larger. The last 3 of the 5 short gill slits are situated over the pectoral fin bases, and the fourth and fifth slits are much closer together than the others. Each nostril has a short barbel and a groove running from it to the mouth.[8] The mouth is nearly straight, with three lobes on the lower lip and furrows at the corners. There are 28–33 tooth rows in the upper jaw and 22–32 tooth rows in the lower jaw; each tooth has a large central cusp flanked by two smaller ones.[3]", "Gill slit. Gill slits are individual openings to gills, i.e., multiple gill arches, which lack a single outer cover. Such gills are characteristic of cartilaginous fish such as sharks, and rays, as well as primitive fish such as lampreys. In contrast, bony fishes have a single outer bony gill covering called an operculum.", "Fish physiology. Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a spiracle lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks.[13] While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as \"ram ventilation\". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.[14]", "Pharyngeal slit. In vertebrates, the pharyngeal arches are derived from all three germ layers.[5] Neural crest cells enter these arches where they contribute to craniofacial features such as bone and cartilage.[5] However, the existence of pharyngeal structures before neural crest cells evolved is indicated by the existence of neural crest-independent mechanisms of pharyngeal arch development.[6] The first, most anterior pharyngeal arch gives rise to the oral jaw. The second arch becomes the hyoid and jaw support.[5] In fish, the other posterior arches contribute to the brachial skeleton, which support the gills; in tetrapods the anterior arches develop into components of the ear, tonsils, and thymus.[7] The genetic and developmental basis of pharyngeal arch development is well characterized. It has been shown that Hox genes and other developmental genes such as dlx are important for patterning the anterior/posterior and dorsal/ventral axes of the branchial arches.[8] Some fish species have jaws in their throat, known as pharyngeal jaws, which develop using the same genetic pathways involved in oral jaw formation.[9]", "Recapitulation theory. For example, Haeckel proposed that the pharyngeal grooves between the pharyngeal arches in the neck of the human embryo not only roughly resembled gill slits of fish, but directly represented an adult \"fishlike\" developmental stage, signifying a fishlike ancestor. Embryonic pharyngeal slits, which form in many animals when the thin branchial plates separating pharyngeal pouches and pharyngeal grooves perforate, open the pharynx to the outside. Pharyngeal arches appear in all tetrapod embryos: in mammals, the first pharyngeal arch develops into the lower jaw (Meckel's cartilage), the malleus and the stapes. But these embryonic pharyngeal arches, grooves, pouches, and slits in human embryos can not at any stage carry out the same function as the gills of an adult fish.", "Shark. Like other fish, sharks extract oxygen from seawater as it passes over their gills. Unlike other fish, shark gill slits are not covered, but lie in a row behind the head. A modified slit called a spiracle lies just behind the eye, which assists the shark with taking in water during respiration and plays a major role in bottom–dwelling sharks. Spiracles are reduced or missing in active pelagic sharks.[22] While the shark is moving, water passes through the mouth and over the gills in a process known as \"ram ventilation\". While at rest, most sharks pump water over their gills to ensure a constant supply of oxygenated water. A small number of species have lost the ability to pump water through their gills and must swim without rest. These species are obligate ram ventilators and would presumably asphyxiate if unable to move. Obligate ram ventilation is also true of some pelagic bony fish species.[33][34]", "Frilled shark. With its elongated, eel-like body and strange appearance, the frilled shark has long been likened to the mythical sea serpent. The head is broad and flattened with a short, rounded snout. The nostrils are vertical slits, separated into incurrent and excurrent openings by a leading flap of skin. The moderately large eyes are horizontally oval and lack nictitating membranes (protective third eyelids). The very long jaws are positioned terminally (at the end of the snout), as opposed to the underslung jaws of most sharks. The corners of the mouth are devoid of furrows or folds. The tooth rows are rather widely spaced, numbering 19–28 in the upper jaw and 21–29 in the lower jaw.[3][15] The teeth number around 300 in all; each tooth is small, with three slender, needle-like cusps alternating with two cusplets.[5][18] There are six pairs of long gill slits with a frilly appearance created by the extended tips of the gill filaments, giving this shark its name. The first pair of gill slits meet across the throat, forming a collar.[3]", "Tiger shark. The tiger shark is a member of the order Carcharhiniformes, the most species-rich order of sharks, with more than 270 species also including the small catsharks and hammerhead sharks.[4] Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eyes, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits. It is the largest member of the Carcharhinidae family, commonly referred to as requiem sharks. This family consists of mostly slender but powerful mid- to large-sized sharks and includes some other well-known sharks, such as the blue shark (Prionace glauca), lemon shark (Negaprion brevirostris), and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas).[5]", "Shark. Sharks are a group of elasmobranch fish characterized by a cartilaginous skeleton, five to seven gill slits on the sides of the head, and pectoral fins that are not fused to the head. Modern sharks are classified within the clade Selachimorpha (or Selachii) and are the sister group to the rays. However, the term \"shark\" has also been used for extinct members of the subclass Elasmobranchii outside the Selachimorpha, such as Cladoselache and Xenacanthus, as well as other Chondrichthyes such as the holocephalid eugenedontidans. Under this broader definition, the earliest known sharks date back to more than 420 million years ago.[1] Acanthodians are often referred to as \"spiny sharks\"; though they are not part of Chondrichthyes proper, they are a paraphyletic assemblage leading to cartilaginous fish as a whole.", "Anatomy. Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales. They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large, yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous and the young develop internally but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.[29]", "Fish anatomy. Sharks and rays are basal fish with numerous primitive anatomical features similar to those of ancient fish, including skeletons composed of cartilage. Their bodies tend to be dorso-ventrally flattened, they usually have five pairs of gill slits and a large mouth set on the underside of the head. The dermis is covered with separate dermal placoid scales. They have a cloaca into which the urinary and genital passages open, but not a swim bladder. Cartilaginous fish produce a small number of large, yolky eggs. Some species are ovoviviparous and the young develop internally but others are oviparous and the larvae develop externally in egg cases.[4]", "Whale shark. Whale sharks have a mouth that can be 1.5 m (4.9 ft) wide, containing 300 to 350 rows of tiny teeth and 10 filter pads which it uses to filter feed.[13] Whale sharks have five large pairs of gills. The head is wide and flat with two small eyes at the front. Whale sharks are grey with a white belly. Their skin is marked with pale yellow spots and stripes which are unique to each individual. The whale shark has three prominent ridges along its sides. Its skin can be up to 10 cm (3.9 in) thick. The shark has a pair of dorsal fins and pectoral fins. Juveniles' tails have a larger upper fin than lower fin, while the adult tail becomes semilunate. The whale shark's spiracles are just behind its eyes.", "Bottlenose dolphin. Both sexes have genital slits on the underside of their bodies. The male can retract and conceal his penis through his slit.[84][85] The female's slit houses her vagina and anus. Females have two mammary slits, each housing one nipple, one on each side of the genital slit.[86] The ability to stow their reproductive organs (especially in males) allows for maximum hydrodynamics. The breeding season produces significant physiological changes in males. At that time, the testes enlarge, enabling them to hold more sperm. Large amounts of sperm allow a male to wash away the previous suitor's sperm, while leaving some of his own for fertilization. Also, sperm concentration markedly increases. Having less sperm for out-of-season social mating means it wastes less. This suggests sperm production is energetically expensive. Males have large testes in relation to their body size.[87]", "Fish gill. Higher vertebrates do not develop gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and lay the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus.[6] Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus gland, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.[citation needed]", "Fish physiology. Although it is hard to test sharks' hearing, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey many miles away.[55] A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost.", "Gill. The gills of vertebrates typically develop in the walls of the pharynx, along a series of gill slits opening to the exterior. Most species employ a countercurrent exchange system to enhance the diffusion of substances in and out of the gill, with blood and water flowing in opposite directions to each other. The gills are composed of comb-like filaments, the gill lamellae, which help increase their surface area for oxygen exchange.[5]", "Deuterostome. Another feature present in both the Hemichordata and Chordata is pharyngotremy; the presence of spiracles or gill slits into the pharynx, which is also found in some primitive fossil echinoderms (mitrates).[5][6] A hollow nerve cord is found in all chordates, including tunicates (in the larval stage). Some hemichordates also have a tubular nerve cord. In the early embryonic stage, it looks like the hollow nerve cord of chordates.", "Gill. When a fish breathes, it draws in a mouthful of water at regular intervals. Then it draws the sides of its throat together, forcing the water through the gill openings, so it passes over the gills to the outside. Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus glands, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.[citation needed]", "Pharyngeal arch. Pharyngeal pouches form on the endodermal side between the arches, and pharyngeal grooves (or clefts) form from the lateral ectodermal surface of the neck region to separate the arches.[7] In fish the pouches line up with the clefts, and these thin segments become gills. In mammals the endoderm and ectoderm not only remain intact but also continue to be separated by a mesoderm layer.", "Fish physiology. Higher vertebrates do not develop gills, the gill arches form during fetal development, and lay the basis of essential structures such as jaws, the thyroid gland, the larynx, the columella (corresponding to the stapes in mammals) and in mammals the malleus and incus.[8] Fish gill slits may be the evolutionary ancestors of the tonsils, thymus gland, and Eustachian tubes, as well as many other structures derived from the embryonic branchial pouches.[citation needed]", "Sawfish. Sawfish have a strong shark-like body, a flat underside and a flat head. Pristis sawfish have a rough sandpaper-like skin texture because of the covering of dermal denticles, but in Anoxypristis the skin is largely smooth.[2] The mouth and nostrils are placed on the underside of the head.[2] There are about 88–128 small, blunt-edged teeth in the upper jaw of the mouth and about 84–176 in the lower jaw (not to be confused with the teeth on the saw). These are arranged in 10–12 rows on each jaw,[42] and somewhat resemble a cobblestone road.[43] They have small eyes and behind each is a spiracle, which is used to draw water past the gills.[44] The gill slits, five on each side, are placed on the underside of the body near the base of the pectoral fins.[43] The position of the gill openings separates them from the superficially similar, but generally much smaller (up to c. 1.5 m or 5 ft long) sawsharks, where the slits are placed on the side of the neck.[1][45] Unlike sawfish, sawsharks also have a pair of long barbels on the rostrum (\"saw\").[1][45]", "Shark tooth. In taxonomy, shark teeth are counted as follows: rows of teeth are counted along the line of the jaw, while series of teeth are counted from the front of the jaw inward.[11] A single tooth row includes one or more functional teeth at the front of the jaw, and multiple replacement teeth behind this.[12] For example, the jaws of a bull shark can have 50 rows of teeth in 7 series, with the outermost series functional, but most sharks have five series with the average shark having about 15 rows of teeth in each jaw.[9] The small teeth at the symphysis, where the two halves of the jaw meet, are usually counted separately from the main teeth on either side. Sharks are also known to lose at least one tooth per week. Due to their specific arrangement of rows and series however, lost teeth can be replaced within a day.[9]", "Shark. Although it is hard to test the hearing of sharks, they may have a sharp sense of hearing and can possibly hear prey from many miles away.[49] A small opening on each side of their heads (not the spiracle) leads directly into the inner ear through a thin channel. The lateral line shows a similar arrangement, and is open to the environment via a series of openings called lateral line pores. This is a reminder of the common origin of these two vibration- and sound-detecting organs that are grouped together as the acoustico-lateralis system. In bony fish and tetrapods the external opening into the inner ear has been lost." ]

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[ "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The flag of Trinidad and Tobago is a red field with a white-edged black diagonal band from the upper hoist-side to the lower fly-side. In blazon, Gules, a bend Sable fimbriated Argent.", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The flag of Trinidad and Tobago was adopted upon independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. Designed by Carlisle Chang (1921–2001),[1][2][3] the flag of Trinidad and Tobago was chosen by the independence committee of 1962. Red, black and white symbolise fire (the sun, representing courage), earth (representing dedication) and water (representing purity and equality).[4]", "Trinidad and Tobago. The flag was chosen by the Independence committee in 1962. Red, black and white symbolise the warmth of the people, the richness of the earth and water respectively.[91][92]", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The civil ensign is the national flag in a 1:2 ratio. The naval ensign (used by coast guard vessels) is a British white ensign with the national flag in the canton.", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The width of the white stripes is ​1⁄30 of the flag length and the width of the black stripe is ​2⁄15. The total width of the three stripes together is therefore ​1⁄5 of the length.[5]", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. Prime Minister's Standard", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. Prior to independence from the United Kingdom in August 1962, Trinidad and Tobago used a British blue ensign defaced with a circular badge depicting a ship arriving in front of a mountain.", "Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago. The palm tree crest at the top of the coat of arms was taken from Tobago’s coat of arms before it was joined in political union with Trinidad. The shield comprises the same colours (black, red, and white) as the nation’s flag and carry the same meaning. The gold ships represent the Santa María, La Niña, and La Pinta: the three ships Christopher Columbus used on his journey to the “New World”. The two birds on the shield are hummingbirds. Trinidad is sometimes referred to as the “Land of the Hummingbird” because 18 different species of hummingbird have been recorded on the island. “Land of the Hummingbird” is also believed to have been the Native American name for Trinidad. The two larger birds are the Scarlet Ibis (left) and the Cocrico (right), the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago. Below the Scarlet Ibis are three hills, representing the Trinity Hills in southern Trinidad, which, it is believed, convinced Columbus to name the island after the Holy Trinity. The island rising out of the waters beneath the Cocrico represents Tobago. Below these birds is the nation’s motto, \"Together We Aspire, Together We Achieve.\"", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. In the fires of Hope and Prayer, With boundless Faith in Our Destiny, We solemnly declare, Side by side we stand Islands of the blue Caribbean Sea, This Our Native Land, We pledge our lives to Thee, Here every creed and race find an equal place, And may God - Bless Our Nation, Here every creed and race find an equal place, And may God - Bless Our Nation.", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. The national symbols of Trinidad and Tobago are the symbols that are used in Trinidad and Tobago and abroad to represent the country and its people. Prominently, the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago is a Trinbagonian symbol, and is depicted on all its money.", "Caribbean Community. The flag features a blue background, but the upper part is a light blue representing sky and the lower, a darker blue representing the Caribbean Sea. The yellow circle in the centre represents the sun on which is printed in black the logo of the Caribbean Community, two interlocking Cs. The two Cs are in the form of broken links in a chain, symbolising both unity and a break with the colonial past. The narrow ring of green around the sun represents the vegetation of the region.[12]", "Trinidad and Tobago. The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the scarlet ibis (native to Trinidad), the cocrico (native to Tobago) and hummingbird. The shield bears three ships, representing both the Trinity, and the three ships that Columbus sailed.[91]", "Violet (color). The flag of Dominica, an island in the Caribbean, is the only national flag in the world containing violet. The flag features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. I will honour my parents, My teachers, my leaders and my elders, and those in authority I will be clean and honest in all my thoughts, my words and my deeds. I will strive, in everything I do to work together with my fellowmen Of every creed and race, for the greater happiness of all and the honour and glory of my country.", "Red. Red is one of the most common colors used on national flags. The use of red has similar connotations from country to country: the blood, sacrifice, and courage of those who defended their country; the sun and the hope and warmth it brings; and the sacrifice of Christ's blood (in some historically Christian nations) are a few examples. Red is the color of the flags of several countries that once belonged to the British Empire. The British flag bears the colors red, white and blue; it includes the cross of Saint George, patron saint of England, and the saltire of Saint Patrick, patron saint of Ireland, both of which are red on white.[128] The flag of the United States bears the colors of Britain,[129] the colors of the French tricolore include red as part of the old Paris coat of arms, and other countries' flags, such as those of Australia, New Zealand, and Fiji, carry a small inset of the British flag in memory of their ties to that country.[130] Many former colonies of Spain, such as Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ecuador, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico and Venezuela, also feature red-one of the colors of the Spanish flag-on their own banners. Red flags are also used to symbolize storms, bad water conditions, and many other dangers. Navy flags are often red and yellow. Red is prominently featured in the flag of the United States Marine Corps.", "Caribbean Community. The flag of the Caribbean Community was chosen and approved in November 1983 at the Conference of Heads of Government Meeting in Port of Spain, Trinidad. The original design by the firm of WINART Studies in Georgetown, Guyana was substantially modified at the July 1983 Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[12] The flag was first flown on 4 July 1984 in Nassau, Bahamas at the fifth Meeting of the Conference of Heads of Government.[13]", "Purple. The imperial amazon parrot is featured on the national flag of Dominica, making it the only national flag in the world with a violet or purple color.", "Scarlet ibis. The scarlet ibis and the cocrico are the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago.[30] Both birds are featured on the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.[30][31] The cocrico is found on Tobago, Venezuela and Colombia.[30] The scarlet ibis is associated with Trinidad; there are not documented records of the scarlet ibis on Tobago for the last fifteen years.[32]", "Violet (color). The imperial amazon parrot is featured on the national flag of Dominica, making it the only national flag in the world with a violet color.", "Venezuela. The colors of the Venezuelan flag are yellow, blue, and red: the yellow stands for land wealth, the blue for the sea that separates Venezuela from Spain, and the red for the blood shed by the heroes of independence.[50]", "The Bahamas. The colours embodied in the design of the Bahamian flag symbolise the strength of the Bahamian people; the design reflects aspects of the natural environment (sun and sea) and the economic and social development. The flag is a black equilateral triangle against the mast, superimposed on a horizontal background made up of two colours on three equal stripes of aquamarine, gold and aquamarine.", "Flag of Haiti. The flag of Haiti is a bicolour flag featuring two horizontal bands coloured blue and red, defaced by a white panel bearing the coat of arms. The coat of arms depicts a trophy of weapons atop a green hill, ready to defend freedom, and a royal palm symbolizing independence. The palm is topped by the Cap of Liberty. The motto L'Union Fait La Force (\"Unity Is Strength\") appears on a white ribbon below the arrangement.", "Rainbow flag. sunlight (yellow),", "Rainbow flag. A rainbow flag is a multicolored flag consisting of the colors of the rainbow. The actual colors shown differ, but many of the designs are based on the traditional scheme of red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.", "Flag of Argentina. The full flag featuring the sun is called the Official Ceremonial Flag (Spanish: Bandera Oficial de Ceremonia). The flag without the sun is considered the Ornamental Flag (Bandera de Ornato). While both versions are equally considered the national flag, the ornamental version must always be hoisted below the Official Ceremony Flag. In vexillological terms, the Official Ceremonial Flag is the civil, state and war flag and ensign, while the Ornamental Flag is an alternative civil flag and ensign. There is controversy of the true colour of the first flag, between scientist and the descendants of Manuel Belgrano between blue and pale blue.", "Pan-African flag. The flag of Saint Kitts and Nevis has similar colors, arranged diagonally and separated by yellow lines.[citation needed]", "Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago. The coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago was designed by a committee formed in 1962 to select the symbols that would be representative of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. The committee included noted artist Carlisle Chang (1921–2001) and carnival designer George Bailey (1935–1970).[1][2]", "Purple. Dominica is the only nation in the world to use purple or violet in its flag. It features a sisserou parrot, a national symbol.", "Flag of Costa Rica. The blue, white and red horizontal design was created in 1848 by Pacífica Fernández, wife of then president José María Castro Madriz. Fernández was inspired by France's 1848 Revolution, and the creation of the French Second Republic. The new design to the Costa Rican flag adopted the colors of the French tricolor.", "Shades of cyan. Displayed at right is the color Caribbean Current.", "Flag of the United Nations. White and blue are the official colours of the United Nations.", "Trinidad and Tobago. The national birds for Trinidad and Tobago are the scarlet ibis and the cocrico. The scarlet ibis is kept safe by the government by living in the Caroni Bird Sanctuary which was set up by the government for the protection of these birds. The Cocrico is more indigenous to the island of Tobago and are more likely to be seen in the forest.[98]" ]

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[ "Three-point field goal. The three-point line was first tested at the collegiate level in a 1945 NCAA game between Columbia and Fordham but it was not kept as a rule. At the direction of Abe Saperstein, the American Basketball League became the first basketball league to institute the rule in 1961. Its three-point line was a radius of 25 feet (7.62 m) from the baskets, except along the sides.[2] The Eastern Professional Basketball League followed in its 1963–64 season.", "Three-point field goal. In the 1979–80 season, after having tested it in the previous pre-season, the NBA adopted the three-point line despite the view of many that it was a gimmick.[4] Chris Ford of the Boston Celtics is widely credited with making the first three-point shot in NBA history on October 12, 1979. Kevin Grevey of the Washington Bullets also made one on the same day.", "Three-point field goal. The NCAA's Southern Conference became the first collegiate conference to use the three-point rule, adopting a 22-foot (6.71 m) line for the 1980–81 season.[5][6] Ronnie Carr of Western Carolina University was the first to score a three-point field goal in college basketball history on November 29, 1980.[6][7][8] Over the following five years, NCAA conferences differed in their use of the rule and distance required for a three-pointer. The line was as close as 17 ft 9 in (5.41 m) in the Atlantic Coast Conference, and as far away as 22 feet in the Big Sky Conference.[9] Used in conference play, it was adopted by the NCAA for the 1986–87 men's season at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m), and was first used in the NCAA Tournament in 1987.[10] In the same 1986–87 season, the NCAA adopted the three-pointer in women's basketball on an experimental basis, using the same 19 ft 9 in distance, and made its use mandatory beginning in 1987–88.[11] In 2007, the NCAA lengthened the men's three-point distance to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), with the rule coming into effect at the beginning of the 2008–09 season.[12] The NCAA women's three-point distance was moved to match the men's distance in 2011–12.[11] American high schools, along with elementary and middle schools, adopted a 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) line nationally in 1987, a year after the NCAA.[13] The NCAA used the FIBA three-point line (see below) in the 2018 National Invitation Tournament.[14]", "Basketball court. The NBA adopted the three-point line at the start of the 1979–80 season. This is of variable distance, ranging from 22 feet (6.7 m) in the corners to 23.75 feet (7.24 m) behind the top of the key. During the 1994–95, 1995–96 and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the overall distance of the line to a uniform 22 feet (6.7 m) around the basket. It was moved back to its original distance after the 1996–97 season. FIBA and the NCAA both adopted the three-point line in 1985.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career scoring leaders. Some of the top 25 scorers in Division I history played before the three-point line was officially instituted in 1986–87. All of the players with a dash through the three-point field goals made column were affected by this rule. Hank Gathers of Loyola Marymount is the only three-point shot era player on this list who did not make a single three-point shot. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[4] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m); the women's line would remain at the original distance until it was moved to match the men's distance effective in 2011–12.[4]", "Basketball court. In most high school associations in the United States, the distance is 19.75 feet. This was formerly the distance for college basketball as well. On May 26, 2007, the NCAA playing rules committee agreed to move the three-point line back one foot to 20.75 feet for the men. This rule went into effect for the 2008–2009 season. The three-point line for women (NCAA) moved back one foot to 20.75 feet at the start of the 2011–2012 season.", "Three-point field goal. The sport's international governing body, FIBA, introduced the three-point line in 1984, at a distance of 6.25 m (20 ft 6 in).", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball career 3-point scoring leaders. A three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The members on this list are the top 25 in 3-point field goals made in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I competition. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA.[1] From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[2] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), while the women's line would remain the same.[2]", "Basketball court. The three-point line is the line that separates the two-point area from the three-point area; any shot converted beyond this line counts as three points. If the shooting player steps on the line, it is counted as two points. Any foul made in the act of shooting beyond the three-point line would give the player three free throws if the shot does not go in, and one if it does.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball players with 12 or more 3-point field goals in a game. A three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal in a basketball game, made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) keeps records of the Division I 3-point field made in a game leaders. The statistic was first recognized in the 1986–87 season when 3-point field goals were officially instituted by the NCAA. From the 1986–87 season through the 2007–08 season, the three-point perimeter was marked at 19 ft 9 in (6.02 m) for both men's and women's college basketball.[1] On May 3, 2007, the NCAA men's basketball rules committee passed a measure to extend the distance of the men's three-point line back to 20 ft 9 in (6.32 m), while the women's line would remain the same.[1]", "High school football. At least one unique high school rule has been adopted by college football. In 1996, the overtime rules originally utilized by Kansas high school teams were adopted by the NCAA, although the NCAA has made two major modifications: (a) starting each possession from the 25-yard line, and (b) starting with the third overtime period, requiring teams to attempt a two-point conversion following a touchdown.", "Three-point field goal. The three-point shot later became popularized by the American Basketball Association after its introduction in the 1967–68 season. ABA commissioner George Mikan stated the three-pointer \"would give the smaller player a chance to score and open up the defense to make the game more enjoyable for the fans.\"[3] During the 1970s, the ABA used the three-point shot, along with the slam dunk, as a marketing tool to compete with the National Basketball Association (NBA).", "Three-point field goal. A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:", "Triple point. The term \"triple point\" was coined in 1873 by James Thomson, brother of Lord Kelvin.[3]", "List of gridiron football rules. At least one high school rule has been adopted by college football. In 1996, the overtime rules originally utilized by Kansas high school teams were adopted by the NCAA, except with the starting point at the 25-yard line instead of the 10-yard line as prescribed in the NFHS rules, but under NFHS rules, states may opt to start each period from another point (such as the 20 or 25).", "High Point, North Carolina. The High Point public school system was founded in 1897 with the approval of a $10,000 bond, in part to finance the purchase of J. Elwood Cox's family home on South Main Street for use as the first school building. Twelve school commissioners were appointed to administer the 350-student system of five grades. Growth of the city's institutions reflected improved primary educational facilities. A school building campaign coupled with additional grades and improved classes resulted in four additional schools for white students: Elm Street School (1905), Park Street School (1910), Fairview School (1910), and Grimes Street School (1911). Many other schools were born in the 1920s during a period of rapid growth.", "List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season scoring leaders. Many of the scoring champions from the 1986–87 season and earlier could have added significantly more points if the three-point line had been instituted. It wasn't until the 1987–88 season that the NCAA standardized the line and accounted for three-point field goals in its official record book.[3][14] The only player since they were instituted to have not made a single three-point shot in his scoring title season is Gathers, who instead made 419 field goals and 177 free throws en route to scoring 1,015 points and averaging 32.7 points per game.[3][12]", "List of National Basketball Association annual three-point field goals leaders. In basketball, a three-point field goal (also known as a \"three-pointer\" or \"3-pointer\") is a field goal made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc radiating from the basket.[1] A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for shots made inside the three-point line. The National Basketball Association's (NBA) three-point shooting leader is the player who recorded the highest three-point field goals in a given season. The statistic was first recognized in the 1979–80 season when the three-point line was first implemented that season.", "Three-point field goal. During the 1994–95, 1995–96, and 1996–97 seasons, the NBA attempted to address decreased scoring by shortening the distance of the line from 23 ft 9 in (7.24 m) (22 ft (6.71 m) at the corners) to a uniform 22 ft (6.71 m) around the basket. From the 1997–98 season on, the NBA reverted the line to its original distance of 23 ft 9 in (22 ft at the corners, with a 3 inch differential). Ray Allen is currently the NBA all-time leader in career made three-pointers with 2,973.[15]", "Parallel postulate. Giordano Vitale (1633-1711), in his book Euclide restituo (1680, 1686), used the Khayyam-Saccheri quadrilateral to prove that if three points are equidistant on the base AB and the summit CD, then AB and CD are everywhere equidistant. Girolamo Saccheri (1667-1733) pursued the same line of reasoning more thoroughly, correctly obtaining absurdity from the obtuse case (proceeding, like Euclid, from the implicit assumption that lines can be extended indefinitely and have infinite length), but failing to refute the acute case (although he managed to wrongly persuade himself that he had).", "Seat belt. A 3-point belt is a Y-shaped arrangement, similar to the separate lap and sash belts, but unitized. Like the separate lap-and-sash belt, in a collision the 3-point belt spreads out the energy of the moving body over the chest, pelvis, and shoulders. Volvo introduced the first production three-point belt in 1959.[17] The first car with a three-point belt was a Volvo PV 544 that was delivered to a dealer in Kristianstad on August 13, 1959. However, the first car model to feature the three-point seat belt as a standard item was the 1959 Volvo 122, first outfitted with a two-point belt at initial delivery in 1958, replaced with the three-point seat belt the following year.[18] The three-point belt was developed by Nils Bohlin who had earlier also worked on ejection seats at Saab.[19] Volvo then made the new seat belt design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[20][21]", "Three-point field goal. The National Professional Soccer League II, which awarded two points for all goals except those on the power play, also used a three-point line, drawn 45 feet (14 m) from the goal. It has since been adopted by some other indoor soccer leagues.", "Three-point field goal. A three-point field goal (also 3-pointer or informally, trey) is a field goal in a basketball game made from beyond the three-point line, a designated arc surrounding the basket. A successful attempt is worth three points, in contrast to the two points awarded for field goals made within the three-point line and the one point for each made free throw.", "High school football. High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college and high school teams played against one another. Other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football. Therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. It is the first level of play in which a player will accumulate statistics, which will determine his chances of competing at the college level, and ultimately the professional level if he is talented enough.", "Scholastic wrestling. If the third period ends in a tie, a one-minute sudden victory period occurs. Both wrestlers start in the neutral position. The first wrestler to score a point wins.[32]", "Dell Curry. Curry was a four-year starter at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg along with contemporaries Bobby Beecher, Perry Young, Al Young, and Keith Colbert. The Hokies appeared in the National Invitation Tournament (NIT) in 1983 and 1984, finishing third in the latter. Although the team qualified for at-large bids to the NCAA tournament in 1985 and 1986, it lost in the first round on both occasions. In his senior season in 1986, Curry was named the player of the year in the Metro Conference. Prior to the 1986–87 season, NCAA basketball did not feature a three-point line; Curry's accurate long-range shooting was not rewarded, as it would be later in his NBA career. (In the early and mid 1980s, the three-point line was introduced in many conferences at varying distances, but it was not recognized by the NCAA.)", "Basketball court. * The NBA three-point line is 3 ft (0.91 m) from the sideline in a zone starting at the baseline and ending when it crosses the 23.75 ft (7.24 m) arc. The 22 ft (6.70 m) measurement applies only at a point where a line parallel to the baseline intersects the long axis of the court and the center of the basket.", "Steve Alford. As a high school freshman Alford barely averaged a point a game, but then averaged 18.7 the next season.[1] By his senior year in 1983, before the three-point line was even implemented, Alford averaged 37.7 points per game and earned the Indiana \"Mr. Basketball\" award.[2] His team advanced to the state quarterfinal but lost to Connersville in the 1983 state tournament. Later, shortly after Alford won a gold medal as a member of Bob Knight's U.S. Olympic team, he gave the medal to his dad in a tearful ceremony at the high school in tribute to the loss.[1]", "1958 college football season. The 1958 NCAA University Division football season was notable in that it was the first to feature the two-point conversion. On January 13, 1958, the 11-man NCAA Rules Committee unanimously approved a resolution to allow teams to choose between kicking an extra point after a touchdown, or running or passing from the 3-yard line for 2 points. University of Michigan athletic director Fritz Crisler said at the meeting in Fort Lauderdale, \"It's a progressive step which will make football more interesting for the spectators,\" adding that the rule \"will add drama to what has been the dullest, most stupid play in the game.\"[2]", "Maxwell Air Force Base. The Air Corps Tactical School opened July 15, 1931. The school evolved into the Army Air Corps (later, U.S. Air Force's) first tactical center until the imminence of American involvement in World War II forced a suspension of classes in June 1940 that resulted in permanent closure of the school. One of the school's notable achievements was its development of two aerial acrobatic teams: the \"Three Men on a Flying Trapeze\", put together by then-Captain Claire L. Chennault in 1932, and the Skylarks in 1935.", "Three points for a win. The system was proposed for the English Football League (then known as The Football League) by Jimmy Hill.[6] It was introduced in England in 1981,[3] but did not attract much use elsewhere until it was used in the 1994 World Cup finals. In 1995, FIFA formally adopted the system,[3] and it subsequently became standard in international tournaments, as well as most national football leagues.", "Conversion (gridiron football). In American high school and college football, the line of scrimmage is the three-yard line." ]

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[ "American Cocker Spaniel. American Cocker Spaniels in UK and USA/Canada surveys had a median lifespan of about 10 to 11 years,[30] which is on the low end of the typical range for purebred dogs, and one to two years less than other breeds of their size.[31] The larger English Cocker Spaniel typically lives about a year longer than the American Cocker Spaniel.[30] In a 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (23%), old age (20%), cardiac (8%), and immune-mediated (8%).[32] In a 2003 USA/Canada Health Survey with a smaller sample size, the leading causes of death were cancer, hepatic disease, and immune-mediated.[33]", "Chesapeake Bay Retriever. A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan of the breed at 10.75 years (average 9.85).[17] A US breed club survey puts the average lifespan at 9.4 years. 1 in 4 lived to 13 years or more while 1 in 5 don't live past 5 years.[18]", "American Cocker Spaniel. The American Cocker Spaniel is the smallest dog recognised by the American Kennel Club as a sporting dog,[17] being on average between 13.5 and 15.5 inches (34 and 39 cm) high at the withers.[18] It is a dog of normal proportions, with medium long silky fur on the body and ears, hanging down on the legs and belly (known as feathering). The head has an upturned nose and the ears hang down.[19] The breed standard states that size over 15.5 inches (39 cm) inches for males and 14.5 inches (37 cm) for females is a disqualification at conformation shows.[20] American Cocker Spaniels weigh around 24 to 30 pounds (11 to 14 kg) on average, with females of the breed usually weighing slightly less than the males.[17]", "Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is a small spaniel classed as a toy dog by The Kennel Club and the American Kennel Club.[2] It originated in the United Kingdom and is one of the more popular breeds in many countries. Since 2000, it has grown in popularity in the United States and ranks as the 18th most popular pure-breed in the United States (2013 Registration Statistics).[2] It has a silky, smooth coat and commonly a smooth undocked tail. The breed standard recognizes four colours: Blenheim (chestnut and white), Tricolor (black/white/tan), Black and Tan, and Ruby.[2] The breed is generally friendly, affectionate and good with both children and other animals; however, they require a lot of human interaction. Since they are a family dog, it is recommended to not leave them alone for long periods at a time. The expected average lifespan of a Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is under ten years.[3]", "English Springer Spaniel. The English Springer Spaniel has a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years.[8] As in most breeds, there are some health problems that are more likely to occur. Hip dysplasia and progressive retinal atrophy (PRA) (a degeneration of the retina causing vision loss leading to blindness) are two such diseases for which veterinarians are working on genetic markers to determine carriers. Another problem can be elbow dysplasia.[9] Retinal dysplasia (RD), which can cause blindness and Phosphofructokinase deficiency (PFK), which is genetic deficiency which impairs the ability of cells using carbohydrates for energy are two other hereditary conditions for which both lines of the English springer spaniel should be screened prior to breeding.[10] Health issues are usually similar in both types of English Springer however phosphofructokinase deficiency in particular can appear more in field lines, however carriers in show lines have been identified.[11]", "Staffordshire Bull Terrier. A UK Kennel Club survey puts the median lifespan at 12.75 years.[20] UK vet clinic data puts the median at 10.7 years.[21]", "Aging in dogs. Life expectancy usually varies within a range. For example, a Beagle (average life expectancy 13.3 years) usually lives to around 12–15 years, and a Scottish Terrier (average life expectancy 12 years) usually lives to around 10–16 years.", "French Bulldog. A UK breed survey report on 71 dog deaths put the average lifespan of French Bulldogs at 8 to 10 years, while the UK breed club suggests an average of 12 to 14 years.[2][30] The AKC lists that the French Bulldog breed has a lifespan of 11 to 13 years.[31]", "American Cocker Spaniel. Known as the \"Merry Cocker\",[25] the American Cocker Spaniel breed standard defines the ideal dog of the breed as being \"equable in temperament with no suggestion of timidity.\"[26] The breed ranks 20th in Stanley Coren's The Intelligence of Dogs, a rating that indicates good \"Working or Obedience Intelligence\", or trainability.[27] IQ tests run on a variety of breeds in the 1950s and 1960s showed that the American Cocker performed the best when tested on its ability to show restraint and delayed response to a trigger, a trait which was put down to the breed's bred-in ability when hunting to freeze upon finding a bird before flushing it out on command. However, they proved to be the worst breed tested when it came to manipulating objects with their paws, for instance uncovering a dish of food or pulling on a string.[28]", "Dog. The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years.[86][87][88][89] Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.", "Bulldog. A 2004 UK survey of 180 Bulldog deaths puts the median age at death at 6 years 3 months. The leading cause of death of Bulldogs in the survey was cardiac related (20%), cancer (18%), and old age (9%). Those that died of old age had an average lifespan of 10 to 11 years.[2] A 2013 UK vet clinic survey of 26 Bulldogs puts the median lifespan at 8.4 years with an interquartile range of 3.2–11.3 years.[3] The UK Bulldog Breed Council website lists the average life span of the breed as 8–10 years.[16]", "Cairn Terrier. These dogs are generally healthy and live on average about 12 to 17 years.[6][7]", "American Cocker Spaniel. The breed is the smallest of the sporting dogs recognised by the AKC, and its distinctly shaped head makes it immediately recognisable. In addition, there are some marked differences between it and its English relative. It is a happy breed with average working intelligence, although by being bred to a show standard it is no longer an ideal working dog. Members of the breed suffer from a wide variety of health ailments including problems with their hearts, eyes and ears.", "Golden Retriever. The average lifespan for a Golden Retriever is about 11 to 12 years.[26][27][28] They are susceptible to specific ailments, so should be taken to a veterinarian for yearly checkups.", "Yorkshire Terrier. The life span of a Yorkie is 13–20 years.[1][2] Undersized Yorkies (under 3 lb [1.4 kg]) generally have a shorter life span, as they are especially prone to health problems such as chronic diarrhoea and vomiting; are even more sensitive to anaesthesia; and are more easily injured.[1]", "Dogue de Bordeaux. While larger breeds of canines tend to have shorter life expectancy, the life expectancy of the Dogue is still shorter than even breeds of comparable or larger size.[6] According to data collected by the Dogue De Bordeaux Society of America, the average lifespan of the breed is 5 to 6 years.[7] A veterinary database in the UK showed similar figures.[8] In the American survey, the oldest dog in the record was 12 years old.[7] The Society is actively recording dogs that are 7 years old or older to celebrate the longer-lived dogs.[9]", "Aging in dogs. The aging profile of dogs varies according to their adult size (often determined by their breed): smaller dogs often live over 15–16 years, medium and large size dogs typically 10 to 13 years, and some giant dog breeds such as mastiffs, often only 7 to 8 years. The latter also mature slightly older than smaller breeds—giant breeds becoming adult around two years old compared to the norm of around 12–15 months for other breeds.", "English Springer Spaniel. The English Springer Spaniel is a breed of gun dog in the Spaniel family traditionally used for flushing and retrieving game. It is an affectionate, excitable breed with a typical lifespan of twelve to fourteen years.[1] They are very similar to the Welsh Springer Spaniel and are descended from the Norfolk or Shropshire Spaniels of the mid-19th century; the breed has diverged into separate show and working lines. The breed suffers from average health complaints. The show-bred version of the breed has been linked to \"rage syndrome\", although the disorder is very rare. It is closely related to the Welsh Springer Spaniel and very closely to the English Cocker Spaniel; less than a century ago, springers and cockers would come from the same litter. The smaller \"cockers\" hunted woodcock while the larger littermates were used to flush, or \"spring\", game. In 1902, The Kennel Club recognized the English Springer Spaniel as a distinct breed.[2] They are used as sniffer dogs on a widespread basis. The term Springer comes from the historic hunting role, where the dog would flush (spring) birds into the air.", "Border Terrier. A UK Kennel Club survey puts their median lifespan at 14 years.[7]", "Dog. The breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.[89]", "American Cocker Spaniel. The first spaniel in America came across with the Mayflower in 1620, but it was not until 1878 that the first Cocker Spaniel was registered with the American Kennel Club (AKC). A national breed club was set up three years later and the dog considered to be the father of the modern breed, Ch. Obo II, was born around this time. By the 1920s the English and American varieties of Cocker had become noticeably different and in 1946 the AKC recognised the English type as a separate breed. It was not until 1970 that The Kennel Club in the UK recognised the American Cocker Spaniel as being separate from the English type. The American Cocker was the most popular breed in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s and again during the 1980s, reigning for a total of 18 years. They have also won the best in show title at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show on four occasions, and have been linked to the President of the United States on several occasions, with owners including Richard Nixon and Harry S. Truman. In 2013, the cocker spaniel ranked 29th the American Kennel Club registration statistics of historical comparisons and notable trends.", "West Highland White Terrier. The American breed club puts the lifespan of the Westie at 12 to 16 years.[9] A club survey puts the average lifespan at 11.4 years.[10] Veterinary clinic data from the UK show a typical lifespan of 10.5 to 15 years.[11] The French Kennel Club database gives 8 to 16 years, with a median of 13 years.[12] The typical litter size is between three and five puppies.[2]", "American Cocker Spaniel. American Cocker Spaniels are susceptible to a variety of illnesses, particularly infections affecting their ears and, in some cases, their eyes. Although the number or percent of afflicted dogs is not known, progressive retinal atrophy (PRA), glaucoma, and cataracts have been identified in some members of the breed.[34] The American Spaniel Club recommends annual eye exams by a veterinary ophthalmologist for all dogs that are to be used for breeding. Autoimmune problems in Cockers have also been identified in an unknown number or percent of the breed, including autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA). Ear inflammations are common in drop-eared breeds of dog, including the American Cocker, and luxating patellas and hip dysplasia have been identified in some members of the breed.[35]", "Cockatiel. The cockatiel's lifespan in captivity is generally given as 16 to 25 years,[7] though it is sometimes given as short as 10 to 15 years, and there are reports of cockatiels living as long as 32 years, the oldest confirmed specimen reported being 36 years old.[8] Diet and exercise are major determining factors.", "Spanish Water Dog. The breed's life expectancy is thought to be about 14 years. Recent health testing has uncovered the following issues:", "Coton de Tulear. The Coton de Tulear has few health issues compared to many other breeds due to being rather generic in type. It is a fairly rare breed and is just now being accepted and recognized by the AKC as of 2012. The fact that this is a breed being revived from extinction means that the Coton de Tulear is rather expensive to purchase and prices may reach $1,800.00-$3,500 per dog. The average life span of a Coton de Tulear is 14 to 19 years.[8]", "Aging in dogs. A random-bred dog (also known as a mongrel or a mutt) has an average life expectancy of 13.2 years in the Western world.", "King Charles Spaniel. A natural bobtail can be found in some members of the breed, which is not a mutation of the T-box gene, and so is allowed under conformation show rules.[58] Health-related research on the breed has been limited, with no major studies conducted in Britain. However, it has been included in studies outside the UK, including by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) in the United States.[59] The King Charles Spaniel has a number of eye and respiratory system disorders common to brachycephalic dogs, and endocrine and metabolic diseases common to small breeds,[60] as well as specific breed-associated health conditions.[59] The average lifespan is 10 to 12 years,[61][62] and the breed should be able to reproduce naturally.[59]", "Neapolitan Mastiff. Like most giant breeds, the Neapolitan Mastiff has a relatively short life expectancy. UK breed club surveys puts the average at 7 years, with 1 in 6 living to 9 years or more.[4]", "Shih Tzu. The UK Kennel Club survey puts the median life span of a Shih Tzu at 13 years and 2 months, with most living 10–16 years[22]", "Border Collie. The natural life span of the Border Collie is between 10 and 14 years, with an average lifespan of 12 years.[9] The median longevities of breeds of similar size are usually 12 to 13 years.[10]", "Labrador Retriever. In 2014, the UK breed survey reported an average lifespan for the Labrador Retriever of 12 years and 3 months, with some living up to 19 years of age.[61] Labrador pups generally are not brought to the home before they are 8 weeks old.[62]" ]

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[ "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me follows a sixth-grade protagonist, a girl named Miranda. She lives with her single mother who has a kindhearted boyfriend, Richard. Miranda's best friend Sal, whom she has known since she was a small child, had recently started ignoring Miranda after he had been punched in the stomach by another boy named Marcus.", "When You Reach Me. This theme of friendship is explored when Sal abandons his friendship with Miranda after Marcus hits him. Elli Housden of The Courier-Mail found that Miranda is forced to deal with the fact that Sal seemingly abandons their friendship and ignores her for no apparent reason.[16] Scattergood considered the novel an \"ordinary friendship story\" with Sal ignoring Miranda to find other friends.[9] Julie Long from Reading Time noted how the incident forces Miranda to find new friends and become more active in school, where she starts learning the dynamics of that environment.[17]", "When You Reach Me. In a later scene, Marcus encounters Sal. Marcus wants to apologize for his misbehavior, and chases Sal when he flees. Sal runs onto a street right ahead of an oncoming truck. Before the truck can hit Sal, the laughing man kicks Sal out of the way, sacrificing his own life for Sal's. Miranda finds the fourth note in Richard's shoe and learns that the laughing man came from the future to save Sal's life. The note asks Miranda to prepare a chronicle of recent events and deliver it by hand, but she does not know who to give it to.", "When You Reach Me. Miranda's mom is invited to appear on the $20,000 Pyramid. In hopes of winning the money and having a better life, Miranda and her mom's boyfriend Richard prep her for the show. Miranda and Sal are friends again. While her mother is on-stage, Miranda reminisces about a conversation with Marcus about how no one would recognize a time-traveler from a different age. She suddenly realizes that the laughing man is an older incarnation of Marcus, who has come from the future to save Sal's life. He needed to deliver the notes to the young Marcus through Miranda. Later on Miranda goes to the mailbox the laughing man (Marcus) slept under, where she finds a picture of an older version of Julia smiling happily. The novel ends as Miranda reflects on the events in an epilogue.", "When You Reach Me. The two main characters are Miranda, and Marcus (Laughing Man). Stead began writing When You Reach Me in 2007 after reading an article in The New York Times gave her an idea for a novel about traveling in time to save someone's life.[1] The article was about a man who woke up in Denver suffering from amnesia, having forgotten who he was or why he was there.[2] Many people worked with the man to help him regain his memory. Under hypnosis, he spoke about his apparent wife, Penny, and two daughters who died in a car crash. However, when he and Penny reunited, the man found out she was only his fiancée — and they had no children.[2] Upon reading this, Stead wondered if somehow the man had returned to the past to prevent an accident but lost his memory along the way.[3] In addition, the article reminded Stead of a strange old man, called the 'laughing man', who lived near her house as a child.[1]", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me is a Newbery Medal-winning science fiction and mystery novel by Rebecca Stead, published in 2009. It takes place in the Upper West Side in New York during 1978 and 1979 and follows the protagonist, Miranda Sinclair. She receives a strange note asking her to record future events and write down to the location of her spare key. As the novel progresses, Miranda receives three more notes with requests. The novel contains three story lines — the appearance of Miranda's mom on the game show, The $20,000 Pyramid, Miranda's best friend Sal suddenly not talking with Miranda, and the appearance of a laughing man. Central themes in the novel include independence, redemption and friendship. Stead also wanted to demonstrate the possibilities that she saw in time travel. The author hoped to show her children what New York was like in her childhood, and demonstrate how in an earlier time children were more independent.", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me takes place during the 1978-1979 school year of Miranda, the main character. Stead placed Miranda's home in the Upper West Side, New York City, where Stead grew up. Many parts of the novel explore \"the same streets where Stead grew up, and riffs on some of her experiences\".[6] Stead was inspired to use this setting because she moved into an apartment near her childhood home early in the development of the story. There she had experienced her first independence while exploring the streets, only to find a scary man near her house. Wondering why he was there, Stead later used this encounter as \"the anchor as she wrote When You Reach Me\".[3]", "When You Reach Me. At school, Julia starts shouting at Miranda for letting Annemarie drink soda and eat sandwiches, saying that because Annemarie is epileptic she has to eat a special diet. Miranda explains that she didn't know that. Colin is later hanging out with Sal. Colin then asks Miranda if she wants to hang out. Miranda declines, saying that her mom is sick. Later on, someone taps on her door which scares her because she doesn't know anyone that knocks like that. She looks though the peep hole and sees Colin. She opens the door and he looks at her then kisses her. She then kisses him back. Colin smiles and then runs off.", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me was inspired by a man suffering from amnesia, and by parts of her childhood and her favorite book, A Wrinkle in Time. After completing much of the novel, Stead gave the draft to her editor, Wendy Lamb, who liked it. They expanded on the initial concepts and published When You Reach Me on July 14, 2009, under Wendy Lamb Books, an imprint of Random House. The book was well received by critics, who praised its realistic setting and the author's deft handling of small details. The novel has reached the best-seller lists of The New York Times, Los Angeles Times and USA Today. In addition to receiving the 2010 Newbery Medal, When You Reach Me won several Best Book of the Year awards.", "When You Reach Me. Reviewers lauded the realistic setting and characters. Ilene Cooper of Booklist acknowledged that although she was unsure if the ending was logical, \"everything else is quite wonderful\". She praised the realistic portrayal of New York and mentioned that \"the characters, children and adults ... are honest bits of humanity\".[28] Julianna M. Helt of The Post Gazette felt that along with the \"wonderful sense of middle school dynamics\", Stead's depiction of New York City in the 1970s was superb.[19] Quattlebaum considered no character to be minor; each plays an important part in the story.[10] Caitlin Augusta of School Library Journal found the setting to be \"consistently strong. The stores—and even the streets—in Miranda's neighborhood act as physical entities and impact the plot in tangible ways\".[27]", "When You Reach Me. While the news story initially inspired Stead, she also tied in parts of her childhood into the novel. Besides the laughing man, she included her primary school, her apartment and a sandwich store where she used to work. Stead also added memories of herself acting mean without reason. Slowly the novel became \"more and more about these ordinary mysteries of life and less about the fantastic time-travel-y one\".[1] After developing the basic idea, Stead began researching the science behind time travel to make sure her ideas would be logical. She asked her father for help with the science and complicated technical aspects, since he enjoyed mathematical puzzles. As they talked about time travel, Stead \"just kept falling into the same hole with the logic, and he really helped me straighten it out\".[2]", "On the Road. Dean, having obtained divorce papers in Mexico, had first returned to New York to marry Inez, only to leave her and go back to Camille. After his recovery from dysentery in Mexico, Sal returns to New York in the fall. He finds a girl, Laura, and plans to move with her to San Francisco. Sal writes to Dean about his plan to move to San Francisco. Dean writes back saying that he's willing to come and accompany Laura and Sal. Dean arrives over five weeks early, but Sal is out taking a late-night walk alone. Sal returns home, sees a copy of Proust, and knows it is Dean's. Sal realizes his friend has arrived, but at a time when Sal doesn't have the money to relocate to San Francisco. On hearing this Dean makes the decision to head back to Camille. Sal's friend Remi Boncoeur denies Sal's request to give Dean a short lift to 40th Street on their way to a Duke Ellington concert at the Metropolitan Opera House. Sal's girlfriend Laura realizes this is a painful moment for Sal and prompts him for a response as the party drives off without Dean. Sal replies: \"He'll be alright\". Sal later reflects as he sits on a river pier under a New Jersey night sky about the roads and lands of America that he has travelled and states: \". . . I think of Dean Moriarty, I even think of Old Dean Moriarty the father we never found, I think of Dean Moriarty.\"", "When You Reach Me. Reviewers praised how Stead made every small detail matter. Augusta Scattergood of the Christian Science Monitor enjoyed the detailed work: \"The beauty of Stead's writing is found in the way she weaves subplots and settings together seamlessly. Richard's stolen shoe drops into place. A reference to forbidden grapes is tied up sweetly. Stolen $2 bills? Another part of the enigma explained by the end.\"[9] Edginer agreed, commenting that despite the small size of the novel compared to other popular books, When You Reach Me is a \"taut novel, every word, every sentence, has meaning and substance.\"[8] Publishers Weekly added that even the smallest of details—Miranda's name, her strange habits and why she carries A Wrinkle in Time with her—have a reason for their inclusion by the end of the novel.[12]", "When You Reach Me. Stead finds that kids today are much less independent since her childhood. She wrote, \"[F]rom age nine, my friends and I were on the streets, walking home, going to each other's houses, going to the store. I really wanted to write about that: the independence that's a little bit scary but also a really positive thing in a lot of ways. And I'm not sure that most kids have that today\".[6] Throughout the novel, Miranda and her friends often walk around town without any adults. They are even found working in a sandwich store at lunch and walking home from school while trying to avoid the laughing man. While writing the novel, Stead hoped to show her sons the time period in which she lived, \"send[ing] them on a little time-travel journey of their own\".[6] Laura Miller of The New Yorker found that this lack of independence in today's youth is mainly due to the fact that kids now grow up with adults constantly watching them. Miller noted how, despite the lower crime rate in current times, the \"characters, middle-class middle school students, routinely walk around the Upper West Side by themselves, a rare freedom in today's city.\"[18]", "When You Reach Me. A homeless man lives on the corner of Miranda's street. She calls him the \"laughing man\" for his tendency to laugh without cause. Miranda notices that he always utters the words \"book bag pocket shoe.\" She later realizes the phrase refers to the order and place he will send Miranda notes—her library book, a bread bag, her coat pocket and Richard's shoe. The first three notes instruct Miranda to write a letter describing the future events. The notes, whose writer claims to be coming to Miranda's time to save a life, offer three signs of the truth of the messages. As the plot develops, the proofs come true, and Miranda is intrigued.", "On the Road. The first section describes Sal's first trip to San Francisco. Disheartened after a divorce, his life changes when he meets Dean Moriarty, who is \"tremendously excited with life,\" and begins to long for the freedom of the road: \"Somewhere along the line I knew there would be girls, visions, everything; somewhere along the line the pearl would be handed to me.\" He sets off in July 1947 with fifty dollars in his pocket. After taking several buses and hitchhiking, he arrives in Denver, where he hooks up with Carlo Marx, Dean, and their friends. There are parties—among them an excursion to the ghost town of Central City. Eventually Sal leaves by bus and gets to San Francisco, where he meets Remi Boncoeur and his girlfriend Lee Ann. Remi arranges for Sal to take a job as a night watchman at a boarding camp for merchant sailors waiting for their ship. Not holding this job for long, Sal hits the road again. \"Oh, where is the girl I love?\" he wonders. Soon he meets Terry, the \"cutest little Mexican girl,\" on the bus to Los Angeles. They stay together, traveling back to Bakersfield, then to Sabinal, \"her hometown,\" where her family works in the fields. He meets Terry's brother Ricky, who teaches him the true meaning of \"mañana\" (\"tomorrow\"). Working in the cotton fields, Sal realizes that he is not made for this type of work. Leaving Terry behind, he takes the bus back to Times Square in New York City, bums a quarter off a preacher who looks the other way, and arrives at his Aunt's house in Paterson, just missing Dean, who had come to see him, by two days.", "In the Heights. The Piragua Guy's rival, Mr. Softee, is unable to sell due to his truck being broken down, and Piragua Guy celebrates the flourishing of his business (\"Piragua\" – Reprise). Vanessa brings a bottle of champagne to thank Usnavi and, though she flirts with him, he is so flustered by Abuela's death and Vanessa being open with him that he is unable to appreciate Vanessa's attempts; Vanessa finally kisses him and leaves (\"Champagne\"). Meanwhile, Benny worries about his relationship with Nina, since her decision to go back west, and they stand together while the sun sets, uncertain of their future (\"When the Sun Goes Down\").", "When You Reach Me. The audiobook adaption of When You Reach Me was released by Listening Library and contains four disks. In praise of Cynthia Holloway's performance of Miranda, M.V.P from Horn Book Magazine stated that her tone \"emphasized the novel's interpersonal aspects\". The reviewer found it beneficial that the chapter titles were added to the audio, since they seemed to add more detail about the book, but can be easily skipped over when reading. M.V.P criticized the voicing of Miranda's mom.[22] AudioFile praised Halloway for \"a strong reading...[that] makes listeners curious about this story's nonlinear structure\" and for managing the different elements of the story.[23]", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me was published on July 14, 2010, in hardcover format by Wendy Lamb Books, an imprint of Random House Children's Books.[24] Reception of When You Reach Me was positive. Reviewers praised the details and characters. The novel has reached many bestseller lists; it was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 16 weeks ending May 9, 2010.[25] It was number 127 on USA Today's bestseller list during the week of January 28, 2010.[26] On April 22, 2010, after staying at number 15 for two weeks, When You Reach Me left the Los Angeles Times bestseller list.[27]", "On the Road. In December 1948 Sal is celebrating Christmas with his relatives in Testament, Virginia, when Dean shows up with Marylou (having left his second wife, Camille, and their newborn baby, Amy, in San Francisco) and Ed Dunkel. Sal's Christmas plans are shattered as \"now the bug was on me again, and the bug's name was Dean Moriarty.\" First they drive to New York, where they meet Carlo and party. Dean wants Sal to make love to Marylou, but Sal declines. In Dean's Hudson they take off from New York in January 1949 and make it to New Orleans. In Algiers they stay with the morphine-addicted Old Bull Lee and his wife Jane. Galatea Dunkel joins her husband in New Orleans while Sal, Dean, and Marylou continue their trip. Once in San Francisco, Dean again leaves Marylou to be with Camille. \"Dean will leave you out in the cold anytime it is in the interest of him,\" Marylou tells Sal. Both of them stay briefly in a hotel, but soon she moves out, following a nightclub owner. Sal is alone and on Market Street has visions of past lives, birth, and rebirth. Dean finds him and invites him to stay with his family. Together, they visit nightclubs and listen to Slim Gaillard and other jazz musicians. The stay ends on a sour note: \"what I accomplished by coming to Frisco I don't know,\" and Sal departs, taking the bus back to New York.", "When You Reach Me. Miranda and her new friends, Annemarie and Colin find a sandwich shop on the corner, wondering if they can get a job there. The owner, Jimmy, agrees, but he does not wish to pay them with money; instead he gives them a free pop and a sandwich each day. Miranda, Annemarie, and Colin discover a Fred Flintstone bank in the back of sandwich shop. Colin, wanting to see more of the bank, is pulled way by Annemarie insisting that Jimmy could find them. The next day, Jimmy fires the three workers, thinking that one of them stole the Flintstone bank, when the laughing man actually stole it. The workers write a card, give it to Jimmy and insist that they did not steal the bank. Jimmy believes them and let them work at the sandwich shop. He then tells them that he figured out who stole the bank. He thinks that it is Julia, a classmate in their class, and a best friend to Annemarie. He thinks she did it because she is African American. This upsets Annemarie greatly and she immediately quits her job.", "When You Reach Me. Mead noted that \"the book builds toward second chances for Miranda's mother—both vocationally and relationally.\"[15] As the novel progresses, Miranda gives second chances to Julia, a girl whom Miranda initially hates, and Alice, a girl who always needs to use the bathroom but never does. Miranda previously considered Julia \"a competitor for Annemarie's affection, and Alice as the weird kid who waited too long to go to the bathroom\". By the end of the book, she finds Julia to be Annemarie's friend and discovers that Alice is an insecure girl.[15]", "Simon Bellamy. While doing his community service, Simon is caught in a storm. Simon gains the power of invisibility. The group's probation worker, Tony (Danny Sapani) is also caught in the storm and becomes crazed. Tony attacks the group and in self-defense, Kelly Bailey (Lauren Socha) kills him.[15] Simon begins speaking to 'Shygirl18' online, who turns out to be Sally.[16] Tony's body is due to be dug up, the group move him before reburying him. Simon takes Tony's card and uses it to fake activity so it is presumed he is alive.[17] The group's new probation worker, Tony's fiancée Sally (Alex Reid), discovers Tony's credit card in Simon's locker.[18] Sally continues to try to prove the group's part in Tony's death by becoming close to Simon. Sally steals Simon's phone and watches his recorded videos. She finds a video in which Nathan Young (Robert Sheehan) professes the group's part in Tony's death. Simon finds Sally watching the video and tells her that the group are his friends. Sally hits Simon and tries to escape with his phone. Simon and Sally struggle for possession of the phone. In the struggle Simon pushes Sally who hits her head on the door, killing her.[13]", "Amanda Holden. Holden's other TV credits include three series of the comedy Kiss Me Kate with Caroline Quentin and Chris Langham, three series of the ITV's The Grimleys, Celeb with Harry Enfield, BBC series Hearts and Bones with Damian Lewis, the Jonathan Creek episode \"The Problem at Gallowes Gate\" and a Boxing Day special Marple opposite Geraldine McEwan and John Hannah. She also co-starred with Bill Nighy and Tom Courtenay in Ready When You Are, Mr McGill, Jack Rosenthal's comedy drama.", "Beyond the Reach. Ruthless tycoon and trophy collector John Madec flaunts his $500,000 all-terrain vehicle in a small New Mexico town and buys off the local sheriff to bag an endangered desert bighorn sheep. The sheriff solicits the young but experienced tracker Ben to guide the malevolent Madec an hour outside town into the canyon country of Shiprock. Madec taunts Ben over his love interest, who has gone away to Colorado for a college swimming scholarship and gifted a gun that Ben taught her to shoot. When Ben asks to see the permit to hunt the endangered bighorn, Madec offers a wad of cash, which the stunned Ben begrudgingly accepts after Madec supplements his initial offer even further. Madec of shoot-first-and-ask-questions-later philosophy accidentally shoots an old prospector, and Ben insists that they must report it as an accident. Madec, on the other hand, puts another bullet from Ben's gun into the corpse, and after explaining how he can now blackmail Ben with questions of who was the actual killer, offers Ben a deal: Madec will put him through college with a finance major and give him a $300,000-per-year job in return for his complicity in covering up the crime.", "When You Reach Me. Throughout the story, the main character Miranda is often reading Madeleine L'Engle's A Wrinkle in Time, Stead's favorite book as a child; she read and reread it multiple times. She recalls that L'Engle was the only author she met in her childhood.[2] Stead described the novel as a talisman for Miranda;[4] she included it in the first draft and planned to remove it, \"because you can't just toss A Wrinkle in Time in there casually\".[4] Her editor suggested leaving it in if it could be better tied into the story.[5] Stead was aware that she did not want A Wrinkle in Time to have too big an influence on When You Reach Me. Keeping this in mind, she reread A Wrinkle in Time through the perspective of different characters, which enabled her to develop new connections and ideas in her own work.[4]", "When You Reach Me. The trip is a difficult one. I will not be myself when I reach you.", "When You Reach Me. When Stead was only halfway done, she hit a wall: she wondered if she had focused the novel too much on her own personal life and problems. By her 40th birthday in January 2007, she had stopped writing. One week after her birthday celebration, Stead went to a writers' conference where the presenter advised attendees to stop thinking and just write?. This speech worked as an antidote to Stead's writer's block; she started working on When You Reach Me again.[1] After she had written two-thirds of the novel, Stead sent the draft to her editor Wendy Lamb at Random House. Perusing the script, Lamb found herself absorbed and wanted to help develop the book. Unlike Stead's debut novel First Light, which Lamb heavily edited, Lamb modified nothing on the first draft of When You Reach Me. Throughout the process, Stead helped Lamb understand the complicated concepts in the book and had drafts read by others to make sure, \"revision hadn't created any holes or contradictions in the plot\".[3]", "On the Road. The two main characters of the book are the narrator, Sal Paradise, and his friend Dean Moriarty, much admired for his carefree attitude and sense of adventure, a free-spirited maverick eager to explore all kicks and an inspiration and catalyst for Sal's travels. The novel contains five parts, three of them describing road trips with Moriarty. The narrative takes place in the years 1947 to 1950, is full of Americana, and marks a specific era in jazz history, \"somewhere between its Charlie Parker Ornithology period and another period that began with Miles Davis.\" The novel is largely autobiographical, Sal being the alter ego of the author and Dean standing for Neal Cassady.", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me is classified in the science fiction and mystery genres, but includes features of some other genres. Monica Edinger of The New York Times found When You Reach Me to be \"a hybrid of genres, it is a complex mystery, a work of historical fiction, a school story and one of friendship, with a leitmotif of time travel running through it.\"[8] Augusta Scattergood of the Christian Science Monitor wondered, \"Is When You Reach Me science fiction? Time travel? A highly imaginative girl's completely conceived experience? Maybe it's historical fiction. After all, it is set in 1979.\"[9] According to Mary Quattlebaum of The Washington Post, the novel is of the science fiction and time travel genres. Quattlebaum found that, unlike the usual time travel stories, When You Reach Me does not involve \"cheesy time travel machines and rock-'em-sock-'em action [but instead] far surpasses the usual whodunit or sci-fi adventure to become an incandescent exploration of 'life, death, and the beauty of it all.' \"[10] Both Kirkus Reviews and Publishers Weekly found that despite the book's science-fiction devices, the setting was still \"firmly rooted in reality.\"[11][12]", "When You Reach Me. Stead won the annual Newbery Medal recognizing When You Reach Me as the year's \"most distinguished contribution to American literature for children\".[29] The judges chose the novel for making the small details important to the plot.[30] Chairwoman of the Newbery committee Katie O'Dell felt that \"Every scene, every nuance, every word is vital both to character development and the progression of the mystery that really is going to engage readers and satisfy them\".[31] The committee was \"very excited about this book because it is exceptionally conceived, finely crafted and highly original\".[31]", "Bill Nighy. In 2005, he appeared as Slartibartfast in the film adaptation of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. He also appeared in the one-off BBC One comedy-drama The Girl in the Café. In February 2006, he appeared in scriptwriter Stephen Poliakoff's one-off drama, Gideon's Daughter. Nighy played the lead character, Gideon, a successful events organiser who begins to lose touch with the world around him. This performance won him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Mini-series or TV Film in January 2007. Also in 2006, Nighy made his Broadway debut at the Music Box Theatre alongside Julianne Moore in The Vertical Hour, directed by Sam Mendes." ]

[ 5.07421875, 1.419921875, 2.671875, 2.626953125, 0.68994140625, 3.98828125, 0.1751708984375, 1.609375, -0.88427734375, -1.8095703125, -0.99072265625, -3.01953125, -1.9140625, -1.265625, 1.5869140625, -2.34375, -4.48046875, -1.9443359375, -3.078125, -2.541015625, -0.23583984375, -0.8876953125, -3.4609375, -6.87890625, -4.44921875, 0.175537109375, -3.279296875, -2.451171875, -1.4375, -2.091796875, -3.064453125, -6.10546875 ]

[ "How Old Are You? (film). The film collected US$78,897 from UK box office.[13]", "How Old Are You? (film). Sify's reviewer rated the film as \"watchable\" and wrote, \"Just like the 2012 Bollywood film English Vinglish that marked the return of Sridevi, director Rosshan Andrrews’s How Old Are You brings back the terrific Manju Warrier, who stayed away from the movies for 14 years.\"[6] Veeyen of Nowrunning.com stated that \"Roshan Andrews in his film 'How Old Are You' takes us along on a woman's quest to unearth her long buried identity. Armed with a bravura performance by Manju Warrier, this superbly acted and emotionally engaging drama is a keeper of a film, and quite an impressive one at that.\"[7][8] Sharika C of The Hindu said, \"A must-watch, the film is also her [Manju Warrier's] way of making a statement – that age does not matter and you are never too old to chase your dreams. Ab ki baar, Manju Warrier!\" She cited the film as \"one of those rare films that will bring crowds to the theatre just to watch a middle-aged female protagonist perform\" and named it as one of Kunchacko Boban's best performances.[8] Paresh C Palicha of Rediff.com rated the film 3/5 and said, \"How Old Are You is a good watch not just because it is the comeback film of Manju Warrier, but also because it has got a good story to tell.\"[9] Metromatinee.com called the film \"Light hearted yet weighty.\"[10]", "How Old Are You? (film). Asianet Film Awards (2015)[18]", "How Old Are You? (film). Asianet Film Awards (2015)", "How Old Are You? (film). How Old Are You is a 2014 Malayalam drama film directed by Rosshan Andrrews, written by Bobby Sanjay and produced by Listin Stephen under the banner of Magic Frames. It stars Manju Warrier in the lead role along with Kunchako Boban, Kanika, Lalu Alex and Amritha Anil.[1][2] Manju Warrier plays the character of Nirupama Rajeev, a UD clerk in Revenue department.[3] She was acting in a film after a 14-year sabbatical.[4] The film released on 17 May 2014. It received positive reviews from critics and was a big hit of the year.[5] The film was remade in Tamil as 36 Vayadhinile with Jyothika in the lead, making her comeback.", "How Old Are You? (film). Kerala Film Critics Association Awards (2015)", "How Old Are You? (film). The film's soundtrack contains 8 songs, all composed by Gopi Sundar and Carnival Band. Lyrics by Hari Narayanan, Rafeeq Ahamed.", "How Old Are You? (film). Asiavision Awards (2014)[17]", "How Old Are You? (film). Kerala Film Critics Association (2015)", "How Old Are You? (film). 4th South Indian International Movie Awards", "How Old Are You? (film). 62nd Filmfare Awards South[15][16]", "United States box office records. Information taken from Box Office Mojo[5]", "We Are Your Friends (film). It made $1.8 million in its opening weekend, finishing 14th at the box office. Box Office Mojo reports with a 2,333 theater count, the film grossed an average $758 from each venue, making it the fourth worst debut for a film with a 2,000+ theater average. It was surpassed later in the year by Rock the Kasbah ($731 average) and Jem and the Holograms ($570), both of which opened on October 23, 2015.[19]", "How Old Are You? (film). The story is centered on a 36-year-old character named Nirupama Rajeev (Manju Warrier) who works as a UD clerk in the Revenue Department. Her husband is Rajeev Narayanan (Kunchako Boban) who works at Akashavaani and aspires of migrating to Ireland, but Nirupama can't accompany him as most Irish companies turn down her job applications. There is nothing interesting about her life; she leads a normal life but craves for a change.", "I'm Not Ashamed. The film opened in 505 theaters on October 21, 2016, and played at 516 theaters in its widest release.[3] Its lifetime box-office take was $2,082,980.[3]", "The Best Years of Our Lives. The Best Years of Our Lives was a massive commercial success, earning an estimated $11.5 million at the North American box office during its initial theatrical run.[21][22] When box office prices are adjusted for inflation, it remains one of the top 100 grossing films in U.S. history.", "How Old Are You? (film). 2014 Kerala State Film Awards[14]", "12 Strong. In the United States and Canada, 12 Strong was released on January 19, 2018 alongside Den of Thieves and Forever My Girl, as well as the wide expansions of Phantom Thread, I, Tonya and Call Me by Your Name, and was projected to gross $15–20 million from 3,002 theaters in its opening weekend.[3] It ended up debuting to $15.8 million, similar to the $16.1 million that war film 13 Hours: The Secret Soldiers of Benghazi opened to in January 2016, and finished second at the box office behind Jumanji: Welcome to the Jungle. According to ComScore, 55% of the opening weekend audience was male, with 79% being over the age of 25.[25] The following week dropped 45% to $8.6 million, finishing 6th at the box office.[26]", "You Are the Apple of My Eye. In Singapore You Are the Apple of My Eye earned a total of SGD$675,000, making it the second-highest-grossing film in Singapore that weekend[11] despite the film's NC-16 rating (which meant that only viewers over age 16 were admitted); this surprised the film's distributor, 20th Century Fox.[11] The film broke the record for highest opening weekend for a Taiwanese film in Singapore, previously held by the 2007 film Secret.[11] It surpassed the performance of other Taiwanese films such as Monga, Cape No. 7 and Lust, Caution.[11] You Are the Apple of My Eye was the highest-grossing Asian film of 2011 at the Singapore box office, with earnings of SGD$2.93 million.[43]", "66th Academy Awards. Of the top 50 grossing movies of the year, 36 nominations went to 14 films on the list. Only The Fugitive (3rd), The Firm (4th), Sleepless in Seattle (6th), In the Line of Fire (7th), Dave (13th), Philadelphia (29th), What's Love Got to Do With It (38th), and The Age of Innocence (49th) were nominated for directing, acting, screenwriting, or Best Picture.[33] The other top 50 box office hits that earned nominations were Jurassic Park (1st), Mrs. Doubtfire (2nd), Cliffhanger (9th), The Nightmare Before Christmas (24th), Addams Family Values (25th), and Beethoven's 2nd (27th).[33]", "How Old Are You? (film). The meeting turned out to be a successful one. The transformation of her character from a depressed woman to a steady and sprightly lady is almost predictable. 'How old are you' leaves behind a sharp note to its audience. Near the end of the story, Nirupama reminds her husband to expect only what is given to her.", "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer. The sequel made a gross $16.5 million at 2,443 theaters during its opening weekend. Unlike the original, the sequel opened at number two at the box office and dropped to number five only a week later. At the end of its fifteen-week run, the film grossed $40,020,622 in the United States. It grossed $44 million internationally, bringing the total worldwide gross to $84 million.[2]", "You Are the Apple of My Eye. You Are the Apple of My Eye grossed more than NT$$20 million at the Taiwanese box office during its soft launch.[3] This makes it the first Taiwanese film to gross over NT$$20 million before its official release date.[3] The film crossed the NT$200 million mark ten days after its official opening.[39] In total, the film earned over NT$420 million at the Taiwanese box office,[40] making it the third-highest-grossing film of 2011 in Taiwan.[41]", "United States box office records. For the holiday weekend including Memorial Day:", "From Up on Poppy Hill. In a survey which was done online and on mobile platforms, it was revealed the ratio of female audience to male audience was 57% to 43%. By age, 34.8% of the audience were in their twenties, 18.9% of them were ages between 16 and 19 years old, and people who were aged over 30 made up 32.6% of the audience.[34] This film crossed the 3 billion yen gross mark during the weekend of August 21–22, 2011.[35]", "Rock of Ages (2012 film). On its opening weekend in theaters, the film grossed $14,447,269, ranking third place, behind the previous week's holdovers Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted and Prometheus. The film did, however, do slightly better business than the other newcomer, That's My Boy.[25]", "List of box office records set by Avengers: Infinity War. Avengers: Infinity War is the third Avengers film and the nineteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), released six years after the first Avengers film and ten years after the first MCU film. Directed by Anthony and Joe Russo, the film features an ensemble cast of actors reprising their roles from previous entries in the MCU. Box office analysts identified positive word of mouth and anticipation built up over the course of the MCU as factors working in the film's favour.[1]", "Stuck on You (film). The film broke even on its $55 million production budget with $65,784,503 worldwide,[3] its box office draw considerably underperformed the Farrelly Brothers' previous hits. It only managed third place in its opening weekend box office (US) despite having the largest theater count of any release that weekend (December 12–14, 2003).", "Dump months. Guardians of the Galaxy had the most successful August opening weekend ever, until 2016's Suicide Squad.[36] It went on to become the highest grossing August release ever[68] as well as 2014's top-grossing film domestically.[37] These accomplishments led industry observers to reconsider whether they should be so dismissive of August, a trend that had been building even before that year. Cary Carling noted afterwards in the Fort Worth Star-Telegram that recent Augusts had seen a number of critical and commercial successes, not only franchise movies such as The Bourne Ultimatum and Rise of the Planet of the Apes but films that appealed to adult audiences such as Blue Jasmine, The Help, and the James Brown biopic Get on Up, whose $14 million opening weekend against Guardians \"met expectations.\"[35]", "How Old Are You? (film). Susan David (Kanika), her old classmate, a successful business woman, reminds her of the woman she used to be and inspires her to rediscover her younger self. Nirupama then explains her situation, when she met the president, to the social medias and clears her name. Her inability to rise up to her daughter's expectations and the discomfiture of her husband being mistaken for her younger brother further troubles her. Nirupama had a habit of having a vegetable garden on her roof, without the usage of chemicals or pesticides. One day Nirupama visits an old woman whom she would meet everyday on her bus. Both of them don't even know their names, and when she gets to know that the woman is sick, Nirupama turns up at her house with her own vegetable. The old woman thanks her for the time she spent for her and for reminding that she is not alone in this world. News of her pure vegetables spreads via the neighbor of the sick woman. In between, Nirupama's daughter calls her to Ireland, but she hesitates as she has lots of work left to be done. Her vegetables are asked for a wedding. For this Nirupama encourages all her neighbors to cultivate vegetables on their rooftops as well, which turns out to be a huge success. Her friend Susuan david encourages her into a seminar with important people as audience. Her topic of biofarming influenced all the officials and gives her the job of making it a reality. Once again the President meets her and family.", "List of 2017 box office number-one films in the United States. This is a list of films which placed number one at the weekend box office for the year 2017.[1]", "How Old Are You? (film). How Old Are You? is being remade into several Indian languages.[11]" ]

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[ "Dragon Ball FighterZ. Dragon Ball FighterZ[a] is a 2.5D fighting game developed by Arc System Works and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment. Based on the Dragon Ball franchise, it was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows in most regions in January 2018, and in Japan the following month.[3][4]", "Dragon Ball FighterZ. On June 11, 2017, the game was revealed at Microsoft's E3 press conference.[10] A closed beta for the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions were also confirmed.[11] Bandai Namco said there is a possibility the game could come to the Nintendo Switch if enough fans request it.[12] Dragon Ball creator Akira Toriyama designed a new female character named Android 21 for the game.[13]", "Dragon Ball FighterZ. On June 9, 2017, a Japanese press release dated for June 12 prematurely revealed information about the game and two screenshots before its official announcement.[8] The press release was eventually removed from Bandai Namco's website.[9]", "Dragon Ball FighterZ. Players who preordered Dragon Ball FighterZ on console received early access to the game's open beta test period, as well as early unlocks for the SSGSS Goku and SSGSS Vegeta characters and an additional in-game stamp pack. Two digital bundles have been announced: The \"FighterZ Edition\" includes the game and the FighterZ Pass, which includes eight additional downloadable characters. The \"Ultimate Edition\" includes all content from the FighterZ Edition, as well as a Commentator Voice Pack and additional music from the anime series which can be played during battle. A physical collector's edition for the game is also available, which includes a steelbook case, three art boards, and a 7\" statue of Goku.[3] As of between January 18—19 2018, the beta was announced as free access for those players who didn't get to pre-order the game earlier.", "Dragon Ball FighterZ. After its announcement, Dragon Ball FighterZ was met with great enthusiasm from fans of fighting games and the source material alike, with many saying it has the potential to be the next big competitive fighting game.[28] The game gained praise regarding its art design and animation being faithful to the source material, as well as its fighting mechanics. A playable demo was available at the Evolution Championship Series 2017, where pros were able to get their hands on the title for a small tournament; many of the pros praised the game highly, regarding its versatility when it comes to play styles as well as being enjoyable.[29]", "Dragon Ball Super: Broly. Dragon Ball Super: Broly was originally announced under the tentative title of Dragon Ball Super - The Movie on December 17, 2017, during Jump Festa with the general theme being \"The Strongest Warrior Race in the Universe, The Saiyans\".[4] A poster was released on March 13, 2018, 11 days before the airing of the final episode of Dragon Ball Super, featuring an entirely new design for the protagonist Goku by Toei animator Naohiro Shintani,[5][6] as opposed to veteran Dragon Ball character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro. One week later, the first trailer for the film was released publicly through Toei Animation featuring the all–new character designs and an enigmatic new villain.[7]", "Dragon Ball Super. The first preview of the series aired on June 14, 2015, following episode 157 of Dragon Ball Kai.[19] The next day, the main promotional image for Dragon Ball Super was added to its official website and unveiled two new characters,[17] who were later revealed to be named Champa and Vados, respectively.[20] A thirty-second trailer including the new characters was uploaded to the series' official website on June 26, 2015.[21]", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: Buyū Retsuden (ドラゴンボールＺ 武勇列伝, Doragon Bōru Zetto Buyū Retsuden, Dragon Ball Z: Intense Martial Transmission), released as Dragon Ball Z: L'Appel du Destin (Dragon Ball Z: The Call of Destiny) in France and Spain and as Dragon Ball Z in Portugal, is a fighting game released for the Mega Drive. It was released in Japan on April 1, 1994[19] and Europe in June 1994.[20][21] The playable characters are Goku, Gohan, Krillin, Piccolo, Vegeta, Captain Ginyu, Recoome, Frieza, Future Trunks, Android 18, and Cell.", "Dragon Ball Z. The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe), and Cartoon Network in Australia.", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: Hyper Dimension (ドラゴンボールZ ハイパー ディメンション, Doragon Bōru Zetto Haipā Dimenshon) is the last Dragon Ball Z fighting game released for the Super Famicom/SNES in Japan and Europe. It was released in Japan on March 29, 1996 (1996-03-29) and in France and Spain on February 1997.[28] The Japanese version of the game features a story mode that begins from the Frieza arc and ends at the end of the series. The amount of life for characters is measured by a number system from 1 to 999, which can be charged at any time during the match. When the life reaches a level below 80, the characters are able to perform \"desperate moves\", which cause a large amount of damage. The characters fight on a multi-tier stage, which allows opponents to hit each other to other stages. The playable characters are Goku, Vegeta, Gohan, Perfect Cell, Piccolo, Vegito, Frieza, Fat Buu, Kid Buu, and Gotenks.", "Dragon Ball Super: Broly. Dragon Ball Super: Broly (Japanese: ドラゴンボール超（スーパー） ブロリー, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Sūpā: Burorī) is an upcoming 2018 Japanese anime science fantasy martial arts film, the twentieth movie in the Dragon Ball series, and the first to carry the Dragon Ball Super branding. It was first officially announced on December 17, 2017, and will be the third Dragon Ball film personally supervised by creator Akira Toriyama, following Resurrection 'F' in 2015.", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 9). Funimation released the season in a box set on May 19, 2009 and announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released on November 10, 2009.[1]", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 7). Funimation released the season in a box set on November 11, 2008, and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]", "Dragon Ball Super. Bandai has announced that a line of Dragon Ball Super toys will be available in the United States in summer 2017.[52] Bandai has also announced the updated Dragon Ball Super Card Game that starts with one starter deck, one special pack containing 4 booster packs and a promotional Vegeta card and a booster box with 24 packs. It will be released on July 28, 2017.[53] A line of six Dragon Ball Super Happy Meal toys were made available at Japanese McDonald's restaurants in May 2017.[54]", "Dragon Ball Z. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu-ray format, with the first set released on November 8, 2011.[78][79][80] However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame.[81] Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total.[82] On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled the Rock the Dragon Edition.[83]", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 8). Funimation released the season in a box set on February 10, 2009, and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 4). Funimation released the season in a box set on February 19, 2008 and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Battle 22 (ドラゴンボールZ アルティメイトバトル22, Doragon Bōru Zetto Arutimeito Batoru Towintetzū) is a fighting game released July 28, 1995 (1995-07-28) in Japan (re-released as PlayStation the Best for Family on December 6, 1996 (1996-12-06)), released in Europe on June 1996 (1996-06),[26] and released in North America years later on March 25, 2003 (2003-03-25). The game features cel drawings from the animators as character sprites and three dimensional backgrounds. The playable characters are Goku, Gohan, Vegeta, Future Trunks, Cell, Android 16, Android 18, Frieza, Zarbon, Recoome, Captain Ginyu, Dabura, Goten, Kid Trunks, Supreme Kai, Fat Buu, Super Buu, Super Saiyan Gotenks, Great Saiyaman, Krillin, Tien, and Piccolo. Unlockable characters include Gogeta, Mr. Satan, Master Roshi, Super Saiyan 3 Goku, and Kid Goku.", "Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods. Early in July 2012, Weekly Shōnen Jump's official website had already opened a teaser page with a countdown to a \"surprise\" on Saturday, July 14, the release date of its 33rd issue of the year. On July 14, the magazine and website, now changed to show Shenlong appearing and then disappearing, revealed some minor information of the upcoming film; including the premiere date, staff information, and companies involved in the production (Fox International Productions Japan, Shueisha, Fuji TV, Toei Animation, Bandai, Bandai Namco Games, and Bird Studio). The film's director is Masahiro Hosoda, who directed several Dragon Ball Z episodes back in 1992, the screenplay was written by Yūsuke Watanabe, who has written manga adaptations before (namely the 20th Century Boys and Gantz live-action films), and the lead animation director is Tadayoshi Yamamuro, who has worked on the series since the Dragon Ball anime.[5]", "Dragon Ball Z. In Japan, Dragon Ball Z did not receive a home video release until 2003, seven years after its broadcast. This was a remastering of the series in two 26-disc DVD box sets, that were made-to-order only, released on March 19 and September 18 and referred to as \"Dragon Boxes.\" The content of these sets began being released on mass-produced individual 6-episode DVDs on November 2, 2005 and finished with the 49th volume released on February 7, 2007.[57][58]", "Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2. Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 is a fighting role-playing video game developed by Dimps and published by Bandai Namco Entertainment based on the Dragon Ball franchise.[2][3] It is the sequel to Dragon Ball Xenoverse that was released on February 5, 2015.[4][5] It was released in October 2016 for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and on October 27 for Microsoft Windows. In Japan, Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2 has been released only on PlayStation 4.[6] The game was released for the Nintendo Switch in Japan on September 7, 2017 and later released worldwide on September 22, 2017.[7]", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: Super Butōden (ドラゴンボールZ 超武闘伝 (スーパーぶとうでん), Doragon Bōru Zetto Sūpā Butōden, Dragon Ball Z: Super Fighting Story) is the first installment in the Super Butōden series. The game was released in Japan on March 20, 1993 and in France and Spain on November 30, 1993. In Europe was often referred simply as Dragon Ball Z. Super Butōden features 13 playable characters (Goku, S.Goku, Gohan, Piccolo, Vegeta, S.Vegeta, Frieza, Cell, P.Cell, Trunks and the Androids #16, #18 and #20/Dr. Gero) and its story mode spans from the Piccolo Jr. arc to the conclusion of the Cell Games.", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 6). Funimation released the season in a box set on September 16, 2008 and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]", "Dragon Ball. \"Dragon Ball Z: The Real 4D\" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2016. It features a battle between Goku and Freeza. Unlike most Dragon Ball animation, the attraction is animated with CGI. A second attraction titled \"Dragon Ball Z: Super Tenkaichi Budokai\" debuted at Universal Studios Japan in the summer of 2017, which featured a battle between the heroes and Broly.", "Dragon Ball. On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced Dragon Ball Super (ドラゴンボール超, Doragon Bōru Sūpā), the first all-new Dragon Ball television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and runs as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018 after 131 episodes.[45] Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well.[46][47] Kouichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles, as Beerus and Whis, respectively.[47]", "Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods. Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 神と神, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto: Kami to Kami, lit. \"Dragon Ball Z: God and God\") is the eighteenth Japanese animated feature film based on the Dragon Ball series and the fourteenth to carry the Dragon Ball Z branding, released in theaters on March 30, 2013. It is the first Dragon Ball movie in 17 years to have a theatrical release, the last being the tenth anniversary movie in 1996, which followed the first three Dragon Ball films and the thirteen Dragon Ball Z films. Unlike previous theatrical Dragon Ball releases, this was a full feature-length production with a stand-alone release and not shown as part of the now-discontinued Toei Anime Fair (formerly the Toei Manga Matsuri).", "Dragon Ball Super. The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 4, 2016.[51]", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: W Bakuretsu Impact (ドラゴンボールZ W爆烈インパクト, Doragon Bōru Zetto Daburu Bakuretsu Inpakuto, Dragon Ball Z: W Burst Impact) is the fourth card-based fighting game released on Bandai's Data Carddass arcade system. The playable characters are Goku, Gohan, Vegeta, Piccolo, Kid Goku, Pan, Future Trunks, Goten, Gotenks, Arale Norimaki, Majin Buu, Super Buu, Kid Buu, Broly, Super 17, Nova Shenron, Omega Shenron, and Mighty Mask.", "Dragon Ball Xenoverse. Dragon Ball Xenoverse (abbreviated as Dragon Ball XV) is a fighting role-playing video game based on the Dragon Ball franchise developed by Dimps and published by Bandai Namco Games.[6] It was released in February 2015 for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360, Xbox One, and Microsoft Windows. On May 17, 2016, a sequel, Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2, was confirmed.", "Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi. Dragon Ball Z: Budokai Tenkaichi[a] is a series of fighting games based on the anime and manga Dragon Ball by Akira Toriyama. Each installment was developed by Spike for the PlayStation 2, while they were published by Bandai in Japan and Atari in all other countries from 2005 to 2007. The second and third installments were also released for the Nintendo Wii. Bandai's role has since been filled by the merged Namco Bandai Games, and Atari's PAL distribution network was absorbed into Namco Bandai Partners. Namco Bandai has also handled publishing in North America for future Dragon Ball Z games since 2010, effectively ending Atari's involvement.[1] The trilogy was followed by Dragon Ball Z: Tenkaichi Tag Team, released in 2010 for the PlayStation Portable and Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Tenkaichi, released in 2011 for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360.", "List of Dragon Ball video games. Dragon Ball Z: Shin Super Butōden (ドラゴンボールZ 真武闘伝, Doragon Bōru Zetto Shin Butōden, Dragon Ball Z: True Fighting Story) is the fourth installment in the Super Butōden series. The game was released only in Japan on November 17, 1995. The game features 27 playable characters, their sprites being those used in an earlier Dragon Ball Z game, Dragon Ball Z: Ultimate Battle 22. Its story mode ranges from the Android arc to the Cell Games.", "List of Dragon Ball Z episodes (season 2). Funimation released the season in a box set on May 22, 2007 and in June 2009, announced that they would be re-releasing Dragon Ball Z in a new seven volume set called the \"Dragon Boxes\". Based on the original series masters with frame-by-frame restoration, the first set was released November 10, 2009.[1]" ]

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[ "Peter Cullen. At BotCon 2010, Hasbro named Cullen as one of the first four human inductees in the Transformers Hall of Fame for his role as the voice of Optimus Prime.[13]", "Peter Cullen. Peter Claver Cullen (born July 28, 1941) is a Canadian voice actor. He is best known as the voice of Optimus Prime (as well as Ironhide) in the original 1980s Transformers animated series, and most other incarnations of the character, as well, and Eeyore in the Winnie the Pooh franchise. He also voiced Monterey Jack in Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers from season one through some of season two. Starting in 2007, Cullen has reprised his role as Optimus Prime in related Transformers media, starting with the first live-action film.[1]", "Optimus Prime. Optimus Prime is primarily voiced by Peter Cullen in most of his incarnations, who voiced him in the original series. Following the production of the 2007 film, Cullen reprised his role for the sequels and supporting media and would even voice Optimus in later series such as Transformers: Prime. Optimus has been voiced by a number of other voice actors in other series such as Neil Kaplan, Garry Chalk, and David Kaye in the series Transformers: Robots in Disguise, Unicron Trilogy, and Transformers Animated, respectively.", "Transformers: Prime. The first voice actor to be cast in the series was Jeffrey Combs as Ratchet. Combs revealed this through his personal website on February 4, 2010.[4] On May 17, 2010 it was revealed that Peter Cullen, who had originated the role of Optimus Prime in the original series and voiced him in the live-action film series, would return as Optimus' voice in Prime.[25] During San Diego Comic Con on July 8, 2010, it was revealed that Frank Welker would also reprise his role as Megatron from the original series. Besides Optimus and Ratchet, further Autobots revealed were: Bumblebee, Arcee and Bulkhead. It was also revealed that Starscream and Soundwave would be part of the Decepticons.[26]", "Optimus Prime. The \"Unicron Trilogy\" version of Optimus Prime is a fictional character of this branch of Transformers lore. Appearing in Transformers: Armada, Transformers: Energon and Transformers: Cybertron (known as the aforementioned trilogy), Optimus is the leader of the heroic Autobots. He often converted to his super combat mode. In all three series, Optimus' English voice actor is Garry Chalk, who previously voiced Optimus Primal in Beast Wars and Beast Machines.", "Optimus Prime. Optimus Prime is the fictional protagonist of the Transformers: Robots in Disguise (Fire Convoy in the original Japanese version) branch of the Transformers universe.[8] Based on the character of the same name, Prime once again leads the Autobots against the Decepticons. His voice actor, Neil Kaplan, does his voice in a style reminiscent of that of Peter Cullen, the voice of the original Optimus Prime. Wired Magazine nominated Fire Convoy as one 12 most ridiculous Transformers ideas of all time.[9]", "Peter Cullen. Cullen reprised the role of Optimus Prime in the 2007 Transformers live-action film, and its sequels Revenge of the Fallen, Dark of the Moon, Age of Extinction, and The Last Knight, as well as the video games based on them. Cullen will also voice Optimus in the spin-off Bumblebee film, set to be released in 2018.[7]He is contractually obligated to voice Optimus in at least one more sequel.[5]", "Transformers: Prime. On September 8, 2010 the voice actors for the show were revealed.[27] Kline would later reveal that Hasbro Studios placed high importance in getting Cullen and Frank Welker to reprise their roles as Optimus Prime and Megatron respectivelly.[16]", "Peter Cullen. Cullen again reprised his role as Optimus Prime in the video games Transformers: War for Cybertron, Transformers: Fall of Cybertron and Transformers: Devastation, and in the recent television series Transformers: Rescue Bots, Transformers Prime and Transformers: Robots in Disguise. His performance in the premiere season of Transformers: Prime earned him a nomination for a 2011 Daytime Emmy Award in the Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program category.", "Optimus Prime. At San Diego ComicCon 06, it was announced that original Optimus Prime voice actor, Peter Cullen, would reprise his role for the third film. Cullen has commented that Prime is basically the same in the third film as the previous two, and retains the same basic personality.", "Unicron. In The Transformers: The Movie, Unicron was voiced by Orson Welles. Unicron proved to be Welles's final role, as he died a few days after completing work on the project; rumors persist that Welles did not complete recording of all his lines, and that Leonard Nimoy filled in for him, but the film's voice director Wally Burr and actress Susan Blu refute the claim. There were two early attempts to produce Unicron toys for the Transformers toyline, featuring voice clips from Welles himself, but the results never made it to production. It was not until 2003 that a production Unicron toy was made. For the 20th anniversary of the original movie, Diamond Select released an eight and a half inch tall statue of Unicron and Rodimus Prime.", "Optimus Prime. Optimus Prime appears among the characters in Re-Unification, the 2010 TFCon voice actor play prelude comic.[14]", "Peter Cullen. He has stated that Optimus is his favorite voice role, and that he based the voice of the Autobot leader on his older brother Larry, who served in Vietnam. \"When he came home, I could see a change. He was quieter and he was a man and a hero to me,\" says the actor. \"I watched him and listened to him. I'd never had an opportunity to do a superhero, and when that came, [that voice] just came right out of me and I sounded like Optimus.\"[6]", "Transformers: Prime. Eric Goldman of IGN gave season one a \"great\" 8.0 out of 10. He praised the show for creating fully formed, relatable characters, well-done action sequences, serious-minded storylines and voice acting, singling out Peter Cullen (Optimus Prime), Jeffrey Combs (Ratchet) and Frank Welker (Megatron) performances; despite this, he criticized Bumblebee's portrayal as mute. He concluded he review by stating that the series \"accomplishes its goals, delivering plenty of fun and action, while also incorporating darker and more complex moments that older viewers can appreciate\".[52]", "Transformers: Age of Extinction. Peter Cullen reprises his role as the voice of Optimus Prime.[23] Glenn Morshower stated in September 2012 that he would appear in the next two films, reprising his role of General Morshower, but Morshower announced in May 2013 that he would not be able to appear in the new films due to a scheduling conflict.[53] In April 2013, Bay revealed that actor Stanley Tucci had joined the cast.[54] On May 1, 2013, actor Kelsey Grammer was cast as the lead human villain named Harold Attinger.[55] On May 6, 2013, actress Sophia Myles was cast in a major role.[14] That same month, Chinese actress Li Bingbing and comedian T. J. Miller joined the cast.[56] On July 14, 2013, Bay announced that Han Geng had joined the cast.[20] That same month, Titus Welliver also joined the cast.[13]", "Transformers: Prime. The series stars Optimus Prime (Peter Cullen), who acts as the leader of the Autobots. In his fight to protect the Earth, Optimus is aided by Ratchet (Jeffrey Combs), who acts as the teams medic and responsible for sending the team out on various locations using the Groundbridge. Bulkhead (Kevin Michael Richardson) acts as the teams muscle and heavy lifting. Arcee (Sumalee Montano) can transform into a motorcycle and is considered the team's most agile fighter. Rounding up the cast is Bumblebee (Will Friedle), who is the team's scout; Bumblebee remains voiceless throughout most of the series due to his voice box having been damaged and has to communicate through beeps.", "Transformers: Power of the Primes. On January 9, 2018, it was announced the Mark Hamill, who had previously voiced Megatronus in Transformers: Titans Return, would resume his role for Transformers: Power of the Primes. It was also confirmed that Ron Perlman would voice Optimus Primal, after the character was voted by fans to become the next Prime. While Gregg Berger also reprised his role as Grimlock in addition to Volcanicus, the combined robot form of the five Dinobots.[10] Other voice actors include Jaime King, Mikey Way and Samoa Joe.[10] Judd Nelson, Kari Wahlgren and Wil Wheaton were also confirmed to appear.[11]", "Transformers: Dark of the Moon (video game). Peter Cullen and Jess Harnell reprise their roles as Optimus Prime and Ironhide from the films. Jamie Alcroft replaces George Coe as the voice of Wheeljack. Dave Boat voices the Decepticon Constructicon, Mixmaster. Steven Blum who voiced Starscream in the television series Transformers: Prime reprises his role as Starscream replacing Charlie Adler. Multiplayer exclusive characters Warpath, Breakaway, Air Raid are voiced by Dave Fennoy, Christian Lanz and Rick D. Wasserman. Nolan North portrays Major Reynolds. Isaac C. Singleton, Jr. voices Decepticons Soundwave and Shockwave. Hugo Weaving did not reprise his role as Megatron, neither did Frank Welker. Fred Tatasciore instead voices Megatron, Ratchet, Sideswipe and Bumblebee. Travis Willingham voices non-player boss Stratosphere. Dave Wittenberg replaces Francesco Quinn as the voice of the Autobot Spy Mirage.", "Rodimus. Actor Judd Nelson, who originally voiced Hot Rod/Rodimus Prime in The Transformers: The Movie reprised his role as this character.", "Peter Cullen. Cullen was born on July 28, 1941 in Montreal, Quebec, to Henry L. and Muriel (née McCann) Cullen. He has three siblings: Michaela, Sonny, and Larry. Cullen attended Regiopolis-Notre Dame Catholic Secondary School. He is a member of the first graduating class of the National Theatre School of Canada, which graduated in 1963.[2] His brother, Larry Cullen, was a retired Captain in the United States Marine Corps, and helped inspire the voice of Optimus Prime.[3]", "Transformers (film). Transformers is a 2007 American science fiction action film based on the toy line of the same name created by Hasbro. The film, which combines computer animation with live-action filming, was directed by Michael Bay, with Steven Spielberg serving as executive producer. It was produced by Don Murphy and Tom DeSanto, and is the first installment in the live-action Transformers film series. The film stars Shia LaBeouf as Sam Witwicky, a teenager who gets caught up in a war between the heroic Autobots and the villainous Decepticons, two factions of alien robots who can disguise themselves by transforming into everyday machinery, primarily vehicles. The Autobots intend to use the AllSpark, the object that created their robotic race, to rebuild their home planet Cybertron and end the war, while the Decepticons have the intention of using it to build an army by giving life to the machines of Earth. Tyrese Gibson, Josh Duhamel, Anthony Anderson, Megan Fox, Rachael Taylor, John Turturro, and Jon Voight also star, while voice actors Peter Cullen and Hugo Weaving voice Optimus Prime and Megatron respectively.", "Optimus Prime. The character of Optimus Prime first appears in the 2007 Transformers film as the leader of the Autobots in the search for the Allspark. He intends to destroy it, even if it means sacrificing himself, before the Decepticons can use it to create a new army to conquer the universe. After arriving and scanning a Peterbilt truck, Optimus greets Sam Witwicky and Mikaela Banes, introducing his men and explaining why they have come to Earth. During the final battle, Optimus slays the hate-filled Decepticon Bonecrusher and faces his ancient enemy, Megatron. Unable to match Megatron in combat, Optimus urges Sam to push the Allspark into his chest, which will destroy them both. Instead, Sam rams the Allspark into Megatron's chest, destroying it and killing the Decepticon leader. The film ends with Optimus sending out a deep-space signal, inviting other Autobots to join them on Earth.", "Peter Cullen. Cullen recalls auditioning for the role of the robot Optimus Prime at a casting house in Burbank, California, explaining that as he read Prime's character breakdown, he saw that it was \"the opportunity of the year\", and heeded his brother Larry's advice: \"Peter, don't be a Hollywood hero, be a real hero. Real heroes don't yell and act tough; they are tough enough to be gentle, so control yourself.\"[3][5] Cullen later learned from his agent, Steve Tisherman, that he not only won the part of Prime, but also, to his surprise, the role of Ironhide as well, which he saw as a \"home run\".[3]", "Jazz (Transformers). Bam! It's AUTOBOT JAZZ here and I'm just aching for some downright magnificent DECEPTICON beat-downs. But, OPTIMUS PRIME told me in that big serious voice of his, \"Restraint in battle is a virtue we must maintain.\" Blah, blah, blah, I want to get out there and kick some DECEPTICON tail pipe!", "Corey Burton. Burton stated in an interview that Shockwave was by far his favorite character to perform in the original show.[citation needed] However, he turned down the offer to reprise the role in Transformers: Dark of the Moon,[2] so the part was given to Frank Welker, the voice of Megatron/Galvatron.", "Optimus Prime. Optimus Prime appears in the Transformers live-action film series as the leader of the Autobots and one of the main protagonists. In the first three films, he is able to transform into a conventional Peterbilt 379 cab, rather than the cab over design of his original Generation 1 body. In Transformers: Dark of the Moon, he gains a first generation-style trailer form before changing into a 2014 Western Star 5700 Concept.[29] Also straying from the G1 design, Prime's vehicle mode is now decorated with red flames painted onto a blue body à la Rodimus Prime, his Generation 1 successor. The reason for the change was due to Director Michael Bay's decree that mass displacement does not occur when they transform, requiring Optimus's vehicle form to have more mass to achieve the desired size in his robot form.", "Liam Neeson. In the director's commentary of the 2007 Transformers DVD, Michael Bay said that he had told the animators to seek inspiration from Neeson in creating Optimus Prime's body language. Neeson appeared as Alistair Little in the BBC Northern Ireland/Big Fish Films television drama Five Minutes of Heaven, which tells the true story of a young Protestant man convicted of murdering a Catholic boy during The Troubles.[41]", "Optimus Prime. It should be noted that in the lead up to the premiere of the Japanese translation of this series, TakaraTomy marketing director Masahiko Yamazaki indicated changes would be made to place it as a prequel to the 2007 Transformers live-action film. This would have made this version of Optimus Prime an earlier version of the film character. In practice however, the only changes that were made consisted of trimming for time to allow additional promotional material to be added to the start and end, and the name change of Bulkhead into \"Ironhide\" (with Ironhide becoming \"Armorhide\"). The future 22nd century Detroit setting and characterizations of the cast remain as they were in the original production.", "Optimus Prime. Optimus Prime is the leader of the main group of Autobots in the iteration of the Transformers franchise primarily marked by the 2010 computer animated series Transformers: Prime on The Hub.[16] Optimus Prime was created as the last of the Thirteen Primes, the first generation of Transformers, each created directly by Primus as a band of unique warriors to combat and defeat Unicron. Upon his creation, Optimus united the Thirteen by his greeting All are one. While all of the other members of the Thirteen each possessed unique abilities and artifacts, Optimus wielded no special powers or weapons. It was only through his vision and courage that allowed the Thirteen to finally defeat Unicron. Reborn through the Well of All Sparks, Orion Pax became Optimus Prime, a veteran military commander and second in command who wields an ion blaster and a double bladed energon axe. He became the leader of the Autobots after Sentinel Zeta Prime fell in battle, but is not certain he wants the responsibility.", "Optimus Prime. During the promotion of the Transformers films, Optimus Prime appeared in several commercials. Optimus Prime, along with other Transformers, were featured in several commercials for General Motors. Scenes with Optimus Prime were used in several General Motors commercials.[47] A commercial for the Discovery Channel featured Optimus Prime singing part of a promotional song.[48]", "Transformers: Prime. Development of the series began in early 2010 with the announcement that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci, screenwriters of the first two live-action films, would be creating the series. Casting began soon after with the announcement that Peter Cullen and Frank Welker would reprise their roles as Optimus Prime and Megatron. According to executive producer Jeff Kline, the two characters, along with Bumblebee, were considered \"must-haves\" for the series and from that point on, they tried to include characters that would contemplate their personalities \"rather than emulate them\". From the early stages of development, a story bible had been created so that the writer had a basic idea of where the plot was heading. Early in development, it was announced that the first season would consist of 26 episodes; the first five airing as a miniseries from November 29 to December 3, 2010; the rest episodes aired from February 11 to October 11, 2011. While the first season was still running, it was announced the show had been renewed for a second season, also consisting of 26 episodes.", "Optimus Prime. Through the years, there have been many action figures made in the likeness of the original incarnation of Optimus Prime, some of which have been featured in fiction, others of which have not. Additionally, some toy makers have made unlicensed toys in his image or accessories for the existing toys. The original 1984 Optimus Prime toy was part of Takara's 1983 Diaclone toy line named \"Battle Convoy\". It was designed by the creative design team of Hiroyuki Obara, Shoji Kawamori, famous for his work in Macross, and Kohjin Ohno.[23] The toy's characteristics, such as the head design and the use of the cab front as the upper torso, have become design elements in nearly every incarnation and variant of Optimus Prime. This particular toy has been reissued multiple times, mostly to commemorate the anniversary of the Transformers franchise. Optimus Prime was also released as an Action Master and Powermaster toy in the original Transformers toy line." ]

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[ "New Madrid Seismic Zone. This relative weakness is important, because it would allow the relatively small east-west compressive forces associated with the continuing continental drift of the North American plate to reactivate old faults around New Madrid, making the area unusually prone to earthquakes in spite of it being far from the nearest tectonic plate boundary.[16]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. In October 2009, a team composed of University of Illinois and Virginia Tech researchers headed by Amr S. Elnashai, funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), considered a scenario where all three segments of the New Madrid fault ruptured simultaneously with a total earthquake magnitude of 7.7. The report found that there would be significant damage in the eight states studied – Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, and Tennessee – with the probability of additional damage in states farther from the NMSZ. Tennessee, Arkansas, and Missouri would be most severely impacted, and the cities of Memphis, Tennessee and St. Louis, Missouri would be severely damaged. The report estimated 86,000 casualties, including 3,500 fatalities; 715,000 damaged buildings; and 7.2 million people displaced, with 2 million of those seeking shelter, primarily due to the lack of utility services. Direct economic losses, according to the report, would be at least $300 billion.[22]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. In a report filed in November 2008, the U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency warned that a serious earthquake in the New Madrid Seismic Zone could result in \"the highest economic losses due to a natural disaster in the United States,\" further predicting \"widespread and catastrophic\" damage across Alabama, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Texas, and particularly Tennessee, where a 7.7 magnitude quake would cause damage to tens of thousands of structures affecting water distribution, transportation systems, and other vital infrastructure.[21] The earthquake is expected to also result in many thousands of fatalities, with more than 4,000 of the fatalities expected in Memphis alone.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The faults responsible for the New Madrid Seismic Zone are embedded in a subsurface geological feature known as the Reelfoot Rift that formed during the breakup of the supercontinent Rodinia in the Neoproterozoic Era (about 750 million years ago). The resulting rift system failed to split the continent, but has remained as an aulacogen (a scar or zone of weakness) deep underground, and its ancient faults appear to have made the Earth's crust in the New Madrid area mechanically weaker than much of the rest of North America.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The New Madrid fault system was responsible for the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes and has the potential to produce large earthquakes in the future. Since 1812, frequent smaller earthquakes have been recorded in the area.[1]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The New Madrid Seismic Zone (pronounced /nuː ˈmædrɪd/), sometimes called the New Madrid Fault Line, is a major seismic zone and a prolific source of intraplate earthquakes (earthquakes within a tectonic plate) in the southern and midwestern United States, stretching to the southwest from New Madrid, Missouri.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Earthquakes that occur in the New Madrid Seismic Zone potentially threaten parts of eight American states: Illinois, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee, Oklahoma and Mississippi.[2]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Beginning in February 1989, climatologist Iben Browning – who claimed to have predicted the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake – predicted that there was a 50 percent probability of a magnitude 6.5 to 7.5 earthquake in the New Madrid area sometime between December 1 and December 5, 1990.[23][24] Browning appears to have based this prediction on particularly strong tidal forces being expected during that time frame and his opinion that a New Madrid earthquake was \"overdue\"; however, seismologists generally agree that there is no correlation between tides and earthquakes.[24] The United States Geological Survey requested an evaluation of the prediction by an advisory board of earth scientists, who concluded that \"the prediction does not have scientific validity.\"[24] Despite the lack of scientific support, Browning's prediction was widely reported in international media, causing public alarm. The period passed with no major earthquake activity in New Madrid or along the 120-mile (190 km) fault line.[24]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The lack of apparent land movement along the New Madrid fault system has long puzzled scientists. In 2009, two studies based on eight years of GPS measurements indicated that the faults were moving at no more than 0.2 millimeters (0.0079 in) a year.[25] This contrasts to the rate of slip on the San Andreas Fault, which averages up to 37 mm (1.5 in) a year across California.[26]", "Aftershock. Land movement around the New Madrid is reported to be no more than 0.2 mm (0.0079 in) a year,[7] in contrast to the San Andreas Fault which averages up to 37 mm (1.5 in) a year across California.[8] Aftershocks on the San Andreas are now believed to top out at 10 years while earthquakes in New Madrid are considered aftershocks nearly 200 years after the 1812 New Madrid earthquake.[9]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Since other ancient rifts are known to occur in North America but not all are associated with modern earthquakes, other processes could be at work to locally increase mechanical stress on the New Madrid faults.[17][18] It has also been suggested that some form of heating in the lithosphere below the area may be making deep rocks more plastic, which would concentrate compressive stress in the shallower subsurface area where the faulting occurs.[19][20]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. According to the USGS, there is a broad consensus that the possibility of major earthquakes in the New Madrid Seismic Zone remains a concern, and that the GPS data do not provide a compelling case for lessening perceived earthquake hazards in the region. One concern is that the small earthquakes that still happen are not diminishing over time, as would be if they were aftershocks of the 1811–1812 events; another is that the 4,500-year archaeological record of large earthquakes in the region is more significant than ten years of direct strain measurement. The USGS issued a fact sheet in 2009 stating the estimate of a 7–10% chance of a New Madrid earthquake of magnitude comparable to one of the 1811–1812 quakes within the next 50 years, and a 25–40% chance of a magnitude 6.0 earthquake in the same time frame.[29]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. In the November 5, 2009, issue of Nature, researchers from Northwestern University and the University of Missouri said that due to the lack of fault movement, the quakes along the faults may only be aftershocks of the 1811–1812 earthquakes.[28]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. On March 13, 2009, a research group based out of Northwestern University and Purdue University, funded by the United States Geological Survey, reported in the journal Science and in other journals that the New Madrid system may be \"shutting down\" and that tectonic stress may now be accumulating elsewhere.[25] Seth Stein, the leader of the research group, published these views in a book, Disaster Deferred, in 2008. Although some of these ideas have gained some amount of acceptance among researchers, they have not been accepted by the National Earthquake Prediction Evaluation Council, which advises the USGS.[27]", "Mississippi River. The New Madrid Seismic Zone, along the Mississippi River near New Madrid, Missouri, between Memphis and St. Louis, is related to an aulacogen (failed rift) that formed at the same time as the Gulf of Mexico. This area is still quite active seismically. Four great earthquakes in 1811 and 1812, estimated at approximately 8 on the Richter magnitude scale, had tremendous local effects in the then sparsely settled area, and were felt in many other places in the midwestern and eastern U.S. These earthquakes created Reelfoot Lake in Tennessee from the altered landscape near the river.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Because uplift rates associated with large New Madrid earthquakes could not have occurred continuously over geological timescales without dramatically altering the local topography, studies have concluded that the seismic activity there cannot have gone on for longer than 64,000 years, making the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ) a young feature, or that earthquakes and the associated uplift migrate around the area over time, or that the NMSZ has short periods of activity interspersed with long periods of quiescence.[3] Archaeological studies have found from studies of sand blows and soil horizons that previous series of very large earthquakes have occurred in the NMSZ in recent prehistory. Based on artifacts found buried by sand blow deposits and from carbon-14 studies, previous large earthquakes like those of 1811–1812 appear to have happened around AD 1450 and around AD 900,[4] as well as approximately AD 300. Evidence has also been found for an apparent series of large earthquakes around 2350 BC.[5] About 80 km southwest of the presently-defined NMSZ but close enough to be associated with the Reelfoot Rift, near Marianna, Arkansas, two sets of liquefaction features indicative of large earthquakes have been tentatively identified and dated to 3500 BC and 4800 BC. These features were interpreted to have been caused by groups of large earthquakes timed closely together.[6]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. In July 2014, the USGS increased the risk assessment for the New Madrid area.[30]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The zone had four of the largest North American earthquakes in recorded history, with moment magnitudes estimated to be as large as 7.0 or greater, all occurring within a three-month period between December 1811 and February 1812. Many of the published accounts describe the cumulative effects of all the earthquakes (known as the New Madrid Sequence); thus finding the individual effects of each quake can be difficult. Magnitude estimates and epicenters are based on interpretations of historical accounts and may vary.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. The potential for the recurrence of large earthquakes and their impact today on densely populated cities in and around the seismic zone has generated much research devoted to understanding in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. By studying evidence of past quakes and closely monitoring ground motion and current earthquake activity, scientists attempt to understand their causes and recurrence intervals.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Most of the seismicity originates between 3 and 15 miles (4.8 and 24.1 km) beneath the Earth's surface.[citation needed]", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Hundreds of aftershocks of the 1811-1812 series followed over a period of several years. Aftershocks strong enough to be felt occurred until 1817. The largest earthquakes to have occurred since then were on January 4, 1843, and October 31, 1895, with magnitude estimates of 6.0 and 6.6, respectively. The 1895 had its epicenter near Charleston, Missouri. The quake damaged virtually all the buildings in Charleston, created sand volcanoes by the city, cracked a pier on the Cairo Rail Bridge and toppled chimneys in St. Louis, Missouri; Memphis, Tennessee; Gadsden, Alabama; and Evansville, Indiana.[14]", "Earthquake prediction. Dr. Iben Browning (a scientist with a Ph.D. degree in zoology and training as a biophysicist, but no experience in geology, geophysics, or seismology) was an \"independent business consultant\" who forecast long-term climate trends for businesses.[215] He supported the idea (scientifically unproven) that volcanoes and earthquakes are more likely to be triggered when the tidal force of the sun and the moon coincide to exert maximum stress on the earth's crust (syzygy).[216] Having calculated when these tidal forces maximize, Browning then \"projected\"[217] what areas were most at risk for a large earthquake. An area he mentioned frequently was the New Madrid Seismic Zone at the southeast corner of the state of Missouri, the site of three very large earthquakes in 1811–12, which he coupled with the date of 3 December 1990.", "Hurricane Ike. Victims and workers face numerous residential and occupational hazards during the process of repairing their homes or community. An exposure to hazardous materials through the process created health threats of diseases, air contamination, smoke inhalation, and lead poisoning. As disaster victims return to their damaged homes children were exposed to the debris and other hazards, developing a risk of injury.[128] After the hurricane because of power outages individuals and family misused portable generators causing carbon monoxide poisoning. Eighty-two percent to 87 percent of carbon monoxide were caused by the improper use of generators. The Texas Department of State Health Services issued that gasoline generators should not be used indoor.[131] Fifty-four people were reported by the Texas poison centers to have storm related carbon monoxide exposure. The Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society and The Center for Disease Control reported 15 people had to undergo hyperbaric oxygen treatment for carbon monoxide poisoning.[131][132] Symptoms from exposure were headaches, nausea, and vomiting with the majority of the treated cases under the age of eighteen.[132][133]", "Missouri. The state was rocked by the 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes. Casualties were few due to the sparse population.", "San Andreas Fault. A study published in 2006 in the journal Nature found that the San Andreas fault has reached a sufficient stress level for an earthquake of magnitude greater than 7.0 on the moment magnitude scale to occur.[12] This study also found that the risk of a large earthquake may be increasing more rapidly than scientists had previously believed. Moreover, the risk is currently concentrated on the southern section of the fault, i.e. the region around Los Angeles, because massive earthquakes have occurred relatively recently on the central (1857) and northern (1906) segments of the fault, while the southern section has not seen any similar rupture for at least 300 years. According to this study, a massive earthquake on that southern section of the San Andreas fault would result in major damage to the Palm Springs-Indio metropolitan area and other cities in San Bernardino, Riverside and Imperial counties in California, and Mexicali Municipality in Baja California. It would be strongly felt (and potentially cause significant damage) throughout much of Southern California, including densely populated areas of Los Angeles County, Ventura County, Orange County, San Diego County, Ensenada Municipality and Tijuana Municipality, Baja California, San Luis Rio Colorado in Sonora and Yuma, Arizona. Older buildings would be especially prone to damage or collapse, as would buildings built on unconsolidated gravel or in coastal areas where water tables are high (and thus subject to soil liquefaction). The paper concluded:", "Fault (geology). The level of a fault's activity can be critical for (1) locating buildings, tanks, and pipelines and (2) assessing the seismic shaking and tsunami hazard to infrastructure and people in the vicinity. In California, for example, new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years) of the Earth's geological history.[12] Also, faults that have shown movement during the Holocene plus Pleistocene Epochs (the last 2.6 million years) may receive consideration, especially for critical structures such as power plants, dams, hospitals, and schools. Geologists assess a fault's age by studying soil features seen in shallow excavations and geomorphology seen in aerial photographs. Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to carbonate nodules, eroded clay, and iron oxide mineralization, in the case of older soil, and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil. Radiocarbon dating of organic material buried next to or over a fault shear is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults. From such relationships, paleoseismologists can estimate the sizes of past earthquakes over the past several hundred years, and develop rough projections of future fault activity.", "New Madrid Seismic Zone. Dendrochronology (tree ring) studies conducted on the oldest bald cypress trees growing in Reelfoot Lake found evidence of the 1811–1812 series in the form of fractures followed by rapid growth after their inundation, whereas cores taken from old bald cypress trees in the St. Francis sunklands showed slowed growth in the half century that followed 1812. These were interpreted as clear signals of the 1811–1812 earthquake series in tree rings. Because the tree ring record in Reelfoot Lake and the St. Francis sunk lands extend back to AD 1682 and AD 1321, respectively, Van Arsdale et al. interpreted the lack of similar signals elsewhere in the chronology as evidence against large New Madrid earthquakes between those years and 1811.[7]", "Hydrogen sulfide. Short-term, high-level exposure can induce immediate collapse, with loss of breathing and a high probability of death. If death does not occur, high exposure to hydrogen sulfide can lead to cortical pseudolaminar necrosis, degeneration of the basal ganglia and cerebral edema.[25] Although respiratory paralysis may be immediate, it can also be delayed up to 72 hours.[32]", "Salton Sea. The Salton Sea and surrounding basin sits over the San Andreas Fault, San Jacinto Fault, Imperial Fault Zone, and a \"stepover fault\" shear zone system. Geologists have determined that previous flooding episodes from the Colorado River have been linked to earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault. Sonar and other instruments were used to map the Salton Sea's underwater faults during the study. During the period when the basin was filled by Lake Cahuilla, a much larger inland sea, earthquakes higher than magnitude 7 occurred roughly every 180 years, the last one occurring within decades of 1700. Computer models suggest the normal faults in the area are most vulnerable to deviatoric stress loading by filling in of water. Currently, a risk still exists for an earthquake of magnitude 7 to 8. Simulations also showed, in the Los Angeles area, shaking and thus damage would be more severe for a San Andreas earthquake that propagated along the fault from the south, rather than from the north. Such an earthquake also raises the risk for soil liquefaction in the Imperial Valley region.[35][36]", "Active fault. Active faulting is considered to be a geologic hazard - one related to earthquakes as a cause. Effects of movement on an active fault include strong ground motion, surface faulting, tectonic deformation, landslides and rockfalls, liquefaction, tsunamis, and seiches.[2]", "Earthquake. An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property damage, and collapse or destabilization (potentially leading to future collapse) of buildings. The aftermath may bring disease, lack of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks, depression to survivors,[60] and higher insurance premiums.", "Earthquake warning system. An earthquake is caused by the release of stored elastic strain energy during rapid sliding along a fault. The sliding will start at some location and progress away from this hypocenter in each direction along the fault surface. The speed of the progression of this fault tear is slower than and distinct from the speed of the resultant pressure and shear waves, with the pressure wave traveling faster than the shear wave. The pressure wave will generate an abrupt shock while the shear waves can generate a periodic motion (at about 1 Hz) that is the most destructive in its effect upon structures, particularly buildings that have a similar resonant period, typically buildings around eight floors in height. These waves will be strongest at the ends of the slippage, and may project destructive waves well beyond the fault failure. The intensity of such remote effects are highly dependent upon local soils conditions within the region and these effects are considered in constructing a computer model of the region that determines appropriate responses to specific events." ]

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[ "Two Door Cinema Club. Trimble, Halliday and Baird formed another band shortly after the demise of their first musical project; on this occasion, a permanent drummer was not included. An interim drummer by the name of Owen Bullington was appointed but was kicked out due to creative differences. The new band's name was taken from Halliday's mispronunciation of the name of the local cinema, the Tudor Cinema;[9] in 2007, Two Door Cinema Club was formed. Following an increased interest in the band's social network page, the three members forewent their university places and commenced work on studio material.[citation needed]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Following a 2010 announcement, Two Door Cinema Club performed at the Orange Evolution Festival in 2011.[60] The band played at numerous other festivals including the Glastonbury Festival, the Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, the Isle of Wight Festival, Oxegen, the Parklife Festival, Lollapalooza, the Reading and Leeds Festivals, the Paredes de Coura in Portugal, the Open'er Festival and the Virgin Mobile FreeFest in Columbia, Maryland.[61]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club have received several nomination for NME awards. In 2011, they were nominated the best new band, and their debut album Tourist History was nominated for best album. In 2012, they were nominated for the best live band. In 2014, they were nominated for the best British band.[55]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club embarked on a full UK tour in 2013 that started in Belfast on 18 January and finished at London's Brixton Academy on 8 February;[70] the band were supported by Bastille and Swim Deep. The band then commenced a three-week European tour in Zurich, Switzerland, with support from Dog Is Dead and The 1975, followed by their biggest ever London show at Alexandra Palace on 27 April. As of May 2013, four summer festivals are confirmed for 2013: Scotland's T in the Park,[71] England's Virgin Media V Festival,[72] Portugal's NOS Alive[73] and their fourth appearance at Glastonbury.[74][75] Two Door Cinema Club has also been mentioned within a list of supposedly fake band names in Jimmy Kimmel's Lie Witness News interviews at Coachella.[76] and Colombia's Estéreo Picnic.[77]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club are a Northern Irish indie rock band from Bangor and Donaghadee in County Down, Northern Ireland. The band formed in 2007 and is composed of three members: Alex Trimble (vocals, rhythm guitar, beats, synths), Sam Halliday (lead guitar, backing vocals), and Kevin Baird (bass, synths, backing vocals).", "Two Door Cinema Club. In July 2009, Two Door Cinema Club began recording its debut album at Eastcote Studios in London, with Eliot James. In September 2009, the band began mixing the record with Phillipe Zdar at Motorbass, Zdar's studio in Paris.[11]", "Two Door Cinema Club. In December 2009, Two Door Cinema Club was featured in the BBC's Sound of... 2010 — a poll compiled by 165 British \"tastemakers\".[43]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club completed two American tours in May and June 2012[63][64] and September 2012 and October 2012,[65] while also headlining the 2012 NME Awards Tour at the start of the year[66][67] and a brief UK/Irish tour in September 2012.[68]", "Two Door Cinema Club. On 13 January 2011, Two Door Cinema Club commenced a 2-week co-headlining tour of the U.S. and Canada with Canadians Tokyo Police Club; support came from bands such as Work Drugs and Someone Still Loves You Boris Yeltsin.[59]", "Two Door Cinema Club. In the live performance arena, Two Door Cinema Club has opened for other musical acts, such as autoKratz,[56] Delphic,[57] Foals,[58] Phoenix and Metronomy. They opened for Phoenix during the band's 2010 U.S. tour.", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club performed at the Canadian festival Edgefest (with Have Heart) in 2008. Following the release of Tourist History the band toured the UK and Ireland in March 2010. The band also played at several May Balls at the University of Cambridge in June 2010, including the Christ's College and Jesus College balls.", "Two Door Cinema Club. In January 2010, Two Door Cinema Club announced the track listing and details of the band's debut album in an interview with NME.[12] The album, entitled Tourist History, was released on 26 February 2010 in the Republic of Ireland, 1 March 2010 in the United Kingdom and 27 April 2010 in the U.S. The album was also preceded by the singles \"Something Good Can Work\", \"I Can Talk\" and \"Undercover Martyn\".", "Two Door Cinema Club. On 18 January 2011, Two Door Cinema Club appeared on the American late night talk show, Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, performing the song, \"What You Know,\" which later became their biggest hit off the record.[13]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Two Door Cinema Club announced in December 2012 that they will be playing at the Scottish music festival, T in the Park 2013 in July 2013.[19]", "Two Door Cinema Club. The band's debut album, Tourist History, was released on 1 March 2010 by French independent record label Kitsuné Music. In the United States, where the band are signed to Glassnote Records, the album was released on 27 April 2010. Tourist History was selected for the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year (2010) the following year.", "Two Door Cinema Club. In addition to Portugal's SW TMN Festival, the band performed at the 2012 Reading and Leeds Festivals, Bestival on the Isle of Wight, the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in Tennessee, and the A Perfect Day Festival in Verona.[69]", "Two Door Cinema Club. In March 2012 the band appeared on tour in South Africa, playing at a promotional concert for 5 chewing gum brand. They performed in two shows, one in Johannesburg and the other in Cape Town, both being supported by local acts.[62]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Following the summer festival season of 2011, the band toured again in the U.S. for 3 weeks and then worked on a second album in a home studio in Glasgow. The band then toured again in America in November and December 2011, before continuing onto the festival season.[citation needed]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Tourist History was announced as the winner of the Choice Music Prize for Irish Album of the Year 2010 at Vicar Street on 3 March 2011;[44][45] the band revealed that the award was its first.[46][47] They donated the prize money to Abaana, a Northern Ireland-based charity from their hometown.[48][49] Two Door Cinema Club also won the Breaking Woodie from mtvU.[50][51]", "Two Door Cinema Club. The band's second album Beacon was released on 3 September 2012, debuted at number one on the Irish Albums Chart[5] and reached number two in the UK Albums Chart.", "Two Door Cinema Club. An EP entitled Four Words to Stand On was released on 26 March 2008 and received attention on a number of websites. The EP was self-recorded and produced and was mixed and mastered by Ryan Mitchell.[10]", "Two Door Cinema Club. Trimble and Halliday first met while attending Bangor Grammar School; the pair later met Baird while he was flirting with girls who were known to his future bandmates.[6] The three first performed as a band at the age of 16 on ATL Rock School under the name Life Without Rory; the band finished in last place. Life Without Rory recorded three demos before disbanding; the first, \"Safe in Silence\" and the second, \"Conscripted By Choice\" are still on the band's inactive MySpace page,[7] while the third \"You Missed the Point\" can be viewed on YouTube.[8]", "Two Door Cinema Club. On 8 August 2013, the band announced that a new EP entitled Changing of the Seasons was to be released.[20] Along with the news came a 30-second clip of the title track, which was set for release on 20 August and is the first single taken from the EP.[21] On 15 August, BBC Radio 1 premiered the single.[22] In an interview with the BBC on 15 July 2014, Trimble stated that the band had started work on their third studio album. He also mentioned that the band was aiming to release the album by early 2015. Trimble also announced that the band had left Kitsuné and signed with former EMI subsidiary Parlophone Records.[23][24]", "Two Door Cinema Club. On 14 June 2016, the album artwork was revealed. On the same day, BBC Radio 1 debuted a new song from the album called \"Are We Ready? (Wreck)\".[28] Prior to that, the band put the album up for pre-order. Two Door Cinema Club then released \"Bad Decisions\" as the second single off of the album, followed by the third and final single \"Gameshow\". On 6 July 2016, the band released a music video for \"Are We Ready? (Wreck)\".[29] On 14 October 2016, the band released their third studio album, Gameshow.[30]", "Two Door Cinema Club. In April 2012, the band's official account revealed that a second album was near completion. On 20 June 2012, the band announced Beacon as the title of their second studio album, along with a release date of 3 September 2012 in the UK and 4 September elsewhere.[14][15] Jacknife Lee, responsible for producing artists such as U2, R.E.M., Snow Patrol and Bloc Party, produced the album.", "Two Door Cinema Club. Following the release of Beacon, the band released a four-part tour documentary entitled What We See. Filmed by Gregg Houston from Babysweet Sessions, a company that is friends with the band, the documentary accompanies the band members as they undertake a 2012 European summer tour prior to the release of the second album. Bassist Baird explained, in relation to the film: \"Our good friends at Babysweet followed us around for a few weeks so our fans could get an idea of what life is really like for us on the road. Take a peek inside our average day.\"[18]", "Two Door Cinema Club. The band performed at numerous festivals in 2010, including the iTunes Festival, the Red Bull Bedroom Jam Futures Stage at T in the Park, the NME Stage at Reading Festival and Leeds Festival, the main stage at Oxegen, Southside Festival, Hurricane Festival, the Benicassim festival, the Splendour in the Grass Australian festival and the Electric Picnic festival in Ireland. A 2010 eastern tour involved the band performing in Australia, Japan, Korea, Indonesia, Singapore and Hong Kong.[citation needed]", "What You Know (Two Door Cinema Club song). sales+streaming figures based on certification alone", "Two Door Cinema Club. They have announced as being part of the line up at the Splendour in the Grass Music Festival at North Byron Parklands, in New South Wales, Australia. The Music Festival will commence for three days starting from 21 July 2017.[78] On 7 April 2017 they have also announced playing sideshows in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth, starting 19 July 2017, with tickets on sale on 11 April 2017.[79]", "Two Door Cinema Club. In early October 2012, it was announced that the second single to be released from Beacon was to be \"Sun\"; which was released on 18 November. The video for \"Sun\" had made its debut on the band's YouTube channel on 11 October 2012.", "AMC Theatres. Under its new name, AMC opened the two-screen Parkway Twin theatre in a shopping center on Kansas City's Ward Parkway in 1963. This marked the company's first foray into using the multiplex model. According to Variety, Stanley Durwood later claimed in 1962 that he \"was standing in the lobby of his 600-seat Roxy in Kansas City mulling over its poor grosses, when he realized he could double his box office by adding a second screen and still operate with the same size staff.\"[9] The industry quickly embraced the multiplex concept, where additional screens meant very little difference in staff and operating costs but resulted in a significant increase in profits. The concept also provided more film choices at one location, drawing bigger crowds. It also gave owners the flexibility to show big hits on more screens, and less reliance on any individual film that could turn out to be a bust.[10]", "Deep Ellum, Dallas. One notable event involves Russell Hobbs, the former owner of Theatre Gallery and the Prophet Bar, who, in early 1988, converted to Christianity, closed his two still-popular clubs, and opened The Door, a Christian oriented venue. An interesting success story involved Eduardo Greene, owner of Eduardo's Aca y Alla. In the mid-90's, Greene divorced his wife, had a highly publicized sex-change and reopened under her new name, Monica's Aca y Alla." ]

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[ "Enzyme. Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions. The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzyme catalysis in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.[1]:8.1 Metabolic pathways depend upon enzymes to catalyze individual steps. The study of enzymes is called enzymology and a new field of pseudoenzyme analysis has recently grown up, recognising that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties.[2][3]", "Enzyme kinetics. Enzymes are usually [protein] [molecule]s that manipulate other molecules — the enzymes' substrates. These target molecules bind to an enzyme's active site and are transformed into products through a series of steps known as the enzymatic mechanism", "Enzyme. Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types.[4] Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. The latter are called ribozymes. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.", "Enzyme. Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the reaction rate by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds.[5][6] Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many therapeutic drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.", "Enzyme. An enzyme's name is often derived from its substrate or the chemical reaction it catalyzes, with the word ending in -ase.[1]:8.1.3 Examples are lactase, alcohol dehydrogenase and DNA polymerase. Different enzymes that catalyze the same chemical reaction are called isozymes.[1]:10.3", "Protein. The molecules bound and acted upon by enzymes are called substrates. Although enzymes can consist of hundreds of amino acids, it is usually only a small fraction of the residues that come in contact with the substrate, and an even smaller fraction—three to four residues on average—that are directly involved in catalysis.[34] The region of the enzyme that binds the substrate and contains the catalytic residues is known as the active site.", "Enzyme. Enzymes must bind their substrates before they can catalyse any chemical reaction. Enzymes are usually very specific as to what substrates they bind and then the chemical reaction catalysed. Specificity is achieved by binding pockets with complementary shape, charge and hydrophilic/hydrophobic characteristics to the substrates. Enzymes can therefore distinguish between very similar substrate molecules to be chemoselective, regioselective and stereospecific.[30]", "Catalysis. Some monoclonal antibodies whose binding target is a stable molecule which resembles the transition state of a chemical reaction can function as weak catalysts for that chemical reaction by lowering its activation energy.[14] Such catalytic antibodies are sometimes called \"abzymes\".", "Fermentation. The figure illustrates the process. Before fermentation, a glucose molecule breaks down into two pyruvate molecules. The energy from this exothermic reaction is used to bind inorganic phosphates to ATP and convert NAD+ to NADH. The pyruvates break down into two acetaldehyde molecules and give off two carbon dioxide molecules as a waste product. The acetaldehyde is reduced into ethanol using the energy and hydrogen from NADH and the NADH is oxidized into NAD+ so that the cycle may repeat. The reaction is catalysed by the enzymes pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.[12]", "Colloid. In the early 20th century, before enzymology was well understood, colloids were thought to be the key to the operation of enzymes; i.e., the addition of small quantities of an enzyme to a quantity of water would, in some fashion yet to be specified, subtly alter the properties of the water so that it would break down the enzyme's specific substrate,[citation needed] such as a solution of ATPase breaking down ATP. Furthermore, life itself was explainable in terms of the aggregate properties of all the colloidal substances that make up an organism. As more detailed knowledge of biology and biochemistry developed, the colloidal theory was replaced by the macromolecular theory, which explains enzymes as a collection of identical huge molecules that act as very tiny machines, freely moving about between the water molecules of the solution and individually operating on the substrate, no more mysterious than a factory full of machinery. The properties of the water in the solution are not altered, other than the simple osmotic changes that would be caused by the presence of any solute. In humans, both the thyroid gland and the intermediate lobe (pars intermedia) of the pituitary gland contain colloid follicles.", "Transition state theory. Enzymes alter the electronic structure by protonation, proton abstraction, electron transfer, geometric distortion, hydrophobic partitioning, and interaction with Lewis acids and bases. These are accomplished by sequential protein and substrate conformational changes. When a combination of individually weak forces are brought to bear on the substrate, the summation of the individual energies results in large forces capable of relocating bonding electrons to cause bond-breaking and bond-making. Analogs that resemble the transition state structures should therefore provide the most powerful noncovalent inhibitors known, even if only a small fraction of the transition state energy is captured.", "Metabolism. Macromolecules such as starch, cellulose or proteins cannot be rapidly taken up by cells and must be broken into their smaller units before they can be used in cell metabolism. Several common classes of enzymes digest these polymers. These digestive enzymes include proteases that digest proteins into amino acids, as well as glycoside hydrolases that digest polysaccharides into simple sugars known as monosaccharides.", "Protein. The best-known role of proteins in the cell is as enzymes, which catalyse chemical reactions. Enzymes are usually highly specific and accelerate only one or a few chemical reactions. Enzymes carry out most of the reactions involved in metabolism, as well as manipulating DNA in processes such as DNA replication, DNA repair, and transcription. Some enzymes act on other proteins to add or remove chemical groups in a process known as posttranslational modification. About 4,000 reactions are known to be catalysed by enzymes.[32] The rate acceleration conferred by enzymatic catalysis is often enormous—as much as 1017-fold increase in rate over the uncatalysed reaction in the case of orotate decarboxylase (78 million years without the enzyme, 18 milliseconds with the enzyme).[33]", "Catalysis. In biology, enzymes are protein-based catalysts in metabolism and catabolism. Most biocatalysts are enzymes, but other non-protein-based classes of biomolecules also exhibit catalytic properties including ribozymes, and synthetic deoxyribozymes.[13]", "Enzyme. Coenzymes are small organic molecules that can be loosely or tightly bound to an enzyme. Coenzymes transport chemical groups from one enzyme to another.[56] Examples include NADH, NADPH and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Some coenzymes, such as flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), and tetrahydrofolate (THF), are derived from vitamins. These coenzymes cannot be synthesized by the body de novo and closely related compounds (vitamins) must be acquired from the diet. The chemical groups carried include the hydride ion (H−) carried by NAD or NADP+, the phosphate group carried by adenosine triphosphate, the acetyl group carried by coenzyme A, formyl, methenyl or methyl groups carried by folic acid and the methyl group carried by S-adenosylmethionine.[56]", "Enzyme. The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology have developed a nomenclature for enzymes, the EC numbers; each enzyme is described by a sequence of four numbers preceded by \"EC\", which stands for \"Enzyme Commission\". The first number broadly classifies the enzyme based on its mechanism.[20]", "Last universal common ancestor. The genetic code was expressed into proteins. These were assembled from free amino acids by translation of a messenger RNA by a mechanism composed of ribosomes, transfer RNAs, and a group of related proteins. The ribosomes were composed of two subunits, one big 50S and one small 30S. Each ribosomal subunit was composed of a core of ribosomal RNA surrounded by ribosomal proteins. Both types of RNA molecules (ribosomal and transfer RNAs) played an important role in the catalytic activity of the ribosomes. Only 20 amino acids were used, to the exclusion of countless other amino acids. Only the L-isomers of the amino acids were used. ATP was used as an energy intermediate. Several hundred enzymes made of protein catalyzed chemical reactions that extract energy from fats, sugars, and amino acids, and that synthesize fats, sugars, amino acids, and nucleic acid bases using arbitrary chemical pathways.[14][15][16][17]", "Enzyme. The biochemical identity of enzymes was still unknown in the early 1900s. Many scientists observed that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins, but others (such as Nobel laureate Richard Willst채tter) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins per se were incapable of catalysis.[16] In 1926, James B. Sumner showed that the enzyme urease was a pure protein and crystallized it; he did likewise for the enzyme catalase in 1937. The conclusion that pure proteins can be enzymes was definitively demonstrated by John Howard Northrop and Wendell Meredith Stanley, who worked on the digestive enzymes pepsin (1930), trypsin and chymotrypsin. These three scientists were awarded the 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[17]", "Enzyme. In 1877, German physiologist Wilhelm Kühne (1837–1900) first used the term enzyme, which comes from Greek ἔνζυμον, \"leavened\" or \"in yeast\", to describe this process.[11] The word enzyme was used later to refer to nonliving substances such as pepsin, and the word ferment was used to refer to chemical activity produced by living organisms.[12]", "Enzyme catalysis. Systematic computer simulation studies established that electrostatic effects give, by far, the largest contribution to catalysis.[10] In particular, it has been found that enzyme provides an environment which is more polar than water, and that the ionic transition states are stabilized by fixed dipoles. This is very different from transition state stabilization in water, where the water molecules must pay with \"reorganization energy\".[12] In order to stabilize ionic and charged states. Thus, the catalysis is associated with the fact that the enzyme polar groups are preorganized [13]", "Transition state analog. Computational approaches have been regarded as a useful tool to elucidate the mechanism of action of enzymes.[4] Molecular mechanics itself can not predict the electron transfer which is the fundamental of organic reaction but the molecular dynamics simulation provide sufficient information considering the flexibility of protein during catalytic reaction. The complementary method would be combined molecular mechanics/ quantum mechanics simulation (QM/MM)methods.[5] With this approach, only the atoms responsible for enzymatic reaction in the catalytic region will be reared with quantum mechanics and the rest of the atoms were treated with molecular mechanics.[6]", "Glycolysis. While Pasteur's experiments were groundbreaking, insight into the component steps of glycolysis were provided by the non-cellular fermentation experiments of Eduard Buchner during the 1890s.[11][12] Buchner demonstrated that the conversion of glucose to ethanol was possible using a non-living extract of yeast (due to the action of enzymes in the extract).[13] This experiment not only revolutionized biochemistry, but also allowed later scientists to analyze this pathway in a more controlled lab setting. In a series of experiments (1905-1911), scientists Arthur Harden and William Young discovered more pieces of glycolysis.[14] They discovered the regulatory effects of ATP on glucose consumption during alcohol fermentation. They also shed light on the role of one compound as a glycolysis intermediate: fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.[15]", "Enzyme inhibitor. An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. They are also used in pesticides. Not all molecules that bind to enzymes are inhibitors; enzyme activators bind to enzymes and increase their enzymatic activity, while enzyme substrates bind and are converted to products in the normal catalytic cycle of the enzyme.", "Extracellular digestion. The molecules absorbed through the plasma membrane tend to be smaller than 5,000 Da, so only simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids and other small molecules can be taken up following digestion. The molecules are taken up in solution. In some cases, the molecules are processed by enzymes located within the cell wall. For instance, sucrose inverters have been localized in walls of yeasts. Glucose appears to be the sugar preferred by most fungi. Uptake of other sugars is repressed when glucose is available. Similarly, ammonium, glutamine and asparagine regulate the uptake of nitrogen compounds, and cysteine of sulphur compounds.[7]", "Enzyme. Enzyme production (transcription and translation of enzyme genes) can be enhanced or diminished by a cell in response to changes in the cell's environment. This form of gene regulation is called enzyme induction. For example, bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin because enzymes called beta-lactamases are induced that hydrolyse the crucial beta-lactam ring within the penicillin molecule.[81] Another example comes from enzymes in the liver called cytochrome P450 oxidases, which are important in drug metabolism. Induction or inhibition of these enzymes can cause drug interactions.[82] Enzyme levels can also be regulated by changing the rate of enzyme degradation.[1]:30.1.1", "Enzyme. Enzymes determine what steps occur in these pathways. Without enzymes, metabolism would neither progress through the same steps and could not be regulated to serve the needs of the cell. Most central metabolic pathways are regulated at a few key steps, typically through enzymes whose activity involves the hydrolysis of ATP. Because this reaction releases so much energy, other reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable can be coupled to ATP hydrolysis, driving the overall series of linked metabolic reactions.[1]:30.1", "Hydrolysis. In addition, in living systems, most biochemical reactions (including ATP hydrolysis) take place during the catalysis of enzymes. The catalytic action of enzymes allows the hydrolysis of proteins, fats, oils, and carbohydrates. As an example, one may consider proteases (enzymes that aid digestion by causing hydrolysis of peptide bonds in proteins). They catalyse the hydrolysis of interior peptide bonds in peptide chains, as opposed to exopeptidases (another class of enzymes, that catalyse the hydrolysis of terminal peptide bonds, liberating one free amino acid at a time).", "Enzyme kinetics. Enzyme inhibitors are molecules that reduce or abolish enzyme activity, while enzyme activators are molecules that increase the catalytic rate of enzymes. These interactions can be either reversible (i.e., removal of the inhibitor restores enzyme activity) or irreversible (i.e., the inhibitor permanently inactivates the enzyme).", "History of biology. In chemistry, one central issue was the distinction between organic and inorganic substances, especially in the context of organic transformations such as fermentation and putrefaction. Since Aristotle these had been considered essentially biological (vital) processes. However, Friedrich Wöhler, Justus Liebig and other pioneers of the rising field of organic chemistry—building on the work of Lavoisier—showed that the organic world could often be analyzed by physical and chemical methods. In 1828 Wöhler showed that the organic substance urea could be created by chemical means that do not involve life, providing a powerful challenge to vitalism. Cell extracts (\"ferments\") that could effect chemical transformations were discovered, beginning with diastase in 1833. By the end of the 19th century the concept of enzymes was well established, though equations of chemical kinetics would not be applied to enzymatic reactions until the early 20th century.[48]", "Enzyme kinetics. An important goal of measuring enzyme kinetics is to determine the chemical mechanism of an enzyme reaction, i.e., the sequence of chemical steps that transform substrate into product. The kinetic approaches discussed above will show at what rates intermediates are formed and inter-converted, but they cannot identify exactly what these intermediates are.", "Substrate (chemistry). In biochemistry, the substrate is a molecule upon which an enzyme acts. Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions involving the substrate(s). In the case of a single substrate, the substrate bonds with the enzyme active site, and an enzyme-substrate complex is formed. The substrate is transformed into one or more products, which are then released from the active site. The active site is then free to accept another substrate molecule. In the case of more than one substrate, these may bind in a particular order to the active site, before reacting together to produce products. A substrate is called 'chromogenic' if it gives rise to a coloured product when acted on by an enzyme. In histological enzyme localization studies, the colored product of enzyme action can be viewed under a microscope, in thin sections of biological tissues. Similarly, a substrate is called 'fluorogenic' if it gives rise to a fluorescent product when acted on by an enzyme.", "Zymogen. A zymogen (/ˈzaɪmədʒən, -moʊ-/[1][2]), also called a proenzyme (/ˌproʊˈɛnzaɪm/[3][4]), is an inactive precursor of an enzyme. A zymogen requires a biochemical change (such as a hydrolysis reaction revealing the active site, or changing the configuration to reveal the active site) for it to become an active enzyme. The biochemical change usually occurs in Golgi bodies, where a specific part of the precursor enzyme is cleaved in order to activate it. The inactivating piece which is cleaved off can be a peptide unit, or can be independently folding domains comprising more than 100 residues. Although they limit the enzyme's ability, these n-terminal extensions of the enzyme or a “prosegment” often aid in the stabilizing and folding of the enzyme they inhibit." ]

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[ "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, followed by a nationwide release on February 4, 1938. It was a critical and commercial success, and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest-grossing sound film at the time. The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times, until its home video release in the 1990s. Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office.", "Cinema of the United States. In 1938, Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released during a run of lackluster films from the major studios, and quickly became the highest grossing film released to that point. Embarrassingly for the studios, it was an independently produced animated film that did not feature any studio-employed stars.[35] This stoked already widespread frustration at the practice of block-booking, in which studios would only sell an entire year's schedule of films at a time to theaters and use the lock-in to cover for releases of mediocre quality.", "Walt Disney. Snow White premiered in December 1937 to high praise from critics and audiences. The film became the most successful motion picture of 1938 and by May 1939 its total gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film made to that date.[76][l] Disney won another Honorary Academy Award, which consisted of one full-sized and seven miniature Oscar statuettes.[82][m] The success of Snow White heralded one of the most productive eras for the studio; the Walt Disney Family Museum calls the following years \"the 'Golden Age of Animation' \".[83][84] With work on Snow White finished, the studio began producing Pinocchio in early 1938 and Fantasia in November of the same year. Both films were released in 1940, and neither performed well at the box office‍—‌partly because revenues from Europe had dropped following the start of World War II in 1939. The studio made a loss on both pictures and was deeply in debt by the end of February 1941.[85]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, to a wildly receptive audience, many of whom were the same naysayers who dubbed the film \"Disney's Folly\".[1] The film received a standing ovation at its completion[17] from an audience that included Judy Garland and Marlene Dietrich.[18] Six days later, Walt Disney and the seven dwarfs appeared on the cover of Time magazine.[19] The New York Times said: \"Thank you very much, Mr. Disney\".[20] Variety suggested that \"[so] perfect is the illusion, so tender the romance and fantasy, so emotional are certain portions when the acting of the characters strikes a depth comparable to the sincerity of human players, that the film approaches real greatness.\"[21]", "Snow White and the Huntsman. The film had its premiere on May 14, 2012, at the Empire, Leicester Square, in London.[23]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment re-released Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs on Blu-ray and DVD on February 2, 2016, as the first of the Walt Disney Signature Collection Line. It was released on Digital HD on January 19, 2016, with bonus material.[52]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on DVD on October 9, 2001, the first in Disney's Platinum Editions, and featured, across two discs, the digitally restored film, a making-of documentary narrated by Angela Lansbury, an audio commentary by John Canemaker and, via archived audio clips, Walt Disney.[50]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). On October 28, 1994, the film was released for the first time on home video as the first video in the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection.[6]", "Snow White: A Tale of Terror. Snow White: A Tale of Terror was initially released on VHS, as well as a DVD edition in the United States on August 25, 1998 via Polygram.[3][4] It was re-issued on DVD from Universal Home Entertainment on August 13, 2002, containing identical artwork to the previous edition[5] and most recently on May 1, 2012 from Universal, containing newly commissioned artwork.[6] A multipack DVD including the film (with Darkman II: The Return of Durant and Firestarter 2: Rekindled) was made available from Universal.[7]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was released on Blu-ray Disc on October 6, 2009, the first of Disney's Diamond Editions, and a new DVD edition was released on November 24, 2009. The Blu-ray includes a high-definition version of the movie sourced from a new restoration by Lowry Digital, a DVD copy of the film, and several bonus features not included on the 2001 DVD. This set returned to the Disney Vault on April 30, 2011.[51]", "Snow White and the Huntsman. The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Region 1 on September 11, 2012,[24] with both the theatrical version (127 minutes) and an extended version (132 minutes) available on both formats. The film was released on the same formats in Region 2 on October 1, 2012.[25]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was first re-released in 1944, to raise revenue for the Disney studio during the World War II period. This re-release set a tradition of re-releasing Disney animated features every seven to ten years, and Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was re-released to theaters in 1952, 1958, 1967, 1975, 1983, 1987 and 1993.[27] Coinciding with the fiftieth-anniversary release in 1987, Disney released an authorized novelization of the story, written by children's author Suzanne Weyn.[28][29]", "Snow White: A Tale of Terror. In the United Kingdom, Universal Home Entertainment released the film on VHS format on June 1, 1998,[8] while a re-issued VHS became available via Universal from September 17, 2001.[9] The film has been issued twice on DVD from Universal Home Entertainment in the UK, with the first on February 6, 2006,[10] and a subsequent version containing new artwork on May 14, 2012.[11] All editions from Universal are now out-of-print as distribution company Fabulous Films currently acquire ownership rights for distribution in the United Kingdom. Fabulous released the film on April 4, 2016 on DVD,[12] and for the first time in any country, on Blu-ray format on July 4, 2016.[13]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions,[6] to The New York Times.[7] One evening that same year, Disney acted out the entire story of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs to his staff, announcing that the film would be produced as a feature-length film.[8]", "Snow White: A Tale of Terror. Snow White: A Tale of Terror, also known as Snow White in the Black Forest,[1] is a 1997 American dark fantasy horror television film based on the fairy tale \"Snow White\". It was directed by Michael Cohn and stars Sigourney Weaver, Sam Neill and Monica Keena. The original music score was composed by John Ottman. The film was marketed with the tagline \"The fairy tale is over\".", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Following successful exclusive runs at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and a theater in Miami in January 1938,[1] RKO Radio Pictures put the film into general release on February 4. It became a major box-office success, making four times more money than any other motion picture released in 1938.[22] In its original release, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs grossed $3.5 million in the United States and Canada,[23] and by May 1939 its total international gross of $6.5 million made it the most successful sound film of all time, displacing Al Jolson's The Singing Fool (1928) (Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was soon displaced from this position by Gone with the Wind in 1940).[23][24] By the end of its original run, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs had earned $7,846,000 in international box office receipts.[25] This earned RKO a profit of $380,000.[26]", "Walt Disney Animation Studios. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs cost Disney a then-expensive sum of $1.4 million to complete (including $100,000 on story development alone) and was an unprecedented success when released in February 1938 by RKO Radio Pictures, which had assumed distribution of Disney product from United Artists in 1937. It was briefly the highest-grossing film of all time before the success of Gone with the Wind two years later,[39][40] grossing over $8 million on its initial release, the equivalent of $136,113,480 in 1999 dollars.[40]", "The Walt Disney Company. Deciding to push the boundaries of animation even further, Disney began production of his first feature-length animated film in 1934. Taking three years to complete, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, premiered in December 1937 and by 1939 became highest-grossing film of that time.[13] Snow White was released through RKO Radio Pictures, which had assumed distribution of Disney's product in July 1937,[ChWDC 5] after United Artists attempted to attain future television rights to the Disney shorts.[14] Using the profits from Snow White, Disney financed the construction of a new 51-acre (210,000 m2) studio complex in Burbank, California. The new Walt Disney Studios, in which the company is headquartered to this day, was completed and open for business by the end of 1939.[ChWDC 6] The following year on April 2, Walt Disney Productions had its initial public offering.[ChWDC 7][15]", "Snow White. Snow White, c. 1919", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Unknown Mary Jo Salerno played Snow White in the Disney-produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (also known as Snow White Live!) at the Radio City Music Hall.[65] Music and lyrics for four new songs were created by Jay Blackton and Joe Cook, respectively; titles included \"Welcome to the Kingdom of Once Upon a Time\" and \"Will I Ever See Her Again?\".[66] It ran from October 18 to November 18, 1979, and January 11 to March 9, 1980, a total of 106 performances.[67]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (soundtrack). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the soundtrack to the 1937 Walt Disney film, was the first commercially issued film soundtrack.[1] It was released in January 1938 as Songs from Walt Disney's Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (with the Same Characters and Sound Effects as in the Film of That Title) and has since seen numerous expansions and reissues.", "Walt Disney anthology television series. Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs never aired in its entirety until it was telecast on February 14, 2010 on ABC Family, nearly 56 years after the beginning of the first Disney anthology show. From 1983 to 2002, the film was only shown in the form of various clips on the Disney Channel.", "Snow White. One version of Snow White is the 1937 American animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs by Walt Disney. Disney's variation of Snow White gave the dwarfs names and included a singing Snow White. Instead of her lungs and liver, as written in the original, the huntsman is asked by the queen to bring back Snow White’s heart. Snow White is much more mature (about 14). And she is discovered by the dwarfs after cleaning the house, not vandalizing it. Furthermore, in the Disney movie the evil queen tries only once to kill Snow White (by a poisoned apple) and fails. She then dies by falling down a cliff, after the dwarfs had chased her through the forest. In the original, the queen is forced to dance to death.[17]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). In 1993, Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs became the first film to be entirely scanned to digital files, manipulated, and recorded back to film. The restoration project was carried out entirely at 4K resolution and 10-bit color depth using the Cineon system to digitally remove dirt and scratches and restore faded colors.[30]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated musical fantasy film produced by Walt Disney Productions and originally released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full-length cel animated feature film and the earliest Disney animated feature film. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteen directed the film's individual sequences.", "Golden age of American animation. In 1937, Walt Disney produced Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, the first American feature-length animated film. This was the culmination of four years of effort by Disney studios. Walt Disney was convinced that short cartoons would not keep his studio profitable in the long run, so he took what was seen as an enormous gamble. The critics predicted that Snow White would result in financial ruin for the studio. They said that the colors would be too bright for the audience and they would get sick of the gags and leave.[35] However, the critics were proven wrong. Snow White was a worldwide box office success, and was universally acclaimed as a landmark in the development of animation as a serious art form.[citation needed]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). A 1937–1938 newspaper comic strip adaptation was republished repeatedly as a comic book, most recently in 1995.[72]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full-length cel animated feature in motion picture history,[6] and as such Walt Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to talk him out of it,[9] and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as \"Disney's Folly\" while it was in production. He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a massive sum for a feature film in 1937.[1]", "Snow White. In 2013, the US Patent and Trademark Office issued a trademark to Disney Enterprises, Inc. for the name \"Snow White\" that covers all live and recorded movie, television, radio, stage, computer, Internet, news, and photographic entertainment uses, excluding literary works of fiction and nonfiction.[29]", "Snow White. In Snow White (1987), produced by Cannon Movie Tales, the Evil Queen, after being informed for the last time that Snow White is alive and the most fair, is consumed with rage and hurls an object at the mirror causing it to crack. As she travels to the wedding, the Evil Queen begins to age rapidly as the mirror continues to crack. By the time she reaches the wedding and bursts in, she is an old hag and is humiliated by the crowd. She leaves and, simultaneously with the mirror in her castle, disintegrates into a pile of dust while Snow White and the Prince are married.", "Snow White. \"Snow White\" is a 19th-century German fairy tale which is today known widely across the Western world. The Brothers Grimm published it in 1812 in the first edition of their collection Grimms' Fairy Tales. It was titled in German: Sneewittchen (in modern orthography Schneewittchen) and numbered as Tale 53. The name Sneewittchen was Low German and in the first version it was translated with Schneeweißchen. The Grimms completed their final revision of the story in 1854.[1][2]", "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs (1937 film). Snow White's Scary Adventures is a popular theme park ride at Disneyland (an opening day attraction dating from 1955),[53] Tokyo Disneyland,[54] and Disneyland Paris.[55] Fantasyland at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom[56] underwent an expansion from 2012 to 2014. The Snow White's Scary Adventures ride was replaced with Princess Fairytale Hall, where Snow White and other princesses are located for a meet and greet. Included in the 2013 expansion of Fantasyland is the Seven Dwarfs Mine Train roller coaster.[57] Snow White, her Prince, the Queen, and the Seven Dwarfs are also featured in parades and character appearances throughout the parks. Disneyland's Fantasyland Theater hosted Snow White: An Enchanting Musical from 2004 to 2006." ]

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[ "USB 3.0. USB 3.0 is the third major version of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard for interfacing computers and electronic devices. Among other improvements, USB 3.0 adds the new transfer rate referred to as SuperSpeed USB (SS) that can transfer data at up to 5 Gbit/s (625 MB/s), which is about 10 times as fast as the USB 2.0 standard. Manufacturers are recommended to distinguish USB 3.0 connectors from their USB 2.0 counterparts by blue color-coding of the Standard-A receptacles and plugs,[2] and by the initials SS.[3]", "USB hub. A USB hub is a device that expands a single Universal Serial Bus (USB) port into several so that there are more ports available to connect devices to a host system, similar to a power strip.", "SCSI. USB Attached SCSI allows SCSI devices to use the Universal Serial Bus.", "SCSI. Small Computer System Interface (SCSI, /ˈskʌzi/ SKUZ-ee)[1] is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices. The SCSI standards define commands, protocols, electrical and optical interfaces. SCSI is most commonly used for hard disk drives and tape drives, but it can connect a wide range of other devices, including scanners and CD drives, although not all controllers can handle all devices. The SCSI standard defines command sets for specific peripheral device types; the presence of \"unknown\" as one of these types means that in theory it can be used as an interface to almost any device, but the standard is highly pragmatic and addressed toward commercial requirements.", "USB hub. Any USB 2.0 hub that supports a higher standard than USB 1.1 (12 Mbit/s) will translate between the lower standard and the higher standard using what is called a transaction translator (TT). For example, if a USB 1.1 device is connected to a port on a USB 2.0 hub, then the TT would automatically recognize and translate the USB 1.1 signals to USB 2.0 on the uplink. However, the default design is that all lower-standard devices share the same transaction translator and thus create a bottleneck, a configuration known as the single transaction translator.\nConsequently, multi transaction translators (Multi-TT) were created, which provide more transaction translators such that bottlenecks are avoided.[5] Note that USB 3.0 hubs do not currently[citation needed] perform transaction translation to super-speed for USB 2.0 devices.", "Serial ATA. eSATAp stands for powered eSATA. It is also known as Power over eSATA, Power eSATA, eSATA/USB Combo, or eSATA USB Hybrid Port (EUHP). An eSATAp port combines the four pins of the USB 2.0 (or earlier) port, the seven pins of the eSATA port, and optionally two 12 V power pins.[52] Both SATA traffic and device power are integrated in a single cable, as is the case with USB but not eSATA. The 5 V power is provided through two USB pins, while the 12 V power may optionally be provided. Typically desktop, but not notebook, computers provide 12 V power, so can power devices requiring this voltage, typically 3.5-inch disk and CD/DVD drives, in addition to 5 V devices such as 2.5-inch drives.", "PS/2 port. PS/2 is now considered a legacy port, with USB ports now normally preferred for connecting keyboards and mice. This dates back at least as far as the Intel/Microsoft PC 2001 specification of 2000.", "Service set (802.11 network). In computer networking, a service set (SS) is a set consisting of all the devices associated with a consumer or enterprise IEEE 802.11 wireless local area network (WLAN). The service set can be local, independent, extended or mesh.", "PS/2 port. The PS/2 port is a 6-pin mini-DIN connector used for connecting keyboards and mice to a PC compatible computer system. Its name comes from the IBM Personal System/2 series of personal computers, with which it was introduced in 1987. The PS/2 mouse connector generally replaced the older DE-9 RS-232 \"serial mouse\" connector, while the PS/2 keyboard connector replaced the larger 5-pin/180° DIN connector used in the IBM PC/AT design. The PS/2 designs on keyboard and mouse interfaces are electrically similar and employ the same communication protocol. However, unlike the otherwise similar Apple Desktop Bus connector used by Apple, a given system's keyboard and mouse port may not be interchangeable since the two devices use a different set of commands.", "USB 3.0. The VBUS, D−, D+, and GND pins are required for USB 2.0 communication. The additional USB 3.0 pins are two differential pairs and one ground (GND_DRAIN). The two additional differential pairs are for SuperSpeed data transfer; they are used for full duplex SuperSpeed signaling. The GND_DRAIN pin is for drain wire termination and to control EMI and maintain signal integrity.", "USB flash drive. By 2003, most USB flash drives had USB 2.0 connectivity, which has 480 Mbit/s as the transfer rate upper bound; after accounting for the protocol overhead that translates to a 35 MB/s effective throughput.[23] That is considerably slower than what a hard disk drive or solid-state drive can achieve when connected via the SATA interface.[24]", "RS-232. An RS-232 serial port was once a standard feature of a personal computer, used for connections to modems, printers, mice, data storage, uninterruptible power supplies, and other peripheral devices. RS-232, when compared to later interfaces such as RS-422, RS-485 and Ethernet, has lower transmission speed, short maximum cable length, large voltage swing, large standard connectors, no multipoint capability and limited multidrop capability. In modern personal computers, USB has displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles. Many computers no longer come equipped with RS-232 ports (although some motherboards come equipped with a COM port header that allows the user to install a bracket with a DE-9 port) and must use either an external USB-to-RS-232 converter or an internal expansion card with one or more serial ports to connect to RS-232 peripherals. Nevertheless, thanks to their simplicity and past ubiquity, RS-232 interfaces are still used—particularly in industrial machines, networking equipment, and scientific instruments where a short-range, point-to-point, low-speed wired data connection is adequate.", "Glossary of nautical terms. S.S. (or SS)", "USB flash drive. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit elements and a USB connector, insulated electrically and protected inside a plastic, metal, or rubberised case, which can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain, for example. The USB connector may be protected by a removable cap or by retracting into the body of the drive, although it is not likely to be damaged if unprotected. Most flash drives use a standard type-A USB connection allowing connection with a port on a personal computer, but drives for other interfaces also exist. USB flash drives draw power from the computer via the USB connection. Some devices combine the functionality of a portable media player with USB flash storage; they require a battery only when used to play music on the go.", "USB 3.0. The SuperSpeed transaction is initiated by a host request, followed by a response from the device. The device either accepts the request or rejects it; if accepted, the device sends data or accepts data from the host. If the endpoint is halted, the device responds with a STALL handshake. If there is lack of buffer space or data, it responds with a Not Ready (NRDY) signal to tell the host that it is not able to process the request. When the device is ready, sends an Endpoint Ready (ERDY) to the host which then reschedules the transaction.", "Shortstop. Shortstop, abbreviated SS, is the baseball or softball fielding position between second and third base, which is considered to be among the most demanding defensive positions. The position is mostly filled by defensive specialists, so shortstops are generally relatively poor batters who bat later in the batting order, with some exceptions. In the numbering system used by scorers to record defensive plays, the shortstop is assigned the number 6.", "USB flash drive. On a USB flash drive, one end of the device is fitted with a single Standard-A USB plug; some flash drives additionally offer a micro USB plug, facilitating data transfers between different devices.[39] Flash drives with a USB-C interface and other not so common interfaces (such as FireWire 400, FireWire 800, and ThunderBolt) are also available.", "PS/2 port. Many keyboards and mice were specifically designed to support both the USB and the PS/2 interfaces and protocols, selecting the appropriate connection type at power-on. Such devices are generally equipped with a USB connector and ship with a passive wiring adapter to allow connection to a PS/2 port. Such passive adapters are not standardized and may therefore be specific to the device they came with. They cannot be used to adapt other devices to PS/2 ports.[citation needed] While combi-devices supporting USB and PS/2 are still available, most USB keyboards and mice in the 2010s no longer come with or even support the PS/2 protocol.[citation needed] Connecting them to a PS/2 port would require an adapter, actively translating between the protocols. Such adapters only support certain classes of USB devices such as keyboards and mice, but are not model- or vendor-specific.", "USB flash drive. The typical device may also include:", "USB flash drive. Inside the plastic casing is a small printed circuit board, which has some power circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits (ICs). Typically, one of these ICs provides an interface between the USB connector and the onboard memory, while the other is the flash memory. Drives typically use the USB mass storage device class to communicate with the host.", "Computer port (hardware). Shown on a hard-drive dock", "USB flash drive. Some of the security measures taken to prevent confidential data from being taken have presented some side effects such as curtailing user privileges of recharging mobile devices off the USB ports on the systems.", "USB hub. It is an important consideration that in common language (and often product marketing) USB 2.0 is used as synonymous with high-speed. However, because the USB 2.0 specification, which introduced high-speed, incorporates the USB 1.1 specification such that a USB 2.0 device is not required to operate at high speed, any compliant full-speed or low-speed device may still be labelled as a USB 2.0 device. Thus, not all USB 2.0 hubs operate at high-speed.", "USB 3.0. If faster connections to storage devices are the reason to consider USB 3.0, an alternative is to use eSATAp, possibly by adding an inexpensive expansion slot bracket that provides an eSATAp port; some external hard disk drives provide both USB (2.0 or 3.0) and eSATAp interfaces.[15] To ensure compatibility between motherboards and peripherals, all USB-certified devices must be approved by the USB Implementers Forum (USB-IF). At least one complete end-to-end test system for USB 3.0 designers is available on the market.[18]", "USB flash drive. Most USB-based flash technology integrates a printed circuit board with a metal tip, which is simply soldered on. As a result, the stress point is where the two pieces join. The quality control of some manufacturers does not ensure a proper solder temperature, further weakening the stress point.[88][89] Since many flash drives stick out from computers, they are likely to be bumped repeatedly and may break at the stress point. Most of the time, a break at the stress point tears the joint from the printed circuit board and results in permanent damage. However, some manufacturers produce discreet flash drives that do not stick out, and others use a solid metal uni-body that has no easily discernible stress point. SD cards serve as a good alternative to USB drives since they can be inserted flush.", "USB 3.0. A USB 3.0 Standard-A receptacle accepts either a USB 3.0 Standard-A plug or a USB 2.0 Standard-A plug. Conversely, it is possible to plug a USB 3.0 Standard-A plug into a USB 2.0 Standard-A receptacle. This is a principle of backward compatibility. The Standard-A is used for connecting to a computer port, at the host side.", "PS/2 port. Older PS/2-only peripherals can be connected to a USB port via an active adapter, which generally provides a pair of PS/2 ports at the cost of one USB port.[10]", "USB flash drive. Some manufacturers deploy physical authentication tokens in the form of a flash drive. These are used to control access to a sensitive system by containing encryption keys or, more commonly, communicating with security software on the target machine. The system is designed so the target machine will not operate except when the flash drive device is plugged into it. Some of these \"PC lock\" devices also function as normal flash drives when plugged into other machines.", "USB flash drive. Hard disk drive", "Glossary of computer hardware terms. USB flash drive", "RS-232. Later personal computers (and other devices) started to make use of the standard so that they could connect to existing equipment. For many years, an RS-232-compatible port was a standard feature for serial communications, such as modem connections, on many computers (with the computer acting as the DTE). It remained in widespread use into the late 1990s. In personal computer peripherals, it has largely been supplanted by other interface standards, such as USB. RS-232 is still used to connect older designs of peripherals, industrial equipment (such as PLCs), console ports, and special purpose equipment.", "USB flash drive. USB flash drives usually specify their read and write speeds in megabytes per second (MB/s); read speed is usually faster. These speeds are for optimal conditions; real-world speeds are usually slower. In particular, circumstances that often lead to speeds much lower than advertised are transfer (particularly writing) of many small files rather than a few very large ones, and mixed reading and writing to the same device." ]

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[ "Warehouse. They usually have loading docks to load and unload goods from trucks. Sometimes warehouses are designed for the loading and unloading of goods directly from railways, airports, or seaports. They often have cranes and forklifts for moving goods, which are usually placed on ISO standard pallets loaded into pallet racks. Stored goods can include any raw materials, packing materials, spare parts, components, or finished goods associated with agriculture, manufacturing and production. In Indian a warehouse may be referred to as a godown.[1]", "Warehouse. A warehouse is a commercial building for storage of goods. Warehouses are used by manufacturers, importers, exporters, wholesalers, transport businesses, customs, etc. They are usually large plain buildings in industrial areas of cities, towns and villages.", "Warehouse. In industries whose goods require a period of maturation between production and retail, such as viniculture and cheesemaking, warehouses can be used to store the goods in large quantities.", "Retail. Warehouse stores are retailers housed in warehouses, and offer low-cost, often high-quantity goods with minimal services, e.g. goods are piled on pallets or steel shelves.[155]", "Warehouse. Large exporters and manufacturers use warehouses as distribution points for developing retail outlets in a particular region or country. This concept reduces end cost to the consumer and enhances the production sale ratio.", "Warehouse. The main purpose of packing warehouses was the picking, checking, labelling and packing of goods for export.[10] The packing warehouses: Asia House, India House and Velvet House along Whitworth Street in Manchester were some of the tallest buildings of their time.", "Warehouse. Reverse logistics is another type of warehousing that has become popular for environmental reasons. The term refers to items that are going from the end user back to the distributor or manufacturer.[citation needed]", "Warehouse. For a warehouse to function efficiently, the facility must be properly slotted. Slotting addresses which storage medium a product is picked from (pallet rack or carton flow), and how they are picked (pick-to-light, pick-to-voice, or pick-to-paper). With a proper slotting plan, a warehouse can improve its inventory rotation requirements—such as first in, first out (FIFO) and last in, first out (LIFO)—control labor costs and increase productivity.[19]", "Warehouse. Warehouses allow transport optimization along the supply chain, and allow companies to work with an optimal inventory (economic order quantity) regarding service quality. For example, at the terminal point of a transport system it is necessary to stockpile produce until a full load can be transported. Warehouses can also be used to store the unloaded goods from the vessel.", "Warehouse. Ruined warehouses in Ostia; an ancient Roman city", "Professional certification. More precisely, warehouse management involves the receipt, storage and movement of goods, (normally finished goods), to intermediate storage locations or to a final customer. In the multi-echelon model for distribution, there may be multiple levels of warehouses. This includes a central warehouse, a regional warehouses (serviced by the central warehouse) and potentially retail warehouses (serviced by the regional warehouses).", "Central Warehousing Corporation. CWC enables the movement of imported and exportable goods to and from the port towns and has developed infrastructure of Container Freight Stations & Inland Clearance Depots throughout the country. It operates 36 CFSs/ ICDs where composite services for containerised movement of import/export cargo are provided.\nThe Warehousing Corporation is empowered to acquire and build Warehouses for storage of Agricultural produce, seeds, fertilizers and other notified commodities and also to act as an agent of the Central Warehousing Corporation or of the Government, for the purpose of purchases, sales storage, distribution etc., of Agricultural Commodities in time of need.[6] Though it has been criticised for lack of manpower and technologically equipped warehousing facility.[7]", "Central Warehousing Corporation. Central Warehousing Corporation was established during 1957 to provide logistics support to the agricultural sector. It is a public Warehouse operator offering logistics services to diverse group of clients. CWC operates 432 Warehouses across the country with a storage capacity of 9.96 million tonnes providing warehousing services.[1][2] These services includes foodgrain warehouses, industrial warehousing, custom bonded warehouses, container freight stations, inland clearance depots and aircargo complexes.", "Data warehouse. Today, the most successful companies are those that can respond quickly and flexibly to market changes and opportunities. A key to this response is the effective and efficient use of data and information by analysts and managers.[8] A \"data warehouse\" is a repository of historical data that are organized by subject to support decision makers in the organization.[8] Once data are stored in a data mart or warehouse, they can be accessed.", "Data warehouse. These terms refer to the level of sophistication of a data warehouse:", "Warehouse. These displayed goods for the home trade. This would be finished goods- such as the latest cotton blouses or fashion items. Their street frontage was impressive, so they took the styles of Italianate Palazzos.", "Factory. a building or set of buildings where large amounts of goods are made using machines [10]", "Warehouse. A Sust, a Middle Ages type of warehouse, in Horgen, Switzerland", "Data warehouse. In the data warehouse, data is summarized at different levels.The user may start looking at the total sale units of a product in an entire region. Then the user looks at the states in that region. Finally, they may examine the individual stores in a certain state. Therefore, typically, the analysis starts at a higher level and moves down to lower levels of details.[22]", "Warehouse. Modern warehouses commonly use a system of wide aisle pallet racking[21] to store goods which can be loaded and unloaded using forklift trucks.", "Professional certification. A warehouse management system (WMS) is a part of the supply chain and primarily aims to control the movement and storage of materials within a warehouse and process the associated transactions, including shipping, receiving, putaway and picking. The systems also direct and optimize stock putaway based on real-time information about the status of bin utilization. A WMS monitors the progress of products through the warehouse. It involves the physical warehouse infrastructure, tracking systems, and communication between product stations.", "Warehouse. A \"piece pick\" is a type of order selection process where product is picked and handled in individual units and placed in an outer carton, tote or other container before shipping. Catalog companies and internet retailers are examples of predominantly piece-pick operations. Their customers rarely order in pallet or case quantities; instead, they typically order just one or two pieces of one or two items. Several elements make up the piece-pick system. They include the order, the picker, the pick module, the pick area, handling equipment, the container, the pick method used and the information technology used.[18] Every movement inside a warehouse must be accompanied by a work order. Warehouse operation can fail when workers move goods without work orders, or when a storage position is left unregistered in the system.", "Warehouse. During the industrial revolution the function of warehouses evolved and became more specialised. Some warehouses from the period are even considered architecturally significant, such as Manchester's cotton warehouses. Always a building of function, in the past few decades they have adapted to mechanisation, technological innovation and changes in supply chain methods.", "Warehouse. All these warehouse types can trace their origins back to the canal warehouses which were used for trans-shipment and storage. Castlefield warehouses are of this type- and important as they were built at the terminus of the Bridgewater Canal in 1761.", "Dabbawala. When literally translated, the word \"dabbawala\" means \"one who carries a box\". \"Dabba\" means a box (usually a cylindrical tin or aluminium container) from Persian: دَبّه‎‎, while \"wala\" is an agentive suffix, denoting a doer or holder of the preceding word.[5] The closest meaning of the dabbawala in English would be the \"tiffin box delivery man\".", "Inventory. Inventory (American English) or stock (British English) is the goods and materials that a business holds for the ultimate goals to have a purpose of resale (or repair).[nb 1]", "Data warehouse. A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:", "Warehouse. Material direction and tracking in a warehouse can be coordinated by a Warehouse Management System (WMS), a database driven computer program. Logistics personnel use the WMS to improve warehouse efficiency by directing pathways and to maintain accurate inventory by recording warehouse transactions.", "Warehouse. Some of the most common warehouse storage systems are:", "Warehouse. Historically, warehouses were a dominant part of the urban landscape from the start of the Industrial Revolution through the 19th century and into the twentieth century. The buildings remained when their original usage had changed. There are four identifiable types of warehouses.[clarification needed][10] The cotton industry rose with the development of the warehouse, and all five types were represented in Manchester in the United Kingdom. Warehouses of that period in Manchester were often lavishly decorated, but modern warehouses are more functional.[11]", "Data warehouse. The main source of the data is cleansed, transformed, catalogued, and made available for use by managers and other business professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market research and decision support.[6] However, the means to retrieve and analyze data, to extract, transform, and load data, and to manage the data dictionary are also considered essential components of a data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to extract, transform, and load data into the repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata.", "Hindi. Translation (grammatical)" ]

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[ "Carl von Clausewitz. Clausewitz died without completing On War, but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in military theory and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically. Later Prussian and German generals, such as Helmuth Graf von Moltke, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that \"No campaign plan survives first contact with the enemy\" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, \"fog,\" uncertainty, and interactivity in war.[26]:20-21", "Helmuth von Moltke the Elder. Moltke's main thesis was that military strategy had to be understood as a system of options since it was only possible to plan the beginning of a military operation. As a result, he considered the main task of military leaders to consist in the extensive preparation of all possible outcomes. His thesis can be summed up by two statements, one famous and one less so, translated into English as \"No plan of operations extends with certainty beyond the first encounter with the enemy's main strength\" (or \"no plan survives contact with the enemy\")[4] and \"Strategy is a system of expedients\".[4]", "German resistance to Nazism. By the time Stauffenberg’s plane reached Berlin at about 15:00, General Erich Fellgiebel, an officer at Rastenburg who was in on the plot, had rung the Bendlerblock and told the plotters that Hitler had survived the explosion. This was a fatal step (literally so for Fellgiebel and many others), because the Berlin plotters immediately lost their nerve, and judged, probably correctly, that the plan to mobilise Operation Valkyrie would have no chance of succeeding once the officers of the Reserve Army knew that Hitler was alive. There was more confusion when Stauffenberg’s plane landed and he phoned from the airport to say that Hitler was dead. The Bendlerblock plotters did not know whom to believe. Finally at 16:00 Olbricht issued the orders for Operation Valkyrie to be mobilised. The vacillating General Fromm, however, phoned Keitel, who assured him that Hitler was alive, and demanded to know Stauffenberg’s whereabouts. This told Fromm that the plot had been traced to his headquarters, and that he was in mortal danger.", "Prussian Army. Moltke's main thesis was that military strategy had to be understood as a system of options since only the beginning of a military operation was plannable. As a result, he considered the main task of military leaders to consist in the extensive preparation of all possible outcomes. His thesis can be summed up by two statements, one famous and one less so, translated into English as No plan of operations extends with certainty beyond the first encounter with the enemy's main strength (no plan survives contact with the enemy).[69] and Strategy is a system of expedients.[69]", "Israel Putnam. Putnam has been criticized by historians as not being a great strategic thinker, and during one of the planning sessions during the siege of Boston with Washington and his senior officers, Putnam grew tired of the endless discussion, and went to the window and started observing the British. Washington invited him back to the planning table, and Putnam responded, “Oh, my dear General, you may plan the battle to suit yourself, and I will fight it.”[65][66]", "Percy Fawcett. From Dead Horse Camp, Fawcett wrote to his wife about the hardships that he and his companions had faced, his coordinates, his doubts in Raleigh Rimmel, and of his plans for the near future. He concludes his message with, “You need have no fear of any failure...”[24]", "Schlieffen Plan. Post-war writing by senior German officers like Hermann von Kuhl, Gerhard Tappen, Wilhelm Groener and the Reichsarchiv historians led by the former Oberstleutnant (Lieutenant-Colonel) Wolfgang Förster managed to establish a commonly accepted narrative that it was Moltke (the Younger)'s failure to follow the blueprint, rather than German strategic miscalculation, that condemned the belligerents to four years of attrition warfare instead of the quick, decisive conflict it should have been. In 1956, Gerhard Ritter published Der Schlieffenplan: Kritik eines Mythos (The Schlieffen Plan: Critique of a Myth), which began a period of revision, when the details of the supposed Schlieffen Plan were subjected to scrutiny and contextualisation. The view that the plan had been a blueprint was rejected because this was contrary to the tradition of Prussian war planning established by Helmuth von Moltke the Elder, which treated military operations as inherently unpredictable. Mobilisation and deployment plans could be drawn up but campaign plans were pointless; rather than attempting to dictate to subordinate commanders, the commander gave the intent of the operation and subordinates had discretion in achieving it through Auftragstaktik (mission-type tactics).", "Israel Putnam. Putnam had a feel for the common soldier and how to make good use of him. He knew that a soldier was not worried about his head, but if you protected his body with earthworks, he would “fight forever.” Putnam also understood that a retreat could be a very effective tactic. “Let me pick my officers, and I would not fear to meet [the enemy] with half the number... I would fight them on the retreat, and every stone wall we passed should be lined with their dead ... our men are lighter of foot, they understand their grounds and how to take advantage of them…”[72][73]", "Oliver Hazard Perry. Perry knew battle was coming, and he \"consciously followed Nelson's example in describing his battle plans to his captains.\"[18]:218 Perry's instructions were:", "Paul Tibbets. Tibbets was interviewed extensively by Mike Harden of the Columbus Dispatch, and profiles appeared in the newspaper on anniversaries of the first dropping of an atomic bomb. In a 1975 interview he said: \"I'm proud that I was able to start with nothing, plan it and have it work as perfectly as it did ... I sleep clearly every night.\"[56][57] \"I knew when I got the assignment,\" he told a reporter in 2005, \"it was going to be an emotional thing. We had feelings, but we had to put them in the background. We knew it was going to kill people right and left. But my one driving interest was to do the best job I could so that we could end the killing as quickly as possible.\"[58]", "Military strategy. In addition to exploiting railroads and highways for manoeuvre, Moltke also exploited the telegraph for control of large armies. He recognised the need to delegate control to subordinate commanders and to issue directives rather than specific orders. Moltke is most remembered as a strategist for his belief in the need for flexibility and that no plan, however well prepared, can be guaranteed to survive beyond the first encounter with the enemy.", "Prussian Army. However, as can be seen from the descriptions of his planning for the war with Austria and the war with France, his planning for war was very detailed and took into account thousands of variables. It is a mistake to think that Moltke thought war plans were of no use (which a simple reading of \"No battle plan survives contact with the enemy\" would seem to indicate).", "Chuck Yeager. Despite a regulation prohibiting \"evaders\" (escaped pilots) from flying over enemy territory again, the purpose of which was to prevent a second capture from compromising resistance groups, Yeager was reinstated to flying combat. He had joined another evader, fellow P-51 pilot 1st Lt Fred Glover,[15] in speaking directly to the Supreme Allied Commander, General Dwight D. Eisenhower, on June 12, 1944. With Glover pleading their case, they argued that because the Allies had invaded France and the Maquis were by then openly fighting the Nazis alongside Allied troops, if Yeager or Glover were shot down again, there was little about those who had previously helped them evade capture that could be revealed to the enemy.", "J. Robert Oppenheimer. According to his brother, at the time Oppenheimer simply exclaimed, \"It worked.\" A contemporary account by Brigadier General Thomas Farrell, who was present in the control bunker at the site with Oppenheimer, summarized his reaction as follows:", "James Forrestal. Dwight D. Eisenhower recorded he was in agreement with Forrestal's theories on the dangers of Soviet and International communist expansion. Eisenhower recalled that Forrestal had been \"the one man who, in the very midst of the war, always counseled caution and alertness in dealing with the Soviets.\" Eisenhower remembered on several occasions, while he was Supreme Allied Commander, he had been visited by Forrestal, who carefully explained his thesis that the Communists would never cease trying to destroy all representative government. Eisenhower commented in his personal diary on 11 June 1949, \"I never had cause to doubt the accuracy of his judgments on this point.\"[21]", "Frank Finkel. Finkel is not believed to have said anything about the Battle of the Little Bighorn over the course of 40 years living in Dayton. He is believed to have first made his claim of surviving the battle in 1920 after hearing his companions discussing what he believed to be erroneous details about Custer and the battle.[2] Over the next several years he expanded on his claims in local speaking engagements, and in 1921 gave an account to a reporter from the Walla Walla Bulletin,[1] the largest newspaper in the area at the time.", "Charles Rangel. Sixty years ago, I survived a Chinese attack in North Korea. And as a result I wrote a book that, having survived that, that I haven't had a bad day since. Today I have to reassess that.[153]", "America First Committee. On June 20, 1941, Lindbergh spoke to 30,000 people in Los Angeles and billed it as a \"Peace and Preparedness Mass Meeting\", Lindbergh criticized those movements which he perceived were leading America into the war. He proclaimed that the United States was in a position that made it virtually impregnable. He claimed that the interventionists and the British who called for \"the defense of England\" really meant \"the defeat of Germany\".[14][15]", "Battle of Britain. Hitler first discussed the idea at a 21 May 1940 meeting with Grand Admiral Erich Raeder, who stressed the difficulties and his own preference for a blockade. OKW Chief of Staff Alfred Jodl's 30 June report described invasion as a last resort once the British economy had been damaged and the Luftwaffe had full air superiority. On 2 July, OKW requested preliminary plans.[20][64] In Britain, Churchill described \"the great invasion scare\" as \"serving a very useful purpose\" by \"keeping every man and woman tuned to a high pitch of readiness\".[71] On 10 July, he advised the War Cabinet that invasion could be ignored, as it \"would be a most hazardous and suicidal operation\".[72]", "Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig. The reserves now became a stick with which to beat French, who by now was talking of making peace before \"England was ruined\". Haig wrote a detailed letter to Kitchener (29 Sep) claiming \"complete\" (sic) success on the first day and complaining that the reserves had not been placed as close to the front as agreed (this turned out to be untrue) and that French had not released control of them when requested (he had but delays in communications and traffic control had meant that they were not available until 2 pm). French protested that time for the commitment of reserves had been on the second day; when told of this by Robertson (2 Oct) Haig thought this evidence of French's \"unreasoning brain\". Haig strengthened his case by reports that captured enemy officers had been astonished at the British failure to exploit the attack and by complaining about the government's foot-dragging at introducing conscription and the commitment of troops to sideshows like Salonika and Suvla Bay (6 August), at a time when the Germans were calling up their 1918 Class early.[116]", "Gulf of Tonkin incident. McNamara later testified that he had read the message after his return to the Pentagon that afternoon. But he did not immediately call Johnson to tell him that the whole premise of his decision at lunch to approve McNamara's recommendation for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam was now highly questionable. Had Johnson been accurately informed about the Herrick message, he might have demanded fuller information before proceeding with a broadening of the war. Johnson had fended off proposals from McNamara and other advisers for a policy of bombing the North on four separate occasions since becoming president.[41]", "Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood. After witnessing the war with India which saw the unconditional surrender of Pakistan in 1971, Mahmood attended the winter seminar at Multan and delivered a speech on atomic science.[8] On 20 January 1972, President Zulfikar Ali Bhutto approved the crash program under Munir Ahmad Khan for a sake of \"national survivor.\"[9] Though, he continued his work at the KANUPP I engineering division.[10]", "Anthony Eden. Eden faulted the United States for forcing him to withdraw, but he took credit for United Nations action in patrolling the Israeli-Egyptian borders. Eden said of the invasion, \"Peace at any price has never averted war. We must not repeat the mistakes of the pre-war years, by behaving as though the enemies of peace and order are armed with only good intentions.\" Recalling the incident in a 1967 interview, he declared, \"I am still unrepentant about Suez. People never look at what would have happened if we had done nothing. There is a parallel with the 1930s. If you allow people to break agreements with impunity, the appetite grows to feed on such things. I don't see what other we ought to have done. One cannot dodge. It is hard to act rather than dodge.\"[83] In his 1967 interview (which he stipulated would not be used until after his death), Eden acknowledged secret dealings with the French and \"intimations\" of the Israeli attack. He insisted, however, that \"the joint enterprise and the preparations for it were justified in the light of the wrongs it [the Anglo-French invasion] was designed to prevent.\" \"I have no apologies to offer,\" Eden declared.[83]", "Charles Lindbergh. In late 1940 Lindbergh became spokesman of the non-interventionist America First Committee,[136] soon speaking to overflow crowds at Madison Square Garden and Chicago's Soldier Field, with millions listening by radio. He argued that America had no business attacking Germany; in writings published posthumously he justified this stance:", "Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig. In the Army Manoeuvres of 1912 he was decisively beaten by Sir James Grierson despite having the odds in his favour, because of Grierson's superior use of air reconnaissance. At dinner afterwards Haig abandoned his prepared text, and although he wrote that his remarks were \"well received\" Charteris recorded that they were \"unintelligible and unbearably dull\" and that the visiting dignitaries fell asleep. Haig's poor public speaking skills aside, the manoeuvres were thought to have shown the reformed army efficient.[75]", "Douglas MacArthur. In 1949, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General of the Army Omar Bradley, had predicted that \"large scale combined amphibious operations ... will never occur again,\" but by July 1950, MacArthur was planning just such an operation.[298] MacArthur compared his plan with that of General James Wolfe at the Battle of the Plains of Abraham, and brushed aside the problems of tides, hydrography and terrain.[299] In September, despite lingering concerns from superiors, MacArthur's soldiers and marines made a successful landing at Inchon, deep behind North Korean lines. Launched with naval and close air support, the landing outflanked the North Koreans, recaptured Seoul and forced them to retreat northward in disarray.[300] Visiting the battlefield on 17 September, MacArthur surveyed six T-34 tanks that had been knocked out by Marines, ignoring sniper fire around him, except to note that the North Korean marksmen were poorly trained.[301]", "Paul von Hindenburg. Hindenburg saw his job clearly: \"The commander in the field should only lay down the broad lines, leaving the details to his subordinates.\"[23] He and Ludendorff would discuss what to do and then their staff would issue precise instructions. Despite their strikingly dissimilar temperaments, Ludendorff was a perfect fit; as Hindenburg wrote to the kaiser a few months later: \"He has become my faithful adviser and a friend who has my complete confidence and cannot be replaced by anyone.\"[24] Ludendorff’s weakness was nerves; twice during Tannenberg, fearful that they were about to be attacked in their rear, he proposed to shift troops from the left pincer to face the Vilnius Army; both times Hindenburg talked to him privately and they did not waver.[25]", "Dr. Strangelove. Sexual metaphors often popped up when the nuclear analysts that Kubrick consulted were discussing strategy, such as when Bernard Brodie compared his not attacking cities/withhold plan following belligerent escalation to coitus interruptus in an internally circulated memorandum at the RAND Corporation (spoofed in the film as the 'BLAND Corporation'), while he described the SAC plan of massive retaliation as \"going all the way\". That led RAND scholar Herman Kahn, whom Kubrick consulted, to quip to an assembled group of \"massive retaliation\" SAC officers, \"Gentlemen, you do not have a war plan. You have a Wargasm!\".[60]", "Paul Tibbets. On that first mission, Tibbets saw in real-time that his bombs were falling on innocent civilians. At the time, he thought to himself, \"People are getting killed down there that don't have any business getting killed. Those are not soldiers.\" But then he thought back to a lesson he had learned during his time at medical school from his roommate who was a doctor. This doctor explained to him about his former classmates who failed the program and ended up in drug sales. The reason why they had failed the program was because \"they had too much sympathy for their patients\", which \"destroyed their ability to render the medical necessities\". It dawned on Tibbets that:", "H. H. Asquith. The leak prompted an immediate reaction from Asquith; \"Unless the impression is at once corrected that I am being relegated to the position of an irresponsible spectator of the War, I cannot possibly go on.\"[358] Lloyd George's reply was prompt and conciliatory; \"I cannot restrain nor I fear influence Northcliffe. I fully accept in letter and in spirit your summary of the suggested arrangement—subject of course to personnel.\"[360] But Asquith's mind was already turning to rejection of the Sunday compromise and outright confrontation with Lloyd George.[361]", "Battle of France. Halder then went through an \"astonishing change of opinion\", accepting that the Schwerpunkt should be at Sedan. He, however, had no intention of allowing an independent strategic penetration by the seven Panzer divisions of Army Group A. Much to the dismay of Guderian, this element was absent from the new plan, Aufmarschanweisung N°4, Fall Gelb, issued on 24 February.[32] Halder was criticised in the same way he had attacked Manstein, when he first proposed his attack plan. The bulk of the German officer corps was appalled and called Halder the \"gravedigger of the Panzer force\". Even when adapted to more conventional methods, the new plan provoked a storm of protest from the majority of German generals. They thought it utterly irresponsible to create a concentration of forces in a position impossible adequately to supply, along routes that could be cut easily by the French. If the Allies did not react as expected, the German offensive could end in catastrophe. Their objections were ignored and Halder argued that, as Germany's strategic position seemed hopeless anyway, even the slightest chance of decisive victory should be grasped.[46] Shortly before the invasion, Hitler, who had spoken to forces on the Western Front and who was encouraged by the success in Norway, confidently predicted the campaign would take only six weeks. Personally, he was most excited over the planned glider attack on Fort Eben-Emael.[47]", "Battle of the Trench. Nuaym then came up with an efficient stratagem. He first went to the Banu Qurayza and warned them about the intentions of the rest of the Confederacy. If the siege fails, he said, the Confederacy will not be afraid to abandon the Jews, leaving them at the mercy of Muhammad. The Qurayza should thus demand Confederate leaders as hostages in return for cooperation. This advice touched upon the fears the Qurayza had already harboured.[10][27]" ]

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[ "Adrian Grenier. In 2004, Grenier played Vincent Chase in the HBO series Entourage, gaining his most substantial notability and success.[10] The series followed the triumphs and trials in the life of Chase, as the movie star character and his friends lived the good life in Los Angeles.[11] It ran for eight seasons, from 2004–2011, and was nominated for numerous Emmy Awards, including Outstanding Comedy Series. He played Nate Cooper, the boyfriend of Andrea Sachs (Anne Hathaway) in The Devil Wears Prada.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). At first, Andy fumbles with her job and fits in poorly with her gossipy, fashion-conscious co-workers, especially Miranda's senior assistant, Emily Charlton. However, she does find an ally in art director Nigel, and gradually learns her responsibilities and begins to dress more stylishly to show her effort and commitment to the position. She also meets an attractive young writer, Christian Thompson, who offers to help her with her career. As she spends increasing amounts of time at Miranda's beck and call, problems arise in her relationships with her college friends and her live-in boyfriend, Nate, a chef working his way up the career ladder.", "Nate Richert. Nathaniel Eric \"Nate\" Richert (born April 28, 1978)[1] is an American musician and former actor.[2]", "Rami Malek. After this period, Malek acted in supporting roles in many major films. In August 2010, it was announced that Malek had been cast as the \"Egyptian coven\" vampire, Benjamin, in The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Part 2.[21][22][23] In 2013, he played Nate, a new employee of a group home for youths, in the indie darling Short Term 12, opposite Brie Larson. He appeared in two Spike Lee films during this time, the 2012 remake of the South Korean film Oldboy in a part that was cut and later in the crowdfunded Da Sweet Blood of Jesus. He also had minor roles in Battleship, Oscar-nominated The Master, and Aint Them Bodies Saints.", "Norman Reedus. Reedus' first film was in the 1997 Guillermo del Toro horror thriller film Mimic, where he played the character Jeremy.[7] He also had roles in the films Dark Harbor, Six Ways to Sunday, Deuces Wild, Blade II, Gossip, 8mm, American Gangster, Hero Wanted, and Moscow Chill. In 2005, he had a bit part in the Christian Alvart film Antibodies as a German policeman. In 2008, he starred in the film Red Canyon.[6] Reedus played Murphy MacManus in the 1999 movie The Boondock Saints.[10] He reprised the role in the 2009 sequel The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day.[11] He guest-starred on Charmed as Paige's (Rose McGowan) boyfriend, Nate. Reedus also starred in the film Hello Herman, which opened nationwide and on-demand on June 7, 2013.[12] Reedus currently stars in the reality series Ride with Norman Reedus, which premiered on June 12, 2016,[13]", "Chace Crawford. Christopher Chace Crawford (born July 18, 1985) is an American actor, known for his portrayal of Nate Archibald on The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl (2007–12).[1] He is also known for starring in the films The Covenant (2006), The Haunting of Molly Hartley (2008), Twelve (2010), and What to Expect When You're Expecting (2012). In 2015, he portrayed Billy LeFever in ABC's short-lived drama series Blood & Oil.", "Stéphanie Szostak. Stéphanie Szostak (born June 12, 1975) is a French actress who started her career in the early 2000s. Szostak is best known for having appeared in the films The Devil Wears Prada, Dinner for Schmucks, Iron Man 3,[1] and R.I.P.D.[2] Szostak starred in the USA Network original drama series Satisfaction.", "Chace Crawford. Crawford made his film debut in the 2006 supernatural horror-thriller The Covenant, as Tyler Simms. In March 2007, he landed the role of main character Nate Archibald on The CW's teen drama series Gossip Girl, making his television debut.[13] In 2008, Crawford co-starred in the crime-thriller Loaded, and portrayed the lead role in the supernatural horror film The Haunting of Molly Hartley. The following year, he played English singer-songwriter Leona Lewis' boyfriend in the video for her single \"I Will Be\", which was released in January 2009.[14] That same year, Crawford was named \"Summer's Hottest Bachelor\" by People.[15]", "Wendie Malick. From 2005 to 2006, Malick starred opposite John Stamos in the ABC comedy series Jake in Progress. Malick was to be part of the cast of the series Modern Men, but due to a Jake in Progress renewal, her role on Modern Men was recast with Jane Seymour. Both Jake in Progress and Modern Men were cancelled in 2006. Also in 2005, Malick starred as Clara Dalrymple in the movie Racing Stripes. In 2005 and 2006, she provided the voice of Burdine Maxwell in the animated series Bratz. In late 2006 and early 2007, she starred in another short-lived comedy series, Big Day on ABC. Starting in 2005, Malick did voice work on radio and television ads for Marshall's department stores.[14] Malick guest-starred on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Law & Order in 2005. In film, she appeared in Waiting..., Adventureland, and Confessions of a Shopaholic as the instructor of the \"Shopaholics Anonymous\" group, Miss Korch.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). Adrian Grenier, Simon Baker, and Tracie Thoms play key supporting roles. Wendy Finerman produced and David Frankel directed the film, which was distributed by 20th Century Fox. Streep's performance drew critical acclaim and earned her many award nominations, including her record-setting 14th Oscar bid, as well as the Golden Globe for Best Actress in a Comedy or Musical. Blunt also drew favorable reviews and nominations for her performance, as did many of those involved in the film's production.", "Belles de Jour. Michael Ausiello of Entertainment Weekly stated that a new love interest for Nate would be cast, confirming rumors that Nate and Serena's relationship has ended.[11] Former Melrose Place star Katie Cassidy joined the cast as Juliet, a student at Columbia University and a potential love interest for Nate, with an agenda against Serena, together with David Call as Ben Donovan, Juliet's imprisoned brother.[12][13]", "Michael Trucco. Trucco guest-starred in a season 6 episode of How I Met Your Mother in 2011, and had a recurring role in the show's eighth season. He played the recurring character Nate Ryan in the second season of Revenge.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). When Andy tells Nate she is going to Paris, he is angered by her refusal to admit that she's become what she once ridiculed, and they break up. Once there, Miranda, without makeup, opens up to Andy about the effect Miranda's impending divorce will have on her daughters. Later that night, Nigel tells Andy that he has accepted a job as Creative Director with rising fashion star James Holt at Miranda's recommendation. Andy finally succumbs to Christian's charms and, after spending the night with him, learns from him about a plan to replace Miranda with Jacqueline Follet as editor of Runway. Despite the suffering she has endured at her boss's behest, she attempts to warn Miranda.", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). Tucci was one of the last actors cast; he agreed to play Nigel only three days before shooting started.[7] The filmmakers reportedly had auditioned Barney's creative director Simon Doonan and E!'s Robert Verdi, both openly gay men highly visible as media fashion commentators, for the part; the BBC's Graham Norton also auditioned.[25] Verdi would later say there was no intention to actually hire him and the producers had just used him and Doonan to give whoever they ultimately did cast some filmed research to use in playing a gay character (he would end up with a walk-on part as a fashion journalist in Paris). Tucci says he was unaware of this: \"All I know is that someone called me and I realized this was a great part.\" He based the character on various people he was acquainted with, insisting on the glasses he ultimately wore.[26] Daniel Sunjata had originally read for Tucci's part, rather unenthusiastically since he had just finished playing a similar character, but then read the Holt part and asked if he could audition for it. Simon Baker auditioned by sending a video of himself, wearing the same self-designed green jacket he has on when he and Andrea meet for the first time.[27]", "Jason Brooks (actor). Jason Maxwell Brooks (born May 10, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for playing Peter Blake on the soap opera Days of Our Lives and Sean Monroe on Baywatch Hawaii.[1] Jason also had a recurring guest appearance on the television show The Pretender, playing Thomas Gates. He played on The Suite Life of Zack & Cody as Dakota Smith. He played Bacarra, a Warlock in episode 7, season 5 of Charmed. He also appeared in an episode of the NBC sitcom Friends [2] as Rick in The One with the Ballroom Dancing in season 4.", "Anne Hathaway. Hathaway graduated from Millburn High School in New Jersey, where she acted in several plays. As a teenager, she was cast in the television series Get Real (1999–2000) and made her breakthrough as the protagonist in her debut film, the Disney comedy The Princess Diaries (2001). Hathaway made a transition to adult roles with the 2005 dramas Havoc and Brokeback Mountain. The comedy film The Devil Wears Prada (2006), in which she played an assistant to a fashion magazine editor, was her biggest commercial success to that point. She played a recovering alcoholic in the drama Rachel Getting Married (2008), which garnered her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. She followed this with roles in the commercially successful romantic films Bride Wars (2009), Valentine's Day (2010) and Love & Other Drugs (2010).", "Nate Robinson. In 2018, he played Boots in the film Uncle Drew.", "Nate Richert. Richert is best known for his four-year role as Harvey Kinkle, the love interest and boyfriend of the title character on the live-action television series of Sabrina the Teenage Witch opposite Melissa Joan Hart.[citation needed]", "Gossip Girl (season 2). Absent: Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald.", "Gossip Girl (season 2). Absent: Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald.", "Gossip Girl (season 2). Absent: Chace Crawford as Nate Archibald.", "Paul Potts. The Weinstein Company has adapted Potts's life in a film called One Chance, which stars James Corden as Potts. The script is by Justin Zackham and the film is directed by David Frankel, the director of The Devil Wears Prada.[50][51]", "Scott Porter. Prior to joining the cast of Friday Night Lights, Porter played Matthew in the original cast of the Off-Broadway hit Altar Boyz in 2004. In 2006, he temporarily took over the role of Casey Hughes in the soap opera As the World Turns, a role originally performed by Zach Roerig. Porter also played the role of Colin Thompson, the more visible part of the duo that fronts the fictional band PoP!, in the movie Music and Lyrics (2007). Porter also played the character Rex in the film Speed Racer (2008), which was directed and written by the Wachowskis. He played Bobby in the remake of Prom Night and Ben Wheatly in Bandslam, released in August 2009. In the latter film, he co-starred alongside Aly Michalka, Gaelan Connell, Vanessa Hudgens, and Lisa Kudrow.[7] In the same year, he was also paired with The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants star Alexis Bledel in the romantic comedy film The Good Guy, which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival.[8]", "Patrick Swayze. Swayze made his West End theatre début in the musical Guys and Dolls as Nathan Detroit on July 27, 2006,[16][17][18] alongside Neil Jerzak, and remained in the role until November 25, 2006. His previous appearances on the Broadway stage had included productions of Goodtime Charley (1975)[19] and Chicago.[citation needed]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). Only Valentino Garavani, who had designed the black evening gown Streep wears in the museum benefit scene, chose to make an appearance.[28] Coincidentally, he was in New York during production and Finerman dared Field, an acquaintance, to ask him personally. Much to her surprise, he accepted.[29] Other cameos of note include Heidi Klum as herself and Weisberger as the twins' nanny.[30] Streep's daughter's film debut as a barista at Starbucks was cut.[31] Gisele Bündchen agreed to be in the movie only if she did not play a model.[27]", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). Tucci praised Field's skill in putting ensembles together that were not only stylish but helped him develop his character:", "The Devil Wears Prada (film). Some time later, Andy meets up with Nate, who is moving to Boston because he got a new job as the sous chef of a restaurant. They agree to start dating again and see what the future holds. The same day, Andy is interviewed and is accepted to work at a major New York publication company. The editor recounts how he called Runway for a reference on Andy, and got a response from Miranda herself. Miranda described Andy as \"her biggest disappointment\"- and said that the editor would be \"an idiot\" if he didn't hire her. Emily is offered her Paris wardrobe by Andy and the two leave on good terms. Andy passes the \"Runway\" office building and sees Miranda get into a car. Andy gives a wave, but Miranda does not acknowledge her. Andy is used to this and instead walks further into the crowd. Once inside the car, however, Miranda smiles and then orders her chauffeur to drive.", "Patrick J. Adams. In 2010, Adams guest starred in Pretty Little Liars, in the 5th episode; \"Reality Bites Me\" as Ezra Fitz's college friend, Hardy. In summer 2011, he began starring in the co-lead role of Mike Ross in Suits on the basic-cable USA Network, after being fired from the pilot of NBC's Friends With Benefits.[11] He garnered much acclaim for his role in the series which has continued into its seventh season in 2017–18. Since Season 3, Adams has been listed as a co-producer of Suits (with co-star Gabriel Macht) and has directed some episodes. He appeared in HBO's 2012 TV series Luck as recurring character Nathan Israel.[12]", "Wesley Jonathan. Jonathan has starred, co-starred, or made guest appearances in several movies and television shows including: Sister, Sister, Moesha, Boy Meets World, Smart Guy, Thea, Baywatch, A Different World, Boston Public, Crossover, National Lampoon's Bag Boy, Divine Intervention (2007 film), Roll Bounce, and the 2009 film Speed-Dating.[1]", "Yani Gellman. Yani Gellman (born September 2, 1985) is a Canadian film and television actor, known for playing Paolo Valisari in The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Garrett Reynolds in Pretty Little Liars and Diego Flores in 90210.", "Dominic Hoffman. Dominic Hoffman is an actor. He is perhaps best known for his recurring roles on A Different World as Whitley's boyfriend, Julian Day, and Grey's Anatomy as Dr. Jeff Russell. Most recently as costar in the movie \"Phil Spector\" and recurring roles on television shows: The Shield (2004-5), Hawaii 5-0 (2015), CSI (2015), The Mentalist (2009) and Castle (2013). His successful film career includes two David Mamet movies \"Phil Spector\" and \"Red Belt.\" By the early 2000s, Hoffman had a number of different projects under his belt, including \"The Dead One\" (2007) starring Wilmer Valderrama, \"Redbelt\" with Chiwetel Ejiofor (2008) and \"The Answer Man\" (2009) starring Jeff Daniels. His credits have expanded to the Will Ferrell and Brad Pitt box office smash \"Megamind\" (2010) and voice-over for the Ben Stiller blockbuster animated sequel \"Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted\" (2012).", "Nate Fisher. Nathaniel Samuel Fisher, Jr. is a fictional character on the HBO television series Six Feet Under, played by Peter Krause." ]

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[ "List of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games compatible with PlayStation 3. This is a list of PlayStation games compatible with all models of PlayStation 3, along with PlayStation 2 games compatible with certain earlier models of PlayStation 3. Initial PlayStation 3 models released in North America, Japan, and Asia contained both the PlayStation 2's CPU and GPU, while subsequent models contained only the GPU, and the PlayStation 2 backwards compatibility with physical discs was removed entirely in later models. However, all PlayStation 3 models can play some PlayStation 1 games via physical discs. This is accomplished entirely via software emulation and does not differ between models.", "List of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games compatible with PlayStation 3. Although the Guitar Hero games themselves are compatible, the connector mounted on its special controller is not, due to the PS3's lack of ports for PS2 accessories. As a sidenote for PS2 titles, the upscaling and smoothing options do not work when certain PS2 titles have been selected to run in progressive scan (480p).", "PlayStation 3 system software. All PlayStation 3 consoles are able to play original PlayStation games (PSone discs and downloadable classics). However, not all PlayStation 3 models are backwards compatible with the PlayStation 2 games. In summary, early PS3 consoles such as the 60GB and 20GB launch PS3 consoles were backwards compatible with PS2 games because they had PS2 chips in them. Some later models, most notably the 80GB Metal Gear Solid PS3 consoles are also backwards compatible, through partial software emulation in this case since they no longer had the PS2 CPU in them, although they do have the PS2 GPU in them, allowing for reduced backward compatibility through hardware-assisted software emulation. All other later models, such as the PS3 Slim are not PS2 backwards compatible, though users can still enjoy PS3 and PSone games on them.[21] According to Sony, when they removed backwards compatibility from the PS3 they had already been at a point where they were three years into its lifecycle; by that time the vast majority of consumers that were purchasing the PS3 cite PS3 games as a primary reason, meaning that the PS2 compatibility was no longer necessary.[22] Nevertheless, PS2 Classics which are playable on the PS3 have officially been introduced to the PlayStation Network for purchase afterwards,[23] although they are only a selection of PS2 games republished in digital format and unlike PS3 games they lack of Trophy support.[24] Later when the PlayStation 4 console was released, it was not backward compatible with either PlayStation 3 or PlayStation 2 games, although limited PS2 backward compatibility was later introduced, and PS4 owners might play a selected group of PS3 games by streaming them over the Internet using the PlayStation Now cloud-based gaming service.[25]", "List of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games compatible with PlayStation 3. SLUS-20745GH (Greatest Hits)", "DualShock. The original PlayStation is forward compatible with the DualShock 2. The PlayStation 3 is backward compatible with the DualShock 2 by the use of third party peripherals, which connect the controller to the console via a USB port. However, the DualShock 2 will not work properly with games that require Sixaxis functionality, such as Heavy Rain.", "List of PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games compatible with PlayStation 3. (PAL Version also unknown)", "PlayStation 4. PlayStation 4 is not compatible with PlayStation 3 games directly.[116] Selected PS3 games are available for streaming via PlayStation Now.[117] On December 5, 2015, Sony first released emulated versions of selected PlayStation 2 games as digital purchases, upscaled to high definition and with support for PS4 social features.[118] PlayStation 4 is, otherwise, not compatible with PS2 games.[118]", "List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2. The PlayStation 2 was designed to be backward compatible with PlayStation games. However, not all PlayStation games work on the PlayStation 2. In addition, later models of the PlayStation 2 console could not play all of the games that were released for prior version of the PlayStation 2. This article provides a list of some of the PlayStation and PlayStation 2 games that are not compatible with all models of the PlayStation 2.", "List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3. This is a list of downloadable PlayStation 2 games that are purchasable from the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 video game console.", "PlayStation 2. PlayStation 2 software is distributed on CD-ROM and DVD-ROM. In addition the console can play audio CDs and DVD movies, and is backwards compatible with PlayStation games. The PS2 also supports PlayStation memory cards and controllers, although original PlayStation memory cards only work with original PlayStation games and the controllers may not support all functions (such as analog buttons) for PS2 games.", "PlayStation. Each console has a variety of games. Most games released on the original PlayStation are backwards compatible and can be played directly on its successors, the PlayStation 2, PSX and PlayStation 3. Some of these games can also be played on the PlayStation Portable but they must be purchased and downloaded from a list of PS one Classics from the PlayStation Store. Games released on the PlayStation 2 can currently only be played on the original console as well as the PSX and the early models of the PlayStation 3 which are backwards compatible. The PlayStation 3 has two types of games, those released on Blu-ray Discs and downloadable games from the PlayStation Store. The PlayStation Portable consists of numerous games available on both its physical media, the Universal Media Disc and the Digital Download from the PlayStation Store. However, some games are only available on the UMD while others are only available on the PlayStation Store. The PlayStation Vita consists of games available on both its physical media, the PlayStation Vita card and digital download from the PlayStation Store.", "List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3. There are currently 334 games on this list.[a]", "List of PlayStation 2 Classics for PlayStation 3. PlayStation 2 Classics are not remasters, and therefore do not have Trophy support or improved visuals. For HD remakes see High-definition remasters for PlayStation consoles.", "PlayStation 3 system software. There is also a feature called Cross-Play (or Cross-Platform Play[13]) covering any PlayStation Vita software title that can interact with a PlayStation 3 software title. Different software titles use Cross-Play in different ways. For example, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3 is a title supporting the Cross-Play feature, and the PS3 version of the game can be controlled using the PS Vita system. In addition, some PS3 games can be played on the PS Vita using the PlayStation Now streaming service.", "List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2. These PlayStation games have compatibility issues with all models of PlayStation 2:[1]", "PlayStation 3 system software. The PlayStation 3 supports Remote Play with Sony's handheld game consoles, the PlayStation Portable and the PlayStation Vita. However, unlike Remote Play between the PlayStation 4 and the PlayStation Vita, the problem with PS3 was that it only supported a \"select\" few titles and results were often laggy. However, it is clear that Remote Play with the PS3 was the testing bed for its much better integration with the PS4.[10]", "Backward compatibility. A good example is the Sony PlayStation 2 (PS2) which was backward compatible with games for its predecessor PlayStation (PS1). While the PS2's selection of launch titles was small, sales of the console were nonetheless strong in 2000-2001 thanks to the large library of games for the preceding PS1. This bought time for the PS2 to grow a large installed base and developers to release more quality PS2 games for the crucial 2001 holiday season.", "PlayStation 3 system software. Similar to many other consoles, the PlayStation 3 is capable of photo, audio, and video playback in a variety of formats. It also includes various photo slideshow options and several music visualizations. Furthermore, the PlayStation 3 is able to play Blu-ray and DVD movies as well as audio CDs out of the box, and also capable of adopting streaming media services such as Netflix.[14]", "PlayStation 3 system software. Also, for users having both the PlayStation 3 and the PlayStation Vita, it is possible to share media files videos, music and images between them by transferring multimedia files directly from the PlayStation 3 to the PlayStation Vita, or vice versa.[11] Furthermore, they can use a service called Cross-Buy which allows them to buy certain games that support this feature one time, and play them in both Sony platforms. Not only that, but in the case of most such games, their saved games actually transfer back and forth between devices, allowing players to pick up from the moment they left off.[12]", "PlayStation 3. PlayStation Portable can connect with PlayStation 3 in many ways, including in-game connectivity. For example, Formula One Championship Edition, a racing game, was shown at E3 2006 using a PSP as a real-time rear-view mirror.[162] In addition, users are able to download original PlayStation format games from the PlayStation Store, transfer and play them on PSP as well as PS3 itself.[163][164] It is also possible to use the Remote Play feature to play these and some PlayStation Network games, remotely on PSP over a network or internet connection.", "DualShock. The DualShock is also compatible with the PlayStation 2, as they use the same connector and protocol. However, certain PS2 games that utilize the DualShock 2's analog buttons, such as The Bouncer, are not compatible with the DualShock. The DualShock is fully forwards compatible with the PlayStation 2 when that console is used to play PlayStation games.", "PlayStation. The PlayStation 3 (excluding PlayStation 3 Slim) also supports running Linux OS on firmware versions prior to 3.21 without the need for buying additional hardware purchase. Yellow Dog Linux provides an official distribution that can be downloaded, and other distributions such as Fedora, Gentoo and Ubuntu have been successfully installed and operated on the console.[34] The use of Linux on the PlayStation 3 allowed users to access 6 of the 7 Synergistic Processing Elements; Sony implemented a hypervisor restricting access to the RSX. The feature to install a second operating system on a PlayStation 3 was removed in a firmware update released in 2010.[140]", "PlayStation 3. In addition to the video service provided by the Sony Entertainment Network, the PlayStation 3 console has access to a variety of third party video services, dependent on region:", "List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2. This model has problems running these games:[citation needed]", "Portal 2. The announcement that Portal 2 would be available on PlayStation 3 came as a surprise to the industry because Gabe Newell had criticized that console in the past, citing difficulties in the port of The Orange Box.[172] The move toward the PlayStation 3 was a result of growing frustration with Microsoft's policies for Xbox 360 content, including the difficulty of pushing patching and new content to players. Newell saw Sony's publication model as more open, allowing Steam-like features to be used on the console.[11] Portal 2 was the first PlayStation 3 game to support a subset of features from Steamworks, including automatic updates, downloadable content, and community support.[173] The game supports cross-platform play between the PlayStation 3, Windows, and OS X versions.[174]", "PlayStation 2 models. Later hardware revisions had better compatibility with PlayStation games (Metal Gear Solid: VR Missions operates on most silver models); however, the new Japanese slim models have more issues with playing PlayStation games than the first PS2 revisions.[citation needed]", "PlayStation 2. PlayStation 2 users had the option to play select games over the Internet, using a broadband Internet connection and a PlayStation 2 Network Adaptor. Instead of having a unified, subscription-based online service like Xbox Live as competitor Microsoft later chose for its Xbox console, online multiplayer functionality on the PlayStation 2 was the responsibility of the game publisher and ran on third-party servers. Most recent[when?] PlayStation 2 online games have been developed to exclusively support broadband Internet access. Xbox Live similarly requires a broadband Internet connection.", "Home video game console. Sony's PlayStation 3 was released in Japan on November 11, 2006, in North America on November 17, 2006 and in Europe and Australia on March 23, 2007. All PlayStation 3s come with a hard drive and are able to play Blu-ray Disc games and Blu-ray Disc movies out of the box. The PlayStation 3 was the first video game console to support HDMI output out of the box, using full 1080p resolution. Up to seven controllers can connect to the console using Bluetooth. There are 6 discontinued versions of the PS3: a 20 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America and Japan, and was never released in PAL territories), a 40 GB HDD version (discontinued), a 60 GB HDD version (discontinued in North America, Japan and PAL territories), 80 GB HDD version (only in some NTSC territories and PAL territories), a \"slim\" 120 GB HDD version (discontinued), and a \"slim\" 250 GB version (discontinued). The two current shipping versions of the PlayStation 3 are: a \"slim\" 160 GB HDD version and a \"slim\" 320 GB HDD version. The hard drive can be replaced with any standard 2.5\" Serial ATA drive and the system has support for removable media storage, such as Memory Stick, Memory Stick Pro, Memory Stick Duo, Memory Stick PRO Duo, USB, SD, MiniSD, and CompactFlash (CF) digital media, but only the PlayStation versions up to 80 GB support this. The slim PlayStation 3 consoles (120 GB and up) had removable storage discontinued.[58] All models are backward compatible with the original PlayStation's software library, and the launch models, since discontinued, are also backward compatible with PlayStation 2 games. As a cost-cutting measure, later models removed the Emotion Engine, making them incompatible with PS2 discs. In 2010, Sony released PlayStation Move, allowing for motion-controlled games. With recent software updates, the PlayStation 3 can play 3D Blu-ray movies and 3D games.", "Guitar Hero. Sony's PlayStation 3 console has no compatibility with the PlayStation 2 Guitar Hero controller on the system. While Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II are fully backward-compatible through the hardware PlayStation 2 emulation in the initial North American release of the console, it was impossible at launch to use the guitar controller to play either game. Kai Huang, of RedOctane, states that they are \"working on that with Sony right now – looking at how we can get all the PlayStation 2 guitars that are out there, and all the owners of them, to use them on the PlayStation 3.\"[190] Nyko, an accessories company, was poised to make a special PlayStation 2 controller adapter for the PlayStation 3, but put the product on hold due to technical difficulties. Tac, another accessories company, also made a PlayStation 2 controller adapter for a PlayStation 3 game console so players could use their Guitar Hero guitar controllers that were made for the PlayStation 2 with a PlayStation 3.[191] However, the May 2007 PlayStation 3 V1.80 system update has made the guitar controller compatible with generic PlayStation 2 controller to USB adapters when playing Guitar Hero and Guitar Hero II.[192] In addition, Pelican Accessories has released a special controller adapter that supports both games, including the ability to switch the handedness of the guitar.[193]", "List of PlayStation games incompatible with PlayStation 2. The following games are incompatible with the SCPH-75001, \"slim\", model PlayStation 2:[2]", "PlayStation Controller. The PlayStation 2 controller is backward-compatible with the original PlayStation controller.", "Remote Play. In 2007, Sony made all original PlayStation games, when played on a PlayStation 3, compatible with Remote Play on the PSP.[11] Additionally, Sony has announced that all PlayStation 4 games will be playable on the PlayStation Vita.[5] Beyond these two scenarios, Remote Play was a feature that was sparingly implemented in games. The below chart indicates instances when Remote Play on PS3 is an available feature." ]

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[ "A Time to Kill (1996 film). In the fictional town of Clanton, Mississippi, ten-year old African American Tonya Hailey is abducted, raped, and beaten by two white supremacists, Billy Ray Cobb and Pete Willard. The duo dump her in a nearby river after a failed attempt to hang her. Tonya survives, and the two men are arrested by Sheriff Ozzie Walls.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). In the small town of Clanton, in fictional Ford County, Mississippi, a ten-year-old African-American girl named Tonya Hailey is viciously raped and beaten by two redneck white supremacists, James \"Pete\" Willard and Billy Ray Cobb. Tonya is later found and rushed to the hospital while Pete and Billy Ray are heard bragging at a roadside bar about their crime. Tonya's distraught and outraged father, Carl Lee Hailey, consults his friend Jake Brigance, a white attorney who had previously represented Hailey's brother, on whether he could get Carl Lee acquitted if he killed the two men. Jake tells Carl Lee not to do anything stupid, but admits that if it had been his daughter, he would kill the rapists. Carl Lee is determined to avenge Tonya and, while Pete and Billy Ray are being led into holding after their bond hearing, he kills both men with an M-16.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). The rape and subsequent revenge killing gain national media attention. The district attorney, Rufus Buckley, decides to seek the death penalty, and presiding Judge Omar Noose denies Brigance a change of venue to a more ethnically diverse county, meaning that Carl Lee will have an all-white jury. Brigance seeks help from his defense team: law student Ellen Roark, close friend Harry Rex Vonner, and former mentor and longtime activist Lucien Wilbanks, a once-great civil rights lawyer.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). In 1984 at the De Soto County courthouse in Hernando, Grisham witnessed the harrowing testimony of a 12-year-old rape victim.[1] The inspiration came from the case of the rape and assault of 12 year old Marcie Scott and her 16-year-old sister Julie Scott. Unlike Grisham's depiction, however, the Scotts were white and their assailant, Willie Harris, was black.[2] According to Grisham's official website, Grisham used his spare time to begin his first novel, which \"explored what would have happened if the girl's father had murdered her assailants.\" [1] He spent three years on A Time to Kill and finished it in 1987. Grisham has also cited Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird as an influence. This book is set in 1984.[3] Another stated inspiration was the success of Presumed Innocent.[4]", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). Billy Ray's brother, Freddy, seeks revenge against Carl Lee, enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan and its Grand Dragon, Stump Sisson. Subsequently, the KKK attempts to plant a bomb beneath Jake's porch, leading him to send his wife and daughter out of town until the trial is over. Later, the KKK attacks Jake's secretary, Ethel Twitty, and kills her frail husband, Bud. On the day the trial begins, a riot erupts between the KKK and the area's black residents outside of the courthouse; Stump is killed by a molotov cocktail. Believing that the black people are at fault for Stump's death, Freddy and the KKK increase their attacks. As a result, the National Guard is called to Clanton to keep the peace during Carl Lee's trial. Undeterred, Freddy continues his efforts to get revenge for Billy Ray's death. The KKK shoots at Jake one morning as he is being escorted into the courthouse, missing Jake but seriously wounding one of the guardsmen assigned to protect him. They continue to burn crosses throughout Clanton. Later, they burn down Jake's house, killing his dog.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). A Time to Kill is a 1996 American crime drama film based on John Grisham's 1989 novel A Time to Kill, directed by Joel Schumacher. Sandra Bullock, Samuel L. Jackson, Matthew McConaughey, and Kevin Spacey star, with Oliver Platt, Ashley Judd, Kiefer and Donald Sutherland, and Patrick McGoohan appearing in supporting roles. Set in Mississippi, the film involves the rape of a young girl, the arrest of the rapists, their subsequent murder by the girl's father, and the father's trial for murder. The film was a critical and commercial success, making $152 million at the worldwide box office.[2]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). Tonya's father, Carl Lee Hailey, contacts Jake Brigance, a white lawyer who previously defended his brother. Brigance admits the possibility that the rapists will walk free. Carl Lee goes to the county courthouse and opens fire with an automatic rifle, killing both rapists and unintentionally injuring Deputy Dwayne Looney with a ricochet, whose leg is later amputated. Carl Lee is arrested and Brigance agrees to defend him.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). Meanwhile, Freddie Lee Cobb plans to avenge his brother Billy Ray's death by enlisting the help of the Mississippi branch of the Ku Klux Klan and its Grand Dragon, Stump Sisson. On the first day of the trial, the Klan rallies only to be outnumbered by counter-protesters consisting of the area's black and multiracial residents as well as some whites who support Carl Lee. The protest erupts into a riot that results in dozens of injuries and the death of Stump Sisson. The Klan also begins to target Brigance, assaulting his elderly secretary and her husband (who ends up dying of a fatal heart attack brought on by the assault), burning a cross on his lawn and threatening his wife and daughter. When Brigance refuses to back down, Cobb kidnaps and assaults Roark. The Klan increases their attacks, including burning Brigance's house.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). The story takes place in the fictional town of Clanton, Mississippi in the 1980s, a period of time during which racial tension was heavily prevalent in America. This setting is also featured in other John Grisham novels. Three of the characters, Jake Brigance, Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks, later appear in the 2013 sequel Sycamore Row. Harry Rex Vonner and Lucien Wilbanks also appear in Grisham's 2003 novel The Last Juror, which is set in Clanton in the 1970s. Harry Rex Vonner also appears in the 2002 Grisham novel, The Summons, and in the short story \"Fish Files,\" in the 2009 collection Ford County. A brief reference to the events depicted in the book is also contained in Grisham's 1994 novel The Chamber.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). Brigance brings his wife and daughter to a family cookout at Carl Lee's house to celebrate his freedom.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). Carl Lee is charged with capital murder. Despite efforts to persuade Carl Lee to retain high-powered attorneys, he elects to be represented by Jake. Helping Jake are two loyal friends, disbarred attorney Lucien Wilbanks and sleazy divorce lawyer Harry Rex Vonner. Later, the team is assisted by liberal law student Ellen Roark, who has prior experience with death penalty cases and offers her services as a temporary clerk pro bono. Ellen appears to be interested in Jake romantically, but the married Jake resists her overtures. The team also receives some illicit behind-the-scenes help from black county sheriff Ozzie Walls, a figure beloved by the black community and also well respected by the white community who upholds the law by arresting Carl Lee but, as the father of two daughters of his own, privately supports Carl Lee and gives him special treatment while in jail and goes out of the way to assist Jake in any way he legally can. Carl Lee is prosecuted by Ford County's corrupt district attorney, Rufus Buckley, who hopes that the case will boost his political career. It is claimed that the judge presiding over Carl Lee's trial, Omar \"Ichabod\" Noose, has been intimidated by local white supremacist elements. This proves true when, despite having no history of racist inclinations in his rulings, Noose refuses Jake's perfectly reasonable request for a change of venue, even though the racial make-up of Ford County virtually guarantees an all-white jury.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). A Time to Kill is a 1988 legal thriller by John Grisham. It was Grisham's first novel. The novel was rejected by many publishers before Wynwood Press eventually gave it a modest 5,000-copy printing. When Doubleday published The Firm, Wynwood released a trade paperback of A Time to Kill, which became a bestseller. Dell published the mass market paperback months after the success of The Firm, bringing Grisham to widespread popularity among readers. Doubleday eventually took over the contract for A Time to Kill and released a special hardcover edition.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). In 1996, the novel was adapted into a film of the same name, starring Matthew McConaughey and Samuel L. Jackson. In 2011, it was further adapted into a stage play of the same name by Rupert Holmes. The stage production opened at the Arena Stage (Washington, D.C.) in May 2011 and opened on Broadway in October 2013.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). After deliberation, a black child runs out of the courthouse and screams, \"He's innocent!\" Jubilation ensues amongst the supporters outside. The Klan, enraged, begins yelling in anger. Meanwhile, Sheriff Walls arrests Freddie Lee for his crimes, as well as a corrupted deputy that was by Freddie's side.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). Since the facts of the case are undisputed - Carl Lee did kill the two rapists - the only way in law to get a verdict of not guilty is to plead temporary insanity. Ellen Roark prepares for Brigance a thorough study of all Mississippi precedents touching on the relevant British M'Naghten rules which apply in Mississippi as in sixteen other US states. Brigance gets a psychiatrist to prove that Carl Lee was indeed insane while committing his act, and the state gets an opposing psychiatrist to assert he was completely sane and therefore culpable. Much of the trial is devoted to prosecution and defense trying to discredit each other's expert witnesses. Yet in fact, no one truly takes seriously the issue of Carl Lee's sanity, and it has only a marginal place in the jurors' deliberations and the final verdict they reach.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). In France, the film has been the subject of much controversy. Critics have accused the movie of making an apology for the death penalty and right of self-defense. A question mark was added at the end of the title (\"Le Droit de tuer ?\"/\"The Right to Kill ?\"[9][10]) so as not to shock the audience. Amnesty International France uses the word \"disturbing\" when referring to the film in one of its documents.[11] Les Inrockuptibles described the film as \"nauseating\", \"stinking\", almost \"fascist\", with a script \"ultra-populist\" that makes you want to \"vomit\".[12] Libération criticized the script, calling it \"extremely dirty\": the movie, says the newspaper, \"militates in favour of the black cause only to legitimize, after many plot buckles (resurrection of the Ku Klux Klan, the deceits of court, threats of [m]any kinds) the mentally ill gesture of the avenging father\". According to Libération, the movie \"justifies the indefensible\" with a \"dripping sentimentalism\".[13]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). Dispirited, Brigance tells Carl Lee that there is little hope for an acquittal. Carl Lee replies that he had chosen him as an attorney because even a racist jury would listen to a white man; as \"one of the bad guys\", he has an influence that a black man will never have.", "Age of Ultron. During the Apocalypse Twins' adolescences, Kang the Conqueror brings them from concentration camps to his palace in the year AD 4145. They are then dispatched on a mission to murder Colonel America at the time when history was altered by Wolverine and the Invisible Woman. The Apocalypse Twins' mission fails but they succeed in killing that reality's Havok and Rogue, who were the first lives they ever took. As punishment for their failure, Kang sends the Twins back to the concentration camps.[26]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). During closing arguments, a deeply shaken Brigance tells the jury to close their eyes and listen to a story. He describes, in slow and painful detail, the rape of a 10-year-old girl, recalling the story of Tonya's rape. He then asks the jury, in his final comment, to \"now imagine she's white.\"", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). It is taken for granted by everybody that, had it been a white father on trial on identical charges, an aquittal would have been the certain and foregone verdict. The only real question at issue is whether or not such a socially-recognized right of private revenge would also apply to a black father taking revenge on white rapists. This makes it an issue of racial equality, getting it a nation-wide interest and making the NAACP intervene on one side and the Ku Klux Klan - on the other. Also in the deliberations of the jurors, the question of Carl Lee's sanity - which in theory should have been the paramount consideration - in fact has only a marginal place. The jurors deadlock is broken when a woman juror makes an emotional appeal to her fellows, asking them to imagine how they would have ruled if \"a white ten years old girl, blond and blue-eyed\" had been raped and brutalized by two drunken blacks. All jurors viscerally agree that in such a case they would have acquitted a vengeful white father - which leads them to agree that a black father deserves the same treatment.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). The true issue, of which everybody is acutely aware though it is never mentioned in open court, is quite different - i.e. the right to private, extrajudicial revenge. There is no such right recognized in American law - but as depicted in the book, in the prevailing social conventions of Ford County such a right is generally accepted and taken for granted. Throughout the book, numerous minor and major characters, including the protagonist Brigance himself, repeatedly express the opinion that in the case of rape - and certainly in the case of a particularly brutal rape of a very young girl - the victim's father is entitled to exact revenge on the rapists. Many characters say outright that such an act of revenge should not only be condoned but also praised.", "M'Naghten rules. The M'Naghten rules are at the focus of John Grisham's legal thriller Time to Kill. The M'Naghten rules apply in the US State of Mississippi, where the plot is set, and using them is the only way for the lawyer protagonist to save his client.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). At the heart of the novel is a deep discrepency between written law and prevailing social conventions.", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). A sequel novel, titled Sycamore Row, was released on October 22, 2013.[9]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). The film received mostly positive reviews from critics, earning a 67% \"Fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 51 reviews,[3] a critical consensus reading: \"Overlong and superficial, A Time to Kill nonetheless succeeds on the strength of its skillful craftsmanship and top-notch performances\". It has a score of 54 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 21 reviews.[4]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). The film was not without its detractors, however. Anthony Puccinelli gave the film one star, calling it \"worthless\" and remarking: \"A Time to Kill argues for vigilantism but disguises its message by making the vigilante black, allowing viewers to think their blood lust and thirst for revenge is actually empathy for the oppressed.\"[6] Peter Travers felt that \"they [Schumacher and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman] cram[med] in too much,\" adding, \"This distracts from the heart of the picture, which is in the bond between Carl Lee (the brilliant [Samuel L.] Jackson is quietly devastating) and Jake, a husband and father who knows he, too, would have shot anyone who raped his little girl.\"[7] Gene Siskel remarked it was \"An overwrought, contrived courtroom thriller\", \"cornball\" and concluded \"This story has been recycled out of countless better movies.\"", "A Time to Kill (Grisham novel). Despite the loss of his house and several setbacks at the start of the trial, Jake perseveres. Jake badly discredits the state's psychiatrist by establishing that he has never conceded to the insanity of any defendant in any criminal case in which he has been asked to testify, even when several other doctors have been in consensus otherwise. He traps the doctor with a revelation that several previous defendants found insane in their trials are currently under his care despite his having testified to their \"sanity\" in their respective trials. Jake follows this up with a captivating closing statement. After lengthy deliberations, the jury acquits Carl Lee by reason of temporary insanity. Carl Lee returns to his family and the story ends with Jake, Lucien and Harry Rex having a celebratory drink before Jake holds a press conference and leaving town to reunite with his family.", "A Sound of Thunder. In the year 2055, time travel has become a practical reality, and the company Time Safari Inc. offers wealthy adventurers the chance to travel back in time to hunt extinct species such as dinosaurs. A hunter named Eckels pays $10,000 to join a hunting party that will travel back 66 million years to the Late Cretaceous period, on a guided safari to kill a Tyrannosaurus rex. As the party waits to depart, they discuss the recent presidential elections in which an apparently fascist candidate, Deutscher, has been defeated by the more moderate Keith, to the relief of many concerned. When the party arrives in the past, Travis (the hunting guide) and Lesperance (Travis's assistant) warn Eckels and the two other hunters, Billings and Kramer, about the necessity of minimizing the events they change before they go back, since tiny alterations to the distant past could snowball into catastrophic changes in history. Travis explains that the hunters are obliged to stay on a levitating path to avoid disrupting the environment, that any deviation will be punished with hefty fines, and that prior to the hunt, Time Safari scouts had been sent back to select and tag their prey, which would have died within minutes anyway, and whose death has been calculated to have minimal effect on the future.", "Kang the Conqueror. During the Age of Ultron storyline, Kang the Conqueror brings the Apocalypse Twins from concentration camps to his palace in AD 4145. They are then dispatched on a mission to murder Colonel America at the time when history was altered by Wolverine and the Invisible Woman. The Apocalypse Twins' mission fails, but they succeed in killing that reality's Havok and Rogue who became the first lives they ever took. As punishment for their failure, Kang the Conqueror sends the Twins back to the concentration camps.[39]", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). According to Boxofficemojo.com, the movie performed well, earning over $108 million domestically.", "Hard to Kill. In 1983, Mason Storm, a Los Angeles police detective, investigates a mob meeting that takes place by a pier. He records a shadowy figure who assures the mob they can rely on his political support. Storm is spotted, but escapes. Unaware that he is monitored by corrupt cops, Mason informs his partner and then his friend Lt. O'Malley that he has evidence of corruption. While he goes shopping, a store is robbed, and one of the robbers shoots the clerk. Mason stops them and goes home, intent on celebrating with his wife, Felicia.", "A Time to Kill (1996 film). Grisham enjoyed the film, remarking: \"When all was said and done I was happy with it, happy we were able to find a kid like Matthew McConaughey. It wasn't a great movie, but it was a good one.\"[8]" ]

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[ "Horse hoof. The sole has a whitish-yellowish, sometimes grayish color. It covers the whole space from the perimeter of the wall to the bars and the frog, on the underside of the hoof. Its deep layer has a compact, waxy character and it is called 'live sole'. Its surface is variable in character as a result of ground contact. If there is no contact, as in shod hooves or when the walls are too long or the movement poor, the lower surface of the sole has a crumbly consistency, and it is easily abraded by scratching it with a hoofpick. Conversely, it has a very hard consistency, with a smooth, bright surface, when there is a consistent, active contact with the ground. The front portion beneath the front of the pedal bone is called the 'sole callus'.", "Horse hoof. The third phalanx (coffin bone; pedal bone; P3;) is completely (or almost completely) covered by the hoof capsule. It has a crescent shape and a lower cup-like concavity. Its external surface mirrors the wall's shape. The corium, a dermo-epidermal, highly vascularized layer between the wall and the coffin bone, has a parallel, laminar shape, and is named the laminae. Laminar connection has a key role in the strength and the health of the hoof. Beneath the rear part of the sole, there is the digital cushion, which separates the frog and the bulb from underlying tendons, joints and bones, providing cushioning protection. In foals and yearlings, the digital cushion is composed of fibro-fatty, soft tissue. In the adult horse, it hardens into a fibro cartilagineous tissue when sufficient, consistent concussion stimulates the back of the hoof. Normal transformation of the digital cushion into fibrocartilagineous tissue is now considered a key goal, both for prevention of, and for rehabilitation of recovering cases of navicular syndrome [1]. The flexor tendon lays deeper, just along the posterior surface of the small pastern bone (PII) and navicular bone, and it connects with posterior surface of P3; the navicular functions as a pulley.", "Horseshoe. Since the early history of domestication of the horse, working animals were found to be exposed to many conditions that created breakage or excessive hoof wear. Ancient people recognized the need for the walls (and sometimes the sole) of domestic horses' hooves to have additional protection over and above any natural hardness. An early form of hoof protection was seen in ancient Asia, where horses' hooves were wrapped in rawhide, leather or other materials for both therapeutic purposes and protection from wear.[4] From archaeological finds in Great Britain, the Romans appeared to have attempted to protect their horses' feet with a strap-on, solid-bottomed \"hipposandal\" that has a slight resemblance to the modern hoof boot.[5]", "Horse grooming. The most basic form of hoofcare is cleaning, or \"picking out the feet\". A hoof pick is used to remove mud, manure, and rocks from the sole of the hoof. Removal of mud and manure helps to prevent thrush,[1] a common hoof ailment which in very severe cases may cause lameness, and the removal of rocks helps to prevent stone bruises. In the winter, hoof picking also provides the chance to remove packs of snow from the horse's hooves, which can cause uncomfortable \"snowballs\". Additionally, when the hoof is cleaned, it can be visually inspected for problems such as puncture wounds due to a nail (which has the potential to be very serious if left untreated).", "Horse hoof. In the stabled horse, the frog does not wear, but degrades, due to bacterial and fungal activity, to an irregular, soft, slashed surface. In the free-roaming horse, it hardens into a callous consistency with a near-smooth surface.[citation needed]", "Horse hoof. The white line is the inner layer of the wall. It is softer and fibrous in structure and light in color; white in a freshly trimmed hoof, yellowish or gray after exposure to air and dirt. From the underside of the healthy hoof, it is seen as a thin line joining the sole and the walls. The white line grows out from the laminar connections. Any visible derangement of the white line indicates some important derangement of laminar connections that fix the walls to the underlying P3 bone. Since the white line is softer than both the walls and the sole, it wears fast where it appears on the surface; it appears as a subtle groove between the sole and the walls, often with some debris or sand inside.", "Horse hoof. A horse hoof is a structure surrounding the distal phalanx of the 3rd digit (digit III of the basic pentadactyl limb of vertebrates, evolved into a single weight-bearing digit in equids) of each of the four limbs of Equus species, which is covered by complex soft tissue and keratinised (cornified) structures. Since a single digit must bear the full proportion of the animal's weight that is borne by that limb, the hoof is of vital importance to the horse. The phrase \"no hoof, no horse\" underlines how much the health and the strength of the hoof is crucial for horse soundness.", "Horse hoof. When viewed from the lower surface, the hoof wall's free margin encircles most of the hoof. The triangular frog occupies the center area. Lateral to the frog are two grooves, deeper in their posterior portion, named 'collateral grooves'. At the heels, the palmar/plantar portion of the walls bend inward sharply, following the external surface of collateral grooves to form the bars. The lower surface of the hoof, from the outer walls and the inner frog and bars, is covered by an exfoliating keratinised material, called the 'sole'.", "Horseshoe. Domesticated horses are also subject to inconsistent movement between stabling and work; they must carry or pull additional weight, and in modern times, they are often kept and worked on very soft footing, such as irrigated land, arena footing, or stall bedding. In some cases, management is also inadequate. The hooves of horses that are kept in stalls or small turnouts, even when cleaned adequately, are exposed to more moisture than would be encountered in the wild, as well as to ammonia from urine. The hoof capsule is mostly made from keratin, a protein, and is weakened by this exposure, becoming even more fragile and soft. Shoes do not prevent or reduce damage from moisture and ammonia exposure. Rather, they protect already weakened hooves. Further, without the natural conditioning factors present in the wild, the feet of horses grow overly large and long unless trimmed regularly. Hence, protection from rocks, pebbles, and hard, uneven surfaces is lacking. A balanced diet with proper nutrition also is a factor. Without these precautions, cracks in overgrown and overly brittle hoof walls are a danger, as is bruising of the soft tissues within the foot because of inadequately thick and hard sole material.", "Horse. The critical importance of the feet and legs is summed up by the traditional adage, \"no foot, no horse\".[60] The horse hoof begins with the distal phalanges, the equivalent of the human fingertip or tip of the toe, surrounded by cartilage and other specialized, blood-rich soft tissues such as the laminae. The exterior hoof wall and horn of the sole is made of keratin, the same material as a human fingernail.[61] The end result is that a horse, weighing on average 500 kilograms (1,100 lb),[62] travels on the same bones as would a human on tiptoe.[63] For the protection of the hoof under certain conditions, some horses have horseshoes placed on their feet by a professional farrier. The hoof continually grows, and in most domesticated horses needs to be trimmed (and horseshoes reset, if used) every five to eight weeks,[64] though the hooves of horses in the wild wear down and regrow at a rate suitable for their terrain.", "Horse hoof. The hoof is made up by an outer part, the hoof capsule (composed of various cornified specialized structures) and an inner, living part, containing soft tissues and bone. The cornified material of the hoof capsule is different in structure and properties in different parts. Dorsally, it covers, protects and supports P3 (also known as the coffin bone, pedal bone, PIII). Palmarly/plantarly, it covers and protects specialised soft tissues (tendons, ligaments, fibro-fatty and/or fibrocartilaginous tissues and cartilage). The upper, almost circular limit of the hoof capsule is the coronet (coronary band), having an angle to the ground of roughly similar magnitude in each pair of feet (i.e. fronts and backs). These angles may differ slightly from one horse to another, but not markedly. The walls originate from the coronet band. Walls are longer in the dorsal portion of the hoof (toe), intermediate in length in the lateral portion (quarter) and very short in palmar/plantar portion (heel). Heels are separated by an elastic, resilient structure named the 'frog'. In the palmar/plantar part of the foot, above the heels and the frog, there are two oval bulges named the 'bulbs'.", "Foal. In spite of rapid growth, a foal is too young to be ridden or driven. However, foals usually receive very basic horse training in the form of being taught to accept being led by humans, called halter-breaking. They may also learn to accept horse grooming, hoof trimming by a farrier, having hair trimmed with electric clippers, and to become familiar with things it will have to do throughout life, such as loading into a horse trailer or wearing a horse blanket. Horses in general have excellent memories, so a foal must not be taught anything as a young horse that would be undesirable for it to do as a full-grown animal.[1]", "Horse hoof. Just below the coronet, the walls are covered for about an inch by a cornified, opaque 'periople' material. In the palmar/plantar part of the hoof, the periople is thicker and more rubbery over the heels, and it merges with frog material. Not all horses have the same amount of periople. Dry feet tend to lack this substance, which can be substituted with a hoof dressing.", "Horse hoof. The horse hoof is not at all a rigid structure. It is elastic and flexible. Just squeezing the heels by hand will demonstrate that. When loaded, the hoof physiologically changes its shape. In part, this is a result of solar concavity, which has a variable depth, in the region of 1–1.5 cm. In part, it is a result of the arched shape of the lateral lower profile of the walls and sole, so that when an unloaded hoof touches a firm ground surface, there is only contact at toe and heels (active contact). A loaded hoof has a much greater area of ground contact (passive contact), covering the lower wall edge, most of the sole, bars and frog. Active contact areas can be seen as slightly protruding spots in the walls and in the callused sole.", "Horseshoe. A horseshoe is a fabricated product, normally made of metal, although sometimes made partially or wholly of modern synthetic materials, designed to protect a horse's hoof from wear. Shoes are attached on the palmar surface (ground side) of the hooves, usually nailed through the insensitive hoof wall that is anatomically akin to the human toenail, although much larger and thicker. However, there are also cases where shoes are glued.", "Horse hoof. Front and hind hooves are identical in the foal, but differ visibly in the adult horse. This is good evidence of medium-term plasticity of the whole hoof shape, as a result of variation in its use. Slow changes in hoof shape occur under any consistent change in the horse's movement pattern and under a wide variety of pathological conditions. They can be seen now as a clear example of a complex adaptive system, a frequent feature of living beings and structures.", "Limbs of the horse. The hoof of the horse contains over a dozen different structures, including bones, cartilage, tendons and tissues. The coffin or pedal bone is the major hoof bone, supporting the majority of the weight. Under the coffin bone is the navicular bone, itself cushioned by the navicular bursa, a fluid-filled sac. The digital cushion is a blood vessel-filled structure located in the middle of the hoof, which assists with blood flow throughout the leg. At the top of the hoof wall is the corium, tissue which continually produces the horn of the outer hoof shell, which is in turn protected by the periople, a thin outer layer which prevents the interior structures from drying out. The wall is connected to the coffin bone by sensitive laminae, a flexible layer which helps to suspend and protect the coffin bone. The main tendon in the hoof is the deep digital flexor tendon, which connects to the bottom of the coffin bone. The impact zone on the bottom of the hoof includes the sole, which has an outer, insensitive layer and a sensitive inner layer, and the frog, which lies between the heels and assists in shock absorption and blood flow. The final structures are the lateral cartilages, connected to the upper coffin bone, which act as the flexible heels, allowing hoof expansion. These structures allow the hoof to perform many functions. It acts as a support and traction point, shock absorber and system for pumping blood back through the lower limb.[15]", "Horse hoof. It is dark gray-blackish in color and of a rubbery consistency, suggesting its role as shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground. The frog also acts like a pump to move the blood back to the heart, a great distance from the relatively thin leg to the main organ of the circulatory system.", "Horse hoof. Thus, the specialised cornified structures of the hoof are the wall, the sole, the frog and periople. The wall does not exfoliate at all; it is constantly growing downward (about 1 cm per month), and self-trims by wearing or chipping by ground contact, in wild and feral horses. Solar, frog and periople material grow outwards and exfoliate at the surface by ground contact and wearing. In the domesticated horse, movement and typical ground hardness are insufficient to allow self-trimming, so humans have to care for them, trimming the walls and the frog, and scraping off the dead sole.", "Horseshoe. Shoeing, when performed correctly, causes no pain to the animal. Farriers trim the insensitive part of the hoof, which is the same area into which they drive the nails. This is analogous to a manicure on a human fingernail, only on a much larger scale.[1]", "Horseshoe. Before beginning to shoe, the farrier removes the old shoe using pincers (shoe pullers) and trims the hoof wall to the desired length with nippers, a sharp pliers-like tool, and the sole and frog of the hoof with a hoof knife. Shoes do not allow the hoof to wear down as it naturally would in the wild, and it can then become too long. The coffin bone inside the hoof should line up straight with both bones in the pastern. If the excess hoof is not trimmed, the bones will become misaligned, which would place stress on the legs of the animal.[18]", "Horse hoof. The frog is a V shaped structure that extends forwards across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus), that extends up between the bulbs.", "Caribou. Their hooves adapt to the season: in the summer, when the tundra is soft and wet, the footpads become sponge-like and provide extra traction. In the winter, the pads shrink and tighten, exposing the rim of the hoof, which cuts into the ice and crusted snow to keep it from slipping. This also enables them to dig down (an activity known as \"cratering\").[58] \"In the winter, the fleshy pads on these toes grow longer and form a tough, hornlike rim. Caribou use these large, sharp-edged hooves to dig through the snow and uncover the lichens that sustain them in winter months. Biologists call this activity \"cratering\" because of the crater-like cavity the caribou’s hooves leave in the snow.\"[59] through the snow to their favorite food, a lichen known as reindeer moss.", "Horse hoof. The hoof mechanism ensures an effective blood circulation into the hoof, and it aids general circulation, too.", "Horseshoe. Hot shoes are placed in water to cool them off. The farrier then nails the shoes on, by driving the nails into the hoof wall at the white line of the hoof. The nails are shaped in such a way that they bend outward as they are driven in, avoiding the sensitive inner part of the foot, so they emerge on the sides of the hoof. When the nail has been completely driven, the farrier cuts off the sharp points and uses a clincher (a form of tongs made especially for this purpose) or a clinching block with hammer to bend the rest of the nail so it is almost flush with the hoof wall. This prevents the nail from getting caught on anything, and also helps to hold the nail, and therefore the shoe, in place.[18]", "Foal. Foals are born after a gestation period of approximately 11 months. Birth takes place quickly, consistent with the status of a horse as a prey animal, and more often at night than during the day. Labor lasting over twenty-four hours may be a sign of medical complications. Unlike most predators which are altricial (born helpless), horses are precocial, meaning they come into the world relatively mature and mobile. Healthy foals can typically keep up with the rest of the herd only a few hours after birth. If a foal has not eaten within twelve hours, it may require assistance.", "Horse grooming. All crevices of the hoof are cleaned, particularly the sulci between the frog and the bars,[1] as those areas are most likely to trap rocks or other debris, and also are the most common area to develop thrush. It is best to work the hoof pick from heel to toe, so to avoid accidentally jabbing the horse's leg, the frog of the hoof, or the person using the pick. When picking the feet, the groom stands at the horse's side, facing the tail of the horse, then slides his or her hand down the horse's leg. If the horse was not trained to pick up its foot when a person runs their hand to the fetlock and lifts lightly, most horses will pick up their feet if the tendons behind their cannon bone are squeezed. Some horses, particularly draft breeds, may be trained to pick up their feet to pressure on their fetlock.", "Foal. Healthy foals grow quickly and can put on up to three pounds or over a kilo a day. A sound diet improves growth and leads to a healthier adult animal, although genetics also plays a part. In the first weeks of life the foal gets everything it needs from the mare's milk. Like a human infant, it receives nourishment and antibodies from the colostrum in milk that is produced within the first few hours or days following parturition. The mare needs additional water to help her produce milk for the foal and may benefit from supplementary nutrition.", "Horseshoe. Horseshoes have long been viewed as an aid to assist horses' hooves when subjected to the various unnatural conditions brought about by domestication, whether due to work conditions or stabling and management. Many generations of domestic horses bred for size, color, speed, and other traits with little regard for hoof quality and soundness make some breeds more dependent on horseshoes than feral horses such as mustangs, which develop strong hooves as a matter of natural selection.", "Sole (foot). In humans the sole of the foot is anatomically referred to as the plantar aspect. The equivalent surface in ungulates is the hoof.", "Horse hoof. It is anatomically analogous to the human fingertip.", "Horse hoof. Self-adapting capabilities of the hooves show their maximal effectiveness in wild equids (but domesticated horses show this too, to a lesser extent), as shown by the perfect soundness of feral horses, such as Mustangs, in a wide variety of environments." ]

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[ "Aldi. Aldi launched in Great Britain, on 5 April 1990, when it opened its first store there in Stechford, Birmingham, using the wholly owned English registered company of ALDI Stores Limited and Aldi sales in Britain grew consistently. In October 2013, Aldi opened the 300th store in Great Britain.[19] By 2017 Aldi had over 600 stores there, and was opening them at a rate of more than one a week with the aim of having a thousand stores by 2022.[20]", "Aldi. It was still a small player in Great Britain, with a grocery share of less than 3.6%, but its importance, along with that of continental no-frills competitor Lidl was growing, with half of shoppers in Great Britain visiting Lidl or Aldi over Christmas that year. Aldi opened stores in affluent locations, including Knutsford and Bury St Edmunds.[21]", "Aldi. In much of Australia, Aldi filled a void in the discount supermarket business that arose when the discount grocery chain Franklins went out of business. Aldi opened its first store in Sydney, 2001 and has grown rapidly since, maintaining a 12.6% market share as of early 2016.[22][23]", "Lidl. Lidl opened its first UK store in 1994 and grew rapidly during the first decade of the 21st century. Since then, Lidl has grown consistently, and today has over 650 stores. While it is still a small player in the United Kingdom, with a grocery market share of less than 5%, its importance, along with that of continental, no frills competitor Aldi is growing, with half of shoppers in the United Kingdom visiting Aldi or Lidl over Christmas 2014.[8]", "List of supermarket chains in the United Kingdom. Premier Supermarkets, a subsidiary of Express Dairies, opened the UK's first supermarket in Streatham, South London in 1951, though The Co-operative Food opened Britain's first fully self-service store in March 1948 in Albert Road, Southsea.[5]", "Aldi. Aldi (stylized as ALDI) is the common brand of two leading global discount supermarket chains with over 10,000 stores in 18 countries, and an estimated combined turnover of more than €50 billion.[1][3][4] Based in Germany, the chain was founded by brothers Karl and Theo Albrecht in 1946 when they took over their mother's store in Essen, which had been in operation since 1913.", "Asda. Another store opened in Wakefield then in Wortley, Leeds which was swiftly followed by another supermarket in the Whitkirk suburb of Leeds, which consolidated the newly formed supermarket division of Associated Dairies. By 1967, the company had moved outside of Yorkshire to set up a store in the North East in the industrial town of Billingham, Teesside, which is still trading to the present day. By 1968, the Asquith brothers had their stake in the merger bought out by Noel Stockdale, and the Asda Queens stores became the sole property of Associated Dairies and the Queens name was removed as the stores became known solely as Asda.", "Aldi. The earliest roots of the company trace back to 1913, when the mother of Karl and Theo Albrecht opened a small store in a suburb of Essen.[8] Their father was employed as a miner and later as a baker's assistant. Karl Albrecht was born in 1920, Theo Albrecht in 1922. Theo Albrecht completed an apprenticeship in his mother's store, while Karl Albrecht worked in a delicatessen.", "Aldi. Originally, Aldi shops were often ridiculed as being cheap shops selling low-quality goods, whose customers could not afford to shop elsewhere.[51]", "Supermarket. In the United Kingdom, self-service shopping took longer to become established. Even in 1947, there were just ten self-service shops in the country.[18] In 1951, ex-US Navy sailor Patrick Galvani, son-in-law of Express Dairies chairman, made a pitch to the board to open a chain of supermarkets across the country. The UK's first supermarket under the new Premier Supermarkets brand opened in Streatham, South London,[19] taking ten times as much per week as the average British general store of the time. Other chains caught on, and after Galvani lost out to Tesco's Jack Cohen in 1960 to buy the 212 Irwin's chain, the sector underwent a large amount of consolidation, resulting in 'the big four' dominant UK of today: Tesco, Asda (owned by Wal-Mart), Sainsbury's and Morrisons.", "Asda. The 1970s had seen Asda rapidly expanding to open large superstores in edge-and out-of-town locations, and to build stores with district centres in smaller towns. It also added more petrol filling stations to stores, along with car tyre bays run by ATS. With over 30 stores in the north of England, Asda began their expansion into the south of the country with the opening of new stores in the Estover area of Plymouth, Devon and Gosport, Hampshire in 1976. Closely followed by its first store in South Wales in Rogerstone, Newport, which relocated to a larger store in nearby Duffryn in 1989. South Woodham Ferrers, near Chelmsford, Essex and Whitchurch, Bristol.", "Lidl. The first Lidl discount store was opened in 1973, copying the Aldi concept.[4] Schwarz rigorously removed merchandise that did not sell from the shelves, and cut costs by keeping the size of the retail outlets as small as possible. By 1977, the Lidl chain comprised 33 discount stores.", "Asda. By 1981, under the soon to be outgoing, Managing Director, Peter Firmston-Williams, 80 Asda stores were trading. When he first became head of the Asda stores division in 1971, with the approval of Chairman, Noel Stockdale, he introduced delicatessen counters and in-store bakery departments to all Asda stores. The last store to open under his tenure was in the Manchester suburb of Harpurhey. But the growth of the chain was slowing down and their southern expansion had been expensive. They had been fighting with southern rivals Tesco and Sainsbury's to acquire prime retail sites in the more affluent South East counties of England. Indeed, the first London store was not opened until 1982, in Park Royal, near Ealing, which was rebuilt in 2001.The Isle of Dogs and Charlton, London stores followed on rapidly in 1983. The 1970s and '80s saw the diversification of Asda's product base, including the acquisition of Allied Carpets in 1978, Wades Furniture, Asda Property, and in 1985, Asda Drive - where the company unsuccessfully piloted a scheme to sell cars in a few of its largest stores. These diversifications were as a result of Associated milking two cash cows. The dairy side of the business was making huge profits, as was the supermarket division. And with planning permission for new stores being restricted by local councils up and down the UK, and with prime sites being so expensive. Associated Dairies ambitions in the short-term could only be met by expanding rapidly with these peripheral businesses. Ultimately, these non-food ventures generated very little profit and drained capital expenditure away from the main dairy division and supermarket chain.", "Asda. Other new store openings in 2015 also included Norwich, the second Asda superstore within the Norwich area located to the south of the city in the Tuckswood district, Alsager, Tranent, Pyle, Hayes, Hillingdon, London suburb, Marple, Greater Manchester, and Altrincham. New high street format, town centre stores also opened in Deptford and Wealdstone in the London area. Asda relocated their old Barking store from the town's main shopping centre to a new, bigger site. The company also replaced their small store in Beeston, Leeds with a larger store and a new petrol filling station on brownfield land adjacent to the old site. And, B&Q sold half of the sales area of their huge Redditch DIY warehouse store for Asda to redevelop into a new superstore.", "Asda. The Supermarket division was formed in 2009. As of July 2010, there were 26 small format supermarkets some of which were acquired from the Co-operative Group. The first three acquisition stores opened mid-2009 in Wellington, Somerset; Lancing, West Sussex and Pershore, Worcestershire. This was followed by Cumnock, East Ayrshire; Tweedmouth, Northumberland and Kings Heath, Birmingham in 2010. The largest supermarket format store in the UK was built and opened in 2007 in Highbridge, Somerset. This store is now part of the core superstore estate.[citation needed]", "Asda. In the autumn of 2016, Asda opened new stores in areas including Clacton-on-Sea, Lewisham, Stantonbury, within the Milton Keynes boundary area, and Barnstaple. On 28 November the company opened its 630th store as one of the main anchor tenants of the new Barons Quay development in Northwich. Asda opened a new superstore in Newport, Isle of Wight on 21 August 2017. This is the first Asda store on the Island, and its main competitors have already been long-established on the Isle of Wight with their own stores since the late 1980s/1990s. In 2017, Asda opened stores in other areas within the UK including Raunds, South Ruislip and Selsey. New high street small format stores are also due to open in Didcot and Newton Leys in October 2017.", "Aldi. Karl Albrecht took over a food shop formerly run by F. W. Judt who already advertised that they were the \"cheapest food source\". Karl Albrecht served in the German Army during World War II. In 1946, the brothers took over their mother's business and soon opened another retail outlet nearby.[8] By 1950, the Albrecht brothers owned 13 stores in the Ruhr Valley.[citation needed]", "Department store. By 1900, London, Glasgow and Liverpool were the three largest shopping centres in the country.[11] The company Lewis's started in Liverpool in 1856 and experimented with new ways of advertising (such as flooding the basement of the Manchester store to create a mini Venice.) Lewis's built up the largest chain of stores in the country, opening branches in Manchester (1877), Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds, Hanley, London, Blackpool, Bristol and Leicester.[12]", "Asda. In April 2006, Asda launched a new trial format called 'Asda Essentials' in a former Co-op store in Northampton, followed by another in Pontefract a month later. This was the old Kwik-Save building for Pontefract.[35] The stores were modelled on France's Leader Price chain, with a smaller floorplate than Asda's mainstream stores and with a primary focus on own-brand products, only stocking branded items that were perceived to be at the \"core\" of a family's weekly shop with the aim being to challenge the dominance of Tesco and Sainsbury's in the convenience store market while at the same time addressing competition from discount supermarkets such as Aldi, Lidl and Netto.[35] On 6 December 2006, The Guardian newspaper reported that further planned store openings were under review following poor sales in the existing outlets, while the range of branded products being carried was also being expanded due to customer demand.[35] In January 2007 it was announced that the original trial store would close within a month after only 10 months of trading.[36] The Pontefract store continues to trade and is now part of the Asda supermarket division.", "Cribbs Causeway. Other large stores include the United Kingdom's first Asda WalMart Supercentre, which was originally built by the French hypermarket chain Carrefour in the late 1970s. Then when Carrefour pulled out of the UK it sold all of its stores, including the Bristol hypermarket, to the Dee Corporation which owned the Gateway store chain. Then Gateway sold all of its large format stores to Asda in 1989, and it became an Asda hypermarket. Then after the sale of Asda by its management to Walmart in July 1999, it became the first Asda Wal*Mart Supercentre in July 2000. The store has since had yet another major refurbishment and has been rebranded as an Asda Supercentre and the Walmart branding has been removed. This is also the location of the first Morrisons supermarket in the south west of England which opened in September 2003.There is also a B&Q DIY store which also houses a Furniture Village, DFS, Makro, Toys \"R\" Us and Wickes.", "Aldi. Aldi started to expand internationally in 1967, when Aldi Süd acquired the grocery chain Hofer in Austria;[11] Aldi Nord opened its first stores abroad in the Netherlands in 1973,[12] and other countries followed. In 1976, Aldi opened its first store in the United States in Iowa,[a] and, in 1979, Aldi Nord acquired Trader Joes.[8] After German reunification and the fall of the Iron Curtain, Aldi experienced a rapid expansion. The brothers retired as CEOs in 1993; control of the companies was placed in the hands of private family foundations, the Siepmann Foundation (Aldi Süd) and the Markus Foundation (Aldi Nord, Trader Joe's).[4]", "Department store. This venture is described as having all of the basic characteristics of the department store; it was a public retail establishment offering a wide range of consumer goods in different departments. This pioneering shop was closed down in 1820 when the business partnership was dissolved. All the major British cities had flourishing department stores by the mid-or late nineteenth century. Increasingly, women became the major shoppers and middle-class households.[8] Kendals (formerly Kendal Milne & Faulkner) in Manchester lays claim to being one of the first department stores and is still known to many of its customers as Kendal's, despite its 2005 name change to House of Fraser. The Manchester institution dates back to 1836 but had been trading as Watts Bazaar since 1796.[9] At its zenith the store had buildings on both sides of Deansgate linked by a subterranean passage \"Kendals Arcade\" and an art nouveau tiled food hall. The store was especially known for its emphasis on quality and style over low prices giving it the nickname \"the Harrods of the North\", although this was due in part to Harrods acquiring the store in 1919. Other large Manchester stores included Paulden's (currently Debenhams) and Lewis's (now a Primark).", "Asda. Asda took advantage of the abolition of retail price maintenance to offer large-scale, low-cost supermarkets. This was aided by the risky decision to acquire three struggling US-owned branches in the mid-1960s of the GEM retail group. The Government Exchange Mart stores in Preston, Lancashire, Cross Gates, Leeds and including the first out-of-town store in West Bridgford in Nottingham, that opened in November 1964, had accumulated losses of £320,000 and offered to sell the stores for 20% of whatever Asda could recoup as losses from the Inland Revenue. They received the whole amount back so got the stores for free. The rent was only 10 shillings (50p) per square foot on a 20-year lease, with no rent reviews- all in all a great deal. Asda increased GEM's £6,000 per week sales to around £60,000 per week in just six months with the new stores named solely as just Asda.[6][7]", "Asda. Asda Stores Ltd. trading as Asda, is a British supermarket retailer, headquartered in Leeds, West Yorkshire.[3] The company was founded in 1965 when the supermarket owning Asquith family merged with the Associated Dairies company of Yorkshire. It expanded in to the south of England during the 1970s and 1980s, and acquired Allied Carpets, 61 large Gateway Supermarkets and other businesses, such as MFI, then during the 1990s, sold off its acquisitions to concentrate on the supermarkets. It became a subsidiary of the American retail corporate giant Walmart after a £6.7 billion takeover in July 1999, and was the second-largest supermarket chain in Britain between 2003 and 2014 by market share, and is currently third behind Tesco and Sainsbury's.[4]", "Asda. Asda rebuilt the West Bridgford store in 1999, adjacent to the old site which was demolished and is now part of the current store car park. The Preston store was based on the ground floor of a converted mill which had been occupied by a supermarket called Fame prior to GEM taking over, and then subsequently Asda. The mill was demolished in the mid-1980s when Asda opened two new purpose-built superstores in the area. One was in the centre of Preston located at the Fishergate Shopping Centre, which closed in 1992, less than seven years after opening due to poor trading. And the second was located in the suburban district of Fulwood. The Fulwood store is still trading today and is a very popular store. The Cross Gates store in Leeds was closed in 1992, along with the Whitkirk and Wortley stores, and their replacement was a large superstore built in the Killingbeck area of the city which had opened in the autumn of 1991. The Wortley store ended up being sold to Netto UK in 1992, but was rebought when Asda acquired the Netto chain in 2011, to become part of its small supermarket division.", "Asda. In 1963, the Asquith brothers converted an old cinema building, the Queens in Castleford, into a self-service supermarket. Another swiftly followed in the old indoor market at Edlington, near Doncaster. Both stores traded under the name of 'Queens'. Instead of converting an existing building, their next store was a purpose-built supermarket in South Elmsall, near Pontefract on the site of the old Palace cinema.", "Rushden. Rushden has many supermarkets and convenience stores. Once Rushden was home to one of the five Safeway megastores in the country until they were bought by Wm Morrison; the store was then bought by Waitrose and turned into one of its five Food and Home stores which included a selection of home products from John Lewis. In 2006, Asda announced they would build a new £40m superstore near the town centre. The store opened in the autumn of 2006 and is now one of the biggest supermarkets in the town. In May 2007 Budgens announced it would be closing its store in the town because of the loss of trade to the new Asda store [12] the former Budgens site is now a Wilko store. Asda added a new petrol filling station with a kiosk shop to the site in the autumn of 2016.", "Department store. John Lewis Newcastle (formerly Bainbridge) in Newcastle upon Tyne is the world's oldest department store. It is still known to many of its customers as Bainbridge, despite the name change to 'John Lewis'. The Newcastle institution dates back to 1838 when Emerson Muschamp Bainbridge, aged 21, went into partnership with William Alder Dunn and opened a draper's and fashion in Market Street, Newcastle. In terms of retailing history, one of the most significant facts about the Newcastle Bainbridge shop is that as early as 1849 weekly takings were recorded by department, making it the earliest of all department stores. This ledger survives and is kept in the John Lewis archives. John Lewis bought the Bainbridge store in 1952.", "Aldi. In Great Britain, print and television ads have appeared since May 2005.", "Lidl. First discount store opened 1973; 45 years ago (1973)", "Aldi. The business was split into two separate groups in 1960, that later became Aldi Nord, headquartered in Essen, and Aldi Süd, headquartered in Mülheim.[5][6] In 1962, they introduced the name Aldi (a syllabic abbreviation for Albrecht Diskont),[7] which is pronounced [ˈaldiː] ( listen). In Germany, Aldi Nord and Aldi Süd have been financially and legally separate since 1966, although both divisions' names may appear (as if they were a single enterprise) with certain store brands or when negotiating with contractor companies. The formal business name is Aldi Einkauf GmbH & Compagnie, oHG.", "Asda. In May 2010, Asda announced the purchase of the 193 UK stores of Danish discount retailer Netto in a £778 million deal. But the Competition Commission made them sell off 47 of the stores to other retailers. The remaining stores continued to trade as Netto stores until early 2011, when Asda integrated the stores into its supermarkets division, designated for shops smaller than 2,300 m2 (25,000 sq ft).[31] There are now over 200 stores in the smaller supermarket division. Asda have also continued to purchase stores from different Co-operative societies in other parts of the UK such as Kettering, Northamptonshire; South Wootton, Norfolk and Tiptree, Essex. They have also converted empty retail stores formerly operated by the likes of B&Q (Chadwell Heath, East London), Wickes (Tunbridge Wells, Kent) and Smyths Toys (Mitcham, Surrey) into stores within the supermarket division. Although with a larger sales area than most stores within the division itself, they are just under the size that would make them part of the core superstore estate. Asda have also invested heavily into new build smaller stores. An increasing amount of these smaller stores, including some of the former Netto stores have added petrol stations. And, with the acquisition of other smaller stores from competitors, existing customer cafes inherited from former rivals have been converted to an Asda Cafe or Express Diner. Some new build Asda supermarkets are also adding these facilities. With the introduction of the new Asda logo in 2015, the 'supermarket' branding is being removed as the company is only using the refreshed Asda logo on exterior signage regardless of store size and format. All stores will adopt this uniform policy by 2019. As of 31 January 2017, there are 206 supermarkets.[2]" ]

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[ "The Hangover. The cast also includes: Mike Epps as \"Black Doug\", a drug dealer who is mistaken for Doug; Rachael Harris as Melissa, Stu's bossy, cheating girlfriend; Bryan Callen as Eddie, the wedding organizer; Rob Riggle and Cleo King as Officers Franklin and Garden, respectively; Gillian Vigman as Stephanie Wenneck, Phil's wife; Ian Anthony Dale and Michael Lee portray Chow's henchmen. Matt Walsh portrays Dr. Valsh and Dan Finnerty plays a wedding singer at Doug and Tracy's wedding. Todd Phillips, the film's director, appears as Mr. Creepy, who appears briefly in an elevator. Mike Tyson appears as himself; Tyson originally refused to appear in the film, but he changed his mind when he found out that Todd Phillips directed Old School, which Tyson liked.[5] Tyson later said that working on the film convinced him to change his lifestyle.[6] Professional skateboarder Mike Vallely portrays Neeco, the high-speed tuxedo delivery man.[7] Las Vegas personalities Wayne Newton and Carrot Top appear as themselves in the photo slide show.[8]", "The Hangover. The Hangover is a 2009 American comedy film directed by Todd Phillips, co-produced with Daniel Goldberg, and written by Jon Lucas and Scott Moore. It is the first installment in The Hangover trilogy. The film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Heather Graham, Justin Bartha, and Jeffrey Tambor. It tells the story of Phil Wenneck, Stu Price, Alan Garner, and Doug Billings, who travel to Las Vegas for a bachelor party to celebrate Doug's impending marriage. However, Phil, Stu, and Alan wake up with Doug missing and no memory of the previous night's events, and must find the groom before the wedding can take place.", "The Hangover. The next morning, they meet with Chow in the desert and exchange the money, only to find that \"Doug\" is the black drug dealer who accidentally sold Alan Rohypnol. With the wedding set to occur in 5 hours, Phil calls Tracy and tells her that they cannot find Doug. When \"Black Doug\" mentions that, \"If you take Roofies, you're more likely to end up on the floor than on the roof,\" Stu realizes where Doug is. The trio travels back to their hotel where they find a badly sunburned Doug on the roof. Stu, Phil, and Alan had moved him there on his mattress the night before as a practical joke, but forgot where they left him. Doug had thrown his own mattress onto the statue, in an attempt to signal help. Before leaving, Stu makes arrangements to go on a date with Jade the following week. With less than four hours before the wedding and with no flights to L.A. available, the four quickly drive home. Along the way, Doug reveals he has possession of Chow's original $80,000. Despite their late arrival, Doug and Tracy are married, the former learns the damaged Mercedes was a wedding gift, and Stu breaks up with Melissa, having grown tired of her controlling attitude. As the reception ends, Alan finds Stu's digital camera containing photos of the events they cannot remember, and the four agree to look at the pictures together before deleting the evidence of their exploits. All of them, save for Alan, are traumatized by what they see.", "The Hangover Part II. On a budget of $80 million,[25] principal photography began on October 8, 2010, in Ontario, California with the first images of production being released a few days later.[26] It was also reported in October that actress Heather Graham would not be reprising her role as Jade from the first film.[27] Later in the same month it was reported that Mel Gibson would have a cameo appearance in the film as a Bangkok tattoo artist.[28] Four days later Warner Bros. Pictures, Legendary Pictures and director Todd Phillips confirmed that Gibson would not be appearing in the film. Phillips stated: \"I thought Mel would have been great in the movie and I had the full backing of [WB president] Jeff Robinov and his team. But I realize filmmaking is a collaborative effort, and this decision ultimately did not have the full support of my entire cast and crew.\"[29] Liam Neeson replaced Gibson after being invited by Cooper, who worked with Neeson on The A-Team, to take the part. Neeson, a fan of the first film stated, \"I just got a call to do a one-day shoot on 'Hangover 2' as a tattooist in Thailand, and that's all I know about it\".[30] Gibson was reportedly furious over the decision. A source close to Gibson stated, \"He doesn't understand why Mike Tyson, a drug user who turned his life around, was given a chance while Mel was kicked to the curb. Everybody deserves a second chance\".[31]", "Rachael Harris. Her film credits include roles in Best in Show, A Mighty Wind, For Your Consideration, Kicking & Screaming, and Daddy Day Care.[2] In the 2009 comedy The Hangover she plays Melissa, girlfriend to Ed Helms's character Stu. She previously co-starred with Helms on The Daily Show.[7] She plays the mother of the main character in the film Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010) and its two sequels.", "The Hangover. To celebrate his upcoming marriage to Tracy Garner, Doug Billings travels to Las Vegas with his best friends Phil Wenneck, Stuart \"Stu\" Price, and Tracy's brother Alan, in Doug's future father-in-law Sid's vintage Mercedes-Benz W111. They spend the night at Caesars Palace, where they relax in their hotel suite before celebrating with a few drinks on the hotel rooftop. The next morning, Phil, Stu, and Alan awaken to find they have no memory of the previous night, and Doug is nowhere to be found. Stu's tooth is in Alan's pocket, their suite is in a state of complete disarray, a tiger is in their bathroom, a chicken is in their living room, and a baby is in the closet, whom Alan names \"Carlos\". They see Doug's mattress impaled on a statue outside of Caesars Palace and when they ask for their Mercedes, the valet delivers an LVPD police cruiser.", "Belinda Stewart-Wilson. In 2010 she once again appeared in The IT Crowd, this time playing Victoria Reynholm, the wife of Douglas (Denholm Reynholm's son, played by Matt Berry, making her the daughter-in-law of her previous character), who mysteriously vanished two weeks into their marriage whilst washing the car.", "The Hangover. Using clues to retrace their steps, the trio travel to a hospital where they discover they were drugged with Rohypnol (\"roofies\"), causing their memory loss, and that they came to the hospital from a chapel. At the chapel, they learn that Stu married a stripper named Jade, despite being in a long-term relationship with his abusive, domineering girlfriend Melissa. Outside the chapel, the trio is attacked by gangsters saying they are looking for someone. They flee and visit Jade, discovering that she is the mother of the baby, whose real name is Tyler. They are then arrested by the police for stealing the police cruiser. After being told that the Mercedes has been impounded, the trio is released when they unknowingly volunteer to be targets for a taser demonstration. While driving the Mercedes, they discover a naked Chinese man named Leslie Chow in the trunk. Chow jumps out of the trunk, beats the trio up with a crowbar and flees. Alan confesses that he drugged their drinks to ensure they had a good night, believing the drug to be ecstasy.", "Kali Rocha. Her on-screen debut was in the 1996 cinematic adaptation of Arthur Miller's The Crucible, as Mercy Lewis. She stood out when she played the Atlantic American flight attendant who argued with Ben Stiller's character at the airport in the 2000 comedy Meet the Parents, a role she reprised in the sequel Meet the Fockers.[8] She also had a recurring role on Buffy the Vampire Slayer as Anya's vengeance demon friend, Halfrek, and as William the Bloody's love interest, Cecily. Rocha played Stonewall Jackson's wife, Anna in Ron Maxwell's Gods and Generals, an epic drama about the first two years of the American Civil War. Other films include The Object of My Affection, Autumn in New York, White Oleander, When Billie Beat Bobby, and Ready? OK!.", "Cheryl Hines. She also starred as Dallas Royce on the ABC sitcom Suburgatory. In 2009, she made her directorial debut with Serious Moonlight. She is also a poker enthusiast with career winnings totaling $50,000.[1] On August 2, 2014, Hines married Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., a member of the Kennedy Family.", "Jay Hernandez. In 2006, Hernandez married his former Hang Time co-star Daniella Deutscher.[9]", "The L Word. Eva \"Papi\" Torres (Janina Gavankar), and Dallas Roberts' male token character Angus Patridge were both written out. Clementine Ford, reprised her role as Phyllis Kroll's daughter and began a relationship with Shane McCutcheon.[23] Malaya Drew and Kate French were cast as guest characters for this season.[24] Drew played Adele, a young fan of Jenny's work who gets hired as her personal assistant. French played Niki Stevens, an ambitious young actress and closeted lesbian who won the lead role of Jenny's character, Jesse, in the feature film production of 'Lez Girls'. She also began having a relationship with Jenny, who was directing the film. Elizabeth Keener joined the show as entrepreneur Dawn Denbo, who started a rival lesbian bar with her lover Cindi.", "The Hangover Part II. The Hangover Part II is a 2011 American comedy film produced by Legendary Pictures and distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures. It is the sequel to the 2009 film The Hangover and the second installment in The Hangover trilogy. Directed by Todd Phillips, who co-wrote the script with Craig Mazin and Scot Armstrong, the film stars Bradley Cooper, Ed Helms, Zach Galifianakis, Ken Jeong, Jeffrey Tambor, Justin Bartha, and Paul Giamatti. It tells the story of Phil, Stu, Alan, and Doug as they travel to Thailand for Stu's wedding. After the bachelor party in Las Vegas, Stu takes no chances and opts for a safe, subdued pre-wedding brunch. Things do not go as planned, resulting in another bad hangover with no memories of the previous night.", "Melanie Lynskey. For her role in The Intervention (2016), Lynskey received the U.S. Dramatic Special Jury Award for Individual Performance at the Sundance Film Festival.[80] In his review for IndieWire, Russ Fischer pointed out Lynskey's \"tremendously good comic timing\",[81] while Ethan Anderton of /Film noted, \"Lynskey is the standout, delivering a performance that is genuine, funny and touching all at the same time\".[82] The film was the directional debut of Clea DuVall, who wrote the character of Annie, an uptight alcoholic, specifically for Lynskey.[83] She attended therapy before the film went into production to prepare herself for working with DuVall—her close friend of several years—and later said, \"I didn't want anything to happen to our friendship and a big challenge was being able to stick up for myself and my perspective in regard to the script and this character\".[83] Also that year, she starred in the independent features Rainbow Time, Little Boxes, and The Great & The Small,[84] and co-starred with Robert Webb in the BBC Two comedy Our Ex-Wife.[85]", "Sandra Oh. In October 2014, Oh announced that she would be teaming up with Canadian director Ann Marie Fleming to collaborate on an animated feature film titled Window Horses.[21] She also appeared in a supporting role in the comedy film Tammy (2014), playing the wife of Kathy Bates.", "Charlotte Rae. In 1973, Rae played the role of Southern Comfort in Terrence McNally's spoof Whiskey at Saint Clements' Theatre off-Broadway. She appeared in The Vagina Monologues off-Broadway. In 2000, she starred as Berthe in the Paper Mill Playhouse production of Pippin. In 2007, she appeared in a cabaret show at the Plush Room in San Francisco for several performances. In the 2008 movie You Don't Mess with the Zohan, Rae has a role as an older woman who has a fling with Adam Sandler's character. On February 18, 2009 she appeared in a small role as Mrs. Ford in the Life episode \"I Heart Mom\".", "Carol Hathaway. Eight weeks after her suicide attempt, Carol returns to work. Although she later denies it, the staff suspect that her suicide attempt was brought about by her failed romance with Doug Ross, a womanizing pediatrician also working in the ER. Carol keeps Doug at a distance in both professional and private matters, which becomes difficult as Doug continually tries to win her back, on one such occasion showing up drunk on her doorstep, with flowers. While Carol harbors animosity towards the brash pediatrician, it becomes obvious to the viewer as well as the staff, that there are continuing feelings for him.", "30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. 30 Nights of Paranormal Activity with the Devil Inside the Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2013 American comedy film directed by Craig Moss and starring Kathryn Fiore, Flip Schultz, and Olivia Alexander.[1] The film parodies several films and generally follows the plots of Paranormal Activity and The Devil Inside.[2]", "Katharine McPhee. On November 4, 2017, McPhee starred in the Lifetime TV movie The Lost Wife of Robert Durst in the role of Robert Durst's first wife Kathie.[122][123]", "Claire Danes. In 1997, Danes played abused wife Kelly Riker in The Rainmaker, directed by Francis Ford Coppola,[17] as well as Jenny in Oliver Stone's noir U Turn.", "Rachel McAdams. In 2005, McAdams starred with Owen Wilson, Vince Vaughn and Bradley Cooper in the romantic comedy Wedding Crashers. McAdams played the daughter of an influential politician, who is caught in a love triangle with Wilson and Cooper's characters.[65][66] McAdams listened repeatedly to Fleetwood Mac's 1975 song \"Landslide\" to prepare for emotional scenes and Wilson has said the song made her cry immediately: \"It was like turning on a faucet\".[16] She trained for a sailing certification for a boating sequence because her character was said to be an accomplished sailor.[67] Manohla Dargis of The New York Times felt McAdams \"makes the most of her underdeveloped character\" and \"grows more appealing with every new role\".[68] Brian Lowry of Variety found her \"a beguiling presence\" who \"actually creates a real character – a rarity for females in one of these lad-mag escapades\".[69] From a production budget of $40 million, the film grossed over $285 million worldwide.[65]", "Tracee Ellis Ross. The daughter of actress and legendary Motown recording artist Diana Ross and her ex-husband Robert Ellis Silberstein, Ross began her career acting in independent films, variety series and hosted the pop-culture magazine The Dish on Lifetime. From 2000 to 2008, she played the leading role as Joan Clayton on the UPN/CW comedy series Girlfriends, for which she received two NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Comedy Series. She also has appeared in films Hanging Up (2000), I-See-You.Com (2006), and Daddy's Little Girls (2007), before returning to television playing Dr. Carla Reed on the BET sitcom Reed Between the Lines, for which she received her third NAACP Image Award.", "Katy Mixon. Mixon has made her motion picture debut in the 2005 thriller film The Quiet starring Elisha Cuthbert, playing the character Michelle Fell.[6] The following year, she appeared in the romantic comedy Blind Dating playing a secondary role. Mixon had bigger a role in the 2008 comedy film Four Christmases playing Jon Favreau's younger wife.[7] In 2009, she had roles in three films: crime drama The Informers, political thriller State of Play, and Razzie-winning comedy All About Steve.[8][9] Also that year, she began starring as April Buchanon in the HBO baseball comedy series Eastbound & Down opposite Danny McBride.[10][11]", "Eric Winter. Winter was married to actress Allison Ford from 2001 until 2005.", "The Hangover. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave it three-and-a-half stars out of four and praised the film for its funniness and comedic approach.[36] A. O. Scott of The New York Times praised Cooper, Helms and Galifianakis for their performances in the film as well as Todd Phillips for its direction. Scott later went on to say that the film is \"safe as milk\".[37] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle also praised Phillips' direction. LaSalle also praised the film's comedic scenes and called it \"the funniest movie so far this year [2009]\".[38] Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times praised the film for its perverseness. Sharkey also said that the film is \"filled with moments as softhearted as they are crude, as forgiving as unforgivable\".[39] Although Joe Leydon of Variety criticized the film's trailers and TV-spots for its \"beer-and-boobs, party-hearty farce\", Leydon praised the film for its cleverness.[40]", "Tracee Ellis Ross. In 2007, Ross starred with her brother Evan Ross and Queen Latifah in the HBO movie Life Support,[11] That same year, she appeared in the Tyler Perry theatrical movie, Daddy's Little Girls.[12] She appeared in the 2009 film Labor Pains.[13] In 2010, she appeared in an episode of Private Practice as a pregnant doctor.[14] In 2011, Ross appeared in four episodes of CSI as the estranged wife of Laurence Fishburne's character.[15][16]", "Cadillac Records. As production increased, the roster grew to include Canadian actress Emmanuelle Chriqui as Revetta Chess, Tammy Blanchard as Isabelle Allen, English actor Eamonn Walker as Howlin' Wolf, and comedian Cedric the Entertainer as Willie Dixon.[3][6][8] Final line ups of the cast also grew to include rapper Mos Def as Chuck Berry, and Gabrielle Union in the role of Geneva Wade, Muddy Waters' common law wife.[11]", "Kathleen Quinlan. Quinlan also made a mark as Jim Morrison's Celtic pagan lover Patricia Kennealy in Oliver Stone's The Doors and won a Blockbuster Entertainment Award as Favorite Supporting Actress-Suspense, for Breakdown (1997) with Kurt Russell. Her recent work includes the TV series House, the 2006 remake of the horror classic The Hills Have Eyes, the wife of a government traitor in the 2007 film Breach, the mother of the brothers in the Fox drama Prison Break, and a senator in a 2011 episode \"Alliances\" of the science-fiction series Stargate Universe.", "Sarah Sutherland. Sutherland was born to Kiefer Sutherland and his first wife, Camelia Kath. She is the granddaughter of actors Donald Sutherland and Shirley Douglas, and great-granddaughter of Canadian politician Tommy Douglas.[1] As a teen, Sutherland trained at the Crossroads Drama Conservatory in Los Angeles, before heading to New York to study at New York University's Tisch School of the Arts.[2] In her final semester, she wrote and acted in a one-woman play, The Skin of a Grape.[1]", "Duke University. In the visual arts realm, Annabeth Gish[271] (actress in the X-Files and The West Wing), Ken Jeong[272] (actor in The Hangover and Community), Retta[273] (actress and comedian), Jared Harris (actor in Mad Men), Randall Wallace[274] (screenwriter, producer, and director, Braveheart, Pearl Harbor, We Were Soldiers), Mike Posner[275] (singer, songwriter, and producer, \"Cooler Than Me\", \"Please Don't Go\", \"I Took A Pill in Ibiza\"), David Hudgins[276] (television writer and producer, Everwood, Friday Night Lights) and Robert Yeoman (cinematographer, The Grand Budapest Hotel) headline the list.", "Jeff Dunham. Diane first appeared with Dunham in the 2010 film Dinner for Schmucks as \"Debbie\", his character's \"wife\". She made her stand-up debut in Dunham's Identity Crisis Tour 2010.[49]", "The Hangover Part II. Desperate and out of clues, Phil calls Doug's wife Tracy to tell her they can't find Teddy. Stu decides to call off the wedding and live in Bangkok and say that Teddy died. While Alan is playing a game of PAC-MAN the power goes out again. Stu suddenly realizes where Teddy is. The trio rushes back to the hotel to find Teddy who is in the elevator unharmed (albeit still missing a finger). Teddy had woken up in the middle of the night to get more ice for his severed finger (after the first bucket of ice had melted) but became trapped after the power went out. The four use Chow's speedboat, the Perfect Life, the keys for which were in Teddy's pocket, to travel back to the wedding reception." ]

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[ "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" received widespread critical acclaim. Hot Press journalist Bill Graham described the song as on the one-hand as a \"smart job of pop handwork, pretty standard American radio rock-ballad fare\" but that \"the band's rhythms are far more supple and cultivated than your average bouffant HM band of that period\".[25] The Sunday Independent suggested that the song was proof the band could be commercially accessible without resorting to rock clichés.[26] NME remarked that the song showed that the band cared about something, which made them \"special\".[27] The Rocket noted that Bono's lyrics about needing personal spirituality resulted in a \"unique marriage of American gospel and Gaelic soul\" and that the \"human perspective he brings to this sentiment rings far truer than the rantings of, say, the born-again Bob Dylan\".[28] Several publications, including The Bergen Record and The Boston Globe, called the track \"hypnotic\" and interpreted it as depicting the band on a spiritual quest.[29][30][31] The song finished in 18th place on the \"Best Singles\" list from The Village Voice's 1987 Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[32]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" originated from a demo variously titled \"The Weather Girls\" and \"Under the Weather\" that the band recorded during a jam session.[2][5][6] Bassist Adam Clayton called the demo's melody \"a bit of a one-note groove\", while an unconvinced The Edge, the band's guitarist, compared it to \"'Eye of the Tiger' played by a reggae band\". However, the band liked the drum part played by drummer Larry Mullen Jr.[7] Co-producer Daniel Lanois said, \"It was a very original beat from Larry. We always look for those beats that would qualify as a signature for the song. And that certainly was one of those. It had this tom-tom thing that he does and nobody ever understands. And we just didn't want to let go of that beat, it was so unique.\"[5] Lanois encouraged Mullen to continue developing the weird drum pattern beyond the demo.[7] Mullen said the beat became even more unusual, and although Lanois eventually mixed most of the pattern out to just keep the basics, the rhythm became the root of \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\".[7]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" by Scottish band The Chimes is a 1990 dance remake of U2's \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For,\" which became a UK Top Ten hit.[50]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" is a song by Irish rock band U2. It is the second track from their 1987 album The Joshua Tree and was released as the album's second single in May 1987. The song was a hit, becoming the band's second consecutive number-one single on the US Billboard Hot 100 while peaking at number six on the UK Singles Chart.", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. The song originated from a demo the band recorded on which drummer Larry Mullen Jr. played a unique rhythm pattern. Like much of The Joshua Tree, the song was inspired by the group's interest in American music. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" exhibits influences from gospel music and its lyrics describe spiritual yearning. Lead singer Bono's vocals are in high register and lead guitarist the Edge plays a chiming arpeggio. Adding to the gospel qualities of the song are choir-like backing vocals provided by the Edge and producers Brian Eno and Daniel Lanois.", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. Initially, \"Red Hill Mining Town\" was planned for release as the second single. However, Bono was unable to sing the song during pre-tour rehearsals and the band were reportedly unhappy with the video shot by Neil Jordan, so \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" became a late choice for the second single.[11] The single was released in May 1987. On the US Billboard Hot 100, the song debuted at number 51 on 13 June 1987. After nearly 2 months on the chart, the song reached number one on 8 August 1987, becoming the band's second consecutive number-one hit in the United States. The song spent two weeks in the top spot, and remained on the chart for 17 weeks.[12] On other Billboard charts, the song peaked at number 16 on the Adult Contemporary chart,[13] and number two on the Album Rock Tracks chart.[14] The song also topped the Irish Singles Chart,[15] while peaking at number six on the Canadian RPM Top 100[16] and the UK Singles Chart.[17] In New Zealand, the song peaked at number two on the RIANZ Top 40 Singles Chart, while reaching number six on the Dutch Top 40 and number 11 on the Swedish Singles Chart.[18]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" was critically acclaimed and received two nominations at the 30th Annual Grammy Awards in 1988, for Record of the Year and Song of the Year. It has subsequently become one of the group's most well-known songs and has been performed on many of their concert tours. The track has appeared on several of their compilations and concert films. Many critics and publications have ranked \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" among the greatest tracks in music history[3] including Rolling Stone which ranked the song at #93 of its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[4]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" has been acclaimed by many critics and publications as one of the greatest songs of all time. In 2001, the song was ranked at number 120 on the RIAA's list of 365 \"Songs of the Century\"—a project intended to \"promote a better understanding of America's musical and cultural heritage\"—despite the group's Irish origins.[33] In 2003, a special edition issue of Q, titled \"1001 Best Songs Ever\", placed \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" at number 148 on its list of the greatest songs.[34] In 2005, Blender ranked the song at number 443 on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\".[35] In 2010, Rolling Stone placed the song at number 93 of its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[4] Los Angeles Times critic Robert Hilburn called it U2's \"Let It Be\", in reference to the Beatles song.[36] The staff of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame selected \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" as one of 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[37]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. Bono from U2 commented that the Chimes' cover of their hit \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" was the \"only cover version he had heard that he enjoyed and did the original justice\", adding \"at last someone's come along to sing it properly\".[citation needed]", "Red Hill Mining Town. The song was initially planned for release as The Joshua Tree's second single, but U2 were unhappy with the video and Bono was unable to sing the high notes during pre-Joshua Tree Tour rehearsals. The song was dropped as a single and \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" became a late choice for the second single.[8] U2 drummer, Larry Mullen, Jr., later described it as \"one of the lost songs\" and that while he thought it had had great potential, it was \"over-produced and under-written\". While Bono had clear ideas on how he wanted it to sound during The Joshua Tree sessions, Mullen recalls that the rest of the band and production crew were \"[not] sure where he was going with it.\"[9]", "Red Hill Mining Town. Bill Graham of Hot Press contrasted the song with two of the album's other ballads, \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" and \"Running to Stand Still\", describing it as the album's \"most cluttered and literal, least mysterious and open-ended track\". He said the blocked harmonies show the band \"striving too ambitiously and conventionally for effect\" and likened the song to a \"scarf-waving variant of 'Sailing' written for the National Union of Mineworkers\". He described the melody, however, as \"undeniably potent and infectious\", and he praised the band's good intentions in writing about the mining strikes.[4] Niall Stokes said that the song \"capture[ed] eloquently [...] the sense of doom that surrounded the death of the small close-knit mining communities\".[2]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. The group worked on the track at the studio they had set up at Danesmoate House in Dublin.[5] Lanois compared the creation of the song to constructing a building, first laying down the drums as the foundation, then adding additional layers piece by piece, before finally \"putting in furniture\".[8] Lead singer Bono was interested in the theme of spiritual doubt, which was fostered by Eno's love for gospel music, and by Bono's listening to songs by The Swan Silvertones, The Staple Singers, and Blind Willie Johnson.[9] After the Edge wrote a chord sequence and played it on acoustic guitar \"with a lot of power in the strumming\", the group attempted to compose a suitable vocal melody,[7] trying out a variety of ideas.[5] During a jam session, Bono began singing a \"classic soul\" melody, and it was this addition that made the Edge hear the song's potential.[7] At that point, he remembered a phrase he had written in a notebook that morning as a possible song title, \"I still haven't found what I'm looking for\". He suggests it was influenced by a line from the Bob Dylan song \"Idiot Wind\": \"You'll find out when you reach the top you're on the bottom\".[7] He wrote the phrase on a piece of paper and handed it to Bono while he was singing. The Edge called the phrase's fit with the song \"like hand in glove\".[7] From that point on, the song was the first piece played to visitors during the recording sessions.[7]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. The song was covered by Scottish band the Chimes in 1990[38] and was featured on their self-titled debut album. The rendition peaked at number six in both the United Kingdom and New Zealand charts.[39][40] It also peaked into number twelve in the Netherlands chart.[41] Singer Cher used to open her shows with a cover of the song during her late 1990s and 2000s concerts.", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. Island Records commissioned New York choir director, Dennis Bell, to record a gospel version of the song, and Island intended to release it after U2's single. However, Island boss Chris Blackwell vetoed the plan. Bell subsequently formed his own label and Rohit Jagessar picked it up for distribution in US.[22] While in Glasgow in late July 1987 during the Joshua Tree Tour, Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo that Bell and his choir, the New Voices of Freedom, had made.[23] In late September, U2 rehearsed with Bell's choir in Greater Calvary Baptist Church in Harlem for a performance together in a few days at U2's Madison Square Garden concert. The Edge's guitar was the only instrument that U2 brought to the church although Mullen borrowed a conga drum. The rehearsal was done with the church's audio system and footage was used in the Rattle and Hum motion picture. Several performances were made with a piano player; however, the version used in the film includes only Bono, the Edge, Mullen, and the choir. Audio from the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the accompanying album.[24]", "The Joshua Tree. The group's religious faith was a source of inspiration for many lyrics. On \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\", Bono affirms this faith but sings of spiritual doubt (\"I believe in Kingdom Come\"... \"But I still haven't found what I'm looking for\").[51][74] Some critics surmised that the place Bono is referring to on \"Where the Streets Have No Name\" is Heaven.[75][76] These two songs were singled out by some critics as demonstrating that the band was on a \"spiritual quest\".[70][75] Hot Press editor Niall Stokes and Richard Harrington of The Washington Post interpreted \"With or Without You\" in both romantic and spiritual manners.[11][77] Biblical references are made on other songs like \"Bullet the Blue Sky\" (\"Jacob wrestled the angel\", images of fire and brimstone) and \"In God's Country\" (\"I stand with the sons of Cain\").[51] Thom Duffy interpreted the album as an exploration of the \"uncertainty and pain of a spiritual pilgrimage through a bleak and harsh world\".[63]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. The music video for the song was filmed on Fremont Street in Las Vegas on 12 April 1987 following their Joshua Tree Tour concert in that city.[11] It features the band members wandering around while the Edge plays an acoustic guitar. The music video was later re-released on The U218 Videos compilation DVD. Pat Christenson, president of Las Vegas's official event organization, credits the group's video with improving the city's image among musicians. \"The whole perception of Vegas changed with that video,\" Christenson said, adding, \"Now all the big names come here, some of them five, six times a year.\"[19]", "Rattle and Hum. Dennis Bell, director of New York gospel choir The New Voices of Freedom, recorded a demo of a gospel version of \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\".[16] While in Glasgow in late July during the Joshua Tree Tour, Rob Partridge of Island Records played the demo for the band.[17] In late September, U2 rehearsed with Bell's choir in a Harlem church, and a few days later they performed the song together at U2's Madison Square Garden concert. Footage of the rehearsal is featured in the movie, while the Madison Square Garden performance appears on the album.[18] After the church rehearsal, U2 walked around the Harlem neighbourhood where they come across blues duo, Satan and Adam, playing in the street. A 40-second clip of them playing their composition, \"Freedom for My People\", appears on both the movie and the album.[19]", "The Joshua Tree. U2 is credited with composing all of The Joshua Tree's music.[51] The album's sound draws from American and Irish roots music more than the group's previous albums, following the counsel and influence of Bob Dylan, Van Morrison, and Keith Richards. \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" has strong gospel influences, with Bono singing of spiritual doubt in an upper register and Eno, Lanois, and the Edge providing choir-like backing vocals.[50] The slow piano-based ballad \"Running to Stand Still\" exhibits traits of folk music and acoustic blues in the track's slide acoustic guitar and harmonica.[50] \"Trip Through Your Wires\", another song on which Bono plays harmonica, was described by Niall Stokes as a \"bluesy romp\".[52]", "In Search of a Song. In Search of a Song was released amid Hall's years with Mercury Records (1969–1977) during which he released one or more albums each year (see Tom T. Hall discography). It is the first full album to result from one of Hall's \"song-hunting\" trips to Kentucky. Hall was known to make periodic visits to rural Kentucky. He didn't actually write songs on these trips so much as take notes and gather raw material that he would later write about. He typically traveled backroads by car, sometimes with a photographer, to find inspiration by observing and visiting with the common people of his home state. On this particular trip, Hall traveled with music journalist William \"Bill\" Neuel Littleton of Nashville, TN. Littleton took the photographs that appear on the album's front and back cover, subsequently writing the album's liner notes. [4]", "Binion's Gambling Hall and Hotel. The music video for U2's 1987 song, \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\", was filmed on Fremont Street and features several views of Binion's.", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. Billboard wrote about the song: \"The perfect cover version. A tasteful, contemporary R&B treatment of a pop favorite may be this U.K. threesome's key to a stateside breakthrough. Multiformat exposure is well-deserved.\"[51]", "You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me. \"You Won't Find Another Fool Like Me\" is a 1973 single by British pop group The New Seekers. Written by Tony Macaulay and Geoff Stephens, arranged by Gerry Shury and produced by Tommy Oliver.[1]", "In Search of a Song. In Search of a Song is a 1971 album by country singer and songwriter, Tom T. Hall. The album includes eleven songs based on Hall's observations of rural life. It became a number eight top country album and the opening track, \"The Year That Clayton Delaney Died\" became a number one country single.", "Red Hill Mining Town. \"Red Hill Mining Town\" is a song by the rock band U2. It is the sixth track from their 1987 album, The Joshua Tree. A rough version of this song was worked on during the early Joshua Tree album writing sessions in 1985. The focus of the song is on the National Union of Mineworkers' 1984 strike in Great Britain that occurred in response to the National Coal Board's campaign to close uneconomic mines. A music video was produced in February 1987 for the song and was directed by Neil Jordan. The song was planned for release as the album's second single, but it was ultimately shelved on favour of \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\".", "Rattle and Hum. The punchy lead single, \"Desire\", sports a Bo Diddley beat. During the Joshua Tree tour, in mid-November 1987, Bono and Bob Dylan met in Los Angeles; together they wrote a song called \"Prisoner of Love\" which later became \"Love Rescue Me\". Dylan sang lead vocals on the original recording, a version which Bono called \"astonishing\", but Dylan later asked U2 not to use it citing commitments to The Traveling Wilburys.[11] The live performance of \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" (recorded with a full church choir) is a gospel song. \"When Love Comes to Town\" is a blues rocker featuring B.B. King on guitar and vocals.", "Achtung Baby. As early as December 1990, the music press reported that U2 would be recording a dance-oriented album and that it would be released in mid-1991.[108] In August 1991, sound collage artists Negativland released an EP entitled U2 that parodied U2's song \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\". Island Records objected to the release, believing consumers would confuse the EP for a new U2 record. Island successfully sued for copyright infringement but were criticised in the music press, as were U2, although they were not involved in the litigation.[61][109] Uncut's Stephen Dalton believes that the negative headlines were tempered by the success of Achtung Baby's first single, \"The Fly\", released on 21 October 1991 a month before the album.[61] Sounding nothing like U2's typical style, it was selected as the lead single to announce the group's new musical direction.[39] It became their second song to top the UK Singles Chart,[110] while reaching number one on the singles charts in Ireland and Australia.[111][112] The single was less successful in the US, peaking at number 61 on the Billboard Hot 100.[113]", "I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For. Lanois says he is very attached to \"I Still Haven't Found What I'm Looking For\" and has, on occasion, joined U2 on stage to perform it.[8] The original \"Weather Girls\" demo, re-titled \"Desert of Our Love\", was included with the 2007 remastered version of The Joshua Tree on a bonus disc of outtakes and B-sides.[6]", "In Search of a Song. All songs by Tom T. Hall", "Blue Öyster Cult. \"You're Not the One (I Was Looking For)\", \"Cities on Flame with Rock and Roll\", \"Dominance and Submission\", \"The Revenge of Vera Gemini\", \"Sinful Love\", \"Debbie Denise\", \"Death Valley Nights\", \"Cagey Cretins\" (duet with Eric Bloom), \"Fireworks\", \"Hungry Boys\", \"Blue Öyster Cult\" (duet with Donald Roeser), \"Sally\" (out-take from \"Agents of Fortune\"), \"Fire Of Unknown Origin\" (original version; out-take from \"Agents of Fortune\")", "Find Your Love. \"Find Your Love\" is a song by Canadian recording artist, Drake. The song was written by Drake, Patrick Reynolds, Jeff Bhasker, and Kanye West, and produced by the latter two and No I.D.. It serves as the second single from his debut album Thank Me Later, and was released to radio on April 28, 2010, and digital download on May 5, 2010. The song became a hit on June 17, 2010.", "Finding Neverland (musical). On 4 September 2013, it was announced that producer Harvey Weinstein had hired Barry Weissler as executive producer. They planned on opening a revised version of the musical at the American Repertory Theater (ART), Cambridge, Massachusetts in 2014. The revised musical had a new creative team, with Diane Paulus as director, a new book by James Graham, and 22 songs by Gary Barlow,[6] with a few songs from the original composers. A private reading was held in September 2013 with Brian d’Arcy James as Barrie and Jason Alexander as the \"nagging theater producer\".[7] On February 27 2014, a further developmental workshop was announced for March with Matthew Morrison as Barrie.[8]", "The Search for Everything. The Search for Everything is the seventh studio album by American singer-songwriter John Mayer, released by Columbia and Sony Music on April 14, 2017." ]

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[ "Betty Draper. During Episode 3, Betty and Don attend a country club party hosted by Roger Sterling and his new wife, Jane Siegel Sterling, where Betty meets Henry Francis, who is later revealed to be an advisor to then-New York governor Nelson A. Rockefeller. Henry is infatuated with Betty, and though she seems reluctant to return his feelings at first, as the season progresses, their affair intensifies. Betty eventually ends it, feeling guilty.", "Betty Draper. During the second season episode \"A Night to Remember\", Betty and Don seem to have reached an agreement, but after a dinner party where Betty is embarrassed to be considered a \"demographic\" by Don and his associates, she confronts her husband for the first time about his adultery, specifically with Bobbie Barrett. Don, however, denies having an affair. The next day, with a glass of wine in hand, Betty searches through Don's belongings for proof of his indiscretions but does not find any. Betty awakens Don - who is sleeping on the couch - that night and explains that she doesn't want things to \"be like this.\" He repeats that he did not do anything, and when she asks if he hates her, he insists that he loves her and doesn't want to \"lose this.\" When preparing dinner the next day, an Utz commercial featuring Jimmy Barrett airs on the television. After seeing this, Betty calls Don at work and tells him she doesn't want him to come home.", "Don Draper. In Season 2, Draper is seduced by Bobbie Barrett, the wife of Jimmy Barrett, an insult comic who is filming a commercial for one of Sterling Cooper's clients, Utz Potato Chips. They continue their affair, taking a trip to Bobbie's beach house in Stony Brook on Long Island, but their plans are interrupted by a car accident followed by his arrest for drunken driving. Unable to post bond with the cash on his person, Draper reaches out to Peggy Olson, who travels from Brooklyn to Long Island by car in the middle of the night and posts his bail. Bobbie Barrett stays with Olson until her injuries from the accident heal. The affair between Barrett and Draper continues until the \"Maidenform\" episode, when Barrett lets it slip that Draper's previous mistresses have been talking about his sexual prowess. Because he highly values his privacy, Draper is disgusted that his extramarital escapades are being gossiped about, and immediately ends the affair. Draper must continue his professional relationship with the Barretts. The Drapers and the Barretts meet at the Stork Club for a night out. At the end of the evening, Jimmy Barrett reveals to Betty Draper that their spouses have had an affair. When his wife confronts him, Draper repeatedly denies the accusations, infuriating his wife.", "Betty Draper. After President Kennedy's assassination and Margaret Sterling's wedding (the following day), Betty meets with Henry, who confesses his desire to marry her. They passionately kiss, and after the encounter, Betty returns home to tell Don she no longer loves him, leaving him stunned. This culminates in her seeing a divorce lawyer in the season 3 finale. During the same episode, Roger, whose daughter is friends with Henry's daughter, unintentionally reveals to Don that Betty and Francis are involved. An incensed Don confronts Betty. After calling her a whore, he assures her that she \"won't get a nickel\" in the ensuing divorce, and he intends to seek sole custody of the children. The next morning, Don and Betty inform the children they are separating, and both older children react badly.", "Betty Draper. Throughout Season 4, Betty finds her marriage to Henry strained by tensions with Don and by deteriorating relations with Sally. When she discovers Sally has become friends with her old confidant, Glen Bishop, Betty forces them to end the friendship. Glen's reappearance is the catalyst for Betty to finally insist to Henry that it's time for them to move because of the \"low-caliber people\" taking over the neighborhood, much to Sally's distress.", "Don Draper. Draper's wife appears willing to put her suspicions behind her, however, when she sees the television commercial Jimmy Barrett made for Utz, her anger is reignited. She calls Draper at work and tells him not to come home. Following this, he moves into a hotel room. His father-in-law has another stroke, necessitating a visit from Draper at the Hofstadt home to keep up the appearance of a happy marriage. The Drapers pretend to be a happily married couple while visiting there. In his post-stroke confusion, Hofstadt openly expresses his disdain for his son-in-law, saying, \"He's got no people. You can't trust a man like that.\" Distraught at the rapid decline of her father, Draper is seduced by his wife in the middle of the night, leading him to believe that she has now forgiven him. When they arrive home, however, Draper's wife tells him not to move back in, saying \"We were only pretending.\" Betty Draper later discovers she is pregnant.", "Don Draper. In Season 3, Draper has an affair lasting several months with his daughter's schoolteacher, Suzanne Farrell. Their relationship builds slowly over several accidental meetings and conversations laden with innuendo. They finally consummate their relationship in September 1963. On October 30, 1963, Draper plans a weekend get-away with Suzanne, believing his wife and children are out of town. While his paramour waits in the car, Draper enters his house to retrieve a suitcase and is stunned to find his wife at home. She reveals to Draper that she has found a key to the locked drawer in his desk and discovered the box of photographs and other evidence of his past life, as well as several hundred dollars in emergency escape funds. Forced to reveal his true identity, Draper never returns to the car and Suzanne eventually walks home. He calls her the next day to break off the relationship, even though they have not been discovered, in an unsuccessful attempt to save his marriage. Draper's wife, however, uses his lies about his life and past as an excuse to divorce him in order to marry Henry Francis, an aide to New York State governor Nelson Rockefeller.", "Betty Draper. Betty and Don Draper live in a large house in suburban Ossining, New York, with their children Sally (played by Kiernan Shipka) and Bobby. In the second episode, set in the spring of 1960, Betty starts to see a psychiatrist to address repeated spells of numbness in her hands, which medical doctors have indicated are psychosomatic. It was during these meetings that, after having discovered the psychiatrist was giving reports of her sessions to Don, she voiced her suspicion that her husband was unfaithful. By the start of the second season, set in February 1962, she had discontinued the consultations.", "Don Draper. In the sixth season, sometime before January 1968, Draper begins an affair with his married downstairs neighbor, Sylvia Rosen. In June 1968, the two of them engage in a days-long BDSM sexual role-play game in a Manhattan hotel. After having a dream about the two of them that she saw as an omen, she ends their affair. When Don later helps Mrs. Rosen's son avoid service in Vietnam, their affair temporarily resumes until they are discovered together by Draper's daughter. After this, Sylvia Rosen is not seen again for the remainder of the season.", "Don Draper. Don Draper met his future wife, Betty Hofstadt, when she was working as a model, later surprising her when he purchased a fur she wore during a photo shoot. With that gesture being the start of their relationship, Betty and Draper were soon married. The couple later has their first child, Sally, soon followed a son, Bobby. In Season 3, the Drapers have another son, Gene, named after Draper's recently deceased father-in-law.", "Betty Draper. In the Season 2 finale, Betty discovers she is pregnant. Although she brings up the subject of abortion with her doctor and has sex with a random man she picks up at a bar, at the end of the episode she asks Don to return home, and tells him she is pregnant.", "Patrick Fischler. Fischler auditioned for the role of insult comic Jimmy Barrett on the AMC drama series Mad Men, of which he was a fan. Alex Witchel, a writer from The New York Times Magazine who sat in on Fischler's audition, said he was \"breathtakingly good\".[14] The character, Jimmy Barrett, is a client of the advertising company within the show, and his wife sleeps with protagonist Don Draper, played by Jon Hamm.[15] Series creator and executive producer Matthew Weiner cast Fischler because he felt the actor had a \"New York quality\" that he wanted the character to have. Weiner said of him: \"Patrick has this tremendous edge. There was something very old-fashioned about the way he dealt with the character.\"[4] Fischler said entertainer Joey Bishop was a major influence on how he played the role because he wanted Jimmy Barrett to have a charming element to him and make people laugh even while he said horrible things, as Bishop did.[4][15] Fischler received a great deal of exposure and increase in name recognition after his role on Mad Men. During one episode, Fischler's character tells Don's wife Betty about her husband's infidelity, then confronts Don and tells him off about his cheating. Fischler called receiving that script \"the highlight of my career so far\",[5] adding: \"After Mad Men I got a lot of 'How dare you speak to Don Draper like that? ... People, mainly women, were mad at me that I told Don off. I took it as a compliment.\"[4] Fischler had been in talks to appear on the Showtime drama series Californication, but he was unable to do so due to scheduling conflicts with Mad Men.[16]", "Betty Draper. The character of Betty Draper was not originally part of the pilot episode, though she did appear in the pilot. The script established that lead character Don Draper was married, but only by a mention in dialogue, and there was no intention to show his home life. January Jones was instead initially considered, along with Elisabeth Moss, for the ambitious workplace character Peggy Olson; Moss was ultimately cast as Peggy. Show creator Matthew Weiner then wrote two scenes featuring Betty Draper, and Jones successfully auditioned for the part two days later. Although there were no full script or any plots written for Betty Draper at the time, Jones was promised by Weiner that the character would be developed.[4]", "Betty Draper. Betty was born Elizabeth Hofstadt in 1932.[1] According to her son's birth certificate, she was born in Cape May, New Jersey, where her wealthy family summered. She grew up in Lower Merion, Pennsylvania, a suburb of Philadelphia located on the \"Main Line\". She is of German ancestry. Betty graduated from Bryn Mawr College with an anthropology degree and briefly modeled in Italy (where she became fluent in Italian) before moving to Manhattan. It was during this time that she met Don Draper – he was writing ad copy for a fur company, and she was one of their models. He began courting her by buying her the fur coat she wore at a shoot. Betty and Don were married in May 1953. Her favorite movie is Singin' in the Rain (1952). Betty's mother Ruth died early in 1960, three months before the events of the episode \"Ladies Room\". Her father, Gene (Ryan Cutrona), had a girlfriend named Gloria, whom Betty disliked and whom her father married sometime in the 18 months between seasons 1 and 2; Gloria left Gene when he began showing signs of mental deterioration in Season 3. He moved in with the Drapers during season 3 and later died in that season, set in 1963. Betty has a brother, William, who is married to Judy and whose daughters Don and Betty consider to be \"rowdy.\" Betty's confidantes have included her neighbor Francine Hanson and Glen Bishop, the young son of divorcée Helen Bishop. Ill-suited for parenting, Betty has a strained relationship with her children, particularly with her daughter Sally.", "Don Draper. Draper cheats on his wife repeatedly throughout Seasons 1 and 2. In Season 1, he is involved with Midge Daniels, a pot-smoking beatnik and artist who works out of her small apartment in Greenwich Village. Her bohemian lifestyle and friends do not appeal to Draper, but their relationship offers him an escape from his high-pressure job and life responsibilities. When Draper receives a bonus check of $2,500 from Sterling Cooper, he asks her to vacation with him in Paris. He changes his mind after realizing Midge is in love with a fellow beatnik, and instead stuffs the check into her blouse, telling her to 'go buy a car' with it. Draper doesn't see her again until Season 4, when Midge pretends to inadvertently run into him with the hope of selling a painting to help fund her heroin addiction. He agrees to visit her apartment but, after learning of her true intentions, quickly purchases a painting and leaves.", "Betty Draper. In episode 8 (\"The Better Half\"), Betty is back to her original weight and actively campaigning alongside her husband. Henry sees the excess attention that Betty receives and is turned on by it, as is Betty, who is beginning to feel more confident about herself. When one of Henry's colleagues makes a pass at her at a fundraising dinner, she informs him that she's had three children, to which he replies that he doesn't care. But he's misunderstood her meaning; she then tells him triumphantly, \"No, look at me. Can you believe I've had three children?\" before leaving with Henry.", "Betty Draper. Betty's presence in season five is further reduced due to January Jones' pregnancy. In the episode, \"Tea Leaves\", Betty and her family are now shown to be living in a large Victorian estate in Rye, New York. Since the season four finale, she has put on a significant amount of weight and dislikes leaving the house. Her mother-in-law, Pauline, advises Betty to take diet pills since Pauline believes Henry is unhappy in the marriage. Betty goes to her doctor to get a prescription, but he finds a lump in her throat that could be cancerous. When it turns out to be benign, Betty is barely relieved and returns to focusing on her dumpy physical condition. By the episode \"Dark Shadows\", Betty attends Weight Watchers meetings to attempt to regain her old form but receives mixed results; she notes that it is difficult to take the weight off. Betty is often seen eating very little in an attempt to lose weight but appears to weaken when she consumes whipped cream directly from the can and occasionally sneaks sweets. Betty regresses further when she goes to Don's NYC apartment to pick up her kids and becomes jealous and bitter over the lovely, modern accommodations and Megan's lissome beauty. She then tries to stir up rancor by mentioning Anna Draper to Sally, but after Megan and (particularly) Don tell Sally more about Anna, Betty is defeated, as Sally expresses visible contempt for her mother, further straining their relationship. However, when Sally begins menstruating for the first time while visiting her father in New York, she immediately returns to Rye and seeks out her mother for help. Here, Betty is finally shown to be a reasonably caring mother to Sally. Showing what is at this point uncharacteristic warmth, Betty recognizes that Sally needs her and provides comfort and guidance to her daughter.", "Betty Draper. Betty's presence in season four is diminished compared to the previous seasons. Season 4 opens with Betty, Henry, and the children still living in the former Draper residence (which Don owns) following Betty's marriage to Henry. The residence is a point of contention for Don and Betty, as Don is still paying the mortgage, and Betty is required by their divorce agreement to move out but has not.", "Don Draper. Draper and Elizabeth \"Betty\" Hofstadt are married in May 1953, and eventually move into a house with an address shown as 42 Bullet Park Road, Ossining in Westchester County, New York. The marriage is a rocky one and Don becomes engaged in numerous affairs.[8] By 1964 they have filed for divorce and Betty marries to politician Henry Francis. Don marries his secretary, Megan Calvet, after which they move to a stylish, Upper East Side apartment on Park Avenue.[9]", "Betty Draper. Betty does turn to Don when she learns her father Gene has suffered a stroke. She and Don leave the children with a neighbor and drive to visit her father. Betty is visibly impatient with both her father's wife Gloria and her brother William. She and Don are careful to present a united front. At the end of a stressful day, Betty makes Don sleep on the floor of the guestroom, but later joins him on the floor where they make love. The next morning, Betty's father mistakes Betty for her mother Ruth, suggesting they \"go upstairs.\" Betty is severely shocked and frightened, but tries to pretend that everything is all right. When she and Don return to New York, Betty surprises Don by asking him to leave again.", "Betty Draper. In episode 5, \"Runaways\", Betty speaks her mind about the Vietnam War, causing a rough patch between herself and the conservative Henry during a dinner party. Bobby overhears the arguing and sees Henry sleeping in the den. When Sally comes home after getting hurt faux sword-fighting at Miss Porter's, Bobby asks her if Betty and Henry are getting a divorce. Sally assures him they aren't, and Bobby tells her he wishes he could go with her to school. At the end of the episode, Betty resents Henry for telling her what to do, say, and think.", "Betty Draper. In \"The Quality of Mercy\", Betty takes Sally on an overnight trip to interview at Miss Porter's boarding school. She detects Sally is troubled by something but doesn't realize it's because Sally saw Don in bed with his downstairs neighbor, Sylvia Rosen. Sally is accepted at Miss Porter's, but Betty soon calls Don with the news that Sally has gotten suspended because she bought beer with a fake I.D. and got drunk with some other girls. Betty sadly blames herself for Sally's troubles and tells Don, \"the good isn't beating out the bad.\"", "Don Draper. As Season 4 progresses, Draper is no longer visiting prostitutes and seems to have settled down with Dr. Miller. Although he seems to be satisfied in his relationship with her, his secretary, Megan Calvet, seduces him in his office one night, telling him not to worry because she only wants to have sex with him and she won't make a scene about it. After their one-night stand, Draper is surprised by Calvet when she reveals she is intelligent, liberal, and eager to learn from him and Peggy Olson about advertising. With Dr. Miller's consulting firm no longer working with SCDP, she is pleased because she and Draper can now be \"out in the open\" with their relationship.", "Betty Draper. In episode 3, \"Field Trip,\" the distinctly un-maternal Betty questions if she is a good mother, and if her children love her, after a field trip with Bobby to a farm goes sour. Bobby trades Betty's sandwich for a bag of gumdrops, leaving Betty with no food. Betty orders Bobby to eat the candy and is visibly irritated with him for the rest of the day. When they return home, neither is willing to talk about what happened. Henry insists that the children love her, but Betty believes it will change in time.", "Betty Draper. Betty goes to Bobby's summer camp for a family weekend in \"The Better Half\", driving down without Henry. Don, also on his way to the camp, sees the newly svelte Betty lost at a gas station, and they go down to the campground together. They spend the afternoon with Bobby, and everyone has a wonderful time. That night Don visits Betty's cabin, and they share a drink, reminiscing about the early years of their marriage and the kids. Don accepts Betty's tacit invitation to enter her cabin, and they make love. Betty and Don talk afterward, and Betty admits that she's happy with Henry, is no longer as mad at Don as she once was, and feels sorry for Megan, who doesn't know that loving Don is the worst way of getting to him. The next morning Don wakes up alone and goes down to the cafeteria, where he sees Betty and Henry eating together. Don says hello to them and goes off to eat, alone, at the other side of the room.", "Betty Applewhite. Meanwhile, her son Matthew has been dating Danielle Van de Kamp, Bree's daughter. Matthew wants a \"normal life\" without the secrets and pressures of keeping a fugitive out of sight. He and Danielle hatch a scheme to have Caleb put down. Matthew tricks his brother into going to Danielle's house to rape her. Bree finds out and informs Betty that she will call the cops and send Caleb away forever. Betty will not have this and decides to poison Caleb because she refuses to have him locked away. By poisoning him, she thinks she will give him peace.", "Don Draper. When the fifth season opens, in May 1966, it is revealed that Don has told Megan all about his past and his real identity, and that, unlike with Betty and Faye, Don's secret was for the first time not confided under duress, as well as that Megan was sympathetic, accepting and loving in her reaction. It is also revealed that Don and Megan married sometime between seasons four and five (between October 1965 and May 1966) and have moved into a penthouse apartment on Park Avenue and 73rd. Over the course of the first year of his marriage to Megan, Don is besotted with Megan and her natural skill at her work. When Megan decides she wants to quit advertising to pursue her dream of being an actress, Don is initially skeptical and his feelings hurt, but wanting to make her happy, he relents. Don remains fearful of Megan's acting career, and they begin to argue with a little more frequency. One of these arguments is over Don's past relationships, when they encounter one of his former girlfriends, Andrea Rhodes. After encountering Rhodes, Don develops a severe fever and leaves work early to lay down. While he is sleeping, he hallucinates that Rhodes enters his apartment and forces herself upon him sexually even as he tries to tell her \"no\"; the fever dream climaxes with Don \"killing\" her. When he wakes the next morning, fever broken, he is terrified before realizing that it was all just a dream and that Megan has been with him all night, nursing him back to health.", "Don Draper. Draper is occasionally shown to regret how he treats his family. When his wife gives birth to their third child, he has a conversation with another man in the hospital waiting room who says he's going to be a better man for his wife and child.[20] Although it is implied that Draper has similar convictions, he later acknowledges to his second wife that he feels a general state of disconnect between himself and his children.[21] Draper's one consistent display of parental behavior is that he cannot tolerate Betty's often harsh treatment of their daughter, Sally, and he has interceded on her behalf on those occasions.", "Betty Draper. After moving into Sterling Cooper Draper Pryce's new office, Don calls Betty and tells her he will not fight her, and he wishes her the best. She tells him he'll always be their children's father. The season ends with Betty taking a plane to Reno with baby Gene and Henry.", "Betty Draper. In Episode 11, Betty corners Don, after getting into a locked drawer in the desk in his home office that contains pictures and documents of Don's past life. (Don had inadvertently left his keys in his clothes, and Betty heard them jingling in the dryer.) She forces him to give her an explanation, and he haltingly tells her about his life as Dick Whitman, how he came to exchange dog tags with Lieutenant Don Draper, and his half-brother Adam's suicide. While apparently somewhat sympathetic to his feelings of guilt about Adam's death, Betty is highly conflicted about Don's having hidden this aspect of his life from her.", "Betty Draper. In the series finale, \"Person to Person,\" Betty insists to Don (and apparently to Henry) that her children should live with her brother William and his wife after her death, so that the boys will have a woman in their lives. Betty is last seen reading a newspaper at her kitchen table while smoking a cigarette, as Sally washes dishes in the background.", "Don Draper. The new Don Draper relocates to New York City, where he works as a fur salesman and attends City College at night. It is at this job that he meets his future wife, Betty, a model who does a photo shoot for the company. He tricks a drunken Roger Sterling into offering him a job at Sterling Cooper, and eventually becomes its Creative Director and later a junior partner." ]

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[ "Maple syrup. Until the 1930s, the United States produced most of the world's maple syrup.[45] Today, after rapid growth in the 1990s, Canada produces more than 80 percent of the world's maple syrup, producing about 73,000,000 litres (19,000,000 US gal) in 2016.[1] The vast majority of this comes from the province of Quebec, which is the world's largest producer, with about 70 percent of global production.[1][2]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup was first collected and used by the indigenous peoples of North America, and the practice was adopted by European settlers, who gradually refined production methods. Technological improvements in the 1970s further refined syrup processing. The Canadian province of Quebec is by far the largest producer, responsible for 70 percent of the world's output; Canadian exports of maple syrup in 2016 were C$ 487 million (about US$ 360 million), with Quebec accounting for some 90 percent of this total.[1][2] Vermont is the largest producer in the United States, generating about six percent of the global supply.", "Maple syrup. In 2015, 64 percent of Canadian maple syrup exports went to the United States (a value of C$229 million), 8 percent to Germany (C$31 million), 6 percent to Japan (C$26 million), and 5 percent to the United Kingdom (C$16 million).[46]", "Maple syrup. As of 2016, Quebec had some 7,300 producers working with 13,500 farmers, collectively making over 8,090,000 US gallons (30,600,000 L) of syrup.[1][46] Production in Quebec is controlled through a supply management system, with producers receiving quota allotments from the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers (Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec, FPAQ), which also maintains reserves of syrup,[1][47] although there is a black-market trade in Quebec product.[1][48][49] In 2017, the FPAQ mandated increased output of maple syrup production, attempting to establish Quebec's dominance in the world market.[1][2] Canada exported more than C$362 million of maple syrup in 2016.[2] The provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island produce smaller amounts of syrup.[46]", "Canadian cuisine. Maple syrup was first collected and used by aboriginal people of Eastern Canada and North Eastern US. Canada is the world's largest producer of maple syrup.[4] The origins of maple syrup production are not clear though the first syrups were made by repeatedly freezing the collected maple sap and removing the ice to concentrate the sugar in the remaining sap.[5] Maple syrup is one of the most commonly consumed Canadian foods of Aboriginal origins.", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup is graded according to the Canada, United States, or Vermont scales based on its density and translucency. Sucrose is the most prevalent sugar in maple syrup. In Canada, syrups must be made exclusively from maple sap to qualify as maple syrup and must also be at least 66 percent sugar.[3] In the United States, a syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap to be labelled as \"maple\", though states such as Vermont and New York have more restrictive definitions (see below).", "Maple syrup. Vermont is the biggest US producer, with over 1,320,000 US gallons (5,000,000 L) during the 2013 season, followed by New York with 574,000 US gallons (2,170,000 L) and Maine with 450,000 US gallons (1,700,000 L). Wisconsin, Ohio, New Hampshire, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Massachusetts, and Connecticut all produced marketable quantities of maple syrup of less than 265,000 US gallons (1,000,000 L) each in 2013.[52] As of 2003, Vermont produced about 5.5 percent of the global syrup supply.[53]", "Maple syrup. In Canada, maple syrup must be made entirely from maple sap, and syrup must have a density of 66° on the Brix scale to be marketed as maple syrup.[31] In the United States, maple syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap, although small amounts of substances such as salt may be added.[79] Labeling laws prohibit imitation syrups from having \"maple\" in their names unless the finished product contains 10 percent or more of natural maple syrup.[79]", "Maple syrup. The Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan produce maple syrup using the sap of the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).[9] A Manitoba maple tree's yield is usually less than half that of a similar sugar maple tree.[50] Manitoba maple syrup has a slightly different flavour from sugar-maple syrup, because it contains less sugar and the tree's sap flows more slowly. British Columbia is home to a growing maple sugar industry using sap from the bigleaf maple, which is native to the West Coast of the United States and Canada.[51]", "Maple syrup. A typical year's yield for a maple syrup producer will be about 25 to 30 percent of each of the #1 colours, 10 percent #2 Amber, and 2 percent #3 Dark.[31]", "Acer saccharum. The sugar maple is one of the most important Canadian trees, being, with the black maple, the major source of sap for making maple syrup.[11] Other maple species can be used as a sap source for maple syrup, but some have lower sugar contents and/or produce more cloudy syrup than these two.[11] Some other trees (birch, ash, etc.) can yield a useful syrup as well, though with different flavors.[12] In maple syrup production from Acer saccharum, the sap is extracted from the trees using a tap placed into a hole drilled through the phloem, just inside the bark. The collected sap is then boiled. As the sap boils, the water is evaporated off and the syrup left behind. 40 litres of maple sap are required to be boiled to produce only 1 litre of pure syrup. This is the reason for the high cost of pure maple syrup.", "Maple syrup. In a 100g amount, maple syrup provides 260 calories and is composed of 32 percent water by weight, 67 percent carbohydrates (90 percent of which are sugars), and no appreciable protein or fat (table). Maple syrup is generally low in overall micronutrient content, although manganese and riboflavin are at high levels along with moderate amounts of zinc and calcium (right table). It also contains trace amounts of amino acids which increase in content as sap flow occurs.[68]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup production is centred in northeastern North America; however, given the correct weather conditions, it can be made wherever suitable species of maple trees grow.", "Maple syrup. In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to December 31, 2014, by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes:[56]", "Agriculture in Canada. Hazelnuts are harvested in Eastern Canada and British Columbia.[39] Maple syrup and maple sugar, maple butter, and maple taffy are products of Quebec along the St. Lawrence River. The main market for Canadian maple syrup and sugar is the United States.[40] Potatoes are an abundant harvest of the Maritime provinces.[41] Sugar beets and beet root sugar are harvested in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta.[42]", "Economy of Canada. The U.S. is Canada's largest agricultural export market, taking well over half of all Canadian food exports.[85] Nearly two-thirds of Canada's forest products, including pulp and paper, are exported to the United States; 72% of Canada's total newsprint production also is exported to the U.S.", "Maple syrup. Maple products are considered emblematic of Canada, in particular Quebec, and are frequently sold in tourist shops and airports as souvenirs from Canada. The sugar maple's leaf has come to symbolize Canada, and is depicted on the country's flag.[85] Several US states, including New York, Vermont and Wisconsin, have the sugar maple as their state tree.[86] A scene of sap collection is depicted on the Vermont state quarter, issued in 2001.[87]", "Maple syrup. As of December 31, 2014, the CFIA[56] and as of March 2, 2015, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service[57] issued revised standards intended to harmonize Canada-United States regulations on the classification of maple syrup as follows:", "Culture of Canada. Canadian cuisine varies widely depending on the region. The former Canadian prime minister Joe Clark has been paraphrased to have noted: \"Canada has a cuisine of cuisines. Not a stew pot, but a smorgasbord.\"[169] There are considerable overlaps between Canadian food and the rest of the cuisine in North America, many unique dishes (or versions of certain dishes) are found and available only in the country. Common contenders for the Canadian national food include poutine[170][171][172] and butter tarts.[173][174] Other popular Canadian made foods include indigenous fried bread bannock, French tourtière, Kraft Dinner, ketchup chips, date squares, nanaimo bars, back bacon, and the caesar cocktail.[175] Canada is the birthplace and world's largest producer of maple syrup.[176]", "Maple syrup. Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute (IMSI) and many maple syrup producer associations, both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform. Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup, now those laws define a unified grading system. This had been a work in progress for several years, and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced in the Canada Gazette on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors, at the request of the IMSI.[56]", "Tree. In temperate climates there is a sudden movement of sap at the end of the winter as trees prepare to burst into growth. In North America, the sap of the sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is most often used in the production of a sweet liquid, maple syrup. About 90% of the sap is water, the remaining 10% being a mixture of various sugars and certain minerals.[114] The sap is harvested by drilling holes in the trunks of the trees and collecting the liquid that flows out of the inserted spigots. It is piped to a sugarhouse where it is heated to concentrate it and improve its flavour. One litre of maple syrup is obtained from every forty litres of sap and has a sugar content of exactly 66%.[114] Similarly in northern Europe the spring rise in the sap of the silver birch (Betula pendula) is tapped and collected, either to be drunk fresh or fermented into an alcoholic drink. In Alaska, the sap of the sweet birch (Betula lenta) is made into a syrup with a sugar content of 67%. Sweet birch sap is more dilute than maple sap; a hundred litres are required to make one litre of birch syrup.[115]", "Maple syrup. The higher the sugar content of the sap, the fewer the gallons of sap are needed to obtain one gallon of syrup. 57 gallons of sap with 1.5 percent sugar content will yield 1 gallon of syrup, but only 25 gallons of sap with a 3.5 percent sugar content are needed to obtain one gallon of syrup.[35] The sap's sugar content is highly variable and will fluctuate even within the same tree.[36]", "Maple. The Sugar maple (A. saccharum) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple taffy. It takes about 40 litres (42 US qt) of sugar maple sap to make 1 litre (1.1 US qt) of syrup. While any Acer species may be tapped for syrup, many do not have sufficient quantities of sugar to be commercially useful.", "Maple Leaf Foods. In February 2014, Canada Bread, in which Maple Leaf Foods previously had a 90% stake, was acquired by the multinational Grupo Bimbo for C$1.83 billion. The remaining Maple Leaf Foods is a protein-only company with approximately C$3 billion in revenue", "Maple syrup. Indigenous peoples living in northeastern North America were the first groups known to have produced maple syrup and maple sugar. According to aboriginal oral traditions, as well as archaeological evidence, maple tree sap was being processed into syrup long before Europeans arrived in the region.[14][15] There are no authenticated accounts of how maple syrup production and consumption began,[16] but various legends exist; one of the most popular involves maple sap being used in place of water to cook venison served to a chief.[15] Other stories credit the development of maple syrup production to Nanabozho, Glooskap, or the squirrel. Aboriginal tribes developed rituals around sugar-making, celebrating the Sugar Moon (the first full moon of spring) with a Maple Dance.[17] Many aboriginal dishes replaced the salt traditional in European cuisine with maple sugar or syrup.[15]", "Maple syrup. The basic ingredient in maple syrup is the sap from the xylem of sugar maple or various other species of maple trees. It consists primarily of sucrose and water, with small amounts of the monosaccharides glucose and fructose from the invert sugar created in the boiling process.[67]", "Canadian cuisine. According to an informal survey by the Globe and Mail conducted through Facebook from collected comments, users considered the following to be the Canadian national dish, with maple syrup likely above all the other foods if it were considered:[13]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup has been produced on a small scale in some other countries, notably Japan and South Korea.[54] However, in South Korea in particular, it is traditional to consume maple sap, called gorosoe, instead of processing it into syrup.[55]", "Maple syrup. Open pan evaporation methods have been streamlined since colonial days, but remain basically unchanged. Sap must first be collected and boiled down to obtain pure syrup without chemical agents or preservatives. Maple syrup is made by boiling between 20 and 50 volumes of sap (depending on its concentration) over an open fire until 1 volume of syrup is obtained, usually at a temperature 4.1 °C (7.4 °F) over the boiling point of water. As the boiling point of water varies with changes in air pressure the correct value for pure water is determined at the place where the syrup is being produced, each time evaporation is begun and periodically throughout the day.[24][29] Syrup can be boiled entirely over one heat source or can be drawn off into smaller batches and boiled at a more controlled temperature.[30]", "Wood economy. Canada is the world leader in sustainable forest management practices. Only 120 million ha (28% of Canadian forests) are currently managed for timber production while an estimated 32 million ha are protected from harvesting by the current legislation.[14]", "Vermont. There were about 2,000 maple products producers in 2010.[154] Production rose to 920,000 US gallons (3,500,000 l; 770,000 imp gal) in 2009.[155] The state's share of the nation's production rose to 42% in 2013. It had the second lowest price at $33.40/gallon.[156]", "Pulp (paper). Global production of wood pulp in 2006 was 175 million tons (160 million tonnes).[8] In the previous year, 63 million tons (57 million tonnes) of market pulp (not made into paper in the same facility) was sold, with Canada being the largest source at 21 percent of the total, followed by the United States at 16 percent. The wood fiber sources required for pulping are \"45% sawmill residue, 21% logs and chips, and 34% recycled paper\" (Canada, 2014).[9] Chemical pulp made up 93 percent of market pulp.[10]" ]

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[ "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The 2017 NCAA Women's Division I Basketball Tournament was played from Friday, March 17 to Sunday, April 2, 2017, with the Final Four played at the American Airlines Center in Dallas, Texas on March 31 and April 2. This was the first time that the women's Final Four was played in Dallas and the first time since 2002 that the Final Four games were played on Friday and Sunday, rather than Sunday and Tuesday.[1] South Carolina defeated Mississippi State to win the championship.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The game was won on a made basket by Arike Ogunbowale with 0.1 seconds left on the clock—she made a similar shot with 1.0 seconds in the semifinal to defeat Connecticut, earning Notre Dame a berth in the championship.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2017 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. A total of 64 teams entered the 2017 tournament. 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament. The remaining 32 teams were granted \"at-large\" bids, which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Selections for the 2017 NCAA Division I Women’s Basketball Championship were announced at 7 p.m. Eastern time, Monday, March 13 via ESPN.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. National Semifinals and Championship (Final Four and Championship)", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game was the final game of the 2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The game was played on April 1, 2018, at the Nationwide Arena in Columbus, Ohio. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish defeated the Mississippi State Bulldogs to win their second national championship.", "Connecticut Huskies women's basketball. The 2017-2018 season was very similar to the previous one. Connecticut returned every key player and added Duke's transfer Azura Stevens[63] and nation top ranked recruit Megan Walker; the team easily reached the Final Four with a 36-0 record that included solid wins over Stanford, Notre Dame, Louisville and South Carolina. The stage appeared set for a rematch with Mississippi State in the championship game, but historic rival Notre Dame beat UConn in the semifinal with another overtime last second shot by Arike Ogunbowale.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Tennessee continued its record streak of making every NCAA Women's Basketball Tournament at 36 consecutive appearances. Connecticut also continued its record streak of 10 consecutive Final Four appearances.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Finals Monday", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Finals Sunday", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. Gonzaga led North Carolina at the half, 35–32.[1] North Carolina outscored Gonzaga in the second half, 39–30, to win the championship. Gonzaga was up two points with 1:52 remaining, but North Carolina came back and clinched the victory in the closing minutes.[1]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. First and Second Rounds", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Regional Semifinals and Finals (Sweet Sixteen and Elite Eight)", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The Selection Committee also seeded the entire field from 1 to 64.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish were led by 31st-year head coach Muffet McGraw. The Fighting Irish opened their season by winning eleven of their first twelve games, including three wins in the Gulf Coast Showcase and a win in the ACC–Big Ten Women's Challenge, with three of those four being ranked opponents, most notably defending champions No. 3 South Carolina. The Irish suffered their first loss in their eighth game of the season, a matchup with No. 1 Connecticut in the Jimmy V Classic. Notre Dame entered ACC play 11–1, ranked No. 2 in the nation. The Irish performed exceptionally in conference, finishing the regular season 27–2, with fifteen wins from sixteen ACC games, including three wins against ranked conference opponents (No. 8 Florida State, No. 19 Duke, and No. 21 NC State) and one win against a ranked non-conference opponent (No. 8 Tennessee). The Irish's only other loss of the season came against No. 3 Louisville in their fifth conference game; Notre Dame finished the season having won their last twelve games and were seeded second in the ACC tournament, where they defeated (7) Virginia and (3) Florida State en route to the title game, where they once again fell to Louisville. The Irish were seeded first as an at-large bid in the NCAA Tournament's Spokane Regional. On their run to the title game, Notre Dame defeated (16) Cal State Northridge, (9) Villanova, (4) Texas A&M, and (2) Oregon to get to the Final Four, where they faced and defeated (1) Connecticut in overtime via a made basket by Arike Ogunbowale with 1.0 seconds left.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2018 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament.", "Basketball winning streaks. The streak ended at 111 wins on March 31, 2017, following a last-second, 64-66 OT loss to Mississippi State in the semifinals of the 2017 NCAA Women's Tournament.", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. Next, North Carolina defeated Oregon 77–76 in the Final Four to advance to the championship game.[3] Meeks led the Tar Heels with a double-double – a career-high 25 points and 14 rebounds – including an important offensive rebound of a Berry missed free throw with 4.0 seconds left to clinch the victory.[3]", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Irish reached this point despite a severely depleted roster with only seven scholarship players by the start of the NCAA tournament—four players missed part or all of the season to torn ACLs. Brianna Turner, an All-American forward in 2016–17, suffered the injury in the 2017 NCAA tournament and missed the entire season. Two other players, senior guard Mychael Johnson and freshman center Mikayla Vaughn, were lost during preseason practice, and starting senior point guard Lili Thompson was lost on January 31. Before the title game, McGraw told media, \"I didn't think we'd have more ACL tears than losses. I think it's just an amazing accomplishment for this team and the resilience they've shown all year.\"[1][2]", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. A total of 64 teams entered the 2018 tournament. 32 automatic bids teams were given to teams that won their conference tournament. The remaining 32 teams were granted \"at-large\" bids, which were extended by the NCAA Selection Committee.", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. ESPN had US television rights to all games during the tournament.[58] For the first and second round, ESPN aired select games nationally on ESPN2, ESPNU, or ESPNews. All other games aired regionally on ESPN, ESPN2, or ESPN3 and were streamed online via WatchESPN. Most of the nation got whip-a-round coverage during this time, which allowed ESPN to rotate between the games and focus the nation on the game that had the closest score. The Lexington and Oklahoma City regional semifinals aired concurrently on ESPN and ESPN2, while ESPN televised the Bridgeport and Stockton regional semifinals and all four regional finals. The National Semifinals aired on ESPN2, and the National Championship on ESPN.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Mississippi State Bulldogs were led by sixth-year head coach Vic Schaefer. The Bulldogs opened their season by winning all 15 of their non-conference games, including three wins in the Cancún Challenge and two wins as a part of the Duel in the Desert (played in Paradise, Nevada), adding a win against the No. 9 Oregon Ducks. The Bulldogs entered SEC play ranked No. 5 in the nation, and never dropped below that ranking, as they finished the regular season 30–0, 16–0 in SEC play, including four wins over ranked conference opponents: No. 6 Tennessee, No. 15 Missouri, defending national champions No. 7 South Carolina, and No. 17 Texas A&M. The Bulldogs were seeded first in the SEC tournament, where they defeated (9) Kentucky and (5) Texas A&M en route to the championship game, where they fell to (2) South Carolina, 51–62 for their first loss of the season. The Bulldogs received an at-large bid to the NCAA Tournament, where they were seeded first in the Kansas City regional. In the tournament, Mississippi State defeated (16) Nicholls State, (9) Oklahoma State, (4) NC State, and (3) UCLA en route to the Final Four, where they beat (1) Louisville in overtime, putting their record at 37–1.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Of the 18 teams who have entered the tournament unbeaten, 9 went on to win the National Championship.[6]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The first two rounds, also referred to as the subregionals, were played at the sites of the top 16 seeds, as was done in 2016. The following are the sites that hosted each round of the 2017 tournament.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Of the other teams to play in their home states, Stanford (1992) won the national title; Notre Dame (2011) lost in the championship game; and Western Kentucky (1986), Penn State (2000), Missouri State (2001), LSU (2004), and Baylor (2010) lost in the semifinals.", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The following teams automatically qualified for the 2016 NCAA field by virtue of winning their conference's tournament (except for the Ivy League, whose regular-season champion received the automatic bid).", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Championship Game. The Championship Game was televised in the United States by ESPN. Adam Amin gave the play-by-play, with Kara Lawson and Rebecca Lobo as the color analysts, and Holly Rowe as the sideline reporter. Maria Taylor, Lobo, Nell Fortner and Andy Landers provided studio coverage.[3]", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Sweet Sixteen & Elite Eight Saturday/Monday", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. First & Second Rounds Saturday/Monday", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, Justin Jackson broke out of a shooting slump and led North Carolina with 21 points to a 103–64 win over Texas Southern.[16] In the second round against Arkansas, after blowing a 17-point first half lead and trailing 65–60 with under three minutes remaining, Kennedy Meeks led a North Carolina comeback with 16 points and a huge tip-in with 44.2 seconds remaining to put UNC ahead 68–65 as they survived to win 72–65, and advance to the Sweet 16.[17]", "2017 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Championship Game. In the first round of the 2017 NCAA Tournament, after a tightly contested first half against South Dakota State, Jordan Mathews' 16 points and Przemek Karnowski's three consecutive baskets built a 20-point lead with 5 minutes left, helping Gonzaga to come away with a 66–46 win.[9] In the second round game against Northwestern, Wildcat head coach Chris Collins, trailing by five with five minutes left – after trailing by as many as 22 in the second half – stomped onto the court when a goal-tending call was missed.[10] Collins subsequently drew a technical foul, thereby dooming Northwestern's chances of winning the game, as Gonzaga would prevail to win 79–73.[10]" ]

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[ "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The Tigris and Euphrates, with their tributaries, form a major river system in Western Asia. From sources originating in the Armenian Highlands[5] of eastern Turkey they flow by/through Syria through Iraq into the Persian Gulf.[6] The system is part of the Palearctic Tigris–Euphrates ecoregion, which includes Iraq and parts of Turkey, Syria, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, and Jordan.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. From their sources and upper courses in the mountains of eastern Anatolia, the rivers descend through valleys and gorges to the uplands of Syria and northern Iraq and then to the alluvial plain of central Iraq. The rivers flow in a south-easterly direction through the central plain and combine at Al-Qurnah to form the Shatt al-Arab and discharge into the Persian Gulf.[5]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The Tigris–Euphrates Basin is shared by Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran and Kuwait.[4] Many Tigris tributaries originate in Iran and a Tigris–Euphrates confluence forms part of the Kuwait–Iraq border.[7] Since the 1960s and in the 1970s, when Turkey began the GAP project in earnest, water disputes have regularly occurred in addition to the associated dam's effects on the environment. In addition, Syrian and Iranian dam construction has also contributed to political tension within the basin, particularly during drought.", "Tigris. The Tigris is 1,750 km long, rising in the Taurus Mountains of eastern Turkey about 25 km southeast of the city of Elazig and about 30 km from the headwaters of the Euphrates. The river then flows for 400 km through Turkish territory before becoming the border between Syria and Turkey. This stretch of 44 km is the only part of the river that is located in Syria.[1]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The region has historical importance as part of the Fertile Crescent region, in which civilization is believed to have first emerged.", "Swamp. The Tigris-Euphrates river system is a large swamp and river system in southern Iraq, traditionally inhabited in part by the Marsh Arabs.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The ecoregion is characterized by two large rivers, the Tigris and Euphrates. The rivers have several small tributaries which feed into the system from shallow freshwater lakes, swamps, and marshes, all surrounded by desert. The hydrology of these vast marshes is extremely important to the ecology of the entire upper Persian Gulf. Historically, the area is known as Mesopotamia. As part of the larger Fertile Crescent, it saw the earliest emergence of literate urban civilization in the Uruk period, for which reason it is often described as a \"Cradle of Civilization\".", "Fertile Crescent. Both the Tigris and Euphrates start in the Taurus Mountains of what is today Turkey. Farmers in southern Mesopotamia had to protect their fields from flooding each year, except northern Mesopotamia which had just enough rain to make some farming possible. To protect against flooding, they made levees.[8]", "Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia encompasses the land between the Euphrates and Tigris rivers, both of which have their headwaters in the Armenian Highlands. Both rivers are fed by numerous tributaries, and the entire river system drains a vast mountainous region. Overland routes in Mesopotamia usually follow the Euphrates because the banks of the Tigris are frequently steep and difficult. The climate of the region is semi-arid with a vast desert expanse in the north which gives way to a 15,000 square kilometres (5,800 sq mi) region of marshes, lagoons, mud flats, and reed banks in the south. In the extreme south, the Euphrates and the Tigris unite and empty into the Persian Gulf.", "History of gardening. The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden.[6] No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The general climate of the region is subtropical, hot and arid. At the northern end of the Persian Gulf is the vast floodplain of the Euphrates, Tigris, and Karun Rivers, featuring huge permanent lakes, marshes, and forest. The aquatic vegetation includes reeds, rushes, and papyrus, which support numerous species. Areas around the Tigris and the Euphrates are very fertile. Marshy land is home to water birds, some stopping here while migrating, and some spending the winter in these marshes living off the lizards, snakes, frogs, and fish. Other animals found in these marshes are water buffalo, two endemic rodent species, antelopes and gazelles and small animals such as the jerboa and several other mammals.", "Tigris. The Tigris is heavily dammed in Iraq and Turkey to provide water for irrigating the arid and semi-desert regions bordering the river valley. Damming has also been important for averting floods in Iraq, to which the Tigris has historically been notoriously prone following April melting of snow in the Turkish mountains.", "Tigris. Close to its confluence with the Euphrates, the Tigris splits into several channels. First, the artificial Shatt al-Hayy branches off, to join the Euphrates near Nasiriyah. Second, the Shatt al-Muminah and Majar al-Kabir branch off to feed the Central Marshes. Further downstream, two other distributary channels branch off (the Al-Musharrah and Al-Kahla), which feed the Hawizeh Marshes. The main channel continues southwards and is joined by the Al-Kassarah, which drains the Hawizeh Marshes. Finally, the Tigris joins the Euphrates near al-Qurnah to form the Shatt-al-Arab. According to Pliny and other ancient historians, the Euphrates originally had its outlet into the sea separate from that of the Tigris.[3]", "Tiger versus lion. The Euphrates and Tigris Rivers flow from Turkey to Iraq, through the Syrian region.[115] Lions were seen along the upper reaches of the Euphrates (Biledzhik, 1877; Alston and Danford, 1880) in the 1870s, before disappearing there by the end of the 19th Century, though they otherwise survived in that period, in Mesopotamia and the Arabian peninsula. In the 1850s, lions also occurred in the upper courses of the Tigris, near Mosul in the north. In the 1860s, there were many lions in reed marshes, along the banks of the two rives, though mostly in their lower reaches (Blanford, 1876).[3] Two lions in the region of Mosul were reported for the last time in 1914, and the last lion in Iraq was slaughtered on the lower Tigris in 1918.[4][85][116] Mazandaran tigers also occurred in Iraq,[117] on the banks of the Euphrates and Tigris. In 1887, a tiger was killed near Mosul (Kock, 1990).[109][4]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The marshlands were an extensive natural wetlands ecosystem which developed over thousands of years in the Tigris–Euphrates basin and once covered 15–20,000 square kilometers. According to the United Nations Environmental Program and the AMAR Charitable Foundation, between 84% and 90% of the marshes have been destroyed since the 1970s. In 1994, 60 percent of the wetlands were destroyed by Hussein's regime – drained to permit military access and greater political control of the native Marsh Arabs. Canals, dykes and dams were built routing the water of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers around the marshes, instead of allowing water to move slowly through the marshland. After part of the Euphrates was dried up due to re-routing its water to the sea, a dam was built so water could not back up from the Tigris and sustain the former marshland. Some marshlands were burned and pipes buried underground helped to carry away water for quicker drying.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The Mesopotamian Marshes in southern Iraq were historically the largest wetland ecosystem of Western Eurasia. Their drainage began in the 1950s, to reclaim land for agriculture and oil exploration. Saddam Hussein extended this work in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as part of ecological warfare against the Marsh Arabs, a rebellious group of people in Baathist Iraq. However, with the breaching of the dikes by local communities after the 2003 invasion of Iraq and the ending of a four-year drought that same year, the process has been reversed and the marshes have experienced a substantial rate of recovery. The permanent wetlands now cover more than 50% of pre-1970s levels, with a remarkable regrowth of the Hammar and Hawizeh Marshes and some recovery of the Central Marshes.[11]", "Four corners of the world. In Christianity and Judaism, the Old Testament (Genesis 2:8-14) identifies the Garden of Eden, and the four rivers as the Tigris, Euphrates, Pishon, and Gihon. The Tigris runs to Assyria, the Euphrates to Armenia, the Pishon to Havilah or Elam, and the Gihon to Ethiopia.[1][2][3]", "Atatürk Dam. Originating in the mountains of eastern Anatolia and flowing southwards to Syria and Iraq, the Euphrates and the Tigris are very irregular rivers, used to cause great problems each year with droughts in summer and flooding in winter. The water of the Euphrates River is regulated by means of large reservoirs of the Keban and Atatürk Dams. However, the waters released from the HEPPs of those dams also need to be regulated. The Birecik and the Karkamış Dams downstream the Atatürk Dam are constructed for the purpose of harnessing the waters released from large-scale dams and HEPPs.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The issue of water rights became a point of contention for Iraq, Turkey and Syria beginning in the 1960s when Turkey implemented a public-works project (the GAP project) aimed at harvesting the water from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers through the construction of 22 dams, for irrigation and hydroelectric energy purposes. Although the water dispute between Turkey and Syria was more problematic, the GAP project was also perceived as a threat by Iraq. The tension between Turkey and Iraq about the issue was increased by the effect of Syria and Turkey's participation in the UN embargo against Iraq following the Gulf War. However, the issue had never become as significant as the water dispute between Turkey and Syria.[8]", "Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia (/ˌmɛsəpəˈteɪmiə/, Ancient Greek: Μεσοποταμία \"[land] between rivers\"; Arabic: بلاد الرافدين‎‎ bilād ar-rāfidayn; Kurdish: میزۆپۆتامیا‎; Persian: میان‌رودان‎‎ miyān rudān; Syriac: ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪܝܢ‎ Beth Nahrain \"land of rivers\") was a historical region situated within the Tigris–Euphrates river system, in modern days roughly corresponding to most of Iraq plus Kuwait, the eastern parts of Syria, Southeastern Turkey, and regions along the Turkish-Syrian and Iran–Iraq borders.[1]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. The 2008 drought in Iraq sparked new negotiations between Iraq and Turkey over trans-boundary river flows. Although the drought affected Turkey, Syria and Iran as well, Iraq complained regularly about reduced water flows. Iraq particularly complained about the Euphrates River because of the large amount of dams on the river. Turkey agreed to increase the flow several times, beyond its means in order to supply Iraq with extra water. Iraq has seen significant declines in water storage and crop yields because of the drought. To make matters worse, Iraq's water infrastructure has suffered from years of conflict and neglect.[9]", "Göbekli Tepe. With its mountains catching the rain and a calcareous, porous bedrock creating lots of springs, creeks and rivers[37] the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Tigris was a refuge during the dry and cold Younger Dryas climatic event (10,800 – 9,500 BCE). Crowded conditions could have led these people to develop common rituals strengthened by monumental gathering places to reduce tensions and conflicts over resources[38], and probably to mark territorial claims.", "Euphrates. The Euphrates is the longest river of Western Asia.[6] It emerges from the confluence of the Kara Su or Western Euphrates (450 kilometres (280 mi)) and the Murat Su or Eastern Euphrates (650 kilometres (400 mi)) 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) upstream from the town of Keban in southeastern Turkey.[7] Daoudy and Frenken put the length of the Euphrates from the source of the Murat River to the confluence with the Tigris at 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi), of which 1,230 kilometres (760 mi) is in Turkey, 710 kilometres (440 mi) in Syria and 1,060 kilometres (660 mi) in Iraq.[8][9] The same figures are given by Isaev and Mikhailova.[10] The length of the Shatt al-Arab, which connects the Euphrates and the Tigris with the Persian Gulf, is given by various sources as 145–195 kilometres (90–121 mi).[11]", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. In the 1980s, this ecoregion was put in grave danger as the Iran–Iraq War raged within its boundaries. The wetlands of Iraq, which were inhabited by the Marsh Arabs, were almost completely dried out, and have only recently[when?] shown signs of recovery.", "Tigris–Euphrates river system. In 2008, Turkey, Iraq and Syria agreed to restart the Joint Trilateral Committee on water for the three nations for better water resources management. Turkey, Iraq and Syria signed a memorandum of understanding on September 3, 2009, in order to strengthen communication within the Tigris–Euphrates Basin and to develop joint water-flow-monitoring stations. On September 19, 2009, Turkey formally agreed to increase the flow of the Euphrates River to 450 to 500 m³/s, but only until October 20, 2009. In exchange, Iraq agreed to trade petroleum with Turkey and help curb Kurdish militant activity in their border region. One of Turkey's last large GAP dams on the Tigris – the Ilisu Dam – is strongly opposed by Iraq and is the source of political strife.[10]", "Mesopotamia. The arid environment which ranges from the northern areas of rain-fed agriculture to the south where irrigation of agriculture is essential if a surplus energy returned on energy invested (EROEI) is to be obtained. This irrigation is aided by a high water table and by melting snows from the high peaks of the northern Zagros Mountains and from the Armenian Highlands, the source of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that give the region its name. The usefulness of irrigation depends upon the ability to mobilize sufficient labor for the construction and maintenance of canals, and this, from the earliest period, has assisted the development of urban settlements and centralized systems of political authority.", "Tigris. Baghdad, the capital of Iraq, stands on the banks of the Tigris. The port city of Basra straddles the Shatt al-Arab. In ancient times, many of the great cities of Mesopotamia stood on or near the Tigris, drawing water from it to irrigate the civilization of the Sumerians. Notable Tigris-side cities included Nineveh, Ctesiphon, and Seleucia, while the city of Lagash was irrigated by the Tigris via a canal dug around 2900 B.C.", "Kurdistan. The plateaus and mountains of Kurdistan, which are characterized by heavy rain and snow fall, act as a water reservoir for the Near and Middle East, forming the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, as well as other numerous smaller rivers, such as the Little Khabur, Khabur, Tharthar, Ceyhan, Araxes, Kura, Sefidrud, Karkha, and Hezil. Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the Murat (Arasān) and Buhtān rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhābur, the Little Zab, the Great Zab, and the Diyala in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tātā'u (Siminarud), the Zohāb (Zahāb), and the Gāmāsiyāb in Iran.", "Taurus Mountains. The Southeastern Taurus mountains form the northern boundary of the Southeastern Anatolia Region and North Mesopotamia. They are also the source of the Euphrates River and Tigris River.", "Southeastern Anatolia Project. The initial idea and decision to utilize the waters of the Euphrates and Tigris rivers came from Atatürk, the founder of the Republic. In the 1920s and 1930s, the need for electrical energy was a priority issue. The Electricity Studies Administration was founded in 1936 to investigate how rivers in the country could be utilized for energy production. The Administration began its detailed studies with the \"Keban Dam Project\" and established observation stations to assess the flow and other characteristics of the Euphrates. The GAP as it is structured today, was planned in the 1970s consisting of projects for irrigation and hydraulic energy production on the Euphrates and Tigris, but transformed into a multi-sector social and economic development program for the region in the early 80s. The development program encompassed such sectors as irrigation, hydraulic energy, agriculture, rural and urban infrastructure, forestry, education and health. With the development of new GAP Administrative structure in 1988–1989, its basic objectives included the improvement of living standards and income levels of people so as to eliminate regional development disparities (economic inequality) and contributing to national goals such as social stability and economic growth by enhancing productivity and employment opportunities in the rural sector.[3]", "Euphrates. The construction of the dams and irrigation schemes on the Euphrates has had a significant impact on the environment and society of each riparian country. The dams constructed as part of GAP – in both the Euphrates and the Tigris basins – have affected 382 villages and almost 200,000 people have been resettled elsewhere. The largest number of people was displaced by the building of the Atatürk Dam, which alone affected 55,300 people.[46] A survey among those who were displaced showed that the majority were unhappy with their new situation and that the compensation they had received was considered insufficient.[47] The flooding of Lake Assad led to the forced displacement of c. 4,000 families, who were resettled in other parts of northern Syria as part of a now abandoned plan to create an \"Arab belt\" along the borders with Turkey and Iraq.[48][49][50]", "Euphrates. Apart from barrages and dams, Iraq has also created an intricate network of canals connecting the Euphrates with Lake Habbaniyah, Lake Tharthar, and Abu Dibbis reservoir; all of which can be used to store excess floodwater. Via the Shatt al-Hayy, the Euphrates is connected with the Tigris. The largest canal in this network is the Main Outfall Drain or so-called \"Third River;\" constructed between 1953 and 1992. This 565-kilometre-long (351 mi) canal is intended to drain the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris south of Baghdad to prevent soil salinization from irrigation. It also allows large freight barges to navigate up to Baghdad.[43][44][45]" ]

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[ "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. The Book of the Dead, the collection of spells which aided a person in the afterlife, had the Egyptian name of the Book of going forth by day. They helped people avoid the perils of the afterlife and also aided their existence, containing spells to ensure \"not dying a second time in the underworld\", and to \"grant memory always\" to a person. In the Egyptian religion it was possible to die in the afterlife and this death was permanent.", "Ancient Egyptian funerary practices. Many mummies were provided with some form of funerary literature to take with them to the afterlife. Most funerary literature consists of lists of spells and instructions for navigating the afterlife. During the Old Kingdom, only the pharaoh had access to this material, which scholars refer to as the Pyramid Texts. The Pyramid Texts are a collection of spells to assure the royal resurrection and protect the pharaoh from various malignant influences. The Pharaoh Unas was the first to use this collection of spells, as he and a few subsequent pharaohs had them carved on the walls of their pyramids.[40] These texts were individually chosen from a larger bank of spells.", "Anubis. By the late pharaonic era (664–332 BC), Anubis was often depicted as guiding individuals across the threshold from the world of the living to the afterlife.[36] Though a similar role was sometimes performed by the cow-headed Hathor, Anubis was more commonly chosen to fulfill that function.[37] Greek writers from the Roman period of Egyptian history designated that role as that of \"psychopomp\", a Greek term meaning \"guide of souls\" that they used to refer to their own god Hermes, who also played that role in Greek religion.[27] Funerary art from that period represents Anubis guiding either men or women dressed in Greek clothes into the presence of Osiris, who by then had long replaced Anubis as ruler of the underworld.[38]", "Book of the Dead. The nature of the afterlife which the dead person enjoyed is difficult to define, because of the differing traditions within Ancient Egyptian religion. In the Book of the Dead, the dead were taken into the presence of the god Osiris, who was confined to the subterranean Duat. There are also spells to enable the ba or akh of the dead to join Ra as he travelled the sky in his sun-barque, and help him fight off Apep.[36] As well as joining the Gods, the Book of the Dead also depicts the dead living on in the 'Field of Reeds', a paradisiac likeness of the real world.[37] The Field of Reeds is depicted as a lush, plentiful version of the Egypt of the living. There are fields, crops, oxen, people and waterways. The deceased person is shown encountering the Great Ennead, a group of gods, as well as his or her own parents. While the depiction of the Field of Reeds is pleasant and plentiful, it is also clear that manual labour is required. For this reason burials included a number of statuettes named shabti, or later ushebti. These statuettes were inscribed with a spell, also included in the Book of the Dead, requiring them to undertake any manual labour that might be the owner's duty in the afterlife.[38] It is also clear that the dead not only went to a place where the gods lived, but that they acquired divine characteristics themselves. In many occasions, the deceased is mentioned as \"The Osiris – [Name]\" in the Book of the Dead.", "Ancient Egyptian religion. The Coffin Texts included sections with detailed descriptions of the underworld and instructions on how to overcome its hazards. In the New Kingdom, this material gave rise to several \"books of the netherworld\", including the Book of Gates, the Book of Caverns, and the Amduat.[69] Unlike the loose collections of spells, these netherworld books are structured depictions of Ra's passage through the Duat, and by analogy, the journey of the deceased person's soul through the realm of the dead. They were originally restricted to pharaonic tombs, but in the Third Intermediate Period they came to be used more widely.[70]", "Maat. Egyptians were often entombed with funerary texts in order to be well equipped for the afterlife as mandated by Egyptian burial customs. These often served to guide the deceased through the afterlife, and the most famous one is the Book of the Dead or Papyrus of Ani (known to the ancient Egyptians as The Book of Coming Forth by Day). The lines of these texts are often collectively called the \"Forty-Two Declarations of Purity\".[29] These declarations varied somewhat from tomb to tomb as they were tailored to the individual, and so cannot be considered a canonical definition of Maat. Rather, they appear to express each tomb owner's individual practices in life to please Maat, as well as words of absolution from misdeeds or mistakes, made by the tomb owner in life could be declared as not having been done, and through the power of the written word, wipe particular misdeed from the afterlife record of the deceased. Many of the lines are similar, however, and paint a very unified picture of Maat.[29]", "Art of ancient Egypt. In the New Kingdom and later, the Book of the Dead was buried with the entombed person. It was considered important for an introduction to the afterlife.", "Ancient Egyptian religion. During the late Old Kingdom (2686–2181 BC) and the First Intermediate Period (c. 2181–2055 BC), the Egyptians gradually came to believe that possession of a ba and the possibility of a paradisiacal afterlife extended to everyone.[37][42] In the fully developed afterlife beliefs of the New Kingdom, the soul had to avoid a variety of supernatural dangers in the Duat, before undergoing a final judgment known as the \"Weighing of the Heart\". In this judgment, the gods compared the actions of the deceased while alive (symbolized by the heart) to Ma'at, to determine whether he or she had behaved in accordance with Ma'at. If the deceased was judged worthy, his or her ka and ba were united into an akh.[43] Several beliefs coexisted about the akh's destination. Often the dead were said to dwell in the realm of Osiris, a lush and pleasant land in the underworld.[44] The solar vision of the afterlife, in which the deceased soul traveled with Ra on his daily journey, was still primarily associated with royalty, but could extend to other people as well. Over the course of the Middle and New Kingdoms, the notion that the akh could also travel in the world of the living, and to some degree magically affect events there, became increasingly prevalent.[45]", "Ancient Egyptian religion. Among the most significant and extensively preserved Egyptian writings are funerary texts designed to ensure that deceased souls reached a pleasant afterlife.[63] The earliest of these are the Pyramid Texts. They are a loose collection of hundreds of spells inscribed on the walls of royal pyramids during the Old Kingdom, intended to magically provide pharaohs with the means to join the company of the gods in the afterlife.[64] The spells appear in differing arrangements and combinations, and few of them appear in all of the pyramids.[65]", "Duat. Duat (pronounced \"do-aht\") (also Tuat and Tuaut or Akert, Amenthes, Amenti, or Neter-khertet) was the realm of the dead in ancient Egyptian mythology. The deity Osiris was believed to be the lord of the underworld since he personified rebirth and life after death, being the first mummy as depicted in the Osiris myth. The underworld was also the residence of various other gods along with Osiris. The Duat was the region through which the sun god Ra traveled from west to east each night, and it was where he battled Apep, who embodied the primordial chaos which the sun had to defeat in order to rise each morning and bring order back to the earth. It was also the place where people's souls went after death for judgement, though that was not the full extent of the afterlife.[1] Burial chambers formed touching-points between the mundane world and the Duat, and the akh, the effectiveness of the dead, could use tombs to travel back and forth from the Duat.[2]", "Book of the Dead. The Book of the Dead is an ancient Egyptian funerary text, used from the beginning of the New Kingdom (around 1550 BCE) to around 50 BCE.[1] The original Egyptian name for the text, transliterated rw nw prt m hrw[2] is translated as Book of Coming Forth by Day.[3] Another translation would be Book of Emerging Forth into the Light. \"Book\" is the closest term to describe the loose collection of texts[4] consisting of a number of magic spells intended to assist a dead person's journey through the Duat, or underworld, and into the afterlife and written by many priests over a period of about 1000 years.", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. Egyptians conceived of an afterlife as quite similar to normal physical existence — but with a difference. The model for this new existence was the journey of the Sun. At night the Sun descended into the Duat (the underworld). Eventually the Sun meets the body of the mummified Osiris. Osiris and the Sun, re-energized by each other, rise to new life for another day. For the deceased, their body and their tomb were their personal Osiris and a personal Duat. For this reason they are often addressed as \"Osiris\". For this process to work, some sort of bodily preservation was required, to allow the Ba to return during the night, and to rise to new life in the morning. However, the complete ꜣḫs were also thought to appear as stars.[7] Until the Late Period, non-royal Egyptians did not expect to unite with the Sun deity, it being reserved for the royals.[8]", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. In Egyptian religion, the heart was the key to the afterlife. It was conceived as surviving death in the nether world, where it gave evidence for, or against, its possessor. It was thought that the heart was examined by Anubis and the deities during the Weighing of the Heart ceremony. If the heart weighed more than the feather of Ma'at, it was immediately consumed by the monster Ammit, and the soul becomes eternally restless.", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. The 'Bâ' (bꜣ) was everything that makes an individual unique, similar to the notion of 'personality'. (In this sense, inanimate objects could also have a 'Bâ', a unique character, and indeed Old Kingdom pyramids often were called the Bâ of their owner). The Bâ is an aspect of a person that the Egyptians believed would live after the body died, and it is sometimes depicted as a human-headed bird flying out of the tomb to join with the Ka in the afterlife.", "Ancient Egyptian funerary practices. The idea of judgement went as follows: in order to be considered for the admittance into the afterlife, those who died were obligated to undergo a multi-step judgement by certain gods.[33] The concept and belief in judgement is outlined in the Book of the Dead, a funerary text of the new kingdom. The Book of the Dead is composed of spells relating to the deceased and the afterlife. Spell 125, in particular, is understood to be delivered by the deceased at the outset of the judgement process.[33]", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. Ancient Egyptians believed that death occurs when a person's Ka leaves the body. Ceremonies conducted by priests after death, including the \"opening of the mouth (wp r)\", aimed not only to restore a person's physical abilities in death, but also to release a Ba's attachment to the body. This allowed the Ba to be united with the Ka in the afterlife, creating an entity known as an Akh (ꜣḫ - \"effective one\").", "Ancient Egyptian religion. The Egyptians had elaborate beliefs about death and the afterlife. They believed that humans possessed a ka, or life-force, which left the body at the point of death. In life, the ka received its sustenance from food and drink, so it was believed that, to endure after death, the ka must continue to receive offerings of food, whose spiritual essence it could still consume. Each person also had a ba, the set of spiritual characteristics unique to each individual.[35] Unlike the ka, the ba remained attached to the body after death. Egyptian funeral rituals were intended to release the ba from the body so that it could move freely, and to rejoin it with the ka so that it could live on as an akh. However, it was also important that the body of the deceased be preserved, as the Egyptians believed that the ba returned to its body each night to receive new life, before emerging in the morning as an akh.[36]", "Ancient Egypt. The Egyptians believed that every human being was composed of physical and spiritual parts or aspects. In addition to the body, each person had a Å¡wt (shadow), a ba (personality or soul), a ka (life-force), and a name.[153] The heart, rather than the brain, was considered the seat of thoughts and emotions. After death, the spiritual aspects were released from the body and could move at will, but they required the physical remains (or a substitute, such as a statue) as a permanent home. The ultimate goal of the deceased was to rejoin his ka and ba and become one of the \"blessed dead\", living on as an akh, or \"effective one\". For this to happen, the deceased had to be judged worthy in a trial, in which the heart was weighed against a \"feather of truth\". If deemed worthy, the deceased could continue their existence on earth in spiritual form.[154]", "Ancient Egyptian funerary practices. One of the funerary practices followed by the Egyptians was preparing properly for the afterlife. Ka, the vital force within the Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul, would not return to the deceased body if embalming was not carried out in the proper fashion.[24] In this case, the body decayed, and possibly became unrecognizable, which rendered the afterlife unattainable for the deceased person.[20] If the proper precautions were not taken, damnation would occur. Damnation meant that Egyptians would not experience the glories of the afterlife where they became a deified figure and would be welcomed by the Gods.[39] Instead, damnation was depicted in the books of the underworld. It was a place of opposites; chaos, fire, and struggle.[39] Different pages of the books of the underworld depict different perspectives of what happens during damnation. It discusses cutting out humanity and individuality from the person and reversing the cosmic order.[39]", "Book of the Dead. The spells in the Book of the Dead depict Egyptian beliefs about the nature of death and the afterlife. The Book of the Dead is a vital source of information about Egyptian beliefs in this area.", "Ancient Egyptian religion. When thinking of the shape of the cosmos, the Egyptians saw the earth as a flat expanse of land, personified by the god Geb, over which arched the sky goddess Nut. The two were separated by Shu, the god of air. Beneath the earth lay a parallel underworld and undersky, and beyond the skies lay the infinite expanse of Nu, the chaos that had existed before creation.[25][26] The Egyptians also believed in a place called the Duat, a mysterious region associated with death and rebirth, that may have lain in the underworld or in the sky. Each day, Ra traveled over the earth across the underside of the sky, and at night he passed through the Duat to be reborn at dawn.[27]", "Ancient Egyptian religion. Originally, however, the Egyptians believed that only the pharaoh had a ba,[37] and only he could become one with the gods; dead commoners passed into a dark, bleak realm that represented the opposite of life.[38] The nobles received tombs and the resources for their upkeep as gifts from the king, and their ability to enter the afterlife was believed to be dependent on these royal favors.[39] In early times the deceased pharaoh was believed to ascend to the sky and dwell among the stars.[40] Over the course of the Old Kingdom (c. 2686–2181 BC), however, he came to be more closely associated with the daily rebirth of the sun god Ra and with the underworld ruler Osiris as those deities grew more important.[41]", "Osiris. The Pyramid Texts describe early conceptions of an afterlife in terms of eternal travelling with the sun god amongst the stars. Amongst these mortuary texts, at the beginning of the 4th dynasty, is found: \"An offering the king gives and Anubis\". By the end of the 5th dynasty, the formula in all tombs becomes \"An offering the king gives and Osiris\".[25]", "Ancient Egyptian religion. In the 22nd century BC, the Old Kingdom collapsed into the disorder of the First Intermediate Period, with important consequences for Egyptian religion. Old Kingdom officials had already begun to adopt the funerary rites originally reserved for royalty,[42] but now, less rigid barriers between social classes meant that these practices and the accompanying beliefs gradually extended to all Egyptians, a process called the \"democratization of the afterlife\".[123] The Osirian view of the afterlife had the greatest appeal to commoners, and thus Osiris became one of the most important gods.[124]", "Ancient Egyptian deities. Thoth, as the overseer of time, was said to allot fixed lifespans to both humans and gods.[190] Other gods were also said to govern the length of human lives, including Meskhenet and Renenutet, both of whom presided over birth, and Shai, the personification of fate.[191] Thus the time and manner of death was the main meaning of the Egyptian concept of fate, although to some extent these deities governed other events in life as well. Several texts refer to gods influencing or inspiring human decisions, working through a person's \"heart\"—the seat of emotion and intellect in Egyptian belief. Deities were also believed to give commands, instructing the king in the governance of his realm and regulating the management of their temples. Egyptian texts rarely mention direct commands given to private persons, and these commands never evolved into a set of divinely enforced moral codes.[192] Morality in ancient Egypt was based on the concept of maat, which, when applied to human society, meant that everyone should live in an orderly way that did not interfere with the well-being of other people. Because deities were the upholders of maat, morality was connected with them. For example, the gods judged humans' moral righteousness after death, and by the New Kingdom, a verdict of innocence in this judgment was believed to be necessary for admittance into the afterlife. In general, however, morality was based on practical ways to uphold maat in daily life, rather than on strict rules that the gods laid out.[193]", "Ancient Egyptian funerary practices. In The New Kingdom, the Coffin texts became the Book of the Dead, or the Funeral Papyri, and would last through the Late Kingdom. The text in these books was divided according to chapters/ spells, which were almost two-hundred in number. Each one of these texts was individualized for the deceased, though to varying degrees. If the person was rich enough, then they could commission their own personal version of the text that would include only the spells that they wanted. However, if one was not so wealthy, then one had to make do with the pre-made versions that had spaces left for the name of the deceased.", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. The separation of Akh and the unification of Ka and Ba were brought about after death by having the proper offerings made and knowing the proper, efficacious spell, but there was an attendant risk of dying again. Egyptian funerary literature (such as the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead) were intended to aid the deceased in \"not dying a second time\" and to aid in becoming an akh.", "Ancient Egyptian religion. Early in the Old Kingdom, Ra grew in influence, and his cult center at Heliopolis became the nation's most important religious site.[119] By the Fifth Dynasty, Ra was the most prominent god in Egypt, and had developed the close links with kingship and the afterlife that he retained for the rest of Egyptian history.[120] Around the same time, Osiris became an important afterlife deity. The Pyramid Texts, first written at this time, reflect the prominence of the solar and Osirian concepts of the afterlife, although they also contain remnants of much older traditions.[121] The texts are an extremely important source for understanding early Egyptian theology.[122]", "Duat. In spite of the many demon-like inhabitants of the Duat, it is not equivalent to the Abrahamic conceptions of Hell in which souls are condemned with fiery torment; the absolute punishment for the wicked, in Ancient Egyptian thought, was the denial of an afterlife to the deceased, ceasing to exist in akh form. The grotesque spirits of the underworld were not evil, but under the control of the gods, being present as various ordeals that the deceased had to face.[9] The Duat was also a residence for various gods, including Osiris, Anubis, Thoth, Horus, Hathor, and Ma'at, who all appear to the dead soul as it makes its way toward judgement.", "Judgement (afterlife). In Ancient Egypt, it was believed that upon death, one's fate in the afterlife was determined by the weighing of one’s heart. One's heart was kept within the body during mummification so that it can travel with the deceased into the afterlife. Upon death, one entered the underworld (Duat), where Anubis, the God of the dead, weighed the persons heart on a scale against the feather of Ma’at, the goddess of order, truth, and righteousness. If the heart weighed more than the feather, meaning that the person was more wicked than good, then the heart would be devoured by Ammit, a demon with the head of a crocodile, the front half of the body of a leopards, and the back half of a hippopotamus, but with goat arms.[1] If a person's heart was devoured by Ammit, then he would die a second death and be completely annihilated from existence.[2]", "Ancient Egyptian concept of the soul. In the Coffin Texts one form of the Bâ that comes into existence after death is corporeal, eating, drinking and copulating. Louis Žabkar argued that the Bâ is not part of the person but is the person himself, unlike the soul in Greek, or late Judaic, Christian or Muslim thought. The idea of a purely immaterial existence was so foreign to Egyptian thought that when Christianity spread in Egypt they borrowed the Greek word psyche to describe the concept of soul and not the term Bâ. Žabkar concludes that so particular was the concept of Bâ to ancient Egyptian thought that it ought not to be translated but instead the concept be footnoted or parenthetically explained as one of the modes of existence for a person.[3]", "Osiris myth. From at least the time of the Pyramid Texts, kings hoped that after their deaths they could emulate Osiris's restoration to life and his rule over the realm of the dead. By the early Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE), non-royal Egyptians believed that they, too, could overcome death as Osiris had, by worshipping him and receiving the funerary rites that were partly based on his myth. Osiris thus became Egypt's most important afterlife deity.[103] The myth also influenced the notion, which grew prominent in the New Kingdom, that only virtuous people could reach the afterlife. As the assembled deities judged Osiris and Horus to be in the right, undoing the injustice of Osiris's death, so a deceased soul had to be judged righteous in order for his or her death to be undone.[83] As ruler of the land of the dead and as a god connected with maat, Osiris became the judge in this posthumous trial, offering life after death to those who followed his example.[104] New Kingdom funerary texts such as the Amduat and the Book of Gates liken Ra himself to a deceased soul. In them, he travels through the Duat and unites with Osiris to be reborn at dawn.[105] Thus, Osiris was not only believed to enable rebirth for the dead; he renewed the sun, the source of life and maat, and thus renewed the world itself.[106]" ]

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[ "Wild turkey. Adult wild turkeys have long reddish-yellow to grayish-green legs. The body feathers are generally blackish and dark, sometimes grey brown overall with a coppery sheen that becomes more complex in adult males. Adult males, called toms or gobblers, have a large, featherless, reddish head, red throat, and red wattles on the throat and neck. The head has fleshy growths called caruncles. Juvenile males are called jakes; the difference between an adult male and a juvenile is that the jake has a very short beard and his tail fan has longer feathers in the middle. The adult male's tail fan feathers will be all the same length.[5] When males are excited, a fleshy flap on the bill expands, and this, the wattles and the bare skin of the head and neck all become engorged with blood, almost concealing the eyes and bill. The long fleshy object over a male's beak is called a snood. Each foot has three toes in front, with a shorter, rear-facing toe in back; males have a spur behind each of their lower legs.[6]", "Wild turkey. Turkeys have many vocalizations: \"gobbles\", \"clucks\", \"putts\", \"purrs\", \"yelps\", \"cutts\", \"whines\", \"cackles\", and \"kee-kees\". In early spring, males older than 1-year-old (sometimes called gobblers or toms) and, occasionally to a lesser extent, males younger than 1-year-old (sometimes called jakes) gobble to announce their presence to females and competing males. The gobble can carry for up to a mile. Males also emit a low-pitched \"drumming\" sound; produced by the movement of air in the air sack in the chest, similar to the booming of a prairie chicken. In addition they produce a sound known as the \"spit\" which is a sharp expulsion of air from this air sack. Hens \"yelp\" to let gobblers know their location. Gobblers often yelp in the manner of females, and hens can gobble, though they rarely do so. Immature males, called jakes, often yelp.", "National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation. The turkeys are raised in the same fashion as turkeys designated for slaughter and are fed a grain-heavy diet of fortified corn and soybeans to increase the birds' size.[11] A flock of approximately 80 birds, typically from the farm of the current National Turkey Federation chairperson, are selected to be acclimated to handle loud noises, flash photography and large crowds; from the flock of 80, the 20 best-preened and best-behaved are chosen and eventually narrowed down to two finalists, whose names are chosen by the White House staff from suggestions by school children from the state where they were raised.[14] Thanksgiving turkeys are bred and raised to provide more meat than those of the 1960s. Turkey hens are usually marketed at 14 weeks and weigh 15.5 pounds (7.0 kg) when processed. This compares to the tom, which takes 18 weeks to reach a market weight of 38 pounds (17 kg).[15] The turkeys for the National Thanksgiving Turkey Presentation are usually 21 week-old toms (males) weighing 45 pounds by the time of their White House visit, compared to the shorter growing period for turkeys destined for market.", "Royal Palm turkey. The toms are noted for being non-aggressive, and the hens are particularly good mothers.", "Wild turkey. Male turkeys have a long, dark, fan-shaped tail and glossy bronze wings. As with many other species of the Galliformes, turkeys exhibit strong sexual dimorphism. The male is substantially larger than the female, and his feathers have areas of red, purple, green, copper, bronze, and gold iridescence. The preen gland (uropygial gland) is also larger in male turkeys compared to female ones. In contrast to the majority of other birds, they are colonized by bacteria of unknown function (Corynebacterium uropygiale).[7] Females, called hens, have feathers that are duller overall, in shades of brown and gray. Parasites can dull coloration of both sexes; in males, coloration may serve as a signal of health.[8] The primary wing feathers have white bars. Turkeys have 5000 to 6000 feathers.[9] Tail feathers are of the same length in adults, different lengths in juveniles. Males typically have a \"beard\", a tuft of coarse hair (modified feathers) growing from the center of the breast. Beards average 230 mm (9.1 in) in length. In some populations, 10 to 20% of females have a beard, usually shorter and thinner than that of the male. The adult male (or \"tom\") normally weighs from 5 to 11 kg (11 to 24 lb) and measures 100–125 cm (39–49 in) in length. The adult female (or \"hen\") is typically much smaller at 2.5–5.4 kg (5.5–11.9 lb) and is 76 to 95 cm (30 to 37 in) long.[10][11] Per two large studies, the average weight of adult males is 7.6 kg (17 lb) and the average weight of adult females is 4.26 kg (9.4 lb).[12][13] The wings are relatively small, as is typical of the galliform order, and the wingspan ranges from 1.25 to 1.44 m (4 ft 1 in to 4 ft 9 in). The wing chord is only 20 to 21.4 cm (7.9 to 8.4 in). The bill is also relatively small, as adults measure 2 to 3.2 cm (0.79 to 1.26 in) in culmen length.[14] The tarsus of the wild turkey is quite long and sturdy, measuring from 9.7 to 19.1 cm (3.8 to 7.5 in). The tail is also relatively long, ranging from 24.5 to 50.5 cm (9.6 to 19.9 in).[15] The record-sized adult male wild turkey, according to the National Wild Turkey Federation, weighed 16.85 kg (37.1 lb), with records of tom turkeys weighing over 13.8 kg (30 lb) uncommon but not rare.[16] While it is usually rather lighter than the waterfowl, after the trumpeter swan (Cygnus buccinator), the turkey has the second heaviest maximum weight of any North American bird. Going on average mass, several other birds on the continent, including the American white pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos), the tundra swan (Cygnus columbianus columbianus) and the very rare California condor (Gymnogyps californianus) and whooping crane (Grus americana) surpass the mean weight of turkeys. On one hand, none of these other species are as sexually dimorphic in size as the wild turkey, but on the other, they are also far less numerous and are not legally hunted unlike the turkey, thousands of which are weighed every year during hunting season.[17][18]", "Tweenies. Jake (operated by Samantha Dodd 1999-2002; voiced by Justin Fletcher, Colin O'Meara in the US) is a three-year-old orange-skinned boy with a blonde mohican. Being the youngest Tweenie, he sometimes feels left out and excluded from the other Tweenies' games when he is not big enough to join in. He is sweet and has a close bond with Doodles, but he sometimes shows signs of being homesick and is prone to temper tantrums when frustrated. He often gets words mixed up. His best friend is Milo. Jake has an unnamed brother and his uncle is Jewish.", "Wild turkey. Occasionally, if cornered, adult turkeys may try to fight off predators and large male toms can be especially aggressive in self-defense. When fighting off predators, turkeys may kick with their legs, using the spurs on their back of the legs as a weapon, bite with their beak and ram with their relatively large bodies and may be able to deter predators up to the size of mid-sized mammals.[43][44] Hen turkeys have been seen to chase off at least two species of hawks in flight when their poults are threatened.[45] Occasionally, turkeys may behave aggressively towards humans, especially in areas where natural habitats are scarce. They also have been seen to chase off humans as well. However, attacks can usually be deterred and minor injuries can be avoided by giving turkeys a respectful amount of space and keeping outdoor spaces clean and undisturbed.[46]", "Turkey bacon. Two strips of Butterball turkey bacon contain 3 grams of fat and 50 calories (32% of which from fat); turkey bacon from Louis Rich and Mr. Turkey contain 5 and 4 grams of fat, respectively, per two slices. By comparison, two strips of regular pork bacon contain, on average, some 7 grams of fat.[5] Andrew Smith, in The Turkey: An American Story, notes that turkey products (including turkey bacon) contain, on average twice as much sodium as the pork products they replace.[6]", "Wild turkey. This was the turkey species Europeans first encountered in the wild: by the Puritans, the founders of Jamestown, and by the Acadians. Its range is one of the largest of all subspecies, covering the entire eastern half of the United States from Maine in the north to northern Florida and extending as far west as Michigan, Illinois, and into Missouri. In Canada, its range extends into Southeastern Manitoba, Ontario, Southwestern Quebec (including Pontiac, Quebec and the lower half of the Western Quebec Seismic Zone), and the Maritime Provinces. They number from 5.1 to 5.3 million birds. They were first named 'forest turkey' in 1817, and can grow up to 4 ft (1.2 m) tall. The upper tail coverts are tipped with chestnut brown. Males can reach 30 lb (14 kg) in weight. The eastern wild turkey is heavily hunted in the Eastern USA and is the most hunted wild turkey subspecies.", "Turkey ham. Turkey ham is produced from turkey meat such as cured turkey thigh meat and other meat from the animals, which can be machine-deboned.[4] Contrary to the product's name, turkey ham products do not contain any ham or pork products.[5] Some turkey ham products are manufactured with added water, which adds moisture and weight, and some include binders, which serves to bind the moisture and fat in the meat to improve texture.[6][7] Turkey ham is sometimes flavored to resemble the flavor of ham.[5] Turkey ham typically has a 5 percent fat content, and some turkey hams are produced as fat-free.[3][8] Turkey hams are typically produced in two sizes, whole and half-sized.[3]", "Turkey (bird). Several other birds that are sometimes called turkeys are not particularly closely related: the brushturkeys are megapodes, and the bird sometimes known as the \"Australian turkey\" is the Australian bustard (Ardeotis australis). The anhinga (Anhinga anhinga) is sometimes called a water turkey, from the shape of its tail when the feathers are fully spread for drying.", "Amarillo Slim. Thomas Austin Preston Jr. was born on December 31, 1928, in Johnson, Arkansas, but when he was an infant his parents moved to Turkey, Texas. After they divorced, his mother returned to Johnson, while his father moved to Amarillo. Slim is quoted as saying: \"It's a good thing he did, because Amarillo Slim sounds a heck of a lot better than Turkey Tom or Arkansas Austin.\"[7] Preston was divorced, had three children, and lived in Amarillo, Texas.[8]", "Wild turkey. There are subtle differences in the coloration, habitat, and behavior of the different subspecies of wild turkeys. The six subspecies are:", "Thanksgiving dinner. There are also regional differences as to the stuffing or dressing traditionally served with the turkey. The traditional version has bread cubes, sage, onion and celery. Southerners generally make their dressing from cornbread, while those in other parts of the country make stuffing from white, wheat or rye bread as the base. One or several of the following may be added to the dressing/stuffing: oysters, apples, chestnuts, raisins, and sausages or the turkey's giblets.", "Royal Palm turkey. The Royal Palm is a breed of domestic turkey. One of the few turkeys not primarily selected for meat production, the Royal Palm is best known as an ornamental bird with a unique appearance, largely white with bands of metallic black. Primarily kept as an exhibition bird, or on small farms, it lacks the size for large scale commercial use. Toms usually weigh 16 to 22 lbs and the hens 10 to 12 lbs.", "Kel Mitchell. Outside of his ventures with Kenan Thompson, Mitchell provided the voice of a mild-mannered and playful dog named T-Bone in the children's cartoon series Clifford the Big Red Dog, alongside John Ritter, from 2000 to 2003. Additionally, he made an appearance in the 2004 Kanye West music video All Falls Down as a luggage collecting valet. Mitchell co-hosted Dance 360 with Fredro Starr; the show lasted for only one season. From 2005 until 2006, Mitchell portrayed Manny Sellers in the sitcom One on One, and in 2007 Mitchell starred in BET's new series Take the Cake. Some of his other credits include Honeydripper and Mystery Men.", "Turkey (bird). An infant turkey is called a \"chick\", \"poult\" or \"turklette\".", "Pygostyle. Turkey tail or turkey butt has an international exportation market in places such as Micronesia, Samoa, and Ghana. The turkey tail is commonly exported from America because it is considered unhealthy and cut off of the normal turkey.[6] After World War II, cheap imported turkey tails became popular in Samoa. Because the cut is so fatty, to combat obesity it was banned from 2007 to 2013, only allowed back when Samoa joined the World Trade Organization. The meat is otherwise used in pet food.[7]", "Malaysian cuisine. After migrating south of the border, Thai tom yam takes on the visual characteristics of a Malaysian assam gravy with a flavour profile of sweet, sour and spicy. It is thickened with pounded chile paste which also turns it a vivid orange-red. Tamarind is often used instead of lime juice as its souring agent, and dried instead of fresh chilies are used to provide a fiery kick. Malay-style tom yam soup tends to be heavily seafood-based, whereas in Chinese-style eateries the broth's spiciness is toned down and usually serves as a base for noodle soup.", "Tom and Jerry. In his attempts to catch Jerry, Tom often has to deal with Spike (known as \"Killer\" and \"Butch\" in some shorts), an angry, vicious but easily duped bulldog who tries to attack Tom for bothering him or his son Tyke while trying to get Jerry. Originally, Spike was unnamed and mute (aside from howls and biting noises) as well as attacking indiscriminately, not caring whether it was Tom or Jerry though usually attacking Tom. In later cartoons, Spike spoke often, using a voice and expressions (performed by Billy Bletcher and later Daws Butler) modeled after comedian Jimmy Durante. Spike's coat has altered throughout the years between grey and creamy tan. The addition of Spike's son Tyke in the late 1940s led to both a slight softening of Spike's character and a short-lived spin-off theatrical series (Spike and Tyke).", "List of Warriors characters. Jake is a plump ginger tom. He is Firestar's father.\nHe is also the father of Princess and the grandfather of Cloudtail, Leafpool and Squirrelflight. He is the father of Scourge, Socks, and Ruby, but they have a different mother, Quince.\nIn Bluestar's Prophecy, Bluepaw talked to Jake when a squirrel she was chasing went over a twoleg fence.[4] His mate is Nutmeg. In Tallstar's Revenge, Tallpaw leaves WindClan to find a cat that he thinks killed his father. During this journey, he meets Jake, and Jake helps Tallpaw on his journey.", "Turkey bacon. Turkey bacon is lower in fat and calories than bacon, but can be used in a similar manner to bacon (such as in a BLT sandwich),[1] but its lower fat content makes it unsuitable in some situations, such as grilling.[3]", "Beard. The term \"beard\" is also used for a collection of stiff, hair-like feathers on the centre of the breast of turkeys. Normally, the turkey's beard remains flat and may be hidden under other feathers, but when the bird is displaying, the beard become erect and protrudes several centimetres from the breast.", "Turkey (bird). In many countries, the names for turkeys have different derivations. Ironically, many of these names incorporate an assumed Indian origin, such as diiq Hindi (\"Indian rooster\") in Arabian countries, dinde (\"from India\") in French, индюшка (indyushka) (\"bird of India\") in Russia, indyk in Poland, and Hindi (\"India\") in Turkey. These are thought to arise from the thought that Christopher Columbus had originally believed that he had reached India rather than the Americas on his voyage.[5] In Portuguese a turkey is a peru; the name is thought to derive from the eponymous country Perú.[11]", "Bacon. The meat for turkey bacon comes from the whole turkey and can be cured or uncured, smoked, chopped, and reformed into strips that resemble bacon.[1] Turkey bacon is cooked by pan-frying.[57] Cured turkey bacon made from dark meat can be 90% fat free.[58] The low fat content of turkey bacon means it does not shrink while being cooked and has a tendency to stick to the pan.[58]", "Turkey Hill (company). In 2004, the stores adopted the current signage, featuring a stylized map of the contiguous U.S. Kroger also owns the Kwik Shop chain in Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska; the Loaf 'N Jug Mini Marts in Colorado, New Mexico, Nebraska, Montana, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Wyoming; Quik Stop Markets in California and Nevada; and the Tom Thumb in Florida and Alabama - all of which use the same logo and font. The older stores will be getting face lifts with the new logo and store front.[28] Kroger has not indicated any plans yet to consolidate the marketing for their 800 convenience stores, but a new vice-president, Van Tarver, was named in June 2006 to oversee their convenience store and petroleum division.[29] Van Tarver left the company in 2014 to start his own business, Van Tarver Group.[citation needed]", "Tom and Jerry. Jones had trouble adapting his style to Tom and Jerry's brand of humor, and a number of the cartoons favored full animation, personality and style over storyline. The characters underwent a slight change of appearance: Tom was given thicker eyebrows (resembling Jones' Grinch, Count Blood Count or Wile E. Coyote), a less complex look (including the color of his fur becoming gray), sharper ears, longer tail and furrier cheeks (resembling Jones' Claude Cat or Sylvester), while Jerry was given larger eyes and ears, a lighter brown color, and a sweeter, Porky Pig-like expression.", "Turkey bacon. Turkey bacon is an imitation bacon usually prepared from cured, smoked, chopped and formed turkey, which is commonly marketed as a low-fat alternative to bacon. Turkey bacon can also be used as a substitute for bacon where religious restrictions forbid the consumption of pork.[1]", "Plymouth Colony. Each year, the United States celebrates a holiday known as Thanksgiving on the fourth Thursday of November. It is a federal holiday[183] and frequently involves a family gathering with a large feast, traditionally featuring a turkey. Civic recognitions of the holiday typically include parades and football games. The holiday is meant to honor the First Thanksgiving, which was a harvest feast held in Plymouth in 1621, as first recorded in the book New England's Memorial by Nathaniel Morton, secretary of Plymouth Colony and nephew of Governor William Bradford.", "Christmas dinner. In Honduras, tamales are traditionally eaten on Christmas Eve evening. Turkey has become popular in the last few years. The traditional Honduran Christmas dinner is served around midnight on the 24th of December. The meal consists of tamales, roast pork leg, accompanied by \"torrejas,\" for dessert and eggnog. The tamales are made of maize dough filled with chicken or pork, chunks of potato and carrot, chickpeas, and whole green olives. They are wrapped in banana leaves and steamed to perfection. The pork leg may be fresh or smoked and is usually roasted all day long. The skin of the pork is left on during roasting resulting in a delicacy known as \"chicharron,\" a treat rivaled for at many a Honduran family table. The traditional recipe for seasoning the Christmas pork leg has often been passed down in a given family through generations. Turkey has become quite popular as well in recent years due to strong US/Honduran familial ties. \"Torrejas,\" the Honduran Christmas dessert is made of a French toast like bread that is soaked in dark syrup made from \"rapadura,\" blocks of very dark sugar. The syrup is seasoned with whole cloves and whole cinnamon. After dinner the meal is topped off with Honduran style eggnog known as \"rompopo.\"", "Choke (firearms). In practice, choke tubes tighter than \"Full\", such as \"Turkey\", are also commonly marked with but a single thin notch on the end of the tube. Hence, to distinguish between \"Full\" vs. even tighter chokes, such as \"Turkey\", it becomes necessary to measure the bore exit diameter of the choke tube to determine precisely which choke type is present among the \"Full\" and tighter (smaller diameter) chokes.", "Turkey (bird). The turkey is a large bird in the genus Meleagris, which is native to the Americas. Males of both turkey species have a distinctive fleshy wattle or protuberance that hangs from the top of the beak (called a snood). They are among the largest birds in their ranges. As in many galliformes, the male is larger and much more colorful than the female." ]

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[ "Bea Benaderet. Benaderet continued her Burns & Allen radio role of the Burns' neighbor Blanche Morton, Gracie's friend and staunchest supporter who plays along in her escapades,[43] and she was the only secondary cast member who appeared in every episode.[14] The first six shows were shot live in New York, resulting in her commuting to and from Los Angeles, where she worked several radio assignments at the time.[44] Blanche's husband Harry was played by four actors over the show's eight-year run; the last, Larry Keating, was introduced on the October 5, 1953 fourth-season premiere when George Burns entered the set and halted a scene of an angered Blanche preparing to hit Harry with a book. Burns introduced Keating to Benaderet and the audience, and she broke character to exchange pleasantries with Keating. The segment then resumed and Benaderet struck Keating with the book.[45] Benaderet and Gracie Allen regularly shopped for their own on-set wardrobe,[46] and she developed a high-pitched laugh for Blanche that became a staple of the character and was often used for comic effect: \"When we had a scene with some silent spots in it, George would say to me, 'Laugh there, Bea.'\"[47][48] Benaderet garnered two Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1954 and 1955.[49] Following Allen's retirement in 1958 at the end of the eighth season, the program continued as The George Burns Show in 1958-59 with Blanche repackaged as George's secretary, but it was canceled after one season due to low ratings.[14] Benaderet worked sparsely in 1959,[50] filming one-time appearances on General Electric Theater and The Restless Gun.[51]", "Blanche DuBois. Blanche has been portrayed onstage by Ann-Margret, Arletty, Cate Blanchett, Claire Bloom, Faye Dunaway, Lois Nettleton, Jessica Lange (who reprised the role in the 1995 television adaptation), Marin Mazzie, Natasha Richardson, Laila Robins, Rosemary Harris, Rachel Weisz, Amanda Drew, Nicole Ari Parker,[5] Isabelle Huppert,[6] Glenn Close, Gillian Anderson[7] and Maxine Peake.", "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show. Bea Benaderet carried over from the Burns and Allen radio show, portraying neighbor Blanche Morton, but over the course of the series, four different actors played her husband. The character's first name was \"Harry\", the same first name as the real-life announcer Harry Von Zell, requiring the writers to craft dialogue that would distinguish the two characters' names. Blanche's husband Harry Morton was first portrayed by Hal March (October–December 1950), then John Brown (January–June 1951), and after that, Fred Clark, until 1953. In one episode, \"Morton Buys Iron Deer/Gracie Thinks George Needs Glasses\", George walks on-stage and freezes the scene just before Harry's entrance and explains that Clark has left the show to perform on Broadway. He introduces Larry Keating, who enters, and then calls over Bea Benaderet to introduce the two saying, \"This is Larry Keating and he is going to be your husband now\". The pair greet and chat briefly, complimenting each other on their previous work. George remarks that if they are going to be so nice to each other, no one will believe they are married. Burns then gives a cue, Blanche resumes her position, and the scene continues where it stopped as if nothing had happened. The new Harry enters and Blanche hits him in the head with a catalog for spending $200 to buy an iron deer.", "Blanche DuBois. Jessica Tandy received a Tony Award for her performance as Blanche in the original Broadway production. Uta Hagen took over the role of Blanche for the national tour, which was directed by Harold Clurman.", "Barbara Stuart. Stuart played Lily in The George Burns Show.[5] She also played comedy roles on such television sitcoms as December Bride, The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, The Dick Van Dyke Show, The Bill Dana Show, The Joey Bishop Show, The Cara Williams Show, The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet, The Andy Griffith Show, Mister Roberts, The Farmer's Daughter, Three's Company, Taxi, and Love, American Style. She also played with The Three Stooges.", "A Streetcar Named Desire. In 1955, the television program Omnibus featured Jessica Tandy reviving her original Broadway performance as Blanche, with her husband, Hume Cronyn, as Mitch. It aired only portions of the play that featured the Blanche and Mitch characters.", "A Streetcar Named Desire. Tallulah Bankhead, for whom Williams had originally written the role of Blanche, starred in a 1956 New York City Center Company production directed by Herbert Machiz.", "The Golden Girls. Hired to film the pilot, director Jay Sandrich also became instrumental in helping to cast the roles of Blanche Devereaux and Rose Nylund. Both Rue McClanahan and Betty White came into consideration as the series Mama's Family, in which the two co-starred, had been canceled by NBC. Originally, producers wanted to cast McClanahan as Rose and White as Blanche. The thinking for this was based on roles they previously played; White portrayed man-hungry Sue Ann Nivens on The Mary Tyler Moore Show, while McClanahan co-starred as sweet but scatter-brained Vivian Harmon in Maude. Eager not to be typecast, they took the suggestion of Sandrich and switched roles last-minute.[12][18]", "Blanche DuBois. Blanche DuBois has been portrayed several times on stage and on screen.[3]", "A Streetcar Named Desire. Bette Bourne and Paul Shaw of the British gay theater company, Bloolips, and Peggy Shaw and Lois Weaver of the American lesbian theater company, Split Britches, collaborated and performed a gender-bent production of Belle Reprieve, a twisted adaption of Streetcar. “This theatrical piece creates a Brechtian,” “epic drama” that relies on the reflective rather than emotional involvement of the audience—a “commentary on the sexual roles and games in Williams’s text.” Blanche was played by Bette Bourne as “man in a dress,\" Stanley was played by Peggy Shaw as a “butch lesbian,” Mitch was played by Paul Shaw as a “fairy disguised as a man,” and Stella was played by Lois Weaver as a “woman disguised as a woman.”[5]", "A Streetcar Named Desire. The first Broadway revival of the play was in 1973. It was produced by the Lincoln Center, at the Vivian Beaumont Theater, and starred Rosemary Harris as Blanche, James Farentino as Stanley and Patricia Conolly as Stella.[6]", "Cate Blanchett. Blanchett has also had an extensive career on stage and is a four-time Helpmann Award winner for Best Female Actor in a Play. Her earlier roles include the title role in Electra at the National Institute of Dramatic Art (1992), Ophelia in Hamlet at the Belvoir St Theatre in Sydney (1994), Susan in Plenty in the West End (1999), and the title role in Hedda Gabler with the Sydney Theatre Company (2004). From 2008 to 2013, she and her husband Andrew Upton were co-CEOs and artistic directors of the Sydney Theatre Company. Her other roles on stage include Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire in Sydney, New York at the Brooklyn Academy of Music and Washington D.C. at the Kennedy Center (2009); Yelena in Uncle Vanya in Sydney, Washington D.C. at the Kennedy Center and New York at Lincoln Center (2011); and Claire in The Maids in Sydney (2013) and New York at Lincoln Center (2014). Blanchett made her Broadway debut in 2017 with The Present, and received Tony Award, Drama Desk Award, and Drama League Award nominations for her performance in the play.", "Brooke Burns. Brooke Elizabeth Burns (/ˈbrʊk bɛərnz/; born March 16, 1978[1]) is an American fashion model, actress and television personality. Burns began her television career in 1995, portraying the supporting character Peg, in the Spanish-American teen sitcom Out of the Blue (1995–96), appearing in all episodes but gaining little notoriety. However, Burns won recognition in 1998, when she joined the cast of the action drama series Baywatch alongside David Hasselhoff, Pamela Anderson and Carmen Electra, in her breakthrough role portraying the character Jessie Owens. Burns subsequently starred in Baywatch's second rendition, Baywatch: Hawaii, alongside Simmone Jade Mackinnon, Stacy Kamano and again David Hasselhoff, until she left the show due to her first pregnancy. She appeared in 46 episodes.", "A Streetcar Named Desire. The Spring 1988 revival at the Circle in the Square Theatre starred Aidan Quinn opposite Blythe Danner as Blanche and Frances McDormand as Stella.[7]", "Bea Benaderet. In the late 1940s, Benaderet befriended Paul Henning, a scriptwriter on the radio production of Burns & Allen.[57] She appeared on nineteen episodes of the show that he had written between 1947 and 1951,[58] and became one of his regular television players with the first two seasons of Burns & Allen, a two-episode guest appearance as Blanche Morton on The Bob Cummings Show in 1956-57, and then her involvement in three of the most successful sitcoms of the 1960s.[59][60] After reading the 1961 first script for The Beverly Hillbillies, Benaderet wanted to audition for the role of Granny. Despite considering her to be too buxom for his vision of the character as a small and wiry woman, Henning allowed her to test anyway.[61] Irene Ryan would win the part; according to Henning, \"Bea took one look at the way Irene did the part and said to me, 'There's your Granny!'\"[62] He additionally took Benaderet's suggestion of casting Harriet MacGibbon as Granny's rival Margaret Drysdale.[63] Henning created for Benaderet the supporting character of Cousin Pearl Bodine, the middle-aged widowed mother of Jethro Bodine (Max Baer Jr.) and cousin of main character Jed Clampett (Buddy Ebsen), whom she convinces to move from his humble home in the Ozarks after he strikes oil on his property and becomes a millionaire. Prior to shooting the pilot, Benaderet enlisted a dialect coach to help her learn a hillbilly accent.[64] Impressed with her performance while screening the pilot to potential sponsors,[14] Henning made Cousin Pearl a recurring character in the 1962-63 first season as she moved into the Clampetts' Beverly Hills mansion, feuded with Granny, and pursued oil tycoon Mr. Brewster (Frank Wilcox) as a love interest.[14] Bluegrass duo Flatt & Scruggs, who performed the show's opening theme, recorded a comedic serenade in 1963 titled \"Pearl Pearl Pearl\", and Benaderet was pictured with the duo on the single's cover.[65] Benaderet described Pearl's curly hair as \"just my mental image of the character. ... Pearl played the piano for the silent movies and she saw such high fashion and ridiculous hairdos. She could read and write, and the curled hair seemed to Pearl the height of smartness.\"[48][note 6] Her performance as Pearl was well received; author Stephen Cox wrote in his 1993 book The Beverly Hillbillies: From the Small Screen to the Big Screen: \"When The Beverly Hillbillies first aired, it started to become 'The Bea Benaderet Show.' Every scene that had Cousin Pearl in it was just about stolen by the actress.\"[66]", "Vivien Leigh. After 326 performances, Leigh finished her run, and she was soon assigned to reprise her role as Blanche DuBois in the film version of the play.[Note 4] Her irreverent and often bawdy sense of humour allowed her to establish a rapport with Brando, but she had an initial difficulty in working with director Elia Kazan, who was displeased with the direction that Olivier had taken in shaping the character of Blanche.[83] Kazan had favoured Jessica Tandy and later, Olivia de Havilland over Leigh, but knew she had been a success on the London stage as Blanche.[82] He later commented that he did not hold her in high regard as an actress, believing that \"she had a small talent.\" As work progressed, however, he became \"full of admiration\" for \"the greatest determination to excel of any actress I've known. She'd have crawled over broken glass if she thought it would help her performance.\" Leigh found the role gruelling and commented to the Los Angeles Times, \"I had nine months in the theatre of Blanche DuBois. Now she's in command of me.\"[84] Olivier accompanied her to Hollywood where he was to co-star with Jennifer Jones in William Wyler's Carrie (1952).", "Blanche DuBois. Blanche was also portrayed by Vivien Leigh in the London stage production, which was directed by her then-husband Laurence Olivier, She reprised the role in the 1951 film adaptation. The film was directed by Elia Kazan, and Leigh won her second Academy Award for this performance.", "Linda Hunt. Hunt was a well-known stage actress before she entered film and television. She made her Broadway debut in a 1975 production of Ah, Wilderness.[12] She was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play for her work in the 1984 play End of the World. She also received two ensemble Obie Awards for her work Off-Broadway in Top Girls and A Metamorphosis in Miniature.[13] She created the role of Aunt Dan in Wallace Shawn's play Aunt Dan and Lemon. She was a member of the Long Wharf Theatre Company in Connecticut. There she played the Player Queen in a production of Hamlet, among other roles. She portrayed Sister Aloysius in the Pasadena Playhouse production of John Patrick Shanley's play Doubt. She was praised for her performance as the title character in Bertolt Brecht's Mother Courage and Her Children.[14] Hunt also appeared as Pope Joan in Caryl Churchill's Top Girls when London's Royal Court Theatre's production was staged at the Public Theater in New York. In an interview with writer Craig Gholson and actor Vincent Caristi, Hunt discussed her experience acting in theatre, “Acting onstage is like an explosion each night. And what comes in at you all the time as you are trying to . . . create something which is a tremendous act of organization and concentration.”.[11]", "Cate Blanchett. In 2014, Blanchett co-starred with Matt Damon and George Clooney in the latter's film, The Monuments Men, based on the true story of a crew of art historians and museum curators who recover renowned works of art stolen by Nazis.[83] The film featured an ensemble cast, including John Goodman, Bill Murray, Hugh Bonneville, and Jean Dujardin. She voiced the part of Valka in 2014's How to Train Your Dragon 2.[84] The animated film was a critically acclaimed, box-office success,[85] won the Golden Globe Award for Best Animated Feature Film and received an Academy Award nomination.[86][87] Blanchett guest starred on the Australian show Rake, as the onscreen female version of Richard Roxburgh's rogue protagonist, Cleaver.[88] On 29 January 2015, she co-hosted the 4th AACTA Awards with Deborah Mailman.[89]", "Cate Blanchett. Blanchett's first major stage role was opposite Geoffrey Rush, in the 1992 David Mamet play Oleanna for the Sydney Theatre Company. That year, she was also cast as Clytemnestra in a production of Sophocles’ Electra. A couple of weeks after rehearsals, the actress playing the title role pulled out, and director Lindy Davies cast Blanchett in the role. Her performance as Electra became one of her most acclaimed at NIDA.[9] In 1993, Blanchett was awarded the Sydney Theatre Critics' Best Newcomer Award for her performance in Timothy Daly's Kafka Dances and won Best Actress for her performance in Mamet's Oleanna, making her the first actor to win both categories in the same year.[9] Blanchett played the role of Ophelia in an acclaimed 1994–95 Company B production of Hamlet directed by Neil Armfield, starring Rush and Richard Roxburgh, and was nominated for a Green Room Award.[16] She appeared in the 1994 TV miniseries Heartland opposite Ernie Dingo, the miniseries Bordertown (1995) with Hugo Weaving, and in an episode of Police Rescue entitled \"The Loaded Boy\".[17][18] She also appeared in the 50-minute drama short Parklands (1996), which received an Australian Film Institute (AFI) nomination for Best Original Screenplay.[19][20]", "Gillian Anderson. In July 2014, Anderson gained critical acclaim for her stage performance as Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire by Tennessee Williams at the Young Vic Theatre in London.[71] She won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Best Actress and received her second Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best Actress. The production became the fastest-selling show in the theatre's history, and the run was extended by two weeks due to the demand for tickets.[72] In the first collaboration between the Young Vic Theatre and National Theatre Live, the show was broadcast live to over 1100 venues on 16 September 2014.[73] Thus far, it has been screened in more than 2000 venues.[7] In February 2015, Anderson directed and starred in a short film prequel to A Streetcar Named Desire, titled The Departure, written by novelist Andrew O'Hagan. This is part of the Young Vic's short film series, which is produced in collaboration with The Guardian.[74]", "Cate Blanchett. Blanchett returned to the theatre in 2009 with the Sydney Theatre Company production of Tennessee Williams' A Streetcar Named Desire, directed by Liv Ullmann. She starred as Blanche DuBois alongside Joel Edgerton as Stanley Kowalski. Ullmann and Blanchett had been meaning to collaborate on a project since Ullman's intended film adaption of A Doll's House fell by the wayside. Blanchett proposed embarking on Streetcar to Ullmann, who jumped at the opportunity after initial discussion.[44][45] The production traveled from Sydney to the Brooklyn Academy of Music in New York, and the Kennedy Center in Washington D.C.[46][47] It was critically and commercially successful and Blanchett received critical acclaim for her performance as Blanche DuBois.[8][48][49][50] The New York Times critic Ben Brantley said, \"DuBois has been pulled gently and firmly down to earth by Ms. Blanchett and Ms. Ullmann ... What Ms. Blanchett brings to the character is life itself, a primal survival instinct ... All the baggage that any \"Streetcar\" usually travels with has been jettisoned. Ms. Ullmann and Ms. Blanchett have performed the play as if it had never been staged before, with the result that, as a friend of mine put it, \"you feel like you’re hearing words you thought you knew pronounced correctly for the first time.\"\"[51] The Washington Post's Peter Marks proclaimed, \"What Blanchett achieves in the Sydney Theatre Company's revelatory revival of \"A Streetcar Named Desire\" amounts to a truly great portrayal—certainly the most heartbreaking Blanche I've ever experienced.\"[52] John Lahr of The New Yorker said of her portrayal, \"Blanchett, with her alert mind, her informed heart, and her lithe, patrician silhouette, gets it right from the first beat ... Blanchett doesn’t make the usual mistake of foreshadowing Blanche’s end at the play’s beginning; she allows Blanche a slow, fascinating decline ... I don’t expect to see a better performance of this role in my lifetime.\"[53] Jane Fonda, who attended a New York show, deemed it \"perhaps the greatest stage performance I have ever seen\",[54] and Meryl Streep declared, \"That performance was as naked, as raw and extraordinary and astonishing and surprising and scary as anything I've ever seen ... She took the layers of a person and just peeled them away. I thought I'd seen that play, I thought I knew all the lines by heart, because I've seen it so many times, but I'd never seen the play until I saw that performance.\"[55] Blanchett won the Sydney Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role.[56] The production and Blanchett received Helen Hayes Awards, for Outstanding Non-Resident Production and Outstanding Lead Actress in a Non-Resident Production award, respectively.[57]", "A Streetcar Named Desire. The Sydney Theatre Company production of A Streetcar Named Desire premiered on September 5 and ran until October 17, 2009. This production, directed by Liv Ullmann, starred Cate Blanchett as Blanche, Joel Edgerton as Stanley, Robin McLeavy as Stella and Tim Richards as Mitch.[10]", "Blanche DuBois. The character is reputedly named after theatre critic Blanche Marvin, a former actress and friend of Williams.[8]", "Jennifer Ehle. Ehle appeared as a toddler in a 1973 Broadway revival of A Streetcar Named Desire, in which her mother played Blanche DuBois.[6] She spent her childhood in both the UK and the US, attending several different schools, including Interlochen Arts Academy. She was raised largely in Asheville, North Carolina. Her drama training was split between the North Carolina School of the Arts[7] and the Central School of Speech and Drama in London.[8]", "I Love Lucy. As with My Favorite Husband, Lucy writers decided that the Ricardos needed an older couple to play off of. While performing in Husband, veteran character actors Gale Gordon and Bea Benaderet had played Rudolph and Iris Atterbury, an older, more financially stable couple as Mr. Atterbury had been George Cooper's boss. Ball had initially wanted both actors to reprise their roles on television; however, both were unavailable at the time the show went into production as Benaderet was already playing Blanche Morton on The Burns and Allen Show, and Gordon was under contract by CBS to play Mr. Conklin on both the radio and television versions of Our Miss Brooks.", "Cate Blanchett. In 2011, Blanchett took part in two Sydney Theatre Company productions. She played Lotte Kotte in a new translation of Botho Strauß's 1978 play Groß und klein (Big and Small) from Martin Crimp, directed by Benedict Andrews.[58] After its Sydney run, the production traveled to London, Paris, the Vienna Festival and Ruhrfestspiele.[8] Blanchett and the production received wide acclaim.[59][60][61][62][63] Blanchett was nominated for the London Evening Standard Award for Best Actress,[64] and won the Sydney Theatre Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role[65] and the Helpmann Award for Best Actress.[66] She then played Yelena, opposite Hugo Weaving and Richard Roxburgh, in Andrew Upton's adaptation of Anton Chekhov's Uncle Vanya, which traveled to the Kennedy Center and the New York City Center as part of the Lincoln Center Festival.[67] The production and Blanchett received critical acclaim,[5][68][69] with The New York Times' Ben Brantley declaring, \"I consider the three hours I spent on Saturday night watching [the characters] complain about how bored they are among the happiest of my theatregoing life ... This Uncle Vanya gets under your skin like no other I have seen ... [Blanchett] confirms her status as one of the best and bravest actresses on the planet.\"[70] The Washington Post's Peter Marks dubbed the production Washington D.C's top theatrical event of 2011.[5] Blanchett received the Helen Hayes Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Non-Resident Production, and the Helpmann Award for Best Actress.[66][71]", "Melina Mercouri. After her graduation, Mercouri joined the National Theatre of Greece and played the role of Electra in Eugene O'Neill's play Mourning Becomes Electra in 1945. In 1949, she had her first major success in the theatre playing Blanche DuBois in A Streetcar Named Desire, written by Tennessee Williams and staged by Karolos Koun's Art Theatre. Until 1950, she also worked in the same theatre in other plays by Aldous Huxley, Arthur Miller and André Roussin.", "A Streetcar Named Desire. A highly publicized revival in 1992 starred Alec Baldwin as Stanley and Jessica Lange as Blanche. It was staged at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, the same theatre that the original production was staged in. This production proved so successful that it was filmed for television. It featured Timothy Carhart as Mitch and Amy Madigan as Stella, as well as future Sopranos stars James Gandolfini and Aida Turturro. Gandolfini was Carhart's understudy.[8]", "Blanche DuBois. Blanche DuBois (married name Grey) is a fictional character in Tennessee Williams' 1947 Pulitzer Prize-winning play A Streetcar Named Desire. The character was written for Tallulah Bankhead.", "Faye Dunaway. In 1972, following the filming of Oklahoma Crude, Dunaway returned to the stage in an adaptation of Harold Pinter's Old Times. She found the stage more challenging than film.[33] \"Old Times affected me in a lot of very complex ways. The play itself reminded me during a difficult point in my life that there are a million facets to life. There is never just one answer. Professionally, if I hadn't taken that step to go back to the stage, in a serious way, I think I would have suffered for it.\"[33] The following year, Dunaway portrayed Blanche DuBois in a Los Angeles stage adaptation of Tennessee Williams's A Streetcar Named Desire. \"It was a fun performance for me, but hard, very draining. At the height of the madness each night, I would go from standing straight up to falling to my knees, in one swift move.\"[34] Williams himself praised Dunaway for her performance, \"He told me later that he thought I was brave and adorable and reminded him of a precocious child, and that my performance ranked with the very best. It was high praise indeed coming from him.\"[35] Also in 1973, Dunaway appeared as the villainous Milady de Winter in Richard Lester's The Three Musketeers, based on Alexandre Dumas' novel of the same name, co-starring Michael York, Oliver Reed, Richard Chamberlain and Charlton Heston. Eventually, producers decided to split the film into two parts: The Three Musketeers and The Four Musketeers (released in 1974). Critics and audiences alike praised the film for its action and its comic tone, and it was the first in a line of successful projects for Dunaway.", "A Streetcar Named Desire. Uta Hagen's Blanche on the national tour was directed not by Elia Kazan, who had directed the Broadway production, but by Harold Clurman, and it has been reported, both in interviews by Hagen and observations by contemporary critics, that the Clurman-directed interpretation shifted the focus of audience sympathy back to Blanche and away from Stanley (where the Kazan version had located it). This was the original conception of the play, and has been reflected in subsequent revivals." ]

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[ "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Hillary Clinton won the election in Colorado with a plurality of 48.2% of the vote. Donald Trump received 43.3% of the vote, a Democratic margin of victory of 4.9%. This was the third time since achieving statehood that the Republican candidate won the election without carrying Colorado, and the second time since statehood that Colorado has voted Democratic in three consecutive presidential elections. No Republican had won the White House without carrying the state since 1908. Trump won five counties that had voted for President Obama in 2012; Conejos County, Chaffee County, Huerfano County, Las Animas County, and Pueblo County. The latter two counties had not supported a Republican for president since Richard Nixon's 49-state landslide in 1972.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Historically, Colorado has been one of the most Republican states in the nation, having been one of the few states to vote against Franklin D. Roosevelt during the New Deal during the 1940 and the 1944 presidential elections. No Republican had won a presidential election without winning Colorado from 1908 through 2012: before 2008, Colorado had not voted Democrat in any presidential election with the exception of 1992 (where Bill Clinton won by a plurality) and 1964 (When Lyndon B. Johnson won in a landslide). However, increasing urbanization in the Front Range Urban Corridor, along with the growth of minority populations (especially Hispanics) have chipped away from Republican dominance in the state: while President George W. Bush won the state in the 2004 election, it was one of the few states where Republican performance fell (this time by half), leading to Barack Obama to carry the state twice in 2008 and 2012.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. The 2016 United States presidential election in Colorado was held on November 8, 2016, as part of the 2016 General Election in which all 50 states plus The District of Columbia participated. Colorado voters chose electors to represent them in the Electoral College via a popular vote pitting the Republican Party's nominee, businessman Donald Trump, and running mate Indiana Governor Mike Pence against Democratic Party nominee, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and her running mate, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Results of the state convention", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Clinton won 4 of 7 congressional districts including one held by a Republican representative.[20]", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. However, as is with the case with Nevada and other states in the American Southwest that have been experiencing increasing urbanization and a rapidly growing Hispanic population, Clinton won by running up the margins in the rapidly growing metro areas of the state - in this case, Denver and Colorado Springs. While Trump did win El Paso County (home of Colorado Springs), he won with only 56% of the vote, performing worse than McCain did in the 2008 election; Clinton made up for lost votes in rest of the state through larger margins in Boulder and the nearby Denver Metropolitan Area, where power is usually split between Democrats and moderate Republicans downballot: very rarely has any race statewide been won without carrying the area. Trump only won one county in the metro area (Douglas County - home to suburbs such as Parker, Highlands Ranch and Castle Rock), but with only 54% of the vote - one of the poorest performances in the area's most Republican county in decades. Clinton exceeded Obama's performance in the City and County of Denver and Boulder County, the Democrats' main base in Colorado; while she was not able to exceed Obama's performance in the suburban counties surrounding Denver, Trump posted some of the worst results Republicans have in decades in this region. Trump only won 39% of the vote in Arapahoe County, which includes some of the largest Denver suburbs such as Aurora and Centennial; before Obama won this county in 2008, this county had not gone Democratic since 1964 (not even Bill Clinton could win here even while he carried the state in 1992). Trump barely got over 40 percent in surrounding Jefferson and Adams counties (partially due to a surge in third party voters for Gary Johnson). The Republican losses in this vital area ultimately handed the state to Clinton.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. On April 4, the Green Party of Colorado announced that Jill Stein had won the convention and received all 5 delegates.[17]", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. From April 2–8, 2016, conventions were held in each of Colorado's seven congressional districts. Cruz swept all seven, winning 21 delegates total.[4][5][6][7] On April 9, 2016, the state convention was held to elect the 13 statewide delegates and the 3 RNC delegates.[8] Again, Cruz won all 13 statewide at-large delegates.[9] Cruz was also the only candidate to address the state convention.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. In downballot races, Mike Coffman was ultimately able to hold on to his seat in a Clinton-carried district around Arapahoe County. Democrats made big gains in this area in the State House and Senate. However, Republicans were able to gain a seat in Adams County, ultimately holding on to the State Senate.", "Colorado. Colorado is considered a swing state in both state and federal elections. Coloradans have elected 17 Democrats and 12 Republicans to the governorship in the last 100 years. In presidential politics, Colorado was considered a reliably Republican state during the post-World War II era, only voting for the Democratic candidate in 1948, 1964, and 1992. However, it became a competitive swing state by the turn of the century, and voted consecutively for Democrat Barack Obama in 2008 and 2012, as well as Democrat Hillary Clinton in 2016.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Three candidates contested the Republican presidential conventions:", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Donald Trump\nRepublican", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Results of the congressional district conventions", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Barack Obama\nDemocratic", "United States presidential election, 1876. Colorado was admitted to the Union as the 38th state on August 1, 1876. With insufficient time or money to organize a presidential election in the new state, Colorado's state legislature selected the state's electors. These electors in turn gave their three votes to Hayes and the Republican Party. This was the last election in which any state chose electors through its state legislature.", "Colorado gubernatorial election, 2018. Presidents of the United States", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Detailed estimates per congressional district", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Trump improved upon previous Republican candidates in Southern Colorado, once the state's Democratic stronghold: however, the Democratic dominance of this blue collar, working class industrial area is starting to fade. Trump carried three of the area's counties (Conejos County, Las Animas County and Huerfano County), a feat not accomplished by any Republican since George H. W. Bush in his 1988 landslide: he also carried Pueblo County by a 0.49% margin, making it the closest county in the state.[18] Trump also did well in the Western Slope, where counties like Mesa County (home to Grand Junction) went for Trump on a 2-1 margin.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. On March 1, 2016, in the presidential primaries, Colorado voters expressed their preferences for the Democratic, Libertarian, Green, Constitution, Nutrition, and Prohibition parties' respective nominees for president. The Republican Party did not hold a preference poll because the party decided to cancel it in August 2015.[1] Registered members of each party only voted in their party's primary, while unaffiliated voters were unable to participate.", "Colorado. Most Coloradans are native to other states (nearly 60% according to the 2000 census),[110] and this is illustrated by the fact that the state did not have a native-born governor from 1975 (when John David Vanderhoof left office) until 2007, when Bill Ritter took office; his election the previous year marked the first electoral victory for a native-born Coloradan in a gubernatorial race since 1958 (Vanderhoof had ascended from the Lieutenant Governorship when John Arthur Love was given a position in Richard Nixon's administration in 1973). In the 2016 election, the Democratic party won the Colorado electoral college votes.", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. State convention date: April 16, 2016", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Results of the county assemblies\nTimeframe for the county assemblies: March 2–26, 2016", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. A proposal to forbid Colorado Republican delegates from voting for Donald Trump was written in March 2016 by Robert Zubrin.[10] The group \"Colorado Republicans for Liberty\" handed out fliers of Zubrin's resolution at the state's convention. Irregularities on the ballot were discovered at the state's convention. Delegate #379 (Jerome Parks, a Trump delegate) was replaced on the ballot with a duplicate of delegate #378 (a Ted Cruz delegate).[11] The Colorado Republican Party's Twitter account posted the message \"We did it #NeverTrump\" after Cruz received all the bound delegates at the April convention. The party claims somebody hacked its Twitter account, and the party claims to be investigating how the message was posted.[12][13] In May 2015, the Colorado Senate defeated a bill to hold a 2016 presidential primary. State senators Kevin Grantham, Kent Lambert, Laura J. Woods, and Jerry Sonnenberg voted to stop the bill.[14] Sonnenberg, Woods, Grantham, and Lambert are members of the Ted Cruz \"Colorado Leadership Team\" for Ted Cruz.[15] Congressman Ken Buck and Colorado Secretary of State Wayne Williams are also members of the Ted Cruz \"Colorado Leadership Team\".[15]", "United States presidential election, 2016. On December 6, Colorado Secretary of State Wayne W. Williams castigated Democratic electors who had filed a lawsuit in Federal court to have the state law binding them to the popular vote (in their case for Hillary Clinton) overturned.[554]", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. On April 3, the Green Party of Colorado held a presidential nominating convention in Centennial, Colorado for registered Green voters.[16]", "Colorado gubernatorial election, 2018. John Hickenlooper\nDemocratic", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. The conventions were selected through statewide caucuses, which were conducted at the precinct level on March 1.[8] No voter preference poll was held due to a decision in August by the state party to cancel it.[1]", "United States presidential election in Colorado, 2016. Marco Rubio and Ben Carson had dropped out of the race by the time the conventions were held, though they were still running during the March 1 caucuses.", "Colorado. Colorado politics has the contrast of conservative cities such as Colorado Springs and liberal cities such as Boulder and Denver. Democrats are strongest in metropolitan Denver, the college towns of Fort Collins and Boulder, southern Colorado (including Pueblo), and a few western ski resort counties. The Republicans are strongest in the Eastern Plains, Colorado Springs, Greeley, and far Western Colorado near Grand Junction.", "Colorado elections, 2018. At-Large", "Colorado elections, 2018. A general election will be held in the U.S. state of Colorado on November 6, 2018. All of Colorado's executive officers will be up for election as well as all of Colorado's seven seats in the United States House of Representatives.", "History of Colorado. Women won the right to vote in Colorado in 1893. Colorado was the first state in the union to grant this right to women through a popular election. (Wyoming approved the right of women to vote in 1869 through a vote of the territorial legislature.)" ]

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[ "New Jersey Plan. The New Jersey Plan (also known as the Small State Plan or the Paterson Plan) was a proposal for the structure of the United States Government presented by William Paterson at the Constitutional Convention on June 15, 1787.[1] The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan, which called for two houses of Congress, both elected with apportionment according to population.[2] The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the more populous states, and so proposed an alternative plan that would have kept the one-vote-per-state representation under one legislative body from the Articles of Confederation. The New Jersey Plan was opposed by James Madison and Edmund Randolph (the proponents of the Virginia state Plan).", "New Jersey Plan. Ultimately, the New Jersey Plan was rejected as a basis for a new constitution. The Virginia Plan was used, but some ideas from the New Jersey Plan were added. Perhaps the most important of these was introduced by the Connecticut Compromise, which established a bicameral legislature with the U.S. House of Representatives apportioned by population, as desired by the Virginia Plan, and the Senate granted equal votes per state, as desired by the New Jersey Plan.", "Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan proposed a legislative branch consisting of two chambers (bicameral legislature), with the dual principles of rotation in office and recall applied to the lower house of the national legislature.[5] Each of the states would be represented in proportion to their “Quotas of contribution, or to the number of free inhabitants.”[6] States with a large population, like Virginia (which was the most populous state at the time), would thus have more representatives than smaller states. Large states supported this plan, and smaller states generally opposed it, preferring an alternative put forward on June 15. The New Jersey Plan proposed a single-chamber legislature in which each state, regardless of size, would have one vote, as under the Articles of Confederation. In the end, the convention settled on the Connecticut Compromise, creating a House of Representatives apportioned by population and a Senate in which each state is equally represented.", "United States Constitution. On May 31, the Convention devolved into a \"Committee of the Whole\" to consider the Virginia Plan. On June 13, the Virginia resolutions in amended form were reported out of committee. The New Jersey plan was put forward in response to the Virginia Plan.", "Constitutional Convention (United States). After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan.[28] Under the Articles of Confederation, each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each.[28] The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan. The result was the New Jersey Plan, otherwise known as the Small State Plan.[28]", "History of New Jersey. New Jersey played a major role in creating the structure of the new United States Government. When Virginia delegates proposed a plan calling for representation based on the population of each state, the smaller states refused, fearing that with such a plan they would no longer have a say in government affairs. William Paterson, a New Jersey statesman, introduced the New Jersey Plan, by which one vote would be given to each state, providing equal representation within the legislative body. The Great Compromise accepted both plans, creating two separate bodies in the Congress.", "History of the United States Constitution. Two alternative plans were developed in Convention. The nationalist majority, soon to be called \"Federalists,\" put forth the Virginia Plan, a consolidated government based on proportional representation among the states by population. The \"old patriots,\" later called \"Anti-Federalists,\" advocated the New Jersey Plan, a purely federal proposal, based on providing each state with equal representation. The Connecticut Compromise allowed for both plans to work together. Other controversies developed regarding slavery and a Bill of Rights in the original document.", "Virginia Plan. The Virginia Plan (also known as the Randolph Plan, after its sponsor, or the Large-State Plan) was a proposal by Virginia delegates for a bicameral legislative branch.[1] The plan was drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.[2][3] The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed national legislature.", "Constitutional Convention (United States). Paterson's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention: drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it.[28] Under the New Jersey Plan, the existing Continental Congress would remain, but it would be granted new powers, such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection.[28] An executive branch was created, to be elected by Congress (the plan allowed for a multi-person executive).[28] The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors.[28] The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life, to be appointed by the executives.[28] Lastly, any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws.[28] When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15, 1787, it was ultimately rejected, but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests.[28]", "Connecticut Compromise. On June 14, when the Convention was ready to consider the report on the Virginia plan, William Paterson of New Jersey requested an adjournment to allow certain delegations more time to prepare a substitute plan. The request was granted, and, on the next day, Paterson submitted nine resolutions embodying necessary amendments to the Articles of Confederation, which was followed by a vigorous debate. On June 19, the delegates rejected the New Jersey Plan and voted to proceed with a discussion of the Virginia Plan. The small States became increasingly discontented, and some threatened to withdraw. On July 2, the Convention was deadlocked over giving each State an equal vote in the upper house, with five States in the affirmative, five in the negative, and one divided.", "Dual federalism. Importantly, at the Convention, there was large debate over the structure of the legislative branch, eventually solved by the Connecticut Compromise. In the traditional understanding of the discussion, the larger states proposed the Virginia Plan, which allocated representation to each state proportional to its population. The smaller states, fearing a tyranny of the larger states, propose the New Jersey Plan, which gave each state equal representation in the legislative body. The states' motives for such a debate have been largely understood as a method for ensuring a strong voice in the federal government so as to maintain a desired degree of sovereignty.[8] Further, political scientist Martin Diamond interprets the argument through a federalist vs antifederalist lens, discounting the question of state size.[9] Specifically, he argues that the pure federalism of the New Jersey Plan and the pure nationalism of the Virginia Plan eventually came together to form the system of bicameralism that the framers settled on. However, his theory largely goes against the usual understanding, which some have argued is based on stronger historical evidence.[10]", "Connecticut Compromise. Less populous states like Delaware were afraid that such an arrangement would result in their voices and interests being drowned out by the larger states. Many delegates also felt that the Convention did not have the authority to completely scrap the Articles of Confederation,[1] as the Virginia Plan would have.[2] In response, on June 15, 1787, William Paterson of the New Jersey delegation proposed a legislature consisting of a single house. Each state was to have equal representation in this body, regardless of population. The New Jersey Plan, as it was called, would have left the Articles of Confederation in place, but would have amended them to somewhat increase Congress's powers.[3]", "George Mason. The Virginia Plan, if implemented, would base representation in both houses of the federal legislature on population. This was unsatisfactory to the smaller states. Delaware's delegates had been instructed to seek an equal vote for each state, and this became the New Jersey Plan, introduced by that state's governor, William Paterson. The divisions in the convention became apparent in late June, when by a narrow vote, the convention voted that representation in the lower house be based on population, but the motion of Connecticut's Oliver Ellsworth for each state to have an equal vote in the upper house failed on a tie. With the convention deadlocked, on July 2, 1787, a Grand Committee was formed, with one member from each state, to seek a way out.[97] Mason had not taken as strong a position on the legislature as had Madison, and he was appointed to the committee; Mason and Benjamin Franklin were the most prominent members. The committee met over the convention's July 4 recess, and proposed what became known as the Great Compromise: a House of Representatives based on population, in which money bills must originate, and a Senate with equal representation for each state. Records do not survive of Mason's participation in that committee, but the clause requiring money bills to start in the House most likely came from him or was the price of his support, as he had inserted such a clause in the Virginia Constitution, and he defended that clause once convention debate resumed.[98] According to Madison's notes, Mason urged the convention to adopt the compromise:", "Connecticut Compromise. Roger Sherman and Oliver Ellsworth, both of the Connecticut delegation, created a compromise that, in a sense, blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals regarding congressional apportionment. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan but proposed \"That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. Branch [house] should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants; and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote and no more.\"[6] Although Sherman was well liked and respected among the delegates, his plan failed at first. It was not until July 23 that representation was finally settled.[6]", "History of the United States Constitution. After these defeats, the delegates who called themselves the \"old patriots\" of 1776 and the \"men of original principles\" organized a caucus in the Convention. William Paterson (NJ) spoke for them introducing his \"New Jersey Plan\".[56][o] Roger Sherman (CT), a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was with them. Supporters explained that it \"sustained the sovereignty of the states\", while the Edmund Randolph (VA) \"Virginia Plan\" erased it. The Convention had no authority to propose anything not sent up from state legislatures, and the states were not likely to adopt anything new. The \"nationalists\" answered, The Convention could not conclude anything, but it could recommend anything.[58]", "Virginia Plan. In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.", "Connecticut Compromise. On May 29, 1787, Edmund Randolph of the Virginia delegation proposed the creation of a bicameral legislature. Under his proposal, membership in both houses would be allocated to each state proportional to its population; however, candidates for the lower house would be nominated and elected by the people of each state. Candidates for the upper house would be nominated by the state legislatures of each state and then elected by the members of the lower house. This proposal was known as the Virginia Plan.", "History of the United States Constitution. May 29, Edmund Randolph (VA) proposed the Virginia Plan that would serve as the unofficial agenda for the Convention. It was weighted toward the interests of the larger, more populous states. The intent was to meet the purposes set out in the Articles of Confederation, \"common defense, security of liberty and general welfare\". The Virginia Plan was national, authority flowed from the people. If the people will ratify them, changes for better republican government and national union should be proposed.", "New Jersey Plan. The plan proposed the following:", "New Jersey Plan. Under the New Jersey Plan, the unicameral legislature with one vote per state was inherited from the Articles of Confederation. This position reflected the belief that the states were independent entities and, as they entered the United States of America freely and individually, remained so.", "Virginia Plan. The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]", "Constitutional Convention (United States). Several plans were introduced, with the most important plan being that of James Madison (the Virginia Plan). The Convention's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan. Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan, although this wasn't considered and its exact character has been lost to history. After the Convention was well under way, the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered.[6]:230 It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation.[6]:230 Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way, though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy.[6]:137 Historians are unsure how serious he was about this, and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison's plan look moderate by comparison.[6]:137 The Connecticut Compromise wasn't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation. It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution, but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states.[6]:199", "Virginia Company. The Virginia Company refers collectively to two joint stock companies chartered under James I on 10 April 1606[1][2][3] with the goal of establishing settlements on the coast of North America.[4] The companies were called the \"Virginia Company of London\" (or the London Company) and the \"Virginia Company of Plymouth\" (or the Plymouth Company); they operated with identical charters but with differing territories. An area of overlapping territory was created within which the two companies were not permitted to establish colonies within one hundred miles of each other. The Plymouth Company never fulfilled its charter, but its territory was claimed by England and became New England.", "Constitutional Convention (United States). Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan, Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan. It also was known as the British Plan, because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government.[28] In his plan, Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation.[28] The plan featured a bicameral legislature, the lower house elected by the people for three years. The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life.[28] The plan also gave the Governor, an executive elected by electors for a life-term of service, an absolute veto over bills.[28] State governors would be appointed by the national legislature,[28] and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation.[28]", "History of the United States Constitution. June 15, William Patterson (NJ) proposed the Convention minority's New Jersey Plan. It was weighted toward the interests of the smaller, less populous states. The intent was to preserve the states from a plan to \"destroy or annihilate\" them. The New Jersey Plan was purely federal, authority flowed from the states. Gradual change should come from the states. If the Articles could not be amended, then advocates argued that should be the report from the Convention to the states.[39]", "Constitutional Convention (United States). The Connecticut Compromise, forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut, was proposed on June 11.[28] In a sense it blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate, and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan, but proposed \"That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. branch [house] should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants; and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote and no more.\"[28] This plan failed at first, but on July 23 the question was finally settled.[28]", "Virginia Plan. The Constitutional Convention gathered in Philadelphia to revise the Articles of Confederation. The Virginia delegation took the initiative to frame the debate by immediately drawing up and presenting a proposal, for which delegate James Madison is given chief credit. However, it was Edmund Randolph, the Virginia governor at the time, who officially put it before the convention on May 29, 1787, in the form of 15 resolutions.[4]", "Roger Sherman. The two proposed options for the formation of the legislative branch emerged in the deliberations. One was to form a bicameral legislature in which both chambers had representation proportional to the population of the states, which was supported by the Virginia plan. The second was to modify the unicameral legislature that had equal representation from all of the states, which was supported by the New Jersey plan. Roger Sherman was a devout supporter of a unicameral legislature, but when he saw that goal as unattainable he motioned to compromise. In terms of modes of election \"Sherman moved to allow each state legislature to elect its own senators\".[24] Additionally, in the house Sherman originally proposed that the suffrage of the House of Representatives should be figured according to the \"numbers of free inhabitants\" in each state.[2]", "Connecticut Compromise. After six weeks of turmoil, North Carolina switched its vote to equal representation per state and Massachusetts abstained, and a compromise was reached, being called the \"Great Compromise.\" In the \"Great Compromise,\" every state was given equal representation, previously known as the New Jersey Plan, in one house of Congress, and proportional representation, known before as the Virginia Plan, in the other. Because it was considered more responsive to majority sentiment, the House of Representatives was given the power to originate all legislation dealing with the federal budget and revenues/taxation, per the Origination Clause.", "America's Critical Period. Shortly after the convention began in September 1787 delegates elected Washington preside over the convention and agreed that the meetings would not be open to the public. The latter decision allowed for the consideration of an entirely new constitution, as open consideration of a new constitution would likely have inspired great public outcry. Shortly after the start of the convention, Virginia's delegates introduced a set of reforms known as the Virginia Plan. Drafted by Madison, the Virginia Plan called for a stronger national government with three independent branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. The plan granted the federal government legislative power on all issues, as well as the power to nullify state laws. Madison's plan was well-received and served as the basis for the convention's discussion, though several of its provisions were altered over the course of the convention.[105] During the convention, Madison and James Wilson of Pennsylvania emerged as two of the most important advocates of a new constitution based on the Virginia Plan, while prominent opponents to the final document would include Edmund Randolph, George Mason, and Elbridge Gerry.[106]", "London Company. Investors in the Virginia Company hoped to profit from the natural resources of the New World. In 1606 Captain Bartholomew Gosnold obtained of King James I a charter for two companies. The first, for the South-Virginia or London Company, covered what are now Maryland, Virginia and Carolina, between Latitude 34° and Latitude 41° North. Gosnold's principal backers were Sir Thomas Gates, Sir George Somers, Edward Wingfield and Richard Hakluyt. The second Company, the Plymouth Adventurers, were empowered to settle as far as 45° North, encompassing what are present day Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, and New England.[4] The Company paid all the costs of establishing each colony, and in return controlled all land and resources there, requiring all settlers to work for the Company.", "James Madison. As a quorum was being reached for the Philadelphia Convention to begin, the 36-year-old Madison wrote what became known as the Virginia Plan, an outline for a new constitution.[33] Madison worked with his fellow members of the Virginia delegation, especially Edmund Randolph and George Mason, to create and present the plan to the convention.[34] The plan called for three branches of government (legislative, executive, and judicial), a bicameral Congress apportioned by population, and a Council of Revision composed of members of the executive and judicial branches which would have the right to veto laws passed by Congress. Reflecting the centralization of power envisioned by Madison, the Virginia Plan granted the United States Senate the power to abrogate any law passed by state governments.[35] Many delegates were surprised to learn that the plan called for the abrogation of the Articles and the creation of a new constitution, to be ratified by special conventions in each state rather than by the state legislatures. Nonetheless, with the assent of prominent attendees such as Washington and Benjamin Franklin, the delegates went into a secret session to consider a new constitution.[36]" ]

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[ "Freedom of speech in the United States. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution declares, “Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.[31]\" It is easy to mistakenly interpret the First Amendment as granting people the right to say whatever they want, whenever, and wherever they want. However, the United States Supreme Court has interpreted that the First Amendment was never intended to provide such power,[29] because it does not protect speech at all times and in all places.[32] The Court has consistently ruled that the government has the power to impose limits on free speech in regards to its time, place, and manner of delivery. As noted in Clark v. Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984), “... [time, place, and manner] restrictions… are valid provided that they are justified without reference to the content of the regulated speech, that they are narrowly tailored to serve a significant governmental interest, and that they leave open ample alternative channels for communication of the information.[33]” These restrictions are proved constitutional time and time again, in many Supreme Court cases.[33] It is important to understand the limits to the protection of freedom of speech by learning about time, place, and manner restrictions.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. In the United States, freedom of speech and expression is strongly protected from government restrictions by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, many state constitutions, and state and federal laws. The Supreme Court of the United States has recognized several categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment and has recognized that governments may enact reasonable time, place, or manner restrictions on speech. The First Amendment's constitutional right of free speech, which is applicable to state and local governments under the incorporation doctrine,[1] only prevents government restrictions on speech, not restrictions imposed by private individuals or businesses unless they are acting on behalf of the government.[2] However, laws may restrict the ability of private businesses and individuals from restricting the speech of others, such as employment laws that restrict employers' ability to prevent employees from disclosing their salary with coworkers or attempting to organize a labor union.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. Definition and Early History:", "Open primaries in the United States. In other words, the freedom of association is part of the freedom of speech. The freedom of speech, which is found in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, is applied to the states through the fourteenth amendment. In Gitlow v. New York, Justice Sanford states that “[f]or present purposes we may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press-which are protected by the First Amendment from abridgment by Congress-are among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the States.”[6]", "Freedom of speech. Concepts of freedom of speech can be found in early human rights documents.[10] England's Bill of Rights 1689 legally established the constitutional right of 'freedom of speech in Parliament' which is still in effect.[13] The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, adopted during the French Revolution in 1789, specifically affirmed freedom of speech as an inalienable right.[10] The Declaration provides for freedom of expression in Article 11, which states that:", "Freedom of speech by country. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, of constitutional value, states, in its article 11:", "Freedom of speech by country. Article 100 in the Constitution states:", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. First Amendment freedoms are most in danger when the government seeks to control thought or to justify its laws for that impermissible end. The right to think is the beginning of freedom, and speech must be protected from the government because speech is the beginning of thought.[169]", "Freedom of speech by country. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. The First Amendment's freedom of speech right not only proscribes most government restrictions on the content of speech and ability to speak, but also protects the right to receive information,[3] prohibits most government restrictions or burdens that discriminate between speakers,[4] restricts the tort liability of individuals for certain speech,[5] and prevents the government from requiring individuals and corporations to speak or finance certain types of speech with which they don't agree.[6][7][8]", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances. It was adopted on December 15, 1791, as one of the ten amendments that constitute the Bill of Rights.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. Time, Place, and Manner Restrictions in Regards to the First Amendment:", "Freedom of speech. Give me the liberty to know, to utter, and to argue freely according to conscience, above all liberties.[59]", "Freedom of speech in the United States. During and after the Constitution ratification process, Anti-Federalists and state legislatures expressed concern that the new Constitution placed too much emphasis on the power of the federal government. The drafting and eventual adoption of the Bill of Rights, including the First Amendment, was, in large part, a result of these concerns, as the Bill of Rights limited the power of the federal government.", "Freedom of speech by country. In the United States freedom of expression is protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. There are several common law exceptions including obscenity,[214][215] defamation,[214][215] incitement to riot or imminent lawless action,[214][215] fighting words,[214] fraud, speech covered by copyright, and speech integral to criminal conduct; this is not to say that it is illegal, but just that either state governments or the federal government may make them illegal. There are federal criminal law statutory prohibitions covering all the common law exceptions other than defamation, of which there is civil law liability, as well as terrorist threats,[216][217] making false statements in \"matters within the jurisdiction\" of the federal government,[218] spreading false and misleading information relating to death or injury of members of the US Military,[219][220] speech related to information decreed to be related to national security such as military and classified information,[221] false advertising,[215] perjury,[215] privileged communications, trade secrets,[222][223] copyright, and patents. There also exist so-called \"gag orders\" which prevent the recipient of search warrants[224] and certain court orders (such as those concerning national security letters,[225][226][227] subpoenas,[228] pen registers and trap and trace devices,[229][230] 18 U.S.C. § 2703(d) orders,[231][232] suspicious activity reports[233]) from revealing them. Most states and localities have many identical restrictions, as well as harassment, and time, place and manner restrictions. In addition, in California it is a crime to post a police officer's or public safety official's address or telephone number on the Internet for the purpose of obstruction of justice or retaliation for the exercise of official duties.[234][235]", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.[1]", "Freedom of speech. The free communication of ideas and opinions is one of the most precious of the rights of man. Every citizen may, accordingly, speak, write, and print with freedom, but shall be responsible for such abuses of this freedom as shall be defined by law.[14]", "Freedom of speech. In the U.S., the standing landmark opinion on political speech is Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969),[34] expressly overruling Whitney v. California.[35] In Brandenburg, the US Supreme Court referred to the right even to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms:", "Freedom of speech in the United States. [A]bove all else, the First Amendment means that government has no power to restrict expression because of its message, its ideas, its subject matter, or its content. [Citations.] To permit the continued building of our politics and culture, and to assure self-fulfillment for each individual, our people are guaranteed the right to express any thought, free from government censorship. The essence of this forbidden censorship is content control. Any restriction on expressive activity because of its content would completely undercut the 'profound national commitment to the principle that debate on public issues should be uninhibited, robust, and wide-open.' [Citation.][15]", "United States Bill of Rights. The First Amendment prohibits the making of any law respecting an establishment of religion, impeding the free exercise of religion, abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press, interfering with the right to peaceably assemble or prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. Initially, the First Amendment applied only to laws enacted by Congress, and many of its provisions were interpreted more narrowly than they are today.[93]", "Freedom of speech. Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community to articulate one's opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.[2][3][4][5] The term \"freedom of expression\" is sometimes used synonymously, but includes any act of seeking, receiving and imparting information or ideas, regardless of the medium used.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. Criticism of the government, political advocacy, and advocacy of unpopular ideas that people may find distasteful or against public policy are almost always permitted.[citation needed] Categories of speech that are given lesser or no protection by the First Amendment include obscenity (as determined by the Miller test), fraud, child pornography, speech integral to illegal conduct,[9] speech that incites imminent lawless action, and regulation of commercial speech such as advertising.[10][11] Within these limited areas, other limitations on free speech balance rights to free speech and other rights, such as rights for authors over their works (copyright), protection from imminent or potential violence against particular persons, restrictions on the use of untruths to harm others (slander), and communications while a person is in prison. When a speech restriction is challenged in court, it is presumed invalid and the government bears the burden of convincing the court that the restriction is constitutional.[12]", "Freedom of expression in India. The Constitution of India provides the right of freedom, given in articles 19, 20, 21 and 22, with the view of guaranteeing individual rights that were considered vital by the framers of the constitution. The right to freedom in Article 19 guarantees the Freedom of speech and expression, as one of its six freedoms.[1]", "United States free speech exceptions. Exceptions to free speech in the United States are limitations on the First Amendment's guarantee of free speech and expression as recognized by the United States Supreme Court. These exceptions have been created over time, based on certain types of speech and expression, and under different contexts. While freedom of speech in the United States is a right protected by the constitution, these exceptions make that right a limited one.", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. The First Amendment bars Congress from \"abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press….\" U.S. Supreme Court Justice John Paul Stevens commented about this phraseology in a 1993 journal article: \"I emphasize the word 'the' in the term 'the freedom of speech' because the definite article suggests that the draftsmen intended to immunize a previously identified category or subset of speech.\" Stevens said that, otherwise, the clause might absurdly immunize things like false testimony under oath.[45] Like Stevens, journalist Anthony Lewis wrote: \"The word 'the' can be read to mean what was understood at the time to be included in the concept of free speech.\"[46] But what was understood at the time is not 100% clear.[47] In the late 1790s, the lead author of the speech and press clauses, James Madison, argued against narrowing this freedom to what had existed under English common law:", "Freedom of speech in the United States. The government speech doctrine establishes that the government may censor speech when the speech is its own, leading to a number of contentious decisions on its breadth.", "Freedom of the press. The First Amendment of the United States Constitution states:", "Freedom of speech. The opinion in Brandenburg discarded the previous test of \"clear and present danger\" and made the right to freedom of (political) speech's protections in the United States almost absolute.[37][38] Hate speech is also protected by the First Amendment in the United States, as decided in R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul, (1992) in which the Supreme Court ruled that hate speech is permissible, except in the case of imminent violence.[39] See the First Amendment to the United States Constitution for more detailed information on this decision and its historical background.", "Freedom of speech by country. Freedom of speech is the concept of the inherent human right to voice one's opinion publicly without fear of censorship or punishment. \"Speech\" is not limited to public speaking and is generally taken to include other forms of expression. The right is preserved in the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights and is granted formal recognition by the laws of most nations. Nonetheless the degree to which the right is upheld in practice varies greatly from one nation to another. In many nations, particularly those with relatively authoritarian forms of government, overt government censorship is enforced. Censorship has also been claimed to occur in other forms (see propaganda model) and there are different approaches to issues such as hate speech, obscenity, and defamation laws even in countries seen as liberal democracies.", "Freedom of speech in the United States. While freedom of speech is a fundamental right, it is not absolute, and therefore subject to restrictions. Time, place, and manner restrictions are relatively self-explanatory. Time restrictions regulate when expression can take place; place restrictions regulate where expression can take place; and manner restrictions regulate how expression can take place. A restriction may occur if someone is protesting loudly in front of someone’s house in a neighborhood in the middle of the night, or if someone was sitting in the middle of a busy intersection during rush hour, for example. These actions would cause problems for other people, so restricting speech in terms of time, place, and manner addresses a legitimate societal concern.[29] Restricting this speech would be constitutional because the restrictions are content neutral, meaning they would restrict anyone from saying anything in these situations, no matter what their message is; they are narrowly drawn, meaning the restriction was examined specifically for the case in question to determine how to serve the governmental interest at stake; the restrictions serve a significant governmental interest, meaning other fundamental rights are important to citizens, such as sleeping peacefully at night or people getting to work or home from work; and there are plenty of alternative methods of communicating their message, such as writing an editorial in the paper or moving to the sidewalk at a different time in the day.", "First Amendment to the United States Constitution. During the Vietnam War, the Court's position on public criticism of the government changed drastically. Though the Court upheld a law prohibiting the forgery, mutilation, or destruction of draft cards in United States v. O'Brien (1968),[81] fearing that burning draft cards would interfere with the \"smooth and efficient functioning\" of the draft system,[82][83] the next year, the court handed down its decision in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969),[84] expressly overruling Whitney v. California.[85] Now the Supreme Court referred to the right to speak openly of violent action and revolution in broad terms:", "Freedom of speech in the United States. See Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission" ]

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[ "Disturbed (band). Disturbed is an American rock band from Chicago, Illinois, formed in 1996. The band includes vocalist David Draiman, bassist John Moyer, guitarist Dan Donegan, and drummer Mike Wengren. Former band member is bassist Steve Kmak.", "Disturbed (band). In May 2012 Draiman announced his new project, an industrial metal band called Device. Draiman later released information regarding the future of Disturbed and his new project Device, stating that Device would release their self-titled debut album on April 9, 2013. The album features several guest musicians from various metal bands. On April 25, 2013, it was announced that guitarist Dan Donegan and drummer Mike Wengren had begun a new project with Evans Blue singer Dan Chandler, Fight or Flight. Their debut album, \"Life by Design?\" was released on July 23, 2013.[58] In December 2014, Moyer formed a new band with Scott Weiland, Ron \"Bumblefoot\" Thal, twins Jon and Vince Votta entitled Art of Anarchy, with an album released in June 2015.[59]", "Disturbed (band). Before David Draiman joined Disturbed, guitarist Dan Donegan, drummer Mike Wengren, and bassist Steve \"Fuzz\" Kmak were in a band called Brawl with vocalist Erich Awalt. Before changing their name to \"Brawl\", however, Donegan mentioned in the band's DVD, Decade of Disturbed, that the name was originally going to be \"Crawl\"; they switched it to \"Brawl\", due to the name already being used by another band. Awalt left the band shortly after the recording of a demo tape; the other three members advertised for a singer. They posted an advertisement in the local music publication in Chicago, Illinois, called the \"Illinois Entertainer\".[2] Draiman answered the advertisement after going to twenty other auditions that month.[2] Guitarist Dan Donegan commented on Draiman: \"You know, out of all the singers that we had talked to or auditioned, he [Draiman] was the only singer who was ready to go with originals. And that impressed me, just to attempt that\".[2]", "Disturbed (band). The band has released six studio albums, five of which have consecutively debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[1] Disturbed went into hiatus in October 2011, during which the band's members focused on various side projects, and returned in June 2015, releasing their first album in four years, Immortalized, on August 21, 2015. They also recorded and released one live album, \"Disturbed: Live at Red Rocks\" on November 18, 2016, and was recorded on August 18, 2016 at Red Rock Amphitheater in Morrison, Colorado, 10 miles west from the capitol of Denver, Colorado.", "Disturbed (band). With regard to Draiman being the singer for the band, Donegan said, \"After a minute or two, he just starts banging out these melodies that were huge...I'm playing my guitar and I'm grinning from ear to ear, trying not to give it away that I like this guy, you know, because I don't want to, you know...[say] 'Yeah, we'll give you a call back. We'll, you know, discuss it.' But I was so psyched. Chill up my spine. I'm like, 'There is something here.'\" As drummer Mike Wengren commented, \"We clicked right off the bat.\"[2] Draiman then joined the band in 1996 and the band was renamed Disturbed. When asked in an interview why he suggested to name the band \"Disturbed,\" Draiman said, \"It had been a name I have been contemplating for a band for years. It just seems to symbolize everything we were feeling at the time. The level of conformity that people are forced into was disturbing to us and we were just trying to push the envelope and the name just sorta made sense.\"[3]", "Disturbed (band). Disturbed headlined the first annual \"Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar\" tour with Avenged Sevenfold, as well as Stone Sour, Hellyeah and Halestorm, among others in late summer 2010.[51] Then, in October 2010, it was reported that David Draiman was diagnosed with a \"serious throat condition\", and the band's U.S. tour had been canceled, as Draiman's healing process could have taken up to four weeks.[52] Around the end of that year, Disturbed announced that they would be commencing the Music as a Weapon V tour in 2011, co-headlining with Korn and guests Sevendust, In This Moment and Stillwell. In January 2011 it was announced that Disturbed would be headlining the Mayhem Festival, along with Godsmack and Megadeth, for the summer of 2011.[53] February 2011, it was announced that Disturbed would be playing the Download Festival.[54] Disturbed announced that in May 2011, they would be co-headlining the Rock on the Range Festival in Columbus, Ohio.[55]", "David Draiman. David Michael Draiman (born March 13, 1973) is an American songwriter and the vocalist for the band Disturbed as well as for the band Device. Draiman is known for his distorted voice and percussive singing style. In November 2006, Draiman was voted number 42 on the Hit Parader’s \"Top 100 Metal Vocalists of All Time\".[1] Draiman has written some of Disturbed's most successful singles, such as \"Stupify\", \"Down with the Sickness\", \"Indestructible\", and \"Inside the Fire\".", "Disturbed (band). After renaming the band, Disturbed went on to record two 3-track demo tapes, the first having the demos for \"The Game\", \"Down with the Sickness\", and \"Meaning of Life\", with the second having the demos for \"Want,\" \"Stupify,\" and \"Droppin' Plates.\" The artwork was composed of the band's recently created pet, The Guy. The band eventually signed with Giant Records. In 2000, the band released its debut album, titled The Sickness, which launched the band into stardom. The album peaked at number twenty on Billboard 200,[4] and it has sold over four million copies in the United States since its release.[5] Before joining Marilyn Manson's 2001 European tour, bassist Steve Kmak was unable to play with the band due to a shattered ankle, caused by falling out of a fire escape outside Disturbed's rehearsal hall in Chicago.[6] He took the fire escape to exit the building while the elevator was being used to move their equipment downstairs. Kmak skipped the European trek of the tour, but he did perform with the band on January 11 and 12, 2001 at Disturbed's show in Chicago.[6] During the European tour, Marty O'Brien replaced Kmak until he was able to tour again.", "Disturbed (band). On February 8, 2012, it was announced that John Moyer was supergroup Adrenaline Mob's new bass player. John made his onstage debut with the group on March 12, at New York City’s Hiro Ballroom, a day before the release of the band's debut full-length album, Omertá.[57] On February 14, 2012, on his Twitter account David Draiman confirmed that he would make an appearance on VH1's That Metal Show 10th Season airing sometime that year.[citation needed] That episode was later moved to the 11th season and premiered on August 11, 2012.", "Disturbed (band). On September 30, 2008, the band released an iTunes-exclusive live album entitled Live & Indestructible, made up of songs from Deep Rock Drive, as well as the music video for \"Indestructible\".[38] The band started a tour of Europe, starting in London during October 2008 and finishing during November 2008 in Helsinki.[39] In November and December 2008, Disturbed toured in the United States.[40] The song \"Inside the Fire\" was nominated for a 2009 Grammy Award in the \"Best Hard Rock Performance\" category. In March 2009, Disturbed released a music video for the single \"The Night\". The band began their Music as a Weapon IV tour in March 2009 and it ended in late May. The tour, also dubbed a \"festival\", featured the bands Killswitch Engage, Lacuna Coil, and Chimaira on the main stage.[41] The band released a second cover version of Faith No More's song \"Midlife Crisis\" on the album Covered, A Revolution in Sound, which also included bands such as Mastodon, The Used, and Avenged Sevenfold. This cover of \"Midlife Crisis\" was originally recorded for Indestructible, but the band decided not to include it on the album.", "Disturbed (band). In 2006, a European tour was scheduled but had been moved twice due to Draiman having troubles with severe acid reflux, which affected his voice.[24] as related by Draiman himself.[25] Later that year, Draiman underwent surgery for a deviated septum which affected his voice.[25] It was successful, and ever since then, Draiman has limited his drinking on the road.[26] In late 2006, Disturbed headlined another one of their own tours named Music as a Weapon III; the bands Flyleaf, Stone Sour, and Nonpoint toured with them.[27] Disturbed completed the first leg of their Music as a Weapon III tour in late 2006.[28] Soon after, Draiman stated that there was not going to be a second leg to the tour and that instead the band was going off the road to start working on their fourth studio album.[29]", "Disturbed (band). On June 20, 2015, on Disturbed's Facebook page and website, there was material posted hinting at a possible return of the band. The website shows a new Disturbed logo, plus a video of the band's mascot \"The Guy\" appearing to be on life support, still breathing.[60] The new Disturbed logo was also posted to their official Facebook page, along with the video of their mascot, and their profile picture changed to solid black, indicating new activity within the band.[61] On June 22, 2015, Disturbed posted another video on Facebook, this time showing The Guy awakening from life support, as well as an 18-hour countdown on their official website, giving speculation to a definite reunion. On June 23, 2015, Disturbed officially announced the end of their hiatus and the coming of their new album entitled Immortalized. On the same day, the official music video for the new single \"The Vengeful One\" was released on their YouTube channel.[62] Immortalized was released on August 21, 2015. John Moyer did not perform on the album due to working on other projects, with all bass tracks being performed by Dan Donegan. Moyer is not in the band's video for \"The Sound Of Silence\" released in December 2015. However, Moyer remains a band member, having appeared in promotional photography for the album as well as continuing to perform live with the band.", "Disturbed (band). Disturbed is now currently on break after completing their touring cycle for Immortalized. The band is hoping to enter the studio by early 2018 to begin recording their seventh studio album.[69] The band will also release an acoustic EP before the new album is released, which is planned to be recorded later in 2017.[70] The forthcoming acoustic record will include brand new material as well as reworked versions of songs from the band's catalog.[71] The band's next touring plans aren't until sometime in 2019.[72]", "Disturbed (band). Disturbed recently released a virtual reality experience for the band's cover of \"The Sound of Silence\" via Littlstar.[64] The band released a live album titled Live at Red Rocks on November 18, 2016.[65] The band performed \"The Sound of Silence\" live on an episode of Australia's The X Factor.[66] Disturbed was announced as a direct support to Avenged Sevenfold on their UK & European tour throughout January and March 2017, alongside In Flames and Chevelle.[67][68]", "Disturbed (band). Classified as a heavy metal[73][74][75][76][77][78] or hard rock[73][74][75][76][77][79] band, Disturbed is also regarded by some critics as nu metal[73][75][80][81] and alternative metal.[81][82] When asked about die-hard heavy metal fans not finding Disturbed heavy enough, Draiman at one time stated:", "David Draiman. In October 2011, Disturbed entered a hiatus.[2] Draiman announced in the following year that he was working on an industrial rock/metal project with Geno Lenardo, formerly of Filter, which was later named Device.[3][4] In June 2015, Disturbed released their first single since their hiatus, named \"The Vengeful One\". They produced it over a year before, and along with it announced a new album, Immortalized.", "Disturbed (band). Disturbed's third studio album, Ten Thousand Fists, was released on September 20, 2005. The album debuted at number-one on the Billboard 200, while also selling around 238,000 copies in the week following its release.[17] The album was certified platinum, shipping 1,000,000 units, in the United States on January 5, 2006.[18] The band toured with 10 Years and Ill Niño in support of the album. Disturbed headlined Ozzfest 2006 along with System of a Down, Lacuna Coil, DragonForce, Avenged Sevenfold, and Hatebreed.[19]", "Disturbed (band). In May 2008, Harmonix, the developers of the video game Rock Band announced they had reached a deal with Disturbed and Best Buy to offer two tracks from Indestructible for play in Rock Band to those who pre-ordered the album from Best Buy's website. On June 3, 2008, Harmonix released three tracks from Indestructible; \"Indestructible\", \"Inside the Fire\", and \"Perfect Insanity\". On May 12, 2009, Harmonix released Stricken and Stupify to the Rock Band music store.", "Disturbed (band). In July 2011, the band confirmed it would go on hiatus after finishing their US tour that year, and in an interview that same month, Draiman dismissed concerns that the upcoming hiatus was a result of conflict between the band members.[56] Disturbed went into hiatus in October 2011. Disturbed released a b-side compilation album, titled The Lost Children, on November 8, 2011. The song \"Hell\" was made available for digital download on October 11, 2011, but Draiman stated on his Twitter page that there would not be a music video for it. A previously unreleased track, titled \"Mine\", also appears on the album. The track listing and release date were revealed on Draiman's Twitter page on September 20. On April 21, 2012, to commemorate Record Store Day, Disturbed released \"The Collection\". It is a box set featuring the band's five full-length studio albums in 140 gram vinyl LPs.", "Disturbed (band). In 2003, the band once again participated in the Ozzfest tour and started another one of their own tours, titled Music as a Weapon II. The bands Chevelle, Taproot, and Unloco toured with them.[13] During the tour, Disturbed debuted an unreleased song, titled \"Dehumanized\".[14] After Disturbed finished the Music as a Weapon II tour, Steve Kmak was fired by the band because of \"personality differences\". He was replaced by John Moyer,[15][16] who is now the current bass player. On the night Moyer became the band's new bass player, Disturbed played live at the House of Blues and performed two new songs, \"Hell\" and \"Monster\", both of which are B-side tracks on the band's third studio album, Ten Thousand Fists.[16]", "Disturbed (band). On February 8, 2010, it was announced that the band had entered the studio in Chicago, Illinois to begin recording their fifth album, tentatively set for a summer 2010 release. Guitarist Dan Donegan stated that the band had written around 15–18 songs.[46] It was later confirmed that the title of the album would be Asylum.[47] The band released a cover of heavy metal band Judas Priest's song \"Living After Midnight\" for the Metal Hammer Presents... Tribute to British Steel album. On April 20, 2010, roughly two months after they entered the studio, Disturbed announced that they had finished recording the album, and were ready to begin mixing it in Los Angeles, California. As they did with their last album Indestructible, Disturbed stated that they self-produced Asylum.[48] The band announced that Asylum would be released on August 31, 2010. On July 9, 2010, the track listing was revealed on the band's official website. Asylum debuted at number-one on the Billboard 200.[49] Asylum was Disturbed’s fourth consecutive studio album to debut on top of the charts, an achievement only earned by two other bands: Metallica and Dave Matthews Band.[50]", "Serj Tankian. On April 9, 2013, Tankian collaborated with Device, a band led by Disturbed frontman David Draiman.", "Disturbed (band). In February 2001, it was announced that the band had covered the song \"Midlife Crisis\" for a Faith No More tribute album,[7] however the cover was not used, and a rerecorded version would later make an appearance on the compilation album, The Lost Children.[8] In September 2001, production of their second studio album began. On June 4, 2002, Disturbed released a documentary DVD about the band, titled M.O.L., which showed some of the band's more personal moments in the studio and during tours, as well as featuring several music videos and live performances.[9] On September 17, 2002, Disturbed released their second studio album, titled Believe, which debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.[10] The music video for the first single from the album, titled \"Prayer\", was pulled from most television stations, due to perceived similarities with the September 11, 2001 attacks.[11] David Draiman recorded vocals for a song titled \"Forsaken\", a song written and produced by Jonathan Davis of the band Korn, released on Queen of the Damned.[12]", "Disturbed (band). In an interview in July 2009, with FaceCulture, Draiman stated that the upcoming DVD will be \"chronicling the past decade of Disturbed's existence. It's meant to show our growth over the course of the decade.\" He also talked more about the upcoming fifth album: \"A couple of [song riffs] that Danny has come up with are really amazing. But they're just little pieces...it's not even in two-three part progression [yet].\"[42] A few months later on March 23, 2010, the band released a reissue of their debut album, The Sickness, with the B-side tracks \"God of the Mind\" and \"A Welcome Burden\", updated artwork, as well as remastering and remixing the track list.[43] It was also available for the first time in vinyl format.[44] On February 26, 2010, Harmonix announced a second Disturbed pack for download on the Rock Band music store, containing the 2010 remastered versions of \"Voices\", \"The Game\", and \"Meaning of Life\".[45]", "Disturbed (band). According to frontman David Draiman on the band home documentary M.O.L., the lyrics that he writes are inspired by actual experiences of his own, and he stated that he likes to present his ideas with cryptic lyrics.[2] These lyrical themes range from the Judeo-Christian concept of Heaven and Hell, domestic abuse, suicide, insanity, relationships, war, to more fantasy-like themes, such as vampirism, werewolves and demons.", "Disturbed (band). In an interview with Launch Radio Networks, Disturbed vocalist David Draiman stated that twenty songs were recorded for the album, but only fourteen made it to the final track listing.[20] The remaining songs included \"Hell\", which was included in one of the two \"Stricken\" singles;[21] \"Monster\", which was included as an iTunes pre-order bonus for Ten Thousand Fists,[22] then later included on the Ten Thousand Fists Tour Edition; \"Two Worlds\", which was also included on the Tour Edition of Ten Thousand Fists; and \"Sickened\", which was included in the \"Land of Confusion\" single.[23] Ten Thousand Fists is the first album released by Disturbed to feature guitar solos. The band stated that they felt that guitar solos are a part of music that is absent in a lot of modern music, and they wanted to bring some of that back. Songs like \"Stricken\", \"Overburdened\", and \"Land of Confusion\" all feature guitar solos, as well as many others.", "David Draiman. For a more comprehensive list, see Disturbed discography Disturbed", "Disturbed (band). Guitarist Dan Donegan uses guitar tunings Drop C, Drop C# and Drop B (also occasionally Eb), which are lower tunings than regular E standard. These lower tunings allow for a heavier sound and quicker chord changes in Donegan's riffs. Donegan also uses subtle electronic effects, which the rest of the band refers to as \"The Danny Donegan Orchestra\".", "Disturbed (band). On the album's release day, the band played their first show in four years at the House of Blues in Chicago. The show featured the live debuts of four new songs (\"The Vengeful One\", \"What Are You Waiting For\", \"The Light\" and the title-track) and the song \"Hell\", a b-side from Ten Thousand Fists in its entirety for the first time.[63]", "Disturbed (band). The secret is that we were never really part of any particular trend, although we definitely benefited from the popularity of what was called nu-metal at the time ... We never had the stereotypical attributes that those bands had. We don’t rap; there’s no turntable involved; no fusion in that respect. We play, in my opinion, classic metal. Sabbath, Maiden, Priest, Metallica, Pantera: these are the bands that made us want to play.\"[84]", "Disturbed (band). Disturbed's mascot, named \"The Guy\", was originally just a drawing of a face with a large grin, as seen on the back of the album The Sickness. The original drawing of The Guy was then edited using a digital distorting program. After the original image had been distorted three times The Guy became the official mascot for the band. Later, he would be drawn as a full figure by artist David Finch.", "David Draiman. After graduating from college, Draiman worked as an administrative assistant in a healthcare facility.[8] After his first year, he earned an administrator's license and commenced running his own healthcare facility.[8] For five years before joining Disturbed and the band's signing with Giant Records, Draiman was a healthcare administrator.[8]" ]

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[ "Pluto (Disney). Disney has dealt with a certain amount of confusion concerning the fact that Pluto (an ordinary dog) is treated as a household pet while the anthropomorphic Goofy is treated as a human despite being of the same species. On their web site, it stated that \"Goofy was originally created as Dippy Dawg\" and \"was created as a human character, as opposed to Pluto who was a pet, so [Goofy] walked upright and had a speaking voice\".", "Pluto (Disney). This problem was humorously illustrated in the film Stand By Me in which one of the boys ponders, \"Mickey's a mouse, Donald's a duck, and Pluto's a dog. What's Goofy?\" Also in the series Funniest Pets & People a dog \"mentions\" why couldn't he have pants because Goofy was a dog and had pants. There is also an episode of the Disney Channel series Even Stevens called \"Scrub Day\" wherein Louis' rallying-the-troops speech he wonders why Goofy got to walk and talk and Pluto has to eat from a dog bowl. This confusion is also mentioned in the French movie La Cité de la peur. In the Disney's Toontown Online event \"April Toons Week,\" characters switch playgrounds and everything is silly. Pluto switches places with Minnie Mouse, and he speaks. A brief gag in an episode of House of Mouse also acknowledges this. Hades asks Goofy, \"Are you a man, are you a dog, are you a man-dog . . . what are you?\". Goofy simply replies, \"I'm just Goofy.\" The confusion between Goofy and Pluto is also mentioned in an episode of Full House by Dave Coulier's character, Joey.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto, also called Pluto the Pup,[1] is a cartoon dog created in 1930 at Walt Disney Productions. He is a yellow-orange color, medium-sized, short-haired dog with black ears. Unlike most Disney characters, Pluto is not anthropomorphic beyond some characteristics such as facial expression.[Note 1][2] He is Mickey Mouse's pet. Officially a mixed-breed dog,[3] he made his debut as a bloodhound in the Mickey Mouse cartoon The Chain Gang.[4] Together with Mickey Mouse, Minnie Mouse, Donald Duck, Daisy Duck, and Goofy, Pluto is one of the \"Sensational Six\"—the biggest stars in the Disney universe.[5] Though all six are non-human animals, Pluto alone is not dressed as a human.[6]", "Mickey Mouse universe. Pluto is Mickey Mouse's pet dog who was first introduced in 1930 as Minnie's dog Rover and in 1931 as Mickey's dog. Unlike the anthropomorphic Goofy, Pluto is characterized as a normal dog who walks on four legs, and almost never speaks.", "Pluto (Disney). Unlike Mickey's other animal friends, such as Goofy (who is also a dog), Pluto is a normal animal. Pluto does not speak, walk upright, or wear clothing. A significant departure from this was his speaking role in The Moose Hunt (1931), which was produced before Pluto's characterization had been clearly defined. As Pluto made more appearances, it became common that he would not speak, but only vocalize in barks and grunts. Other ways of communicating Pluto's thoughts occur through his facial expressions, and sometimes through the use of a shoulder angel/devil who speak directly to Pluto. (Mickey's Elephant, Lend a Paw).", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto is generally a cheerful and adventurous dog, although he can be given to sheer panic when confronted with something unknown. Common themes in Pluto's stories involve him becoming jealous of Mickey getting another pet (Mickey's Elephant, Lend a Paw, Mickey and the Seal), Pluto accidentally and unwittingly swallowing something and panicking when he realizes it (Playful Pluto, Donald and Pluto), Pluto getting entangled with something inanimate, or Pluto being pestered by a smaller animal (Private Pluto, Squatter's Rights). In many of his appearances with Mickey, Pluto will get himself into trouble and cause Mickey to get angry at him. Mickey, however, often cheers up quickly; often telling Pluto \"I can't be mad at ya.\"", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto was initially a minor character until 1934 when Disney animator Norm Ferguson gave the dog a key role in the cartoon Playful Pluto. Pluto becomes entangled with a sticky piece of flypaper, and Ferguson expanded the sequence significantly. The segment became a classic, demonstrating how Disney artists can take a simple circumstance and build humor through a character.[16]", "Mickey Mouse universe. Goofy is Mickey's dim-witted but good-natured friend who was first introduced in 1932. Goofy is an anthropomorphic dog who is accident-prone. In some stories he dates Clarabelle Cow while other times he is shown as a single parent. His original name was Dippy Dawg.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto first appeared as a nameless bloodhound tracking the escaped convict Mickey in the film The Chain Gang (September 1930).[11] A month and a half later, Pluto appeared as Minnie Mouse's dog named Rover who comes along with her and Mickey on a picnic. By his third appearance, in The Moose Hunt (1931), Pluto is Mickey's pet, now named \"Pluto\".[3]", "Goofy. Goofy is a funny-animal cartoon character created in 1932 at Walt Disney Productions. Goofy is a tall, anthropomorphic dog with a Southern drawl, and typically wears a turtle neck and vest, with pants, shoes, white gloves, and a tall hat originally designed as a rumpled fedora. Goofy is a close friend of Mickey Mouse and Donald Duck and is one of Disney's most recognizable characters. He is normally characterized as extremely clumsy and dimwitted, yet this interpretation is not always definitive; occasionally Goofy is shown as intuitive, and clever, albeit in his own unique, eccentric way.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto sometimes appears with other regular animal characters. His friends include Fifi the Peke, Dinah the Dachshund, and Ronnie the St. Bernard Puppy. Other animals he is less friendly with include Salty the Seal, Butch the Bulldog, Figaro the Kitten, Chip 'n Dale, Spike the Bee, Bent-Tail the Coyote, Milton the cat and other characters. In Disney's 1937 animated short Pluto's Quin-Puplets, Pluto has a son who is simply referred to as \"Pluto Junior.\" In the 1946 animated short Pluto's Kid Brother, Pluto has a younger brother named K.B.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto first and most often appears in the Mickey Mouse series of cartoons. On rare occasions, he is paired with Donald Duck (\"Donald and Pluto\", \"Beach Picnic\", \"Window Cleaners\", \"The Eyes Have It\", \"Donald's Dog Laundry\", & \"Put Put Troubles\").", "Pluto (Disney). Tina Fey used the term \"Goofy Pluto\" to refer to seemingly disparate roles for guest stars on 30 Rock, namely the mismatch between Jennifer Aniston playing a character in the show in the same episode in which the cast of Night Court appears as themselves in the episode titled \"The One with the Cast of Night Court.\"[18]", "Pluto (Disney). The following is a list of short films starring Pluto in the Silly Symphonies, Pluto the Pup and Pluto series. It is not a complete filmography for Pluto as he has also appeared extensively in Mickey Mouse or Donald Duck films. Although some of such cartoons are labeled as Mickey cartoons, they are actually officially placed under Pluto's filmography.", "Pluto (Disney). Like all of Pluto's co-stars, the dog has appeared extensively in comics over the years, first making an appearance in 1931.[9] He returned to theatrical animation in 1990 with The Prince and the Pauper and has also appeared in several direct-to-video films. Pluto also appears in the television series Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), House of Mouse (2001–2003), Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), and the new Mickey Mouse shorts (2013–present).", "Pluto (Disney). Several months had passed between the naming of what was believed to be the ninth planet, Pluto, on March 24, 1930, and the attachment of that name to the dog character. Venetia Burney (later Venetia Phair), who as an eleven-year-old British schoolgirl had suggested the name Pluto for the planet, remarked in 2006: \"The name had nothing to do with the Disney cartoon. Mickey Mouse's dog was named after the planet, not the other way around.\"[12] Although it has been claimed that Disney named the dog after the planet, rather than after the mythical god of the underworld, this has not been verified. Disney animator Ben Sharpsteen said \"We thought the name [Rover] was too common, so we had to look for something else. ... We changed it to Pluto the Pup ... but I don't honestly remember why.\"[13] Disney says they have no documents to support or refute the connection.[14][not in citation given] Unofficially, even Disney's animators believed that Walt Disney chose the name to capitalize on the sensation of the newly named planet.[15]", "Goofy. Progressively during the series Mickey's part diminished in favor of Donald, Goofy, and Pluto. The reason for this was simple: Between the easily frustrated Donald and Pluto and the always-living-in-a-world-of-his-own Goofy, Mickey—who became progressively gentler and more laid-back—seemed to act as the straight man of the trio. The Studio's artists found that it had become easier coming up with new gags for Goofy or Donald than Mickey, to a point that Mickey's role had become unnecessary. Polar Trappers, first released on June 17, 1938, was the first film to feature Goofy and Donald as a duo. The short features the duo as partners and owners of \"Donald and Goofy Trapping Co.\" They have settled in the Arctic for an unspecified period of time, to capture live walruses to bring back to civilization. Their food supplies consist of canned beans. The focus shifts between Goofy trying to set traps for walruses and Donald trying to catch penguins to use as food — both with the same lack of success. Mickey would return in The Whalers, first released on August 19, 1938, but this and also Tugboat Mickey, released on April 26, 1940, would be the last two shorts to feature all three characters as a team.", "Pluto (Disney). The first cartoons to feature Pluto as a solo star were two Silly Symphonies, Just Dogs (1932) and Mother Pluto (1936). In 1937, Pluto appeared in Pluto's Quin-Puplets which was the first installment of his own film series, then headlined Pluto the Pup. However, they were not produced on a regular basis until 1940, by which time the name of the series was shortened to Pluto.", "Goofy. According to animation historian Christopher P. Lehman, Disney had started casting Goofy as a suburban everyman in the late 1940s. And with this role came changes in depiction. Goofy's facial stubble and his protruding teeth were removed to give him a more refined look.[13] His clothing changed from a casual style to wearing business suits. He began to look more human and less dog-like, with his ears hidden in his hat.[13] By 1951, Goofy was portrayed as being married and having a son of his own. Neither the wife nor the son were portrayed as dog-like. The wife's face was never seen, but her form was human. The son lacked Goofy's dog-like ears.[13]", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto debuted in animated cartoons and appeared in 24 Mickey Mouse films before receiving his own series in 1937. All together Pluto appeared in 89 short films between 1930 and 1953. Several of these were nominated for an Academy Award, including The Pointer (1939), Squatter's Rights (1946), Pluto's Blue Note (1947), and Mickey and the Seal (1948). One of his films, Lend a Paw (1941), won the award in 1942.[7][Note 2] Because Pluto does not speak, his films generally rely on physical humor. This made Pluto a pioneering figure in character animation, by expressing personality through animation rather than dialogue.[8]", "Pluto (Disney). In the various Disney theme park resorts around the world, Pluto is a meetable character just like many of his film co-stars.[17] Pluto, however, uncharacteristically walks on two legs in this capacity out of necessity. Adults and children are able to meet, play with, and get autographs and pictures with Pluto and his friends at all Disney parks.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto runs his own neighborhood in Disney's Toontown Online. It's called the Brrrgh and it's always snowing there except during Halloween. During April Toons Week, a weekly event that is very silly, Pluto switches playgrounds with Minnie (all other characters do this as well). Pluto actually talks in Minnie's Melodyland.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto appeared as a non-playable character in Mickey Mania (1994).", "Mickey Mouse universe. Dinah the Dachshund appears as Pluto's girlfriend although she sometimes dates Butch the Bulldog as well. She first appears in The Sleepwalker. In Canine Casanova, when she winds up in the dog pound, Pluto saves the day, becomes Dinah's hero and the two start dating. In other cartoons such as In Dutch, Pluto's Heart Throb and Wonder Dog, the two engage in further romance, often with Butch the Bulldog as Pluto's romantic rival.\nDinah has more recently appeared in several cartoon shorts in the anthology series Mickey MouseWorks and Disney's House of Mouse, where Pluto's Arrow Error shows Dinah as Butch's girlfriend first with no serious interest in Pluto.", "Pluto (Disney). Pluto has also appeared in the television series Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000), Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2002), Mickey Mouse Clubhouse (2006–2016), the new Mickey Mouse shorts ( 2013–present), and Mickey & the Roadster Racers (2017–present). Curiously enough, however, Pluto was the only standard Disney character not included when the whole gang was reunited for the 1983 featurette Mickey's Christmas Carol, although he did return in The Prince and the Pauper (1990) and Runaway Brain (1995). He also had a cameo in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988). In 1996, he made a cameo in the Quack Pack episode \"The Really Mighty Ducks\".", "Mickey Mouse. Mickey generally appears alongside his girlfriend Minnie Mouse, his pet dog Pluto, his friends Donald Duck and Goofy, and his nemesis Pete, among others (see Mickey Mouse universe). Though originally characterized as a mischievous antihero, Mickey was rebranded over time as an everyman, usually seen as a flawed, but adventurous hero. In 2009, Disney began to rebrand the character again by putting less emphasis on his pleasant, cheerful side and reintroducing the more mischievous and adventurous sides of his personality, beginning with the video game Epic Mickey.[3]", "Walt Disney Animation Studios. During the production of Snow White, work had continued on the Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series of shorts. Mickey Mouse switched to Technicolor in 1935, by which time the series had added several major supporting characters, among them Mickey's dog Pluto and their friends Donald Duck and Goofy. Donald, Goofy, and Pluto would all be appearing in series of their own by 1940, and the Donald Duck cartoons eclipsed the Mickey Mouse series in popularity.[41] The Silly Symphonies, which garnered seven Academy Awards, ended in 1939.[42]", "Goofy. The comic strips drawn by Floyd Gottfredson for Disney were generally based on what was going on in the Mickey Mouse shorts at the time but when Donald Duck's popularity led to Donald Duck gaining his own newspaper strip, Disney decided that he was no longer allowed to appear in Gottfredson's strips. Accordingly, Goofy remained alone as Mickey's sidekick, replacing Horace Horsecollar as Mickey's fellow adventurer and companion. Similarly in comics the Mickey Mouse world with Goofy as Mickey's sidekick was usually very separate from the Donald Duck world and crossovers were rare.\nGoofy also has a characteristic habit of holding his hand in front of his mouth, a trademark that was introduced by Paul Murry.", "Pluto (Disney). In 1936 Pluto got an early title feature in a picture book under title \"Mickey Mouse and Pluto the Pup\" by Whitman Publishing.", "Pluto (Disney). In the Kingdom Hearts video game series, Pluto is still Mickey's pet and acts as somewhat of a messenger, assisting in his master's plans. For most of Kingdom Hearts II, Pluto stays by Kairi's side (even when she has been kidnapped), as he has apparently taken a liking to her. Strangely, throughout the series, Pluto appears and disappears at random moments.", "Mickey Mouse Clubhouse. Bill Farmer, the voice actor for Goofy and Pluto, stated in February 2014 that the recording of dialogue for new episodes has ceased, but that \"it will be quite a while before the show runs out of new episodes for TV. We have been on the air consistently since 2006 and we started recording in 2004. So there is always a long lead-in time between recording and seeing it on TV. So don’t worry more is still to come, we just are not making any more\".[6]", "Goofy. Super Goof is Goofy's superhero alter ego who gets his powers by eating super goobers (peanuts). Goofy became the first Disney character to also be a superhero,[citation needed] but several would follow, including Donald Duck as Paperinik." ]

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[ "Denver. As of the 2010 census, the population of the City and County of Denver was 600,158, making it the 24th most populous U.S. city.[75] The Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 2,697,476 and ranked as the 21st most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area,[16] and the larger Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2013 population of 3,277,309 and ranked as the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[16] Denver is the most populous city within a radius centered in the city and of 550-mile (890 km) magnitude.[16] Denverites is a term used for residents of Denver.", "Colorado. The most populous of the 14 Core Based Statistical Areas in Colorado is the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area. This area had an estimated population of 2,599,504 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +2.20% since the 2010 United States Census.[116]", "Denver. Denver is ranked as a Beta- world city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. With an estimated population of 693,060 in 2016, Denver is the 19th-most populous U.S. city, and with a 15.48% increase since the 2010 United States Census, it has been one of the fastest-growing major cities in the United States.[15] The 10-county Denver-Aurora-Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated 2016 population of 2,853,077 and is the 19th most populous U.S. metropolitan statistical area.[16] The 12-city Denver-Aurora, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated 2016 population of 3,470,235 and is the 16th most populous U.S. metropolitan area.[17] Denver is the most populous city of the 18-county Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong urban region stretching across two states with an estimated 2016 population of 4,833,260.[18] Denver is the most populous city within a 500-mile (800 km) radius and the second-most populous city in the Mountain West after Phoenix, Arizona. In 2016, Denver was named the best place to live in the United States by U.S. News & World Report.[19]", "Colorado. The more extensive Denver-Aurora-Boulder, CO Combined Statistical Area had an estimated population of 3,157,520 on July 1, 2011, an increase of +2.16% since the 2010 United States Census.[116]", "Colorado. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1, 2016, a 10.17% increase since the 2010 United States Census.[10] Colorado's most populous city, and capital, is Denver. The Denver-Aurora-Boulder Combined Statistical Area with an estimated 2013 population of 3,277,309, has 60% of the state's residents.", "Colorado. The most populous extended metropolitan region in Rocky Mountain Region is the Front Range Urban Corridor along the northeast face of the Southern Rocky Mountains. This region with Denver at its center had an estimated population of 4,495,181 on July 1, 2012, an increase of +3.73% since the 2010 United States Census.[116]", "Denver. According to the 2010 census, the City and County of Denver contained 600,158 people and 285,797 households. The population density was 3,698 inhabitants per square mile (1,428/km²) including the airport. There were 285,797 housing units at an average density of 1,751 per square mile (676/km²).[15] However, the average density throughout most Denver neighborhoods tends to be higher. Without the 80249 zip code (47.3 sq mi, 8,407 residents) near the airport, the average density increases to around 5,470 per square mile.[76]", "Greater Hartford. The population of Greater Hartford (metropolitan area as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau), had a total population of 1,212,381 (2010 census).", "Colorado. Colorado (/ˌkɒləˈrædoʊ, -ˈrɑːdoʊ/ ( listen)[8][9]) is a state of the United States encompassing most of the southern Rocky Mountains as well as the northeastern portion of the Colorado Plateau and the western edge of the Great Plains. It is the 8th largest geographically and 21st most populous U.S. state. The estimated population of Colorado was 5,540,545 on July 1, 2016, an increase of 10.17% since the 2010 United States Census.[10]", "Denver. Denver (/ˈdɛnvər/), officially the City and County of Denver, is the capital and most populous municipality of the U.S. state of Colorado. Denver is in the South Platte River Valley on the western edge of the High Plains just east of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. The Denver downtown district is immediately east of the confluence of Cherry Creek with the South Platte River, approximately 12 mi (19 km) east of the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Denver is nicknamed the Mile High City because its official elevation is exactly one mile (5280 feet or 1609.3 meters) above sea level, making it the highest major city in the United States.[14] The 105th meridian west of Greenwich, the longitudinal reference for the Mountain Time Zone, passes directly through Denver Union Station.", "Denver. Denver International Airport (IATA: DEN, ICAO: KDEN), commonly known as DIA, serves as the primary airport for a large region surrounding Denver. DIA is 18.6 miles (30 km) east-northeast of the Colorado State Capitol. DIA is the eighteenth busiest airport in the world and ranks sixth in the United States, with 58,266,515 passengers passing through it in 2016.[151] It covers more than 53 square miles (137.3 km2), making it the largest airport by land area in the United States and larger than the island of Manhattan.[152][153] Denver serves as a major hub for United Airlines, is the headquarters for Frontier Airlines, and is the fastest-growing focus city for Southwest Airlines.", "Denver, North Carolina. The census[2] of 2000 for Denver's zip code 28037 shows a total population of 13,030 with a median age of 37.3 years. The racial makeup was 95.3% White, 3.2% African American, and 1.5% other races. There were 5,052 households, 77.5% being family households. The average household size was 2.56 people. 82.9% of the residents had a high school education or higher, and 20.4% had a Bachelor's Degree or higher.", "Demography of the United States. The following table shows the populations of the top twenty metropolitan areas. Note Denver and Baltimore have over 2.5 million residents in their metro areas.", "Denver. Denver is in the center of the Front Range Urban Corridor, between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the High Plains to the east. Denver's topography consists of plains in the city center with hilly areas to the north, west and south. According to the United States Census Bureau the city has a total area of 155 square miles (401 km2), of which 153 square miles (396 km2) is land and 1.6 square miles (4.1 km2) (1.1%) is water.[50] The City and County of Denver is surrounded by only three other counties: Adams County to the north and east, Arapahoe County to the south and east, and Jefferson County to the west.", "Denver. The Denver MSA has a gross metropolitan product of $157.6 billion in 2010, making it the 18th largest metro economy in the United States.[83] Denver's economy is based partially on its geographic position and its connection to some of the country's major transportation systems. Because Denver is the largest city within 500 miles (800 km), it has become a natural location for storage and distribution of goods and services to the Mountain States, Southwest states, as well as all western states. Another benefit for distribution is that Denver is nearly equidistant from large cities of the Midwest, such as Chicago and St. Louis and some large cities of the West Coast, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco.", "Grand Junction, Colorado. According to the census.gov website the estimate population as of July 1, 2017 is 62,475 people.[18] As of the census[19] of 2000, there were 41,986 people, 17,865 households, and 10,540 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,362.6 people per square mile (526.2/km²). There were 18,784 housing units at an average density of 609.6 per square mile (235.4/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 91.78% White, 0.60% African American, 0.94% Native American, 0.76% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, 3.81% from other races, and 1.99% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10.86% of the population.", "Greater Toronto Area. The Greater Toronto Area (GTA) is the most populous metropolitan area in Canada. It consists of the central city of Toronto and the four regional municipalities which surround it: Durham, Halton, Peel, and York.[6] As of the 2016 census, the Greater Toronto Area has a population of 5,928,040.[7][8]", "Colorado. Roughly 70% of Colorado's population resides along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains in the Front Range Urban Corridor between Cheyenne, Wyoming, and Pueblo, Colorado. This region is partially protected from prevailing storms that blow in from the Pacific Ocean region by the high Rockies in the middle of Colorado. The \"Front Range\" includes Denver, Boulder, Fort Collins, Loveland, Colorado Springs, Pueblo, Greeley and other townships and municipalities in between. On the other side of the Rockies, the significant population centers in Western Colorado (which is not considered the \"Front Range\") are the cities of Grand Junction, Durango, and Montrose.", "Greater Toronto Area. According to the latest census data from 2016 from Statistics Canada, the population of this area is 6,417,516. Population growth studies have projected the City of Toronto's population in 2031 to be 3,000,000 and the Greater Toronto Area's population to be 7,450,000,[114] while the Ontario Ministry of Finance states it could reach 7.7 million by 2025.[115] Statistics Canada identified in 2001 that four major urban regions in Canada exhibited a cluster pattern of concentrated population growth among which included the Greater Golden Horseshoe Census Region, which includes all of the Greater Toronto Area (which includes Oshawa), as well as other Southern Ontario cities including Niagara, Hamilton, Guelph, Kitchener-Cambridge-Waterloo and Barrie. Combined, the Greater Golden Horseshoe has a population of 8,116,000 in 2006,[116] containing approximately 25% of Canada's population.", "Grand Junction, Colorado. Grand Junction is the home rule municipality that is the county seat and the most populous municipality of Mesa County, Colorado, United States. The city has a council–manager form of government, and is the most populous municipality in all of western Colorado.[6] Grand Junction is situated 247 miles (398 km) west-southwest of the Colorado State Capitol in Denver. As of the 2010 census, the population of the city was 58,566.[7] Grand Junction is the 15th most populous city in the state of Colorado and the most populous city on the Colorado Western Slope. Grand Junction serves as a major commercial and transportation hub within the large area between the Green River and the Continental Divide. It is the principal city of the Grand Junction Metropolitan Statistical Area which had a population of 146,723 in 2010 census.", "Colorado. According to the 2010 United States Census, Colorado had a population of 5,029,196. Racial composition of the state's population was:", "Greater Houston. Greater Houston is part of the Texas Triangle megaregion alongside the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, Greater Austin, and Greater San Antonio. The metropolitan area is the second-largest in Texas (after Dallas–Fort Worth) with a population of 6,490,180 as of the 2010 United States Census.[3][4][5][6][7]", "Colorado. Denver International Airport (DIA) is the fourth-busiest domestic U.S. airport and eighteenth busiest airport in the world by passenger traffic.[105] DIA handles by far the largest volume of commercial air traffic in Colorado, and is the busiest U.S. hub airport between Chicago and the Pacific coast, making Denver the most important airport for connecting passenger traffic in the western United States.", "Colorado Springs, Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population of Colorado Springs was 416,427[42] (40th most populous U.S. city), and the population of the Colorado Springs Metropolitan Statistical Area was 645,613 in 2010 (84th most populous MSA),[43] and the population of the Front Range Urban Corridor in Colorado was an estimated 4,166,855.", "Denver. Denver's west-central geographic location in the Mountain Time Zone (UTC−7) also benefits the telecommunications industry by allowing communication with both North American coasts, South America, Europe, and Asia in the same business day. Denver's location on the 105th meridian at over one mile (1.6 km) in elevation also enables it to be the largest city in the U.S. to offer a \"one-bounce\" real-time satellite uplink to six continents in the same business day. Qwest Communications, Dish Network Corporation, Starz-Encore, DIRECTV, and Comcast are a few of the many telecommunications companies with operations in the Denver area. These and other high-tech companies had a boom in Denver in the mid to late 1990s. After a rise in unemployment in the Great Recession, Denver's unemployment rate recovered and had one of the lowest unemployment rates in the nation at 2.6% in November 2016.[87] As of December 2016, the unemployment rate for the Denver-Aurora-Broomfield MSA is 2.6%.[88] The Downtown region has seen increased real estate investment[89] with the construction of several new skyscrapers from 2010 onward and major development around Denver Union Station.", "Denver. Denver does not have larger area designations, unlike the City of Chicago, which has larger areas that house the neighborhoods (IE: Northwest Side). Denver residents use the terms \"north\", \"south\", \"east\", and \"west\".[53]", "Denver. The Denver Metropolitan Area is served by a variety of media outlets in print, radio, television, and the Internet.", "Colorado. Nine Colorado counties have a population in excess of 250,000 each, while eight Colorado counties have a population of less than 2,500 each. The ten most populous Colorado counties are all located in the Front Range Urban Corridor.", "Denver. Denver is home to a variety of sports teams and is one of the U.S. cities with teams from four major sports (the Denver metro area is the smallest metropolitan area to have a team in all four major sports). The Denver Broncos of the National Football League have drawn crowds of over 70,000 since their origins in the early 1960s, and continue to draw fans today to their current home Sports Authority Field at Mile High. The Broncos have sold out every home game (except for strike-replacement games) since 1970.[102] The Broncos have advanced to eight Super Bowls and won back-to-back titles in 1997 and 1998, and won again in 2015.", "Colorado Springs, Colorado. The city had an estimated population of 465,101 in 2016, and a metro population of approximately 712,000, [11] ranking as the second most populous city in the state of Colorado, behind Denver, and the 40th most populous city in the United States.[12] The Colorado Springs, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area had an estimated population of 712,327 in 2016.[13] The city is included in the Front Range Urban Corridor, an oblong region of urban population along the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Colorado and Wyoming, generally following the path of Interstate 25 in both states.", "Pacific Northwest. The region's largest metropolitan areas are Greater Seattle, Washington, with 3.7 million people,[2] Greater Portland, Oregon, with 2.4 million people[3] and Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, with 2.4 million people.[4]", "Colorado. Colorado has a high proportion of Hispanic, mostly Mexican-American, citizens in Metropolitan Denver, Colorado Springs, as well as the smaller cities of Greeley and Pueblo, and elsewhere. Southern, Southwestern, and Southeastern Colorado has a large number of Hispanos, the descendants of the early Mexican settlers of colonial Spanish origin. In 1940, the Census Bureau reported Colorado's population as 8.2% Hispanic and 90.3% non-Hispanic white.[46] The Hispanic population of Colorado has continued to grow quickly over the past decades. By 2012, Hispanics made up 21% of Colorado's population, and Non-Hispanic Whites made up 69%.[47] Spoken English in Colorado has many Spanish idioms.[48]" ]

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[ "Hamza (name). Hamza (also spelled as Hamzah, Hamzeh or Humza; Arabic: حمزة‎, standardized transliteration is Ḥamzah) is a masculine given name in the Muslim world, derived from the Arabic word ḥamuza, meaning strong or steadfast. It was borne by one of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad's uncles, Hamza ibn Abd al-Muttalib, an early Islamic convert renowned for his strength and bravery in battle.", "Arabic definite article. Consequently, it turns out that the hamza in al- is considered the only volatile hamza in the language that has a fatḥa vowel.", "Aleph. The Arabic letter was used to render either a long /aː/ or a glottal stop /ʔ/. That led to orthographical confusion and to the introduction of the additional letter hamzat qaṭ‘ ﺀ. Hamza is not considered a full letter in Arabic orthography: in most cases, it appears on a carrier, either a wāw (ؤ ), a dotless yā’ (ئ), or an alif. The choice of carrier depends on complicated orthographic rules. Alif إ أ is generally the carrier if the only adjacent vowel is fatḥah. It is the only possible carrier if hamza is the first phoneme of a word. Where alif acts as a carrier for hamza, hamza is added above the alif, or, for initial alif-kasrah, below it and indicates that the letter so modified is indeed a glottal stop, not a long vowel.", "Arabic definite article. Regardless of whether the hamza in al- is volatile or not, it is read with a fatḥa when beginning speech with the definite article. For example, if one vocalizes the word البيت 'the house' after a pause, it will be pronounced \"al-bayt\". In fact, the hamza in al- is largely considered to be the only volatile hamza that has a fatḥa vowel.", "Arabic definite article. Khalīl, Ibn Keisān and Akhfash, on the other hand, consider the hamza not to be volatile.[13][15] There is a further debate among the proponents of the second theory. Some do not consider the hamza volatile and assert that it contributes to the definiteness of the following word. Others assert that the hamza contributes to the definiteness of the following word but is still volatile.[13]", "Arabic alphabet. In academic work, the hamzah (ء) is transliterated with the modifier letter right half ring (ʾ), while the modifier letter left half ring (ʿ) transliterates the letter ‘ayn (ع), which represents a different sound, not found in English.", "Arabic alphabet. (aka \"heavy long stop\"; similar to hamzah)", "Arabic definite article. If the word onto which al- is prefixed starts with a hamza, the vowel from that hamza may transfer to the lām of al- after which the hamza not be pronounced.[28] See Allah in \"Arabic definite article\" for an example. If this hamza is volatile, that is required. An example is in the phrase بِئْشَ الإسْمُ bi’sa al-ismu. The phrase is read as بِئْشَ الاِسْمُ \"bi’sa lismu\" (Qur'an 49:11). The rule relates to hamza and is not in direct relation to al-. Moreover, it is a rare occurrence and is almost never applied in spoken varieties of modern or classical Arabic.", "Hamsa. Khamsah is an Arabic word that means \"five\", but also \"the five fingers of the hand\".[4][5][6]", "Aleph. A second type of hamza, hamzat waṣl (همزة وصل), occurs only as the initial phoneme of the definite article and in some related cases. It differs from hamzat qaṭ‘ in that it is elided after a preceding vowel. Again, alif is always the carrier.", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. After that incident, Hamza entered the House of Al-Arqam and declared Islam.[2]:3 \"Hamza’s Islam was complete, and he followed the Apostle's commands. When he became a Muslim, the Quraysh recognised that the Apostle had become strong, and had found a protector in Hamza, and so they abandoned some of their ways of harassing him.\"[7]:132 Instead, they tried to strike bargains with him; but he did not accept their offers.[7]:132-133", "Evil eye. A blue or green eye can also be found on some forms of the hamsa hand, an apotropaic hand-shaped talisman against the evil eye found in West Asia. The word hamsa, also spelled khamsa and hamesh, means \"five\" referring to the fingers of the hand. In Jewish culture, the hamsa is called the Hand of Miriam; in some Muslim cultures, the Hand of Fatima. Though condemned as superstition by doctrinaire Muslims, it is almost exclusively among Muslims in the Near East and Mediterranean that the belief in envious looks containing destructive power or the talismanic power of a nazar to defend against them. To adherents of other faiths in the region, the nazar is an attractive decoration.", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza was buried in the same qabr (Arabic: قَـبْـر‎, grave) as his nephew Abdullah ibn Jahsh. Muhammad later said, \"I saw the angels washing Hamza because he was in Paradise on that day.\"[2] Fatima used to go to Hamza's grave and tend it.[2]", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza was skilled in wrestling, archery and fighting.[3] He was fond of hunting, and he is described as \"the strongest man of the Quraysh, and the most unyielding.\"[7]:131", "Arabic definite article. Khalīl further argues that the only reason the hamza in al- is ever dropped is not that it is volatile but that it is used too much. When asked why the lām in al- was not simply given a vowel if it is so heavily used and it needs to be easier to pronounce, followers of Khalīl said that if the lām had been given a fatḥa, it would have been confused with the asseverative-cum-precative particle.[17] Had it been given a kasra, it would have been confused with the genitival particle.[17] It could not have been given a ḍamma for fear of the following vowel being a kasra or ḍamma (which would result in awkward pronunciations as in لإبل *lu-ibil or لعنق *lu-‘unuq).[18]", "Arabic definite article. In his defence, Khalīl argues that when a word prefixed with al- is preceded by the interrogative hamza, the two hamzas mix.[16] For example, when the word الآن al-āna (now) is prefixed with it, the result is آلآن āl-āna. Clearly, the hamza of al- does not drop in this case even though there is no further purpose for it.", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza took little notice of Islam for the first few years. He did not respond to Muhammad's first appeal to the Hashimite clan in 613.[7]:117-118", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza was martyred in the Battle of Uhud on 22 March 625 (3 Shawwal 3 hijri) when he was 59 (lunar) years old. He was standing in front of Muhammad, fighting with two swords and shouting, \"I am Allah's lion!\"[2]", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. His kunyas were \"Abū Umārah\"[2]:2 (أَبُو عُمَارَةَ) and \"Abū Ya‘lā\"[2]:3 (أَبُو يَعْلَى). He had the by-names Asad Allāh[2]:2 (أسد الله, \"Lion of God\") and Asad al-Jannah (أسد الجنّة, \"Lion of the Paradise\"), and Muhammad gave him the posthumous title Sayyid ash-Shuhadā’ (سَيِّدُ الشُّهَدَاء, \"Chief of the Martyrs\").[3]", "Hamsa. The Hamsa is also known as the Hand of Fatima, after the daughter of the prophet Muhammad.[7]", "Hamsa. The Hamsa (Arabic: خمسة‎‎ Khamsah, Hebrew: חַמְסָה‎, also romanized khamsa, Berber: ⵜⴰⴼⵓⵙⵜ Tafust), is a palm-shaped amulet popular throughout the Middle East and North Africa and commonly used in jewelry and wall hangings.[1][2] Depicting the open right hand, an image recognized and used as a sign of protection in many times throughout history, the hamsa is believed by some, predominantly Jews, Christians and Muslims, to provide defense against the evil eye. It has been theorized that its origins lie in Ancient Egypt or Carthage (modern-day Tunisia) and may have been associated with the goddess Tanit.[3]", "Names of God in Islam. ٱ = The waṣla (hamzatu l-waṣli (هَمْزَةُ ٱلْوَصْلِ \"hamza of connection\")) denoting of ٱلْ is \"ʾal/ ʾul/ ʾil\" depending on the last vowel of the previous word/sentence structure:", "Arabic definite article. A classical (and largely one-sided) debate in regards to al- is whether the hamza is volatile or not. The majority opinion is that of Sibawayh (d. ca. 797), who considers the hamza volatile.[13][14][15] In his opinion, the hamza neither is part of al- nor contributes to the definiteness of the following word.", "Adhan. The adhan, athan, or azaan (Arabic: أَذَان‎ [ʔaˈðaːn]) (also called in Turkish: Ezan)[1] is the Islamic call to worship, recited by the muezzin at prescribed times of the day. The root of the word is ʾadhina أَذِنَ meaning \"to listen, to hear, be informed about\". Another derivative of this word is ʾudhun (أُذُن), meaning \"ear\".", "Palestinian Arabic. Urban dialects are characterised by the [ʔ] (hamza) pronunciation of ق qaf, the simplification of interdentals as dentals plosives, i.e. ث as [t], ذ as [d] and both ض and ظ as [dˤ]. Note however that in borrowings from Modern Standard Arabic, these interdental consonants are realised as dental sibilants, i.e. ث as [s], ذ as [d] and both ض and ظ as [zˤ]. The Druzes have a dialect that may be classified with the Urban ones, with the difference that they keep the uvular pronunciation of ق qaf as [q]. The urban dialects also ignore the difference between masculine and feminine in the plural pronouns انتو ['ɪntu] is both 'you' (masc. plur.) and 'you' (fem. plur.), and ['hʊmme] is both 'they' (masc.) and 'they' (fem.)", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza joined the emigration to Medina in 622 and lodged with Kulthum ibn al-Hidm[7]:218 or Saad ibn Khaythama. Muhammad made him the brother in Islam of Zayd ibn Harithah.[2]:3[7]:324", "Hamsa. Due to its significance in both Arabic and Berber culture, the hamsa is one of the national symbols of Algeria and appears in its emblem. It is also the most popular among the different amulets (such as the Eye and the Hirz — a silver box containing verses of the Quran) for warding off the evil eye in Egypt.[19] Egyptian women who live in baladi (\"traditional\") urban quarters often make khamaysa, which are amulets made up of five (khamsa) objects to attach to their children's hair or black aprons. The five objects can be made of peppers, hands, circles or stars hanging from hooks.[22]", "Hamsa. Used to protect against evil eye, a malicious stare believed to be able to cause illness, death or just general unluckiness, hamsas often contain an eye symbol.[20][24] Depictions of the hand, the eye or the number five in Arabic (and Berber) tradition are related to warding off the evil eye, as exemplified in the saying khamsa fi ainek (\"five [fingers] in your eye\").[24] Raising one's right hand with the palm showing and the fingers slightly apart is part of this curse meant \"to blind the aggressor\".[21] Another formula uttered against the evil eye in Arabic, but without hand gestures, is khamsa wa-khamis (\"five and Thursday\").[25][26] As the fifth day of the week, Thursday is considered a good day for magic rites and pilgrimages to the tombs of revered saints to counteract the effects of the evil eye.[27]", "Emmaus. The place name Emmaus is relatively common in classical sources about the Levant and is usually derived through Greek and Latin from the Semitic word for \"warm spring\", whose Hebrew form is hamma or hammat (חמת). There are many sites with the name Hama, Hamath and variations thereof in the ancient and present-day Middle East.[3]", "Hamza ibn Abdul-Muttalib. Hamza married three times and had six children.[2]:3", "Animals in Islam. Usually, in Muslim majority cultures, animals have names (one animal may be given several names), which are often interchangeable with names of people. Muslim names or titles like asad and ghadanfar (Arabic for lion), shir and arslan (Persian and Turkish for lion, respectively) are common in the Muslim world. Prominent Muslims with animal names include: Hamzah, Abd al-Rahman ibn Sakhr Al-Azdi (called \"Abu Hurairah\", the Father of the kitten), Abdul-Qadir Gilani (called al-baz al-ashhab, the white falcon) and Lal Shahbaz Qalander of Sehwan (called \"red falcon\").[75]", "Mashallah. The triconsonantal root of shāʼ is šīn-yāʼ-hamza \"to will\", a doubly-weak root. The literal English translation is \"God has willed it\",[1] the present perfect of God's will accentuating the essential Islamic doctrine of predestination." ]

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[ "Universal background check. Currently, federal law requires background checks (through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System) only for guns sold through licensed firearm dealers, which account for 78% of all gun sales in the United States. This figure was published in a 2017 study by the Annals of Internal Medicine which compared data from 1994, indicating 40% of recent gun acquisitions were completed without a background check, to a 2015 survey which found that 22% of recent gun acquisitions were completed without a background check.[6] The current federal law allows people not \"engaged in the business\" of selling firearms to sell firearms without a license or records. The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence (CSGV) states that the National Instant Criminal Background Check System has prevented over two million felons and other prohibited persons from purchasing firearms. According to the CSGV, the law also has a prohibitive effect, that deters illegal purchases.", "Gun show loophole. A number of states have background check requirements beyond federal law. Some states require universal background checks at the point of sale for all transfers, including purchases from unlicensed sellers. Maryland and Pennsylvania laws in this regard are limited to handguns. Hawaii, Illinois, Massachusetts and New Jersey require any firearm purchaser to obtain a permit. (Illinois formerly required the permit to be verified with the state police only at gun shows, but in 2013 the law was changed to require verification for all private sales.[28]) Four more states (Iowa, Michigan, Nebraska, and North Carolina) do the same, but only for handguns. Vermont passed new gun control laws in 2018, one of which requires background checks for private sales.[29] A majority of these jurisdictions require unlicensed sellers to keep records of firearm sales.[30] The following table summarizes these state laws.", "Gun show loophole. In 1993, Congress enacted the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, amending the Gun Control Act of 1968. \"The Brady Law\" instituted federal background checks on all firearm purchasers who buy from federally licensed dealers (FFL). This law had no provisions for private firearms transactions or sales. The Brady Law originally imposed an interim measure, requiring a waiting period of 5 days before a licensed importer, manufacturer, or dealer may sell, deliver, or transfer a handgun to an unlicensed individual. The waiting period applied only in states without an alternate system that was deemed acceptable of conducting background checks on handgun purchasers. Personal transfers and sales between unlicensed Americans could also still be subject to other federal, state, and local restrictions. These interim provisions ceased to apply on November 30, 1998.[45]", "Universal background check. Research demonstrates that background check laws may be effective in decreasing gun homicides and suicides.[33] A 2015 study published in the American Journal of Public Health found that a Connecticut law (enacted in 1995) requiring handgun buyers to undergo a background check (in order to obtain a required permit) \"was associated with a 40 percent decline in gun homicides and a 15 percent drop in suicides\" during the law's first ten years in effect.[34] A 2014 study published in the Journal of Urban Health found that the 2007 repeal of a \"permit-to-purchase\" handgun law in Missouri (including the repeal of a background-check requirement) was associated with a 23% increase in the firearm homicide rate and a 15% increase in the murder rate, translating \"to increases of between 55 and 63 homicides per year in Missouri.\"[35] The study controlled for other variables that might affect homicides, including \"changes in rates of unemployment, poverty, incarceration, burglary, law enforcement officers per capita, and the presence of four other types of state laws.\"[35]", "Universal background check. After the Columbine High School massacre in April 1999, gun shows and background checks became a focus of national debate.[10][11][12] In May, the executive vice president of the National Rifle Association (NRA) told the House Judiciary Subcommittee on Crime, \"We think it is reasonable to provide mandatory, instant criminal background checks for every sale at every gun show.\"[13]:118 Those concerned about the shows believed they were a source of illegally trafficked firearms.[14][nb 1] Efforts to reverse a key feature of the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA) by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows, which had become prolific in the U.S. since the law's passage in 1986, were unsuccessful.[15][16]", "Background check. In the United States, the Brady Bill requires criminal checks for those wishing to purchase handguns from licensed firearms dealers. Restricted firearms (like machine guns), suppressors, explosives or large quantities of precursor chemicals, and concealed weapons permits also require criminal checks.[5]", "Universal background check. Following the December 14, 2012, Sandy Hook Elementary School massacre there were numerous calls for universal background checks,[18][19][20] to close what is now referred to as the \"private sale loophole.\"[21][22][23] In an essay published in 2013, Wintemute said that comprehensive background checks that included private sales would result in a simple, fair framework for retail firearms commerce.[24]:103 In February 2014, researchers at the Johns Hopkins Center for Gun Policy and Research reported that after the 2007 repeal in Missouri of a long-standing law that required all handgun buyers to pass a background check there was a 23 percent increase in firearms homicides.[25]", "Universal background check. Proposals for universal background checks would require almost all firearms transactions in the United States to be recorded and go through the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS), closing what is sometimes called the private sale loophole.", "Gun violence in the United States. In the years following the passage of the Gun Control Act of 1968, people buying guns were required to show identification and sign a statement affirming that they were not in any of the prohibited categories.[133] Many states enacted background check laws that went beyond the federal requirements.[175] The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act passed by Congress in 1993 imposed a waiting period before the purchase of a handgun, giving time for, but not requiring, a background check to be made.[176] The Brady Act also required the establishment of a national system to provide instant criminal background checks, with checks to be done by firearms dealers.[177] The Brady Act only applied to people who bought guns from licensed dealers, whereas felons buy some percentage of their guns from black market sources.[172] Restrictions, such as waiting periods, impose costs and inconveniences on legitimate gun purchasers, such as hunters.[162]", "Gun Control Act of 1968. The Gun Control Act of 1968 was enhanced in 1993 with the passage of the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act. The Brady Act created a background check system which required licensed sellers to inspect the criminal history background of prospective gun purchasers, and the Brady Act created a list of categories of individuals to whom the sale of firearms is prohibited. As quoted from 18 U.S.C. 922 (d):", "Virginia Tech shooting. The sale of firearms by licensed dealers in Virginia is restricted to residents who successfully pass a background check;[210] legal permanent resident aliens may purchase firearms.[211] At the time of the shooting, Virginia law also limited purchases of handguns to one every 30 days.[210] That limit was repealed on April 3, 2013.[212] Federal law requires a criminal background check for handgun purchases from licensed firearms dealers, and Virginia checks other databases in addition to the federally mandated NICS. A 1968 federal law passed in response to the assassinations of Robert F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King, Jr.[139] also prohibits those \"adjudicated as a mental defective\" from buying guns. This exclusion applied to Cho after a Virginia court declared him to be a danger to himself in late 2005 and sent him for psychiatric treatment.[18][213]:71 Because of gaps between federal and Virginia state laws, the state did not report Cho's legal status to the NICS.[18] Virginia Governor Timothy Kaine addressed this problem on April 30, 2007, by issuing an executive order intended to close those reporting gaps.[214] In August 2007, the Massengill Report called for a permanent change in the Code of Virginia to clarify and strengthen the state's background check requirements.[213]:76 The federal government later passed a law to improve state reporting to the NICS nationwide.[138]", "Gun Control Act of 1968. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act of 1993 created the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) to prevent firearms sales to such prohibited persons.", "Gun show loophole. Federal law requires background checks for commercial gun sales, but an exemption exists for private-party sales whereby \"Any person may sell a firearm to an unlicensed resident of the State where he resides as long as he does not know or have reasonable cause to believe the person is prohibited from receiving or possessing firearms under Federal law.\"[2][3][4] Under federal law, private-party sellers are not required to perform background checks on buyers, record the sale, or ask for identification, whether at a gun show or other venue. This is in contrast to sales by gun stores and other Federal Firearms License (FFL) holders, who are required to perform background checks and record all sales on almost all buyers, regardless of whether the venue is their business location or a gun show. Some states have passed laws to require background checks for private sales with limited exceptions. Access to the National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) is limited to FFL holders.", "Gun show loophole. In 2013, the NRA said that a universal background check system for gun buyers is both impracticable and unnecessary, but an effective instant check system that includes records of persons adjudicated mentally ill would prevent potentially dangerous people from getting their hands on firearms.[72] The group argues that only 10 percent of firearms are purchased via private sellers. They also dispute the idea that the current law amounts to a gun-show loophole, pointing out that many of the people selling at gun shows are federally licensed dealers.[73] The group has stated in that past that: gun control supporters' objectives are to reduce gun sales and register guns, and that there is no \"loophole,\" but legal commerce under the status quo (like book fairs or car shows).[42][74]", "Gun Control Act of 1968. Private sales between unlicensed individuals who are residents of the same state are allowed under federal law so long as such transfers do not violate the other existing federal and state laws. While current law mandates that a background check be performed if the seller has a federal firearms license, private parties living in the same state are not required to perform such checks under federal law.", "Universal background check. In 2017, a study by researchers from Northeastern University and the Harvard School of Public Health showed that 22% of American gun owners who had obtained a gun in the previous two years did not undergo a background check before doing so.[26]", "Concealed carry in the United States. The Gun Control Act passed by Congress in 1968 lists felons, illegal aliens, and other codified persons as prohibited from purchasing or possessing firearms. During the application process for concealed carry states carry out thorough background checks to prevent these individuals from obtaining permits. Additionally the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act created an FBI maintained system in 1994 for instantly checking the backgrounds of potential firearms buyers in an effort to prevent these individuals from obtaining weapons.", "Universal background check. Universal background check laws, which require that a background check be conducted before any gun transfer, may apply to temporary removals of guns from the home of suicidal individuals. Some clinicians have reported that these laws have created confusion about whether a gun transfer would be legal, and therefore made it more difficult for them to counsel their patients.[36]", "Universal background check. In November 1998, President Bill Clinton directed the U.S. Secretary of the Treasury and the U.S. Attorney General (A.G.) to provide recommendations concerning the fact that 25 percent or more of sellers at gun shows are not required to run background checks on potential buyers. This was called the gun show loophole.[7]:3,12[8][9]:27 Two months later, Gun Shows: Brady Checks and Crime Gun Traces was released.[7] The Secretary and the A.G. made seven recommendations, including expanding the definition of \"gun show,\" and reviewing the definition of \"engaged in the business.\"", "Universal background check. Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support; a 2016 representative survey found 86% of U.S. registered voters supported the measure.[1] Five national polls conducted in 2015 show high levels of support for \"expanded background checks for gun purchases,\" with rates varying (93% and 89% support in two Quinnipiac University surveys, 92% support in a CBS/New York Times survey, 86% support in a Gallup survey, 85% support in a Pew Research Center survey).[2] A 2015 survey found that more than 90% of Americans supported universal background checks, and that, on average, Americans thought they would be more effective than any other gun policy.[27] There is evidence that many Americans incorrectly think that universal background checks are required by federal law; a 2016 survey found that 41% of Americans believed this to be the case. The same survey found that 77% of Americans supported universal background checks, while only 53% supported stricter gun laws. Based on this data, the authors concluded that \"this difference might be attributable to poor awareness of the limitations of existing laws.\"[28]", "Gun show loophole. Since the mid-1990s, gun control advocates have voiced concern over the loophole in legislation, and campaigned to require background checks and record-keeping for all gun sales. Gun rights advocates have stated that there is no loophole, that current laws provide a single, uniform set of rules for commercial gun sellers regardless of the place of sale, and that the United States Constitution does not empower the federal government to regulate non-commercial, intrastate transfers of legal firearms between private citizens.[5]", "Universal background check. Those who oppose universal background checks argue that existing gun laws are sufficient; that the government does not prosecute enough of the attempted buyers who are turned away by the current system; that background checks are an invasion of privacy; that \"transfer\" might be defined too broadly.[30] Opponents also maintain that universal background checks would not stop crime[30][31] and assert that the only way to properly enforce a universal system would be to require a registration database.[31] Gun-rights advocate and author John Lott argues that universal background checks prevent poorer Americans from acquiring guns. Lott said that, as of December 2015, background checks added an effective cost of $80 (New York), $60 (Washington state), or $200 (Washington, D.C.) to transferring a firearm. Lott argues that universal background checks are an effective tax on guns and can prevent less affluent Americans from purchasing them, and that this disproportionately affects poor minorities who live in high-crime urban areas.[32]", "Universal background check. In 2015, large majorities of American adults, both Republicans (79%) and Democrats (88%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey.[29] In 2017, strong majorities of American adults, both gun owners (77%) and non-gun owners (87%), supported background checks for private sales and at gun shows, according to a Pew Research Center survey with an error attributable to sampling of +/- 2.8% at the 95% level of confidence.[3] In 2018, after the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting in Parkland, Florida, nearly all Americans supported universal background checks.[4][5] 88% of registered voters supported universal background checks, according to a Politico/Morning Consult poll with a margin of error +/- 2%.[4] 97% of American voters supported universal background checks, according to a Quinnipiac University Polling Institute poll with a margin of error of +/- 3.4%.[5]", "Gun violence in the United States. The Firearm Owners Protection Act, also known as the McClure-Volkmer Act, was passed in 1986. It changed some restrictions in the 1968 Act, allowing federally licensed gun dealers and individual unlicensed private sellers to sell at gun shows, while continuing to require licensed gun dealers to require background checks.[164] The 1986 Act also restricted the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms from conducting repetitive inspections, reduced the amount of record-keeping required of gun dealers, raised the burden of proof for convicting gun law violators, and changed restrictions on convicted felons from owning firearms.[164]", "Gun show loophole. In 1986, Congress passed the Firearm Owners Protection Act (FOPA), which relaxed certain controls in the Gun Control Act and permitted licensed firearm dealers to conduct business at gun shows.[n 1] Specifically, FOPA made it legal for FFL holders to make private sales, provided the firearm was transferred to the licensee's personal collection at least one year prior to the sale. Hence, when a personal firearm is sold by an FFL holder, no background check or Form 4473 is required by federal law. According to the ATF, FFL holders are required to keep a record of such sales in a bound book.[38][39] The United States Department of Justice (USDOJ) said the stated purpose of FOPA was to ensure the GCA did not \"place any undue or unnecessary federal restrictions or burdens on law-abiding citizens, but it opened many loopholes through which illegal gun traffickers can slip.\" The scope of those who \"engage in the business\" of dealing in firearms (and are therefore required to have a license) was narrowed to include only those who devote \"time, attention, and labor to dealing in firearms as a regular course of trade or business with the principal objective of livelihood and profit through the repetitive purchase and resale of firearms.\" FOPA excluded those who buy and sell firearms to \"enhance a personal collection\" or for a \"hobby,\" or who \"sell all or part of a personal collection.\" According to the USDOJ, this new definition made it difficult for them to identify offenders who could claim they were operating as \"hobbyists\" trading firearms from their personal collection.[40][41][n 2] Efforts to reverse a key feature of FOPA by requiring criminal background checks and purchase records on private sales at gun shows were unsuccessful.[43][44]", "Universal background check. Currently 8 U.S. states and the District of Columbia \"have extended the background check requirement beyond federal law to at least some private sales.\"[37]", "Universal background check. In a 2017 survey, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies.[1]", "Gun show loophole. At the beginning of 2013, President Barack Obama outlined proposals regarding new gun control legislation asking congress to close the gun show loophole by requiring background checks for all firearm sales.[57][58][59] Closing the gun show loophole became part of a larger push for universal background checks to close \"federal loopholes on such checks at gun shows and other private sales.\"[60]", "Gun law in the United States. Each state has its own laws regarding who is allowed to own or possess firearms, and there are various state and federal permitting and background check requirements. Controversy continues over which classes of people, such as convicted felons, people with severe or violent mental illness,[22] and people on the federal no-fly list, should be excluded. Laws in these areas vary considerably, and enforcement is in flux.", "Universal background check. In the August 5, 2010, issue of The New England Journal of Medicine, researchers Garen J. Wintemute, Anthony A. Braga, and David M. Kennedy, wrote that gun shows account for only a fraction of all U.S. gun sales and that a more effective strategy would be to make all private-party gun sales go through the screening and record-keeping processes that FFL dealers are required to do.[17] Their report concluded:", "Universal background check. In a 2017 survey, a panel of 32 scholars of criminology, public health, and law rated universal background checks as the most effective policy to prevent gun deaths, ranking it #1 of 29 possible gun-related policies.[1] Universal background checks enjoy high levels of public support.[1][2][3][4][5]", "Gun show loophole. Sometimes referred to as the Brady bill loophole,[6] the Brady law loophole,[7] the gun law loophole,[8] or the private sale loophole,[9][10][11] the term refers to a perceived gap in laws that address what types of sales and transfers of firearms require records and or background checks, such as the Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act.[12] Private parties are not legally required by federal law to: ask for identification, complete any forms, or keep any sales records, as long as the sale does not cross state lines and does not fall under purview of the National Firearms Act. In addition to federal legislation, firearm laws vary by state.[13]" ]

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[ "The Blacklist (season 5). The fifth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 27, 2017, with a timeslot change from Thursday at 10:00 PM to Wednesday at 8:00 PM.[2] The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season is scheduled to consist of 22 episodes that will contain the series' 100th episode.[1]", "The Blacklist (TV series). On October 4, 2013, NBC ordered nine additional episodes, filling out the series' first season.[2] On December 3, 2013, NBC renewed the series for a 22-episode second season.[3] On May 11, 2014, owing to the series' breakout success, NBC decided to air an episode in the coveted post–Super Bowl timeslot in 2015.[4] On December 5, 2015, the series was renewed for a fourth season, which premiered on September 22, 2016.[5][6] A spin-off series, The Blacklist: Redemption, premiered on February 23, 2017. On May 11, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season,[7] while the spin-off was canceled the following day.[8] The fifth season premiered on September 27, 2017.[9]", "The Blacklist (season 4). The fourth season of the American crime thriller television series The Blacklist premiered on NBC on September 22, 2016.[1] The season was produced by Davis Entertainment, Universal Television and Sony Pictures Television, and the executive producers are Jon Bokenkamp, John Davis, John Eisendrath, John Fox, and Joe Carnahan. The season contained 22 episodes and concluded on May 18, 2017.[2]", "List of The Blacklist episodes. The series was renewed for a 22-episode sixth season, on May 12, 2018.[3] As of May 16, 2018,[update] 111 episodes of The Blacklist have aired, concluding the fifth season.", "The Blacklist (TV series). The series is broadcast simultaneously on Global in Canada.[31][32] In New Zealand, the show premiered on TV3 on February 2, 2014.[33] The second season premiered on September 23.[34] In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the show premiered on Sky Living on October 4, 2013.[35] The second season premiered on October 3, 2014.[36] Netflix has streaming rights to seasons 1–5 in the United States, 1–4 in Australia, Latin America, Finland, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, The Netherlands, and Canada.[citation needed]", "The Blacklist (TV series). The Blacklist is an American crime thriller television series that premiered on NBC on September 23, 2013. Raymond \"Red\" Reddington (James Spader), a former U.S. Navy officer turned high-profile criminal, voluntarily surrenders to the FBI after eluding capture for decades. He tells the FBI that he has a list of the most dangerous criminals in the world that he has compiled over the years and is willing to inform on their operations in exchange for immunity from prosecution. However, he insists on working exclusively with a rookie FBI profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone). The series also stars Diego Klattenhoff, Ryan Eggold, and Harry Lennix. The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan.[1] Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath, and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television, Universal Television, and Davis Entertainment.", "The Blacklist (TV series). Issue #1 was launched July 22, 2015, in both comic book and digital stores.[63]", "List of The Blacklist episodes. Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath, and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television, Universal Television and Davis Entertainment. The second season premiered on Monday, September 22, 2014, it then moved to Thursdays at 9 pm on February 5, 2015.[1] The second season poster had eleven fake magazines with James Spader on the front cover. The posters parodied Entertainment Weekly, G.Q., New York, People, Playboy, Rolling Stone, The New Yorker, Time, Us Weekly, Vanity Fair, and Wired.[2]", "List of The Blacklist episodes. The Blacklist is an American crime drama series created by Jon Bokenkamp that premiered on NBC on September 23, 2013. It stars James Spader, Megan Boone, Diego Klattenhoff, Ryan Eggold, and Harry Lennix. Raymond \"Red\" Reddington (James Spader), one of the FBI's most wanted fugitives, surrenders at FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. He claims that he and the FBI have similar interests in getting rid of dangerous criminals and terrorists. Reddington will cooperate only with Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone), a rookie FBI profiler who we see in the first episode, has trouble profiling just herself. However, Keen is not too keen on the idea. Over the course of his own criminal career, Reddington has made a list of global criminals who he believes are acting liabilities to his own interests or to society, most of whom are unknown to the FBI, and not on the \"Most Wanted\" list. He calls it \"The Blacklist\". As the series progresses, Reddington uses the FBI to apprehend enemies and strategic interests for his own personal gain.", "List of The Blacklist characters. The organization has something planned for the year 2017.", "List of The Blacklist characters. The Blacklist is an American crime drama television series that premiered on NBC on September 23, 2013. Raymond \"Red\" Reddington (James Spader), a former government agent turned high-profile criminal, who had eluded capture for decades, voluntarily surrenders to the FBI, offering to cooperate on capturing a list of criminals who are virtually impossible to catch. He insists on working with a rookie profiler by the name of Elizabeth Keen (Megan Boone). The show also stars Diego Klattenhoff, Ryan Eggold and Harry Lennix. The pilot episode was written by Jon Bokenkamp and directed by Joe Carnahan. Executive producers for the series include Bokenkamp, John Eisendrath, and John Davis for Sony Pictures Television, Universal Television, and Davis Entertainment. In February 2015, The Blacklist was renewed for a third season,[1] with Hisham Tawfiq promoted to main cast.[2]", "James Spader. Spader stars in the NBC series The Blacklist, which premiered on NBC September 23, 2013. He portrays Raymond \"Red\" Reddington, one of the FBI's most wanted fugitives. He also played villainous robot Ultron in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015).", "Pati Jinich. Season 3 first aired in 2014[4] and Season 4 in 2015.[19] Season 5 began airing in the fall of 2016.[1]", "A Crime to Remember. The series was officially renewed for Season 5 as of March 29, 2017, and the season began airing February 10, 2018.[2]", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver. The fifth season premiered on February 18, 2018. In September 2017, HBO announced that the show had been renewed for three additional seasons of 30 episodes each, keeping the show on the air through 2020.[7]", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine (season 5). The fifth season of the television sitcom Brooklyn Nine-Nine premiered September 26, 2017 on Fox.", "The Blacklist (TV series). In March 2016, NBC began developing a spin-off series created by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath, who would also serve as executive producers with Davis and Fox. The project was set to star Famke Janssen as Susan \"Scottie\" Hargrave (formerly Halsted) and Eggold, in his role as Tom Keen, as well as Edi Gathegi reprising his role as Matias Solomon. Tawny Cypress has been cast as Nez Rowan, a character already recurring during the third season.[66] Hargrave first appeared on The Blacklist episode \"Susan Hargrave\", with \"Alexander Kirk\" serving as a backdoor pilot for the potential series. That episode was written by Bokenkamp and Eisendrath and directed by Michael Dinner.[67] On May 14, 2016, a pilot for the series, The Blacklist: Redemption, was ordered.[68] The series was canceled after one season,[69] and Eggold will continue his role on The Blacklist.[70]", "Brooklyn Nine-Nine. On May 12, 2017, the series was renewed for a fifth season, which premiered on September 26, 2017.[5]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 5). In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[1] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[2]", "List of The Blacklist characters. In the season 4 episode \"Philomena\", Ressler's old friend Julian Gale invites Ressler to join his investigation into the eighty-six bodies exhumed by Mr. Kaplan. Cooper suggests Ressler do so in order to help the task force stay ahead of Gale's investigation.", "Homeland (season 5). The fifth season of the American television drama series Homeland, premiered on October 4, 2015, and concluded on December 20, 2015, on Showtime, consisting of 12 episodes.[1] The series started as a loosely based variation of the two-season run of the Israeli television series Hatufim (English: Prisoners of War) created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa.[2] The fifth season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on January 10, 2017.[3]", "Orphan Black. A fifth and final season consisting of 10 episodes was announced on June 6, 2016. Filming began in October 2016. Several new castings for the fifth season include: Stephen McHattie as Neolution founder P.T. Westmorland; Elyse Levesque as Detective Engers, a dirty cop associated with Neolution; Simu Liu as Mr. Mitchell, Kira's teacher; Andrew Moodie as Mr. Frontenac, Rachel's mysterious new consultant; and Jenessa Grant as Mud, an eclectic islander.[40]", "Wild Kratts. Season 5 is due to start on November 7th, 2017", "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5). The fifth season is set to begin airing on December 1, 2017, after Marvel's Inhumans has finished airing its episodes, and run for 22 episodes.", "The Blacklist (season 4). The fourth season of The Blacklist received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 88% approval rating based on eight reviews, with an average score of 7/10.[23]", "The Blacklist (TV series). NBC bought the rights to The Blacklist from Sony Pictures Television in August 2012[20] and greenlighted the show in January 2013.[21] During an NBC upfront presentation in May 2013, it was announced that The Blacklist was NBC's highest-testing drama in 10 years.[22]", "The Blacklist (TV series). The first season of The Blacklist received strong reviews from television critics. On Metacritic, the first season has a score of 74 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[37] On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season received a rating of 83%, based on 47 reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. The consensus reads, \"James Spader is riveting as a criminal-turned-informant, and his presence goes a long way toward making this twisty but occasionally implausible crime procedural compelling\".[38] The second season received a rating of 80%, based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 7.7/10. The consensus reads, \"Though The Blacklist flirts with narrative overload, it's held together by James Spader's scenery-eating performance and wildly entertaining action.\"[39] The third season received a rating of 93%, based on 14 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The consensus reads, \"The Blacklist is back in top form with fresh dangers that put Red on the ropes while giving James Spader room to shine.\"[40] The fourth season received a rating of 86%, based on seven reviews, with an average rating of 7/10.[41] The fifth season received a rating of 100%, based on five reviews, with an average rating of 8.5/10.[42]", "Bringing Up Bates. The fifth season started on January 5, 2017.", "House of Cards (season 5). Casting began for the season on June 17, 2016.[1] Filming had begun by July 20, 2016,[2] and finished by February 14, 2017.[3]", "Eight Is Enough. Season 4, parts one and two were released on August 13, 2013.[62] The fifth and final season was released on March 11, 2014.[63]", "Snapped. On April 12, 2017, Oxygen announced that the series' 20th season would premiere on May 7, 2017.[10] All season 20 episodes adapted from:[11]", "The Blacklist (TV series). A mobile game by Gameloft based on the series, The Blacklist: Conspiracy, was released on June 23, 2016, for Android, iOS and Windows devices.[64] The game consists of the player as a member of the task force. Players can interact with Reddington and Cooper, other members of the task force, as well as interrogate potential suspects and witnesses. The game mainly consists of searching for missing items in different environments, as well as mini games to further the investigations. Players can also make decisions that alter the route of the story.[65]" ]

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[ "Scar. The endometrium, the inner lining of the uterus, is the only adult tissue to undergo rapid cyclic shedding and regeneration without scarring; shedding and restoring roughly inside a 7-day window on a monthly basis.[23] All other adult tissues, upon rapid shedding or injury, can scar.", "Endometrium. Upon fertilization, the egg may implant into the uterine wall and provide feedback to the body with human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). HCG provides continued feedback throughout pregnancy by maintaining the corpus luteum, which will continue its role of releasing progesterone and estrogen. The endometrial lining is either reabsorbed (estrous cycle) or shed (menstrual cycle). In the latter case, the process of shedding involves the breaking down of the lining, the tearing of small connective blood vessels, and the loss of the tissue and blood that had constituted it through the vagina. The entire process occurs over a period of several days. Menstruation may be accompanied by a series of uterine contractions; these help expel the menstrual endometrium.", "Endometrium. In humans, the cycle of building and shedding the endometrial lining lasts an average of 28 days. The endometrium develops at different rates in different mammals. Various factors including the seasons, climate, and stress can affect its development. The endometrium itself produces certain hormones at different stages of the cycle and this affects other parts of the reproductive system.", "Endometrium. The endometrium is the innermost glandular layer and functions as a lining for the uterus, preventing adhesions between the opposed walls of the myometrium, thereby maintaining the patency of the uterine cavity. During the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle, the endometrium grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer. This represents an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival in the uterus. The endometrium is central, echogenic (detectable using ultrasound scanners), and has an average thickness of 6.7 mm.", "Dysmenorrhea. During a woman's menstrual cycle, the endometrium thickens in preparation for potential pregnancy. After ovulation, if the ovum is not fertilized and there is no pregnancy, the built-up uterine tissue is not needed and thus shed.", "Endometrium. The endometrium is the inner epithelial layer, along with its mucous membrane, of the mammalian uterus. It has a basal layer and a functional layer; the functional layer thickens and then is sloughed during the menstrual cycle or estrous cycle. During pregnancy, the glands and blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number. Vascular spaces fuse and become interconnected, forming the placenta, which supplies oxygen and nutrition to the embryo and fetus.[1][2] The presence of commensal bacteria in the uterus and endometrium has been identified.[3]", "Implantation (human embryo). Furthermore, the surface of the endometrium produces a kind of rounded cells, which cover the whole area toward the uterine cavity. This happens about 9 to 10 days after ovulation.[6] These cells are called decidual cells, which emphasises that the whole layer of them is shed off in every menstruation if no pregnancy occurs, just as leaves of deciduous trees. The uterine glands, on the other hand, decrease in activity and degenerate already 8 to 9 days[6] after ovulation in absence of pregnancy.", "Corpus luteum. The uterine lining (endometrium) is expelled through the vagina (in mammals that go through a menstrual cycle). In an estrous cycle, the lining degenerates back to normal size.", "Menstruation. Many mature females notice blood clots during menstruation. These appear as clumps of blood that may look like tissue. If there are questions (for example, was there a miscarriage?), examination under a microscope can confirm if it was endometrial tissue or pregnancy tissue (products of conception) that was shed.[22] Sometimes menstrual clots or shed endometrial tissue is incorrectly thought to indicate an early-term miscarriage of an embryo. An enzyme called plasmin – contained in the endometrium – tends to inhibit the blood from clotting.", "Placental expulsion. In the seventh month of pregnancy the MHC-I complexes increase in the interplacentomal arcade reducs the bi- and tri-nucleate cells, a source of immune suppression in pregnancy. By the ninth month the endometrial lining has thinned (due to loss of trophoblast giant cells) which exposes the endometrium directly to the fetal trophoblast epithelium. With this exposure and the increase in maternal MHC-I, T-helper 1 (Th1) cells, and macrophages induce apoptosis of trophoblast cells and endometrial epithelial cells, facilitating placental release. Th1 cells attact an influx of phagocytic leukocytes into the placentome at separation, allowing further degration of the extracellular matrix.", "Human reproductive system. Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. The lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of menstruation. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops.", "Endometrium. In case of implantation, however, the endometrial lining is neither absorbed nor shed. Instead, it remains as decidua. The decidua becomes part of the placenta; it provides support and protection for the gestation.", "Menstrual cycle. Stimulated by gradually increasing amounts of estrogen in the follicular phase, discharges of blood (menses) flow stop, and the lining of the uterus thickens. Follicles in the ovary begin developing under the influence of a complex interplay of hormones, and after several days one or occasionally two become dominant (non-dominant follicles shrink and die). Approximately mid-cycle, 24–36 hours after the luteinizing hormone (LH) surges, the dominant follicle releases an ovocyte, in an event called ovulation. After ovulation, the ovocyte only lives for 24 hours or less without fertilization while the remains of the dominant follicle in the ovary become a corpus luteum; this body has a primary function of producing large amounts of progesterone. Under the influence of progesterone, the uterine lining changes to prepare for potential implantation of an embryo to establish a pregnancy. If implantation does not occur within approximately two weeks, the corpus luteum will involute, causing a sharp drop in levels of both progesterone and estrogen. The hormone drop causes the uterus to shed its lining in a process termed menstruation. Menstruation also occurs in some other animals including shrews, bats, and other primates such as apes and monkeys.[10]", "Myometrium. Myometrium has 3 layers: outer longitudinal smooth muscles, middle crisscrossing (figure of eight) muscle fibres, and inner circular fibres.[3] Middle crisscross fibres act as living ligature during involution of the uterus and prevent blood loss.", "Menstruation. The menstrual cycle occurs due to the rise and fall of hormones.[2] This cycle results in the thickening of the lining of the uterus, and the growth of an egg, (which is required for pregnancy).[2] The egg is released from an ovary around day fourteen in the cycle; the thickened lining of the uterus provides nutrients to an embryo after implantation.[2] If pregnancy does not occur, the lining is released in what is known as menstruation.[2]", "Reproductive system. Approximately every 28 days, the pituitary gland releases a hormone that stimulates some of the ova to develop and grow. One ovum is released and it passes through the fallopian tube into the uterus. Hormones produced by the ovaries prepare the uterus to receive the ovum. It sita her and awaits the sperm for fertilization to occur. When this does not occur i.e no sperm for fertilization, the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, and unfertilized ova are shed each cycle through the process of menstruation. If the ovum is fertilized by sperm, it attaches to the endometrium and the fetus develops.", "Uterus. Bilateral M端llerian ducts form during early fetal life. In males, MIF secreted from the testes leads to their regression. In females, these ducts give rise to the Fallopian tubes and the uterus. In humans the lower segments of the two ducts fuse to form a single uterus, however, in cases of uterine malformations this development may be disturbed. The different uterine forms in various mammals are due to various degrees of fusion of the two M端llerian ducts.", "Uterus. The uterus has three layers, which together form the uterine wall. From innermost to outermost, these layers are as follows:", "Myometrium. The inner one-third of the myometrium (termed the junctional or sub-endometrial layer) appears to be derived from the Müllerian duct, while the outer, more predominant layer of the myometrium appears to originate from non-Müllerian tissue, and is the major contractile tissue during parturition and abortion.[1] The junctional layer appears to function like a circular muscle layer, capable of peristaltic and anti-peristaltic activity, equivalent to the muscular layer of the intestines.[1]", "Menstruation. All female placental mammals have a uterine lining that builds up when the animal is fertile, but it is dismantled when the animal is infertile. Most female mammals have an estrous cycle, yet only primates (including humans), several species of bats, and elephant shrews have a menstrual cycle.[45] Some anthropologists have questioned the energy cost of rebuilding the endometrium every fertility cycle. However, anthropologist Beverly Strassmann has proposed that the energy savings of not having to continuously maintain the uterine lining more than offsets energy cost of having to rebuild the lining in the next fertility cycle, even in species such as humans where much of the lining is lost through bleeding (overt menstruation) rather than reabsorbed (covert menstruation).[46][47]", "Development of the reproductive system. In the male the Müllerian ducts atrophy, but traces of their anterior ends are represented by the appendices testis (hydatids of Morgagni of the male), while their terminal fused portions form the utriculus in the floor of the prostatic urethra. This is due to the production of Anti-Müllerian hormone by the Sertoli cells of the testes.", "Estrous cycle. However, species vary significantly in the detailed functioning. One difference is that animals that have estrous cycles resorb the endometrium if conception does not occur during that cycle. Animals that have menstrual cycles shed the endometrium through menstruation instead. Another difference is sexual activity. In species with estrous cycles, females are generally only sexually active during the estrus (oestrus) phase of their cycle (see below for the estrous cycle phases). This is also referred to as being \"in heat\". In contrast, females of species with menstrual cycles can be sexually active at any time in their cycle, even when they are not about to ovulate.", "Endometrium. The endometrial lining undergoes cyclic regeneration. Humans and great apes display the menstrual cycle, whereas most other mammals are subject to an estrous cycle. In both cases, the endometrium initially proliferates under the influence of estrogen. However, once ovulation occurs, the ovary (specifically the corpus luteum) will produce much larger amounts of progesterone. This changes the proliferative pattern of the endometrium to a secretory lining. Eventually, the secretory lining provides a hospitable environment for one or more blastocysts.", "Human embryogenesis. After ovulation, the endometrial lining becomes transformed into a secretory lining in preparation of accepting the embryo. It becomes thickened, with its secretory glands becoming elongated, and is increasingly vascular. This lining of the uterine cavity (or womb) is now known as the decidua, and it produces a great number of large decidual cells in its increased interglandular tissue. The blastomeres in the blastocyst are arranged into an outer layer called Trophoblast.The trophoblast then differentiates into an inner layer, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer layer, the syncytiotrophoblast. The cytotrophoblast contains cuboidal epithelial cells and is the source of dividing cells, and the syncytiotrophoblast is a syncytial layer without cell boundaries.", "Estrous cycle. One or several follicles of the ovary start to grow. Their number is species specific. Typically this phase can last as little as one day or as long as three weeks, depending on the species. Under the influence of estrogen the lining in the uterus (endometrium) starts to develop. Some animals may experience vaginal secretions that could be bloody. The female is not yet sexually receptive; the old corpus luteum gets degenerated; the uterus and the vagina get distended and filled with fluid, become contractile and secrete a sanguinous fluid; the vaginal epithelium proliferates and the vaginal smear shows a large number of non-cornified nucleated epithelial cells. Variant terms for proestrus include pro-oestrus, proestrum, and pro-oestrum.", "Estrous cycle. This phase is characterized by the activity of the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone. The signs of estrogen stimulation subside and the corpus luteum starts to form. The uterine lining begins to appear. In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but is reorganized for the next cycle. Other spellings include metoestrus, metestrum, metoestrum, dioestrus, diestrum, and dioestrum.", "Tunica intima. In dissection, the inner coat (tunica intima) can be separated from the middle (tunica media) by a little maceration, or it may be stripped off in small pieces; but, because of its friability, it cannot be separated as a complete membrane. It is a fine, transparent, colorless structure which is highly elastic, and, after death, is commonly corrugated into longitudinal wrinkles.", "Intrauterine device. Hormonal IUDs (brand names Mirena, Skyla, Kyleena and Liletta; referred to as intrauterine systems in the UK) work by releasing a small amount of levonorgestrel, a progestin. The primary mechanism of action is making the inside of the uterus fatal to sperm.[29] They can also thin the endometrial lining and potentially impair implantation but this is not their usual function.[30][31] Because they thin the endometrial lining, they reduce or even prevent menstrual bleeding, and can be used to treat menorrhagia (heavy menses), once pathologic causes of menorrhagia (such as uterine polyps) have been ruled out.[32]", "Endometrium. The endometrium consists of a single layer of columnar epithelium plus the stroma on which it rests. The stroma is a layer of connective tissue that varies in thickness according to hormonal influences. Simple tubular uterine glands reach from the endometrial surface through to the base of the stroma, which also carries a rich blood supply of spiral arteries. In a woman of reproductive age, two layers of endometrium can be distinguished. These two layers occur only in endometrium lining the cavity of the uterus, not in the lining of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes:[1][2]", "Menstrual cycle. The menstrual cycle can be described by the ovarian or uterine cycle. The ovarian cycle describes changes that occur in the follicles of the ovary whereas the uterine cycle describes changes in the endometrial lining of the uterus. Both cycles can be divided into three phases. The ovarian cycle consists of the follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase whereas the uterine cycle consists of menstruation, proliferative phase, and secretory phase.[1]", "Endometrium. If there is inadequate stimulation of the lining, due to lack of hormones, the endometrium remains thin and inactive. In humans, this will result in amenorrhea, or the absence of a menstrual period. After menopause, the lining is often described as being atrophic. In contrast, endometrium that is chronically exposed to estrogens, but not to progesterone, may become hyperplastic. Long-term use of oral contraceptives with highly potent progestins can also induce endometrial atrophy.[4][5]", "Ovulation. Ovulation is the release of eggs from the ovaries. In humans, this event occurs when the follicles rupture and release the secondary oocyte ovarian cells.[1] After ovulation, during the luteal phase, the egg will be available to be fertilized by sperm. In addition, the uterine lining (endometrium) is thickened to be able to receive a fertilized egg. If no conception occurs, the uterine lining as well as blood will be shed during menstruation.[2]" ]

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[ "NBA Draft Combine. The athletic tests include a standing vertical jump, maximum vertical jump, bench press, three-quarter-court sprint time, lane agility time, and modified event time.[1][2] Physical measurements include height with shoes, height without shoes, wingspan, weight, standing reach, body fat, hand length, and hand width.[3] The shooting tests include spot-up three-point field goals from various distances (high school, college, and NBA) depending upon position, shooting off the dribble, and timed jump shots on the move.[4] Although the NBA Draft Combine is the largest pre-draft gathering for testing and drills, international players can attend a separate Eurocamp at a later date.[5] Parts of the combine are televised on ESPNU and ESPN2.[5]", "NFL Scouting Combine. At the NFL combine, bench press is used as a test of strength and stamina, in which athletes lift 225 pounds (102 kg) as many times as possible.[13] Since 1998, only eighteen men at the combine have managed to achieve more than 40 \"reps\" (repetitions).", "NBA Draft Combine. In 2013, Rudy Gobert set the Combine records for wingspan 7 feet 8.5 inches (2.35 m) and standing reach 9 feet 7 inches (2.92 m).[6] D. J. Stephens set the vertical leap record in 2013 at 46 inches (1.17 m).[7] Combine results may or may not affect draft position, depending on certain results from it. Supposedly, medical test results caused Jared Sullinger to fall to No. 21 in 2012, while Kevin Durant was drafted No. 2 despite not being able to do a single repetition on the 185-pound (84 kg) bench press.[8] Durant is not alone; Jamal Crawford, Monta Ellis, T. J. Ford, and Luke Ridnour are among the zero-rep producers. The record is 27 reps by Jason Keep in 2003.[9] Most recently, in 2016, Tyler Ulis set the Combine record for being the lightest player to record his weight at the event, being set at 149 pounds.[10] The heaviest player recorded at the Combine was Dexter Pittman, who was set at 303 pounds.[11]", "NBA Draft Combine. The NBA Draft Combine is a multi-day showcase that takes place every May before the annual June NBA draft. At the combine, college basketball players receive measurements, participate in interviews, undergo shooting drills, take medical tests, go through five-on-five drills and perform various athletic tests in front of National Basketball Association (NBA) coaches, general managers, and scouts. Athletes attend by invitation only. An athlete's performance during the combine can affect perception, draft status, salary, and ultimately the player's career.", "Bench press. Lifting techniques, training and drugs have improved over the years and the raw bench press record lift has grown from 164 kilograms (362 lb) to 487.6 kilograms (1,075 lb) (record held by Ryan Kennelly)[3] in less than 100 years.", "2016 NBA draft. During the event, sophomore Kentucky and future Phoenix Suns point guard Tyler Ulis broke combine records by being the lightest player recorded in draft combine history at 149.2 pounds.[51] After the event, nine of the participants that were a part of the combine went back to their respective colleges.[citation needed] However, it was announced just days after the NBA Draft Combine was over that some of the events' measurements would be under review since some prospects were provided with rather questionable results, especially when compared to how they measured up in previous physical events.[52]", "NBA Draft Combine. The invitation list is determined by a vote of the member teams of the NBA.[12] In 2013, 63 players were invited.[13][14] 60 players were invited in 2014.[15] The vast majority of players receiving invitations attend. In 2014, the top three candidates (Jabari Parker, Andrew Wiggins and Joel Embiid) declined invitations and a few others (such as Mitch McGary and Adreian Payne) declined after receiving them or at least declined full participation, but 59 participants were expected.[16][17] Each team is allowed a maximum of 18 official interviews during the combine.[18]", "2018 NBA draft. The invitation-only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 16 to 20. The on-court element of the combine took place on May 18 and 19. A total of 69 players were invited for this year's NBA Draft Combine, with two top talents in Deandre Ayton and Luka Dončić declining invitations for the event this year, with the latter player being involved with the 2018 EuroLeague Final Four at the time.[45]", "Chris Long. Virginia Pro Day\nBench press: 370 lbs; Squat: 640 lbs; Power clean: 375 lbs[16]", "2017 NBA draft. The invitation-only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 9 to 14. The on-court element of the combine took place on May 11 and 12. This year's event had Under Armour as its primary sponsor. A total of 67 players were invited for this year's NBA Draft Combine, with 5 more named as alternates in the event some players could not come for whatever reason.[75][76] Ten invited players declined to attend for various reasons, including three players completely on the international scale. Eighteen more players that were guaranteed invitations were also players testing out their draft stocks during the event. Eleven players participating in the event were seniors, the lowest number ever of combine participants who had exhausted their college eligibility. During the event, six different players were deemed injured either before or during this year's Draft Combine. At the end of the May 24 college deadline, eight players who originally declared for the NBA Draft and were invited to the Draft Combine this year, including potential \"none-and-done\" Kentucky freshman redshirt Hamidou Diallo, ultimately returned to college for at least one more season.", "Bench press. The bench press is an upper body strength training exercise that consists of pressing a weight upwards from a supine position. The exercise works the pectoralis major as well as supporting chest, arm, and shoulder muscles such as the anterior deltoids, serratus anterior, coracobrachialis, scapulae fixers, trapezii, and the triceps. A barbell is generally used to hold the weight, but a pair of dumbbells can also be used.[1]", "2015 NBA draft. The invitation-only NBA Draft Combine was scheduled to occur in Chicago from May 12 to 17. The on-court element of the combine was scheduled for May 14 and 15.[80]", "Progression of the bench press world record. Bench press world records are the international records in bench press across the years, regardless of weight class or governing organization, for bench pressing on the back without using a bridge technique. The advent of bench press shirts, which support the lifter's shoulders and provide upward force, have increased records significantly since 1985 (for example, when the shirted record was 438.64 kg (965 lb), the unshirted record was 323.41 kg (713 lb)).[1] As of 2018, the world record bench press without a bench shirt is 335 kg kg (738.5 lb lb), set by Kirill Sarychev (Russian) in November 2015.[2][3][4] The recent junior bench press world record was broken by Remi Johnson from England, who lifted 165.0  kg. The women bench press record (single lift, equipped with shirt) belongs to Sandra Lönn from Sweden, who lifted 235.0 kg (517 lb) and the women bench press record (equipped with shirt) belongs to Hugdal Hildeborg from Norway, who lifted 227.0 kg (499.4 lb) (IPF standards).[5]", "Rudy Gobert. Gobert declared for the 2013 NBA draft and set NBA Draft Combine records for wingspan (7 feet 8½ inches) and standing reach (9 feet 7 inches) in the 2013 combine.[5] These dimensions earned him the nickname \"The Stifle Tower.\"[6][7] The record for wingspan was broken a year later by Walter Tavares.", "Chris Long. At the NFL Combine, Long did not lift the bench-press reps of 225 pounds because of an injured thumb.[15]", "2016 NBA draft. The invitation-only NBA Draft Combine was held in Chicago from May 10 to 15. The on-court element of the combine took place on May 12 and 13. This year, a total of 63 players entered the combine, with the only two alternates that had their invitations be accepted for the event being Jaron Blossomgame and Marcus Lee.[46] Furthermore, the only international player that got invited and accepted his invitation this year was Zhou Qi of the Xinjiang Flying Tigers.[47] Originally, Wayne Selden Jr. was to be a participant for the event, but he injured himself before the combine officially began, thus making Sheldon McClellan from the Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team his replacement for on-court events.[48] Buddy Hield, the consensus national college player of the year for 2015–16, participated only in off-court events; his graduation ceremony at the University of Oklahoma conflicted with the on-court portion of the combine, and he chose to attend graduation.[49] A. J. Hammons also withdrew his name from the draft combine on the day of the on-court events.[50]", "Bench press. The person performing the exercise lies on their back on a bench with a weight grasped in both hands. They push the weight upwards until their arms are extended, not allowing the elbows to lock. They then lower the weight to chest level. This is one repetition (rep).", "Bench press. The barbell bench press is one of three lifts in the sport of powerlifting (alongside the deadlift and squat) and is the only lift in the sport of Paralympic powerlifting.", "NBA Draft Combine. Beginning in 2010, a D-League elite mini camp lasting two days preceded the Combine.[19] Beginning in 2016, players could enter the draft and participate in the combine multiple times.[20]", "Progression of the bench press world record. * note: Anthony Clark performed a controversial 800-pound bench press at the Arnold Classic in 1997, 2 years before Tim Isaac. This lift was, however, later turned down.", "IMG Academy. During the preparation for the 2017 NBA Draft, the IMG Academy hosted their first ever draft combine. The Professional Basketball Combine would be held as an alternative (mainly for seniors) to measure their abilities and potentially give them the chance to enter the NBA, if not allow them the chance to play in the NBA G League or even overseas, with nearly every participant that year doing exactly that. Currently, four players that participated in the event signed two-way contracts to enter the NBA properly, with eight of them going overseas and 11 players entered the G League.[19] The event would be held once again in 2018, gaining more popularity that year with the participation of former UCLA player and current professional player LiAngelo Ball.[20]", "ABA–NBA merger. The terms of the ABA–NBA merger included the Spirits of St. Louis players being put into a special dispersal draft along with the Kentucky Colonels players. Marvin Barnes went to the Detroit Pistons for $500,000, Moses Malone went to the Portland Trail Blazers for $300,000, Ron Boone went to the Kansas City Kings for $250,000, Randy Denton went to the New York Knicks for $50,000 and Mike Barr went to the Kansas City Kings for $15,000.[50][56]", "Bench press. The bench press has evolved over the years, from floor, bridge, and belly toss variations to the methods used by bodybuilders and powerlifters today.", "National Football League Draft. The NFL Scouting Combine is a six-day assessment of skills occurring every year in late February or early March in Lucas Oil Stadium in Indianapolis, Indiana. College football players perform physical and mental tests in front of NFL coaches, general managers, and scouts. With increasing interest in the NFL draft, the scouting combine has grown in scope and significance, allowing personnel directors to evaluate upcoming prospects in a standardized setting. Its origins have evolved from the National, BLESTO, and Quadra Scouting services in 1977 to the media frenzy it has become today. Athletes attend by invitation only. Implications of one's performance during the Combine can affect perception, draft status, salary, and ultimately his career. The draft has popularized the term \"Workout Warrior\" (sometimes known as a \"Workout Wonder\"), describing an athlete who, based on superior measurables such as size, speed, and strength, has increased his \"draft stock\" despite having a possibly average or subpar college career.[70][71][72]", "Bench press. A conventional bench press uses pectoralis major muscle, anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis to horizontally adduct the shoulder. It also uses predominantly triceps brachii and anconeous to extend the elbows. Wider hand spacing places a greater emphasis on shoulder flexion and narrower hand spacing utilizes more elbow extension. Because of this, wider hand spacing is associated with training the pectorals and narrower hand spacing is associated with training the triceps.", "Bench press. It is also used extensively in weight training, bodybuilding, and other types of training to develop the chest muscles.", "NFL Scouting Combine. Athletes attend by invitation only. Implications of an athlete's performance during the combine can affect their draft status and salary, and ultimately their career. The draft has popularized the term \"workout warrior\", whereby an athlete's \"draft stock\" is increased based on superior measurable qualities such as size, speed, and strength, despite having an average or sub-par college career.[2][3][4] The 2018 NFL scouting combine is scheduled for February 27 to March 5.[5]", "2016 NBA draft. The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility (who, like players without college eligibility, can only attend by invitation).[36]", "Bench press. In addition to the major phasic (dynamic) muscles the bench press also uses tonic (stabilizing) muscles: scapular stabilizers (serratus anterior, middle and inferior trapezius), humeral head stabilizers (rotator cuff muscles), and core (transverse abdominis, obliques, multifidus, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum)", "2017 NBA draft. The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility (who, like players without college eligibility, can only attend by invitation).[62]", "2018 NBA draft. The NBA has since expanded the draft combine to include players with remaining college eligibility (who, like players without college eligibility, can only attend by invitation).[47]", "Anthony Barr (American football). At the 2014 NFL Combine, Barr ran the 40-yard dash in 4.66 seconds, sixth-best among linebackers, and tied for 14th in the vertical (34.5 inches). His 15 reps on the bench press were also dead last among those who participated, according to NFL.com's combine tracker. At the UCLA Pro Day on March 11, he ran an electronic 4.41 in the 40-yard dash, did 19 repetitions on the bench press and had a 10-foot-5 (3.20 meters) broad jump." ]

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[ "House of Burgesses. To encourage settlers to come to Virginia, in 1618–1619, the Virginia Company's leaders drew up a great charter.[4] Emigrants who paid their own way to Virginia would receive fifty acres of land. They would not be mere tenants. Civil authority would control the military. A council of burgesses, representatives chosen by the inhabitants of the colony for their government, would be convened as the House of Burgesses. The governor could veto their actions and the company still had overall control of the venture, but the settlers would have a say in their own government, including the right of the House of Burgesses to introduce money bills.[5] The House of Assembly was created at the same time in Bermuda (which had also been settled by the Virginia Company, and was by then managed by its offshoot, the Somers Isles Company) and held its first session in 1620.[citation needed]", "House of Burgesses. From 1619 to 1776, the representative branch of the legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor and his council. Jamestown remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699, when the government was moved to Williamsburg. In 1776 the colony became the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates.[3]", "House of Burgesses. The Virginia House of Burgesses /ˈbɜːrdʒəsɪz/ was the first legislative assembly of elected representatives in North America.[1] The House was established by the Virginia Company, which created the body as part of an effort to encourage English craftsmen to settle in North America, and to make conditions in the colony more agreeable for its current inhabitants.[2]", "Government of Virginia. Founded in 1619, the Virginia General Assembly is still in existence as the oldest legislature in the New World. In colonial Virginia, the lower house of the legislature was called the House of Burgesses. Together with the Governor's Council, the House of Burgesses made up the \"General Assembly\". The Governor's Council was composed of 12 men appointed by the British Monarch to advise the Governor. The Council also served as the \"General Court\" of the colony, a colonial equivalent of a Supreme Court. Members of the House of Burgesses were chosen by all those who could vote in the colony. Each county chose two people or burgesses to represent it, while the College of William and Mary and the cities of Norfolk, Williamsburg and Jamestown each chose one burgess. The Burgesses met to make laws for the colony and set the direction for its future growth; the Council would then review the laws and either approve or disapprove them. The approval of the Burgesses, the Council, and the governor was needed to pass a law. The idea of electing burgesses was important and new. It gave Virginians a chance to control their own government for the first time. At first, the burgesses were elected by all free men in the colony. Women, indentured servants, and Native Americans could not vote. Later the rules for voting changed, making it necessary for men to own at least fifty acres (200,000 m²) of land in order to vote.", "House of Burgesses. In 1775 the burgesses, meeting in conventions, listened to Patrick Henry deliver his \"give me liberty or give me death\" speech and raised regiments. The House of Burgesses was called back by Lord Dunmore one last time in June 1775 to address British Prime Minister Lord North's Conciliatory Resolution. Randolph, who was a delegate to the Continental Congress, returned to Williamsburg to take his place as Speaker. Randolph indicated that the resolution had not been sent to the Congress (it had instead been sent to each colony individually in an attempt to divide them and bypass the Continental Congress). The House of Burgesses rejected the proposal, which was also later rejected by the Continental Congress.[25] The burgesses formed a Committee of Safety to take over governance in the absence of the royal governor, Dunmore, who had organized loyalists forces but after defeats he took refuge on a British warship.[26]", "House of Burgesses. The Colony of Virginia was founded by an English stock company, the Virginia Company, as a private venture, though under a royal charter. Early governors provided the stern leadership and harsh judgments required for the colony to survive its early difficulties. As early crises with famine, disease, Native American attempts to keep their good land, the need to establish cash crops, insufficient skilled or committed labor, the colony needed to attract enough new and responsible settlers if it were to grow and prosper.", "House of Burgesses. The House of Burgesses became the House of Delegates in 1776, forming the lower house of the General Assembly, the legislative branch of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Through the House of Burgesses, the Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World.[31]", "House of Burgesses. In 1652, the parliamentary forces of Oliver Cromwell forced the colony to submit to being taken over by the English government. Again, the colonists were able to retain the General Assembly as their governing body. Only taxes agreed to by the assembly were to be levied. Still, most Virginia colonists were loyal to Prince Charles, and were pleased at his restoration as King Charles II in 1660. He went on directly or indirectly to restrict some of the liberties of the colonists, such as requiring tobacco to be shipped only to England, only on English ships, with the price set by the English merchant buyers;[8] but the General Assembly remained.[5]", "House of Burgesses. In 1776 the House of Burgesses ended. The final entry in the Journals of the House of Burgesses is \"6th of May. 16 Geo. III. 1776 … FINIS.\"[27] Edmund Pendleton, a member of the House of Burgesses (and President of the Committee of Safety) who was present at the final meeting, wrote in a letter to Richard Henry Lee on the following day, \"We met in assembly yesterday, and determined not to adjourn, but let that body die.\" Later on the same morning, the members of the fifth and final Virginia Revolutionary Convention met in the chamber of the House of Burgesses in Williamsburg and elected Pendleton its president. The convention voted for independence from Britain.[28] The former colony had become the independent Commonwealth of Virginia and the convention created the Constitution of Virginia with a new General Assembly, composed of an elected Senate and an elected House of Delegates. The House of Delegates acceded to the role of the former House of Burgesses.[3]", "Colonial South and the Chesapeake. The first democratically elected government was the House of Burgesses, which was first convened in 1619 by Governor George Yeardley in Virginia. The House of Burgesses, as with most colonial assemblies, was elected by free, white, landowning men. [18]", "Virginia. The British Parliament's efforts to levy new taxes following the French and Indian War were deeply unpopular in the colonies. In the House of Burgesses, opposition to taxation without representation was led by Patrick Henry and Richard Henry Lee, among others.[78] Virginians began to coordinate their actions with other colonies in 1773, and sent delegates to the Continental Congress the following year.[79] After the House of Burgesses was dissolved by the royal governor in 1774, Virginia's revolutionary leaders continued to govern via the Virginia Conventions. On May 15, 1776, the Convention declared Virginia's independence from the British Empire and adopted George Mason's Virginia Declaration of Rights, which was then included in a new constitution.[80] Another Virginian, Thomas Jefferson, drew upon Mason's work in drafting the national Declaration of Independence.[81]", "House of Burgesses. Especially after the massacre of about 400 colonists on March 22, 1622 by Native Americans, and epidemics in the winters before and after the massacre, the governor and council ruled arbitrarily and allowed no dissent. By 1624, the royal government in London had heard enough about the problems of the colony and revoked the charter of the Virginia Company. Virginia became a crown colony and the governor and council would be chosen by the king. Nonetheless, the basic form of government of the colony was retained, although the right of the General Assembly to exist was not officially confirmed until 1639.[5]", "House of Burgesses. In 1774, after Parliament passed the Boston Port Act to close Boston Harbor, the House of Burgesses adopted resolutions in support of the Boston colonists which resulted in Virginia's royal governor, John Murray, 4th Earl of Dunmore, dissolving the assembly. The burgesses then reassembled on their own and issued calls for the first of five Virginia Conventions. These conventions were essentially meetings of the House of Burgesses without the governor and Council, Peyton Randolph the Speaker of the House would serve as the President of the Convention, and they would elect delegates to the Continental Congress.[3] The First Continental Congress passed their Declaration and Resolves, which inter alia claimed that American colonists were equal to all other British citizens, protested against taxation without representation, and stated that Britain could not tax the colonists since they were not represented in Parliament.[24]", "Colony of Virginia. Under a charter from the company in 1618, a new model of governance was put in place in 1619, which created a new House of Burgesses.[28] On July 30, 1619, burgesses met at Jamestown Church as the first elected representative legislative assembly in the New World.[28] The legal system in the colony was thereafter based around the English common law.", "Colonial South and the Chesapeake. Bacon’s Rebellion, likewise, showed how much influence the people could exert over their government when they disagreed with what the upper class in the government decided. The government was generally run by the rich plantation owners who already had enough land and just wanted to avoid conflict, so the poor free men rebelled by holding the House of Burgesses hostage. While succeeding for a while, the rebellion fell apart when Nathaniel Bacon died, though it still left a reminder of how much influence the average settler had in early American government.", "House of Burgesses. On July 30, 1619, the first European-style legislative assembly in the Americas convened for a six-day meeting at the church on Jamestown Island, Virginia. A council chosen by the Virginia Company as advisers to the governor, the Virginia Governor's Council, met as a sort of \"upper house,\" while 22 locally elected representatives met as the House of Burgesses. Together, the House of Burgesses and the Council would be the Virginia General Assembly.[5]", "Colony of Virginia. From 1619 to 1775/1776, the colonial legislature of Virginia was the House of Burgesses, which governed in conjunction with a colonial governor. Jamestown on the James River remained the capital of the Virginia colony until 1699; from 1699 until its dissolution the capital was in Williamsburg. The colony experienced its first major political turmoil with Bacon's Rebellion of 1676.", "House of Burgesses. From 1769 -1775 Thomas Jefferson represented Albemarle County as a delegate in the Virginia House of Burgesses.[20] He pursued reforms to slavery and introduced legislation allowing masters to take control over the emancipation of slaves in 1769, taking discretion away from the royal Governor and General Court. Jefferson persuaded his cousin Richard Bland to spearhead the legislation's passage, but reaction was strongly negative.[21]", "House of Burgesses. Though not a unique occurrence on the frontier, colonists remained loyal to the British crown during the French and Indian War in North America from 1754 to 1763. The conflict, which somewhat uniquely began in the Ohio Valley and spread to Europe, resulted in local colonial losses and economic disruption. Higher taxes were to follow, and adverse local reactions to these and how they were determined would drive events well into the next decade.[12]", "House of Burgesses. A majority of the members of the General Assembly of 1676 were supporters of Nathaniel Bacon. They enacted legislation designed to further popular sovereignty and representative government and to equalize opportunities.[9] Bacon took little part in the deliberations since he was busy fighting the Native Americans.[10]", "House of Burgesses. In 1634, the General Assembly divided the colony into eight shires (later redesignated as counties) for purposes of government, administration, and the judicial system. By 1643, the expanding colony had 15 counties. All of the county offices, including a board of commissioners, judges, sheriff, constable and clerks, were appointed positions. Only the members of the House of Burgesses were elected by a vote of the people. Women had no right to vote. Only free and white men originally were given the right to vote, by 1670 only property owners were allowed to vote.[5]", "Virginia House of Delegates. Through the House of Burgesses, the Virginia House of Delegates is considered the oldest continuous legislative body in the New World.[1] Originally having 22 members, the House of Burgesses met from 1619 through 1632 in the choir of the church at Jamestown.[2] From 1632 to 1699 the legislative body met at four different state houses in Jamestown. The first state house convened at the home of Colonial Governor Sir John Harvey from 1632 to 1656. The burgesses convened at the second state house from 1656 until it was destroyed in 1660. Historians have yet to precisely identify its location.[3]", "Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies. The assemblies had a variety of names, such as: House of Delegates, House of Burgesses, or Assembly of Freemen. They had several features in common. Members were elected annually, by the propertied citizens of the towns or counties. Usually they met for a single, short session; but the council or governor could call a special session.[2] Suffrage was allotted only to free white men and, in the early days at least, limited to landowners. Land ownership was widespread, however, which meant that most white men were able to cast a vote.", "Jamestown, Virginia. In 1619, the first representative assembly in America convened in the Jamestown Church, \"to establish one equal and uniform government over all Virginia\" which would provide \"just laws for the happy guiding and governing of the people there inhabiting.\" This became known as the House of Burgesses (forerunner of the Virginia General Assembly). Initially, only men of English origin were permitted to vote. On June 30, 1619, in what was the first recorded strike in Colonial America, the Polish artisans protested and refused to work if not allowed to vote (\"No Vote, No Work\").[50][51][52] On July 21, 1619, the court granted the Poles and Slovaks equal voting rights.[53] Afterwards, the labor strike (the first \"in American history\"[6]) was ended and the artisans resumed their work.[52][54][55][56] Individual land ownership was also instituted, and the colony was divided into four large \"boroughs\" or \"incorporations\" called \"citties\" by the colonists. Jamestown was located in James Cittie.", "Self-governing colony. The first local legislatures raised in England's colonies were the House of Burgesses of Virginia (1619) and the House of Assembly of Bermuda (1620), originally part of Virginia. The Parliament of Bermuda, which now also includes a Senate, is the third-oldest in the Commonwealth of Nations, after the Tynwald and Westminster (currently the Parliament of the United Kingdom). Of the three, only Bermuda's has legislated continuously, with the Royalist camp maintaining control of the archipelago during the Commonwealth of England and the Protectorate.", "House of Burgesses. In 1769 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed several resolutions condemning Britain's stationing troops in Boston following the Massachusetts Circular Letter of the previous year; these resolutions stated that only Virginia's governor and legislature could tax its citizens.[22] The members also drafted a formal letter to the King, completing it just before the legislature was dissolved by Virginia's royal governor.[23]", "History of slavery in Virginia. The number of white indentured servants declined in the late seventeenth century, as an improving economy in England made workers less willing to brave the colonies. Against this background, in 1662 the Virginia House of Burgesses passed a law including the principle of partus, to prevent slaves with English fathers from claiming freedom. Other colonies quickly adopted the principle. It held that \"all children borne in this country shall be held bond or free only according to the condition of the mother...\"[13][unreliable source][14] As most bond women were African and thus considered foreigners, their children likewise were considered foreigners and removed from consideration as English subjects. The racial distinction made it easier to identify them. Slavery became a racial caste associated with African descent regardless of children's paternal ancestry. The principle became incorporated into state law when Virginia achieved independence from Great Britain.[14] The demands for labor led to colonists importing more African slaves in the late 17th and early 18th centuries.", "History of religion in the United States. When the elected assembly, the House of Burgesses, was established in 1619, it enacted religious laws that made Virginia a bastion of Anglicanism. It passed a law in 1632 requiring that there be a \"uniformitie throughout this colony both in substance and circumstance to the cannons and constitution of the Church of England.\"[36]", "House of Burgesses. A handful of Polish craftsmen, brought to the colony to supply skill in the manufacture of pitch, tar, potash, and soap ash, were initially denied the political rights of English settlers. They downed tools in protest, but returned to work after being declared free (probably in the sense of civil liberty) and enfranchised, apparently by agreement with the Virginia Company.[6]", "Bacon's Rebellion. The recomposed House of Burgesses enacted a number of sweeping reforms (known as Bacon's Laws). (Bacon was not serving his duty in the House; rather, he was at his plantation miles away.) It limited the powers of the governor and restored suffrage rights to landless freemen.[9]", "Virginia Conventions. The First Convention was organized after Lord Dunmore, the colony's royal governor, dissolved the House of Burgesses when that body called for a day of prayer as a show of solidarity with Boston, Massachusetts, when the British government closed the harbor under the Boston Port Act. The Burgesses, who had been elected by propertied freeholders throughout the colony, moved to Raleigh Tavern to continue meeting. The Burgesses declared support for Massachusetts and called for a congress of all the colonies, the Continental Congress. The Burgesses, convened as the First Convention, met on August 1, 1774, and elected officers, banned commerce and payment of debts with Britain, and pledged supplies. They elected Peyton Randolph, the Speaker of the House of Burgesses, as the President of the Convention (a position he held for subsequent conventions until his death in October 1775).[2]", "House of Burgesses. In 1779, and effective in April 1780, the House of Delegates moved the capital city to Richmond during the American Revolutionary War for safety reasons.[30]" ]

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[ "Shefali Chowdhury. Chowdhury is known for her performances as Parvati Patil in four of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when she was in her last year at the Waverley School in Birmingham. She and Afshan Azad, (who played the character of Chowdhury's twin sister Padma Patil) are also good friends, according to Azad.[1]", "Dumbledore's Army. The Patils' names and appearance in the films imply that they are of Indian descent. Patil is a common Marathi surname in the state of Maharashtra, India. Rowling originally intended the twins' first names to begin with \"Ma\", and on her classlist from Harry Potter and Me, their last name was spelled as Patel. Parvati means 'daughter of the mountains', an alternate name for the Hindu goddess Durga, the goddess of strength, while Padma is the Sanskrit word for lotus, an alternate name for the Hindu goddess Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity. Together, they form a part of the trinity of the Hindu goddesses.", "Shefali Chowdhury. Shefali Chowdhury (Bengali: শেফালী চৌধুরী; born 20 June 1988) is a British actress of Bangladeshi descent best known for playing the role of Parvati Patil in the Harry Potter film series, except for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), in which the character is played by Sitara Shah.", "Dumbledore's Army. Parvati Patil is a Gryffindor student in Harry's year and the twin sister of Ravenclaw student Padma Patil. Her best friend is Lavender Brown; they are particularly fond of Trelawney's Divination class, and share many common interests. In Goblet of Fire, when Harry needs a date to the Yule Ball, he asks Parvati and she accepts. However, her evening is a disappointment as Harry spends the evening jealously preoccupied with Cho Chang's date with Cedric Diggory and disdains dancing with Parvati; she eventually abandons him to dance with a Beauxbatons boy whom she then later meets in Hogsmeade. In her fifth year, Parvati joins Dumbledore's Army along with her sister. In Half-Blood Prince, the twins are almost removed from Hogwarts by their parents, and ultimately do return home after Dumbledore's death. However, the Patil twins return to their seventh year at Hogwarts, and participate in the Battle of Hogwarts.", "James and Oliver Phelps. James Andrew Eric Phelps and Oliver Martyn John Phelps (born 25 February 1986) are identical twin British actors, best known for playing identical twins, Fred and George Weasley in the Harry Potter film series.", "Dumbledore's Army. Identical twin actors James and Oliver Phelps played Fred and George respectively in the Harry Potter film series.", "Leslie Phillips. After his marriage to Angela Scoular in 1982 Phillips decided to move away from the kind of lecherous twits with suave chat-up lines which had characterised much of his previous work. Phillips has remained busy in both stage and television productions, along with character roles in films like Empire of the Sun (1987) directed by Steven Spielberg and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001). Phillips also provided the voice for the Sorting Hat in the Harry Potter films appearing in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (2001) and Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) as well as reprising his role in the final film, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Part 2 (2011). He has also appeared in British television sitcoms including Honey for Tea with Felicity Kendal and appeared in cameo roles in the popular series such as The Bill.", "Matthew Lewis (actor). During the filming of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, Helena Bonham Carter, who portrays the character Bellatrix Lestrange, accidentally ruptured Lewis's eardrum when she stuck her wand in his ear.[7]", "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film). Miranda Richardson portrays The Daily Prophet reporter Rita Skeeter. Frances de la Tour plays Beauxbatons Academy of Magic's headmistress Olympe Maxime. Robert Pattinson replaces stunt performer/actor Joe Livermore as Hogwarts champion Cedric Diggory, who makes a brief appearance in the previous film in a Quidditch sequence. Clémence Poésy plays the role of Beauxbatons champion Fleur Delacour, while Stanislav Ianevski portrays Durmstrang champion and Quidditch star Viktor Krum. David Tennant portrays Barty Crouch, Jr., who disguises himself as Mad-Eye Moody for most of the film.", "James and Oliver Phelps. In 2000, at age 14, the twins skipped school exams to attend an open audition, despite having no previous acting experience, and, after about six auditions, were cast as Fred and George Weasley in the film Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone. They went on to portray their characters in all of the subsequent Harry Potter films.", "David Bailie. Terry Hands was also a student at the same time, but had left a little earlier than Bailie and formed the Everyman Theatre with Peter James in Liverpool. On leaving RADA Bailie was invited to join the Everyman in 1964. Amongst other roles he played \"Tolen\" in The Knack..., \"Becket\" in Murder in the Cathedral, \"Dion\" in The Great God Brown, \"MacDuff\" in Macbeth and \"Lucky\" in Waiting for Godot.", "Roopa Ganguly. She was consecutively paired with Chiranjeet Chakraborty in Prabhat Roy's Bengali films like Pratik (1988), Tufan (1989) and Agnitrishna (1989). She acted in Mrinal Sen's much acclaimed Hindi Film Ek Din Achanak (1989) and Basu Chatterjee's Hindi film Kamla Ki Maut (1989).", "Marta DuBois. DuBois previously co-starred opposite Star Trek: The Motion Picture actor Stephen Collins and TNG guest-star Elizabeth Lindsey in the television series Tales of the Gold Monkey, which lasted only one season, airing from September 1982 through June 1983. She also had a recurring role on Magnum, P.I. and made guest appearances on such series as Hardcastle & McCormick (starring Brian Keith and Daniel Hugh Kelly in the title roles), The A-Team (with Dwight Schultz), L.A. Law (starring Corbin Bernsen and Larry Drake), Silk Stalkings, and Matlock.", "Saffron Burrows. Burrows made her film debut in 1993 with a small role in Jim Sheridan's In the Name of the Father. Her first significant acting roles came in 1995, as an ambitious young Irishwoman in Circle of Friends. She appeared in Ngozi Onwurah's Welcome II The Terrordome.[7] Following this, she starred in the BBC production of Dennis Potter's Karaoke (1996).[8] Subsequently, she appeared in Hotel de Love, Lovelife, Nevada, One Night Stand, and The Matchmaker.[9] In 1999 she appeared in Mike Figgis’ experimental film The Loss of Sexual Innocence, in which she played twins: one raised in England, the other in Italy.[10] Burrows appeared in the thriller film Deep Blue Sea and later played the title role in a film of Miss Julie, which premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival.[11]", "Harry Potter (film series). Aside from the three lead actors, other notable cast members include Robbie Coltrane as Rubeus Hagrid, Tom Felton as Draco Malfoy, Alan Rickman as Severus Snape, and Dame Maggie Smith as Minerva McGonagall. Richard Harris, who played the role of Professor Albus Dumbledore, died on 25 October 2002 causing the role to be re-cast for the third instalment, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban. David Heyman and director Alfonso Cuarón chose Michael Gambon to portray the character of Dumbledore, which he did for all succeeding films. Notable recurring cast members include Helena Bonham Carter as Bellatrix Lestrange, Warwick Davis as Filius Flitwick, Ralph Fiennes as Lord Voldemort, Brendan Gleeson as Alastor Moody, Richard Griffiths as Vernon Dursley, Jason Isaacs as Lucius Malfoy, Gary Oldman as Sirius Black, Fiona Shaw as Petunia Dursley, Timothy Spall as Peter Pettigrew, David Thewlis as Remus Lupin, Emma Thompson as Sybill Trelawney, Mark Williams as Arthur Weasley, and Julie Walters as Molly Weasley.", "Robert Smith (musician). Returning to England from the Banshees' tour of Australia, New Zealand and Japan in January 1983, Smith was approached the following month by Nicholas Dixon, a young choreographer with the Royal Ballet, to score a choreographed adaptation of Les Enfants Terribles. To test the idea, Smith and Severin recorded a reworking of the Cure's \"Siamese Twins\", with Lol Tolhurst on drums, and Anne Stephenson and Virginia Hewes (later known as Ginni Ball) of the Venomettes on violins, which was performed on BBC Two's music programme Riverside in March 1983, featuring two dancers choreographed by Dixon. Despite a positive critical reception, however, neither Dixon nor Smith were happy with the results, and the Les Enfants Terribles project was shelved indefinitely.[66][69][73][note 6] The Venomettes were a string and vocal performance group associated with the Batcave scene during the early 1980s, whose members collaborated with Marc Almond (as part of Marc and the Mambas), Andi Sexgang, Siouxsie and the Banshees and This Mortal Coil, among others. Stephenson and Hewes had previously performed on the Siouxsie and the Banshees' album A Kiss in the Dreamhouse, while fellow Venomette Martin McCarrick later became a full-time member of the Banshees.[citation needed]", "Harry Enfield. In 1989, Enfield realised a personal project, Norbert Smith - a Life, a spoof on British theatrical knights slumming in the film industry. He also provided voices for the British satirical puppet show Spitting Image, and starred as Dirk Gently in the BBC Radio adaptations of Dirk Gently's Holistic Detective Agency and The Long Dark Tea-Time of the Soul.", "Shirley Henderson. Shirley Henderson (born 24 November 1965) is a Scottish actress. She played Gail in Trainspotting (1996), Jude in Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), and Moaning Myrtle in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (2002) and Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005). Her other films include Topsy-Turvy (1999), Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself (2002), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), Frozen (2005), Miss Pettigrew Lives for a Day (2008), Anna Karenina (2012), and the Netflix film Okja (2017). On television, she starred opposite Robert Carlyle in the BBC series Hamish Macbeth (1995–1997). In 2014, she received a BAFTA TV Award nomination for the Channel 4 miniseries Southcliffe (2013). She has also featured as Frances Drummond in the BBC drama Happy Valley (2016). She won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical in 2018 for her role as Elizabeth in Girl from the North Country[1].", "Zachery Ty Bryan. Bryan's film roles include the school bully in the 1996 Sinbad comedy First Kid. He starred in the 1995 movie Magic Island as Jack Carlisle, and the 1998 TV movie The Principal Takes A Holiday. He also starred as Eric in 1999's The Rage: Carrie 2. Later, he played defender Harry Keough alongside Gerard Butler in the 2005 movie The Game of Their Lives otherwise known as The Miracle Match about the 1950 US upset at the World Cup.[5] In 2006, he played as Clay in The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift, then in the 2009 TV mini-series Meteor, which aired on NBC. He also played Thor in the made-for-TV Syfy channel film Thor: Hammer of the Gods. The film originally aired on November 29, 2009.", "Tim Curry. Curry voiced Taurus Bullba in Darkwing Duck for 3 episodes. He has also appeared in a large number of animated television series and films, starting with the performance of the Serpent in The Greatest Adventure: Stories from the Bible. Curry also portrayed Captain Hook in the Fox animated series Peter Pan and the Pirates. Curry won a Daytime Emmy Award for his performance. Another animated television role was in The Wild Thornberrys, where he played Nigel Thornberry. He had small roles in the Little Mermaid TV series and the 2014 Cartoon Network mini-series Over the Garden Wall, as Auntie Whispers. In 1988 Curry recorded the lead voice as the castaway mouse Abelard Hassan DiChirico Flint in Michael Sporn's Emmy Nominated adaptation of William Steig's novel for children, \"Abel's Island\" for Italtoons, now distributed by Random House. Curry was mainly known for antagonist roles in animated series such as MAL in Captain Planet and the Planeteers, Skullmaster in Mighty Max, Dr Anton Sevarius in Gargoyles, George Herbert Walker 'King' Chicken in Duckman, Lord Dragaunus in The Mighty Ducks, as Henri Poupon and Charlene's coat in Jim Henson's Dinosaurs, Scarlet Fever and Nick O'Teen in Ozzy & Drix, Professor Finbar Calamitous in The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius, Slagar the Cruel in Redwall, Doctor Morocco in Transformers: Rescue Bots, and G. Gordon Godfrey in Young Justice. He also became the voice of Palpatine in Star Wars: The Clone Wars upon the death of Ian Abercrombie.", "Daniel Radcliffe. Daniel Jacob Radcliffe (born 23 July 1989)[1] is an English actor best known for his role as Harry Potter in the film series of the same name. He made his acting debut at 10 years of age in BBC One's 1999 television film David Copperfield, followed by his cinematic debut in 2001's The Tailor of Panama. At age 11, he was cast as Harry Potter in the first Harry Potter film, and starred in the series for 10 years until the release of the eighth and final film in 2011.", "Rupert Grint. Beginning in 2002, Grint began to work outside of the Harry Potter franchise, playing a co-leading role in Thunderpants. He has had starring roles in Driving Lessons, a dramedy released in 2006, and Cherrybomb, a drama film of limited release in 2010. Grint co-starred with Bill Nighy and Emily Blunt in Wild Target, a comedy. His first film project following the end of the Harry Potter series was the 2012 anti-war film, Into the White, in which he has a supporting role. In 2013, Grint's new film CBGB was released and he was cast in CBS's new show Super Clyde. Grint made his stage debut in Jez Butterworth's Mojo in October 2013 at the Harold Pinter Theatre in London.[3] In 2014 he voiced the character of Josh in Postman Pat: The Movie, and in 2017, he starred in and was executive producer of the television series Snatch, based on the film of the same name.", "David Bamber. Bamber has worked on many British television series, mini-series and TV films. He appeared in the BBC adaptations of Hanif Kureishi's The Buddha of Suburbia and Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice, in which he portrayed the Bennets' clergyman cousin, Mr. Collins. He also played the part of a junior treasury minister and Stamp enthusiast, Julian Whitaker, in an episode of The New Statesman, in which Alan frames Whitaker and forces his resignation. In 1997 he starred as Eric Slatt in two series of Steven Moffat's Chalk, contributing to the audio commentaries for the DVD release in 2008. His best known international television role to date was his 2005–2007 role as Marcus Tullius Cicero in the HBO/BBC2 original television series, Rome. In Poirot Series 3: Episode 7 \"The Double Clue,\" he plays the effete middleman to a jewellery collector who is robbed. Bamber also played Adolf Hitler in Bryan Singer's film, Valkyrie. Most recently he played the part of Noel in the Sky Atlantic series Camping.", "James and Oliver Phelps. Outside of acting, James has worked as a runner on the set of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince and other film productions, such as The Da Vinci Code.[1] In 2009, the twins appeared as brothers in the 5th episode of the 3rd season of the TV series Kingdom. In 2012, they starred in \"A Mind's Eye,\" a short documentary film based on the philosophical ideas of Plato.[2]", "Diana Rigg. She also appeared in the second series of Ricky Gervais's comedy Extras, alongside Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe, and in the 2006 film The Painted Veil.", "Clémence Poésy. Clémence Poésy (French: [klemɑ̃s pɔezi]; born 30 October 1982 as Clémence Guichard)[1][3] is a French actress and fashion model. After starting on the stage as a child, Poésy studied drama and has been active in both film and television since 1999, including some English-language productions. She is known for the roles of Fleur Delacour in the Harry Potter film series, Chloë in In Bruges, Rana in 127 Hours, and Natasha Rostova in War and Peace.", "Frances de la Tour. In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, a role she reprised in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.[9] Notable television roles during this time include Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile (2004), Waking the Dead (2004), the black comedy Sensitive Skin (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger (2006) and New Tricks as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006.", "Hager Twins. In 1976, the brothers starred, with Lillian Gish, as Tony and Shep Thomas in the TV-movie Twin Detectives.[8] They also appeared in TV commercials and with Florence Henderson in Country Kitchen on TNN.[4]", "Rupert Grint. In 2002, Grint starred in his first non-Harry Potter film, Thunderpants, which revolves around Patrick (played by Bruce Cook) whose remarkable capacity for flatulence scores him a job as an astronaut. In this film, Grint portrayed the co-lead role of Alan, an anosmic boy who is Patrick's only friend. It was generally ignored by critics and audiences alike. Most of the critics that did take notice of Thunderpants did not respond well to it, with one writing: \"This film should be shown in prisons so that inmates have a good reason to never return.\"[48] Another film he appeared in was Driving Lessons, a comedy-drama released in 2006, where he starred opposite Julie Walters. The film was met with a mixed reception by critics, but his portrayal of an oppressed teenaged boy was generally praised. \"Grint, on the other hand, is a revelation\", who \"displays an innate naturalness mixed with personal charisma that turn a potentially pathetic Christian freak into a humorous, thoroughly likable – if more than a little awkward – young man\", wrote Alt Film Guide's Andre Soares.[49]", "Evangeline Lilly. Nicole Evangeline Lilly (born August 3, 1979)[1][2] is a Canadian actress and author. She came to prominence for her starring role as Kate Austen in the ABC series Lost (2004–10), for which she won a Screen Actors Guild Award and received a Golden Globe Award nomination.[3] She is also known for her roles as Connie James in The Hurt Locker (2008), Bailey Tallet in Real Steel (2011), Tauriel in The Hobbit film series, and Hope van Dyne/Wasp in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Ant-Man (2015) and Ant-Man and the Wasp (2018).", "Frances de la Tour. She performed as Mrs. Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She reprised the role in the 2006 film. Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). Other television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), Headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious.", "Maggie Smith. Due to the international success of the Harry Potter movies, she is now widely known for playing Professor Minerva McGonagall, opposite Daniel Radcliffe in the title role. She has appeared in seven of the eight films in the series from 2001 to 2011. She and Radcliffe had worked together previously in the 1999 BBC television adaptation of David Copperfield, in which she played Betsey Trotwood and received a BAFTA TV Award nomination. She received her sixth Academy Award nomination for the 2001 film Gosford Park, directed by Robert Altman and won her first Emmy Award for the 2003 TV film My House in Umbria. On stage, she starred as Madeleine Palmer opposite Judi Dench in the David Hare play The Breath of Life in 2002, toured Australia in Alan Bennett's Talking Heads in 2004 and starred in The Lady from Dubuque in 2007." ]

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[ "2016 Oakland Raiders season. On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to approve and recommend $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[21] Then on October 11, 2016, the Nevada State Senate voted 16–5 to approve the stadium funding bill and convention center expansion.[22] Three days later, on October 14, the Nevada Assembly voted to approve funding for the stadium, 28–13.[23] On October 18, Governor Brian Sandoval signed the stadium funding bill into law.[24] Reports state that the NFL will not consider the Raiders move until as late as July 2017.[25] Davis confirmed that the Raiders will stay in Oakland through their current lease, meaning the earliest the Raiders would play in Las Vegas would be 2019.[26]", "2017 NFL season. On January 19, 2017, the Oakland Raiders filed paperwork to relocate to Las Vegas, Nevada. The NFL officially approved the Raiders relocation to Las Vegas on March 27. Unlike the Chargers, the Raiders will remain at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum through at least the 2018 season (with the 2019 season to be determined) while Las Vegas Stadium is built, with the team moving to Nevada in 2019 or 2020.[139]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. Davis told ESPN on October 15, 2016 that even if the Raiders were approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area, the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in 2017 and 2018, stating \"We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area.\"[46] The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires. Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas, at Sam Boyd Stadium, as early as the 2018 season.[40] (The Raiders' 2017 schedule has both preseason games in Oakland.)", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On March 6, 2017, the Raiders revealed that Bank of America would be replacing Sheldon Adelson's portion of the funding for the new stadium in Las Vegas.[59][60] On March 27, 2017, the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31–1 vote, ensuring them a new stadium in the process.[1][2] However, even though the Raiders were approved to move to Las Vegas, the club will still play the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and still be known as the Oakland Raiders as long as they play in the San Francisco Bay Area. About one thousand season ticket holders asked for and received refunds after the move to Las Vegas was announced. Their tickets were sold to other fans within hours, and the Raiders' 53,250 season tickets were all sold out by late May.[61][62]", "2018 Oakland Raiders season. Although the league approved the Raiders' eventual relocation to Las Vegas on March 27, 2017, the team still maintains its lease at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and intends to use the stadium for at least the 2018 season, after which the lease is scheduled to expire.[1] The Raiders' Las Vegas Stadium is not expected to be completed until 2020. In April 2017, the operators of the Coliseum stated they would be unwilling to sign an extension;[2] by September of that year, the Coliseum operators expressed willingness to negotiate, but insisted on concessions to compensate for the million-dollar deficit the Coliseum runs by hosting Raiders games.[3] The Raiders are believed to have substantial cash flow problems that could prevent them from making the necessary concessions.[4] Owner Mark Davis has stated he would prefer to stay in Oakland for the 2019 season but is considering other options, including Las Vegas's Sam Boyd Stadium, Berkeley's California Memorial Stadium,[3] the San Francisco 49ers's Levi's Stadium and even the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, a venue thought to have been ruled out in 2014.[3] Davis acknowledged that if fans failed to support the team similarly to the 1996 Houston Oilers, it could hasten the relocation.[3]", "Nevada. They will be joined by the Oakland Raiders who at the start of the 2016 NFL season expressed interest in moving their team to Las Vegas, and announced in January 2017 they would do so in either 2019 or 2020.", "Las Vegas Valley. *The Raiders currently play in Oakland and will move to Las Vegas for the 2020 NFL Season", "Mark Davis (American football). Davis told ESPN on October 15, 2016 that even if the Raiders are approved by the league to relocate to the Las Vegas metropolitan area, the club would play the next two seasons at the Oakland Alameda Coliseum in 2017 and 2018, stating \"We want to bring a Super Bowl championship back to the Bay Area.\"[32] The team would then play at a temporary facility in 2019 after its lease at the Coliseum expires. Davis has also indicated a desire to play at least one preseason game in Las Vegas, at Sam Boyd Stadium, as early as the 2017 season.", "Oakland Raiders. On March 27, 2017, NFL team owners voted nearly unanimously to approve the Raiders' application to relocate from Oakland to Las Vegas, Nevada, in a 31-to-1 vote at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona. The Raiders plan to remain in Oakland through 2018 – and possibly 2019 – and relocate to Las Vegas in either 2019 or 2020, depending on the completion of the team's planned new stadium.[13][14]", "2018 NFL season. The Raiders, prior to the 2017 season, committed to relocating to Las Vegas, Nevada, once a new stadium is constructed for them in 2020. In 2016, the Raiders signed a three-year extension with the Oakland Coliseum.[111] The Raiders could choose to stay in the Oakland Coliseum for 2019 with another year-to-year extension or move to Sam Boyd Stadium in Las Vegas, which is undersized but (because of the Los Angeles Chargers' use of the even smaller StubHub Center) would not be the smallest stadium in the NFL. Management at the Oakland Coliseum has indicated they are unwilling to extend their agreement with the Raiders after 2018, which could force the team to move to Sam Boyd Stadium in 2019.[112] In order to secure another season in Oakland, California, Coliseum management indicated in September 2017 that the Raiders would need to offer major concessions to compensate for the financial losses the Coliseum incurs by hosting Raiders games.[113]", "Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum. In January 2016, Mark Davis met with Las Vegas Sands owner Sheldon Adelson about building a domed stadium on the UNLV campus for the Raiders and the UNLV Rebels.[35] After the approval of $750 million from the state of Nevada and backing from Bank of America after Adelson pulled out of the project the Raiders submitted papers for relocation to Las Vegas in January 2017, and on March 27, 2017, the Raiders' relocation to Las Vegas was approved. The team plans to continue to play at the Coliseum through the 2019 NFL season and relocate to Las Vegas in 2020.", "Oakland Raiders. On March 27, 2017, NFL team owners voted 31–1 to approve moving the Raiders to Las Vegas, Nevada.[13][14] The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 NFL season, playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium, although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium. The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri back to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016,[89] and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017.[90] The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum.", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On November 13, 2017, the Raiders officially broke ground on Las Vegas Stadium.[64][65]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland, California, to Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 19, 2017.[55] The Raiders needed 24 of the 32 NFL club owners to vote to officially approve the move to Las Vegas.[56]", "Sports in the Las Vegas metropolitan area. Las Vegas will be home to the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League beginning sometime after the 2017 NFL season. On March 27, 2017, NFL owners voted 31–1 to approve the Oakland Raiders' move to Las Vegas, who will continue to play at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum in Oakland in 2017 and possibly longer,[15] until their new stadium, the Las Vegas Stadium, is built in time for the 2020 NFL season.", "2017 Oakland Raiders season. The Raiders began the season on September 10 at the Tennessee Titans and finished the season December 31 at the Los Angeles Chargers. The Raiders, as they did in 2016, played one home game in Mexico City, this time against the New England Patriots.[1] Although the league approved the Raiders' eventual relocation to Las Vegas on March 27, 2017, the team still maintained its lease at the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum and intended to use the stadium for at least the 2017 and 2018 seasons and, likely, 2019 season.[2][3]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. The Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas was a successful effort by the owner of the Oakland Raiders (Mark Davis) to relocate the American football club from its current and longtime home of Oakland, California to Las Vegas, Nevada. The team is scheduled to begin play as the Las Vegas Raiders for the 2020 National Football League (NFL) season (although a move to Las Vegas could happen as soon as 2019 with Sam Boyd Stadium), playing home games at the Las Vegas Stadium. NFL team owners voted 31–1 to approve the move, which was announced at the annual league meetings in Phoenix, Arizona on March 27, 2017.[1][2] The Raiders became the third NFL franchise to relocate in the 2010s, following the Rams' move from St. Louis, Missouri to Los Angeles, California on January 12, 2016,[3] and the Chargers' move from San Diego, California to Los Angeles on January 12, 2017.[4] The Raiders' move to Las Vegas comes after years of failed efforts to renovate or replace the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum, which has been rated by multiple sources as one of the worst stadiums in the NFL.[5][6]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On March 21, 2016, when asked about Las Vegas, Davis said, \"I think the Raiders like the Las Vegas plan,\" and \"it's a very very very intriguing and exciting plan,\" referring to the stadium plan in Las Vegas. Davis also met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about the stadium plan. On April 1, 2016, Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium to evaluate whether UNLV could serve as a temporary home of the team and was with UNLV football coach Tony Sanchez, athletic director Tina Kunzer-Murphy, adviser Don Snyder and school president Len Jessup to further explore the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas.", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On August 11, 2016, Raiders' officials met with Northern Nevada officials about the possibility of Reno being the site of a new training camp/practice facility and toured several sites including the University of Nevada, Reno, Reno area high schools, and sports complexes.[41] On August 25, 2016, the Raiders filed a trademark application for \"Las Vegas Raiders\" on the same day renderings of a new stadium (located west of Interstate 15 at Las Vegas) were released to the public.[42]", "Mark Davis (American football). The Raiders officially filed paperwork to relocate from Oakland, California, to Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 19, 2017. On January 30, 2017, it was announced that Adelson had dropped out of the stadium project, also withdrawing the Las Vegas Sands' proposed $650 million contribution from the project. Instead, the Raiders would increase their contribution from $500 million to $1.15 billion.[35] One day after Adelson's announcement, Goldman Sachs (the company behind the financing to the proposed Las Vegas stadium) announced its intent to withdraw from the project.[36]", "2017 Oakland Raiders season. The Raiders' preliminary preseason schedule was announced on April 10. In preparation for the team's eventual move to Las Vegas, the Raiders sought to play at least one of their two preseason games at Sam Boyd Stadium.[20] When the preseason opponents were announced, both home games were scheduled for Oakland.", "Oakland Raiders. The Raiders officially filed paperwork with the NFL on January 19, 2017, to relocate the club from Oakland to Las Vegas, Nevada by the 2020 season.[70] The vote for the team's relocation took place on March 27, 2017,[71] and the NFL officially approved the Raiders' relocation to Las Vegas by a 31–1 vote.[13] Only the Miami Dolphins dissented the proposed move. Subsequently, the team announced that it will continue to be known as the Oakland Raiders for the 2017 and 2018 NFL seasons and will play its games in Oakland for at least those two seasons.[14]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13, 2016[51] and approved by Oakland in a 7–0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3–1 vote.[53][54]", "Oakland Raiders. The Ronnie Lott proposal was voted on by the Oakland city and Alameda County elected officials on December 13, 2016[102] and approved by Oakland in a 7–0 vote and by Alameda County in a 3–1 vote.[103][104]\nOn March 1, 2017, Fortress Investment Group submitted a tweaked version of the stadium plan to the NFL. On March 27, 2017, the Las Vegas plan was picked over the Lott plan by NFL owners with approval of the franchise's eventual relocation to Las Vegas.", "2016 Oakland Raiders season. The team also scouted the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas as another potential relocation candidate in late 2014, before it began focusing on its failed Carson stadium proposal.[14] More recently, team officials began conversing with officials from Las Vegas, Nevada regarding a potential future relocation there; in January 2016, Raiders owner Mark Davis met with Sheldon Adelson (Las Vegas Sands owner and CEO) about a proposed $1.3 billion, 65,000 seat domed stadium. On March 23, 2016, Davis met with Nevada Governor Brian Sandoval about moving his team to Las Vegas and recently on April 1, 2016, Mark Davis toured Sam Boyd Stadium whether it could serve as a temporary home (it would likely pose a problem for the Raiders; the stadium seats fewer than 40,000 spectators, less than the 50,000-seat minimum, nor are there any other stadiums in Nevada that meet NFL requirements) and met UNLV coach Tony Sanchez, athletics director Tina Kunzer-Murphy, adviser Don Snyder, and university president Len Jessup about further exploring the possibility of the Raiders moving to Las Vegas.[12] On April 28, 2016, Davis pledged to commit $500 million toward a new stadium in Las Vegas at a panel that included soccer superstar David Beckham, who was backing a proposed Major League Soccer franchise that would share the stadium with the Raiders and UNLV college football.[15] The Raiders' proposal would need approval and funding from the Nevada State Legislature and, ostensibly, league approval to go forward (only ostensibly, since the Raiders have left Oakland without permission at least once before and won their case in court); the league indicated at the May 2016 owners' meetings that it would not object to the Raiders relocating.[16] Davis stated on June 7 that the options for staying in Oakland had been exhausted for the time being and that he fully intended to relocate to Las Vegas in the long term, this despite a rumor that Commissioner Roger Goodell was attempting to undermine a move by orchestrating a counterproposal for an Oakland stadium in collaboration with Ronnie Lott.[17]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On September 15, 2016, the Southern Nevada Tourism Infrastructure Committee unanimously voted to recommend and approve $750 million for the Las Vegas stadium plan.[43]", "2017 Oakland Raiders season. The 2017 Oakland Raiders season was the 58th overall season of the Oakland Raiders franchise, the franchise's 48th season in the National Football League, their 24th season since their return to Oakland, and the third and final season under head coach Jack Del Rio. It was the first season for the team since the franchise announced its impending relocation to Las Vegas.", "Mark Davis (American football). On March 6, 2017, the Raiders revealed Bank of America would be replacing the Sheldon Adelson portion of the funding.[37][38] On March 27, 2017, the National Football League officially approved the Raiders move from Oakland to Las Vegas in a 31–1 vote, ensuring them a new stadium in the process.", "Oakland Raiders. From the assumption of the team by Mark Davis in 2011, the Raiders had been subject to rampant relocation speculation as the team attempted to find a new stadium in Oakland or elsewhere, due to the age of Oakland Alameda Coliseum, being secondary tenants to Major League Baseball's Athletics, and the expiration of the team's lease at the end of 2016. After looking into a variety of options in the Bay Area, Los Angeles and elsewhere the team will ultimately relocate to Las Vegas, Nevada by 2020.", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. The Oakland proposal was officially announced in December 2016,[52] and called for a $1.3 billion, football-only stadium built on the existing Coliseum site. It included mixed use development for possible office or retail space, hotel or residential living and parking, as well as 15 acres set aside for a new baseball-only facility for the Oakland Athletics if the A's so desired. The site also could have been expanded to include the land Oracle Arena sits on, with the Warriors cleared to move to their new San Francisco arena by the 2019 season.", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On January 2, 2018, the Henderson city council approved the sale of 55 vacant acres of land to the Raiders for their new headquarters and practice facility near Henderson Executive Airport.[66] In January, construction crews began blasting caliche rock with dynamite to excavate and create the stadium bowl.[67] As of April 2018, more than 30 Raiders employees had already relocated to Las Vegas from Oakland.[68]", "Oakland Raiders relocation to Las Vegas. On November 30, 2016, a framework deal to keep the Raiders in Oakland was announced.[50] In addition to the public land, the city of Oakland would commit $200 million to improve the infrastructure of the surrounding area. The Raiders would contribute $500 million to the stadium, while Lott's group would contribute $400 million; the NFL already committed $300 million when it rejected the Raiders' bid to return to Los Angeles in 2015.[51] Ronnie Lott had no financial or ownership stake in the Raiders; some sources indicated that Lott was also asking for an ownership stake (reportedly around 20 percent) in the Raiders franchise as part of the deal, a condition that was unacceptable to Raiders owner Mark Davis." ]

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[ "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Jeevika Chaudhary (Krystle D'Souza) and Maanvi Chaudhary (Nia Sharma) are two orphan sisters living in Rishikesh with their great grandmother, grandmother, uncle, aunt and cousin brother while Viren Singh Vadhera (Karan Tacker) and Viraat Singh Vadhera (Kushal Tandon) are two brothers hailing from an elite family of lawyers in Chandigarh.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. The show is produced and directed by Siddharth Malohtra of Cinevistaas Limited. Krystle D'Souza was cast to play Jeevika Chaudhary along with Nia Sharma as Maanvi Chaudhary.[1] Karan Tacker and Kushal Tandon both were finalised to play the main male leads.[2] Abhinav Shukla was roped to play the 3rd main lead opposite Krystle. Other supporting cast included Seema Kapoor, Anju Mahendru, Manasvi Vyas, Anupam Bhattacharya, Divyajyotee Sharma, Gaurav Kumar, Deep Dhillon and Tarla Joshi were other supporting roles. Seema played a strict women and the main antagonist but later her character turned positive.[3]", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai (English: My Sister is One in a Thousand) is a daily Indian soap opera that aired on STAR Plus from 3 October 2011 to 13 September 2013, when it got replaced by the mythological series Mahabharat. The show was very popular amongst the viewers and was dubbed into even regional languages Telugu as \"Chigurakulalo Chilakamma\" on Star_Maa and in Tamil as \"Daivam thantha en thangai\" on Star_Vijay and has been popular due to the intense storyline. The show starred Krystle D'Souza, Karan Tacker, Nia Sharma and Kushal Tandon.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. The two sisters are inseparable and Maanvi loves and respects Jeevika as though she's her mother. A marriage proposal comes for Jeevika. Maanvi While Viren and Jeevika like each other at first sight; Viraat and Maanvi are at odds with each other. Jeevika and Viren's wedding is fixed and the preparations start by then a misunderstanding crops up as Viren gets to know Jeevika loved Dr. Mannan and hence Viren starts ignoring Jeevika. Soon misunderstanding is sorted as Virat along with Maanvi bring the would-be couple together to resolve, on the eve of Diwali festival.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Vadhera family welcomes new \"Bahu\" Maanvi, then Karan who claims to be Swamini's son, enters the Vadhera family. But Karan has ill intentions to ruin the Vadheras and he starts creating rifts among the family members. Sooner, Maanvi comes to know his intentions and alerts the family but they ignore her. Virat and Maanvi partiicipates in Singing competetion show Sur-Sartaaz of India and here too Karan creates false news of Virat-Maanvi divorce, a rift created among the couple which almost leads to their separation but soon they save their marriage and relinquish the trophy. But Karan defends himself and his mother Swamini blames Maanvi instead. Finally, Jeevika too comes to know about Karan, trails him to his bunglow, Maanvi too joins her soon, Karan starts misbehaving with the sisters and in the melee Jeevika shoots Karan in self defence. Viraat arrives on the scene and decides to take the blame on himself to save Jeevika but Swamini miserable in her son's death, blames Viraat. Jeevika is under Maanvi's promise not to reveal truth, however out of guilt, she reveals the truth to Viren. Viren tries to prove Jeevika's innocence and later during the trial, a camera is found in which Jaiswal's reflection when he is killing Karan, is seen by everyone. Jaiswal is arrested.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Viraat restarts his music career but soon a terrible fight breaks between the brothers once Virat comes to know Viren helped him get the album contract. Thus in rage, Viraat and Maanvi leaves Vadhera House. After few weeks they come back as Virat now gets new singing job which he earns on his own. After a while, Vadhera family welcomes happiness once again as Maanvi becomes pregnant. At the same time they come to know that Jeevika can no longer become pregnant. Jeevika and Viren opts surrogacy way to get their child.", "Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai. Amrita Rao and Aditi Vasudev along with Deepti Naval and Zarina Wahab are in the lead roles. The story will encompass three generations of two sisters whose lives revolve around music.[2][3]", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Viren and Jeevika soon gets married and they leave for Chandigarh. The Sisters miss each other very much. Viren brings Maanvi to Chandigarh to cheer up Jeevika on her Birthday. During her stay, Maanvi supports Inder to actively takeup legal cases and gain his own Identity but Vadhera family accuses good intentions of Maanvi as interference and sends Maanvi to Rishikesh. However Inder insists to takeup the case and wins it too, thus Maanvi is vindicated and now Vadhera family realizes its mistake and invites Maanvi to Chandigarh. Just when Virat seen falling for Maanvi, his Ex Girlfriend Maya comes into his life much to his chagrin. However as Aunt Swamini dislikes Maanvi, she promotes Maya and even cajoles Maanvi to act cupid to bring the duo together. Maanvi does it, soon Virat and Maya gets engaged, by then Maanvi comes to know that she has blood cancer. Sooner, Maya gets exposed of her ill intentions and Virat realises he is cheated by her again, thus calls of his relation. He realises Maanvi is his truelove and goes to Rishikesh to propose Maanvi. Series of events happen there one in which Jeevika gets grievously injured, needs blood and only Maanvi has to give, upon insistence she reveals to Virat of her ailment but hides from Jeevika. Virat is heart broken but is determined to get Maanvi treated, save her life. Soon Jeevika too gets to know Maanvi needs a bone marrow transplant to survive. Jeevika gets pregnant, but is left with no other choice than aborting her baby to save Maanvi, as she is her only perfect bone marrow match. Maanvi gets operated successfully, following this, Virat and Maanvi get married.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. Jeevika and Maanvi's father appears one day. Maanvi, though shocked but very happy to find that her father is alive, is vey surprised with Jeevika's and their Grandmaa's anger towards her father. She questions both and receives the news of her own father being the reason of her mother's death - she committed suicide after learning that her husband was a cheater. Nevertheless, Maanvi believes that her father should be forgiven as he has realized his mistakes and should be given another chance. But, Jeevika is against this. Yet, when Jeevika knows that her father is very ill, she forgives him and soon, they reconcile.", "Ek Hazaaron Mein Meri Behna Hai. In the last episode, Vidhi, the surrogate mother of Viren and Jeevika's child, leaves Vadhera House because she doesn't want to cause any more issues. There was the naming ceremony of the babies where Viren and Jeevika named their daughter, Maansi while Viraat and Maanvi named their daughter, Jhanvi. During the celebrations, Jeevika comes to know that she's pregnant. The whole family finally gets their happily ever after.", "Rohitash Gaud. Gaud made his Bollywood debut in the 2001 biographical film Veer Savarkar.[1] Although he has acted in 11 Bollywood films so far, most of them are very minor roles like police inspector role in college drama of Kya Kehna etc. He portrayed the role of Mukundilal Gupta, in the SAB TV sitcom Lapataganj – Sharad Joshi Ki Kahaniyon Ka Pata. He is currently working in &TVs comedy show Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! as Manmohan Tiwari, an undergarments business man. He also acted in a 90's television serial named Ehsaas. His second film was 2002 Irrfan Khan starrer Pratha.[2] He then acted in 2003 film Pinjar, where he played the role of protagonist's (Manoj Bajpai) brother.[3] The same year, he acted in two more movies, Dhoop directed by the National Award winning director Ashwini Chaudhary[4] and in Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. where he played the role of nariyal pani waala (coconut water vendor).[5] After a one-year gap, he starred in 2005 film Matrubhoomi – A Nation Without Women.[6] The same year, he starred in Sun Zarra,[7] Lage Raho Munna Bhai, the sequel to the 2003 film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S., wherein he portrayed the role of Cuckoo, the antagonist Lucky Singh's (Boman Irani) secretary[8] and in Dil Se Pooch? Kidhar Jaana Hai.[9] Again after a gap of a year, in 2008, he was seen in the comedy film One Two Three[10] (uncredited remake of Blame it on the Bellboy) and the much critically acclaimed A Wednesday!, where he portrayed the role of Ikhlaque Ahmed, a fictional terrorist.[11] His latest release was the 2010 film Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?, where he portrayed the role of a bank manager.[12]", "Ye Hai Mohabbatein. The show is produced by Ekta Kapoor under her banner of Balaji Telefilms.[3][4] The show was initially called Mera Tera Rishta Purana but was changed to Ye Hai Mohabbatein.[1] Television actress Divyanka Tripathi was selected by Kapoor to play the lead role of Ishita.[2] Cezanne Khan (of Kasautii Zindagii Kay fame) was first approached to play Raman, the male lead opposite Tripathi, but was replaced by Karan Patel.[3] Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play the important character of Ruhi.[2]", "Akshay Kumar. When he began his acting career in the 1990s, he primarily starred in action films and was known for his appearances in films of the Khiladi series as well as other action films such as Mohra (1994), Main Khiladi Tu Anari (1994), Sapoot (1996) and Angaaray (1998). Later, Kumar also gained fame for his drama, romantic and comic roles. He earned critical acclaim for his portrayal of a hysterical professor in Sangharsh (1999) and a criminal in Jaanwar (1999). His performances in romantic films like Dhadkan (2000), Andaaz (2003) and Namastey London (2007); drama films like Waqt (2005) and Bhool Bhulaiyaa (2007); comedy films like Hera Pheri (2000), Mujhse Shaadi Karogi (2004), Garam Masala (2005), Bhagam Bhag (2006) and Singh Is Kinng (2008) were all well received. In 2007, he starred in four consecutive commercially successful films. Kumar hit a rough patch since 2009 to 2011 but came back with two successes, Housefull 2 (2012) and Rowdy Rathore (2012) with both of them grossing over ₹1 billion (US$16 million). His other films like OMG (2012), Special 26 (2012), Holiday (2014) and Gabbar Is Back (2015) were highly successful critically and commercially. From January 2016 to August 2017, he starred in five domestic net ₹100 crore plus grossers in a row with films Airlift (2016), Housefull 3 (2016), Rustom (2016), Jolly LLB 2 (2017) and Toilet: Ek Prem Katha (2017) Padman (2018).[8][9]", "Bachna Ae Haseeno. The story narrates the journey of a young playboy named Raj Sharma (Ranbir Kapoor), who meets three young women at different stages in his life: Mahi (Minissha Lamba), a small-town girl from Punjab; Radhika (Bipasha Basu), an aspiring model in Mumbai; and Gayatri (Deepika Padukone), a non-resident Indian student in Australia. It is the story of a ladies' man who runs from one conquest to another only to crash into true love.", "Pakeezah. This movie is about a tawaif Sahibjaan (Meena Kumari), who is born to a courtesan, Nargis (also Meena Kumari). After being spurned by her lover Shahabuddin's (Ashok Kumar) family, Nargis is driven to a graveyard where she gives birth to Sahibjaan secretly. Nargis dies during childbirth and her sister Nawabjaan (Veena), a brothel madam, brings her up as her own. Unable to break away from the vicious circle, Sahibjaan grows up to be a beautiful and popular dancer and singer. The aggressive, Nawab Zafar Ali Khan (Kamal Kapoor), wants to make her his own with the help of the brothel madam, and takes her to his boat for the night, which is attacked by elephants, saving Sahibjaan from a horrific fate, but throwing her in the fast flowing river, in a broken boat. Whence here she is taken to the riverside tent of Forest ranger Salim Ahmed Khan (Raaj Kumar), where alone with his diary, she reads how he was the same man who had written a beautiful couplet on her feet, and left for her to read it, while travelling in the same compartment some time before. She sings in rapture and love, remembering this beautiful interlude in her otherwise barren life. Salim Ahmed Khan returns to his tent and is pleasantly surprised to find her. Enthralled by her beauty and innocence, he eventually convinces her to elope with him, which she does. But trials and tribulations await Sahibjaan as she is recognized by men wherever she goes in the company of Salim. When Salim renames her Pakeezah (pure of heart) and takes her to a cleric to be legally married, she refuses and returns to the brothel. Salim eventually decides to marry someone else and invites Sahibjaan to dance at his wedding, to which she agrees. During this event, Nawabjaan recognises Shahabuddin and calls him to witness the irony of the situation; his own daughter dancing and entertaining his family. Shahabuddin's father tries to shoot Nawabjaan to silence her, which leads to a very surprise ending.", "Sunidhi Chauhan. In 2001, Chauhan was featured in four tracks from the album of Ajnabee. Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com described her rendition of Adnan Sami-duet \"Mehbooba Mehbooba\" as \"saucy\", and Kumar Sanu-duet \"Meri Zindagi Mein\" as \"mundane rendition\" but criticised the next two tracks; \"Mujhko Neend Aa Rahi Hai\" and \"Kasam Se Teri Aankhein\" as she is heard \"bored\" and \"fall flat\".[24] She credited Malik for playing a major role in her \"evolution\", as he \"fought\" with the producers to give her the songs, because of that she was \"accepted in typical heroines romantic numbers\".[8] She then lend her voice for \"Ek Baar Pyar\" for Anand Raj Anand and \"Yeh Kaisa Ehsaas Hai\" for Milind Sagar; both from Ehsaas: The Feeling (2001) and a duet with Nigam.[25] Besides, she was heard in Malik's Yaadein; \"Alaap\", \"Jab Dil Miley\" and \"Yaadein Yaad Aati Hain\" were critically acclaimed.[26]", "Salman Khan. In 1994, Khan appeared in Rajkumar Santoshi's Andaz Apna Apna, co-starring Aamir Khan. At the time of its release, the film failed at the box office but has gained a cult status over the years. He returned to success later in the year with his second collaboration with director Sooraj Barjatya in the romance Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! co-starring Madhuri Dixit. During the 1995 awards season, the film won 3 Filmfare Awards for Best Film, Best Director and Best Actress. It also won the National Award for being the most popular film of the year.[42] Earning over ₹1.35 billion (US$19 million) worldwide, the film became the biggest Bollywood hit of the year. It is one of the films on Box Office India's list of \"Biggest Blockbusters Ever in Hindi Cinema\".[43] This film turned out to be one of Bollywood's highest-grossing films ever, becoming the fourth-highest earner of all time.[44] The film broke all the previous records and maintained itself as the highest-grossing Bollywood film throughout history for 7 years. In 1995 he starred in Rakesh Roshan's Karan Arjun alongside Shah Rukh Khan, Karan Arjun is an upbeat Bollywood musical, with religious overtones and action. The film was released on 13 January 1995. The two played brothers who are reincarnated after being killed by family enemies. The film was the second biggest hit of the year, and his role of Karan once again put his name among the nominees for the Best Actor award for Filmfare Awards.[45]", "Bachna Ae Haseeno. Bachna Ae Haseeno (English: Watch Out, Ladies) is an Indian romantic drama released 15 August 2008. The lead stars in this movie are Ranbir Kapoor, Bipasha Basu, Deepika Padukone, and Minissha Lamba. Its director was Siddharth Anand, whose previous projects include Salaam Namaste (2005) and Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007). It was the eighth highest grossing movie of 2008.", "Bigg Boss. Others: Ashmit Patel, Dolly Bindra, Samir Soni, Veena Malik, Sara Khan, Seema Parihar, Manoj Tiwari, Hrishant Goswami, Aanchal Kumar, Rahul Bhatt, Begum Nawazish, Sakshi Pradhan, Abbas Kazmi, Devender (ejected)", "Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai. Meri Awaaz Hi Pehchaan Hai (English: My voice is my identity, Hindi: मेरी आवाज़ ही पहचान है) is an Indian musical drama television series, which premiered on 7 March 2016, and is being broadcast on &TV. The series will be a finite series consisting of 130 episodes. It is produced by a brand new production company The House of Originals of Nivedita Basu (producers of Imvelo and Sunrise). The series airs Monday to Friday nights.[1]", "Rehnaa Hai Terre Dil Mein. However, the film belatedly gained popularity through screenings on television and subsequently developed a cult following amongst young audiences.[10] In 2011, the producer of the film approached him to remake the film with the producer's son Jackky Bhagnani in the lead role, but Menon was uninterested with the offer.[11] On the fifteenth anniversary of the film's release, actors Madhavan and Diya Mirza met up and released a video thanking the film's admirers for their adulation.[12][13]", "Sabse Bada Kalakar. Karan Singh Chhabra, Subuhi Joshi, Kamna Pathak, Onisha Sharma, Mohit Agarwal, Saurabh Nayyar, Sumit Goswami, Bhasha Sumbli, Arun Shinde, Manjiri Popala.", "Salman Khan. Abdul Rashid Salim Salman Khan (born 27 December 1965),[3] credited as Salman Khan (pronunciation: [səlˈmaːn ˈxaːn]) is an Indian film actor, producer, singer and television personality. In a film career spanning almost thirty years, Khan has received numerous awards, including two National Film Awards and two Filmfare Awards.[4] He has a significant following in Asia and the Indian diaspora worldwide, and is cited in the media as one of the most commercially successful actors of Indian cinema.[5][6]", "Ek Rishtaa: The Bond of Love. Vijay Kapoor (Amitabh Bachchan) is a successful businessman. He lives happily with his wife (Raakhee) and their four children. Ajay (Akshay Kumar), their only son who was studying abroad and has graduated from university, received an academic degree in Information Technology and came back home now.", "Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi. Ek Vivaah... Aisa Bhi is the story of Chandni (Isha Koppikar) who belongs to a middle-class family living in Bhopal and Prem (Sonu Sood) who is an unconventional ghazal singer and hails from an upper-middle-class family. Chandni and Prem meet to practice for a Ghazal competition and fall in love. On the day of their Engagement Chandni's dad dies leaving her younger brother and younger sister dependent on Chandni herself. Initially Chandni decides to leave the house and her siblings under the care of her uncle- however when she realizes that her unscrupulous uncle and aunt want only the house and care two hoots about her siblings, she decides to bring them up herself. Prem promises to wait for her and keeps assisting her in all her troubles- while at the same time having become a prominent & famous ghazal singer.", "Ek Tha Raja Ek Thi Rani. Popular TV Actress, Drashti Dhami was roped in the play the lead as Gayatri.[12] Speaking about her comeback to telvision post her last show Madhubala – Ek Ishq Ek Junoon, she said “I do feel a little under pressure since ‘Madhubala’ was such a success. But I am also looking forward to seeing my fans’ reaction to my new show. Even my family and friends are very excited,” “It found it difficult to speak in the dialect which people spoke at that time. That was challenging. Other than that, I did not have any issues with the role,”[13]", "Hina Khan (actress). Hina Khan (born on 2 October 1987)[1] is an Indian television actress.[3] She played the role of Akshara in Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai.[4] She is one of the highest-paid actresses in Indian Television Industry.[5][6] Khan was the 1st runner-up in reality shows Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 8 and Bigg Boss 11 which were telecasted on Colors TV.[7][8]", "Aamir Khan. Khan appeared in several other films in the early 1990s, including Jo Jeeta Wohi Sikandar (1992), Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) (for which he also wrote the screenplay), and Rangeela (1995). Most of these films were successful critically and commercially.[58][59][60] Other successes include Andaz Apna Apna, co-starring Salman Khan. At the time of its release, the movie was reviewed unfavorably by critics, but over the years has gained cult status.[61]", "India's Next Superstars. The third act of the evening was presented by Bahl and Prakash. The essence of the act of ‘’Atithi Devo Bhavo’’ (Guests are God) was portrayed very nicely by the actors. Bahl reminded the audience of Aamir Khan from his iconic film Ghulam when he personified a rowdy of Mumbai donning the profession of an auto rickshaw driver. Bahl got a score of fourteen and Prakash got thirteen with a strong feedback to work on her acting skills. Shetty stated that her portrayal of an NRI girl looked quite caricaturish.", "Akshay Kumar. The next year Kumar starred in Dharmesh Darshan-directed romantic drama musical film Bewafaa opposite Kareena Kapoor. He played the role of Raja, an aspiring musician who pursues his love interest Anjali (played by Kareena Kapoor) even after she is married to Aditya Sahai ( played by Anil Kapoor). The film received mixed reviews from film critic but Kumar was praised for his acting. Anupama Chopra of India Today wrote that \"Kareena Kapoor and Kumar stand out.\" Taran Adarsh wrote \"Akshay Kumar does well in a role that fits him like a glove.\"[86][87] Later that year he acted in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's family drama Waqt: The Race Against Time alongside Amitabh Bachchan, another Priyadarshan-directed comedy Garam Masala alongside John Abraham. Waqt: The Race Against Time was a family drama film. The film and Kumar's acting received mixed reviews.[88] Vishal D'Souza wrote \"Akshay shoulders an author-backed role, carrying more of the film's emotional baggage though he is distinctly uncomfortable in the soppy-weepy scenes.\"[89] The films succeeded at the box office[90][91] and his performance in the latter earned him his second Filmfare Award, for Best Comedian.[14] His other films included Vikram Bhatt-directed action comedy romance film Deewane Huye Paagal and Suneel Darshan directed romantic drama Dosti: Friends Forever. In the former he starred alongside Shahid Kapoor, Sunil Shetty and Rimi Sen while in the latter he starred alongside Kareena Kapoor and Bobby Deol. Both of these films received positive reviews.[92][93]", "Manna Dey. Manna Dey gave playback for Raj Kapoor in Shree 420 (Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh), Chori Chori (Yeh Raat Bheegi, Jahan Main Jati and Aja Sanam), Parvarish (Masti bhara hai sama), Dil Hi To Hai (Laga chunari mein daag), Mera Naam Joker (Ae bhai zara dekh ke chalo) and \"Ek Paon Chal Raha Hai\" from Kal Aaj Aur Kal (1971). R.D.Burman recorded hit songs with Manna Dey regularly from 1965 with films like Bhoot Bangla, Gomti Ke Kinare, Chandan Ka Palna, Baharon Ke Sapne, Padosan, in late 60’s. He sang for Balraj Sahni in many films from 1950 till 1969 and was voice of Mehmood and Anoop Kumar in many films from 1960-1975.", "Adnan Sami. His most successful albums have been Kabhi To Nazar Milao (with Asha Bhosle) and Tera Chehra,[48] and his music videos usually have had a host of Bollywood stars in them, including Namrata Shirodkar (\"Bheegi Bheegi Raat\"), Mahima Chaudhry, Raveena Tandon, Rani Mukerji (\"Tera Chehra\"), Govinda, Fardeen Khan, Amisha Patel (\"O Meri Jaan\"), Bhumika Chawla (\"Maahiya\"), Dia Mirza (\"Pal Do Pal\") and the most famous, Amitabh Bachchan (Kabhi Nahi).[48]" ]

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[ "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 19 April 2019.[22] The first legs will be played on 30 April and 1 May, and the second legs will be played on 7 and 8 May 2019.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[28]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST.[31]", "2008–09 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The draw for the semi-finals took place immediately after the draw for the quarter-finals. The first legs were played on 28/29 April and the second legs on 5/6 May.", "2016–17 UEFA Europa League. The draw for the semi-finals was held on 21 April 2017.[57] The first legs were played on 3 and 4 May, and the second legs were played on 11 May 2017.", "2018–19 UEFA Europa League. The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 19 April 2019. The first legs will be played on 2 May, and the second legs will be played on 9 May 2019.", "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. In the preliminary round, teams were divided into seeded and unseeded teams based on their 2018 UEFA club coefficients (CC),[13] and then drawn into one-legged semi-final and final ties. The draw for the preliminary round was held on 12 June 2018.[14] The semi-final round was played on 26 June, and the final round was played on 29 June 2018, both at the Victoria Stadium in Gibraltar.[15] The losers of both semi-final and final rounds entered the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League second qualifying round.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. The first legs were played on 11, 12 and 14 July, and the second legs were played on 18 and 19 July 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. The first legs were played on 27 and 28 June, and the second legs were played on 4 July 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Europa League. The draw for the semi-finals will be held on 13 April 2018, 13:00 CEST, at the UEFA headquarters in Nyon, Switzerland.[37]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League group stage. The matchdays are 12–13 September, 26–27 September, 17–18 October, 31 October – 1 November, 21–22 November, and 5–6 December 2017.[1] The match kickoff times are 20:45 CEST/CET in general, except for certain matches for geographical reasons.[8]", "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. The draw for the quarter-finals will be held on 15 March 2019.[21] The first legs will be played on 9 and 10 April, and the second legs will be played on 16 and 17 April 2019.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. The first legs were played on 25 and 26 July, and the second legs were played on 1 and 2 August 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League qualifying phase and play-off round. The first legs were played on 15 and 16 August, and the second legs were played on 22 and 23 August 2017.", "UEFA Champions League. The group stage is played from September to December, whilst the knock-out stage starts in February. The knock-out ties are played in a two-legged format, with the exception of the final. This is typically held in the final two weeks of May.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs were played on 11, 12 and 14 July, and the second legs were played on 18 and 19 July 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Europa League knockout phase. The draw for the semi-finals was held on 13 April 2018, 12:00 CEST.[67]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The first legs were played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs were played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs were played on 15 and 16 August, and the second legs were played on 22 and 23 August 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs were played on 27 and 28 June, and the second legs were played on 4 July 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs were played on 25 and 26 July, and the second legs were played on 1 and 2 August 2017.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The first legs were played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs were played on 1 and 2 May 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The first legs were played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs were played on 10 and 11 April 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs will be played on 13, 14, 20 and 21 February, and the second legs will be played on 6, 7, 13 and 14 March 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs will be played on 24 and 25 April, and the second legs will be played on 1 and 2 May 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League. The first legs will be played on 3 and 4 April, and the second legs will be played on 10 and 11 April 2018.", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. The draw for the quarter-finals was held on 16 March 2018, 12:00 CET.[21][22]", "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. The final will be played on 1 June 2019 at the Wanda Metropolitano in Madrid. The \"home\" team (for administrative purposes) will be determined by an additional draw held after the semi-final draw.[22]", "2017–18 UEFA Champions League knockout phase. Times up to 24 March 2018 (round of 16) are CET (UTC+1), thereafter (quarter-finals and beyond) times are CEST (UTC+2).", "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. The play-off round is split into two separate sections: Champions Path (for league champions) and League Path (for league non-champions). The draw for the play-off round was held on 6 August 2018.[18] The first legs will be played on 21 and 22 August, and the second legs will be played on 28 and 29 August 2018. The losers from both Champions Path and League Path enter the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League group stage.", "European Cup and UEFA Champions League history. In 2010, for the first time in five years, no English teams were featured in the semi-finals (three English teams were in the semi-finals for each of the past three seasons before), with Manchester United and Arsenal both being eliminated in the quarter-finals. Internazionale stunned Barcelona with a 3–1 win in Milan in the semi-final first leg,[8] holding them to 1–0 the second leg, thus advancing through. Bayern Munich defeated Lyon 4–0 on aggregate to advance to the final. On 22 May 2010, Internazionale, coached by José Mourinho, beat Bayern 2–0 at the Santiago Bernabéu.", "2018–19 UEFA Champions League. In each group, teams play against each other home-and-away in a round-robin format. The group winners and runners-up advance to the round of 16, while the third-placed teams enter the 2018–19 UEFA Europa League round of 32. The matchdays are 18–19 September, 2–3 October, 23–24 October, 6–7 November, 27–28 November, and 11–12 December 2018." ]

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[ "You Don't Know What It's Like. \"You Don't Know What It's Like\" is a song by the Canadian rock band Econoline Crush from their third studio album, Brand New History. The song was first released in 1999 as the final track on MuchMusic's Big Shiny Tunes 4 compilation album. The song was released as a CD single in 2000 and was very successful in Canada. The song gained some moderate exposure in the U.S. after being used in promotional clips for the third season of the UPN sci-fi series Roswell.", "You Don't Know How It Feels. \"You Don't Know How It Feels\" is a song and the lead single from Tom Petty's 1994 album Wildflowers. It reached number one on the Billboard Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 13 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming his last Top 40 hit. With candid lyrics regarding the songwriter's desire for personal and professional autonomy,[1] it is known for its accordion solo and harmonica solo.[2]", "You Don't Know What Love Is (You Just Do as You're Told). \"You Don't Know What Love Is (You Just Do as You're Told)\" is a song written and recorded by the American alternative rock band The White Stripes. The song was first played live on June 29, 2007 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, and is the second track from their sixth studio album Icky Thump. The track was released as a CD single on September 18, 2007, with the 7\" vinyl version of the single following on September 25.[2] The music video for \"You Don't Know What Love Is (You Just Do as You're Told)\" premiered on MTV2 Unleashed, as well as MTV.com and MTV2.com on July 30, 2007.", "You Don't Know How It Feels. MTV and many radio stations aired a censored version of \"You Don't Know How It Feels,\" taking the word \"roll\" out of \"let's roll another joint\",[3] as well as a version that played the word \"joint\" backwards. A version replacing the word \"roll\" with \"hit\" was also made.[4] Nevertheless, the music video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Male Video in 1995. The girl in the video is Raven Snow; she also appeared in several episodes of Zalman King's Red Shoe Diaries and in Delta of Venus as the lounge singer Leila.", "What It's Like. \"What It's Like\" is a song by American musician Everlast. It was released in November 1998 as the lead single from his album Whitey Ford Sings the Blues. The song is typical of the style Everlast embraced after leaving hip hop trio House of Pain, being a combination of rock, hip-hop and blues incorporating characterization and empathy towards impoverished protagonists.", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). Recorded in Stiff Records mobile studio the China Shop in the spring of 1979, Kirsty MacColl's original recording of \"They Don't Know\" \"emphasized layered harmonies in which MacColl turns her own voice into a chorus of over-dubbed parts\"[2] - an evocation of a long-standing admiration for the Beach Boys engendered at age 7 by hearing her brother's copy of the \"Good Vibrations\" single (MacColl quote:\" I played it so much he just said: 'Have it'...I played it incessantly for about twelve hours a day, working out all the different parts and harmonies.\").[3] Besides the regular vinyl single release of 1 June 1979 a picture disc edition was issued 6 July 1979. The B-side to \"They Don't Know\" was MacColl's recording of her composition \"Turn My Motor On\" - some copies read \"Motor On\" - , a setlist staple of Drug Addix, the band MacColl had recently left (consideration had been given to making \"Turn My Motor On\" the A-side).[1]", "To Love Somebody (song). The simple title refrain of the chorus, \"You don't know what it's like, Baby, you don't know what it's like, To love somebody...the way I love you\" has the effect of being at once heartbreaking and triumphant, a self-pitying put-down to an unrequited love. \"There's... a certain kind of light that never shone on me... You ain't got to be so blind, I'm a man, can't you see what I am?, I live and breathe for you, But what good does that do, If I ain't got you?\".[10]", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). \"They Don't Know\" is a song composed and first recorded in 1979 by Kirsty MacColl, which became a Top Ten hit via a 1983 recording by Tracey Ullman.", "This Is What It Feels Like. \"This Is What It Feels Like\" is a song by Dutch DJ and record producer Armin van Buuren. It features the vocals from Canadian singer and songwriter Trevor Guthrie. The song was released in the Netherlands by Armada Music as a digital download on 29 April 2013 as the second single from van Buuren's fifth studio album Intense. It became a top 10 hit in ten countries. In the Netherlands, the song peaked at number 3 on the Dutch Top 40. \"This Is What It Feels Like\" became van Buuren's first top 10 hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart.", "This Is What It Feels Like. \"This Is What It Feels Like\" was covered by Canadian country music artist Jason Benoit and released through Sky Hit Records, under license to Sony Music Canada, as Benoit's debut single on 10 September 2013.[53] His rendition reached number 46 on the Billboard Canada Country chart.[54] It received positive reviews for Benoit's \"strong vocal performance\"[55] was also included on the compilation album, Country Heat 2014.[56]", "Isaac Hayes. Hayes began his recording career in the early 1960s, as a session player for various acts of the Memphis-based Stax Records. He later wrote a string of hit songs with songwriting partner David Porter, including \"You Don't Know Like I Know\", \"Soul Man\", \"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby\" and \"Hold On, I'm Comin'\" for Sam & Dave. Hayes, Porter and Stax studio band Booker T. & the M.G.'s were also the producers for Sam & Dave, Carla Thomas and other Stax artists during the mid-1960s.", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). In October of 1983 Tracey Ullman reached number two on the UK Singles Chart with her recording of \"They Don't Know\" for Stiff Records: the track would be included on Ullman's debut album You Broke My Heart in 17 Places.", "Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Petty's second solo album, Wildflowers, included all Heartbreakers members except for Stan. The album, which featured Steve Ferrone on drums, produced the single \"You Don't Know How It Feels\".", "Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out. Although \"Nobody Knows You When You're Down and Out\" was published in 1923, the first known recording did not appear until 1927. Piedmont blues musician Bobby Leecan, who recorded with various ensembles, such as the South Street Trio, Dixie Jazzers Washboard Band, and Fats Waller's Six Hot Babies, recorded an early rendition of the song as Blind Bobby Baker, with his vocal and fingerpicking-style guitar. His version, recorded in New York around June 1927, was titled \"Nobody Needs You When You're Down and Out\" and used some different lyrics with emphasis on the hard times.[3]", "You Don't Know (Shady Records song). The Guardian thought that Eminem lost creativity but the song was praised: \"Eminem's production is barely more inspiring than his talent-spotting. He's been working from the same murky sonic palette since The Marshall Mathers LP: portentous gothic dirges thick with grumbling strings and minor-chord synthesizers. That formula is fiercely potent on You Don't Know, leavened by 50 Cent's sing-song chorus...\"[4] Stylus Magazine was negative: \"Or as he (EM) puts it: “Hands on my head / Touch knees to elbows / I’m hunched over, emotionless / Flow’s over / These cold shoulders are both frozen / You don’t know me.” Save it for Oprah.\"[5]", "You Don't Know What Love Is (You Just Do as You're Told). Australian R&B singer-songwriter Daniel Merriweather covered the song as a bonus track for the Japanese edition of his 2009 album Love & War.", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). Well known in the UK as an actress/ comedienne, Ullman had had a surprise Top Ten hit with her debut single \"Breakaway\": Pete Waterman, whose Loose End Productions had recently provided Stiff with the Belle Stars hit singles, suggested to his friend Kirsty MacColl that she pitch her compositon \"They Don't Know\" for Ullman to record as a her second single.[10]", "This Is What the Truth Feels Like. According to Stefani, the various emotions she had experienced in the past year would be reflected on the album. The first songs written for the album had a sarcastic and humorous vibe, while she later described the other songs as having a \"realness\" to them.[26] The first song written for the album was \"You Don't Know Me\", a personal song penned with Rick Nowels.[20][26] According to the singer, the song was \"the first opening of the channel\" of her songwriting inspiration.[26] In the early stages, she also wrote a song with Linda Perry called \"Medicine Man\" while flying to No Doubt's Jazz Festival show in New Orleans.[20] Another song, \"Red Flag\", was the first song she wrote with J.R. Rotem, Justin Tranter and Julia Michaels. She described it as a \"work of art\" for \"express[ing] so clearly what [she] was [going through] at the time\".[26][27] They also worked on other songs, such as \"Naughty\", \"Misery\", which she considered a \"really happy song,\" and \"Make Me Like You\", produced by Mattman & Robin,[28] which, having been surprised by the result, she called \"so good\"![29]", "Back in the U.S.S.R.. Like \"Revolution\" and \"Piggies\",[19] \"Back in the U.S.S.R.\" prompted immediate responses from the New Left and the Far Right, with the latter claiming that the group were \"pro-Soviet\". As further evidence of the Beatles' supposed \"pro-Soviet\" sentiments, the John Birch Society magazine cited the song.[20] The line \"You don't know how lucky you are, boys\" left many anti-communist groups stunned.[21] MacDonald says that the song was \"a rather tactless jest\", given that the Soviet army had recently invaded what was then Czechoslovakia and thwarted the country's attempt to introduce democratic reforms.[22]", "Like a Rolling Stone. From the extended version on paper, Dylan crafted four verses and the chorus in Woodstock, New York.[10] In 2014, when the handwritten lyrics were put up for auction, the four-page manuscript revealed that the full refrain of the chorus does not appear until the fourth page. A rejected third line, \"like a dog without a bone\" gives way to \"now you're unknown\". Earlier, Dylan had considered working the name Al Capone into the rhyme scheme, and he attempted to construct a rhyme scheme for \"how does it feel?\", penciling in \"it feels real\", \"does it feel real\", \"shut up and deal\", \"get down and kneel\" and \"raw deal\".[11] The song was written on an upright piano in the key of A flat and was changed to C on the guitar in the recording studio.[12]", "The Supremes. Public magazines such as Time and The Detroit News commented on the Supremes' polished presentation.[34] Time called the Supremes the \"pride of [the] Detroit [sound]\" and described them as \"three thrushes who have a touch of gospel and sweet lyrics like 'I'm standing at the crossroads of love'.\"[34] Arnold S. Hirsch of The Detroit News said about the Supremes: \"they don't scream or wail incoherently. An adult can understand nine out of every 10 words they sing. And, most astounding, melody can be clearly detected in every song.\"[34] In addition, unlike most American vocal groups, the group members became easily identifiable by their fans, thanks partially to the cover of their album, More Hits by the Supremes, which each member was pictured separately on the front, with her signature above it.", "This Is What It Feels Like. The song was written by Armin van Buuren, Benno de Goeij, Jenson Vaughan, Trevor Guthrie and John Ewbank. Van Buuren wrote the instrumental with de Goeij and Ewbank in 2012. Trevor Guthrie wrote the lyrics with Jenson Vaughan, and it was inspired by Guthrie's neighbor who was diagnosed with a brain tumor.[1] \"This Is What It Feels Like\" was nominated for the 2014 Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording.[2]", "I Want to Know What Love Is. The song has received positive retrospective reviews from critics, with Bret Adams of AllMusic writing: \"It's not hard to see why it became Foreigner's first #1 single. Its dreamy, hypnotic feel is due in part to Lou Gramm's soulful lead vocals and the New Jersey Mass Choir's background vocals.\"[5]", "Brockton High School. In June 2014, the concert choir teamed up with the famed rock band Foreigner at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion in Boston, MA. They performed one of their most well known hits: I Want To Know What Love Is.", "Unknown Pleasures. Unknown Pleasures was recorded at Strawberry Studios in Stockport over three weekends between 1 and 17 April 1979, with Martin Hannett producing.[1] Hannett, who believed that punk rock was sonically conservative because of its refusal to use studio technology to create sonic space,[10] used a number of unusual production techniques and sound effects on the album, including several AMS 15-80s digital delays, Marshall Time Modulators, tape echo and bounce,[11] as well as the sound of a bottle smashing, someone eating crisps, backwards guitar and the sound of the Strawberry Studios lift with a Leslie speaker \"whirring inside\".[12] He also used the sound of a basement toilet.[13] Hannett recorded Curtis's vocals for \"Insight\" down a telephone line so he could achieve the \"requisite distance\". Hannett later said, \"[Joy Division] were a gift to a producer, because they didn't have a clue. They didn't argue\".[3] Referring to the recording sessions, Hook remembered, \"Sumner started using a kit-built Powertran Transcendent 2000 synthesiser, most notably on 'I Remember Nothing', where it vied with the sound of Rob Gretton smashing bottles with Steve and his Walther replica pistol.\"[12] During the recording, Morris invested in a syndrum because he thought he saw one on the cover of Can's 1971 album Tago Mago.[12]", "You Don't Even Know Who I Am. According to Loveless, \"The one that got a lot of reaction was \"You Don't Even Know Who I Am.\" It starts out and you think, \"Okay, here's another woman crying about something,\" and then it swings around and it says he finds her ring on the pillow and he starts to think, \"Hey, you didn't know who I was either.\" They got to the point in their marriage that they didn't know each other anymore. There's been a lot of men that this song just tears up. I've often said that country is the cheapest therapy you can get. Music can be good for your soul. People can be moved to tears.\"[1]", "I Want to Know What Love Is. Written and composed by Mick Jones, with an uncredited portion (somewhere between 5% according to Jones and 40% according to Gramm) by Lou Gramm, and produced by Jones and Alex Sadkin, \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" was the first single released from Foreigner's album Agent Provocateur (1984).[5][6] The song features backing vocals from the New Jersey Mass Choir affiliated with the Gospel Music Workshop of America, Dreamgirls star Jennifer Holliday, and featured keyboard work by Thompson Twins frontman Tom Bailey.[7] The choir also appears in the song's music video.", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). Although it has been alleged that Ullman's version of \"They Don't Know\" utilizes the backing track of the Kirsty MacColl original version, Ullman's recording - produced by Peter Collins- was in fact brand-new in all respects, noticeably differing from MacColl's recording (produced by Liam Sternberg by being in a different key, and featuring a slightly faster tempo, a distinctly different arrangement and a guitar solo that differs substantially from the one played on MacColl's version, which was . The confusion may stem from the fact that Ullman did use a previously-existing MacColl backing track when recording her own version of MacColl's \"Terry\" in 1984. (Both versions of \"Terry\" were co-produced by MacColl.)", "Foreigner (band). On June 18, 2014 Foreigner teamed up with the Brockton High School concert choir at the Blue Hills Bank Pavilion in Boston, MA. They performed one of their greatest hits: I Want To Know What Love Is.", "Marguerita Time. Dexy's Midnight Runners covered the song on the B-side of their single \"This is What She's Like\"; the recording was also included on some reissues of the band's Too-Rye-Ay album.", "You Don't Know What Love Is. \"You Don't Know What Love Is\" is a popular song of the Great American Songbook, written by Don Raye (lyrics) and Gene de Paul (music) for the Abbott and Costello picture Keep 'Em Flying (1941), in which it was sung by Carol Bruce. The number was deleted from the film prior to release. Universal later added the song into the Raye/de Paul score of one of its B musicals, the 60-minute Behind the Eight Ball (1942), starring the Ritz Brothers and re-teaming Carol Bruce and Dick Foran from \"Keep 'Em Flying\". \"You Don't Know What Love Is\" was again sung by Carol Bruce; it was her third and final film until the 1980s.[1]", "Randy Newman. In the mid-1960s, Newman was briefly a member of the band the Tikis, who later became Harpers Bizarre, best known for their 1967 hit version of the Paul Simon composition \"The 59th Street Bridge Song (Feelin' Groovy)\". Newman kept a close musical relationship with Harpers Bizarre, offering them some of his own compositions, including \"Simon Smith\" and \"Happyland\". The band recorded six Newman compositions during their short initial career (1967–1969)." ]

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[ "Beauty and the Beast (2017 film). Susan Egan, who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as \"perfect\".[37] Paige O'Hara voiced Belle in the original animated film and its sequels, offered to help Watson with her singing lessons.[38]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney's House of Mouse and its direct-to-video films Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey's House of Villains.[52] In the television series, Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson, while O'Hara reprises her role in the film.[52][100][101]", "Beauty and the Beast (Disney song). Actress and singer Paige O'Hara, who voices Belle, was among the first artists to express interest in recording the pop version of \"Beauty and the Beast\", but Disney dismissed her for being \"too Broadway\".[157] Unable to afford to hire a \"big singer\" at the time, Disney settled for rising Canadian recording artist Celine Dion.[15] Because she was relatively unknown to American audiences at the time, the studio doubted that Dion would have much of an impact in the United States on her own and subsequently hired the more well-known American singer Peabo Bryson to record the song alongside her as a duet.[15] Disney contacted Dion's manager René Angélil about having his client record \"Beauty and the Beast\" while the singer was on tour in England.[158] A fan of Dion's music, Menken personally wrote the singer a letter of approval.[159]", "Paige O'Hara. Donna Paige Helmintoller, better known as Paige O'Hara (born May 10, 1956),[1] is an American actress, voice actress, singer and painter. O'Hara began her career as a Broadway actress in 1983 when she portrayed Ellie May Chipley in the musical Showboat. In 1991, she made her motion picture debut in Disney's Beauty and the Beast, in which she voiced the film's heroine, Belle. Following the critical and commercial success of Beauty and the Beast, O'Hara reprised her role as Belle in the film's two direct-to-video follow-ups, Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas and Belle's Magical World.", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Disney had originally considered casting actress Jodi Benson, who famously voiced Ariel in The Little Mermaid, as Belle, but ultimately felt that she sounded \"too American\" and young,[32][33] opting for a \"more classical ... womanly\" voice instead.[34] Describing the character as \"a woman that was ahead of her time,\" the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound \"more like a woman than a girl.\"[11] However, Benson voiced Belle in a few episodes of Disney's House of Mouse. Director Kirk Wise was particularly interested in casting an actress capable of \"creat[ing] a character completely with her voice\",[35] envisioning a voice similar to that of American entertainer Judy Garland.[32] American actress and singer Paige O'Hara was performing on Broadway when she first read about Disney's then-upcoming animated project Beauty and the Beast in an article in The New York Times.[36] Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and, at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken,[37] specifically recruiting Broadway performers, O'Hara immediately insisted that her agent get her an audition.[36] Familiar with O'Hara's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat;[38] Ashman had already been eyeing O'Hara for the part.[39] O'Hara auditioned for the role five times,[37] competing against approximately 500 other actresses.[40] First auditioning solely for casting director Albert Taveres,[34] O'Hara's next two auditions simply required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles.[37] Required to perform a song of her choice, O'Hara sang \"Heaven Help My Heart\" from the musical Chess.[41] At her first legitimate audition, O'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, but the filmmakers insisted that she use her own voice instead.[11] In addition to Ashman and Menken, O'Hara's last few auditions were attended by directors Wise and Gary Trousdale, and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn.[37][41] O'Hara recalled that the songwriters would first close their eyes and listen to her before finally watching her perform.[34] An hour after her fifth and final audition,[41] O'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had been cast.[42] The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast,[11] and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat.[43][44] O'Hara admitted, \"I'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood (Belle) so much.\"[38]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara, Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor who yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure. When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold-hearted beast, Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father's, and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance.", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast, O'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise, including its direct-to-video sequels Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997), Belle's Magical World (1998) and Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999), as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise.[32] Additionally, O'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song \"Belle\" at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992.[48] O'Hara has referred to the studio as her \"main employer for 20 years\".[49] In 2011,[50] O'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson, who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures (2011).[51][52][53] O'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review-Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re-record much of Belle's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character. However, O'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years.[49] In July 2017, it was announced that O'Hara would return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2.[54]", "Belle (Disney). Belle is a fictional character who appears in Walt Disney Pictures' 30th animated feature film Beauty and the Beast (1991). Originally voiced by American actress and singer Paige O'Hara, Belle is the non-conforming daughter of an inventor. Belle yearns to abandon her predictable village life in return for adventure. When her father Maurice is imprisoned by a cold-hearted beast, Belle offers him her own freedom in exchange for her father's, and eventually learns to love the Beast despite his unsightly outward appearance.", "Belle (Disney). Since the November 1991 release of Beauty and the Beast, O'Hara has returned to The Walt Disney Company on several occasions to voice Belle in a variety of media and merchandise, including its direct-to-video sequels Beauty and the Beast: The Enchanted Christmas (1997), Belle's Magical World (1998) and Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999), as well as various video game releases such as the Kingdom Hearts series and several audio and video recordings associated with the Disney Princess franchise.[32] Additionally, O'Hara was hired by Disney to perform the song \"Belle\" at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992.[48] O'Hara has referred to the studio as her \"main employer for 20 years\".[49] In 2011,[50] O'Hara was officially replaced by actress Julie Nathanson, who first voiced Belle in the video game Kinect Disneyland Adventures (2011).[51][52][53] O'Hara revealed to the Las Vegas Review-Journal that news of the replacement greatly upset her to the point of which she was willing to re-record much of Belle's dialogue in an attempt to prove to the company that she is still capable of voicing the character. However, O'Hara eventually admitted that she found the process quite difficult as a result of the way in which her voice has changed over the course of 20 years.[49] In July 2017, it was announced that O'Hara would return as the voice of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet: Wreck-It Ralph 2.[54]", "A Change in Me. Despite having prominent solos in the songs \"Belle\", its reprise and \"Something There\", Belle does not sing an entire song herself in the animated film.[1] Composer Alan Menken and lyricist Tim Rice had already written six original songs for the stage adaptation of Beauty and the Beast,[2] most of which focus on character development, including Belle's first solo \"Home\".[3] In July 1998, American R&B singer Toni Braxton entered final negotiations to make her Broadway debut as Belle in Beauty and the Beast,[4][5] replacing actress Kim Huber in the role.[6] Despite having initial reservations due to the singer's reputation as a sex symbol, director Robert Jess Roth eventually concluded that Braxton would offer an \"interesting\" interpretation of Belle after first meeting with her to discuss the role and observing similarities between Braxton's own personality and the character's.[7] Once Roth forwarded his approval of the singer's casting to Disney, the studio began collaborating with Braxton's management on developing a contract stipulating that the singer would appear in the show for a three-month period.[7] However, various circumstances resulted in Braxton continuously delaying to sign the contract until she met for dinner with Menken, Rice and choreographer Matt West; Roth was out of town at the time and unable to attend due to scheduling conflicts.[7]", "Belle (Disney). Disney had originally considered casting actress Jodi Benson, who famously voiced Ariel in The Little Mermaid, as Belle, but ultimately felt that she sounded \"too American\" and young,[32][33] opting for a \"more classical ... womanly\" voice instead.[34] Describing the character as \"a woman that was ahead of her time,\" the filmmakers wanted Belle to sound \"more like a woman than a girl.\"[11] However, Benson voiced Belle in a few episodes of Disney's House of Mouse. Director Kirk Wise was particularly interested in casting an actress capable of \"creat[ing] a character completely with her voice\",[35] envisioning a voice similar to that of American entertainer Judy Garland.[32] American actress and singer Paige O'Hara was performing on Broadway when she first read about Disney's then-upcoming animated project Beauty and the Beast in an article in The New York Times.[36] Upon discovering that the studio was holding auditions for the lead role of Belle and, at the behest of lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken,[37] specifically recruiting Broadway performers, O'Hara immediately insisted that her agent get her an audition.[36] Familiar with O'Hara's Broadway stint as Ellie May Chipley in the musical Show Boat;[38] Ashman had already been eyeing O'Hara for the part.[39] O'Hara auditioned for the role five times,[37] competing against approximately 500 other actresses.[40] First auditioning solely for casting director Albert Taveres,[34] O'Hara's next two auditions simply required the actress to mail audio recordings of her voice to the studio in Los Angeles.[37] Required to perform a song of her choice, O'Hara sang \"Heaven Help My Heart\" from the musical Chess.[41] At her first legitimate audition, O'Hara spoke and sang in a higher register than her own in an effort to mimic Snow White from Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, but the filmmakers insisted that she use her own voice instead.[11] In addition to Ashman and Menken, O'Hara's last few auditions were attended by directors Wise and Gary Trousdale, and producers Katzenberg and Don Hahn.[37][41] O'Hara recalled that the songwriters would first close their eyes and listen to her before finally watching her perform.[34] An hour after her fifth and final audition,[41] O'Hara received a telephone call from Disney on her birthday informing her that she had been cast.[42] The actress was fairly confident that the role was hers before she was officially cast,[11] and credits the fact that Ashman enjoyed her performance on the cast recording of the musical Show Boat.[43][44] O'Hara admitted, \"I'm not usually confident about auditions ... but I just understood (Belle) so much.\"[38]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). In Belle's Tales of Friendship (1999), a spin-off of the film series, Belle owns a bookstore in which she teaches valuable lessons to children by reading and retelling well-known stories and fairy tales, narrating four classic Disney animated shorts: The Three Little Pigs (1933), Peter and the Wolf (1946), The Wise Little Hen (1934) and Morris the Midget Moose (1950). For the first time, Belle appears as both animated and live-action versions of herself, voiced and portrayed by actresses Paige O'Hara and Lyndsey McLeod, respectively. In the television series Sing Me a Story with Belle (1995–1999), Belle, in a role reprised by McLeod, owns her own music and bookshop, where she is visited by children to whom she tells and sings stories.[99]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). A best-selling R&B singer, Braxton made her Broadway debut when she was cast as Belle in 1998,[124][125] turning down actress Halle Berry's role in the film Why Do Fools Fall In Love (1998).[126] Braxton's desire to pursue an acting career stemmed from a series of conflicts with the singer's record label at the time,[127] in turn making her the only African American to portray Belle in the show's history.[126] Belle's ballad \"A Change in Me\" was written by songwriters Alan Menken and Tim Rice specifically for Braxton. However, the song was ultimately so well-received that it has been included in the musical ever since.[128][129] During her tenure as Belle, Braxton was stalked by an \"obsessed fan.\"[130][131] The stalker had reportedly \"bombarded\" Braxton with threatening e-mails and letters.[132] Several measures were taken to ensure the singer's safety, including forcing Braxton to dress in full disguise when traveling to and from the theatre in addition to reducing her total number of weekly performances from eight to seven.[130][132][133] The stalker was eventually arrested and charged with \"aggravated harassment.\"[134]", "Paige O'Hara. As of 2011, O'Hara was replaced by Julie Nathanson as the voice of Belle due to her voice changing significantly over the course of twenty years.[6] Despite this, she still paints Belle for Disney Fine Art and also continues to do promotional appearances for Disney.[6][7][8] In 2016, O'Hara appeared at numerous special screenings of Beauty and the Beast in honor of the film's 25th anniversary.[9][10] In July 2017, it was announced that O'Hara would be reprising the role of Belle in the 2018 film Ralph Breaks the Internet.[11]", "Beauty and the Beast (1991 film). Disney had originally considered casting Jodi Benson from The Little Mermaid as Belle.[35] They eventually decided upon Broadway actress and singer Paige O'Hara in favor of having a heroine who sounded \"more like a woman than a girl\".[36] According to co-director Kirk Wise, O'Hara was given the role because she \"had a unique quality, a tone she would hit that made her special\",[37] reminiscent to that of American actress and singer Judy Garland.[38] O'Hara, who, after reading about the film in The New York Times,[39] competed for the role against 500 hopefuls,[40] believes the fact that lyricist Howard Ashman admired her cast recording of the musical Show Boat proved integral in her being cast.[41]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle helped establish Woolverton as a \"legendary screenwriter\";[18] the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters; ever since Belle, the majority of Woolverton's female characters have been headstrong, independent women, namely Nala in The Lion King (1994), Mulan in Mulan (1998), Alice in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Maleficent in Maleficent (2014).[14] Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that \"Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed-out fairy-tale heroines ... with Belle\",[25] in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games' Katniss Everdeen, and Frozen's Anna and Elsa (2013).[14] Woolverton remains protective of Belle,[15] explaining, \"[she] was my first-born child, so there’s a little bit of possessiveness, which really I had to let it go\".[27][219] Beauty and the Beast, Belle performs the film's opening number, \"Belle\", which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992.[220] In 1998, O'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast's three direct-to-video sequels, Belle's Magical World.[221] To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney, O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19, 2011.[222] Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz's Disney Dream Portrait Series,[223] while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast.[224] The Daily Mail described the image as Cruz \"wearing Belle's gorgeous yellow gown and being lifted high into the air by her prince,\"[225] accompanied by the phrase \"Where a moment of beauty lasts forever.\"[226]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle along with Beast and Chip appeared at the 64th Academy Awards as presenters for Best Animated Short Feature. She also makes a brief cameo appearance in Disney's 34th animated feature film The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996) during the \"Out There\" musical sequence.[135]", "Belle (Disney). Belle appeared in the animated television series Disney's House of Mouse and its direct-to-video films Mickey's Magical Christmas: Snowed in at the House of Mouse and Mickey's House of Villains.[52] In the television series, Belle is voiced by American actress and singer Jodi Benson, while O'Hara reprises her role in the film.[52][100][101]", "Susan Egan. On June 6, 2016, Egan appeared alongside Brad Kane at the Hollywood Bowl as opening acts for Disney's \"The Little Mermaid Live\" show. Egan performed a medley of songs from Beauty and the Beast.[10] The June 6 performance also included the original Little Mermaid voice actress Jodi Benson performing with the rest of the \"Live\" cast.[11] From July 20-29, 2018, Egan reprised the role of Belle in the 5-Star Theatre's production of Beauty and the Beast at the Thousand Oaks Civic Arts Plaza.[12]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Meanwhile, Belle's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews. About.com's David Nusair wrote that \"the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur[es] that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time.\"[158] Describing it as an \"unconventional romance,\" Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined, \"The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition.\"[77] Likewise, critics enjoyed O'Hara's performance. According to Variety, Belle was \"magnificently voiced by O’Hara.\"[159] The Star-Ledger's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O'Hara's \"pretty soprano.\"[160] John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote, \"O'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth, intuition and maturity,\"[144] while the Sun-Sentinel's Candice Russel felt that O'Hara \"does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual, wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart.\"[161] According to the Young Writers Society, Belle remains the best-reviewed Disney Princess to-date.[141]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). 30 years-old at the time of her audition, O'Hara consequently imbued Belle's voice with a mature, \"womanly quality\" despite the character's young age.[11][33] Woolverton appreciated the fact that O'Hara sounded more mature than traditional Disney heroines.[38][45] Additionally, O'Hara identified with her character because they were both ostracized by their peers throughout their childhood because of their unconventional interests,[38] explaining, \"I was odd growing up myself. I mean, I was into musical theater and Gershwin and Rodgers and Hammerstein while people were going to Led Zeppelin concerts. So I understood that ... I wasn't the norm either. I was very focused on my career, on my performing all through my childhood and my teens ... I had a one-track mind, and I think that Belle was like that a lot.\"[11] O'Hara also shares Belle's interest in reading.[35] Wise was pleased with the quality of O'Hara's voice, which reminded him of Garland.[35][41] O'Hara initially found it challenging to control her speaking volume due to having been trained to project as a stage actress. O'Hara told The Guardian that to solve this she \"softened and used the microphone.\" As per the filmmakers' encouragement,[39] the actress would occasionally ad-lib her own dialogue, none was included in the final film because it sounded \"too modern\".[46] The animators would videotape O'Hara daily while she recorded to incorporate her \"quirky\" mannerisms, expressions and gestures into the character, among them her hair constantly falling into her eyes.[34] O'Hara and American actor Robby Benson, who provides the voice of the Beast, asked Disney to allow the co-stars to record together as opposed to the traditional method of being isolated in a recording booth, to which the studio agreed despite its costliness.[47] O'Hara credited the filmmaker's decision with developing both the film and Belle and the Beast's relationship.[11] O'Hara and Benson became the first Disney voice actors to record together.[43] In total, the recording process took over two years to complete.[38] O'Hara had already been friends with co-star Richard White, who voices Gaston, for 15 years.[39] Despite her successful stage career, O'Hara was virtually unknown to Hollywood audiences when she was cast in Beauty and the Beast; she was one of the last obscure actresses to be cast in a feature-length Disney animated film before the studio began casting better known talent in subsequent animated projects.[37]", "Beauty and the Beast (musical). The Original Vienna Cast Recording was released in 1996. The principal cast included Ethan Freeman as Beast, Caroline Vasicek as Belle, Kevin Tarte as Gaston, Viktor Gernot as Lumière, Ann Mandrella as Babette, and Rosita Mewis as Mrs. Potts.", "Beauty and the Beast (musical). The Original Stuttgart Cast Recording was released in 1998. The principal cast included Uwe Kroger as Beast and Leah Delos Santos as Belle and Ann Mandrella as Babette.", "Beauty and the Beast (musical). The show's rights became available (in association with Josef Weinberger Ltd.) to amateur performing groups and regional musical societies.[58] The show has been performed in numerous countries, by theatre companies of both an amateur and professional level. In 2010 Tipperary Musical Society staged the Irish amateur premiere of Disney's Beauty and the Beast, for which it was nominated for 4 AIMS Awards (Association of Irish Musical Societies) including Best Overall Show in Ireland and winning one, Best Actor in a Supporting Role (John Murphy for the part of Gaston). Belle was played by Bridget Nolan and Beast was played by Derek Ryan.", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast. The role was originated by actress Susan Egan,[117] who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she \"thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway.\"[118] However, her agent managed to convince her otherwise,[118] and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady, Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role.[119] Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition,[119] relying solely on \"her own creative instincts\" instead.[118] Egan's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards.[120] A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical, among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton, The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol,[121] the latter of whom became Broadway's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen-year-long run in 2007.[122] Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway's longest-running Belle.[123]", "Belle (Disney). Belle appeared in the Broadway musical adaptation of Beauty and the Beast. The role was originated by actress Susan Egan,[113] who was initially reluctant to audition for Beauty and the Beast because she \"thought it was a terrible idea for Disney to put a cartoon on Broadway.\"[114] However, her agent managed to convince her otherwise,[114] and Egan ultimately turned down callbacks for roles in the musicals My Fair Lady, Carousel and Grease in favor of starring as Belle in Beauty and the Beast because she had always wanted to originate a Broadway role.[115] Egan had never watched Beauty and the Beast prior to her audition,[115] relying solely on \"her own creative instincts\" instead.[114] Egan's performance earned her a Tony Award nomination for Best Actress in a Musical at the 48th Tony Awards.[116] A total of seventeen actresses have portrayed Belle in the Broadway musical, among them recording artists Debbie Gibson and Toni Braxton, The Sopranos' Jamie-Lynn Sigler, and Disney Channel alumnae Christy Carlson Romano and Anneliese van der Pol,[117] the latter of whom became Broadway's final Belle when the show ended its thirteen-year-long run in 2007.[118] Actress Sarah Litzsinger remains Broadway's longest-running Belle.[119]", "Belle (Disney). Belle helped establish Woolverton as a \"legendary screenwriter\";[18] the writer continues to be commended for her dedication to creating strong female characters; ever since Belle, the majority of Woolverton's female characters have been headstrong, independent women, namely Nala in The Lion King (1994), Mulan in Mulan (1998), Alice in Alice in Wonderland (2010) and Maleficent in Maleficent (2014).[14] Susan Wloszczyna of Indiewire wrote that \"Woolverton set a new standard for fully fleshed-out fairy-tale heroines ... with Belle\",[25] in turn paving the way for The Hunger Games' Katniss Everdeen, and Frozen's Anna and Elsa (2013).[14] Woolverton remains protective of Belle,[15] explaining, \"[she] was my first-born child, so there’s a little bit of possessiveness, which really I had to let it go\".[27][215] Beauty and the Beast, Belle performs the film's opening number, \"Belle\", which was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Original Song at the 64th Academy Awards in 1992.[216] In 1998, O'Hara was nominated for an Annie Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting by a Female Performer in an Animated Feature Production for reprising her role as Belle in the second of Beauty and the Beast's three direct-to-video sequels, Belle's Magical World.[217] To commemorate her work on Beauty and the Beast and various contributions to Disney, O'Hara was honored with a Disney Legends award on August 19, 2011.[218] Disney hired Spanish actress Penélope Cruz to pose as Belle in photographer Annie Leibovitz's Disney Dream Portrait Series,[219] while actor Jeff Bridges posed as the Beast.[220] The Daily Mail described the image as Cruz \"wearing Belle's gorgeous yellow gown and being lifted high into the air by her prince,\"[221] accompanied by the phrase \"Where a moment of beauty lasts forever.\"[222]", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). A live-action version of Belle appears as a main character in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time, where she serves as the love interest of Rumplestiltskin (who is the show's version of the Beast). She is portrayed by Australian actress Emilie de Ravin.[102] Another live-action version of the character appeared in the 2015 television film Descendants, where she was played by Keegan Connor Tracy (who is also a cast member on Once Upon a Time, except she plays The Blue Fairy/Mother Superior in the series) and serves as the Queen of the United States of Auradon. The series Sofia the First included a cameo by Belle in a 2013 episode.[103] British actress Amy Jackson who portrayed as Belle opposite Indian actor Vikram, who being portrayed as Beast for sequences in a dreamy song \"Ennodu Nee Irundhal\" in the 2015 Tamil language romantic thriller \"I\".[104] The original prosthetic make-up for the characters were provided by Sean Foot (Shaun) and Davina Lamont and additional works were done by National Film Award winners—Christien Tinsley and Dominie Till.[105][106]", "Belle (Disney). Meanwhile, Belle's relationship with the Beast has also been met with positive reviews. About.com's David Nusair wrote that \"the palpable chemistry between Belle and The Beast ensur[es] that Beauty and the Beast lives up to its reputation as one of the most memorable romances of all time.\"[154] Describing it as an \"unconventional romance,\" Charles Solomon of the Los Angeles Times opined, \"The idea of a young woman learning to love a gentle heart hidden beneath a baleful exterior represented a major break with tradition.\"[77] Likewise, critics enjoyed O'Hara's performance. According to Variety, Belle was \"magnificently voiced by O’Hara.\"[155] The Star-Ledger's Stephen Whitty enjoyed O'Hara's \"pretty soprano.\"[156] John Hartl of The Seattle Times wrote, \"O'Hara does a spirited job of investing the character with warmth, intuition and maturity,\"[140] while the Sun-Sentinel's Candice Russel felt that O'Hara \"does a good job of creating Belle as intellectual, wisely feminine and disarmed by the stirrings of her heart.\"[157] According to the Young Writers Society, Belle remains the best-reviewed Disney Princess to-date.[137]", "Beauty and the Beast (musical). The Original London Cast Recording was released in 1997. The principal cast included Julie-Alanah Brighten as Belle, Alasdair Harvey as Beast, Burke Moses as Gaston, Derek Griffiths as Lumière and Mary Millar as Mrs. Potts.", "Beauty and the Beast (musical). The Original Australian Cast Recording was released in 1995. The principal cast included Rachael Beck as Belle, Michael Cormick as Beast, Hugh Jackman as Gaston, Ernie Bourne as Maurice, Toni Lamond as Madame de la Grande Bouche, Grant Smith as Lumière, Robyn Arthur as Mrs. Potts and Bert Newton as Cogsworth.", "Belle (Beauty and the Beast). Belle and the other characters from the first movie appear in the stage show, Beauty and the Beast Live on Stage at Disney's Hollywood Studios, Walt Disney World. Belle appears in a meet-and-greet attraction at Magic Kingdom's Fantasyland called Enchanted Tales with Belle. In season 18 of Dancing With the Stars, Danica McKellar played Belle while performing a Quickstep on a Disney themed episode. Ginger Zee and Edyta Śliwińska also both portrayed Belle while performing a Foxtrot and Waltz respectively during the Disney night episode of the 22nd season of Dancing with the Stars. Emma Slater then played Belle while dancing a Foxtrot during the Disney theme night of the show's 24th season." ]

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[ "Fog. Garúa fog near the coast of Chile and Peru,[28] occurs when typical fog produced by the sea travels inland, but suddenly meets an area of hot air. This causes the water particles of fog to shrink by evaporation, producing a \"transparent mist\". Garua fog is nearly invisible, yet it still forces drivers to use windshield wipers because of deposition of liquid water on hard surfaces.", "Fog. Sea smoke, also called steam fog or evaporation fog, is the most localized form and is created by cold air passing over warmer water or moist land.[21] It often causes freezing fog, or sometimes hoar frost.", "Fog. Fog rolls into Seattle from the sea", "Fog. The term \"fog\" is typically distinguished from the more generic term \"cloud\" in that fog is low-lying, and the moisture in the fog is often generated locally (such as from a nearby body of water, like a lake or the ocean, or from nearby moist ground or marshes).[2]", "Fog. Condensation on salt particles has been observed to occur at humidities as low as 70%, thus fog can occur even in relatively dry air in suitable locations such as the California coast. Typically, such lower humidity fog is preceded by a transparent mistiness along the coastline as condensation competes with evaporation, a phenomenon that is typically noticeable by beachgoers in the afternoon. Another recently discovered source of condensation nuclei for coastal fog is kelp seaweed. Researchers have found that under stress (intense sunlight, strong evaporation, etc.), kelp releases particles of iodine which in turn become nuclei for condensation of water vapor, causing fog that diffuses direct sunlight.[26]", "Santa Ana winds. A Santa Ana fog is a derivative phenomenon in which a ground fog settles in coastal Southern California at the end of a Santa Ana wind episode. When Santa Ana conditions prevail, with winds in the lower two to three kilometers (1.25-1.8 miles) of the atmosphere from the north through east, the air over the coastal basin is extremely dry, and this dry air extends out over offshore waters of the Pacific Ocean. When the Santa Ana winds cease, the cool and moist marine layer may re-form rapidly over the ocean if conditions are right. The air in the marine layer becomes very moist and very low clouds or fog occurs.[12][13] If wind gradients turn on-shore with enough strength, this sea fog is blown onto the coastal areas. This marks a sudden and surprising transition from the hot, dry Santa Ana conditions to cool, moist, and gray marine weather, as the Santa Ana fog can blow onshore and envelop cities in as quickly as fifteen minutes. However, a true Santa Ana fog is rare, because it requires conditions conducive to rapid re-forming of the marine layer, plus a rapid and strong reversal in wind gradients from off-shore to on-shore winds. More often, the high pressure system over the Great Basin, which caused the Santa Ana conditions in the first place, is slow to weaken or move east across the United States. In this more usual case, the Santa Ana winds cease, but warm, dry conditions under a stationary air mass continue for days or even weeks after the Santa Ana wind event ends.", "Fog. Arctic sea smoke is similar to sea smoke, but occurs when the air is very cold. Instead of condensing into water droplets, columns of freezing, rising, and condensing water vapor is formed. The water vapor produces the sea smoke fog, and is usually misty and smoke-like.[27]", "Fog. Fog begins to form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water droplets suspended in the air. Six examples of ways that water vapor is added to the air are by wind convergence into areas of upward motion;[6] precipitation or virga falling from above;[7] daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies, or wet land;[8] transpiration from plants;[9] cool or dry air moving over warmer water;[10] and lifting air over mountains.[11] Water vapor normally begins to condense on condensation nuclei such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds.[12][13] Fog, like its elevated cousin stratus, is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass.[14]", "Fog. Evaporation fog or steam fog forms over bodies of water overlain by much colder air; this situation can also lead to steam devils forming. Lake effect fog is of this type, sometimes in combination with other causes like radiation fog. It tends to differ from most advective fog formed over land in that it is, like lake-effect snow, a convective phenomenon, resulting in fog which can be quite a bit denser, deeper, and looks fluffy from above. Most other fog is stratiform; steam devils, which look like their dust counterparts, are often seen in this situation.", "Fog. Sea fog (also known as haar or fret) is heavily influenced by the presence of sea spray and microscopic airborne salt crystals. Clouds of all types require minute hygroscopic particles upon which water vapor can condense. Over the ocean surface, the most common particles are salt from salt spray produced by breaking waves. Except in areas of storminess, the most common areas of breaking waves are located near coastlines, hence the greatest densities of airborne salt particles are there.", "Fog. The advection of fog along the California coastline is propelled onto land by one of several processes. A cold front can push the marine layer coast-ward, an occurrence most typical in the spring or late fall. During the summer months, a low pressure trough produced by intense heating inland creates a strong pressure gradient, drawing in the dense marine layer. Also during the summer, strong high pressure aloft over the desert southwest, usually in connection with the summer monsoon, produces a south to southeasterly flow which can drive the offshore marine layer up the coastline; a phenomenon known as a \"southerly surge\", typically following a coastal heat spell. However, if the monsoonal flow is sufficiently turbulent, it might instead break up the marine layer and any fog it may contain. Moderate turbulence will typically transform a fog bank, lifting it and breaking it up into shallow convective clouds called stratocumulus.", "Fog. The foggiest place in the world[citation needed] is Hamilton, New Zealand, followed closely by the Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland (the meeting place of the cold Labrador Current from the north and the much warmer Gulf Stream from the south). Some of the foggiest land areas in the world include Argentia (Newfoundland) and Point Reyes (California), each with over 200 foggy days per year.[citation needed] Even in generally warmer southern Europe, thick fog and localized fog are often found in lowlands and valleys, such as the lower part of the Po Valley and the Arno and Tiber valleys in Italy; Ebro Valley in northeastern Spain; as well as on the Swiss plateau, especially in the Seeland area, in late autumn and winter.[citation needed] Other notably foggy areas include coastal Chile (in the south); coastal Namibia; Nord, Greenland; and the Severnaya Zemlya islands.", "Fog. Fog hovering over the valleys surrounding La Silla Observatory.[34]", "Fog. Fog consists of visible cloud water droplets or ice crystals suspended in the air at or near the Earth's surface.[1] Fog can be considered a type of low-lying cloud and is heavily influenced by nearby bodies of water, topography, and wind conditions. In turn, fog has affected many human activities, such as shipping, travel, and warfare.", "Fog. Sea fog in the Arctic Ocean near the island of Jan Mayen", "Fog. Advection fog occurs when moist air passes over a cool surface by advection (wind) and is cooled.[19] It is common as a warm front passes over an area with significant snow-pack. It is most common at sea when moist air encounters cooler waters, including areas of cold water upwelling, such as along the California coast (see San Francisco fog). A strong enough temperature difference over water or bare ground can also cause advection fog.", "Lorelei. The Lorelei in fog", "Haar (fog). Haar is typically formed over the sea and is blown to the land by the wind.[3] This commonly occurs when warmer moist air moves over the relatively cooler North Sea causing the moisture in the air to condense, forming haar.", "Fog (poem). The fog comes\non little cat feet.\n\nIt sits looking\nover harbor and city\non silent haunches\nand then moves on.", "Fog. Up-slope fog or hill fog forms when winds blow air up a slope (called orographic lift), adiabatically cooling it as it rises, and causing the moisture in it to condense. This often causes freezing fog on mountaintops, where the cloud ceiling would not otherwise be low enough.", "Fog. Sea fog or \"fret\" encroaching on Brighton Pier", "Haar (fog). In meteorology, haar or sea fret is a cold sea fog. It occurs most often on the east coast of England or Scotland between April and September, when warm air passes over the cold North Sea.[1][2]", "London fog. London fog may refer to the so-called pea soup fog in London in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.", "San Francisco fog. Fog is a common weather phenomenon in the San Francisco Bay Area as well as along the entire coastline of California extending south to the northwest coast of the Baja California Peninsula. The frequency of fog and low-lying stratus clouds is due to a combination of factors particular to the region that are especially prevalent in the summer. Another type of fog, tule fog, can occur during the winter. There are occasions when both types can occur simultaneously in the Bay Area.", "Big Sur. Along with much of the central and northern California coast, Big Sur frequently has dense fog in summer. The summer fog and summer drought have the same underlying cause: a massive, stable seasonal high pressure system that forms over the north Pacific Ocean. The high pressure cell inhibits rainfall and generates northwesterly air flow. These prevailing summer winds from the northwest drive the ocean surface water slightly offshore (through the Ekman effect) which generates an upwelling of colder sub surface water. The water vapor in the air contacting this cold water condenses into fog.[5]: 33–35 The fog usually moves out to sea during the day and closes in at night, but sometimes heavy fog blankets the coast all day. Fog is an essential summer water source for many Big Sur coastal plants. While few plants can take water directly out of the air, water condensation on leaf surfaces slowly precipitates into the ground like rain.[citation needed]", "San Francisco fog. There are also occasional extended spells when fog and stratus (\"overcast\") do not clear all the way back to the coast for several days. These extended periods of cloudiness are usually a consequence of a weak area of low pressure above the marine layer which increases its depth, making it more difficult for surface heating to evaporate the clouds within it.", "Fog. Temperature effect: A fog can be caused by a temperature inversion where cold air is pooled at the surface which helped to create the fog, while warmer air sits above it. The inverted boundary between cold air and warm air reflects sound waves back toward the ground, allowing sound that would normally radiate out escaping into the upper atmosphere to instead bounce back and travel near the surface. A temperature inversion increases the distance that lower frequency sounds can travel, by reflecting the sound between the ground and the inversion layer.[30]", "Fog. Ground fog is fog that obscures less than 60% of the sky and does not extend to the base of any overhead clouds.[18] However, the term is usually a synonym for radiation fog which is very shallow; in some cases the depth of the fog is on the order of tens of centimeters over certain kinds of terrain with the absence of wind.", "Fog. Dense fog over Indian subcontinent, captured by NASA's Aqua satellite in December 2012", "Fog. Maple tree with red leaves in the morning mist, in western Estonia", "San Francisco fog. The Pacific Ocean contributes to the frequency of fog by providing atmospheric moisture and by its temperature. It is also the major source of nuclei for the condensation of moisture from vapor into cloud droplets. Moisture evaporated from the ocean surface over hundreds, even thousands of miles of the open Pacific is carried to California from various directions. This water vapor contributes to the development of what is called a marine layer near the surface of the ocean.", "Fog. Upslope fog forms when moist air is going up the slope of a mountain or hill which condenses into fog on account of adiabatic cooling, and to a lesser extent the drop in pressure with altitude." ]

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[ "Forged from the Love of Liberty. \"Forged from the Love of Liberty\" is the national anthem of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Originally composed as the national anthem for the short-lived West Indies Federation (1958–1962), this song was edited and adopted by Trinidad and Tobago when it became independent in 1962.[1]", "National anthem. Forged from the Love of Liberty was composed as the national anthem for the short-lived West Indies Federation (1958–1962) and was adopted by Trinidad and Tobago when it became independent in 1962.[12]", "Forged from the Love of Liberty. Patrick S. Castagne composed the words and music of the National Anthem in 1962.[2] Mr Castagne, a renowned West Indian songwriter, was employed at the Trinidad and Tobago Commission in London.[1] One of his compositions, called \"A Song for the Islands\"[2] or A Song for Federation,[1] was submitted to the West Indies Federation as a possible anthem.[2]", "Patrick Castagne. He composed the national anthem for the West Indies Federation (championed by the UK as a means for their colonies in the West Indies to attain a status similar to that achieved by Canada and Australia), which only lasted from 1958-1962. Trinidad and Tobago later adopted it as their own national anthem, \"Forged from the Love of Liberty\", after attaining their own independence on 31 August 1962. His song \"Goodnight\" was for many years the theme song used as the sign on and sign-off signal by Radio Trinidad. Castagne composed several other songs and calypsoes during his career including 1960 \"The Iceman\" (1960, sung by calypsonian Lord Melody); \"Kiss Me for Christmas\" (sung by Kelwyn Hutcheon); \"Nimble Like Kimble\"; \"Hyarima: A Caribbean Rhapsody\"; \"An Orchid for You\"; \"Happy Birthday Mom\"; \"My Easter Bunny\".", "Trinidad and Tobago. The National Anthem of the twin-island state is \"Forged From The Love of Liberty\".[94][95]", "In Plenty and In Time of Need. \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\" is the national anthem of the country of Barbados. It was written by Irving Burgie (1926–) and was composed by C. Van Roland Edwards (1912–1985). As one part of the West Indies Federation from 1958–1962, Barbados' anthem was supposed to be Forged from the Love of Liberty (which is currently the national anthem of Trinidad and Tobago), however the current anthem was created with Barbados' moves toward full independence. This song was then adopted by Barbados when it became independent in 1966.", "Patrick Castagne. Patrick Stanislaus \"Pat\" Castagne (3 October 1916Template:Spacedash5 May 2000) was a Guyanese-born Trinidadian composer, best known for composing \"Forged from the Love of Liberty\", the national anthem of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Patrick Castagne. Castagne played the piano and had his own band, but gained wide recognition in the 1950s for his hosting of the pre-Carnival \"Dimanche Gras\" shows. In 1962, he composed the national anthem of Trinidad & Tobago. He also served as a diplomat assigned to the Trinidad & Tobago high commission in London, United Kingdom. While in England, he worked with the BBC in airing West Indian talent on a weekly radio show.", "Forged from the Love of Liberty. When the Federation collapsed, he changed some of the lines and resubmitted the song to Trinidad and Tobago[2] for the competition to choose the National Anthem. In total, the competition received 834 word only entries, 33 music only entries and 306 word and music entries. Mr. Castagne's submission came out on top and he won the price of $5,000.00 in Government Bonds and a gold medal inscribed with the Coat of Arms of Trinidad and Tobago.[1]", "Forged from the Love of Liberty. Castagne's alteration of A Song for Federation was deemed to be most suitable for a twin-island state that consisted of \"islands of the blue Caribbean Sea\" standing \"side by side\" in promoting the values of \"every creed and race\" finding \"an equal place\" in the multi-racial, multi-religious and multi-cultural society of Trinidad and Tobago as it existed in 1962.[1] It was considered to have reflected the nature and the strength of the people of Trinidad and Tobago and their courage as one nation working towards living in unity despite the existing diversity.[2] According to an excerpt from the editorial in the Sunday Guardian of 19 August 1962: \"In its solemn declaration of brotherhood and unity, it very neatly includes Tobago with Trinidad without mentioning the name of either (\"Side by side we stand, islands of the blue Caribbean Sea\"); and as an added impulse to unity it goes on to describe them together as \"our native land,\" ending with the petition, \"And may God bless our nation.\"[1]", "Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee. \"Fair Antigua, We Salute Thee\" is the national anthem of Antigua and Barbuda. Written by Novelle Hamilton Richards and composed by Walter Garnet Picart Chambers, it was adopted as the anthem in 1967 while Antigua and Barbuda were still a British colony.[1] It was adopted as the national anthem upon independence in 1981.[2] \"God Save the Queen\" is still the royal anthem.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Other national songs include \"God Bless Our Nation\"[96] and \"Our Nation's Dawning\".[97]", "Argentine National Anthem. Less than a year later the Assembly of Year XIII estimated that the song was not effective enough to serve as a national anthem. On 6 March 1813 several poets were asked to submit lyrics. The poem by the lawyer Vicente López y Planes was unanimously considered the best. It was approved as the \"sole national march\" (única marcha nacional) on May 11, 1813. Parera was asked to compose a new musical setting around the same date. He must have finished the piece in a few days. Oral tradition has it that the premiere took place on May 14, 1813 at the home of the aristocrat Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson, but there is no documentary evidence of that.[4] If this episode is true, then Parera, contrary to certain misconceptions, wrote quickly and under no visible coercion. The published song sheet is dated 14 May 1813. He again conducted the official premiere in the theater on May 28, and was paid 200 pesos.[5]", "Argentine National Anthem. The \"Argentine National Anthem\" (Spanish: Himno Nacional Argentino) is the national anthem of Argentina. Its lyrics were written by the Buenos Aires-born politician Vicente López y Planes and the music was composed by the Spanish musician Blas Parera.[1] The work was adopted as the sole official song on May 11, 1813, three years after the May Revolution; May 11 is therefore now Anthem Day in Argentina.", "National anthem. The Philippine anthem Lupang Hinirang was composed in 1898 as wordless incidental music for the ceremony declaring independence from the Spanish Empire. The Spanish poem Filipinas was written the following year to serve as the anthem's lyrics; the current Tagalog version dates to 1962.", "Grenada National State Anthem. The Grenada National State Anthem was the national anthem of Grenada from 1967 until independence in 1974 during the period that Grenada was an associated state of Great Britain under the Associated Statehood Act 1967. The words are by Rolstan Percival Jawahir Adams (1946–2008) and the music is by Dr. John George Fletcher (D.Mus., F.R.C.O. (C.H.M.), A.D.C.M., F.T.C.L., L.R.A.M., A.R.C.M., L.R.S.M.) (1931–2015).", "Argentine National Anthem. In mid-1812, the ruling triumvirate ordered the Buenos Aires Cabildo to commission a national anthem. Cayetano Rodríguez, a Franciscan friar, wrote a text that was approved on 4 August. The Catalan musician Blas Parera, music director of the local theater, set it to music and performed it for the first time with the orchestra he conducted on 1 November.[3]", "Argentine National Anthem. Some first, quite different, anthems were composed from 1810; a version was then introduced in 1813 which was used throughout the nineteenth century. The present, much shorter, anthem comprises only the first and last verses and the chorus of the 1813 Patriotic March, omitting much emotional text about the struggle for independence from Spain (with strong arms they tear to pieces the arrogant Iberian lion).", "Forged from the Love of Liberty. Castagne’s A Song For Federation provided the musical inspiration that could have matched the foundation of a strong federation had it survived. The close resemblance between the National Anthem of Trinidad and Tobago and A Song For Federation can seen from the lyrics of the latter as follows:[1]", "Hymn to Liberty. The \"Hymn to Liberty\" or \"Hymn to Freedom\"[1] (Greek: Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν, Ýmnos is tin Eleftherían pronounced [ˈimnos is tin elefθeˈrian], also Greek: Υμνος προς την Ελευθερίαν[3][4][5] Ýmnos pros tin Eleftherían pronounced [ˈim.nos pros tin elefθe'ri.an]) is a poem written by Dionysios Solomos in 1823 that consists of 158 stanzas, which is used as the national anthem of Greece and Cyprus. It was set to music by Nikolaos Mantzaros, and is the longest national anthem in the world by length of text.[6] In 1865, the first three stanzas (and later the first two) officially became the national anthem of Greece and, from 1966, also that of the Republic of Cyprus.", "José de San Martín. Once again in Buenos Aires, San Martín and his wife attended to the first official performance of the Argentine National Anthem, on 28 May 1813 at the Coliseo Theater. Oral tradition has it that the premiere took place on 14 May 1813 at the home of aristocrat Mariquita Sánchez de Thompson, with San Martín also attending, but there is no documentary evidence of that.[24] The lyrics of the new anthem included several references to the secessionist will of the time.[25]", "History of Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago demonstrated a successful use of non-violent protest and passive resistance. On 1 August 1834, an unarmed group of mainly elderly ex-slaves being addressed by the Governor at Government House about the new laws, began chanting: \"Pas de six ans. Point de six ans\" (\"Not six years. No six years\"), drowning out the voice of the Governor.", "Caribbean Community. For CARICOM's 40th anniversary, a competition to compose an official song or anthem for CARICOM was launched in April 2013[14] to promote choosing a song that promoted unity and inspired CARICOM identity and pride. A regional panel of judges comprising independent experts in music was nominated by member states and the CARICOM Secretariat. Three rounds of competition condensed 63 entries to a final three, from which judges chose Celebrating CARICOM by Michele Henderson of Dominica[14] in March 2014.[15] Henderson won a US$10,000 prize.[16] Her song was produced by her husband, Roland Delsol Jr., and arranged by Earlson Matthew. It also featured Michael Ferrol on drums and choral input from the St. Alphonsus Choir. It was re-produced for CARICOM by Carl Beaver Henderson of Trinidad and Tobago.[15]", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The flag of Trinidad and Tobago was adopted upon independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. Designed by Carlisle Chang (1921–2001),[1][2][3] the flag of Trinidad and Tobago was chosen by the independence committee of 1962. Red, black and white symbolise fire (the sun, representing courage), earth (representing dedication) and water (representing purity and equality).[4]", "National anthem. Spain's national anthem, the Marcha Real (The Royal March), written in 1761, was among the first to be adopted as such, in 1770. Denmark adopted the older of its two national anthems, Kong Christian stod ved højen mast, in 1780; and La Marseillaise, the French anthem, was written in 1792 and adopted in 1795. Serbia became the first Eastern European nation to have a national anthem – Rise up, Serbia! – in 1804.[citation needed]", "Lupang Hinirang. Lupang Hinirang ([ˈlupaŋ hiˈniɾaŋ]; originally in Spanish: Patria Adorada [ˈpatɾja aðoˈɾaða]; English: Chosen Land) is the national anthem of the Philippines. Its music was composed in 1898 by Julián Felipe, and the lyrics were adapted from the Spanish poem Filipinas, written by José Palma in 1899. Originally written it did not have lyrics when it was adopted as the anthem of the revolutionary First Philippine Republic and subsequently played during the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898.", "Marcha Real. One of the oldest in the world, the anthem was first printed in a document dated 1761 and entitled Libro de la Ordenanza de los Toques de Pífanos y Tambores que se tocan nuevamente en la Ynfantª Española (Book of the Ordenance of Newly Played Military Drum and Fife Calls by The Spanish Infantry), by Manuel de Espinosa. There, it is entitled La Marcha Granadera (\"March of the Grenadiers\"). According to the document, Manuel de Espinosa de los Monteros is the composer.", "Honduras. The \"National Anthem of Honduras\" is a result of a contest carried out in 1914 during the presidency of Manuel Bonilla. In the end, it was the poet Augusto Coello that ended up writing the anthem, with German-born Honduran composer Carlos Hartling writing the music. The anthem was officially adopted on 15 November 1915, during the presidency of Alberto de Jesús Membreño (es). The anthem is composed of a choir and seven stroonduran[clarification needed].", "National anthem. National anthems rose to prominence in Europe during the 19th century, but some originated much earlier. The presumed oldest national anthem belongs to the Netherlands and is called the Wilhelmus. It was written between 1568 and 1572 during the Dutch Revolt and its current melody variant was composed shortly before 1626. It was a popular orangist march during the 17th century but it did not become the official anthem until 1932.", "Paraguayan National Anthem. The lyrics to the song were officially finished by Francisco Acuña de Figueroa on May 20, 1846.", "Jamaica, Land We Love. \"Jamaica, Land We Love\" is the official national anthem of Jamaica, adopted in July 1962. The anthem was chosen after a competition from September 1961 until 31 March 1962, in which, the lyrics of the national anthem were selected by Jamaica's Houses of Parliament. When Jamaica was granted independence on 6 August 1962, \"Jamaica, Land We Love\" continued to be officially used as the national anthem.", "National anthem. Esta É a Nossa Pátria Bem Amada is the national anthem of Guinea-Bissau and was also the national anthem of Cape Verde until 1996." ]

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[ "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me). Suzi Quatro covered the song on her Aggro-Phobia album in 1977.[50] Australian group, Nick Barker & the Reptiles' version reached the top 30 on the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) Singles Chart in November 1989.[51]", "I Wanna Be Loved by You. The song has also been recorded by Vaughn De Leath, Annette Hanshaw, Jack Lemmon, Frank Sinatra, Rhonda Towns, Rose Murphy, Tina Louise, Verka Serduchka, Patricia Kaas, Sinéad O'Connor, Jinx Titanic, Shiina Ringo, Paul Manchin, Claire Johnston, Lorraine Allan (formerly Lorraine Gray), Eve's Plum, Barry Manilow (in a duet with the Marilyn Monroe recording) and many more.", "I've Gotta Be Me. Other artists who have recorded or performed \"I've Gotta Be Me\" include Ella Fitzgerald, Michael Jackson, Gilbert Price, Della Reese, Stevie Wonder, Tony Bennett, Cory Monteith as his Glee character Finn Hudson,[3] and The Temptations.", "If I Were a Boy. McEntire's cover has generally been met with positive reception. Jessica Phillips of Country Weekly magazine described her cover as a \"soulful countrified look at love from a male perspective\".[242] Steve Morse at The Boston Globe said that McEntire translated the song \"artfully into country\".[243] Billboard magazine's Mikael Wood praised the cover, comparing it with McEntire's cover of Kelly Clarkson's \"Because of You\".[244] Jon Caramanica of The New York Times noted that McEntire \"sounds as if she's already inhabiting the role\" in the song.[10] Allmusic critic Thom Jurek was less favorable, writing that it was unrecognizable to the original, before adding, \"It contains none of the original's drama; in its place is a failed attempt at a soft rock power ballad.\"[245] Following McEntire's live performance at the CMA awards, the song debuted at number 60 on the Hot Country Songs charts as an album cut dated for the week ending November 27, 2010.[246] It re-entered at number 60 on the chart dated for the week ending January 29, 2011,[247] and peaked at number 22 in April 2011.[248] It also peaked at number 23 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart in April 2011.[249]", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman. Beccy Cole covered the song live on her 2007 album, Live @ Lizotte's.", "Me Too (Meghan Trainor song). In the United States, \"Me Too\" debuted at number 39 on the Billboard Hot 100.[7] It has since peaked at number 13 on the Hot 100, becoming her seventh consecutive top 20 single, as well as reaching 8 on the Adult Top 40 component chart. In Australia, the single peaked at number 4 on the ARIA Charts.[8] In Canada and France, the track peaked at numbers 9 and 56, respectively.[9][10]", "If This World Were Mine. R&B singer Tweet sampled the Gaye/Terrell original for the intro of her 2005 single \"Turn Da Lights Off\", featuring Missy Elliott. In 2013 American house music producer Chris Malinchak sampled the song on \"So Good to Me\".", "Feliz Navidad (song). \"Feliz Navidad,\" like many Christmas songs, has been frequently covered. Notable artists who have recorded the song include Boney M, Michael Bublé featuring Thalía, Glee Cast, Il Volo featuring Belinda, Celine Dion, Clay Walker, David Hasselhoff, The Cheetah Girls, Billy T. James, Luciano Pavarotti, El Vez, Walk off the Earth, Indonesian female group 7icons, Garth Brooks, Chicago and Laura Pausini. Additionally, Charo performed the song in the Pee-wee's Playhouse Christmas Special.[citation needed]", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Songs which peaked at number three were \"Discothèque\" by U2, \"Pony\" by Ginuwine, \"Don't Let Go (Love)\" by En Vogue, \"One More Time\" by Real McCoy, \"You Were Meant for Me\" by Jewel, \"When Doves Cry\" by Quindon Tarver, \"How Do I Live\" by Trisha Yearwood, \"Every Time You Cry\" by John Farnham and Human Nature, \"Do Ya Think I'm Sexy?\" by N-Trance, and \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" by Backstreet Boys.", "Toby Keith. Keith then signed with the short-lived Nashville division of A&M Records to release his third album Blue Moon in April 1996. That album received a platinum certification and produced three singles. Its first single, \"Does That Blue Moon Ever Shine on You\", which Keith wrote in 1987,[11][12] peaked at number 2. Following it were \"A Woman's Touch\" at number 6, and \"Me Too\", which became his third number one hit in March 1997.[7] Keith also appeared on The Beach Boys' now out-of-print 1996 album Stars and Stripes Vol. 1 performing a cover of their 1963 hit \"Be True to Your School\" with the Beach Boys themselves providing the harmonies and backing vocals.", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics. There are three albums which have produced four number-one original hits: Westlife by Westlife (\"Swear It Again, \"If I Let You Go\", Flying Without Wings\", and \"Fool Again\"), Spice by Spice Girls (\"Wannabe\", \"Say You'll Be There\", \"2 Become 1\" and \"Mama\" / \"Who Do You Think You Are\") and B*Witched by B*Witched (\"C'est la Vie\", \"Rollercoaster\", \"To You I Belong\" and \"Blame It on the Weatherman\").", "Tessanne Chin. Other noted tracks by Tessanne are remakes of songs by other famous artists and bands such as Foreigner's \"I Wanna Know What Love Is,\" The Who's \"Love, Reign o'er Me,\" Katy Perry's \"Firework,\" and Phish's \"Free.\" A remake of Bob Marley's \"Could You Be Loved,\" which Tessanne performed with her band Mile High, also circulated through the internet early in 2006. Other works include a live performance of \"You and Me\" written and performed with her older sister Tami Chynn.", "I Want You to Be My Baby. In November 1970 the Jyve Fyve reached #50 R&B with their remake of \"I Want You to Be My Baby\".", "Let It Be. The album's songs have been covered by numerous performers including Aretha Franklin, John Denver, Brooke White, Katie Stevens, Boney M., Joan Baez, George Michael, Willie Nelson, Pearl Jam, David Bowie, Fiona Apple, Billy Ocean, Bill Withers, Elvis Presley, Diana Ross, Jackson 5, Status Quo, Seether, Soundgarden, Stereophonics, Rod Stewart, Jennifer Hudson, B5, and Widespread Panic. In addition, the Slovenian group Laibach covered the entire album except for the title track.[39]", "Andrea True. By the time of her singing career, True admitted she was burned out and tired of porn, saying, \"I'd rather be a waitress or a typist than make another adult film,\" and also, \"Don't think of me as a porn star anymore, think of me as a recording star. I just want to record and perform.\" In early 1977, True released the single \"N.Y., You Got Me Dancing\", from her follow-up album, White Witch. The single became True's second biggest hit, reaching No. 27 on Billboard's pop chart. In 1978, she had a second hit in the UK with \"What's Your Name, What's Your Number\", which peaked at No. 34 in the UK.[6] Both albums included studio musicians with a new band assembled for the tour, the second line-up, which included future Kiss guitarist Bruce Kulick. In 1980, she released her third and final album, War Machine. A more hard rock-oriented album, it was released only in Europe, but it flopped.", "Soweto. Soweto is mentioned in the song \"Burden of Shame\" by the British band UB40, on their album Signing off (1980).", "Elaine Stritch. Amazingly, none of the 16 songs she performs have ever been in her repertory, and just as amazingly, you don't miss signature numbers... [L]etting them go has allowed her to venture into more sensitive emotional territory. Interpreting stark, talk-sing versions of Rodgers and Hart's \"He Was Too Good to Me\", \"Fifty Percent\" from the musical Ballroom, and Kurt Weill and Ogden Nash's \"That's Him\", she comes into her own as a dramatic ballad singer.[50]", "I Wanna Be Your Man. The song was also recorded by Adam Faith in 1965, Count Basie and his Orchestra in 1966, the Day Brothers, Terry Manning in 1970, Suzi Quatro in 1973, The Rezillos in 1977, Roger Webb and his Trio, the Sparrows, the Merseyboys, Bob Leaper, the Flamin' Groovies in 1993, Sam Phillips in 2003, Les Baronets in French as \"Oh! Je Veux Être À Toi\", the Rockin' Ramrods, the Smithereens in 2007, and the Stooges on their 2007 album The Weirdness featuring Iggy Pop.", "You Could Be Mine. \"You Could Be Mine\" is a song by American rock band Guns N' Roses, featured on their 1991 fourth studio album Use Your Illusion II. It was released as the band's seventh single, and the first from the Use Your Illusion albums, in June 1991. Backed with \"Civil War\" from Use Your Illusion II, the single reached number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart[1] and number three on the UK Singles Chart.[2]", "If I Were a Boy. The song was covered by American country singer Reba McEntire on the television program Unplugged on Country Music Television.[236] The cover was accompanied by a music video that premiered on June 18, 2010, which depicted McEntire performing the song live.[237] In late 2010, she recorded a studio version, and it was added to country radio on January 24, 2011, by Starstruck Entertainment and Valory Music Group as the second single from her studio album All the Women I Am (2010).[238][239] McEntire revealed that she originally wanted to only cover her own hits. However, her husband and manager, Narvel Blackstock wanted her to do a cover song. Blackstock finally came up with the idea that she should record her own version of Beyoncé's \"If I Were a Boy\".[240] Speaking about her version of the song, McEntire said:", "If I Were a Boy. Jamaican dancehall singer Althea Hewitt released a reggae cover of \"If I Were a Boy\" to iTunes Stores on December 19, 2008.[209] Nicole Sullivan and Tisha Campbell-Martin covered \"If I Were a Boy\" during the episode \"The Shape of Things to Come\" on the sitcom Rita Rocks which aired on October 13, 2009.[210] During the finale of the tenth season of American Idol on May 25, 2011, the lady contestants joined together onstage to perform \"If I Were a Boy\" along with a medley of Beyoncé's other singles.[211] Caterina Torres covered the song during the second series of The Voice (Australia) on May 12, 2013.[212] Torres' version peaked at number 28 on the Australian Singles Chart on May 26, 2013.[213] On June 8, 2013, singer Asanda covered the song during the final of the seventh series of Britain's Got Talent.[214]", "707 (band). 707 was a rock band of the early 1980s, best known for the rock radio hits \"I Could Be Good For You\" and \"Mega Force\".", "Be My Lover. \"Be My Lover\" is a song recorded by German Eurodance group La Bouche. It was released in March 1995 as the second single from their album, Sweet Dreams.", "707 (band). The original members included Phil Bryant (bass, Vocals), Jim McClarty (drums), Duke McFadden (keyboards/synthesizers, vocals), and Kevin Russell (Guitars, vocals). Initially signed to Casablanca Records, they achieved significant rock radio airplay with \"I Could Be Good for You\", written by McFadden and McClarty. It peaked at #52 on the Billboard Hot 100. The song was featured on their first album, simply entitled 707. McFadden left the band before their second album. \"I Could Be Good For You\" was recently included in the Adam Sandler film \"Grown Ups.\"", "K's Choice. In the early 1990s, Sarah and Gert played in an amateur band, The Basement Plugs. This led to the discovery of Sarah, who was offered a chance by a label; mainly because of her smoky, enigmatic voice. Under a more English name, Sarah Beth, she appeared on several movie soundtracks with covers including \"I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry\" (originally by Hank Williams) for the movie Vrouwen Willen Trouwen (Women Want To Marry) and a duet with Frankie Miller, \"Why Don't You Try Me\", (originally by Ry Cooder) for the movie Ad Fundum. She was offered a contract and formed a band with her brother Gert. The band was named The Choice and in 1994 they recorded their debut album The Great Subconscious Club.", "(You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman. In 2014, Amber Riley covered the song on the fifth-season episode, \"Bash,\" of Fox's musical comedy-drama television series Glee.", "If You Were a Sailboat. \"If You Were a Sailboat\" is a song by British singer Katie Melua. Written and produced by Mike Batt, it is Melua's ninth single and the first from her third album, Pictures (2007). Melua said of the song:", "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It). In \"Single Ladies\", Beyoncé portrays her alter ego Sasha Fierce, which appears on the second part of I Am... Sasha Fierce.[6] The song was released simultaneously with \"If I Were a Boy\"; as lead singles, they were meant to demonstrate the concept of the dueling personalities of the singer.[7] This reinforced the theme of the album, which was created by placing its ballads and uptempo tracks on separate discs.[8] The singles debuted on US radio on October 8, 2008;[9] \"Single Ladies\" did so on mainstream urban New York radio station Power 105.1.[10] Both singles were added to rhythmic contemporary radio playlists on October 12, 2008;[11] \"Single Ladies\" was sent to urban contemporary playlists the same day,[12] while \"If I Were a Boy\" was instead classified for contemporary hit radio.[13] The two songs were released as a double A-side single on November 7, 2008, in Australia,[14] New Zealand,[15] and Germany.[16] Dance remixes of the song were made available in the US on February 10, 2009,[17] and in Europe on February 16, 2009.[18] \"Single Ladies\" was not originally released as a single in the UK, but the song became increasingly popular there and reached the top ten in the UK Singles Chart as a result of download sales.[19] On February 16, 2009, it was released as a CD single, and the dance remixes became available as a digital download.[20][21]", "Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods. Bo Donaldson and The Heywoods are an American pop music group, known mainly for their 1970s hit singles, \"Billy Don't Be A Hero\" and \"Who Do You Think You Are\".", "Kay Hanley. In 1999, Hanley made a cameo as herself in the film 10 Things I Hate About You, singing a cover version of Nick Lowe's \"Cruel to Be Kind\" at the movie characters' high school prom, in addition to performing \"Come On\" with Letters to Cleo during an earlier scene at a club. Towards the end of Letters to Cleo's career, she began performing with her husband and fellow Letters To Cleo member Michael Eisenstein outside of the band. Around the same time, she gave birth to their daughter, Zoe.", "If Not for You. Numerous other artists have covered \"If Not For You\". These include Rod Stewart,[39] Bryan Ferry,[40] Richie Havens,[41] Sarah Vaughan,[42] Glen Campbell,[43] Barb Jungr,[44] Katie Buckhaven,[45] Susan McKeown and Lindsey Horner,[46] Phil Keaggy,[47] Lee Everton, Karl Blau, Ed Kuepper,[48] and the Flatmates.[49]Melinda Schneider and Beccy Cole covered the song on their album Great Women of Country (2014).", "Take a Chance on Me. Erasure members Vince Clarke and Andy Bell played dual roles – as themselves and in drag (Clarke as Fältskog and Bell as Lyngstad) – in a music video heavily influenced by ABBA's original. MC Kinky (aka. Caron Geary), who sings the reggae/dancehall rap part, also appears in an interlude in the video." ]

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[ "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining models received a visit from Tyra, and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie. They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a selfie challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan's clothing brand, LonDunn. Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge. On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus-sized male models covered in gold body paint. At elimination, Kyla received best photo. Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two, and Sandra was eliminated from the competition.[12]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The remaining models received a visit from Tyra, and learned about effective techniques for taking a selfie. They were later introduced to model Jourdan Dunn in time for a social media challenge in which they had to advertise Jourdan's clothing brand, LonDunn. Jeana was chosen as the winner of the challenge. On set the contestants were photographed by Tyra in a photo shoot where they had to pose with plus-sized male models covered in gold body paint. At elimination, Kyla received best photo. Khrystyana and Sandra landed in bottom two, and Sandra was eliminated from the competition.", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining four models took part in a challenge for Pantene in which they had to style their own hair and makeup. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner. On set, the contestants had to shoot an advertising campaign for Pantene, which required them to embody several different products from the brand. At elimination, Kyla won best photo. Jeana and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition. In a shocking turn of events, she was saved from elimination by guest judge Philipp Plein, joining the other three models in the finale.[17]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The winner of the competition was 20 year-old Kyla Coleman from Lacey, Washington.[2]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools. Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner, and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr's channel. On set, the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken. At elimination, Rio received best picture. Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two, and Coura was eliminated from the competition.[9]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky's Bar, and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana. The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon, Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova. Khrystyana won best picture at elimination. Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two, and Liberty was eliminated from the competition.[10]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The finalists moved into the model home. They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park, where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp. As the winner of the challenge, Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week. On set, the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford, inspired by Hollywood's latest baby boom fashion trends. At elimination, Coura received best picture. Brendi K and Maggie landed in the bottom two, and Maggie was eliminated from the competition.[6]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips, which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie. Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner. Later on, the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story. After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra, Liz decided to quit the competition. At elimination, Khrystyana received best photo. Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two, and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition.[8]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The remaining 11 models had to work with renowned YouTuber Patrick Starr to shoot a beauty vlog which required them to use unconventional items as beauty tools. Sandra was chosen as the challenge winner, and was rewarded with a guest appearance on Starr's channel. On set, the models were stacked on top of one another to have their beauty shots taken. At elimination, Rio received best picture. Christina and Coura landed in the bottom two, and Coura was eliminated from the competition.[8]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The remaining 10 contestants celebrated pride week at Micky's Bar, and took part in a self styled popup runway challenge for designer Christian Cowan which was won by Khrystyana. The models later had a photo shoot posing alongside former Drag Race contestants Manila Luzon, Valentina and Katya Zamolodchikova. Khrystyana won best picture at elimination. Kyla and Liberty landed in the bottom two, and Liberty was eliminated from the competition.[9]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The finalists attended a fitting for Philipp Plein after which Shanice was eliminated from the competition. The remaining three contestants took part in a photo shoot for the winner's spread to be published in Paper magazine. They later reunited with the formerly eliminated contestants for the final runway show. Immediately following the runway show, Khrystyana was eliminated based on the results from the photo shoot that had taken place earlier that week. The judges deliberated over the body of work of the remaining two finalists, and at the end of the night, Kyla was crowned as the winner.[18]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The remaining models received scripts for a screen test challenge with actor Kevin Phillips, which was judged by director Anthony Hemingway and Stacey McKenzie. Khrystyana was ultimately chosen as the challenge winner. Later on, the models were taken to a mansion for a photo shoot inspired by American Horror Story. After a heart to heart conversation with Tyra, Liz decided to quit the competition. At elimination, Khrystyana received best photo. Coura and Rhiyan landed in the bottom two, and Rhiyan was eliminated from the competition.[7]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The six remaining contestants attended castings in Los Angeles for Chris Mena and Maggie Barry. Kyla and Rio were chosen as the winners of the challenge, and were given the opportunity to walk in a runway show for the designers as part of their reward. On set, the models had a cover try photo shoot for Paper magazine. At elimination, Rio received best photo. Erin and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Erin was eliminated from the competition.[14]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The finalists moved into the model home. They later met runway coach Stacey McKenzie for a catwalk lesson in preparation for an upcoming runway challenge at Venice Beach skate park, where the contestants had to model designs from Baja East and avoid skateboarders as they navigated across a skating ramp. As the winner of the challenge, Khrystyana was chosen to walk in a show for the label during New York fashion week. On set, the models had a bohemian pregnancy photo shoot with photographer Charlotte Rutherford, inspired by Hollywood's latest baby boom fashion trends. At elimination, Coura received best picture. Brendi K. and Maggie landed in the bottom two, and Maggie was eliminated from the competition.[5]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The seven remaining models met with Ashley Graham and movement coach Jermaine Browne for a motion shoot challenge, which was won by Jeana. They later had a couture photo shoot in the desert while posing with a parachute. Brendi K decided to quit the competition at panel. Shanice received best photo during elimination, while Jeana and Kyla landed in the bottom two. As a result of Brendi K’s departure earlier in the episode, both of them were allowed to stay.[13]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The final four took part in a throwback America's Next Top Model challenge inspired by the bubble runway from cycle 16. It was revealed that the models would be walking alongside the formerly eliminated contestants, one of whom would be replacing that week's eliminee at panel. Erin was chosen as the challenge winner, and along with Liberty, Christina, and Jeana, moved back into the model house for the opportunity to possibly return. On set, the contestants had a photo shoot in pairs with cycle 3 winner Eva Marcille covered in tarantulas, shot by former judge Nigel Barker. At elimination, Kyla received best picture. Rio and Shanice landed in the bottom two, and Rio was eliminated from the competition. Out of the four comeback contestants, Jeana was chosen to return.[16]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining finalists had a challenge in which they had to create personalized avatars for the new America's Next Top Model mobile game. Khrystyana was chosen as the winner, and received an assortment of clothes styled by Law Roach. The models were later taken to a mansion in order to shoot a music video with Maejor and Tyra Banks under the direction of Director X. At elimination, Khrystyana received best performance. Jeana and Rio landed in the bottom two, and Jeana was eliminated from the competition.[15]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X. As the winners of the challenge, Khrystyana, Kyla, and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC. On set, the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra. At elimination Brendi K, Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice received a joint first call-out as a group. Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two, and Christina was eliminated from the competition.[11]", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora. The judging panel, consisting of model Ashley Graham, Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott, and celebrity stylist Law Roach, remained otherwise unchanged.", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon. After the makeovers were administered, the models met Director X for a video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors. At elimination, Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot. Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two, and Ivana was eliminated from the competition.[7]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 23). The final three shot their Paper Magazine spreads and then walked in a runway show for The Blonds. At panel, Tyra made an appearance as the cycle's final guest judge. Cory Anne was eliminated first leaving India and Tatiana as the final two. India became the 23rd winner of America's Next Top Model.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The models arrived back at the house and immediately received a Tyra Mail alluding to the fact that makeovers would be taking place soon. After the makeovers were administered, the models met Director X for a high fashion video shoot meant to showcase their new trademark looks in a room full of mirrors. At elimination, Liberty was deemed to be the best performer for the shoot. Shanice and Ivana landed in the bottom two, and Ivana was eliminated from the competition.[6]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). The remaining nine contestants were challenged with the task of creating an anti-bullying PSA for the National Crime Prevention Council under the direction of Director X. As the winners of the challenge, Khrystyana, Kyla, and Sandra were chosen to have their video used as part of a national digital campaign for NCPC. On set, the models were stripped to their barest essentials and had their photographs taken by Tyra. At elimination Brendi K., Jeana, Khrystyana, Kyla, Rio, Sandra, and Shanice received a joint first call-out as a group. Christina and Erin landed in the bottom two, and Christina was eliminated from the competition.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 24). Top Model franchise creator Tyra Banks returned as the show's host after being replaced for one cycle by singer Rita Ora. The judging panel, consisting of model Ashley Graham, Paper magazine chief creative officer Drew Elliott, and celebrity stylist Law Roach, remained otherwise unchanged.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 22). The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco from Washington, D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the very first deaf contestant in the history of America's Next Top Model.", "America's Next Top Model (season 22). The winner of the competition was 25-year-old Nyle DiMarco from Washington, D.C. DiMarco is noted for being the first deaf contestant in the history of America's Next Top Model.", "America's Next Top Model (season 4). The winner was 20-year-old Naima Mora from Detroit, Michigan.", "America's Next Top Model. Cycles 1–16 and cycle 19 each consisted of a cast of between 10 and 14 (13 or 14 from cycle 3 onwards) female contestants with no previous participation on the series. Cycle 17's cast consisted entirely of previous participants, while cycle 18's had seven new contestants and seven former Britain's Next Top Model participants, one of whom was the eventual winner, Sophie Sumner. Cycles 20–22 featured male contestants in the contest, including two eventual winners (Keith Carlos in cycle 21 and Nyle DiMarco in cycle 22). Cycle 23 follows the series' original format of an all-new, all-female cast. As of March 2017[update], 23 people have won the competition: Adrianne Curry, Yoanna House, Eva Pigford, Naima Mora, Nicole Linkletter, Danielle Evans, CariDee English, Jaslene Gonzalez, Saleisha Stowers, Whitney Thompson, McKey Sullivan, Teyona Anderson, Nicole Fox, Krista White, Ann Ward, Brittani Kline, Lisa D'Amato, Sophie Sumner, Laura James, Jourdan Miller, Keith Carlos, Nyle DiMarco and India Gants. Winners typically receive a feature in a magazine and a contract with a modeling agency among other prizes.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 23). The winner of the competition was 20 year-old India Gants from Seattle, Washington.", "America's Next Top Model (season 24). The surviving models later met with judge Drew Elliot and fashion director Nicola Formichetti for an Avant-garde photo shoot and runway challenge. The remaining 18 contestants moved into the model house, and at the end of the week, host Tyra Banks selected the finalized cast of 14 contestants. Immediately afterwards, Banks announced that one of the semifinalists who'd missed the final cut, Erin Green, would also be allowed to move on to the main competition, bringing the final number of contestants to 15.[4][5]", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 23). The remaining contestants had a challenge, won by Courtney, in which they were photographed by paparazzi in the street. On set, the models were photographed in a mock-cover and beauty shoot for Paper magazine. At elimination, Tash became the next contestant to leave the competition.", "America's Next Top Model (cycle 23). The contestants had an acting challenge with Adrienne C. Moore, where Courtney was chosen as the winner. They later had a motion beauty shoot before meeting the judges for the next elimination, where Cody became the next contestant to leave the competition." ]

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[ "List of The Walking Dead episodes. In October 2016, the series was renewed for a 16-episode eighth season, which premiered on October 22, 2017.[3][4] As of April 15, 2018,[update] 115 episodes of The Walking Dead have aired, concluding the eighth season. In January 2018, the series was renewed for a ninth season.[5]", "The Walking Dead: The Final Season. The game is separated into four episodes, released every six weeks.[3]", "The Walking Dead (video game). The game was separated into five episodes, released in two-month intervals.", "The Walking Dead: Season Two. The game is separated into five episodes, like the first season.", "List of The Walking Dead episodes. The Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic television series based on the comic book of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore and Charlie Adlard, and developed for television by Frank Darabont. It premiered on the cable network AMC on October 31, 2010.[1] The series focuses on Rick Grimes, a sheriff's deputy who slips into a coma after being shot. He awakens to find himself in a dangerous new world that has been overrun by \"walkers\". He joins a group of survivors (including his wife and son) as they try to survive in a world among the undead.[2]", "The Walking Dead: A New Frontier. The game is separated into five episodes, like the first and second seasons.", "The Walking Dead (video game). The Walking Dead has been critically acclaimed, with reviewers praising the harsh emotional tone of the story and the empathetic connection established between Lee and Clementine. It won year-end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. More than one million unique players have purchased at least one episode from the series, with over 8.5 million individual units sold by the end of 2012, and its success has been seen as constituting a revitalization of the weakened adventure game genre. In July 2013, Telltale released an additional downloadable episode, 400 Days, to extend the first season and bridge the gap towards Telltale's second season, released later that year. Season 3 and Season 4 of The Walking Dead was released in 2016 and 2018, respectively.", "The Walking Dead (video game series). According to Telltale, the combined games in the series have sold over 50 million episodes worldwide by July 2017.[38]", "The Walking Dead (season 6). The sixth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 11, 2015,[1] and concluded on April 3, 2016, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the third consecutive season. The sixth season received positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series, at the 42nd Saturn Awards.[2]", "The Walking Dead (season 5). The fifth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 12, 2014, and concluded on March 29, 2015, consisting of 16 episodes.[1] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers were Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The fifth season received widespread critical acclaim by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the third consecutive year, at the 41st Saturn Awards.[2]", "The Walking Dead (season 8). The eighth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 22, 2017, and concluded on April 15, 2018, consisting of 16 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for his fifth and final season. The eighth season has received positive reviews from critics.", "The Walking Dead (video game). An additional episode, titled 400 Days, was released in July 2013 as downloadable content, bridging the gap between the first and second season. It focuses on five new characters, and is presented in a nonlinear narrative style; players can approach the five stories in any order they choose.[45]", "The Walking Dead (season 7). The seventh season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 23, 2016, and concluded on April 2, 2017, consisting of 16 episodes.[1][2] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple as showrunner for the fourth consecutive season. The seventh season received generally positive reviews by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Horror Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 43rd Saturn Awards.[3]", "The Walking Dead (season 4). The fourth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes.[1] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series.[2] The fourth season was well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 40th Saturn Awards.[3]", "The Walking Dead (season 3). The third season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 14, 2012, and concluded on March 31, 2013, consisting of 16 episodes.[1][2] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara as showrunner for the second consecutive season. The third season was very well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won two, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series, at the 39th Saturn Awards.[3]", "The Walking Dead (comic book). On February 18, 2011, Telltale Games announced plans to create an episodic video game based on the series,[27] which was scheduled to debut in fall 2011 and was released worldwide in April 2012. The Walking Dead: The Game consists of five episodes, released between April and November 2012. Additional downloadable content, 400 Days, was released in July 2013. Kirkman has said that, unlike typical zombie games such as Left 4 Dead, \"it [focuses] more on characterization and emotion than action\".[28]", "The Walking Dead (season 1). The first season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 31, 2010, and concluded on December 5, 2010, consisting of 6 episodes. Developed for television by Frank Darabont, who wrote or co-wrote four of the season's six episodes and directed the pilot episode, \"Days Gone Bye\", the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard.[1] It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, David Alpert, Charles H. Eglee, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Darabont assuming the role of showrunner.", "List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes. As of October 15, 2017,[update] 37 episodes of Fear the Walking Dead have aired, concluding the third season. In April 2017, AMC renewed the series for a fourth season.[5]", "The Walking Dead (comic book). The first episode of the sequel, The Walking Dead: Season Two, was released in December 2013 with episode 2 being released in March 2014, episode 3 in May 2014, episode 4 in July 2014, and episode 5 in August 2014.", "The Walking Dead (season 2). The second season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 16, 2011, and concluded on March 18, 2012, consisting of 13 episodes.[1][2] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Darabont, Kirkman, Glen Mazzara, David Alpert, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Mazzara assuming the role of showrunner after Darabont's departure from the series.", "The Walking Dead (video game series). The Walking Dead is an episodic, graphic adventure video game series developed and published by Telltale Games, based on The Walking Dead comic book series. First released in April 2012, the series currently spans three main five-episode seasons, an additional episode as downloadable content, and a mini three-episode season, with plans to release a fourth and final season in 2018. The games have been released to personal computers, game consoles, and mobile devices and have had both digital and physical releases.", "The Walking Dead (season 9). The ninth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC premiered on October 7, 2018, and will consist of 16 episodes, split into two parts; each consisting of eight episodes with the latter half airing in early 2019.[1][2] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The executive producers are Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Angela Kang, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, Denise Huth, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Kang taking over the role of showrunner from Gimple.[3]", "The Walking Dead (season 3). AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a third season on October 25, 2011 after the season two premiere broke cable ratings records in the 18-49 demographic.[8] On January 14, 2012, AMC announced that the third season will contain 16 episodes.[2]", "The Walking Dead (video game). The Walking Dead was originally announced as a five-episode series with approximately monthly releases as digital downloads for Microsoft Windows, OS X, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 systems. Its release was slated for late 2011, but it was ultimately pushed back to April 2012.[76][77] This date was shortly after the conclusion of the final episode of the second season of The Walking Dead television show, providing a means for the game to ride the popularity of the show.[58]", "The Walking Dead (comic book). When the television series premiered in October 2010, Image Comics announced The Walking Dead Weekly. The first 52 issues of the series began to be reprinted on January 5, 2011, with one issue per week for a year.[8]", "The Walking Dead (video game). The Walking Dead (also known as The Walking Dead: The Game[5] and The Walking Dead: Season One[6]) is an episodic adventure game video game developed and published by Telltale Games. Based on The Walking Dead comic book series, the game consists of five episodes, released between April and November 2012. It is available for Android, iOS, Kindle Fire HDX, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Xbox 360, PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch. The game is the first of The Walking Dead video game series published by Telltale.", "The Walking Dead (comic book). The series is periodically re-published in trade paperbacks which contain six issues each, hardcover books with twelve issues and occasional bonus material, omnibus editions of twenty-four issues, and compendium editions of forty-eight issues.", "The Walking Dead (video game). The Walking Dead was a financial success, aided by the ease of digital distribution.[130] The first episode topped the charts on Xbox Live Arcade for the week of April 30,[131] and remained at the top for two weeks. It also topped the sales charts for both PlayStation Network and Steam for a week.[132] The first episode sold one million copies in 20 days (not including iOS sales), making it Telltale's fastest selling title to date.[132] With the third episode's release, over 3.8 million episodes were delivered to 1.2 million players.[130] As of January 2013, over 8.5 million episodes have been sold across all platforms, representing about $40 million in revenue.[58] Telltale's CEO Dan Connors has stated that the iOS version represented about 25% of their overall sales, the \"largest upswing\" for any platform, with sale particularly high in November and December 2012, due in part due to various sales on the App Store.[58] Upon announcement of the 400 Days content, Telltale reported that over 17 million episodes have been purchased across all platforms worldwide,[133] while by October 2013, at the time of the formal announcement of Season Two, over 21 million episodes have been sold.[61] As of July 28, 2014, 28 million episodes have been sold.[134]", "The Walking Dead (comic book). AMC picked up the rights to produce a show based on the comic in 2009.[15][16] It ordered a pilot episode on January 21, 2010[17] and began filming on May 15, 2010.[18] The series premiered on October 31, 2010 with high ratings.[19] On November 8, 2010, after broadcasting two episodes, AMC renewed The Walking Dead for a second season of 13 episodes,[20] which began on October 16, 2011.[21] The TV show is loosely inspired by the comic, introducing new characters and deviating from the comic in certain plot points.", "The Walking Dead (video game). In February 2013, Whitta suggested that there may also be some material released before the second season to tide players over until then.[65] This was revealed to be the aforementioned 400 Days downloadable content, revealed at the 2013 Electronic Entertainment Expo following a week of brief Vine video teaser movies posted by Telltale, introducing the five main characters in the added episode.[66] The content uses information from the player's saved game from the first season, and decisions made within 400 Days will continue into season two. The content was made available on the game's existing platforms between July 2 and 11, 2013, while a special bundled edition of the PlayStation Vita, including the full The Walking Dead game and 400 Days content, was released on August 20, 2013.[44][67][68][69][70][71] A \"Game of the Year\" edition of The Walking Dead, including all five episodes and 400 Days, was released for retail for the Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3 platforms on November 19, 2013.[61]", "The Walking Dead: The Final Season. Due to course-corrections made at Telltale in 2017, The Walking Dead: The Final Season was primarily the only game the company released that year, cutting down from twenty episodes across multiple games in 2017 to only this season's four in 2018. The game's executive producer Brodie Andersen said that \"We know we ran a little hot in previous years and weren't able to fully deliver the experiences we may have wanted to, so that was important to focus in on a polished quality experience players love.\"[10] Because of the reduced product schedule, Telltale was able to establish firm release dates for all four episodes in the season, a first for any of Telltale's episodic series. Andersen said that they were able to achieve this by starting from where they wanted The Final Season to end, and then building the narrative backwards from that, establishing four clear episodes for the series to work towards.[10]", "List of The Walking Dead episodes. Prior to the start of season 2, a six-episode web series called Torn Apart premiered on October 3, 2011 on AMC's official website. The web series is directed by special effects makeup artist and co-executive producer Greg Nicotero and tells the origin story of Hannah, also known as \"Bicycle Girl\", the walker that Rick Grimes killed out of mercy and whose bicycle he took in the first episode of the TV series.[122]" ]

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[ "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). Hawaii Five-0 uses the original show theme song composed by Morton Stevens. Critics received an early copy of the pilot with a synthesizer and guitar-based version of the theme. After negative reaction to the reworked song spread quickly online, Kurtzman said he and others realized that changing the music was a mistake, and arranged for studio musicians,[65] including three who had worked on the original from 1968,[66] to rerecord the theme \"exactly as it was\", except shortened to 30 seconds[65] from its original length of about 60 seconds.[67] Original instrumental music is composed by Brian Tyler and Keith Power.[68]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett, the head of a special state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s.[3] The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Many episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to \"Book 'em, Danno!\", sometimes specifying a charge such as \"murder one\".", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Darts player Wayne Mardle used the song as his walk-on song in 2013.[28]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The song was also featured in the film 50 First Dates (2004), and the Sammy Davis Jr. version of the theme song was re-recorded by Los Straitjackets with Deke Dickerson and released in 2014.", "Hawaii Five-O (album). Hawaii Five-O is an instrumental album by the Ventures. It is named for the popular 1968 television series, and featured the theme song from the series as its title track. It was released in 1969 on Liberty Records LST-8061 and reached #11 on the Billboard Top LP chart, staying for 24 weeks.[2] The album was certified gold by RIAA on July 21, 1971.[3][4] The popularity of the album was propelled by the hit title track, which reached #4 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Another legacy of the show is the popularity of the Hawaii Five-O theme music. The tune was composed by Morton Stevens, who also composed numerous episode scores performed by the CBS Orchestra. The theme was later recorded by the Ventures, whose version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart,[6] and is particularly popular with college and high school marching bands, especially at the University of Hawaii where it has become the unofficial fight song. The tune has also been heard at Robertson Stadium after Houston Dynamo goals scored by Brian Ching, a native of Hawaii. Because of the tempo of the music, the theme gained popularity in the UK with followers of Northern soul and was popular on dance floors in the 1970s.[25]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Hawaii Five-O was named in honor of Hawaii's being the 50th state. Although the show's name has always ended with the numeral \"0\", the soundtrack album, released in the late 1960s, used the letter \"O\" instead of the numeral zero.[4][unreliable source?] The letter \"O\" is sometimes used to differentiate the original series and the remake, which premiered in 2010 and always uses the numeral zero.[citation needed] The show centers on a fictional state police force led by former US naval officer Steve McGarrett (played by Jack Lord), a detective captain, who is appointed by the Governor, Paul Jameson. In the show, McGarrett oversees state police officers – the young Danny Williams, veteran Chin Ho Kelly, and streetwise Kono Kalakaua for seasons one through four. Honolulu Police Department Officer Duke Lukela joined the team as a regular, as did Ben Kokua, who replaced Kono beginning with season five. Occasionally, McGarrett's Five-O team is assisted by other officers as needed: Douglas Mossman as Det. Frank Kamana, P.O. Sandi Wells (Amanda McBroom), medical examiner Doc Bergman (Al Eben), forensic specialist Che Fong (Harry Endo), and a secretary. The first secretary was May, then Jenny, and later Malia, Lani and Luana.[5]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). A soundtrack album featuring Morton Stevens' theme and incidental music from the pilot and the first two seasons was issued by Capitol Records in 1970. Unlike many albums of television music of the time, the music was taken directly from the scoring sessions rather than being specially re-recorded for album release. One of the instrumental pieces on the album, \"Call to Danger\", was originally recorded for the unsold 1967 pilot of the same name and also excerpted as background music accompanying a \"Special Presentation\" logo that CBS used to introduce its prime time television specials throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The album was re-issued on compact disc by Film Score Monthly in 2010.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Although the theme is most widely known as an instrumental, it has been released with at least two similar but different sets of lyrics. The first, \"You Can Come with Me\" by Don Ho, opens with an instrumental in the familiar tempo, then settles into a ballad style for the sung portion.[26] The second, by Sammy Davis, Jr., titled \"You Can Count on Me (Theme from Hawaii Five-O)\", maintains the driving style of the original instrumental throughout.[27]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). In the Australian movie The Dish, the theme was mistaken for the national anthem of the US by a local band upon the visit of the US Ambassador to Parkes, NSW, to commemorate the 1969 Moon landing.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The opening title sequence was created by television director Reza S. Badiyi. Early shows began with a cold open suggesting the sinister plot for that episode, then cut to a shot of a big ocean wave and the start of the theme song.[6][17][18] A fast zoom-in to the top balcony of the Ilikai Hotel followed,[13] showing McGarrett turning to face the camera, followed by many quick-cuts and freeze-frames of Hawaiian scenery, and Hawaiian-Chinese-Caucasian model Elizabeth Malamalamaokalani Logue turning to face the camera.[19] A grass-skirted hula dancer from the pilot episode was also included, played by Helen Kuoha-Torco, who later became a professor of business technology at Windward Community College.[20] The opening scene ended with shots of the supporting players, and the flashing blue light of a police motorcycle racing through a Honolulu street.", "Yvonne Elliman. A few minor Top 40 hits followed in 1979, including the title theme song from the film Moment by Moment and another disco track, \"Love Pains\", which was a major club success. She appeared in a two-part episode of the television action series Hawaii Five-O during this period as an aspiring singer, performing the song \"I Can't Get You Outa my Mind\" with co-star James Darren. The single \"Savannah\" was also a minor hit. Shortly thereafter she decided to dedicate herself to her two children.", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series is a soundtrack album featuring music used in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0. The first volume in the series received attention for how show producers integrated these new and previously unreleased tracks from major-name artists into the second-season episodes. This method contrasted with the norm for TV soundtracks, which tend to be compilations of previously released music that is already available individually or on other albums. Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series was released on October 4, 2011.[69]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). A one-hour pilot for a new series was made in 1996 but never aired. Produced and written by Stephen J. Cannell, it starred Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-O team. James MacArthur returned as Dan Williams, having become governor of Hawaii.[23] Several cameos were made by other Five-O regulars, including Kam Fong as Chin Ho Kelly[24] (even though the character had been killed off at the end of Season 10).[citation needed]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Kam Fong Chun, an 18-year veteran of the Honolulu Police Department, auditioned for the part of the lead villain Wo Fat, but Freeman cast him in the part of Chin Ho Kelly instead. Freeman took the name Wo Fat from a restaurant in downtown Honolulu. The name Chin Ho came from Chinn Ho, the owner of the Ilikai Hotel where the penthouse shot of Steve McGarrett in the opening title sequence was taken.[13] Richard Denning, who played the governor, had retired to Hawaii and came out of retirement for the show. Zulu was a Waikiki beach boy and local DJ when he was cast for the part of Kono, which he played for the next four years.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). There were two versions of the closing credits portion of the show. During the first season, the theme music was played over a short film of a flashing blue light attached to the rear of a police motorcycle in Waikiki heading west (the film is shown at twice the normal speed, as can be seen from people crossing a street behind the police motorcycle).[21] In later seasons, the same music was played over film of outrigger canoeists battling the surf.", "Jack Lord. John Joseph Patrick Ryan (December 30, 1920 – January 21, 1998), best known by his stage name, Jack Lord, was an American television, film and Broadway actor and director and producer. He was known for his starring role as Steve McGarrett in the CBS television program Hawaii Five-O, which ran from 1968 to 1980.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The one-hour pilot for a revived show, called Hawaii Five-0 (the last character is a zero instead of the letter \"O\", which is the true title of the original series as well), aired September 20, 2010, on CBS, and as of October 2013, the series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time.[citation needed] The remake version Hawaii Five-0 uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the Ilikai Hotel penthouse, the jet engine nacelle, a hula dancer's hips, the quickly stepped zoom-in to the face of the Lady Columbia statue at Punchbowl, the close-up of the Kamehameha Statue's face, and the ending with a police motorcycle's flashing blue light. Starting with the Season 7 many of the clips that were part of the original opening were removed and more action shots of the cast were included. On the March 19, 2012 episode, Ed Asner reprised his role as \"August March\", a character he first played in a 1975 episode. Clips from the 1975 episode were included in the new one, even though the 2010 series is intended to be in a different narrative universe than the Jack Lord series.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Bill Murray sang his own made-up lyrics to the song on one of his \"Nick the Lounge Singer\" skits on Saturday Night Live.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Australian proto-punk band Radio Birdman borrowed heavily from the program and its theme for their 1977 single \"Aloha, Steve & Danno\", later included on selected versions of the album Radios Appear. Band leader Deniz Tek, who grew up in Ann Arbor, Michigan during the heyday of MC5 and The Stooges, commented that he found Sydney of the early 1970s to be a rather quiet and staid place in comparison, and that airings of the program were a weekly highlight. The song was written after the band members realized they were spending a lot of evenings watching the program. The lyrics of the song's verses consist entirely of references to story lines of the early episodes. The chorus alludes to the boredom which band members experienced when the program wasn't on. The song's guitar solos and other elements of the music were directly derivative of the program's theme; Stevens received a writing credit on the song as a result.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). At the conclusion of each episode, Jack Lord narrated a promo for the next episode, often emphasizing the \"guest villain\", especially if the villain is a recurring character, such as that played by actor Hume Cronyn. The line he spoke was, \"This is Jack Lord inviting you to be with us next week for <name of episode>\" and then, \"Be here. Aloha.\" The promos were removed from the syndicated episodes but most have been restored in DVD releases from the second season through the ninth. Most of the promos are slightly edited to remove references to \"next week\".", "List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) characters. Dr. Bergman was first introduced to Five-0 by Governor Jameson. He was playing the piano and then wordlessly proceeded to explain the victim's cause of death to Danny and McGarrett, before finally greeting them and introducing himself. He has the tendency to rattle off trivia, prompting the Five-0 team to cut him off and tell him to get to the point. Danny often mocks him with medical jokes. Despite his lack of social skills, he does get along with the other members of Five-0. He has a Halloween tradition of dressing up as a character from a Keanu Reeves film.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). This tradition has been continued in the 2010 version of Hawaii Five-0, but is not limited to Alex O'Loughlin. All of the primary cast members take turns with the iconic \"Be here. Aloha\" line at the end of the preview segment.", "James MacArthur. He also appeared in television and radio specials and interview programs. His latest appearances included spots on Entertainment Tonight, Christopher's Closeup, and the BBC Radio 5 Live obituary program Brief Lives, in which he paid tribute to his Hawaii Five-O castmate, the late Kam Fong. In 1997, MacArthur returned without Jack Lord (who was in declining health) to reprise his character, who had become Hawaii's governor in the plot, in the 1997 unaired pilot of Hawaii Five-O which starred actor Gary Busey.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). To critics and viewers, there was no question that Jack Lord was the center of the show, and that the other actors frequently served as little more than props, standing and watching while McGarrett emoted and paced around his office, analyzing the crime. But occasionally episodes would focus on the other actors, and let them showcase their own talents, such as Danno defusing bombs in \"The Clock Struck Twelve\". Since Jack Lord had a financial interest in the show, he referred to other regular cast actors in the program as a \"with\", as in \"With James MacArthur\"; they were never called \"co-stars\".[16]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Tim O'Kelly originated the role of Danny Williams in the pilot episode, \"Cocoon.\" Test audiences apparently weren't positive on O'Kelly, however, and the producers replaced him with James MacArthur.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Known for the location, theme song, and ensemble cast, Hawaii Five-O contains a heavy use of exterior location shooting throughout the entire 12 seasons. A typical episode, on average, would have at least two-thirds of all footage shot on location, as opposed to a \"typical\" show of the time which would be shot largely on sound stages and backlots. It is also remembered for its unusual setting during an era when most crime dramas of the era were set in or around the Los Angeles or New York City areas.", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). The idea to bring Hawaii Five-O back to television had been under consideration well before the 2010 version was announced. The first attempt was a one-hour pilot for a new series that was made in 1996 but never aired, although a few clips were found years later and are available online. Produced and written by Stephen J. Cannell, it was intended to star Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-0 team. Original cast member James MacArthur briefly returned as Dan Williams, this time as governor of Hawaii, with cameos made by other former Five-O regulars. Another attempt was made to turn the project into a film by Warner Bros. but that also was scrapped.[18]", "James MacArthur. The episode \"Ho'apono\" from the 2010 version of Hawaii Five-0 was dedicated to MacArthur.[10]", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). On May 19, 2010, The Honolulu Advertiser offered an opinion about the new version: \"A smart script, slick production values and maybe a splash of nostalgia got the remake of Hawaii Five-O placed on the CBS prime-time lineup this fall, but it will take more than beefcake and a remixed theme song to keep the show on the air.\" The piece also pointed out that times have changed since the original left the air, citing other shows that were set in Hawaii which have come and gone. It expressed a hope that the producers will succeed in bringing a new life to the title with this remake.[76] Hawaii Five-0 was also in the Guinness World Records 2012 for Highest-Rated New Show in the U.S. with a record 19.34 million viewers for its January 23, 2011 episode (Kai eʻe).[77]", "James MacArthur. In 1967, Leonard Freeman, the producer and co-writer of Hang 'Em High, made the pilot for a new television police series, Hawaii Five-O. Before it went to air, the pilot was well received by test audiences, except for some dislike of the actor playing Dan Williams.", "Michael McKean. McKean reunited with Christopher Guest in Best in Show (2000) and also appeared in Little Nicky (2000), The Guru (2002), And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself (2003), and A Mighty Wind (2003) in which The Folksmen are played by the actors who played as Spinal Tap. McKean had a regular role as the brassy, heavily made-up bandleader Adrian Van Voorhees in Martin Short's Comedy Central series, Primetime Glick. He also had guest roles on such shows as Law & Order, Family Guy, SpongeBob SquarePants, and Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law. He did voiceover work as Henry's cousin, Louie, on Oswald, which coincidentally featured the voice of David Lander as Henry. And he lent his voice to an episode of Kevin Smith's Clerks: The Animated Series that was never aired on ABC but was included on the VHS and DVD versions of the series." ]

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[ "Balika Vadhu. As they grow up, Anandi (Pratyusha Banerjee/Toral Rasputra) falls in love with Jagdish (Shashank Vyas). Jagdish, too, considering her as his best friend and wife until he goes to Mumbai for college education and falls in love with his college mate named Gauri (Mahima Makwana/Anjum Farooki/Deblina Chatterjee). He divorces Anandi and marries Gauri.", "Sriti Jha. Sriti Jha (born February 26, 1986)[2] is an Indian television actress, Who appears in the Indian Soap Opera.[1] She rose to prominence with her roles in the Shows Jiya Jale, Jyoti, Dil Se Di Dua... Saubhagyavati Bhava?, Balika Vadhu and Kumkum Bhagya. She garnered the Indian Telly Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role for portraying the character of Pragya Abhishek Mehra in Zee TV's soap opera Kumkum Bhagya.", "Shashank Vyas. Shashank Vyas made his debut with the lead role Jagdish/Jagya in Colors 's serial Balika Vadhu\"in July 2010.His performance in the show earned him critical and people's praise and he became one of the most favorite television actors of India. After playing Jagdish in 'Balika Vadhu' for five years, Shashank quit the show in July 2016. His last episode was aired on 8th August 2016 He was replaced by Shakti Anand .Before Balika Vadhu\" Shashank appeared in small roles in Sony 'sRishta.com\" and Bollywood Hindi film Tees Maar Khan", "Balika Vadhu. Balika Vadhu: Kakchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte traces the life journey of Anandi (Avika Gor) and Jagdish (Avinash Mukherjee), who are married in childhood. Anandi, at the age of 8, has to accept and accustom herself to a new family of strangers and accept her roles as a friend, lover, wife and a daughter-in-law during childhood.", "Vyjayanthimala. Vyjayanthimala Bali (born 13 August 1936),[1] also known by the mononym Vyjayanthimala, is an Indian film actress, Bharathanatyam dancer, Carnatic singer, dance choreographer and parliamentarian. She was referred to as the first female superstar of Hindi cinema.[2] She made her debut in the Tamil language film Vazhkai in 1949 and in the Telugu film Jeevitham in 1950. She later became one of the most prominent actresses of South Indian cinema and in the golden era of Bollywood and was known as one of the iconic leading actress of all time.[3][4][5]", "Balika Vadhu. Nandini (Gracy Goswami) is facing hardships of child marriage and domestic violence, while Kundan (Sparsh Shrivastav/Karan Pahwa) becomes more and more cruel towards his wife while he grows up as a result of the wrong precedent set by the society around him. All these years the search for Nandini continues. Jagdish (Shashank Vyas/Shakti Anand) finally finds Nandini and reunites her with her mother. Anandi and Jagdish get Akhiraj arrested but he manages to escape from jail only to get his revenge against Anandi.", "Sriti Jha. She rose to prominence with the serial Jyoti on NDTV Imagine as Sudha Sharma as a Split personality Patient. She portrayed the role of victim of domestic violence in Dil Se Di Dua...Saubhagyavati bhava?.[3] She played the role of a blind girl in Rakt Sambandh. She Played the role of Ganga in Popular serial Balika Vadhu, later she quit the show.", "Balika Vadhu. Balika Vadhu (English: Child Bride) is an Indian soap opera that aired on Colors TV. It aired between 21 July 2008 and 31 July 2016 with 2,245 episodes. The story which is set in rural Rajasthan revolved around the life of a child bride from childhood to womanhood. The first season focused on Anandi and Jagdish, who were married in childhood. The second season reflects the lives of Anandi's daughter Dr. Nandini who was also a child bride.[1]", "Balika Vadhu. Jagdish divorces Gauri, realising his mistake and wants to return to his family and Anandi. But as he returns, he gets the greatest shock of his life by getting the news of Anandi and Shivraj's marriage. After getting married to Shivraj, Anandi forgives Jagdish and they remain good friends. After some time, Jagdish meets a woman named Ganga (Sriti Jha/Sargun Mehta/Aasiya Kazi), who was also a victim of child marriage and domestic violence by her in-laws. Jagdish helps her become free from her in-laws, supports her so she can fulfill her dream of being educated and she becomes a nurse. He eventually marries her after realizing his love for her. He accepts her son Mahendra as his own and later the two have a child named Abhimanyu.", "Roopa Ganguly. Ganguly rose to renown for her performance in the Bengali television series Muktabandha but rose to a higher prominence after she essayed the role of Mrinal in the 1985 Bengali TV series Streer Patra. She got her first national break in Ganadevta (1986) TV series and shot to wider fame and popularity after she had played the character of Draupadi in Baldev Raj Chopra's Mahabharat (1988 TV series).[17] She reprised the role Draupadi in Baldev Raj Chopra's Mahabharat Katha. She was further appreciated for her roles in TV series like Virasat and Sukanya. She acted a small part in Mrinal Sen's Ek Din Achanak (1989). In early nineties she acted in a number of commercial films but most of them flopped at box office. In 1993, she appeared In Goutam Ghose's National Award winning Bengali film Padma Nadir Majhi (1993)[18] which earned her critical acclamation for her enticing portrayal of Kapila in it.[19][20] She also earned rave review at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, 1994, for her performance in Sanat Dasgupta's National Award winning Bengali film Janani (1993).[21][22] In 1995, she appeared in Amal Ray Ghatak's Bengali film Ujan which earned her the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1996. She then played the character of Anasuya, an obsessed dancer in Aparna Sen's National Award-winning Bengali film Yugant (1995).[23] After that for a long duration she was not seen in any strong role till Rituparno Ghosh came to her with the offer of Antarmahal (2005) which earned her rave critical acclamation[24] as well as the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2006. In the same year she acted in a role of a conceited actress in Anjan Dutt's Tarpor Bhalobasa which once again earned her rave critical acclamation.[25] She was also acclaimed for her performance in Sekhar Das's National Award winning Bengali film Krantikaal (2005).[26][27] In January 2006, she was named by The Indian Express in the list of the five most powerful actresses of 2005.[28] She went on to earn further recognition for her roles in films like Kaaler Rakhal (2009), Chowrasta - The Crossroads of Love (2009), Chaurahen (2012), Na Hannyate (2012), Dutta Vs Dutta (2012) and Punascha (2014). In 2011, she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for rendering her voice in Aditi Roy's Bengali film Abosheshey (2012).[29]", "Balika Vadhu. Jagdish's family refuses to abandon Anandi and accept Jagdish's marriage with Gauri. Because of the rejection from her in-laws, Gauri becomes vengeful towards them which creates problems in her marital life with Jagdish. Anandi, on the other hand faces new challenges as she tries to carve her own identity out in the world — starting an NGO to educate girls and fighting against child marriage. She meets the new district collector Shivraj Shekhar (Siddharth Shukla), who is impressed with her. Jagdish's family want her marry Shivraj and move on.", "Shashank Vyas. Shashank Vyas (born 30 November 1986 in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh) is a popular Indian television actor and model. He is well known for his role of Dr. Jagdish Bhairon Singh in Balika Vadhu and Captain Ravish Ramakant Vashist in Jaana Na Dil Se Door .", "Balika Vadhu. After several unsuccessful attempts of killing Jagdish, Anandi, Nimboli/Nandini and his other enemies, he kidnaps Ganga and wants to exchange her life for those of Jagdish, Anandi, Nimboli/Nandini and Jagdish's grandmother, Kalyani (Surekha Sikri), Anandi's enemy and initiator of Anandi and Jagdish's premature alliance in the 1-st place but changed throughout the years to be Anandi's greatest support.", "Balika Vadhu. Balika Vadhu: Lamhe Pyaar Ke traces the life journey of Doctor Nandini (Mahhi Vij) after the death of her mother Anandi. It is shown how Nandini and Shivam were put in an orphanage and how Shivam was separated from his sister after murdering a man who was trying to rape her. Nandini ended up getting adopted by Mr. Shekhawat, who raised her and let her dream come true of becoming a doctor after 15 years. Nandini made a promise to her deceasing Anandi that she would fulfill her wish about opening medical treatments in every corner of Rajasthan, that Nandini wanted to name Anandi Memorial. She gets a great support by her mentor Doctor Amit Naresh Goel (Avinash Sachdev) who has feelings for her. Shivam (Dishank Arora) grows up to be a gangster and hideout from Nandini as he's mad at her because she told him to leave after the accident at the orphanage.", "Sriti Jha. She also received 2 Bollystar Vazana Awards from Indonesia for her Performance in Lonceng Cinta(Dubbed Version of Kumkum Bhagya in (Indonesian Language).", "Balika Vadhu. A dubbed version of the serial is telecast in Telugu language as Chinnari Pellikuthuru on MAA TV.", "Balika Vadhu. A dubbed version of the serial is telecast in Malayalam language as Balika Vadhu on Surya TV.", "Balika Vadhu. Nandini meets a medical student named Krish (Ruslaan Mumtaz) who tries to win her heart. He eventually succeeds as she starts developing feelings for him. Nandini marries Krish, only to find out that Krish's stepfather, Abhayram (Vineet Kumar Chaudhary) is none other than her ex-husband Kundan. After a lot of turn of events Nandini learns that the man whom she wants her adoptive sister Sudha (Yukti Kapoor) to marry is none other than her own biological brother Shivam and the children of Anandi are reunited. The police kill Kundan after he kidnaps Nandini to forcefully remarry her while threatening Sudha's life and good prevails evil.", "Roopa Ganguly. Roopa Ganguly (born 25 November 1966 ) is an Indian actress, playback singer and politician.[5][6][7] She is one of the most popuplar faces of Indian television and mostly known her rendition of Draupadi in B R Chopra's hit television series Mahabharat (1988). A veteran of Bengali Parallel Cinema, she is known and for her versatility as well as keen and incisive transformation into characters.[8] She has worked with renowned directors like Mrinal Sen, Aparna Sen, Goutam Ghose and Rituparno Ghosh. She won many awards including a National Award.[9] She has been cited as the Bengali Film Industry's answer to Bollywood's Shabana Azmi for her intense ability of acting.[10] She is a trained Rabindra Sangeet vocalist and a classical dancer.[11] In October, 2015, she was nominated as the Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha, by the President of India.[12] She served as the President of BJP Mahila Morcha in West Bengal.[13] She served as the General Secretary[14][15] and the Vice President[16] for the West Bengal Motion Picture Artistes' Forum, a body representing cine artistes.[11]", "Balupu. Ravi Teja was signed in to play the protagonist and his role was said to be a Highly Energetic one with a rugged look sporting a beard, similar to his look in his previous film Venky. This film was the next film of Ravi Teja with PVP Cinemas after the 2003 film Veede.[15] Shruti Haasan has been recruited to play one of the female lead opposite Ravi Teja. She told IndiaGlitz that she would be playing a comedy role in the movie and this will be her first attempt at comedy.[16] For the first time in her career in Tollywood, she will be seen in a glamorous role.[17] S. Thaman, who previously worked with Gopichand Malineni for Bodyguard, was recruited as the music director for this project. Kona Venkat penned the script for the film.[18] In October, Anjali was recruited as the Second female lead, after signing Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu.[19] After impressing everyone as a spoilt-brat in Panjaa, Adivi Sesh was recruited for a pivotal role in this film.[20] Apparently, It was reported that Anjali is playing the role of a medical student in this film.[21] Ashutosh Rana, who previously worked with Ravi Teja for Venky, was recruited to play one of the antagonists.[6] Brahmaji was also recruited to play a vital role in the film.[22] Meanwhile, Brahmanandam's character name was revealed to be \"Crazy Mohan\" and his role was said to be one of the biggest assets of the movie.[23] In May, it was reported that Lakshmi Rai would make a special appearance in the film.[24] In June, it was reported that prominent Telugu comedian Ali would essay the role of Dr. Savitri, a Male/Female Doctor which was said to be one of the highlights of the film.[25]", "Disha Vakani. Disha Vakani (born 17 August 1978)[1] is an Indian film and television actress. She made her career as a stage actress in Gujarati plays like Kamal Patel v/s Dhamal Patel and Lali Lila.[5] She has appeared in supporting roles in films like Devdas (2002) and Jodha Akbar (2008).[6] She plays lead role of Daya Jethalal Gada in SAB TV's comedy show Taarak Mehta Ka Ooltah Chashmah since 2008.[7][8][9]", "Roopa Ganguly. In 2000, she appeared in Rituparno Ghosh's award-winning Bengali film Bariwali where she played the character of Sudeshna Mitra, an actress playing the character of Binodini in a film Chokher Bali directed by the male protagonist. In 2001, she appeared in a cameo role in Goutam Ghose's award-winning Bengali film Dekha. Though she made a cameo appearance in it, she garnered huge mass attention as the film was widely advertised on her enthralling dialogue, \"Sagar dekhben naa, shudhu amake dekhun.\" In the film she rendered her character with a fine, seductive approach especially in the Eki Labonyo Purna Prate song sequence where the character played by Soumitra Chatterjee recalls up an earlier moment of Ganguly gazing back at him.[40] In 2003, she appeared in Gautam Ghose's Bengali film Abar Aranye where she played the character of Shimul a buoyant woman who is grief-stricken at the deepest core of her heart for the probable loss of her husband. She appeared in a cameo role in Bow Barracks forever (2004) by Anjan Dutt.[41]", "Yamla Pagla Deewana. Yamla Pagla Deewana (transl. Crazy mad lover; Hindi pronunciation: [jəməlaː pəgəlaː d̪iːʋaːnaː]) is a 2011 Hindi action comedy film directed by Samir Karnik, featuring Dharmendra, Sunny Deol, and Bobby Deol in the lead roles.[4] The film marks the second pair-up between the Deol family, after their last sports hit, Apne (2007). The film's title is inspired from the song \"Main Jat Yamla Pagla Deewana\" from the 1975 film, Pratigya also starring Dharmendra.[5] The theatrical trailer of the film unveiled on 5 November 2010, whilst the film released on 14 January 2011, and received good response upon release. It turned out to be a box office hit.[6] It is the first installment of Yamla Pagla Deewana film series.", "Vyjayanthimala. Following successful re-entry in Tamil cinema, Vyjayanthimala then signed Dilip Kumar's home production film Gunga Jumna. Having been inspired by the 1934 Manhattan Melodrama, the film was one of the first Bollywood films to deal with the theme based on two brothers on opposite sides of law.[105] Directed by Nitin Bose, she co-starred with Kumar for the fifth time after Devdas, Naya Daur, Madhumati and Paigham. In this dacoit drama, she enacted the role of Dhanno, a washerwoman who falls for childhood friend Gunga, played by Kumar and eventually killed during a gun fight. To prepare herself for that role, Vyjayanthimala had to learn the Bhojpuri, a Hindi language dialect spoken by people in East India region. She was assisted by Kumar, who chose the shade of saree that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene. Upon release, the film opened to widespread critical acclaim from the critics. Her performance earned her rave reviews. Dinesh Raheja from Rediff said that: \"Ganga Jamuna deployed several crowd-pleasing elements...most of all, an enchanting relationship between Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala... Their characterisation ran so deep, which helped Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala give magnetic performances. Dilip is of course a thespian, but Vyjayanthimala is a revelation\"; while K. K. Rai from Stardust applauded her performance by adding \"Vyjayanthimala played the village woman with such simplicity and grace; you’d forget she was one of the most glamorous stars of her time. She also spoke the Bhojpuri dialect like a native\".[106][107] Critics praised Vyjayanthimala for her ability to master the Bhojpuri dialect despite her South Indian upbringing. Subsequently, the film enjoyed huge success at the box office across India. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around ₹ 70,000,000 with a net gross of ₹35,000,000 and a verdict of a blockbuster.[108] The film was the Highest-grossing film of 1961, and was the third highest grossing Hindi film of the decade behind Mughal-e-Azam and Sangam, another Kumar and Vyjayanthimala starrer respectively.[109] The film was ranked second by Boxofficeindia.co.in behind Mughal-e-Azam in their list of \"Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years\", which features all-time highest grossing Bollywood films by using the relative price of gold in different years to arrive at a hypothetical current value of box office collections of past films for its adjustment to inflation rate. ₹7.36 billion (US$110 million).[110] For her performance, Vyjayanthimala was awarded with the Filmfare Award for Best Actress trophy at the 9th Filmfare Awards.[111] In addition to that, she also won her first ever Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards in the Best Actress category.[112] In the same year, she starred in C. V. Sridhar's Nazrana. In this remake of the highly successful 1959 Tamil film Kalyana Parisu, again directed by Sridhar, she acted alongside Raj Kapoor for the first time. She played the role of Vasanthi, wherein she replaced actress B. Saroja Devi who did not reprise her role from Kadhal Parisu and its Telugu remake Pelli Kanuka.[113] The triangular love story received an average run at cinemas and ended up as the twelfth highest-grossing film of that year.[108] The same year she did another film with Sridhar. Being the first Tamil film to be shot in Jammu and Kashmir, she acted alongside Gemini Ganesan after a long gap after Then Nilavu.[114] The film and the soundtrack were widely appreciated by the audience, where it was a huge success.[115][116] The film was followed by J. Om Prakash's Aas Ka Panchhi with Rajendra Kumar.[117] For her portrayal, Vyjayanthimala got some negative feedback from the critics; The Hindu review said that: \"Even the otherwise powerhouse of talent, Vyjayantimala, with many a sterling performance under her belt, barely passes muster, despite the usual dance and song sequence to showcase her formidable prowess as an accomplished dancer thrown in\".[118] Despite some mixed reviews, the film was labelled as a hit at the box office and was declared the fourth highest-grossing film of 1961 where it had a silver jubilee run at the theatres.[108][119]", "Balika Vadhu. A dubbed version of the serial is telecast in Tamil language as Mann Vasanai on Raj TV.", "Priyamani. She was subsequently signed by director Mani Ratnam for his bilingual film, titled Raavanan and Raavan in Tamil and Hindi respectively.[48] Soon after, she was roped in by Bollywood director-producer Ram Gopal Varma for his trilingual film Rakht Charitra. Varma decided to cast her after seeing her National Award-winning performance in Paruthiveeran.[49] Her Kannada film Vishnuvardhana became a blockbuster hit[50][51] and later she starred in Anna Bond.[52] Although the film was poorly received by critics and featured on Rediff's \"Most Disappointing Kannada Films of 2012\" list,[53] it went on to become a successful venture at the box office.[54] She appeared in an item number in the Bollywood film Chennai Express.[55]", "Chokher Bali (film). The film's background score is by Debojyoti Mishra and, notably, it contains no playback singing. Sreela Majumdar dubbed for Aishwarya Rai and Sudipta Chakraborty dubbed for Raima Sen.", "R... Rajkumar. Sonakshi Sinha performed some action scenes in the film.[6] Charmy Kaur shot for an item song \"Gandi Baat\" for the film in June 2013.[7] Kannada actress Ragini Dwivedi made her Bollywood entry in the item song \"Kaddu Katega\" which also featured Scarlett Mellish Wilson.[8][9][10]", "Balika Vadhu. The show had two seasons titled Balika Vadhu—Kacchi Umar Ke Pakke Rishte (English: Child Bride—Strong Relationships of Tender Age, Child Marriage—Strong Relationship of Tender Age) and Balika Vadhu—Lamhe Pyaar Ke (English: Child Bride—Moments of Love, Child Marriage—Moments of Love).[2]", "Balika Vadhu. Anandi and Shivraj adopt an orphan named Amol who suffers from osteoarthritis and give him the love and affection of parents. They even help him regain his ability to walk but later, the boy is found by his biological parents who had never abandoned, but lost him thinking he was dead and take him to Dubai. After 2 years of a happy married life, Shivraj dies while trying to save Udaipur from a terrorist attack and Anandi shortly after that incident gives birth to their twins — Nandini and Shivam. Ganga furthers her studies to become a doctor with the help of Jagdish. Nandini who is 3 months old gets kidnapped by a man named Akhiraj Singh (Sunil Singh) who names her Nimboli and traps her into slavery by getting her married to his son, Kundan to avenge Anandi for preventing 5 year old Kundan and another infant bride's marriage.", "Dangal (film). While commending the acting performances of all the lead actors, most critics focused praise on Khan's performance. Deepa Gauri of Khaleej Times wrote \"Aamir Khan ... puts in such an earnest and inspired performance that will go down in the history of Indian cinema as one of the finest.\" [106] Maitland McDonagh wrote for Film Journal International that \"[a]ll four actresses playing Geeta and Babita are strikingly good, and Khan stands out as the deeply flawed Mahavir.\"[107] Aniruddha Guha of MensXP.com thought that Khan captured the character's \"highs and lows with flourish\" and called it a \"truly great performance\", while adding that \"the girls of 'Dangal' are a real find.\"[108] Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times called it \"best performance till date\".[109] Raja Sen of Rediff.com felt Khan's character was \"both fascinating and flawed\" and added, \"a winner utterly sure of his beliefs who bends the world around him to his will. It is the performance of a lifetime\".[110] Baradwaj Rangan of The Hindu noted in his personal blog that Khan brought out the contradicting nature of the character \"beautifully\" and called it \"one of his finest performances.\"[111] Variety magazine's Owen Gleiberman felt that Khan, despite looking like a \"jock version of Salman Rushdie ... with a tight-lipped mask, he finds a hundred ways to communicate emotion.\"[112]", "Balika Vadhu. An animated series,Chhoti Anandi, was launched in 2016. The show focuses on the adventures of 8-year-old Anandi and her friends. It was simulcasted on Colors TV and Rishtey from January to April 2016.[10] The animation was provided by HopMotion animation studio.[11]" ]

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[ "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" is a song written by Richard Leigh, and recorded by American country music singer Crystal Gayle. It was released in March 1977 as the first single from Gayle's album We Must Believe in Magic. Despite the title, Gayle herself has blue eyes.", "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" composer Richard Leigh had been responsible for all three of Crystal Gayle's previous Top Ten C&W hits, the third of which \"I'll Get Over You\" had reached number 1. According to Gayle's regular producer Allen Reynolds, he was advised by Leigh's landlady, songwriter Sandy Mason Theoret, that Leigh was \"a little down in the dumps lately because nothing much [was] happening\" after the success of \"I'll Get Over You\". At Theoret's suggestion, Reynolds visited Leigh to cheer him up. Reynolds explained, \"we were sittin' on the floor...singing songs to one another. [Leigh] mentioned a song that his publisher was gonna get to Shirley Bassey...[and] sang it for me: 'Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue'. I said, 'Shirley Bassey my ass, I want that song!'\" Reynolds recalls that when he played \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" for Gayle \"she was just as excited [by the song] as I was.\"[1]", "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. The song has been covered by Lorrae Desmond, Laura Fygi, Anita Meyer, the Nolans, Tessanne Chin, Alison Statton (aka Devine & Statton), Wendy Van Wanten, Georgia White and Dana Winner. Mireille Mathieu has recorded the song first in French as \"Un peu de bleu\" in 1977 then in German as \"Tränen Würden Mir Nicht Stehn\" in 1980, another French rendering \"Mes yeux bleus sont gris\" was recorded by Michèle Torr, Matell, and a Cantonese version titled \"你說是甜我說苦 (Your Words Are Sweet, Mine Are Bitter)\" was recorded by Prudence Liew for her Jokingly Saying album.", "Crystal Gayle. Believing Gayle was poised for a larger breakthrough, Reynolds encouraged her to record the jazz-flavored ballad, \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\". The song became the most successful of Gayle's career, spending four weeks atop the country chart. The song reached Number 1 on the Cashbox Top 100 Singles pop chart, became her biggest hit on the Billboard Hot 100 (No. 2), peaked at No. 4 AC and gained considerable airplay worldwide. Gayle earned a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance and the song also earned a Grammy as Country Song of the Year for its writer, Richard Leigh.", "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. The track was recorded at Jack's Tracks in Nashville on October 27, 1976. As Reynolds' regular session keyboardist Charles Cochran had suffered a stroke with some resultant numbness in his hands, Reynolds hired Hargus \"Pig\" Robbins to play keyboards, and Robbins instantly devised the song's signature acoustic piano riff; Cochran was also featured on the session playing the horn parts on a Wurlitzer. Reynolds noted \"it was just one of those charmed sessions...[After] we presented the song to the musicians...it was about the third time running [through] that song that we ran tape...[Gayle] sang [the song] wonderfully. It came so fast that she wasn't sure that she had done her best job. I had to let her try to sing it again on two or three different occasions until she was comfortable with the original [vocal take], and that's what we went with. Everything on that recording was the original take as it went down, except the string section I added later.\" [1]", "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. In a 2004 Country Music Television interview, Gayle stated that Leigh wrote the song because his dog had one brown eye and one blue eye.", "Diamond Eyes (Deftones song). In December 2010, \"Diamond Eyes\" was remixed by Deftones guitarist Stephen Carpenter's side project, Sol Invicto. The remix was released as a download for $0.99, with all proceeds benefiting Cheng's hospital bills.[2]", "Brown Eyed Girl. British singer/songwriter Iain Matthews remade \"Brown Eyed Girl\" for his 1976 album Go for Broke[51] from which it was issued as the lead single, becoming a hit in the Netherlands (No. 22)[52] and in New Zealand (No. 25).[53]", "Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue. The song became a worldwide hit single. In the United States, it topped the Billboard country music chart and was Gayle's first (and biggest) crossover pop hit, reaching number 1 on the Cashbox Top 100 for two weeks, and number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks, behind Debby Boone's smash hit, \"You Light Up My Life\". The album received Platinum status, the first by a female country singer. The song became Gayle's signature piece throughout her career. In 1978, the song won Gayle a Grammy Award for Best Female Country Vocal Performance. In 1999, the song was recognized by ASCAP as one of the ten most-performed songs of the 20th century. The song has a jazzy feel to it when compared to many other country songs of that era. Gayle had many more hit singles for the next ten years, such as \"Talking in Your Sleep\", \"Half the Way\" \"You and I\" (a duet with Eddie Rabbitt) and \"I'll Get Over You\", but none have achieved the same level of success as \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\".", "Crystal Gayle. Brenda Gail Gatzimos (née Webb; January 9, 1951), known professionally as Crystal Gayle, is an American singer. Best known for her 1977 country-pop crossover song, \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\", she had twenty #1 country songs during the 1970s and 1980s (18 on Billboard and 2 on Cashbox) with six albums certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. Gayle became the first female artist in country music history to reach platinum sales, with her 1977 album We Must Believe in Magic. Also noted for her nearly floor-length hair, she was voted one of the 50 most beautiful people in the world by People magazine in 1983. She is the younger sister of the country singer-songwriter Loretta Lynn and also singer-songwriter Peggy Sue Wright. She is also a distant cousin of singer Patty Loveless. Gayle is a member of the Grand Ole Opry and has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, near Lynn's star.", "Crystal Gayle. After the success of \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\", Gayle and her record producers leaned more toward crossover music with each new release. For the next ten years, she would have her greatest success. Gayle was awarded \"Female Vocalist of the Year\" for two years by the Country Music Association Awards (1977 and 1978) and for three years by the Academy of Country Music (1976–1977 and 1979).", "Beautiful Brown Eyes. \"Beautiful Brown Eyes\" is a traditional country song arranged by Fiddlin' Arthur Smith & Alton Delmore of The Delmore Brothers in 1951. An award was presented to Alton Delmore for \"Beautiful Brown Eyes\" in 1951.[1]", "The Bluest Eyes in Texas. \"The Bluest Eyes in Texas\" (originally released as \"Bluest Eyes in Texas\") is a song written by Tim DuBois, Dave Robbins and Van Stephenson, and recorded by American country music group Restless Heart. It was released in May 1988 as the lead single from Restless Heart's album Big Dreams in a Small Town.", "Brown Eyed Girl. \"Brown Eyed Girl\" is a song by Northern Irish singer and songwriter Van Morrison. Written by Morrison and recorded in March 1967 for Bang Records owner and producer Bert Berns, it was released as a single in June 1967 on the Bang label, peaking at number 10 on the Billboard Hot 100. It featured the Sweet Inspirations singing back-up vocals and is considered to be Van Morrison's signature song.[1] \"Brown Eyed Girl\" has remained a staple on classic rock radio, and has been covered by hundreds of bands over the decades.", "Brown Eyed Girl. \"Brown Eyed Girl\" has been recorded and performed by many other prominent artists such as: Adele (2008),[55] Busted,[48] Everclear,[48] Johnny Rivers,[48] Bruce Springsteen, U2,[56] Bob Dylan,[48] Brian Kennedy,[57] Steel Pulse,[48] Roberto Jordan (Spanish version \"La Chica De Los Ojos Cafes\"), Lagwagon,[58] John Anderson,[59] The Black Sorrows,[48] Ronan Keating,[60] Reel Big Fish,[61] and Joe Camilleri.[48]", "Blue Eyes (Elton John song). March 1982 (International)", "Beautiful Brown Eyes. The lyrics are sung from the perspective of a woman unlucky in love, divorced, remarried and will \"never love blue eyes again\". [2][3]", "Crystal Gayle. On November 15, 2016 almost 50 years after making her debut as a guest artist, Crystal Gayle was asked to become a member of the Grand Ole Opry by Carrie Underwood. The two performed \"Don't It Make My Brown Eyes Blue\" before Underwood announced the invitation. Gayle was officially inducted by Loretta Lynn on January 21, 2017.[7]", "Brown Eyed Girl. An Adult Contemporary hit (No. 13) for Jimmy Buffett as recorded for his One Particular Harbour album (1983),[54] \"Brown Eyed Girl\" was a 1984 C&W hit for Joe Stampley (No. 29),[54] while a 1980 remake by the Good Brothers was a hit in Canada on both the Country and Adult Contemporary charts, with respective chart peaks of No. 15 and No. 2.", "Brown Eyed Girl. To capitalise on the success of the single, producer Berns assembled the album Blowin' Your Mind! without Morrison's input or knowledge. Released in September 1967, the album contained the single as its lead-off track as well as songs recorded by Morrison at the March recording sessions for Berns. The album peaked at No. 182 on the Billboard 200.", "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain. Originally recorded in 1947 by Acuff, \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain\" was recorded by Hank Williams in 1951 for the Mother's Best Flour Hour. Other early remakes of the song were made by Donn Reynolds (MGM single - June 1957), Ferlin Husky (album Ferlin's Favorites - November 1959), Slim Whitman (album Country Favorites - 1959), Gene Vincent (recorded October 15, 1958/ album Crazy Times! -1960), Bill Anderson (album...Sings Country Heart Songs - January 15, 1962), John D. Loudermilk (album Country Love Songs Plain and Simply Sung Country Love Songs Plain and Simply Sung - August 1968), (Hank Snow)] (album, 'Greatest Hits\" ) and Conway Twitty (album Hello Darlin' - June 1970).", "Blue-Eyed Son. Blue-Eyed Son is an American indie rock band.[1]", "Diamond Eyes (Deftones song). \"Diamond Eyes\" is a song by American alternative metal band Deftones, and the title track of their sixth studio album Diamond Eyes. It was the second single released from the album and their 13th single overall. It was the second single recorded without bassist Chi Cheng, due to a coma induced by an automobile accident in November 2008. Former Quicksand bassist Sergio Vega played bass on the single as well as the entire Diamond Eyes album.", "Morten Harket. Before Morten joined Pål and Magne, he was the lead singer of a soul band called \"Souldier Blue\".[14] In 1993, Harket performed a cover of \"Can't Take My Eyes Off You\" by Crewe/Gaudio on the Coneheads movie soundtrack in 1993.[15] After A-ha went on a hiatus in 1994, Harket pursued a solo career, and has so far released six studio albums. Two of those albums were sung in Norwegian, but his 1995 album, Wild Seed, became more of an international success because of its English lyrics. Harket worked with Håvard Rem, a Norwegian poet, to write most of the songs. \"A Kind of Christmas Card\" and \"Spanish Steps\" were the most successful numbers. The rest were either easy listening songs, or more profound songs, such as \"East Timor\" and \"Brodsky Tune\" which had political messages in them.[citation needed]", "Blue Eyes (Elton John song). \"Blue Eyes\" is a song performed by Elton John with music and lyrics written by Elton John and Gary Osborne. It was released in 1982, both as a single and on the album Jump Up!, which reached No. 8 in the UK. In the US, the song spent three weeks at No. 10 on the Cash Box Top 100, It also went to No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, and spent two weeks at No. 1 on the adult contemporary chart.[1]", "What Do You Want to Make Those Eyes at Me For?. Swedish singer Christer Sjögren released recorded the song on his 2008 album Mitt sköna sextiotal.[7]", "Beautiful Brown Eyes. Solomon Burke, the Brothers Four, Billy Walker, Connie Francis, Chet Atkins, and Roy Acuff.", "UK national selection for the Eurovision Song Contest. During a press conference on 28 February 2007, the BBC confirmed that the artists taking part in Making Your Mind Up would include Big Brovaz, an RnB group who had 4 UK Top 10 singles in 2002–2003, Brian Harvey, a former member of the boy band East 17; Cyndi; Justin Hawkins of The Darkness, performing a duet with Beverlei Brown; Liz McClarnon, formerly of girl group Atomic Kitten; and Scooch, the eventual winners with \"Flying the Flag (for You)\". Scooch sang their entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 on 12 May 2007 in Helsinki, Finland and finished in second-to-last place with 19 points, ahead of Ireland who placed last.", "Beautiful Brown Eyes. The following recordings are credited to Smith and Delmore only:", "Drift Away. Garth Brooks for the 2013 Blue-Eyed Soul album in the Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences compilation.", "Soul music. Blue-eyed soul is R&B or soul music performed by white artists. The meaning of blue-eyed soul has evolved over decades. Originally the term was associated with mid-1960s white artists who performed soul and R&B that was similar to the music released by Motown Records and Stax Records.[51] The term continued to be used in the 1970s and 1980s, particularly by the British media to refer to a new generation of singers who adopted elements of the Stax and Motown sounds. To a lesser extent, the term has been applied to singers in other music genres that are influenced by soul music. Artists like Hall and Oates, David Bowie, George Michael, Christina Aguilera, Amy Winehouse and Adele are known as Blue-eyed soul singers.", "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain. \"Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain\" is a song written by songwriter Fred Rose. Originally performed by Roy Acuff, the song has been covered by many artist; such as Hank Williams Sr. and Charlie Pride. Also the song was later recorded by Willie Nelson as part of his 1975 album Red Headed Stranger. Both the song and album would become iconic in country music history, and jump start Nelson's success as a singer and recording artist." ]

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[ "The Mountain Between Us (novel). The Mountain Between Us is a romance-disaster novel, written by American author Charles Martin. The story focuses on Dr. Ben Payne and writer Ashley Knox as they get stuck on High Uintas Wilderness after a plane crash.[1]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). The Mountain Between Us is a 2017 American drama film[3] directed by Hany Abu-Assad and written by Chris Weitz and J. Mills Goodloe, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Charles Martin.[4][5] It stars Idris Elba and Kate Winslet as a surgeon and a journalist, respectively, who survive a plane crash, with a dog, and are stranded in High Uintas Wilderness with injuries and harsh weather conditions.[6] The film premiered on September 9, 2017, at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 6, 2017, by 20th Century Fox.[7]", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). On a stormy winter night, Dr. Ben Payne and writer Ashley Knox are stuck in Salt Lake City airport when their flights home are canceled. Both of them are in hurry—Ben has patients to attend to, and Ashley is getting married the following day. Ben hires a charter plane and offers Ashley a seat, but when their pilot suffers a heart attack during flight, the plane crashes, leaving them stranded in the High Uintas Wilderness.", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). Terry Miller Shannon, writing in The Book Report, called it \"not only a page-turner of an adventure story; there is a moving emotional counterpart to the physical journey these characters undertake.\"[4]", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). The novel was published by Broadway Books on June 28, 2011.[2] A film adaptation starring Idris Elba and Kate Winslet was released on October 6, 2017.[3]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). The project was first developed in January 2012, with Mexican director Gerardo Naranjo set to direct a script by J. Mills Goodloe.[8] In August 2012, Scott Frank was hired to re-write the script.[9] In November 2014, Hany Abu-Assad replaced Naranjo,[10] and Chris Weitz was later hired to re-write the script.[11]", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). 20th Century Fox adapted the novel into a feature film, with Hany Abu-Assad directing. Kate Winslet and Idris Elba played the lead roles. The film premiered on September 9, 2017 at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, and was theatrically released in the United States on October 6, 2017, by 20th Century Fox.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Abu-Assad has said of the film, \"I really didn’t see an epic love story against the background of survival, I think optimism and hope is crucial to survive. And to go on with your life even if you’ve had a lot of bad luck. So if you give (in) to the bad luck, you will die. (But) if you fight the bad luck, you have a better chance to survive and make your life better. This is very simple wisdom, yes? But still very crucial especially in these kind of days, when everybody feels entitled to their good luck.\"[12]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). In December, after the cancellation of their flight out of Boise Airport to Denver due to stormy weather, neurosurgeon Dr. Ben Bass (Idris Elba) and photojournalist Alex Martin (Kate Winslet) hire Walter (Beau Bridges), a local private pilot, to get them to Salt Lake City for connecting flights to Alex's wedding in New York (scheduled for the following day) and Ben's emergency surgery appointment in Baltimore, Maryland. As they board a small plane along with Walter's dog, Alex asks Walter if he has filed a flight plan, to which he says no, he doesn't need to, as \"... it's still light out ...\", they're flying VFR, and they'll beat the approaching storm. He tells them he flew combat missions in Vietnam, so unless somebody is shooting at them, they'll get there. Minutes after takeoff, Walter points out they're over the High Uintas Wilderness, 'a million acres of pure ass nature'. Alex notices the storm is ahead as Walter suffers a stroke, causing the plane to crash on a mountaintop. Ben, Alex, and the dog survive, with various injuries, but Walter is killed.", "Cold Mountain (novel). Cold Mountain is a 1997 historical novel by Charles Frazier which won the U.S. National Book Award for Fiction.[1] It tells the story of W. P. Inman, a wounded deserter from the Confederate army near the end of the American Civil War who walks for months to return to Ada Monroe, the love of his life; the story shares several similarities with Homer's Odyssey.[2] The narrative alternates back and forth every chapter between the stories of Inman and Ada, a minister's daughter recently relocated from Charleston to a farm in a rural mountain community near Cold Mountain, North Carolina from which Inman hails. Though they only knew each other for a brief time before Inman departed for the war, it is largely the hope of seeing Ada again that drives Inman to desert the army and make the dangerous journey back to Cold Mountain. Details of their brief history together are told at intervals in flashback over the course of the novel.", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). Though they survive the impact with injuries (Ben has broken ribs and Ashley suffers a terrible leg fracture), they are faced with harsh weather conditions and the fact that no one knows they are missing. The ordeal leads them to rely on each other to stay alive, and ultimately brings them closer.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). In his review for Variety, Peter Debruge described it as \"a movie in which neither the subzero temperature nor the romantic heat penetrates more than skin deep.\"[36] Also criticising the film, Steve Pond of TheWrap found it unnecessarily lengthy and said that \"a love story cheapens the grand survival story.\"[37] Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club criticized the central characters as \"a couple of one-note personality-test types\" with \"zero romantic chemistry,\" and wrote that the script \"actually tones down the howling outrageousness of Martin’s novel, which seems to miss the point. But, structurally, it’s the same junk. Problems pop out of nowhere and resolve themselves, while torturous motivations attempt to explain why characters would withhold basic information from one another for weeks...\"[38]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Jordan Mintzer of The Hollywood Reporter described the film as \"an easily digestible love story-come-survival tale that tosses two excellent actors in the snow and lets them do their thing,\" before concluding that \"what really helps Mountain overcome its far-fetched scenario is the pairing of Winslet and Elba, who know how to turn up the charm tenfold yet make Alex and Ben seem (mostly) like real people.\"[34] Tim Grierson of ScreenDaily noted that the film \"struggles to balance its life-or-death stakes with its far more florid love story,\" but added that \"the considerable chemistry between Kate Winslet and Idris Elba certainly helps sell this tearjerker.\"[35]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Ben wakes up in a hospital and goes to Alex's room, where he finds her with Mark (Dermot Mulroney), her fiancé. Mark praises Ben for saving Alex, to which Ben replies she saved him, and he leaves the room, heartbroken. Some time afterward, Mark tells Alex, \"I told myself that if you ever lost a part of you (an arm or leg in her dangerous job as a photojournalist), I would still love you.\" But now, it's obvious to him that he has lost her heart.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). When Ben tells Alex he is going outside to get more wood for the fire, the culmination of all of their experiences together finally overcomes them. No longer able to resist each other, they have sex. As they lay in bed, Ben finally tells Alex that his wife died two years ago from a brain tumor, and he feels he was unable to save her. As Ben sleeps afterward, Alex takes his picture, having been reluctant to do so before.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Stranded for days with dwindling sustenance, Ben and Alex find strength in each other. Alex becomes skeptical that help will come, although Ben continues to insist they wait for help. After a heated argument, they both sleep, and Alex resolves that she will leave. At first light, she proceeds to leave the wreckage and starts a descent down the mountain. Ben awakens, gives chase, and eventually catches up with Alex, and they make up over past grievances.", "The Mountain Between Us (novel). In the film, Winslet's character's name was changed from Ashley Knox to Alex Martin, and Elba's character's surname from Payne to Bass. Also in the film, Winslet’s character’s occupation was changed to a travelling photographer/journalist and Elba’s character’s occupation was changed to a brain surgeon at first, then after the rescue, switched to being a general doctor. For the plot in the film, Winslet’s character hires the charter plane instead of Dr. Ben in the original book. [5]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). While making shelter in a cave, Alex uses her camera to locate a man-made structure and spots a reflective material flashing at her. They agree to make it down to this structure but on the way, they become separated from the dog. Ben goes after him and finds an abandoned cabin. As he looks through it, Alex feels the ground beneath her cracking. She realizes she is standing over thin ice and she falls through into the ice cold water.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). The film premiered at the 2017 Toronto International Film Festival, on September 9, 2017.[27] The film was initially set for release in the United States on October 20, 2017[28] but was later moved up to October 6, 2017.[7]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). In February 2016, Idris Elba came on board,[15] followed by Kate Winslet in June 2016.[16] Dermot Mulroney joined the cast as Winslet's character's fiancé in early February 2017.[17]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). They meet at a restaurant in Manhattan, where it is revealed that Alex is now a part-time teacher who is uncomfortable flying, and Ben is now working as a consultant at trauma clinics, as his frostbitten hands have not recovered sufficiently for him to operate. Ben admits that he did not call Alex back because he thought she would be married, and Alex responds that she couldn't go through with it; she fell in love with Ben while they were together on the mountain. After leaving the restaurant, Ben admits to Alex that they survived because they fell in love.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). German-Iranian composer Ramin Djawadi composed & conducted the music for the film.[26] The official trailer for the movie was released with \"Dusk Till Dawn\" by Zayn and Sia as the official soundtrack.the score from the film is now released at Lakeshore Records", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Principal photography started on December 5, 2016, in Vancouver, and continued until February 24, 2017.[18][19] Elba and Winslet filmed scenes at the Vancouver International Airport on December 6, 2016;[20] Elba also filmed scenes at the Abbotsford International Airport on December 7, 2016.[21] Filming stopped for Christmas holidays, from December 20, 2016 to January 3, 2017.[22]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Deciding they still won't make it, Alex again asks Ben to leave her behind to find help and return. Ben initially agrees but has regrets about leaving her behind. He returns once more, and they begin to press forward again. As they make their way down, Alex begins to tire quickly. However, Ben still refuses to leave her behind. They fall asleep in the woods. The dog wakes Ben, as it has found 'civilization', a timber yard just down the mountain.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Alex dismisses her feelings and reminds Ben of what he said on the mountain: \"the heart is just a muscle.\" They hug goodbye, and as they depart in opposite directions, they feel deep regrets and burst into tears and run back to each other's arms.", "Kate Winslet. In October 2017, Winslet starred in Hany Abu-Assad's romantic-disaster film The Mountain Between Us, alongside Idris Elba.[140] Portraying photojournalist Alex Martin, she received positive responses from critics, with The Hollywood Reporter describing the leads as \"charming\" and \"likeable\",[141] and ScreenDaily writing that her performance has a \"subtle emotional evolution\".[142]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 41%, based on 146 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"The Mountain Between Us may be too far-fetched for some viewers to appreciate, but it's elevated by reliably engaging performances from Idris Elba and Kate Winslet.\"[32] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 48 out of 100, based on 37 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[33] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"A−\" on an A+ to F scale.[30]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). On July 19, 2017, Winslet and Elba were spotted in London re-shooting some scenes for the film.[25]", "The Mountain Between Us (film). The first time Ben leaves Alex alone in the cabin, she goes through his personal things and again listens to a voicemail recording from his wife. Ben catches Alex in the act. She says she didn't mean to be nosy, but she just wants to know something about him, especially since he has disclosed so little about himself and he never talks about his wife. He allows Alex to finish listening to the voicemail, which implies that his wife left him. He tells Alex that it's been years since he last listened to the voicemail.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Ben wakes Alex and they make their way towards it, but Ben gets his leg caught in a bear trap. Alex tries to help him, but can't, so she keeps going, reaches the yard, and collapses in front of an approaching truck. The truck driver comes to her aid.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Ben buries Walter and tends to Alex's wounds, realizing they must find civilization for any hope of survival. Alex asks Ben to leave her behind as he has a better chance of surviving without her, but Ben refuses. Instead, he climbs a peak to see if there are any structures nearby. On his descent, he nearly falls off a cliff face. Meanwhile, a cougar approaches the plane wreckage and attacks and injures the dog. The cougar then approaches Alex within the plane wreckage but she wounds it with a flare. Ben returns to find a blood trail and rushes to the plane. He treats the dog and later retrieves the cougar's body and barbecues it for food.", "The Mountain Between Us (film). Ben hears the cracking and, seeing Alex fall, runs over, and pulls her out but she is unconscious and almost blue. Ben takes her to the cabin and starts a fire to warm her up. He takes the risk of giving her an injection he resourcefully crafted out of materials in the cabin. A couple of days later, Alex eventually wakes up to the sound Ben makes with the piano in the cabin." ]

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[ "Joe Louis Arena. Joe Louis Arena replaced the Detroit Olympia, where the Detroit Red Wings had played since 1927. The neighborhood around the Olympia had gradually deteriorated, especially after the 1967 Detroit riot. After two murders took place near the Olympia, Red Wings owner Bruce Norris seriously considered moving to a proposed arena in suburban Pontiac. However, the city of Detroit countered with a proposal for a new riverfront arena at one-third of the rent Pontiac was offering. The package also gave the Red Wings operational control of both the arena, nearby Cobo Arena and nearby lots.", "Joe Louis Arena. The arena hosted its first event on December 12, 1979: a college basketball game between the University of Michigan and the University of Detroit.[citation needed] The Red Wings played their first game at Joe Louis Arena on December 27, 1979, hosting the St. Louis Blues.[7] Later that first season it hosted the 32nd NHL All-Star Game on February 5, 1980,[8] which was played before a then-NHL record crowd of 21,002. Joe Louis Arena was the site of the 1987 NHL Entry Draft, which marked the first NHL Entry Draft to be held in the United States. In 1980, the arena hosted the Republican National Convention where Ronald Reagan was nominated as the Republican candidate for President of the United States.", "Joe Louis Arena. In April 2017, the Red Wings hosted their final game at Joe Louis Arena; the venue was succeeded by the new Little Caesars Arena, in Midtown Detroit, for the 2017-18 season. Joe Louis Arena will be demolished, and its site slated for redevelopment. The arena closed on July 30, 2017.", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. Around the same time, the area around the Olympia went to seed. After two murders took place near the arena, Norris seriously considered moving to an arena in suburban Pontiac. However, the city offered the Red Wings a deal Norris couldn't refuse—operational control of a new city-owned arena on the banks of the Detroit River, Joe Louis Arena. The Red Wings moved to the new arena during the 1979–80 season.", "Joe Louis Arena. It was the home of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League.[5] The second oldest NHL venue after Madison Square Garden, Joe Louis Arena is owned by the city of Detroit, and operated by Olympia Entertainment, a subsidiary of team owner Ilitch Holdings.[6]", "Joe Louis Arena. In addition, Joe Louis Arena was also a concert venue. Until the Palace of Auburn Hills was built in 1988, Joe Louis Arena was Michigan's largest indoor arena for concerts. The first concert to take place there occurred on February 17, 1980,[18] in which Max Webster opened for the Canadian rock group Rush. To compensate for most of Joe Louis Arena's concert business being moved north following the opening of the Palace, the Red Wings began a tradition of playing a home game on New Year's Eve. Aside from lockouts cancelling part or all of the 1994–95, 2004–05, and 2012–13 seasons, the Red Wings left the New Year's Eve date open in years they were scheduled to participate in the NHL Winter Classic. For New Year's Eve 2012 and 2013, the Zac Brown Band held concerts at the Joe. The 2012 date was already open due to the planned 2013 Winter Classic that was postponed by lockout until 2014.", "Joe Louis Arena. On July 20, 2014, following the July 2013 approval of a $650 million project to build a new sports and entertainment district in Downtown Detroit,[10][11] Christopher Ilitch unveiled designs for a new arena near Comerica Park and Ford Field which was completed in 2017 and succeeded Joe Louis Arena as the home of the Red Wings.[12] On October 16, 2014, lawyers involved in the ongoing Detroit bankruptcy case disclosed in court that after demolition (which will be paid for by the city and state), the land on which the arena currently stands, along with an adjacent parking lot, will be transferred to the Financial Guaranty Insurance Company (FGIC), a bond insurer with a $1 billion claim against the city.[13]", "Little Caesars Arena. It was reported in May 2012 that the Red Wings had hired HKS, Inc. and NBBJ to design a new arena for the team, which would replace the 33-year-old Joe Louis Arena as their home ice.[26] The new arena would be owned by the city's Downtown Development Authority and its land would be leased to Olympia Entertainment, a subsidiary of the Red Wings' parent company, Ilitch Holdings, rent free for a long term. Olympia would have full operational control of the arena, an arrangement similar to the one Olympia had with the city-owned Joe Louis Arena.[5][27] Sales of game tickets, parking, concessions, souvenirs, and any potential naming rights deals would not be subject to revenue sharing with the City of Detroit as they are with Joe Louis Arena. The city earned an average of $7 million per year through these revenue sharing agreements.[28]", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. The franchise played their first season's home games in Windsor, Ontario at the Border Cities Arena. The Detroit Olympia opened in 1927 and served as the team's home arena until the midpoint of the 1979–80 season when the Wings moved into Joe Louis Arena. \"The Joe\", as it is known, had been their home arena until the end of the 2016-17 season. Starting in the 2017-18 season the Wings moved into Little Caesars Arena. The team, led by head coach and general manager Jack Adams, found success throughout the 1930s, 40s, and 50s, making fourteen appearances in the finals and winning the Stanley Cup seven times. Led on the ice by the Production Line of Gordie Howe, Ted Lindsay, and Sid Abel (later replaced by Alex Delvecchio)), along with goaltenders Harry Lumley and then Terry Sawchuk, the Wings appeared in the finals six times from 1948 through 1955, winning the Cup in 1950, 1952, 1954, and 1955.", "Joe Louis Arena. The Red Wings' final game at Joe Louis Arena was played on April 9, 2017 against the New Jersey Devils. The Red Wings won 4-1, the final goal in the arena's history coming from Red Wing Riley Sheahan. It was the second of two he scored, which were also the only goals he scored at all during the 2016-17 season.[14][15] The last ticketed event held at The Joe was a World Wrestling Entertainment Live Event, held on July 29, 2017.", "Detroit Red Wings. During the 1979–80 season, the Red Wings left the Olympia for Joe Louis Arena.[73] In 1982, after 50 years of family ownership, Bruce Norris sold the Red Wings to Mike Ilitch, founder of Little Caesars.[74]", "Joe Louis Arena. In 1990, color matrix boards were installed on the scoreboard; these were replaced by four Sony JumboTron video walls three years later, when the matrix boards were placed in the corners of the fascia. In 2006, LED video screens replaced the JumboTrons. The screens debuted November 22, 2006, when the Red Wings played the Vancouver Canucks. That same day, the arena's West Entrance was named the \"Gordie Howe Entrance\" in honor of the legendary Red Wing player, and a bronze statue of Howe was placed inside the entrance. Joe Louis Arena currently houses 86 premium suites.[9] In 2008, the arena introduced the Comerica Bank Legend's Club, a 181-person private seating location in the southeast corner of the arena.[5]", "Joe Louis Arena. The Detroit Red Wings of the NHL hosted the Stanley Cup Finals at the arena six times (1995, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2008, and 2009), and won two of their Stanley Cup championships at Joe Louis Arena in 1997 and 2002. The 1998 Stanley Cup championship was won in Washington, D.C.'s MCI Center and the 2008 championship was won in Pittsburgh's Mellon Arena. The Red Wings lost in the Finals to New Jersey in 1995 at the Meadowlands Arena and lost on home ice in the 2009 Stanley Cup Finals to Pittsburgh.", "Detroit Red Wings. As of 2017[update], the Red Wings had won the most Stanley Cup championships of any NHL franchise based in the United States (11)[6] of and are third overall in total NHL championships, behind the Montreal Canadiens (24) and Toronto Maple Leafs (13). The Wings played their home games at Joe Louis Arena from 1979 until 2017, after having spent over 40 years playing in Olympia Stadium. They moved into Little Caesars Arena during the 2017–18 season. The Red Wings are one of the most popular franchises in the NHL, and fans and commentators refer to Detroit and its surrounding areas as \"Hockeytown\", which has been a registered trademark owned by the franchise since 1996.[7]", "Joe Louis Arena. Joe Louis Arena is a closed multi-purpose arena located in Detroit, Michigan. Completed in 1979 at a cost of $57 million as a replacement for the Detroit Olympia, it sits adjacent to Cobo Center on the bank of the Detroit River and is accessible via the Joe Louis Arena station on the Detroit People Mover. The venue is named after former heavyweight champion boxer Joe Louis, who grew up in Detroit.", "Little Caesars Arena. Little Caesars Arena is a multi-purpose arena in Midtown Detroit. Construction began on April 24, 2015 following a formal groundbreaking ceremony on September 25, 2014. Opened on September 5, 2017, the arena, which cost $862.9 million to construct, succeeded both Joe Louis Arena and The Palace of Auburn Hills as the homes of the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (NHL) and the Detroit Pistons of the National Basketball Association (NBA), respectively.", "Detroit Red Wings. Since no arena in Detroit was ready at the time, the Cougars played their first season at the Border Cities Arena in Windsor, Ontario.[12] For the 1927–28 season, the Cougars moved into the new Detroit Olympia, which would be their home rink until December 15, 1979.[13] This was also the first season behind the bench for Jack Adams, who would be the face of the franchise for the next 36 years as either coach or general manager.[14]", "Joe Louis Arena. In 1995, the Detroit Junior Red Wings won the Ontario Hockey League's J. Ross Robertson Cup, defeating the Guelph Storm.", "2016 Stanley Cup playoffs. Game four was the last playoff game to be held at Joe Louis Arena. The Red Wings closed the arena after the 2016–17 season.", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. On April 9, 2017, the Red Wings beat the New Jersey Devils 4–1 in the final game played at Joe Louis Arena. Riley Sheahan scored his only two goals of the season in that game.", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. In October 2016, it was reported that the Pistons' ownership were negotiating a possible relocation to Little Caesars Arena, a new multi-purpose venue located in Midtown Detroit built by Olympia Entertainment to replace Joe Louis Arena as home of the NHL's Detroit Red Wings, as soon as the 2017–18 season.[15][16][17] On November 22, 2016, the team officially announced that the Pistons would play at Little Caesars Arena in 2017.[18][19][20] The final NBA game at The Palace was played on April 10, 2017, with the Pistons losing to the Washington Wizards, 105-101.[21][22] That game ended a 42-year history of professional sports in Oakland County, dating back to the Detroit Lions' first game at the nearby Pontiac Silverdome in 1975.", "Detroit Red Wings. On February 10, 2017, owner Mike Ilitch died.[226] The Red Wings' playoff appearance streak came to a halt at 25 seasons when it ended in the 2016–17 season.[227] The Red Wings won their last game at Joe Louis Arena 4–1 on April 9, 2017, against the New Jersey Devils.[228]", "Little Caesars Arena. A formal groundbreaking ceremony was held at the arena site on September 25, 2014.[11] Following the completion of the new arena, Joe Louis Arena will be demolished, and its former site will be redeveloped into a hotel and retail complex. The sale of the Joe Louis Arena site comes as part of a bankruptcy settlement between the Financial Guaranty Insurance Company and the city of Detroit.[16][34]", "Michigan. The Pistons played at Detroit's Cobo Arena until 1978 and at the Pontiac Silverdome until 1988 when they moved into The Palace of Auburn Hills. The Detroit Lions played at Tiger Stadium in Detroit until 1974, then moved to the Pontiac Silverdome where they played for 27 years between 1975 and 2002 before moving to Ford Field in Detroit in 2002. The Detroit Tigers played at Tiger Stadium (formerly known as Navin Field and Briggs Stadium) from 1912 to 1999. In 2000 they moved to Comerica Park. The Red Wings played at Olympia Stadium before moving to Joe Louis Arena in 1979. Professional hockey got its start in Houghton,[147] when the Portage Lakers were formed.[citation needed]", "The Palace of Auburn Hills. From 1957 to 1978, the Pistons competed in Detroit's Olympia Stadium, Memorial Building, and Cobo Arena. In 1978, owner Bill Davidson elected not to share the new Joe Louis Arena with the Detroit Red Wings, and instead chose to relocate the team to the Pontiac Silverdome, a venue constructed for football, where they remained for the next decade.[8] While the Silverdome could accommodate massive crowds, it offered substandard sight lines for basketball viewing. In late 1985, a group led by Davidson decided to build a new arena in Auburn Hills. Groundbreaking for the arena took place in June 1986.[12] Using entirely private funding, The Palace cost a relatively low price of $90 million.[2][8] The Davidson family held a controlling interest in the arena until Tom Gores bought it as part of his purchase of the Pistons in 2011.[2]", "Detroit Pistons. In 1978, Davidson became displeased with Cobo Arena, but opted not to follow the Detroit Red Wings to the under-construction Joe Louis Arena. Instead, he moved the team to the suburb of Pontiac, where they played in the 82,000 capacity Silverdome, a structure built for professional football (and the home of the Detroit Lions at the time).[17]", "1995–96 Detroit Red Wings season. In the first round of the playoffs, the Red Wings defeated the eighth-place Winnipeg Jets marking the Jets' final games in Winnipeg as the franchise relocated to Phoenix following their playoff defeat. The Wings then defeated the fifth-place St. Louis Blues in the second round. In the Western Conference Finals, the Red Wings were ousted in six games by the Colorado Avalanche, who were in the first year after moving from Quebec. These two teams started the Red Wings-Avalanche rivalry, which lasted nearly a decade.", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. The next year, the 1927–28 season, the team moved into the Detroit Olympia, playing their first game on November 22, 1927. This building would be the home arena for the team until 1979. Also in that year, Duncan was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs. He was replaced as coach and general manager by Jack Adams, recently retired from the Ottawa Senators. Adams would be the face of the franchise for the next 36 years as coach or general manager. The Cougars finished with a record of 19-19-6, moving up to fourth place in the American division.", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. The Red Wings won their first game of the 2017–18 regular season at their new home, Little Caesars Arena, on October 5, 2017 against the Minnesota Wild by a score of 4-2.", "Little Caesars Arena. Olympia Entertainment officially announced in December 2012 its intention to develop a new district in downtown Detroit composed of offices, residential facilities, and \"a new state-of-the-art, multi-purpose events center\", with an estimated cost of $650 million.[29] In June 2013, the Downtown Development Authority officially announced the location of the new Detroit Red Wings arena and entertainment district.[30] On July 24, 2013, the Michigan Strategic Fund approved the Downtown Development Authority's request for $650 million in funding.[31]", "Joe Louis Arena. The Detroit Pistons of the NBA used the arena for Game 5 of their 1984 playoff series against the New York Knicks when the Pontiac Silverdome was unavailable due to a scheduling conflict. In the game, Pistons star Isiah Thomas scored 16 points in the final 1:34 of regulation to send the game into overtime before the Pistons lost. The Pistons were forced to return to Joe Louis Arena for 15 games during the 1984–85 season, after the roof of the Silverdome collapsed during a snowstorm.", "History of the Detroit Red Wings. The 2003 season saw the Red Wings promote associate coach Dave Lewis to the head coach position after Bowman's retirement. Needing a new starting goaltender after Hasek's retirement, the Red wings signed Curtis Joseph from the Toronto Maple Leafs to a three-year, $24 million deal. Also new to the lineup was highly touted Swedish prospect Henrik Zetterberg. The Red Wings finished the season second in the Western Conference and third overall in the NHL. The Red Wings were favored in their first round matchup against the 7th seeded Mighty Ducks of Anaheim. But the Ducks shocked the hockey world by sweeping the Red Wings in four games, thanks in large part to the strong performance of Ducks goaltender J. S. Giguere. The Ducks later advanced to the Stanley Cup Finals, where they lost in Game 7 to the New Jersey Devils." ]

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[ "George O'Malley. In December 2008, reports speculated that Knight requested to be released from his contract and that \"they were working out the details\" at that time. In June 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season of Grey's Anatomy, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season.[13] The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes,[14] O'Malley's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to be openly gay.[15] Prior to the official announcement of his departure, there was speculation that the role of O'Malley would be recast,[16] but Rhimes labeled it as a \"hilarious, ridiculous rumor\".[16] After the confirmation of his exit, Knight told TV Guide: \"Leaving Grey's Anatomy was not an easy decision for me to make. I am extremely grateful to have had the opportunity to play this character and will miss my fellow cast and crew very much. I continue to wish them the very best, and wholeheartedly thank all of the fans who have supported me and the show with such passion and enthusiasm.\"[17] In a statement confirming Knight's departure, Rhimes said: \"I think I speak for the entire Grey's Anatomy family when I say we wish T.R. Knight the best in his future endeavors. He is an incredibly talented actor and a person whose strength of character is admired by all of us.\"[17]", "George O'Malley. George O'Malley, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series Grey's Anatomy, which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character was created by series producer Shonda Rhimes, and was portrayed by actor T. R. Knight from 2005 to 2009. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. O'Malley married Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) whom he later separated with to pursue a relationship with Izzie Stevens. O'Malley also had entertained a romantic interest with Meredith Grey and Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback).", "George O'Malley. Knight auditioned for the show, expecting a one-season run. In 2007, Knight's co-star Isaiah Washington (Preston Burke) insulted him with a homophobic slur, which resulted in the termination of Washington's Grey's Anatomy contract. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor stated the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time, as well as his decision to come out as openly gay. Knight received generally positive reviews for his performance as O'Malley, and garnered a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards. Despite this, his death received mixed feedback.", "T. R. Knight. In 2005, Knight was cast as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Introduced as a surgical intern at the fictional Seattle Grace Hospital, O'Malley worked his way up to resident level, while his relationships with his colleagues Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) formed a focal point of the series. When Knight auditioned for the show, he expected a one-season run. In 2009, after the conclusion of the fifth season, it was confirmed that Knight would not be returning for the show's sixth season. The actor said the reason for his departure was due to a \"breakdown in communication\" with executive producer Shonda Rhimes, his character's lack of screen time,[11] and his decision to come out as gay.[12]", "George O'Malley. George O'Malley is introduced as a fellow surgical intern to Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Alex Karev (Justin Chambers); the five of them working under Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). O'Malley and Stevens move in with Meredith, for whom he has romantic feelings but did not express them due to his fear of rejection and the fact that she and one of the attendings Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) had a mutual interest in one another. On the first day of internship, O'Malley is selected by chief of cardiothoracic surgery Preston Burke (Isaiah Washington) as the first intern to perform surgery. He freezes in the operating room, and is mocked by his peers, and earns the nickname \"007\" because of almost killing a patient in such a simple operation (referring to James Bond's \"licence to kill\"). O'Malley dates nurse Olivia Harper (Sarah Utterback), breaking up with her when he contracts syphilis from her, which she in turn contracted from Karev. His friendship with Karev is further strained when the two become trapped in an elevator with a patient who begins to bleed out. Karev freezes, and O'Malley is able to save the patient single-handedly. He goes on to admit his feelings to Meredith, and the two have a one-night stand. When Meredith tells him that sleeping together was a mistake, O'Malley begins avoiding her and starts dating orthopedic surgeon Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez).", "George O'Malley. Jennifer Armstrong of Entertainment Weekly said that when O'Malley told Torres about his affair with Stevens, the scene was too \"melodramatic\".[34] Laura Burrows, also of IGN, said that the fourth-season premiere \"introduced a new side of George\".[35] Armstrong said of O'Malley and Stevens' reconciliation: \"George and Izzie are finally on the old Grey's Anatomy road to ruin. And I admit this is a good lesson in Grey's viewing as well as life: Sit tight if you hate something, as nothing is permanent.\"[36] Armstrong also commented that the \"sparkling\" friendship development between Lexie and O'Malley \"won her over\".[37] The following year, Monfette observed of O'Malley's lack of screen time: \"His growing interest in trauma surgery at the side of Owen leads to an interesting development in the finale, but the character is virtually side-lined this season.\"[38] Carina MacKenzie of the Los Angeles Times said of the character's death: \"The time-lapse episode was an interesting choice, and though we sped through six weeks of mourning in two hours, it didn't feel rushed to me. I'm not sure the show could have held my attention for another season of crippling sadness.\"[39]", "George O'Malley. O'Malley moves in with new intern Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Meredith's half-sister. Lexie and O'Malley discover that he only failed his exam by a single point, leading him to confront Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.), the chief of surgery, to ask for a chance to retake the exam. He passes the second attempt, and begins to distance himself from Lexie, who has fallen in love with him. O'Malley supports Stevens when she discovers she has melanoma, and walks her down the aisle as she marries Karev. O'Malley begins to display a talent for trauma surgery, and is told by the chief of trauma surgery Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) that it is definitely his specialty. He then abruptly and inexplicably decides to join the U.S. Army. While his friends at the hospital prepare an intervention to convince O'Malley to stay, they all work on a severely disfigured John Doe, brought in after a horrible bus accident, in which he pushed a woman out of the way and saved her life. O’Malley writes on Meredith’s hand “007” and she realizes it is her friend George. She runs to tell the other surgeons and they rush him to surgery. However, he flatlines and is ultimately declared braindead. There is confusion on if John Doe is really George and Callie confirms by a freckle on his hand. His organs are donated after Stevens confirms that is what O'Malley would have wanted, and he is buried a week later.", "George O'Malley. The Huffington Post's Michael Pascua commented that O'Malley's funeral did not live up to his expectations, writing that it \"wasn't as sad as [he] thought it would be\".[40] In 2006, Knight and the other cast of Grey's Anatomy were nominated for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series, at the 12th Screen Actors Guild Awards.[41] Also in 2006, the cast won the award for Best Cast – Television Series at the 11th Satellite Awards.[42] The cast won the award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series at the 13th Screen Actors Guild Awards,[43] and were nominated again the following year.[44] Knight's performance in season three earned him a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series at the 59th Primetime Emmy Awards.[45]", "George O'Malley. During a camping trip, O'Malley learns that Torres has slept with chief of plastic surgery Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), and also discovers that Burke is experiencing tremors in his hand. When O'Malley's father is diagnosed with esophageal cancer and a leaking aortic valve, he refuses to allow Burke to operate on him, instead contacting Erica Hahn (Brooke Smith), Burke's medical school rival. His relationship with Torres is strained when he confronts her about sleeping with Sloan, but he allows her to support him through his father's deteriorating health. Complications from his father's surgery leave him in multi-system organ failure, and his life support is turned off. In an attempt to overcome his grief, O'Malley elopes with Callie to Las Vegas. He later begins to feel that he was mistaken to marry her, and sleeps with Stevens while intoxicated. Stevens confesses that she is in love with him, so O'Malley considers transferring to a different hospital so he can be faithful to his wife. However, he is ineligible to transfer after failing the intern exams. O'Malley decides to repeat his intern year, and confesses to Torres that he slept with Stevens, leading the two to separate. O'Malley and Stevens embark on a short-lived relationship, only to discover there is no real chemistry between them.", "T. R. Knight. Theodore Raymond \"T. R.\" Knight (born March 26, 1973) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Dr. George O'Malley on the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy. Having acted on stage since the age of five, Knight had starred on Broadway, off-Broadway, and theatre productions in his home state of Minnesota. He received a Drama Desk Award nomination for his performance in MCC Theater's Scattergood in 2003.", "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy). Vernoff offered her thoughts on the death of O'Malley: \"It's heartbreaking. I fell in love with George, like many of you did, in season one. He was impulsive, big-hearted, and yeah, it's that heart that had him jump in front of a moving bus to save a life. It's a devastating end to a beloved character, but I would argue with anyone who said it wasn't a fitting end.\"[3] In the episode, Shepherd was offered the position of chief of surgery, but postponed his decision, due to Webber being his friend. Vernoff offered her insight on this:", "George O'Malley. Series writer Stacy McKee said of the sexual encounter: \"There's no turning back. There's nothing George and Meredith can do. The damage is done – things will never be the same. They've just changed something important in their lives forever.\"[23] When asked if O'Malley was becoming more assertive, Knight said:", "George O'Malley. T. R. Knight signed on for the pilot as O'Malley, expecting that the role might be short-lived, because he liked that the character was multi-faceted.[1] In October 2006, news reports surfaced that Washington had insulted Knight with a homophobic slur,[2] during an argument with Patrick Dempsey (Derek Shepherd). Shortly after, the details of the argument became public, and Knight later disclosed that the slur made him come out as gay.[3] \"I was under no delusions,\" Knight said at the time. \"My friends on the set knew. We talked about it. Publicly it's not my thing to call up People magazine and be like, 'Hey, you want to know something about me?'...I could've just let it slide and not said anything, but it became important. It became important to make the statement.\"[3] The situation seemed somewhat resolved when Washington issued a statement, apologizing for his \"unfortunate use of words during the recent incident on-set\".[4]", "Grey's Anatomy. In season three, George's father, Harold O'Malley (George Dzundza), is diagnosed with cancer and dies, with his wife Louise (Debra Monk) and George's brothers Jerry (Greg Pitts) and Ronny (Tim Griffin) by his side.[133] Louise goes on to appear occasionally, and was last seen in season eight.[134] A ferryboat accident brings along Rebecca Pope (Elizabeth Reaser), who is initially introduced as a pregnant Jane Doe victim, suffering from amnesia.[135] Pope eventually embarks on a relationship with Karev, until she is diagnosed with a personality disorder in season four, and makes her final departure.[95] Amidst the crisis of the ferryboat crash, Meredith falls into the water at the disaster site.[135] Although rescued, she goes into cardiac arrest, waking up in what appears to be limbo.[136] Within the limbo, Meredith is entertained by deceased acquaintances Duquette and Dylan Young (Kyle Chandler), who was killed during a bomb crisis in the second season,[137] until eventually being resuscitated.[138] Seeking a cure to her depression, Meredith undergoes therapy sessions with the hospital psychiatrist, Dr. Katharine Wyatt (Amy Madigan),[139] who in addition, serves as a psychiatrist to Hunt.[140]", "George O'Malley. Fans were \"widely against\" O'Malley's affair with Meredith in the second season,[22] however certain fans who supported their relationship were critical when Torres was introduced as a love interest for him.[27][28] Fans and critics were also against O'Malley's relationship with Stevens in the fourth season;[29] Maclean's said: \"George must die. He's slept with virtually everyone except the male cast and has been in love with virtually everyone except the male cast. And he's not that great of a doctor. Evolve or die.\"[30] Christopher Monfette of IGN said O'Malley and Stevens were a \"mismatch\", adding: \"Unfortunately, while it's refreshing to see a plotline driven by activity versus apathy, the idea of these two ever-affable, best-friend characters suddenly discovering their potential, out-of-nowhere love for each other quickly feels both force-fed and emotionally-incorrect.\"[31] Similarly, DVD Verdict stated that George and Izzie were \"one of the strongest 'best friend' vibes on television\" for the first three seasons, explaining \"they were perfect as friends [while] George and Callie made a good couple.\"[32] UGO.com put the two on their list of \"Character Couples Who Should Have Never Happened\".[33]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 11). Despite signing on for two more years after the tenth season, Patrick Dempsey decided that the eleventh season would be his last. The announcement was made on April 23, 2015, just a few hours before his final episode, \"How to Save a Life,\" premiered. Showrunner Shonda Rhimes spoke out about the departure as she said \"Derek Shepherd is and will always be an incredibly important character—for Meredith, for me and for the fans. I absolutely never imagined saying goodbye to our ‘McDreamy.’\"[19]", "George O'Malley. O'Malley was characterized a \"hapless naif\".[20] On the topic of O'Malley's longtime crush on Meredith in the second season, Knight said: \"What's going to be very interesting to see is what he's going to do with Meredith. It's getting close to time. Whatever he chooses to do will inform who he is the rest of his life.\"[21] After their sexual encounter occurred onscreen, Knight said in an interview with Maureen Ryan of the Chicago Tribune: \"George wasn't really paying full attention. He was letting his own feelings override his respect for Meredith. A person really clued in would get that there wasn't anything coming back, but he was so in his head about it and caught up in his own feelings that he wasn't listening. It's not just that he loves her...it's a kind of selfish love he had for her.\" He also added that, \"I think George has a lot of growing up to do. Part of that is making horrible, stupid mistakes. He's been pretty sheltered.\"[22]", "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy). The episode opens to a voice-over narrative from Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), explaining the Kübler-Ross model, that is the five stages of grief. At the conclusion of season five's finale, Dr. Izzie Stevens (Katherine Heigl) and Dr. George O'Malley (T.R. Knight) both flatlined, from cancer and being dragged by a bus, respectively, and the opening of the episode reveals Stevens to have been revived, while O'Malley has been pronounced brain dead. O'Malley's former wife Dr. Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) informs her colleagues that he has died, and suffers an emotional breakdown, hyperventilating. O'Malley's death had been implied in the first episode when he asks \"We're gonna survive this, right?\" with Grey answering nothing.", "List of Grey's Anatomy characters. George O'Malley's family", "Good Mourning (Grey's Anatomy). \"Good Mourning\" was written by Krista Vernoff and directed by Ed Ornelas. Joe Mitacek edited the episode and Donald Lee Harris served as production designer. Featured music includes Sweet Honey in the Rock's \"Wade in the Water\" and Joy Williams' \"Speaking a Dead Language\".[1] \"Good Mourning\" is the first episode not to feature Knight's character, O'Malley. Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five, following a disagreement with series creator Shonda Rhimes over lack of screen time for his character. When asked to make a 'flashback' appearance in season six, Knight declined.[2]", "George O'Malley. In an interview with Entertainment Weekly, Rhimes said she tried to talk him out of quitting, explaining: \"I looked in his face and he was really sure. It felt like the right thing for him.\"[12] However, in another interview, Knight said of his exit: \"My five-year experience proved to me that I could not trust any answer that was given [about O'Malley].\"[19] Knight was \"at peace\" with his departure, saying: \"There just comes a time when it's so clear that moving on is the best decision.\" However, Heigl tried to talk Knight out of leaving, saying: \"I didn't think it was the right decision. I felt like some of the problems could be worked through. But by the time it came to fruition, I was [glad] for him because he was ready to go.\"[19] On the topic of losing a US$14 million contract, Knight commented: \"From an outsider's perspective, I get the [impression that] 'He's just a spoiled actor, he doesn’t know how good he has it.' There are a lot of people who would like to be in my position. But in the end, I need to be fulfilled in my work.\"[19]", "George O'Malley. — Rhimes on Knight's lack of screen time in season five[18]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 10). On August 13, 2013, Sandra Oh revealed that after the tenth season she would be leaving Grey's Anatomy.[15][16] It was announced on March 25, 2014, that Gaius Charles and Tessa Ferrer were not having their options picked up for Season 11, meaning that Season 10 would be their last season as regulars on the show.[17] On January 23, 2014, it was announced that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons, as Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd respectively, meaning their characters will be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12.[18] On May 2, 2014, it was announced that the rest of the six original castmates, Justin Chambers, Chandra Wilson, and James Pickens Jr., excluding Sandra Oh, had renewed their contracts for another two seasons (11 and 12). Sara Ramirez also renewed her contract for another two seasons.[19]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6). The season was produced by Touchstone Television ABC Studios, The Mark Gordon Company, Shondaland and was distributed by Buena Vista International, Inc.. The executive producers were creator Shonda Rhimes, Betsy Beers, Mark Gordon, Krista Vernoff, Rob Corn, Mark Wilding, Joan Rater and James D. Parriott. The regular directors were Shonda Rhimes, Krista Vernoff, Stacy McKee, William Harper, Debora Cahn, Allan Heinberg and Peter Nowalk.[1] At the conclusion of season five, T.R. Knight was released from his contract, following a disagreement with Rhimes. When asked to make a 'flashback' appearance in season six, Knight declined.[2] Heigl's appearances in the season were sporadic, seeing Stevens depart and return twice.[3] Although she was scheduled to appear in the final five episodes of the season, Heigl requested that she be released from her contract 18 months early, and made her final appearance on January 21, 2010.[4] Heigl explained that she wanted to spend more time with her family, and did not think it would be respectful to Grey's Anatomy viewers to have Izzie return and depart yet again.[3] The season's two-hour opener showed the doctors of Seattle Grace Hospital, grieving the loss of their deceased friend, O'Malley. The special's writer, Vernoff, commented: \"It's heartbreaking. I fell in love with George, like many of you did, in season one.\"[5]", "Martin Henderson. In June 2015, Deadline reported Henderson would join Grey's Anatomy starting in November, as a potential love interest for series lead Ellen Pompeo's Meredith Grey. The actor exited two years later, his final appearance in October 2017. Henderson told Deadline that his departure was a storytelling based decision, adding, \"This [was] my final year so I was expecting Nathan’s storyline to be wrapped up.\"[5] [6] That same year, he appeared in Everest, with Jake Gyllenhaal.", "Grey's Anatomy. O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season, due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus,[82] and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West.[78] Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West.[105] Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West, and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey, until she reunites with Mark Sloan.[106] Subsequently, Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery.[107] In the season six finale, a deceased patient's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital, injuring Karev, Shepherd, and Hunt, and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson.[108][109] In the shooting's emotional reverberations, Hunt and Yang abruptly marry, not wanting to risk separation.[110] Torres and Robbins eventually wed, officiated by Bailey.[111] In season eight, Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt.[112] As the final year of residency for Meredith, Yang, Karev, Avery, and Kepner is coming to a close, the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers.[113] However, all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash, which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith, Shepherd, Yang, Robbins, and Sloan.[73] At the conclusion of the eighth season, Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM).[73] In the season nine premiere, Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health (the surge) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane. The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital, Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit.[114][115] The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit, but the pay out bankrupts the hospital. They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West, with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation, and they become the Board of Directors, once being called the \"Grey-Sloan 7\".[116][117][118] One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon. Grey's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players, Cristina Yang, played by Sandra Oh. Towards the end of the eleventh season, Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured, but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene. He later dies at another hospital following the doctors' mishandling of his injuries. The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show's longest running characters, Callie Torres, played by Sara Ramirez.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 6). The sixth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, commenced airing on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on September 24, 2009, and concluded on May 20, 2010. The season was produced by ABC Studios, in association with ShondaLand Production Company and The Mark Gordon Company; the showrunner being Shonda Rhimes. Actors Ellen Pompeo, Sandra Oh, Katherine Heigl, and Justin Chambers reprised their roles as surgical residents Meredith Grey, Cristina Yang, Izzie Stevens, and Alex Karev, respectively. Heigl was released from her contract in the middle of the season, while T.R. Knight did not appear as George O'Malley, because Knight was released from his contract at the conclusion of season five. Main cast members Patrick Dempsey, Chandra Wilson, James Pickens, Jr., Sara Ramirez, Eric Dane, Chyler Leigh, and Kevin McKidd also returned, while previous recurring star Jessica Capshaw was promoted to a series regular, and Kim Raver was given star billing after the commencement of the season.", "A Change Is Gonna Come (Grey's Anatomy). While writing the episode, Rhimes put an emphasis on the character of O'Malley, detailing his relationships with both Stevens and Torres.[1] On the topic, Rhimes elabroated, \"The interns are residents now, with interns of their own. Except for George, poor George, who is stuck repeating his intern year. It's not easy being a repeater. He's the only who hasn't gone through any change when we begin the episode. But by the end, he has. He tells Izzie that he loves her too. Which takes guts. Because he knows what he is getting into. He's a married man with a great wife, and he never intended to be a married man who loved another woman.\"[1] Regarding Meredith's story arc, Rhimes felt that she cannot deal with all that is expected of her in her relationship with Shepherd, choosing their genuine love as the greatest obstacle in their decision to break up.[1] Writing for Yang's storyline, Rhimes focused on her unsuccessful attempts at moving on, exposing her devastation at the realization of Burke's departure, which would be the main seasonal storyline for the character.[1] The episode also deals with Sloan and Shepherd's path to reconciliation.[2] Rhimes disclosed that the concept for the plot point was to have the two characters go back to being friends, as a result of Montgomery's departure.[1] Rhimes offered her insight on Lexie's arrival, \"Lexie Grey is here now. And she's here to stay. I love that she's a bit of a dork. Being a dork myself, I am fond of the girls with verbal diarrhea. Because it's not easy to keep all your words in, believe me.\"[1] Regarding Webber and Bailey's storyline, Rhimes noted that the latter's intentions are not to let the former \"off the hook\" for choosing Torres over her for the position of Chief Resident, which was righteously hers.[1] Rhimes highlighted the unfairness in Webber's choice, noting his unusual manner of comprehending the situation. \"She's Bailey. She's worked hard, she's been the best. And isn't it just like the Chief to decide what is best for her? It's his flaw, the Chief. He's an old school man and like an old school man, he's taking care of his women. Whether they like it or not. This isn't gonna be an easy pill for Bailey to swallow.\"[1]", "George O'Malley. Knight felt a parallel to George in that his \"confidence isn't always at its absolute highest\", but overall he sees more differences than similarities. However, when the actor starts to think he is so different from O'Malley, an awkward move can suggest otherwise. \"I was walking, doing a scene with Katherine Heigl. I finished my line with her, and then I walked straight into the light stand.\"[21] Critical of her affair with O'Malley, Knight's co-star Heigl explained: \"They really hurt somebody, and they didn't seem to be taking a lot of responsibility for it. I have a really hard time with that kind of thing. I'm maybe a little too black and white about it.\"[24] Speaking of O'Malley's relationship with Lexie, Rhimes offered her insight: \"I love them as friends. They make good friends. We all have that friend we met in school or the gym or somewhere – we just hit it off right away. And right away there was no pretense or airs. Just pure honesty. That's Lexie and George. They're really good friends and I can see the friendship evolving into something even greater.\"[25] When asked what his \"favorite George moment\" was, Knight said his relationships with Stevens and Bailey.[26]", "Grey's Anatomy (season 12). On January 23, 2014 it was reported that Ellen Pompeo and Patrick Dempsey had renewed their contracts for another two seasons, as Drs. Meredith Grey and Derek Shepherd, respectively, meaning their characters would be staying on the medical drama for seasons 11 and 12.[6] On April 24, 2015, Patrick Dempsey revealed that he would be leaving Grey's Anatomy after the eleventh season despite having a contract through another season.[7] Thus, this will be the first season in which Dr. Derek Shepherd, portrayed by Patrick Dempsey, is not included in the main cast of characters. Dempsey's character Dr. Derek Shepherd was killed off towards the end of the eleventh season in the episode \"How to Save a Life\", meaning he will not return for the twelfth season as previously thought. ABC put out a statement claiming Dempsey wanted to pursue other interests.[8]", "George O'Malley. At the 64th Golden Globe Awards, while being interviewed on the red carpet, Washington joked, \"I love gay. I wanted to be gay. Please let me be gay.\"[5] Later, Washington claimed he never used the slur, labeling it \"vile\".[6][7] In June 2007, it was reported that the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) and Shonda Rhimes had chosen not to renew Washington's contract with the show,[8] not immediately specifying a reason.[9] In a subsequent interview, Washington claimed that \"they fired the wrong guy\" (referring to Knight), and said he was considering filing a lawsuit as a result. He accused Knight of using the controversy to bolster his own career and increase his salary on Grey's Anatomy.[10]", "How to Save a Life (Grey's Anatomy). Speculation about Dempsey's exit from Grey's Anatomy began in November, 2014, when Dempsey casually mentioned during an interview that he might be leaving the series very soon.[6] Despite signing on for two more years at the end of the tenth season of the show,[7] he disclosed that he would make his final appearance in the eleventh season. The official statement was released on April 23, 2015, just a few hours before the airing of \"How to Save a Life\".[8] Dempsey went on to share further details on his character being written out of the show, saying that it happened very quickly and in an organic way. The developments leading up to the impending exit, he said, had begun in February, 2016.[9]" ]

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[ "Elena Gilbert. After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena \"really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real\", and the couple \"wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?\"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.", "Damon Salvatore. After learning of Katherine's deceit, Damon starts to fall for, Elena. In general, Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else. Damon comes to Elena's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner, and the two dance. In the episode \"Rose\", Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he doesn't believe he is worthy of her. Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows; she learns to fully trust him, and they begin to rely on each other as a team. They share two passionate kisses, but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him. After a long struggle, Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon's dismay. In the following season, however, Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon cannot be denied any longer. She and Stefan break up, and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex. Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon, making Elena's feelings unfortunately known; however, Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she's ever felt in her entire life. Damon remains doubtful, so in \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\" he sets her \"free\". In an interview before the season finale, Julie Plec stated that \"This year, she's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it's changed her irrevocably—and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon, that she loved him more than she'd ever loved anyone.\" [14] In \"Graduation\", after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena's feelings, she reveals that she is in love with Damon.", "Elena Gilbert. In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon has decided to leave town, but through the early episodes of Season 4 seems to be looking for reasons to stay. Meredith Fell seems to be one who convinces him in 'The Rager' to stay to help Elena with her transition to Vampire. Indeed, a renewed conflict over ideology and what sort of Vampire Elena will become drives Damon and Stefan apart.", "Damon Salvatore. In the following episode \"My Brother's Keeper\", Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex. After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon, first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon, but in episode \"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street\" they found out that it only affects how you act, not how you feel. The sire-bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi. In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family's lake house to help with Jeremy's Hunter instincts. In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon, but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he's taking advantage of her. In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\". Elena kisses him goodbye.", "Damon Salvatore. At the beginning of season 6, Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie, forced to relive the same day over and over again. As the season progresses, the duo meet Kai Parker who's provides them with clues on how to get back home. In a truly selfless act, Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai. Back home, things aren't as Damon expected them to be. Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on. After a few initial set backs, Damon sets his mind to wooing her back.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon and Elena spend the next few months together, having the summer of their lives. When Elena has to leave for college, Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship. However, in the episode \"Original Sin\", Tessa, who is revealed to be Qetsiyah, tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting. Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life. It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena, but that they were merely drawn together by a spell. After a tumultuous, back and forth relationship, Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season, and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side. When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side, Elena is devastated. Damon says his last goodbye to Elena, telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him, and that being loved by her is \"the epitome of a fulfilled life\", as Elena sobs inconsolably. In season 6, Elena is unable to move on from Damon's death months later. She pretends to be happy, but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon. When the herbs make her dangerous to humans, Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon, because she will never be able to move on otherwise. When Damon returns, he attempts to help her remember their love story, but the compulsion will not break. Not remembering any of the good things about Damon, Elena still decides to give him another chance. She slowly falls in love with him again, ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not, she always finds her way back to him. When Bonnie returns from the prison world, she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism, knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena. However, Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena. They discuss what a human life together would be like. Elena initially rejects the cure, but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together, including children. Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of. Elena takes the cure, which breaks the compulsion, and her memories of Damon return to her. She recalls a memory from season 4, where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again. Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure, so she challenges him to think it through carefully. Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision, but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her, and confidently believes her to be his soulmate. Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together, until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell, tied to Bonnie's life.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season four, Elena must decide whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. After realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, Elena completes her transition. She claims that choosing Stefan was the best choice she'd ever made. However, their relationship ends due to her heightened feelings for Damon. Damon later realizes there is a sire bond between them, complicating the truth behind their relationship. Damon makes Elena turn off her humanity to avoid her grief when Jeremy is killed searching for a cure for vampirism. Elena becomes ruthless without her emotions. When she turns on her emotions again, her sire bond to Damon has been broken, though she remains in love with him. During a confrontation with Katherine, Elena shoves the cure down Katherine's throat, forcing her to become human again.", "Damon Salvatore. In the third season, Damon helps Elena in bringing his brother, Stefan, back to Mystic Falls after Stefan becomes Klaus' henchman. The arrangement transpired after a bargain for his blood that would cure Damon of the werewolf bite he had received from Tyler. At first, he is reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts, employing Alaric Saltzman, Elena's guardian, instead as Klaus does not know that Elena is alive after the sacrifice which frees Klaus' hybrid side. However, Elena involves herself, desperate to find Stefan. Damon, though hesitant at first, is unable to refuse her because of his love for her. He also points out to her that she once turned back from finding Stefan since she knew Damon would be in danger, clearly showing that she also has feelings for him. He tells her that \"when (he) drag(s) (his) brother from the edge to deliver him back to (her), (he) wants her to remember the things (she) felt while he was gone.\" When Stefan finally returns to Mystic Falls, his attitude is different from that of the first and second seasons. This causes a rift between Elena and Stefan whereas the relationship between Damon and Elena becomes closer and more intimate. A still loyal Elena, however, refuses to admit her feelings for Damon. In 'Dangerous Liaisons', Elena, frustrated with her feelings for him, tells Damon that his love for her may be a problem, and that this could be causing all their troubles. This incenses Damon, causing him to revert to the uncaring and reckless Damon seen in the previous seasons. The rocky relationship between the two continues until the sexual tension hits the fan and in a moment of heated passion, Elena – for the first time in the three seasons – kisses Damon of her own accord. This kiss finally causes Elena to admit that she loves both brothers and realize that she must ultimately make her choice as her own ancestress, Katherine Pierce, who turned the brothers, once did. In assessment of her feelings for Damon, she states this: \"Damon just sort of snuck up on me. He got under my skin and no matter what I do, I can't shake him.\" In the season finale, a trip designed to get her to safety forces Elena to make her choice: to go to Damon and possibly see him one last time; or to go to Stefan and her friends and see them one last time. She chooses the latter when she calls Damon to tell him her decision. Damon, who is trying to stop Alaric, accepts what she says and she tells him that maybe if she had met Damon before she had met Stefan, her choice may have been different. This statement causes Damon to remember the first night he did meet Elena which was, in fact, the night her parents died - before she had met Stefan. Not wanting anyone to know he was in town and after giving her some advice about life and love, Damon compels her to forget. He remembers this as he fights Alaric and seems accepting of his death when Alaric, whose life line is tied to Elena's, suddenly collapses in his arms. Damon is grief-stricken, knowing that this means that Elena has also died and yells, \"No! You are not dead!\" A heartbroken Damon then goes to the hospital demanding to see Elena when the doctor, Meredith Fell, tells him that she gave Elena vampire blood. The last shot of the season finale episode shows Elena in transition.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. During season four, Stefan's relationship with Elena is tested. He becomes fixated on finding the cure to vampirism for her, which results in Damon telling him that he can only love Elena as a human. Eventually, Stefan and Elena break up as a result of her feelings for Damon, which were amplified after being turned into a vampire. Stefan then forms a casual relationship with Rebekah (with whom he had a brief affair in the 1920s). After Elena eventually turns her humanity off as a result of her sire bond to Damon and Jeremy's death, Stefan and Damon attempt to find a way to force her to turn it back on. Eventually they do, but Elena remains in love with Damon and decides to be with him. Stefan is revealed to be the doppelgänger of Silas, who locks Stefan in a large metal safe and pushes it into the bottom of a lake.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon starts season 4 at Elena's bedside after finding out about her dying with vampire blood in her system, causing her to start the transition to Vampire. Damon decides to firstly try to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake, yet she overpowers him. Rebekah is shot at through the Window and Damon escapes.", "Damon Salvatore. Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice. They first interacted in Haunted, when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman. He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in (for 145 years or so he believed). At first, Bonnie didn't want to have anything to do with Damon, saving his life only for Elena's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline's transition into a vampire. However, as time went on, Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted (albeit reluctantly at first). Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them. Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie's well-being and was devastated when he found out about her death. The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead. However, their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways. Finally, they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed, holding each other's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them. They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World. During that time, they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai. Before sending Damon back home, she mentions that he's not exactly the last person she would wanna be stuck with. When Damon returns home, he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back, including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven, and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo. They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes's funeral. It's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other.", "Damon Salvatore. As the season progresses, Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer. Kai, who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke, has absorbed some of Luke's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie. With his help, he, along with Damon, Elena, and Jeremy, are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah's headstone in Nova Scotia.", "Elena Gilbert. In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.", "Damon Salvatore. The Five, shows Damon tasking Stefan with learning more about the Vampire Hunter, Connor while Damon decides to accompany both Bonnie and Elena to College. This trip is ostensibly about teaching Elena the 'hunt': how to catch, feed and erase. After some initial problems, Elena has a Frat Party gets success and seems to enjoy herself causing friction with Bonnie. She leaves the party and later states that she doesn't want to be like Damon. In the next episode, she begins to believe that Stefan is lying to her and takes things into her own hands to kill the vampire hunter who is holding her brother, Matt, and April captive. She does, and begins to suffer from hallucinations at the end of the episode. After asking Stefan why he wants to cure Elena, Damon tells him that he loves Elena as a vampire or human.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. Damon starts season four at Elena's bedside after learning that she died with vampire blood in her system, and is transitioning. Damon tries to kill Rebekah with a White Oak Stake, but she overpowers him and escapes. Later, Damon uses Matt as bait to draw out the deputies and Pastor Young. After dispatching the deputies, Damon is about to kill Matt when stopped by a vampiric Elena. Damon makes Elena drink his blood when she seeks his help from a new vampire hunter, which leads to a fight with Stefan over what kind of vampire Elena will become.", "Elena Gilbert. Elena's romances with Stefan and Damon have become a popular craze with viewers, who have nicknamed them \"Stelena\" and \"Delena\".[21] Andy Swift of the website HollywoodLife praised Elena's relationship with Damon, which was a combination of real love and a sired bond, hoping they would live \"happily ever after\".[21] Vlada Gelman of TVLine, however, felt that their romance was \"over in a rather mature way for a young love triangle\" and questioned whether Elena was \"ready to jump into a relationship with Damon right away\" while Stefan was still in the picture.[22]", "Elena Gilbert. Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the \"conniving\" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys playing them both. In the television series's fourth season, Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change. She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season. In the finale of the sixth season, Kai linked Elena to Bonnie's life by magic. Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years. She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb, which was changed in the seventh season, and was relocated in Brooklyn, New York. In late 2016, when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season, Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode. After much speculation. Dobrev's return was confirmed on January 26, 2017, via an Instagram post. Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. Damon tasks Stefan with learning more about Connor, a vampire hunter, while Damon accompanies Elena to college to teach her how to hunt and erase memories from her victims. Damon declares that he loves Elena whether she's human or vampire, and they eventually begin a relationship, though it is complicated by a sire bond between them (his blood was used to turn her). Damon uses the sire bond to make Elena turn off her humanity to avoid the guilt of Jeremy's death. Later, Damon and Stefan force her to turn it back on, at which point the sire bond has broken. However, Elena remains in love with Damon and they continue their relationship.", "Damon Salvatore. Elena takes the cure and, unexpectedly, her memories return and she remembers when she'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time, he'd told her that he used to miss being human, but, now, he couldn't imagine anything more miserable. She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human. Damon almost decides he'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple. Before Jo and Ric's wedding, he tells Elena he'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her. During the wedding, Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion. The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan regain his humanity, which he switched off to satisfy, and tolerate, Klaus. She grows closer to Damon while working together to save Stefan and try to defeat Klaus, eventually sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well, but that she never stopped loving Stefan. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parents' death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system; she then awakens as a vampire in transition.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena, waiting for her to wake up. He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her, and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies. However, Damon is committed to staying true to Elena, and doing right by her. Elena is shown to be Damon's moral compass, and his guiding force throughout the two seasons. When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone's version of hell, a vision of Stefan asks Damon \"What would Elena do?\" and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother, freeing him from hell. The phoenix stone's influence remains, and Damon accidentally lights Elena's coffin on fire (or so he thinks). Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life, Damon becomes suicidal. When confronted with the hunter Rayna, Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena. Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive, renewing Damon's hope. When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena, he decides to desiccate himself next to her. He write to Alaric that before Elena, he didn't know what it was like to be happy, fulfilled or complete, and that he doesn't want to continue living without that feeling. After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation, Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena. At the end of season 7, he is lured into a trap by a siren, hearing Elena's voice calling out to him. When the siren takes control of Damon's mind in season 8, Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping, seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena. When Sybil erases Elena from Damon's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories, Damon fights back, instinctively drawn back to Elena. His love for her prevails, and he breaks the siren's mind control, regaining his memories of Elena. Julie Plec stated that \"I think the only hope that he's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done.\" [15] After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism, turning him into a human, and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena, Damon and Elena finally reunite. They begin their life together, getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor. Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together, where they died together of old age. We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation rated the episode with 7.9/10 saying that the episode \"forced Damon and Elena to explore the new status of their relationship in another slow drawn out episode. However, it was made interesting by not relying on flashbacks, but let them be in the moment.\"[5]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In the third season, Damon helps Elena bring Stefan back to Mystic Falls. He is at first reluctant to involve Elena in the rescue attempts, and employs her guardian, Alaric Saltzman, in order to conceal that Elena is alive. Stefan's change in attitude causes a rift between Elena and Stefan while Damon and Elena grow closer. Elena's refusal to admit this incenses Damon, who reverts to previous uncaring and reckless behavior. This continues until, in a heated moment, Elena admits to loving both brothers. Elena chooses Stefan and Damon seems to accept this decision and his death by Alaric, but rushes to the hospital when he realizes Elena has died.", "Damon Salvatore. In season two, Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan. Elena says something similar later, leaving Damon heartbroken. As an expression of his anger, pain, and hopelessness, he snaps Jeremy Gilbert's neck, not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces. Jeremy survives because of the ring, but Damon's action incurs Elena's wrath and pain. When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire, the two declare their hatred for him, leaving angrier than ever.[7] After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2, Damon shows up in Elena's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode. Before he gives it back, he tells Elena that he is in love with her, and because he is in love with her, he cannot be selfish with her. He also states that he doesn't deserve her, but that his brother does. He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this, but she can't. As the camera shows a close up of Damon's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget, a tear slips. Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck, Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing. She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her. In one episode, Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena; after some time and clever banter, the two have sex, stating that they could rid themselves of emotion. However, when Rose, Damon's old friend who turned Katerina, suffers from a werewolf bite, he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire, and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to wall and feel the sunlight, without it burning her. During this meaningful moment, Damon mercifully kills her, leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends. Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences, and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose's death. Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself, after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever. After he spares Caroline's mother, Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with. And it's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life, which he explains to Andy Star, his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in. Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season. Elena takes care of him, and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus, the original hybrid, she gives him a \"goodbye\" kiss, because she was sure he was going to die. She even forgives him, telling him that she cares for him through grief-stricken tears.", "Damon Salvatore. In the episode 'We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes', Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide. He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane. At the end of the episode, he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism. However, Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon.", "Fool Me Once (The Vampire Diaries). Popsugar of Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode saying that she is pretty satisfied and commenting that Elena and Damon had some amazing scenes together. \"The show is as intense as we've come to expect from the freshman series, and I think it's a fitting way to end things for a bit.\"[6]", "Damon Salvatore. At the start of season 1, Damon was a self-proclaimed loner,[8] often keeps to himself. Despite his initially antagonistic relationships with humans such as Alaric Saltzman and Sheriff Elizabeth Forbes, Caroline's mother. Damon gradually involved himself into the lives of many people in Mystic Falls by developing friendships with several humans. After spending time with Elena Gilbert, Damon becomes more empathetic and falls deeply, madly and passionately in love with her. He always puts her safety first before anyone else, even his.[9][10]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season two, Katherine tells Damon that she loved Stefan and never loved him. Elena later says something similar, leaving Damon heartbroken. He snaps Jeremy's neck (though Jeremy is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures), incurring Elena's wrath. Bonnie declares hatred for Damon when she learns his blood turned Caroline Forbes into a vampire. After saving Elena and Stefan, Damon confesses his love for Elena but then compels her to forget his selfish words. Damon joins Rose to find out why the Originals are after Elena; they have sex, and Damon comforts Rose when she suffers a fatal werewolf bite. Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences, and Elena cares for Damon when he is bitten by Tyler at the end of the season. Expecting he will die, Elena gives him a kiss, but Damon is later cured by the blood of Klaus, the original hybrid.", "Stefan Salvatore. In the season four premiere, Stefan tries to get Bonnie to save her from becoming a full vampire, however, she along with several other vampires are captured by the Founder's Council. As Elena begins to die and out of desperation to keep Elena alive, Stefan kills a guard and uses his blood to allow Elena to feed and to complete her transition into a vampire. Stefan gives Elena a daylight ring, which was made by Bonnie, in order to protect Elena from the sun. Stefan tries to assure Elena that everything will be okay and that they'll take Elena's newborn vampirism one day at a time. During the second episode of season 4, Stefan tries to help Elena cope with her hunger for human blood. After his \"bunny diet\" disagrees with Elena stomach she seeks help from Damon to find an alternative blood source. When blood bags and Damon's own blood fails too, she ends up feeding on Matt under extreme circumstances. Stefan then discovers from Klaus and Rebekah that there is a possible cure for vampirism. Stefan \"teams\" up with Klaus in order to find the possible cure, so that Stefan can give Elena the choice of becoming human again.", "Let the Right One In (The Vampire Diaries). Popsugar from Buzzsugar gave a good review to the episode. \"I'll admit that I wasn't sure how the Salvatore brothers could survive this week's The Vampire Diaries. When Stefan gets nabbed by Frederick and his fanged friends, you basically have the perfect setup for a bloodbath — and the episode doesn't disappoint in that department.\" Popsugar also commented on the Elena/Damon relationship saying: \"Can you say sexual tension? Elena and Damon get into it while standing thisclose (in the rain, no less) as they argue about if Elena can go to save Stefan. They really have a nice mix of heat and genuine concern for each other. I guess time will only tell when/if these two get together.\"[7]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season six, Damon and Bonnie are trapped in a 1994 Prison World, which Damon initially believes is his own personal hell, as they continually relive a painful day from his past. While working with Bonnie to find a way back to Mystic Falls, and to take down Kai, Damon becomes friends with Bonnie. Eventually, Bonnie sends Damon back, leaving herself trapped with Kai. Damon tried to win Elena back, though she lost all her memories of their relationship. Damon is devastated when Liz dies. He reunites with Bonnie when she escapes the prison world with the cure for vampirism. Damon gave the cure to Elena – which undoes Alaric's compulsion – intending to take the cure himself so they can be together as humans. However, Kai casts a spell which puts Elena into a magical sleep until the time of Bonnie's death." ]

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[ "Judith Chapman. She made her first appearance on The Young and the Restless after that, briefly subbing for Jess Walton as Jill Abbott. She joined the cast of The Young and the Restless full-time in January 2005, replacing Joan Van Ark in the contract role of Gloria Fisher.[3] In March 2011, it was announced that Chapman had been taken off her contract and bumped to recurring.[4] In October 2014, it was announced that she would make a guest appearance as Gloria on The Bold and the Beautiful. Although she made a few more appearances on The Young and the Restless into early 2015, she later indicated on numerous sources, including her Facebook fan page, that she believed that she had made her final appearance on Y&R, and that she didn't believe the show would be using the character any longer. However, in December 2016, she made a triumphant return as the character of Gloria was once again thrust into the middle of a front burner storyline.", "Judith Chapman. Judith Chapman (born Judith Shepard on November 15, 1951) is an American actress, best known for soap opera roles, particularly as Natalie Bannon Hughes in As the World Turns, Charlotte Greer on Ryan's Hope, Ginny Blake Webber on General Hospital, Sandra Montaigne on One Life to Live, Anjelica Deveraux Curtis on Days of Our Lives, and as Gloria Abbott Bardwell on The Young and the Restless.[1]", "Gloria LeRoy. She had recurring roles on the soaps Days of Our Lives as Queenie (1989), The Young and the Restless as Beatrice Tucker (1998) and Passions as Ruth (2000). She appeared in Three's Company as Nancy in episode \"The Goodbye Guy\" (1980), as well as on Married... with Children as Chesty LaRue in episode \"Live Nude Peg\" (1997).", "Sofía Vergara. She stars on the ABC sitcom Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, for which she was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for 2010, 2011, 2012, and 2013.[28]", "Sofía Vergara. Vergara stars on the ABC series Modern Family as Gloria Delgado-Pritchett, for which she has been nominated for four Golden Globe Awards, four Primetime Emmy Awards, and seven Screen Actors Guild Awards.", "Gloria Loring. Gloria Loring-Lagler (born Gloria Jean Goff; December 10, 1946)[1] is an American singer and actress.[2] She is known for playing Liz Chandler on Days of Our Lives for five years. She and singer-actor Carl Anderson performed the duet \"Friends and Lovers,\" which reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1986.", "Gloria Stuart. Gloria Frances Stuart[2] (born Gloria Stewart; July 4, 1910 – September 26, 2010) was an American film and stage actress, visual artist, and activist. A native of Southern California, she began her acting in high school in the 1920s and on the stage in the 1930s and 1940s, performing in little theater and summer stock in Los Angeles and New York City. She signed a contract with Universal Pictures in 1932, and acted in numerous films for the studio, including The Old Dark House (1932), The Invisible Man (1933), and The Three Musketeers (1939).", "Gloria Stuart. In 1945, after a tenure as a contract player for Twentieth Century Fox, Stuart abandoned her acting career and shifted to a career as an artist, working as a fine printer and making paintings, serigraphy, miniature books, Bonsai, and découpage for the next five decades. She returned to acting in the late 1970s, appearing in several bit parts, including in Richard Benjamin's My Favorite Year (1982) and Wildcats (1986).", "Gloria Blondell. Gloria Blondell (August 16, 1910 – March 25, 1986) was an actress and voice actress between 1938 and 1962, and was the younger sister of Joan Blondell.[1]", "Nita Talbot. Talbot's older sister, Gloria Stone (born Gloria Sokol, January 5, 1929 - May 13, 2014), was also an actress.[2]", "The Young and the Restless cast members. The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera, created by William J. Bell and Lee Phillip Bell for CBS. It first aired on March 26, 1973. The longest-running current cast member is Doug Davidson, who has portrayed private investigator Paul Williams since May 23, 1978.[1] Jeanne Cooper, who portrayed the soap opera's matriarch Katherine Chancellor, holds the record for the series' longest-running cast member, airing from November 1973 until her death in May 2013.[2] Melody Thomas Scott and Eric Braeden, who portray Nikki and Victor Newman, are the second and third longest-running cast members, having joined in February 1979 and February 1980, respectively.[1][3] Kate Linder has portrayed Esther Valentine since April 1982, and rounds out the series' top four longest-running cast members.[4] The following list is of cast members who are currently on the show: both main and recurring members, as well as those who are debuting, departing or returning from the series.", "Míriam Colón. In 1979, she starred alongside fellow Puerto Rican actors José Ferrer, Raúl Juliá, and Henry Darrow in Life of Sin, a film in which she portrayed Isabel la Negra, a real-life Puerto Rican brothel owner. In 1983, she played the mother of Tony Montana (played by Al Pacino) in Scarface. She was also cast as \"María\" in the 1999 film Gloria, which starred Sharon Stone. In 2013, Colón was cast in the role of Ultima, a New Mexico Hispanic healer, in the movie \"Bless Me, Ultima\" based on the novel by Rudolfo Anaya.[10]", "Gloria Stuart. In New York, Stuart sought to return to stage acting on Broadway.[59] \"I wanted to be a theater actress,\" she said, \"but I thought it would be easier to get to New York and the theater if I had a name than if I just walked the streets as a little girl from California. When I went back to New York with somewhat of a name, they didn't want movie actresses.\"[59] Stuart was, however, welcomed into summer stock theater on the east coast, and performed in Man and Superman, The Animal Kingdom, The Night of January 16th, Accent on Youth, Route 101, Mr. and Mrs. North, The Pursuit of Happiness, Here Today, Sailor Beware and was Emily to Thornton Wilder's Stage Manager—under Wilder's own direction—in Our Town.[60] But for two years, as many readings, lunches and cocktail parties as she attended, no director, producer or writer (not even Sheekman) gave Stuart a role on Broadway. [61]", "Gloria Stuart. Stuart attended Santa Monica High School where she was active in theater, and performed the lead role in her senior class play, The Swan.[11] She loved writing as much as acting, and spent her last two summers in high school taking short story and poetry writing classes[12] and working as a cub reporter for the Santa Monica Outlook.[13] After high school, Stuart enrolled at the University of California at Berkeley, majoring in philosophy and drama. In college, she appeared in plays, worked on the Daily Californian,[14] contributed to the campus literary journal, Occident, and posed as an artist's model. It was at Berkeley that she began signing her name Gloria Stuart.[C]", "Angel of the Morning. The song features in an episode of ABC's sitcom Modern Family, \"Regrets Only\" (Series/Season 2, Ep 16), when Gloria, portrayed by Sofia Vergara, is singing along to it on a karaoke machine. A karaoke version of the song is also featured in the second-season finale of the HBO series The Leftovers.", "Mckenna Grace. She had a recurring role, as Faith Newman, on The Young and the Restless between 2013 and 2015.[6] In 2015, she had a recurring role on the CBS series CSI: Cyber.[6]", "The Young and the Restless characters (1980s). Julia Newman first appeared in February 1980 along with Victor Newman (Eric Braeden). She was portrayed by Meg Bennett until 1981, with reprise appearances from 1982 to 1984, 1986 to 1987, and lastly from March 1 to September 3, 2002. In February 2018, it was reported that Bennett would be returning as Julia to commemorate with the show's 45th anniversary.[1]", "Nancy Cartwright. While attending UCLA, which did not have a public speaking team,[13] Cartwright continued training as a voice actress with Butler. She recalled, \"every Sunday I'd take a 20-minute bus ride to his house in Beverly Hills for a one-hour lesson and be there for four hours ... They had four sons, they didn't have a daughter and I kind of fitted in as the baby of the family.\"[12] Butler introduced her to many of the voice actors and directors at Hanna-Barbera. After she met the director Gordon Hunt, he asked her to audition for a recurring role as Gloria in Richie Rich. She received the part, and later worked with Hunt on several other projects. At the end of 1980, Cartwright signed with a talent agency and landed a lead role in a pilot for a sitcom called In Trouble. Cartwright described the show as \"forgettable, but it jump-started my on-camera career\".[14] She graduated from UCLA in 1981 with a degree in theater.[15] During the summer, Cartwright worked with Jonathan Winters as part of an improvisation troupe at Kenyon College in Gambier, Ohio.[14]", "Gloria Stuart. James Whale called Stuart back for just one scene in The Kiss Before the Mirror, but the critic Hall wrote, \"There are those who may think that it is too bad to introduce as one of the players the dainty Gloria Stuart and have her killed off in the first episode of the narrative. Perhaps it is, but a pretty girl was needed for the part and Mr. Whale obviously did not wish to weaken his production by casting an incompetent actress or an unattractive one for this minor role.\"[30]", "Gloria Stivic. Gloria Stivic (née Bunker), is a fictional character played by Sally Struthers on the American situation comedy All in the Family (which aired on the CBS television network from 1971 until 1979) and the spin-off series Gloria (CBS, 1982-83). She was the only child of Archie and Edith Bunker, and she was married to -- and eventually divorced from -- Michael Stivic. She was born 11 months after Edith and Archie were married as stated in the episode The Longest Kiss (Season 5, Episode 10).", "Alyvia Alyn Lind. Lind made her feature film debut in 2013 in Dark Skies. Since 2011, she has played Faith Newman for over 70 episodes in the television series The Young and the Restless. She has had recurring roles in the television series Revenge as young Amanda Clarke, as well as in Transparent as Grace. She guest starred on such series as NCIS and Masters of Sex. In 2014, she played alongside Adam Sandler and Drew Barrymore in the feature movie Blended.[1][2]", "Jennifer Gareis. Jennifer Gareis (born August 1, 1970[1]) is an American actress and former beauty queen. She is best known for her roles as Grace Turner on The Young and the Restless (1997–2004, 2014) and as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful (2006–2015, 2016, 2017, 2018).", "Sheila Reid. In 2017, she starred as Gloria in Silver Lining, a new sitcom written by Sandi Toksvig, at The Rose Theatre, Kingston in London.", "Melissa Ordway. Melissa Pam Ordway Gaston[1] (born March 31, 1983[2]) is an American actress and model. She has modeled in many campaigns and acted in such films as 17 Again and on television in Privileged. She currently portrays the character of Abby Newman on the drama series The Young and the Restless.", "Jennifer Gareis. Gareis later began an acting career and landed the role of Grace Turner on CBS soap opera The Young and the Restless, which she played from 1997 to 2000 and again in 2001, 2002, 2004 and 2014. She is best known for her current role as Donna Logan on The Bold and the Beautiful, a role she has held since July 2006. She was taken off contract in late 2014 and her last appearance in the show was on February 18, 2015. She later returned for a few episodes in October 2016, in December 2017 and in February 2018. [7] She was ranked #90 on the Maxim Hot 100 Women of 2002.[citation needed]", "The Young and the Restless characters (2010). Sofia Dupre first appeared on July 20, 2010, portrayed by actress Julia Pace Mitchell. Sofia was Mitchell's first major role.[6]\nWhen the character arrived, she was described as \"the feisty former right-hand woman to billionaire Tucker McCall and fiancée of Malcolm Winters.[7] She is also introduced as a \"Savvy business woman\" and a generally \"no-nonsense person\"[8][9] During an interview, Mitchell said she was a big fan of the show.[7] Of her character, Mitchell that \"she's actually been changing just in the seven months that she's been on the air. I hate to use the word \"bossy,\" but I definitely think that she's bossy. She's a big boss.\"[7] Mitchell said that Sofia runs things in her \"relationship and in her business life\".[7] In September 2012, it was announced that Mitchell had been taken off her contract and bumped to a recurring status; however, she was not seen again after October 9, 2012.[10][11][12]", "Sally Struthers. On the short-lived Archie Bunker's Place spin-off Gloria (1982–1983), Struthers reprised Gloria as a new divorcée (she became an \"exchange student\", when husband Mike exchanged her for one of his students). The series co-starred Burgess Meredith as the doctor of an animal clinic with Gloria as his assistant.[5] She was a semi-regular panelist on the 1990 revival of Match Game and an occasional guest on Win, Lose or Draw (even filling in for Vicki Lawrence as host for a week). She also had a recurring role as Bill Miller's manipulative mother, Louise, on Still Standing and regularly appeared on Gilmore Girls as Babette Dell. She also provided voices for a number of animated series such as The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (as a teenage Pebbles Flintstone), TaleSpin (as Rebecca Cunningham) and was one of the voice stars on ABC's Dinosaurs produced by Walt Disney and Henson Productions (as Charlene Sinclair).[5]", "Gloria Grahame. Gloria Grahame (born Gloria Grahame Hallward; November 28, 1923 – October 5, 1981) was an American stage, film, television actress and singer. She began her acting career in theatre, and in 1944 made her first film for MGM. Despite a featured role in It's a Wonderful Life (1946), MGM did not believe she had the potential for major success, and sold her contract to RKO Studios. Often cast in film noir projects, Grahame was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for Crossfire (1947), and would later win the award for her work in The Bad and the Beautiful (1952). She achieved her highest profile with Sudden Fear (1952), Human Desire (1953), The Big Heat (1953), and Oklahoma! (1955), but her film career began to wane soon afterwards.", "Mckenna Grace. Mckenna Grace (born June 25, 2006)[1] is an American child actress. She is known for playing the role of Jasmine Bernstein in the comedy series Crash & Bernstein (2012–2014) and Faith Newman in the soap opera The Young and the Restless (2013–2015). She has also starred in films, such as Mr. Church (2016), Independence Day: Resurgence (2016), Gifted (2017), and How to Be a Latin Lover (2017).[2][3]", "Nia Peeples. Virenia Gwendolyn \"Nia\" Peeples (born December 10, 1961) is an American R&B and dance music singer and actress. Peeples is also famously known as Pam Fields, the mother of Emily Fields on hit TV drama, Pretty Little Liars, as Karen Taylor Winters on The Young and the Restless, and as Sydney Cooke on Walker, Texas Ranger.", "The Young and the Restless characters (1990s). Marilyn JoAnne \"Mari Jo\" Mason first appeared in February 1994, originally portrayed by actress Pamela Bach before being replaced by Diana Barton later that year, who remained in the role until 1996.", "Nadine Velazquez. In 2011 Velazquez appeared in the pilot of ABC's Charlie's Angels as Gloria Martinez, one of Charlie's hired \"Angels\". Her character was killed off after a few minutes of screen time and was replaced by Minka Kelly. She appeared in a recurring role in FX's fantasy football sitcom The League and on The CW's comedy-drama Hart of Dixie." ]

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[ "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 7). The seventh season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or \"G4\", of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 7 of the series premiered on April 15, 2017 on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. The show has ran for 169 episodes through seven seasons with an eighth scheduled for 2018.[4]. A spin-off feature film series, My Little Pony: Equestria Girls, started in 2013 and has been shown in limited theatrical screenings prior to television broadcast and home media release. A feature-length film adaptation directly based on the TV series, titled My Little Pony: The Movie, was theatrically released on October 6, 2017 in the United States.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). On July 9, 2015, Hasbro corrected via Twitter that the season's second half would premiere sometime later in 2015,[29] not the sixth season as previously announced.[30] A month later, on August 11, 2015, it was revealed by Zap2it that the season's second half would premiere on September 12, 2015.[31]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). In an interview with World Screen, Stephen Davis announced that the series was going into its fifth season.[11] On May 7, 2014, the series was renewed for a fifth season consisting of 26 episodes,[12] with a tentative broadcast slated for April 4, 2015.[13]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. My Little Pony: The Movie, a theatrical animated film adaptation of the television series, was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States, distributed by Lionsgate. The film is directed by series supervising director Jayson Thiessen and written by showrunner Meghan McCarthy, and is financed by Hasbro Studios' film subdivision, Allspark Pictures.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). From November 17 to December 22, 2014, the official My Little Pony YouTube channel released six weekly teaser trailers for the upcoming fifth season, each featuring one of the Mane Six as well as giving a premiere date on early 2015.[17] Some scenes from \"The Cutie Map\" were teased in Rainbow Dash's and Rarity's recap videos for the season 5 teasers.[18][19]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 8). The eighth season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, is currently airing on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or \"G4\", of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 8 of the series premiered on March 24, 2018, on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 6). The sixth season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, originally aired on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or \"G4\", of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 6 of the series premiered on March 26, 2016 on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro, and concluded on October 22, 2016.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 6). On March 31, 2015, Discovery Family announced via press release a sixth season for the series.[1][2] On January 28, 2016, Yahoo Entertainment released an exclusive clip from the show's upcoming sixth season depicting the baby daughter of Princess Cadance and Shining Armor, Flurry Heart, who will be introduced into the season as a new character.[3] On March 7, 2016, a Game of Thrones-style teaser trailer for the season was released, hinting several locations of that season.[4] Ed Valentine, writer of the Season 4 episodes \"Flight to the Finish\" and \"Three's a Crowd\" with the latter being a collaboration alongside headwriter Meghan McCarthy, confirmed via Twitter that he wrote two episodes for Season 6.[5]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. The first five seasons of the series have been released in complete DVD box sets.[66][67] United Kingdom-based Clear Vision has the publishing rights for the first two seasons throughout Region 2, including most of Western Europe and the Middle East;[68] however, the company abruptly entered administration in December 2013,[69] and has managed to only release three My Little Pony DVD volume sets as of April 2014 by August 2014. Another Region 2 distributor known as Primal Screen had since taken over the license from Clear Vision. Madman Entertainment has the license for publishing the series via DVDs and digital downloads in Region 4 [70] but since Season 4, Beyond Home Entertainment took over the license.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). The fifth season premiered in mid-2015 on Treehouse TV in Canada and debuted on November 2, 2015 on Boomerang in Australia.[33][34]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 8). On May 25, 2017, supervising director Jim Miller announced via Twitter an eighth season for the series.[2] At Hasbro's first self-themed convention (aptly named HasCon) on September 9, an animatic from an upcoming episode was shown.[3]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). On June 17, 2014, Business Wire released a press release confirming that it would premiere sometime in the fourth quarter of 2014,[14] but it was later revised by Hasbro.[15] At BronyCon 2014, G.M. Berrow announced that she wrote an episode, which focused on Pinkie Pie.[16]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). The fifth season of the animated television series My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic, developed by Lauren Faust, originally aired on the Discovery Family channel in the United States. The series is based on Hasbro's My Little Pony line of toys and animated works and is often referred by collectors to be the fourth generation, or \"G4\", of the My Little Pony franchise. Season 5 of the series premiered on April 4, 2015 on Discovery Family, an American pay television channel partly owned by Hasbro, and concluded on November 28, 2015.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). Under the approval of Discovery Family and Hasbro, BABSCon showed the entire two-part season five premiere commercial-free on the same day as it premiered on the East coast of the United States on April 4, 2015.[24]", "List of My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic episodes. My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic is a 2010 animated television series developed by Lauren Faust. The show premiered on the launch of The Hub in the United States on Sunday, October 10, 2010. As of September 9, 2017, 161 episodes have aired through the show's seven seasons. All episodes are 22 minutes and a season comprises 26 episodes, with the exception of Season 3, which contained 13 episodes. My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic is produced by Hasbro Studios in the United States and DHX Media/Vancouver in Canada. In the United States, the series is rated TV-Y. A seventh season has been announced by Hasbro, with episodes to broadcast in April 2017.[1] Like previous seasons with the exception of Season 3, Season 7 will consist of 26 episodes.[2]", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film). My Little Pony: The Movie was released on December 19, 2017 for digital downloads and was later released on January 9, 2018 for DVD, Blu-ray, and On Demand.[87] Its special features includes a deleted scene, a music video for the song \"I'm the Friend You Need\", three featurettes starring the Mane Six, an exclusive Equestria Girls animated short, and the Hanazuki: Full of Treasures short bundled with the film's theatrical release.[88]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). On March 5, 2015, Entertainment Weekly released another trailer revealing a new villain with commentary on the fifth season from Hasbro's executive director Brian Lenard and co-executive producer Meghan McCarthy.[10]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 6). Season 6 is the first season of the show without Jayson Thiessen, the supervising director who stepped down after the show's first half of its fifth season to focus on the upcoming 2017 theatrical film adaptation. However, he was a consulting director in its second half. Production was then overseen by Jim Miller, with Josh Haber promoted as the show's new Story Editor, while Tim Stuby serves as the show's director alongside Denny Lu. Season 6 is also the first season of the show to be executive produced by Nerd Corps Entertainment's co-founder Asaph Fipke, having previously co-executive produced by Thiessen and McCarthy in the fourth and fifth seasons.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 7). The show follows a pony named Twilight Sparkle as she learns about friendship in the town of Ponyville. Twilight continues to learn with her close friends Applejack, Rarity, Fluttershy, Rainbow Dash and Pinkie Pie. Each represents a different face of friendship, and Twilight discovers herself to be a key part of the magical artifacts, the \"Elements of Harmony\". The ponies share adventures and help out other residents of Ponyville, while working out the troublesome moments in their own friendships.", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film). My Little Pony: The Movie was originally scheduled for release in the United States on November 3, 2017,[60] but it was subsequently moved up to October 6, 2017.[9] Theatrically, the film was accompanied by a 5-minute animated short from Hasbro Studios' web series Hanazuki: Full of Treasures.[61] A private premiere screening was held at the AMC Loews Lincoln Square 13 theater in New York City on September 24, 2017, twelve days prior to the nationwide release date.[8]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). The show's fifth season[7] features Twilight continuing her journey of becoming a princess in Equestria with the help of her friends; they discover that her new castle includes a magical map that highlights troubles across Equestria for them to resolve. In the two-part premiere, they come across a town indicated on the map where all of its pony citizens have an equals sign as their cutie mark and odd, creepy smiles.[8]", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film). The film was produced by Allspark Pictures and DHX Media,[5][6] using traditional animation created with Toon Boom Harmony.[7] It premiered in New York City on September 24, 2017,[8] and was released on October 6, 2017 in the United States and Canada through Lionsgate.[9] The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $52 million worldwide.", "Adventure Time (season 7). The full season set was released on DVD on July 18, 2017.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). At the 2015 San Diego Comic-Con, it was revealed that Starlight Glimmer would return in the two-part Season 5 finale.[32]", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film). A teaser trailer for the film was released online on April 6, 2017,[78] and in theaters alongside Smurfs: The Lost Village the following day. The first full trailer debuted online on June 28, 2017,[79] and was released with Despicable Me 3 two days later.[80] Another trailer was released by USA Today online on September 12, 2017.[81] The same day, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with two of the movie's characters, Pinkie Pie (voiced by Andrea Libman) and Twilight Sparkle (voiced by Tara Strong).[82] Another trailer was played during the season 12 finale of America's Got Talent on September 20, 2017.[83] On September 27, 2017, the official My Little Pony Facebook page hosted a live Q&A stream with art director Rebecca Dart, who drew a custom artwork of Rainbow Dash (voiced by Ashleigh Ball).[84]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). Teasers for the season were provided by the show staff at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con, including episodes centered around Twilight coping with the loss of the original library, the entire Pie family, Princess Luna dealing with a nightmare, and a 100th special episode focusing on the background characters. The staff also showed a brief animatic video from the first planned episode, showing the ability of Twilight's castle[1] to direct the main characters to friendship problems around Equestria. Episodes showing more of the castle,[2] about the six main characters,[3] Pinkie Pie \"breaking the fourth wall\",[4] Rainbow Dash saying \"woah woah woah\",[5] and \"confetti explosions\"[6] were to be expected.", "My Little Pony. 2008 and 2009 revamps (a.k.a. Core 7 and Generation 3.5)", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 5). On January 19, 2015, a new trailer was released at PoNYCon in Brooklyn on February 16 by Friendship Is Magic season four directors Jayson Thiessen and Jim Miller;[20] on that day, Thiessen and Miller shared some concept art of various characters and settings for this season,[21] as well as a trailer[22] that was originally planned to premiere at the convention[23] was shown.", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic. Shout! Factory has the DVD publishing rights for the series within Region 1. Fifteen five-episode DVDs and three six-episode DVDs have been released to date.", "My Little Pony: The Movie (2017 film). Numerous toys based on characters, sets, and props from the film were made by Hasbro, and a vast majority of the products was released on August 1, 2017.[62] The 2016 PonyRadioCon panel included a brief preview for some of the planned merchandise being developed for the film, including T-shirts and graphics.[30] On July 27, 2016, the My Little Pony Collectible Card Game hinted on Twitter about a new set of cards based on the film.[63] Hasbro's toyline for the film was shown and promoted at Toy Fair 2017 and various other toy conventions.[64][65][66]", "My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic (season 8). On February 8, 2018, Discovery Family's March press release states that this season, \"viewers will witness major milestones featuring the introduction of Starlight Glimmer’s parents and Princess Celestia's big acting debut. Additionally, the Mane 6’s Twilight Sparkle, Rarity, Applejack, Pinkie Pie, Rainbow Dash and Fluttershy are accompanied by six new creatures including Ocellus the Changeling, Silverstream the Hippogriff/Seapony, Smolder the Dragon, Gallus the Griffin, Yona the Yak and Sandbar the Pony, joining them on epic adventures throughout new and familiar lands such as Mount Aris, Everfree Forest, Las Pegasus and more. Fan-favorite characters Maud Pie, Spike, the Cutie Mark Crusaders, Queen Chrysalis and Discord return with exciting storylines and a whole lot of magic!\"[1]" ]

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[ "Little black dress. A little black dress (LBD) is a black evening or cocktail dress, cut simply and often quite short. Fashion historians ascribe the origins of the little black dress to the 1920s designs of Coco Chanel and Jean Patou[1] intended to be long-lasting, versatile, affordable, accessible to the widest market possible and in a neutral colour. Its ubiquity is such that it is often simply referred to as the \"LBD\".[2][3][4]", "Little black dress. In 1926 Gabrielle \"Coco\" Chanel published a picture of a short, simple black dress in American Vogue. It was calf-length, straight and decorated only by a few diagonal lines. Vogue called it \"Chanel's Ford\". Like the Model T, the little black dress was simple and accessible for women of all social classes. Vogue also said that the LBD would become \"a sort of uniform for all women of taste\".[5] This, as well as other designs by the house of Chanel helped disassociate black with mourning, and reinvent it as the uniform of the high-class, wealthy, and chic. As Coco herself proclaimed, \"I imposed black; it's still going strong today, for black wipes out everything else around.\"[6] Chanel is credited with the creation and popularization of the Little Black Dress, and rightfully so.", "Little black dress. Wallis Simpson, Duchess of Windsor, was known to own several little black dresses and said much in praise of the garments. One quote of the Duchess: \"When a little black dress is right, there is nothing else to wear in its place.\"[5] Edith Piaf, the French folk icon, performed in a black sheath dress throughout her career: for this habit she was nicknamed \"little black sparrow\". It was thought that the dress helped audiences focus more on Piaf's singing and less on her appearance.[5]", "Black. Women's fashion was revolutionized and simplified in 1926 by the French designer Coco Chanel, who published a drawing of a simple black dress in Vogue magazine. She famously said, \"A woman needs just three things; a black dress, a black sweater, and, on her arm, a man she loves.\"[30] Other designers contributed to the trend of the little black dress. The Italian designer Gianni Versace said, \"Black is the quintessence of simplicity and elegance,\" and French designer Yves Saint Laurent said, \"black is the liaison which connects art and fashion.[30] One of the most famous black dresses of the century was designed by Hubert de Givenchy and was worn by Audrey Hepburn in the 1961 film Breakfast at Tiffany's.", "Little black dress. The popularity of casual fabrics, especially knits, for dress and business wear during the 1980s brought the little black dress back into vogue. Coupled with the fitness craze, the new designs incorporated details already popular at the time such as broad shoulders or peplums: later in the decade and into the 1990s, simpler designs in a variety of lengths and fullness were popular. The grunge culture of the 1990s saw the combination of the little black dress with both sandals and combat boots, though the dress itself remained simple in cut and fabric.", "Little black dress. The black Givenchy dress of Audrey Hepburn as Holly Golightly in Breakfast at Tiffany’s, designed by Hubert de Givenchy, epitomized the standard for wearing little black dresses accessorized with pearls (together called \"basic black\"), as was frequently seen throughout the early 1960s. The dress set a record in 2006 when it was auctioned for £410,000, six times its original estimate.[7] Betty Boop, a cartoon character based in part on the 1920s' \"It Girl\" Clara Bow, was drawn wearing a little black dress in her early films, though with Technicolor later, Betty's dress became red.[5]", "Little black dress. The generation gap of the 1960s created a dichotomy in the design of the little black dress. The younger \"mod\" generation preferred, in general, a miniskirt on their versions of the dress and designers catering to the youth culture continued to push the envelope - shortening the skirt even more, creating cutouts or slits in the skirt or bodice of the dress, using sheer fabrics such as netting or tulle. Many women aspired to simple black sheath dresses similar to the black Givenchy dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's.", "Little black dress. The little black dress continued to be popular through the Great Depression, predominantly through its economy and elegance, albeit with the line lengthened somewhat. Hollywood's influence on fashion helped the little black dress's popularity, but for more practical reasons: as Technicolor films became more common, filmmakers relied on little black dresses because other colors looked distorted on screen and botched the coloring process. During World War II, the style continued in part due to widespread rationing of textiles, and in part as a common uniform (accessorized for businesswear) for civilian women entering the workforce.", "Little black dress. The \"little black dress\" is considered essential to a complete wardrobe by many women and fashion observers, who believe it a \"rule of fashion\" that every woman should own a simple, elegant black dress that can be dressed up or down depending on the occasion: for example, worn with a jacket and pumps for daytime business wear or with more ornate jewelry and accessories for evening or a formal event such as a wedding or a ball. Because it is meant to be a staple of the wardrobe for a number of years, the style of the little black dress ideally should be as simple as possible: a short black dress that is too clearly part of a trend would not qualify because it would soon appear dated.[citation needed]", "Little black dress. The rise of Dior's \"New Look\" in the post-war era and the sexual conservatism of the 1950s returned the little black dress to its roots as a uniform and a symbol of the dangerous woman. Hollywood femme fatales and fallen women characters were portrayed often in black halter-style dresses in contrast to the more conservative dresses of housewives or more wholesome Hollywood stars. Synthetic fibres made popular in the 1940s and 1950s broadened the availability and affordability of many designs.", "Black. For women's fashion, the defining moment was the invention of the simple black dress by Coco Chanel in 1926. (See history.) Thereafter, a long black gown was used for formal occasions, while the simple black dress could be used for everything else. The designer Karl Lagerfeld, explaining why black was so popular, said: \"Black is the color that goes with everything. If you're wearing black, you're on sure ground.\"[84] Skirts have gone up and down and fashions have changed, but the black dress has not lost its position as the essential element of a woman's wardrobe. The fashion designer Christian Dior said, \"elegance is a combination of distinction, naturalness, care and simplicity,\"[84] and black exemplified elegance.", "Little black dress. In an incident at London's Covent Garden theatre in 2004, a director fired the then-obese soprano Deborah Voigt from an opera because she could not fit into a \"little black cocktail dress\", replacing her with the slimmer Anne Schwanewilms.[8][9][10][11]", "Little black dress. The Hollies 1972 Single \"Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress\" was written for the album Distant Light about a woman who mesmerized the lead singer in a black dress. It sold 2 million copies worldwide and reached #2 on the Billboards Hot 100", "Black. The little black dress worn by Audrey Hepburn in the film Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961).", "Miniskirt. Quant had started experimenting with shorter skirts in the late 1950s, when she started making her own designs up to stock her boutique on the King's Road.[29] Among her inspirations was the memory of seeing a young tap-dancer wearing a \"tiny skirt over thick black tights,\" influencing her designs for young, active women who did not wish to resemble their mothers.[23][29] In addition to the miniskirt, Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured and patterned tights that tended to accompany the garment, although their creation is also attributed to the Spanish couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga who offered harlequin-patterned tights in 1962[31][32] or to Bates.[33]", "Little black dress. The new glamour of the late 1990s led to new variations of the dress but, like the 1950s and the 1970s, colour re-emerged as a factor in fashion and formalwear and repeatedly shows an aversion to black. The resurgence of body conscious clothing, muted colour schemes, and the reemergence of predominant black, along with the retrospective trends of the 1980s in the late 2000s paved way to the return of interest to the dress.", "Black. Le Bal de l'Opera (1873) by Édouard Manet, shows the dominance of black in Parisian evening dress.", "Little black dress. \"Little Black Dress\" is a song by San Diego–based roots reggae band One Drop, from the 2008 release Mission Blvd.[12]", "Mary Quant. In addition to the miniskirt, Quant is often credited with inventing the coloured and patterned tights that tended to accompany the garment, although their creation is also attributed to the Spanish couturier Cristóbal Balenciaga who offered harlequin-patterned tights in 1962[20][24] or to John Bates.[25]", "Little black dress. The 2006 song \"Little Black Dress\" is the opening song of Donnie Iris's album, Ellwood City. It was written by Mark Avsec.", "Little black dress. \"Little Black Dress\" is also a song by Sara Bareilles, the 6th track on 2013's The Blessed Unrest album. In the song, dancing in the dress promotes getting over a relationship.", "Little black dress. Gavin Friday performed a song titled \"Little Black Dress\" for his 1996 album Shag Tobacco. The song was written by Maurice Seezer.", "Miniskirt. Several designers have been credited with the invention of the 1960s miniskirt, most significantly the London-based designer Mary Quant and the Parisian André Courrèges.", "Mary Quant. The miniskirt, described as one of the defining fashions of the 1960s,[18] is one of the garments most widely associated with Quant. While she is often cited as the inventor of the style, this claim has been challenged by others. Marit Allen, a contemporary fashion journalist and editor of the influential \"Young Ideas\" pages for UK Vogue, firmly stated that another British fashion designer, John Bates, rather than Quant or André Courrèges, was the original creator of the miniskirt.[19] Others credit Courrèges with the invention of the style.[20] However, skirts had been getting shorter since the 1950s—a development Quant considered practical and liberating, allowing women the ability to run for a bus.[21]", "Little black dress. A number of songs are titled \"Little Black Dress\", including \"Little Black Dress\" from the 1981 musical Shock Treatment, which is sung whilst one of the antagonists sews up a little black dress and presents it to the heroine, who wears it in the second half of the film.", "Miniskirt. The idea that John Bates, rather than Quant or Courrèges, innovated the miniskirt had an influential champion in Marit Allen, who as editor of the influential \"Young Ideas\" pages for UK Vogue, kept track of up-and-coming young designers.[26] In 1966 she chose Bates to design her mini-length wedding outfit in white gabardine and silver PVC.[26] In January 1965 Bates's \"skimp dress\" with its \"short-short skirt\" was featured in Vogue, and would later be chosen as the Dress of the Year.[36][37][38] Bates was also famous for having designed mini-coats and dresses and other outfits for Emma Peel (played by Diana Rigg) in the TV series The Avengers, although the manufacturers blocked his request for patterned tights to enable Emma Peel to fight in skirts if necessary.[26][33]", "Miniskirt. Several designers have been credited with the invention of the 1960s miniskirt, most significantly the London-based designer Mary Quant and the Parisian André Courrèges. Although Quant reportedly named the skirt after her favourite make of car, the Mini,[23][24] there is no consensus as to who designed it first. Valerie Steele has noted that the claim that Quant was first is more convincingly supported by evidence than the equivalent Courrèges claim.[25] However, the contemporary fashion journalist Marit Allen, who edited the influential \"Young Ideas\" pages for UK Vogue, firmly stated that the British designer John Bates was the first to offer fashionable miniskirts.[26] Other designers, including Pierre Cardin and Yves Saint Laurent, had also been raising hemlines at the same time.[27]", "Black. The goth fashion model Lady Amaranth. Goth fashion was inspired by British Victorian mourning costumes.", "Audrey Hepburn. Added to the International Best Dressed List in 1961, Hepburn was associated with a minimalistic style, usually wearing clothes with simple silhouettes which emphasised her slim body, monochromatic colours, and occasional statement accessories.[124] In the late 1950s, Audrey Hepburn popularised plain black leggings.[125] Academic Rachel Moseley describes the combination of \"slim black trousers, flat ballet-style pumps and a fine black jersey\" as one of her signature looks alongside little black dresses, noting that this style was new at the time when women still wore skirts and high heels more often than trousers and flat shoes.[122]", "Black. A \"simple black dress\" from 1964.", "Little black dress. Black has always been a color rich in symbolism. In the early 18th century, black represented romance and artistry. As Ann Demeulemeester said of it, \"Black is poetic. How do you imagine a poet? In a bright yellow jacket? Probably not.\" In the early 19th century, black was adopted by the Romantics such as Byron, Shelley, and Keats, due to its melancholic aura. As the Victorian Era began, black transitions from a color of art to one of grief and mourning - widows were expected to wear black for at least four years - and also for service livery, as the uniform for maids.", "Miniskirt. Owing to Quant's position in the heart of fashionable \"Swinging London\", the miniskirt was able to spread beyond a simple street fashion into a major international trend. The style came into prominence when Jean Shrimpton wore a short white shift dress, made by Colin Rolfe, on 30 October 1965 at Derby Day, first day of the annual Melbourne Cup Carnival in Australia, where it caused a sensation. According to Shrimpton, who claimed that the brevity of the skirt was due mainly to Rolfe's having insufficient material, the ensuing controversy was as much as anything to do with her having dispensed with a hat and gloves, seen as essential accessories in such a conservative society.[41][42]" ]

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[ "Bendy and the Ink Machine. The 'in-production' trailer for Chapter 4 was released November 17, 2017.[5] The first teaser visual was released on January 27, 2018, the second was released on February 24, 2018, and the third was released on March 28, 2018. The reveal trailer was released on March 31, 2018. The chapter itself will be released on April 28, 2018. It will probably focus on Henry trying to rescue Boris from \"Alice\", but also discovering why he was lured back to the studio. The chapter's official title \"Colossal Wonders\" was leaked from the demo gameplay at Pax East.[6]", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. Bendy and the Ink Machine is an episodic survival horror video game developed and published by TheMeatly Games. The game focuses on Henry, a retired cartoonist, who returns to the old studio he worked at, called Joey Drew Studios, upon an invitation from his old colleague, studio owner Joey Drew, and discovering numerous secrets about the abandoned studio, while being hunted down by Bendy, an ink monster that resembles the company's most popular character. The game's first chapter, Moving Pictures, was released for Linux, macOS and Microsoft Windows via Game Jolt on February 10, 2017, with a second chapter, The Old Song, together with a remastered version of the first one, following on April 18, 2017. After the game succeeded in its Steam Greenlight campaign on February 28, 2017,[1] both available chapters were released onto Steam on April 27, 2017. The third chapter, Rise and Fall, was released on September 28, 2017. The fourth chapter, Colossal Wonders, is scheduled to be released on April 28, 2018. The fifth final chapter is planned.[2] Mike Mood, the programmer, describes the game as an \"accidental success.\"[3]", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. Henry, an animator, visits his old workplace, animation studio Joey Drew Studios, after receiving an invitation from his old friend and former employer, Joey Drew. Having not visited in 30 years (making him over 50 years old), Henry finds the place abandoned. He then encounters a dead clone of Boris the Wolf, one of the cartoon characters. From an old audio recording, Henry learns that Joey seemed to participate in bizarre occult practices. Henry also discovers a mysterious ink machine Joey had installed and attempts to activate it but needs to first restore the ink pressure that powers the machine (which requires finding six items: an inkwell, a Bendy doll, a record, a book, a wrench, and a gear). After doing so, Henry gets attacked by a humanoid ink monster that resembles the studio's most popular character, the cartoon demon Bendy. Henry attempts to flee from \"Bendy\" as the studio starts to slowly flood with ink. Just before Henry reaches the exit, the floor collapses underneath him, trapping him in a room below. Then, after using an axe to clear the path and approaching a pentagram drawn on the floor in a room with two coffins against the wall, he falls unconscious after several pictures flashing before his eyes, which includes a wheelchair, the Ink Machine, and \"Bendy\". There is a big update coming to Chapter One along with Chapter Four.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. The Halloween crossover mod, Hello Bendy, was released for the game on October 27, 2017 for a limited time, featuring the Hello Neighbor antagonist who takes the role as Bendy in all previous three chapters and even Sammy for Chapter 2.[9] The mod's menu features the advertisement of pre-ordering the game Hello Neighbor. The mod was expired by the end of October.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. Having woken up in Boris's safe-house, Henry makes Boris soup in exchange for a handle needed to open a door. The two work together to navigate through a dark hallway with a flashlight. Upon reaching a locked door, Boris goes through a vent to unlock it from the other side. Henry then walks into Heavenly Toys, the studio's toy manufacturing department, where he repairs a jammed mechanism to clear the path and encounters a living, insane version of Alice Angel. During his first encounter with \"Alice\", she smashes a window in the room next to Henry before disappearing. There are two paths that Henry can take: the Angel path or the Demon Path. Depending on which path he takes, the other will close, ultimately affecting the chapter's post-credits scene. There are also two different tape recordings, one from Joey, who mentions possibly attempting to cheat death by \"believing\", and one from Susie Campbell, who says that she got fired by Sammy and replaced with another voice actress named Allison Pendle. Another one from her reveals she once had lunch with Joey, and liked it when he called her \"Alice\", meaning the two might have formed some sort of connection. Henry reunites with Boris, who hands him a pipe to use as a weapon and after working together to open another door, they reach \"Alice\"'s lair. There, Henry finds out that \"Alice\" has been sacrificing other cartoon character clones in order to improve her appearance. After witnessing her electrocuting a living version of the Butcher Gang member named Piper, \"Alice\" offers Henry his freedom in exchange for a few errands. Henry carries out these various errands (which involves gathering several materials such as gears from power boxes, valve cores from valve boxes, heart pieces from the lowest floor, and blobs of ink from Swollen Searchers, destroying Bendy cutouts, and defending \"Alice\"'s lair from the Butcher Gang) for \"Alice\" while evading \"Bendy\" and the Projectionist, a disfigured version of Norman Polk who, like \"Sammy\", got stuck in the studio and has now become an ink monster with a Projector for a head. \"Alice\" also offers Henry some tools to help him, such as a plunger, a wrench, an ink syringe, an axe, and a tommy gun. However, the tommy gun will disappear when Henry reaches for it. It is obtainable by doing the following steps before having to deal with the Projectionist (which is when \"Alice\" will offer Henry the tommy gun). Henry must first find a small ink statue on a table and the player must click on it until it turns into an ink machine shape. Afterwards, Henry must take the Demon path and complete all the missions without dying. After every task is complete, Henry and Boris ascend in an elevator. However, \"Alice\" then proclaims she wants to use Boris for herself, and the elevator plummets down. As Boris tries to revive an unconscious Henry, he is pulled away by \"Alice\" and presumably captured, leaving Henry for dead. Two endings will be shown depending on which path Henry took after encountering \"Alice\" for the first time: if he took the Demon path, the ending will show \"Bendy\" standing in front of an ink-filled room that includes the Butcher Gang and a Searcher, but if Henry takes the Angel path, the ending will show Boris tied to a table with an axe and \"Alice\"'s shadow on a wall nearby.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. Waking up in the room used for a ritual and determined to find an exit, Henry walks into the studio's music department. Armed with an axe that eventually breaks, he kills several hostile ink creatures called Searchers. As he travels through, he discovers several tape recordings including one by Sammy Lawrence, the musical director for the studio, who seemingly started to worship Bendy as a deity. Another recording from Norman Polk, the studio projectionist, mentions how Sammy continually disrupted daily sessions by attempting to enter his sanctuary, which no one, not even Joey, seemingly knew about. There is also Susie Campbell, a newcomer to the studio, who Joey hired to voice a new character \"Alice Angel\". There are other recordings found throughout the studio consisting of Wally Franks, the studio janitor, Thomas Connor, a repair man who was continually hired to fix problems in the studio, Shawn Flynn, the head of toy production, and Grant Cohen, head of finance. After unlocking three doors that require pressing three buttons, searching for a key, and playing Sammy's favorite song, Henry activates the pump switch in Sammy's old office to drain the ink blocking his way out in the stairwell, and attempts to leave but is then knocked out. Upon waking, Henry finds his captor is Sammy trapped in a body of ink and is wearing a Bendy mask over his face. Apparently stuck in the studio, \"Sammy\" went crazy and started relying on the fact that \"Bendy\" would be the one to return him to normal, and he intends on using Henry as a human sacrifice. This backfires when \"Bendy\" appears and presumably kills \"Sammy\" instead. Henry flees from \"Bendy\" again, and after successfully escaping, encounters a living version of Boris the Wolf. The chapter used to end with a shot of \"Sammy\"'s remains, a puddle of ink with his mask on it, but was removed for chapter 3, implying that “Sammy” may not be dead.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. The mobile spin-off, titled Bendy in Nightmare Run, was announced on January 26, 2018 and is scheduled to be released on Android and iOS ports with no release date confirmed.[10][11] The game will introduce the playable titular character Bendy along with featuring four levels each consisting a different \"boss\" cartoon monster, collectible items and power-ups, and possible future updates.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. Official videos for the series of animated shorts based on the game are released from theMeatly's YouTube channel, with the animation done by the animator Timethehobo. The first animated short, Tombstone Picnic, was released as a first part of Chapter 3's reveal trailer on August 11, 2017.[7] The second short, Haunted Hijinx, was uploaded on October 31, 2017 for the celebration on Halloween.[8] The third short, Snow Sillies, was uploaded on December 24, 2017 for the celebration on Christmas season.", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. The game was announced to be published by Rooster Teeth Games for several consoles sometimes around in 2018 including PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Nintendo Switch.[4]", "Dav Pilkey. Pilkey took a break from writing for a few years to care for his terminally ill father (who died on November 13, 2008), but in 2010 agreed with Scholastic to publish four new books.[6][7] The first two are graphic novels: The Adventures of Ook and Gluk, Kung-Fu Cavemen From the Future, released on August 10, 2010; and Super Diaper Baby 2: Invasion of the Potty Snatchers, released on June 28, 2011. Captain Underpants and the Terrifying Re-turn of Tippy Tinkletrousers was released on August 28, 2012 and Captain Underpants and the Revolting Revenge of the Radioactive Robo-Boxers was released in January 2013.", "Hello Neighbor. The game went into the beta phase in August 2017.[citation needed] For Halloween 2017, a promotional mod was released including multiple elements from the indie game Bendy and the Ink Machine. The mod includes a black and yellow background, ink, music from the game and multiple appearances of Bendy.[citation needed] The game was originally set for full release August 29, 2017,[18] but was delayed until December 8, 2017.[19][20]", "Terminator (franchise). The Terminator 2: Infinity (2007) comic book series by Dynamite Entertainment (a sequel to Rise of the Machines) depicts Connor on July 17, 2009. Kate Brewster died the year before, and he is aided by a future Terminator named Uncle Bob. They create a homing signal to bring together other human survivors, beginning the resistance. The series is also tied into another one of Dynamite's publications, Painkiller Jane, for two issues.[89] Dynamite are releasing a sequel Terminator: Revolution and at all the same time IDW Publishing are releasing a Salvation tie-in, possible because the former is based on the Terminator 2 license.[90]", "Incredibles 2. In May 2018, a prose novel was released entitled Incredibles 2: A Real Stretch: An Elastigirl Prequel Story, which focuses on the life of the character Elastigirl before the events of the first film.", "The Strange Case of Origami Yoda. The first sequel, Darth Paper Strikes Back (ISBN 9781419705175), takes place one year after the events of The Strange Case of Origami Yoda.\nThe book includes instructions for a simpler version of Darth Paper (whose designer is known as Super-folder Ben), as well a 5-fold version of Origami Yoda\n\"It is a dark time at Ralph McQuarrie middle school. After suffering several Origami Yoda-related humiliations, Harvey manages to get Dwight suspended from school for being a \"troublemaker.\" Origami Yoda pleads with Tommy and Kellen to save Dwight by making a new case file-one that will show that Dwight's presence benefits McQuarrie. With the help of their friends, Tommy and Kellen record cases such as \"Origami Yoda and the Pre-eaten wiener,\"\"Origami Yoda and the Exploding Pizza Bagels,\" and \"Origami Yoda and Wonderland: The Musical.\" But Harvey and his Darth Paper puppet have a secret plan that could make Dwight's suspension permanent...\"", "FLCL. The English-language editions of the manga was released by Tokyopop on September 16, 2003 and on November 4, 2003 respectively.[46][47] In March 2011, Dark Horse Comics announced to re-release the manga in omnibus edition.[48] The omnibus edition was released on May 16, 2012 and includes remastered story pages, a remastered script, and bonus color pages.[49]", "Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25. Mercury Ink has released the following sequels:", "The Dark Horse Book of.... This second volume was published July 7, 2004 and featured a new Hellboy story by Mike Mignola as well as a sequel to Stray by Evan Dorkin and Jill Thompson story, a classic witch tale by Clark Ashton Smith illustrated by cover artist Gary Gianni, and an interview with Wiccan High Priestess Phyllis Currott.[4][5]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck is a children's novel written by Jeff Kinney and the eighth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[1][2] The book's existence was announced at the end of the previous book in the series, The Third Wheel. Hard Luck was released on November 5, 2013 in the United States with a print run of 5.5 million copies and on November 6 in the United Kingdom, where it had a printing of 800,000 copies.[3][4]", "The Second Machine Age. The authors summarize the contents of their book's 15 chapters [3] on pages 11 and 12 of the book itself.", "Iron Man 2. Author Alexander C. Irvine adapted the script into a novel, also titled Iron Man 2, that was released in April 2010.[104] Prior to the film release, Marvel Comics released a four issue miniseries comic book titled Iron Man vs Whiplash, which introduced the film's version of Whiplash into the Marvel Universe.[105] A three issue prequel miniseries titled Iron Man 2: Public Identity was released in April.[106][107][108]", "List of One-Punch Man chapters. The series began publication in Viz Media's Weekly Shonen Jump (Shonen Jump Alpha at the time) in North America on January 21, 2013.[5] The first digital volume in February 2014.[6] One-Punch Man was one of a number of series that Viz made available on ComiXology in June 2014.[7] The manga was released in print in the United States starting in September 2015.[8]", "Punky Brewster. The second season's February 2, 1986 episode, introduced the first installment of a five-part storyline. In the five-part episode \"Changes\", Henry's downtown photography studio was destroyed in a fire, and it seemed for a time that he would not be able to recover from its aftermath and resume his career. As a result of his stress, Henry ended up hospitalized for a bleeding ulcer.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck. Plans for an eighth entry in the series were announced in the final pages of 2012's The Third Wheel. Teaser artwork for the then-unnamed book was released in March 2013, which depicted central character Greg Heffley holding an umbrella while Magic 8-Balls fall around him.[5] On August 8, 2013 the book's cover and official title, Hard Luck, was revealed, along with the release date of November 5, 2013.[6] Kinney also announced that he would begin a book tour that same month to encourage pre-sales of the book.[7]", "List of UQ Holder! chapters. The series is licensed for English language release in North America by Kodansha USA under the Kodansha Comics imprint, who published the first volume on March 18, 2014. As the series is published in Japan, it is also released simultaneously in English digitally by Crunchyroll. Individual chapters of the series are called stages.", "Corpse Party. Another sequel titled Corpse Party 2: Dead Patient[f] was created for the PC by GrindHouse, a dōjin circle founded by members affiliated with Team GrisGris.[12] It is released episodically, with the first chapter released on May 29, 2013.", "Kingdom Hearts II. The game has also been novelized by Tomoco Kanemaki and illustrated by Shiro Amano. The first volume, titled \"Roxas—Seven Days\", was released on April 22, 2006[88] and covers Roxas' story to when Sora wakes up and leaves Twilight Town. The novel depicts extra scenes that were added in the Final Mix version, such as interaction between Organization XIII members and between Axel, Naminé and Riku. The second book, \"The Destruction of Hollow Bastion\", was released on July 16, 2006,[89] the third book, \"Tears of Nobody,\" revolving around Roxas' past, was released on September 29, 2006,[90] and the fourth book, \"Anthem—Meet Again/Axel Last Stand,\" came out in February 2007.[91]", "Incredibles 2. An Incredibles 2 graphic novel and comic miniseries was published by Dark Horse Comics in 2018. The graphic novel, titled Incredibles 2: Heroes at Home, was written by Liz Marsham and illustrated by Nicoletta Baldari. A comic miniseries, titled Incredibles 2: Crisis in Mid-Life! & Other Stories, was written by Christos Gage and Landry Walker, and illustrated by Gurihiru, J. Bone, Andrea Greppi and Roberta Zanotta.[45][46][47]", "Metal Gear Solid 2: Sons of Liberty. A second novelization by Kenji Yano (written under the pen name Hitori Nojima), titled Metal Gear Solid Substance II, was published by Kadokawa Shoten in Japan on September 24, 2015.[54] This novelization is narrated in real time during the events of the Plant chapter from the perspective of a young man living Manhattan.", "The Comic Artist and His Assistants. The manga was serialized in Square Enix's seinen manga magazine Young Gangan from 2008 to 2012. It was compiled in 10 volumes released between October 27, 2008 and December 25, 2012.[2][3] A sequel titled The Comic Artist and His Assistants 2 began serialization in August 2013.[4]", "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Demand for the book spread outside of the United States. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn was eventually published on December 10, 1884, in Canada and the United Kingdom, and on February 18, 1885, in the United States.[18] The illustration on page 283 became a point of issue after an engraver, whose identity was never discovered, made a last-minute addition to the printing plate of Kemble's picture of old Silas Phelps, which drew attention to Phelps' groin. Thirty thousand copies of the book had been printed before the obscenity was discovered. A new plate was made to correct the illustration and repair the existing copies.[19][20]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Hard Luck. November 5, 2013 (United States)", "Avatar: The Last Airbender (comics). Avatar: The Last Airbender – Team Avatar Tales is the second anthology book, collecting the 2013–2015 Free Comic Book Day stories along with all-new stories. The book is scheduled for publication January 2, 2019. Creators include Gene Luen Yang, Dave Scheidt, Sara Goetter, Ron Koertge, Kiku Hughes, Faith Erin Hicks, Ryan Hill, Carla Speed McNeil, Johane Matte, and Sara DuVall." ]

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[ "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). All the Ike and Tina Turner songs used in the film were newly re-recorded versions featuring Tina Turner covering her own songs. On \"Proud Mary\" and \"It's Gonna Work Out Fine\", Laurence Fishburne sings Ike Turner's parts. For Tina Turner's solo recordings, the original masters were used, including the Phil Spector-produced \"River Deep - Mountain High\".", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Angela Bassett auditioned for the role in October 1992 and was chosen only a month before production began in December. During that time she had to learn not only how to talk like Turner but to dance and move like her. She would have been willing to try to do the singing as well, but ''not in the time we had,'' she said. ''I did think about it for a second, though.'' Instead, she lip syncs to soundtracks recorded by Tina Turner and Fishburne. Bassett worked with Tina Turner, but only ''a little bit.'' Turner helped most with the re-creations of her famed dance routines.[2]", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Actress Vanessa Bell Calloway, who plays the fictional character Jackie, was leery of chanting the Buddhist words because of her strong Christian faith. Director Brian Gibson allowed her to form the words with her lips silently during filming and added the words with a voice double in post-production. She also appeared alongside Tina in the music video of \"What's Love Got to Do with It\".[citation needed]", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). What's Love Got to Do with It is a 1993 American biographical film directed by Brian Gibson, loosely based on the life of American-born singer Tina Turner. It stars Angela Bassett as Tina Turner and Laurence Fishburne as Ike Turner.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). A music video (directed by Joseph Kahn) was produced to promote the single, featuring footage of Warren G and Adina Howard performing the song, with clips from the film Police Story 3: Super Cop. Jackie Chan also appears near the end of the video, dancing along with the artists.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). The name of the song was used as the title of a 1993 film depicting the early career of Tina Turner, in which the abusive relationship between Tina and Ike Turner was depicted.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" is a song recorded by the American singer Tina Turner, released in 1984. It was taken from her fifth solo album, Private Dancer and became Turner's most successful single.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). The music video features Turner walking down the street engaging with the public, intercut with scenes where she is singing directly to camera. The video was shot in New York City during the spring of 1984. The music video also features Sleepaway Camp 2's Pamela Springsteen, Bruce Springsteen's sister, as a street dancer. The video was directed by Mark Robinson.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). An alternate black and white video directed by Bud Schaetzle features Tina singing the song against a black background while couples argue in a bar.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Born and raised in Nutbush, Tennessee, Anna Mae Bullock (Tina's birth name) grows up in an unhappy family, with her parents leaving and abandoning her at a young age. Following her grandmother's death, she relocates to St. Louis, reuniting with her mother and close sister Alline. Anna Mae pursues a chance to be a professional singer after seeing charismatic bandleader Ike Turner perform one night. Later she wins her spot in Turner's band after singing onstage and he begins mentoring her. In time, an unexpected romance develops between the two after she moves into Ike's home. Shortly afterwards, they marry and begin having musical success together as Ike and Tina Turner.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). The song was written by Terry Britten and Graham Lyle, who originally offered it to Cliff Richard, but it was rejected. It was then given to Phyllis Hyman, who wanted to do the song, but Arista Records head Clive Davis wouldn't allow her. The song then was offered to Donna Summer, who has stated that she sat with it for a couple of years but never recorded it.[citation needed] Some months before Turner recorded the song, the British pop group Bucks Fizz were offered it. Member Jay Aston requested to sing lead on the track after hearing the demo, but was told by the producer that it was unsuitable for a female lead vocal. The group went on to record it in February 1984, but sung by male groupmember Bobby G.[3] Aston recalls that the demo was very similar to the eventual Tina Turner version, but their finished version was in a very different style.[4] It was intended for possible inclusion on their next album I Hear Talk but was shelved when Turner released her version first. The Bucks Fizz version went unreleased until it was included on a re-issue of their Are You Ready album in 2000. The Original Bucks Fizz went on to include the song in their reunion concert tour in October 2009.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" was also recorded by American artists Warren G and Adina Howard for the Supercop soundtrack. The song both sampled and interpolated the chorus of Tina Turner's 1984 song of the same name, though Warren G replaced the original lyrics with his own. \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" became a hit, making it to 32 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming Warren G's third top-40 single, as well as 5 on the Hot Rap Singles. While a success in America, the single found greater success in the UK where it made it to #2 on the UK Singles chart.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). Although Turner had already scored a UK Top 10 and US Top 30 hit some months earlier with her rendition of \"Let's Stay Together\", \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" gave Turner her first and only US number one. The song ranked number 309 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\". It also ranked number 38 on the Songs of the Century list. It was the second-biggest single of 1984 in the US and the 17th-biggest in the United Kingdom. In 1993, the song's title was used as the title for the biographical film about Turner's life.", "Proud Mary. In the Tina Turner biopic, What's Love Got to Do with It, the song is performed in a timeline of events in Ike and Tina's career in which the couple are transformed from an opening act to The Rolling Stones to a major headlining act by the mid-1970s. However, the film took significant liberties with that timeline; for instance, the film has the group performing the song in 1968 when they reportedly opened for The Stones in the UK, the Turners first opened for them in the UK in 1966 and opened for them again in 1969; by that time, the song wasn't in their set list. Following the original version's release and its success, Ike and Tina included the song in their live act and first performed a version of the song on The Ed Sullivan Show. It was also performed in 1971 (the year of the Turners' version's release) and 1974. The Turners performed the song on Soul Train on April 22, 1972.[28]", "Tina Turner. In 1991, Ike & Tina Turner were inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Phil Spector later accepted on their behalf. That same year, the ex-couple signed away their rights to have their lives dramatized in the semi-autobiographical film What's Love Got to Do with It, later released in 1993 and starring Angela Bassett as Tina and Laurence Fishburne as Ike, with the actors receiving Best Actress and Best Actor Academy Award nominations for their portrayals of the former husband-and-wife team. Turner contributed to the soundtrack for What's Love Got to Do with It, re-recording songs from her Revue days and recording several newer songs, including what turned out to be her last Top 10 U.S. hit, \"I Don't Wanna Fight\". Other than helping Bassett with her wardrobe and teaching her dance steps as well as providing songs for the soundtrack, and appearing as herself at the end of the film, she refused to be involved fully in the film, telling an interviewer, \"Why would I want to see Ike Turner beat me up again? I haven't dwelled on it; it's all in the past where it belongs.\"[99] Following the film's and soundtrack's release, Turner embarked on her first US tour in seven years. Following the tour's end, Turner moved to Switzerland and took a year off from the road at the end of the tour.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). The music video for the song claimed a prize at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1985 for \"Best Female Video\".", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). The screenplay was adapted by Kate Lanier from the book I, Tina written by Tina Turner and Kurt Loder. Both Ike and Tina Turner assigned rights to Lanier for their lives to be dramatized in the film. The film's soundtrack featured the hit song \"I Don't Wanna Fight\", which went to number one in seven countries. In the United States, the film grossed almost $40 million and around $20 million in rentals. In the United Kingdom, it grossed nearly £10 million.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Ike Turner complained that Fishburne's portrayal of him was inaccurate.[18]", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Winning the right to retain her stage name after their divorce, Tina continues working to pay bills. She gets a break after meeting Roger Davies, who eventually helps her realize her dreams of rock stardom. Despite Ike's attempts to win her back, Tina eventually prevails and finds solo success, accomplishing her dreams without Ike.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). The marriage quickly turns violent when Ike starts physically dominating her, leaving her no chance to escape. In public, Tina rises from local St. Louis phenomenon into an R&B superstar with Ike growing increasingly jealous of the attention given to her. Ike turns to drugs and his abusive behavior worsens. As Tina seeks solace in her chaotic life, a friend turns her on to Buddhism, eventually convincing her that reciting the Lotus Sutra and chanting Nam Myoho Renge Kyo will help \"change her life.\" Tina grows increasingly confident afterwards and in a final fight with Ike finally musters the courage to defend herself, eventually leaving Ike after they arrive at a hotel.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). The song received three awards at the 1985 Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Turner's live performance of the song at the Grammy show was released on the 1994 album Grammy's Greatest Moments Volume I.[9]", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). The movie received critical acclaim.[14][15][16][17] It currently holds a 96% \"fresh\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 49 reviews with the consensus: \"With a fascinating real-life story and powerhouse performances from Angela Bassett and Laurence Fishburne, What's Love Got to Do with It is a can't miss biopic.\"", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). In 2012, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame.", "River Deep – Mountain High. The recording of the song was later dramatized for Tina Turner's biographical film, What's Love Got to Do with It.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Halle Berry, Robin Givens, Pam Grier, Whitney Houston, Janet Jackson, and Vanessa L. Williams and were all considered for the role of Tina Turner.[1] Whitney Houston was actually offered the role, but had to decline due to imminent maternity. Jenifer Lewis, who plays Tina's mother in this film, originally auditioned to play Tina Turner, as well; Born in 1957, Lewis is one year older than Angela Bassett.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (film). Bassett won a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Comedy/Musical and an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Motion Picture. Laurence Fishburne was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Bassett was nominated for Best Actress in a Leading Role. The film won an American Choreography Award for one of its dance sequences.", "Shake a Tail Feather. Other artists who have recorded the song include Ike & Tina Turner (as re-created in the film What's Love Got to Do with It),[3][4] Mitch Ryder, Gerry & The Pacemakers, Tommy James and the Shondells, and The Romantics.", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). ^shipments figures based on certification alone", "What's Love Got to Do with It (song). Worldwide, the song did well on the music charts, reaching number one in Australia and Canada. It peaked at number 3 in New Zealand and on the UK Singles Chart, becoming her highest-charting single on the latter chart alongside \"River Deep – Mountain High\" and \"We Don't Need Another Hero (Thunderdome)\".[7] Elsewhere, the song reached the top 10 in many European countries, including the top 5 in Ireland, Sweden, and Austria. It also reached number 2 in South Africa.[8]", "What Is Love. \"What Is Love\" was written and produced by German music producer and composer Dee Dee Halligan (Dieter Lünstedt a.k.a. Tony Hendrik) and Junior Torello (Karin Hartmann-Eisenblätter a.k.a. Karin van Haaren) of Coconut Records in Cologne. They were in wait for the right singer to sing the song. Trinidadian-born singer Nestor Alexander Haddaway was then chosen to sing it. He used to work as a producer, dancer and choreographer before he was signed to Coconut Records.[3] In a 2012 interview Haddaway said about the making of \"What Is Love\":", "Through the Eyes of Love. The music of the song was written by the film's composer, Marvin Hamlisch, with the lyrics written by Carole Bayer Sager. Melissa Manchester, a frequent collaborator with Sager, was chosen to sing the song. The song was produced by Arif Mardin, with whom Manchester would re-team in 1982 to produce her comeback album Hey Ricky, that produced the biggest hit of her career \"You Should Hear How She Talks About You\".", "Nutbush City Limits. In 1993, Turner re-recorded the track as a re-working of the original studio arrangement for the What's Love Got to Do with It soundtrack album." ]

[ 5.94921875, 5.18359375, 5.44140625, 5.79296875, 3.685546875, 3.701171875, 2.48828125, 2.36328125, 2.85546875, 5.5546875, 2.31640625, 2.58203125, -0.1103515625, 3.646484375, 3.263671875, -2.009765625, 5.03515625, 0.277099609375, 1.1650390625, 0.94482421875, 0.12066650390625, 3.962890625, -1.8193359375, 3.201171875, 2.548828125, 1.8564453125, 2.9765625, -3.578125, -2.224609375, 0.30712890625, -5.08203125, -0.84228515625 ]

[ "Petroleum. The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery. Light crude oil is more desirable than heavy oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while sweet oil commands a higher price than sour oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of Crude oil assay analysis in petroleum laboratories.[citation needed]", "Oil sands. Heavy crude oil feedstock#crude feedstock needs pre-processing before it is fit for conventional refineries, although heavy oil and bitumen refineries can do the pre-processing themselves. This pre-processing is called 'upgrading', the key components of which are as follows:", "Oil refinery. Raw or unprocessed crude oil is not generally useful in industrial applications, although \"light, sweet\" (low viscosity, low sulfur) crude oil has been used directly as a burner fuel to produce steam for the propulsion of seagoing vessels. The lighter elements, however, form explosive vapors in the fuel tanks and are therefore hazardous, especially in warships. Instead, the hundreds of different hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil are separated in a refinery into components which can be used as fuels, lubricants, and as feedstocks in petrochemical processes that manufacture such products as plastics, detergents, solvents, elastomers and fibers such as nylon and polyesters.", "Separation process. In some cases, separations require total purification, as in the electrolysis refining of bauxite ore for aluminum metal, but a good example of an incomplete separation technique is oil refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various hydrocarbons and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as natural gas, gasoline and chemical feedstocks, none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude. In both of these cases, a series of separations is necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual distillation steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate.", "Base oil. Base oil is produced by means of refining crude oil. This means that the crude oil is heated in order that various distillates can be separated from one another. During the heating process, light and heavy hydrocarbons are separated – the light ones can be refined to make petrol and other fuels, while the heavier ones are suitable for bitumen and base oils.[1]", "Oil sands. Upon reaching a refinery, the synthetic crude is processed and a significant portion of the upgrading agent will be removed during the refining process. It may be used for other fuel fractions, but the end result is that liquid fuel has to be piped to the upgrading facility simply to make the bitumen transportable by pipeline. If all costs are considered, synthetic crude production and transfer using bitumen and an upgrading agent may prove economically unsustainable.", "Sweet crude oil. Sweet crude oil contains small amounts of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide. High-quality, low-sulfur crude oil is commonly used for processing into gasoline and is in high demand, particularly in industrialized nations. Light sweet crude oil is the most sought-after version of crude oil as it contains a disproportionately large fraction that is directly processed (fractionation) into gasoline (naphtha), kerosene, and high-quality diesel (gas oil). The term sweet originates from the fact that a low level of sulfur provides the oil with a mildly sweet taste and pleasant smell. Nineteenth-century prospectors would taste and smell small quantities of oil to determine its quality.[2]", "Downstream (petroleum industry). Crude oil is a mixture of many varieties of hydrocarbons and most usually have many sulfur-containing compounds. The oil refining process commonly includes hydrodesulfurization which converts most of that sulfur into gaseous hydrogen sulfide. Raw natural gas also may contain gaseous hydrogen sulfide and sulfur-containing mercaptans, which are removed in natural-gas processing plants before the gas is distributed to consumers.", "Oil refinery. Oil can be used in a variety of ways because it contains hydrocarbons of varying molecular masses, forms and lengths such as paraffins, aromatics, naphthenes (or cycloalkanes), alkenes, dienes, and alkynes. While the molecules in crude oil include different atoms such as sulfur and nitrogen, the hydrocarbons are the most common form of molecules, which are molecules of varying lengths and complexity made of hydrogen and carbon atoms, and a small number of oxygen atoms. The differences in the structure of these molecules account for their varying physical and chemical properties, and it is this variety that makes crude oil useful in a broad range of several applications.", "Motor oil. The oil in a motor oil product does break down and burns as it is used in an engine — it also gets contaminated with particles and chemicals that make it a less effective lubricant. Re-refining cleans the contaminants and used additives out of the dirty oil. From there, this clean \"base stock\" is blended with some virgin base stock and a new additives package to make a finished lubricant product that can be just as effective as lubricants made with all-virgin oil.[44] The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines re-refined products as containing at least 25% re-refined base stock,[45] but other standards are significantly higher. The California State public contract code defines a re-refined motor oil as one that contains at least 70% re-refined base stock.[46]", "Petroleum refining in the United States. American petroleum refining largely grew out of oil shale refining. When the Drake Well started producing in 1859, the oil shale industry was growing rapidly, and establishing refineries near cannel coal deposits along the Ohio River Valley. As oil production increased, the oil shale refiners discovered that their refining process worked just as well with petroleum, and that petroleum was a cheaper raw material than shale oil. In 1861, the existing oil shale refiners switched to petroleum feedstock, and the oil shale mines shut down.", "Oil refinery. In the 19th century, refineries in the U.S. processed crude oil primarily to recover the kerosene. There was no market for the more volatile fraction, including gasoline, which was considered waste and was often dumped directly into the nearest river. The invention of the automobile shifted the demand to gasoline and diesel, which remain the primary refined products today.", "Oil refinery. Once separated and purified of any contaminants and impurities, the fuel or lubricant can be sold without further processing. Smaller molecules such as isobutane and propylene or butylenes can be recombined to meet specific octane requirements by processes such as alkylation, or more commonly, dimerization. The octane grade of gasoline can also be improved by catalytic reforming, which involves removing hydrogen from hydrocarbons producing compounds with higher octane ratings such as aromatics. Intermediate products such as gasoils can even be reprocessed to break a heavy, long-chained oil into a lighter short-chained one, by various forms of cracking such as fluid catalytic cracking, thermal cracking, and hydrocracking. The final step in gasoline production is the blending of fuels with different octane ratings, vapor pressures, and other properties to meet product specifications. Another method for reprocessing and upgrading these intermediate products (residual oils) uses a devolatilization[permanent dead link] process to separate usable oil from the waste asphaltene material.", "Petroleum refining in the United States. The competitive advantage of US refiners has been attributed to the lower price of American crude oil, as reflected by the Oklahoma-based index price West Texas Intermediate, versus the more expensive European-based index price Brent Crude. Due to the great surge in American production of oil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids since 2008, those products have been cheaper in the North American market than worldwide, giving American refiners a major cost advantage.[16] The discount on US crude is partially attributed to the long-standing federal ban on exports of American crude oil.[17]", "Oil refinery. The crude oil feedstock has typically been processed by an oil production plant. There is usually an oil depot at or near an oil refinery for the storage of incoming crude oil feedstock as well as bulk liquid products.", "Oil refinery. Oil refinery or petroleum refinery is an industrial process plant where crude oil is transformed and refined into more useful products such as petroleum naphtha, gasoline, diesel fuel, asphalt base, heating oil, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gas, jet fuel and fuel oils.[1][2][3]", "Oil refinery. Some modern petroleum refineries process as much as 800,000 to 900,000 barrels (127,000 to 143,000 cubic meters) per day of crude oil.", "Cooking oil. Cooking oil can either be unrefined, or refined using one or more of the following refinement processes (in any combination):", "Cooking oil. Most large-scale commercial cooking oil refinement will involve all of these steps in order to achieve a product that's uniform in taste, smell and appearance, and has a longer shelf life.[94] Cooking oil intended for the health food market will often be unrefined, which can result in a less stable product but minimizes exposure to high temperatures and chemical processing.", "Oil refinery. Oil refineries are large scale plants, processing about a hundred thousand to several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil a day. Because of the high capacity, many of the units operate continuously, as opposed to processing in batches, at steady state or nearly steady state for months to years. The high capacity also makes process optimization and advanced process control very desirable.", "Oil refinery. Refineries which use a large amount of steam and cooling water need to have an abundant source of water. Oil refineries therefore are often located nearby navigable rivers or on a sea shore, nearby a port. Such location also gives access to transportation by river or by sea. The advantages of transporting crude oil by pipeline are evident, and oil companies often transport a large volume of fuel to distribution terminals by pipeline. Pipeline may not be practical for products with small output, and rail cars, road tankers, and barges are used.", "Oil refinery. These require blending various feedstocks, mixing appropriate additives, providing short term storage, and preparation for bulk loading to trucks, barges, product ships, and railcars. The primary end-products produced in petroleum refining may be grouped into four categories: light distillates, middle distillates, heavy distillates and others. This classification is based on the way crude oil is distilled and separated into fractions.[22]", "Heat exchanger. Crude Oil Exchanger Fouling. In commercial crude oil refining, crude oil is heated from 21 °C (70 °F) to 343 °C (649 °F) prior to entering the distillation column. A series of shell and tube heat exchangers typically exchange heat between crude oil and other oil streams to heat the crude to 260 °C (500 °F) prior to heating in a furnace. Fouling occurs on the crude side of these exchangers due to asphaltene insolubility. The nature of asphaltene solubility in crude oil was successfully modeled by Wiehe and Kennedy.[29] The precipitation of insoluble asphaltenes in crude preheat trains has been successfully modeled as a first order reaction by Ebert and Panchal[30] who expanded on the work of Kern and Seaton.", "Petroleum. The petroleum industry generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g. West Texas Intermediate, Brent, or Oman), its API gravity (an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered light if it has low density or heavy if it has high density; and it may be referred to as sweet if it contains relatively little sulfur or sour if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.[citation needed]", "Synthetic fuel. Synthetic crude may also be created by upgrading bitumen (a tar like substance found in oil sands), or synthesizing liquid hydrocarbons from oil shale. There are number of processes extracting shale oil (synthetic crude oil) from oil shale by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution.[13][39]", "Cooking oil. Filtering, a non-chemical process which screens out larger particles, could be considered a step in refinement, although it doesn't alter the state of the oil.", "Olive oil. Refined olive oil is virgin oil that has been refined using charcoal and other chemical and physical filters, methods which do not alter the glyceridic structure. It has a free acidity, expressed as oleic acid, of not more than 0.3 grams per 100 grams (0.3%) and its other characteristics correspond to those fixed for this category in this standard. It is obtained by refining virgin oils to eliminate high acidity or organoleptic defects. Oils labeled as Pure olive oil or Olive oil are primarily refined olive oil, with a small addition of virgin for taste.", "Oil sands. Modernized and new large refineries such as are found in the Midwestern United States and on the Gulf Coast of the United States, as well as many in China, can handle upgrading heavy oil themselves, so their demand is for non-upgraded bitumen and extra-heavy oil rather than SCO. The main problem is that the feedstock would be too viscous to flow through pipelines, so unless it is delivered by tanker or rail car, it must be blended with diluent to enable it to flow. This requires mixing the crude bitumen with a lighter hydrocarbon diluent such as condensate from gas wells, pentanes and other light products from oil refineries or gas plants, or synthetic crude oil from oil sands upgraders to allow it to flow through pipelines to market.", "Oil sands. The first step in upgrading is vacuum distillation to separate the lighter fractions. After that, de-asphalting is used to separate the asphalt from the feedstock. Cracking is used to break the heavier hydrocarbon molecules down into simpler ones. Since cracking produces products which are rich in sulfur, desulfurization must be done to get the sulfur content below 0.5% and create sweet, light synthetic crude oil.[73]", "Jet fuel. As the aviation industry’s jet kerosene demands have increased to more than 5% of all refined products derived from crude, it has been necessary for the refiner to optimize the yield of jet kerosene, a high value product, by varying process techniques. New processes have allowed flexibility in the choice of crudes, the use of coal tar sands as a source of molecules and the manufacture of synthetic blend stocks. Due to the number and severity of the processes used, it is often necessary and sometimes mandatory to use additives. These additives may, for example, prevent the formation of harmful chemical species or improve a property of a fuel to prevent further engine wear.", "Cooking oil. Cooking oil extraction and refinement are separate processes. Extraction first removes the oil, typically from a seed, nut or fruit. Refinement then alters the appearance, texture, taste, smell, or stability of the oil to meet buyer expectations.", "Pipeline transport. Crude oil contains varying amounts of paraffin wax and in colder climates wax buildup may occur within a pipeline. Often these pipelines are inspected and cleaned using pigging, the practice of using devices known as \"pigs\" to perform various maintenance operations on a pipeline. The devices are also known as \"scrapers\" or \"Go-devils\". \"Smart pigs\" (also known as \"intelligent\" or \"intelligence\" pigs) are used to detect anomalies in the pipe such as dents, metal loss caused by corrosion, cracking or other mechanical damage.[11] These devices are launched from pig-launcher stations and travel through the pipeline to be received at any other station down-stream, either cleaning wax deposits and material that may have accumulated inside the line or inspecting and recording the condition of the line." ]

[ 1.9443359375, -0.210205078125, 2.95703125, 0.873046875, 1.9248046875, 0.1505126953125, -3.25390625, 1.6416015625, 2.8984375, 0.372314453125, -0.136962890625, 2.07421875, -1.080078125, 1.2548828125, 1.1201171875, 2.177734375, -1.5087890625, -4.21484375, -0.67724609375, 2.55078125, 2.35546875, 0.3505859375, -2.869140625, -3.986328125, -5.796875, -2.7109375, -2.802734375, -2.974609375, -2.521484375, -3.99609375, -2.49609375, -5.64453125 ]

[ "Fiscal year. The United States federal government's fiscal year is the 12-month period beginning October 1 and ending September 30 the following year. The identification of a fiscal year is the calendar year in which it ends; thus, the current fiscal year is 2018, often written as \"FY2018\" or \"FY18\", which began on 1 October 2017 and will end on 30 September 2018.", "Fiscal year. The fiscal year is usually denoted by the year in which it ends, so United States federal government spending incurred on 14 November 2018 would belong to fiscal year 2019, operating on a fiscal calendar of October–September.[4]", "Fiscal year. Prior to 1976, the fiscal year began on 1 July and ended on 30 June. The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 made the change to allow Congress more time to arrive at a budget each year, and provided for what is known as the \"transitional quarter\" from 1 July 1976 to 30 September 1976. An earlier shift in the federal government's fiscal year was made in 1843, shifting the fiscal year from a calendar year to one starting on 1 July.[51]", "Year. For example, in Canada and India the fiscal year runs from April 1; in the United Kingdom it runs from April 1 for purposes of corporation tax and government financial statements, but from April 6 for purposes of personal taxation and payment of state benefits; in Australia it runs from July 1; while in the United States the fiscal year of the federal government runs from October 1.", "Fiscal year. State governments set their own fiscal year. It may or may not align with the federal calendar. For example, in the state of California, the fiscal year runs from 1 July to 30 June each year.[52]", "Fiscal year. For individual taxpayers, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.", "Fiscal year. For example, the United States government fiscal year for 2018 is:", "Calendar. A fiscal calendar generally means the accounting year of a government or a business. It is used for budgeting, keeping accounts and taxation. It is a set of 12 months that may start at any date in a year. The US government's fiscal year starts on 1 October and ends on 30 September. The government of India's fiscal year starts on 1 April and ends on 31 March. Small traditional businesses in India start the fiscal year on Diwali festival and end the day before the next year's Diwali festival.", "History of the United States public debt. The table below shows annual federal spending, gross federal debt and gross domestic product for specific fiscal years.[56] The government fiscal year runs from October 1 of the previous calendar year to September 30 of the year shown.", "United States federal budget. The budget document often begins as the President's proposal to the U.S. Congress which recommends funding levels for the next fiscal year, beginning October 1 and ending on September 30 of the year following. The fiscal year is named for the year in which it ends. However, Congress is the body required by law to pass appropriations annually and to submit funding bills passed by both houses to the President for signature. Congressional decisions are governed by rules and legislation regarding the federal budget process. Budget committees set spending limits for the House and Senate committees and for Appropriations subcommittees, which then approve individual appropriations bills to allocate funding to various federal programs.[2]", "Fiscal year. In Canada,[15] the government's financial year is 1 April to 31 March.\n(Q1 1 April - 30 June, Q2 1 July - 30 Sept, Q3 1 Oct - 31 Dec and Q4 1 Jan - 31 Mar)", "Fiscal year. A fiscal year (or financial year, or sometimes budget year) is the period used by governments for accounting and budget purposes, which vary between countries. It is also used for financial reporting by business and other organizations. Laws in many jurisdictions require company financial reports to be prepared and published on an annual basis, but generally do not require the reporting period to align with the calendar year (1 January to 31 December). Taxation laws generally require accounting records to be maintained and taxes calculated on an annual basis, which usually corresponds to the fiscal year used for government purposes. The calculation of tax on an annual basis is especially relevant for direct taxaction, such as income tax. Many annual government fees—such as Council rates, licence fees, etc.—are also levied on a fiscal year basis, while others are charged on an anniversary basis.", "Fiscal year. In Japan,[29] the government's financial year is from 1 April to 31 March. The fiscal year is represented by the calendar year in which the period begins, followed by the word nendo (年度); for example the fiscal year from 1 April 2018 to 31 March 2019 is called 2018–nendo.", "Fiscal year. In Australia, a fiscal year is commonly called a \"financial year\" (FY) and starts on 1 July and ends on the next 30 June. Financial years are designated by the calendar year of the second half of the period. For example, financial year 2017 is the 12-month period ending on 30 June 2017 and can be referred to as FY2016/17. It is used for official purposes, by individual taxpayers and by the overwhelming majority of business enterprises.[8] Business enterprises may opt to use a financial year that ends at the end of a week (e.g., 52 or 53 weeks in length, and therefore is not exactly one calendar year in length), or opt for its financial year to end on a date that matches the reporting cycle of its foreign parent. All entities within the one group must use the same financial year.", "National debt of the United States. Fiscal years 1940–1970 begin July 1 of the previous year (for example, Fiscal Year 1940 begins July 1, 1939 and ends June 30, 1940); fiscal years 1980–2010 begin October 1 of the previous year. Intragovernmental debts before the Social Security Act are presumed to equal zero.", "Fiscal year. In the United Kingdom,[45] the financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March for the purposes of government financial statements.[46] For personal tax purposes the fiscal year starts on 6 April and ends on 5 April of the next calendar year.[47]", "Fiscal year. In 1984, the LK Jha committee recommended adopting a fiscal year that ran from 1 January to 31 December. However, this proposal was not adopted by the government fearing possible issues during the transition period.[22] A panel set up by the NITI Aayog in July 2016, recommended starting the next fiscal year from 1 January to 31 December after the end of the current five-year plan.[23]", "Fiscal year. The fiscal year for the Government of Singapore and many government-linked corporations is 1 April to 31 March.[citation needed]", "2017 United States federal budget. The 2017 United States federal budget is the United States federal budget for fiscal year 2017, which lasts from October 1, 2016 to September 30, 2017. President Barack Obama submitted a budget proposal to the 114th Congress on February 9, 2016. The 2017 fiscal year overlaps the end of the Obama administration and the beginning of the Trump administration.", "Fiscal year. The Pakistani government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June. Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year.[36]", "Fiscal year. In Mexico, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.", "Fiscal year. In the United Arab Emirates, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]", "Fiscal year. The fiscal year for the calculation of personal income taxes is 1 January to 31 December.[citation needed]", "2018 United States federal budget. The United States federal budget for fiscal year 2018, named America First: A Budget Blueprint to Make America Great Again, was the first budget proposed by newly-elected President Donald Trump, submitted to the 115th Congress on March 16, 2017. If passed, the $4.1 trillion budget will fund government operations for fiscal year 2018, which runs from October 1, 2017 to September 30, 2018.[2][3]", "Fiscal year. Many universities have a fiscal year which ends during the summer to align the fiscal year with the academic year (and, in some cases involving public universities, with the state government's fiscal year), and because the university is normally less busy during the summer months. In the northern hemisphere this is July to the next June. In the southern hemisphere this is calendar year, January to December. Some media/communication-based organizations use a broadcast calendar as the basis for their fiscal year.", "Fiscal year. In Brazil, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.", "Fiscal year. In India, the government's financial year runs from 1 April to 31 March. It is abbreviated as a FY19.[18][19]", "Fiscal year. The \"fiscal year end\" (FYE) is the date that marks the end of the fiscal year. Some companies—such as Cisco Systems[1]—end their fiscal year on the same day of the week each year, e.g. the day that is closest to a particular date (for example, the Friday closest to 31 December). Under such a system, some fiscal years will have 52 weeks and others 53 weeks.", "2017 United States federal budget. Congress did not pass a regular budget resolution for the 2017 fiscal year during the 114th Congress,[12] but did so early in the 115th Congress, over three months after the fiscal year had actually begun.[13]", "Fiscal year. In China, the fiscal year for all entities is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December, and applies to the tax year, statutory year, and planning year.[citation needed]", "United States federal budget. Each year, the President of the United States submits a budget request to Congress for the following fiscal year as required by the Budget and Accounting Act of 1921. Current law (31 U.S.C. § 1105(a)) requires the president to submit a budget no earlier than the first Monday in January, and no later than the first Monday in February. Typically, presidents submit budgets on the first Monday in February. The budget submission has been delayed, however, in some new presidents' first year when the previous president belonged to a different party.", "Fiscal year. In Russia, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December.[16]" ]

[ 6.984375, 2.783203125, 4.8671875, 3.619140625, 2.861328125, 2.63671875, -0.1083984375, 3.625, 3.630859375, 3.609375, 2.2578125, 3.087890625, 1.521484375, 0.5498046875, 2.08984375, 2.494140625, 2.5390625, 0.0828857421875, 4.0078125, 0.402587890625, -0.11834716796875, -1.24609375, 0.83544921875, 3.818359375, 0.69140625, -0.61083984375, 1.640625, -1.25390625, -0.89697265625, -0.10003662109375, 1.78125, -0.4794921875 ]

[ "1964 Summer Olympics. The 2020 Summer Olympics will be held in Tokyo, making it the largest city ever to hold the Summer Games.", "2020 Summer Olympics. The 2020 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXII Olympiad (Japanese: 第三十二回オリンピック競技大会, Hepburn: Dai Sanjūni-kai Orinpikku Kyōgi Taikai)[2] and commonly known as Tokyo 2020, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020.", "Summer Olympic Games. The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for a second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for a third time, exactly one hundred years after the city's last Summer Olympics in 1924. The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California to host its third Summer Games in 2028.", "2020 Summer Olympics. Seven venues will be located within the central business area of Tokyo, northwest of the Olympic Village. Several of these venues were also used for the 1964 Summer Olympics.", "2020 Summer Olympics. 20 venues will be located in the vicinity of Tokyo Bay, southeast of the Olympic Village, predominantly on Ariake, Odaiba and the surrounding artificial islands.", "2020 Summer Olympics. The official programme for the 2020 Summer Olympics was approved by the IOC executive board on 9 June 2017. The games will feature 339 events in 33 sports; alongside the 5 new sports that will be introduced in Tokyo, there will be 15 new events within existing sports, including 3-on-3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, and new mixed events in several sports. Thomas Bach stated that the goal for Tokyo was for the Games to be \"more youthful, more urban and include more women\".[33][34]", "2020 Summer Olympics. Twelve venues will be situated farther than 8 kilometres (5 mi) from the Olympic Village.", "2020 Summer Olympics. Twenty-eight of the thirty-three competition venues in Tokyo are within 8 kilometres (4.97 miles) of the Olympic Village. Eleven new venues are to be constructed.[15]", "2020 Summer Olympics. It was reported in September 2016 that a review panel said that the cost of hosting the Olympics and Paralympics could quadruple from the original estimate, and therefore proposed a major overhaul to the current plan to reduce costs, including moving venues outside Tokyo.[16]", "2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo was selected as the host city during the 125th IOC Session in Buenos Aires on 7 September 2013.[3] These Games will mark the return of the Summer Olympics to Tokyo for the first time since 1964, and the fourth Olympics overall to be held in Japan, following the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo and the 1998 Winter Olympics in Nagano. They will be the second of three consecutive Olympic Games to be held in East Asia, following the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea, and preceding the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, China.", "2020 Summer Olympics. In the United States, the 2020 Summer Olympics will be broadcast by NBCUniversal properties, as part of a US$4.38 billion agreement that began at the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi.[67]", "2020 Summer Olympics. The IOC voted to select the host city of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 7 September 2013 at the 125th IOC Session at the Buenos Aires Hilton in Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exhaustive ballot system was used. No city won over 50% of the votes in the first round, and Madrid and Istanbul were tied for second place. A run-off vote between these two cities was held to determine which would be eliminated. In the final vote, a head-to-head contest between Tokyo and Istanbul, Tokyo was selected by 60 votes to 36, as it got at least 49 votes needed for a majority.", "1964 Summer Olympics. Tokyo has attempted to bring the Olympic Games back to the city, having unsuccessfully bid for the 2016 Summer Olympics, which were awarded to Rio de Janeiro. Tokyo will host the 2020 Summer Olympics and 2020 Summer Paralympics games.[24] Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the games twice.", "Tokyo. On September 7, 2013, the IOC selected Tokyo to host the 2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo will be the first Asian city to host the Olympic Games twice.[47]", "Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Skateboarding in the 2020 Olympics will be taking place in the Aomi Urban Venue, in Tokyo.[4]", "2020 Summer Olympics. Under new IOC policies that shift the Games to an \"event-based\" programme rather than sport-based, the host organizing committee can now also propose the addition of sports to the programme. This rule is designed so that sports popular in the host country can be added to the programme to improve local interest.[41] As a result of these changes, a new shortlist of eight sports was unveiled on 22 June 2015, consisting of baseball/softball, bowling, karate, roller sports, sport climbing, squash, surfing, and wushu.[42] On 28 September 2015, organisers submitted their shortlist of five proposed sports to the IOC: baseball/softball, karate, sport climbing, surfing, and skateboarding.[43] The five proposed sports were approved on 3 August 2016 by the IOC during the 129th IOC Session in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and will be included in the sports programme for 2020 only, bringing the total number of sports at the 2020 Olympics to 33.[44][45]", "2028 Summer Olympics. The 2028 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXXIV Olympiad, and commonly known as LA 2028, is a forthcoming international multi-sport event that is scheduled to take place from July 21 to August 6, 2028, in Los Angeles (LA), California, United States.", "Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics. Skateboarding at the 2020 Summer Olympics is an event to be held in the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.[1][2]", "2020 Summer Olympics. This is a calendar adapt from the 2016 Summer Olympic calendar,[46] and does not necessarily reflect the final 2020 schedule.", "2028 Summer Olympics. These Games will be the fifth Summer Olympics to be hosted in the United States, following St. Louis 1904, Los Angeles 1932, Los Angeles 1984, and Atlanta 1996. They will be the ninth overall Olympic Games to be held in the United States (including summer and winter Games).", "2020 Summer Olympics. The Tokyo metropolitan government set aside a fund of 400 billion Japanese yen (over 3.67 billion USD) to cover the cost of hosting the Games. The Japanese government is considering increasing slot capacity at both Haneda Airport and Narita International Airport by easing airspace restrictions. A new railway line is planned to link both airports through an expansion of Tokyo Station, cutting travel time from Tokyo Station to Haneda from 30 minutes to 18 minutes, and from Tokyo Station to Narita from 55 minutes to 36 minutes; the line would cost 400 billion yen and would be funded primarily by private investors. But East Japan Railway Company (East JR) is planning a new route near Tamachi to Haneda Airport.[5] Funding is also planned to accelerate completion of the Central Circular Route, Tokyo Gaikan Expressway and Ken-Ō Expressway, and to refurbish other major expressways in the area.[6] There are also plans to extend the Yurikamome automated transit line from its existing terminal at Toyosu Station to a new terminal at Kachidoki Station, passing the site of the Olympic Village, although the Yurikamome would still not have adequate capacity to serve major events in the Odaiba area on its own.[7]", "2028 Summer Olympics. After these withdrawals, the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne, Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on June 9, 2017.[3] The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017, a proposal that was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on July 11, 2017 in Lausanne. The IOC set up a process where the Los Angeles and Paris 2024 bid committees, and the IOC held meetings in July 2017 to decide which city would host in 2024 and who would host in 2028.[7]", "2028 Summer Olympics. In January 2017, it was reported that the Los Angeles's organizing committee had proposed that both the new Los Angeles Stadium at Hollywood Park in Inglewood, California, and the historic Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, be used during the Games' opening and closing ceremonies. In particular, the committee proposed that a segment of the opening ceremony be held at the Coliseum, culminating with the launching of the torch relay's final stage. The torch would then travel to Inglewood, where the main opening ceremony (including the parade of nations and other traditional protocol) would be held. Other entertainment, such as a simulcast of the proceedings in Inglewood, would be provided to spectators at the Coliseum, and the original Olympic cauldron would be symbolically re-ignited upon the lighting of the new cauldron at the main ceremony. Under the plan, the closing ceremony would be held in reverse, with an opening segment in Inglewood, and the remainder (including protocol and the formal extinguishing of the cauldron) occurring at the Coliseum.[25]", "2018 Winter Olympics closing ceremony. First, the Greek flag was raised while its anthem played. The Olympic flag was then lowered and passed, by the mayor of Pyeongchang County, Shim Jae-kook, to IOC President, Thomas Bach, who then handed it over to the mayor of Beijing, Chen Jining. This was then followed by the raising of the flag of China, and the playing of its anthem.[1] The flag will be raised again in Tokyo, Japan, for the opening ceremony of the 2020 Summer Olympics on 24 July 2020.", "List of Olympic venues in discontinued events. Baseball and softball, now governed by a single international federation and thus treated by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) as two disciplines of a single sport, will be part of the 2020 Summer Olympics program in Tokyo. The sports are not included in Paris' plan for the 2024 Games, but are part of Los Angeles' plan for the 2028 Games.", "Summer Olympic Games. Australia, France, Germany and Greece have all hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. The IOC has selected Tokyo, Japan, to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will become the first city outside the Western world to have hosted the Summer Olympics more than once, having already hosted the Games in 1964. The other countries that have hosted the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, Soviet Union, and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion.", "2020 Summer Olympics. As part of a goal to control costs and ensure that the Olympics \"[remain] relevant to sports fans of all generations\", the IOC assessed the 26 sports held in London, with the remit of selecting 25 'core' sports to join new entrants golf and rugby sevens at the 2020 Games. In effect, this would involve the dropping of one sport from the 2016 Games program. This would leave a single vacancy in the 2020 Games program, which the IOC would seek to fill from a shortlist containing seven unrepresented sports and the removed sport. On 12 February 2013, IOC leaders voted to drop wrestling from the Olympic programme, in a surprise decision that removed one of the oldest Olympic sports from the 2020 Games; wrestling as an Olympic event dates as far back as the ancient Olympic Games, and as part of the original programme of the modern Games. The New York Times felt that the lack of well-known talent and women's competitions in wrestling were factors in the decision.[35][36][37] Wrestling therefore joined other sports in a short list applying for inclusion in the 2020 Games.", "2020 Summer Olympics. These Games will see the introduction of additional disciplines within several of the Summer Olympics events, including 3x3 basketball, freestyle BMX and Madison cycling, as well as further mixed events. Under new IOC policies that allow sports to be added to the Games' programme to augment the permanent \"core\" Olympic events, these Games will see karate, sport climbing, surfing and skateboarding make their Olympic debuts, and the return of baseball and softball (which were removed from the summer programme after 2008).", "Bids for Olympic Games. The decision is made at an IOC Session seven years and eleven years to the games; for example, the 2018 Winter Olympics were awarded to Pyeongchang on 6 July 2011, the 2020 Summer Olympics were awarded to Tokyo on 7 September 2013, the 2022 Winter Olympics were awarded to Beijing on 31 July 2015, the 2024 Summer Olympics were awarded to Paris and the 2028 Summer Olympics were awarded to Los Angeles on 13 September 2017.", "2020 Summer Olympics. The official emblems for the 2020 Olympics and Paralympics were unveiled on 25 April 2016; designed by Asao Tokolo, who won a nationwide design contest,[47] it takes the form of a ring in an indigo-coloured checkerboard pattern. The design is meant to \"express a refined elegance and sophistication that exemplifies Japan\".[48] The designs replaced a previous emblem which had been scrapped due to allegations that it plagiarized the logo of a Belgian theatre.[49]", "2020 Summer Olympics. Tokyo, Istanbul, and Madrid were the three candidate cities. The applicant cities of Baku (Azerbaijan) and Doha (Qatar) were not promoted to candidate status. A bid from Rome was withdrawn.", "2024 Summer Olympics. Following these withdrawals, the IOC Executive Board met in Lausanne, Switzerland to discuss the 2024 and 2028 bid processes on 9 June 2017.[11] The International Olympic Committee formally proposed electing the 2024 and 2028 Olympic host cities at the same time in 2017, a proposal which was approved by an Extraordinary IOC Session on 11 July 2017 in Lausanne.[2] The IOC set up a process whereby the LA 2024 and Paris 2024 bid committees would meet with the IOC to discuss who would host the 2024 Games, who would host the 2028 Games, and whether it were actually possible to select the host city for both at the same time.[12]" ]

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[ "List of mountain peaks of North America. Mount Mitchell is the highest summit of North Carolina and the Appalachian Mountains.", "Mount Mitchell. Mount Mitchell is the highest peak of the Appalachian Mountains and the highest peak in mainland eastern North America. It is located near Burnsville in Yancey County, North Carolina, in the Black Mountain subrange of the Appalachians, and about 19 miles (31 km) northeast of Asheville. It is protected by Mount Mitchell State Park and surrounded by the Pisgah National Forest. Mount Mitchell's elevation is 6,684 feet (2,037 m) above sea level.[1]", "List of mountain peaks of the United States. Mount Mitchell is the highest summit of North Carolina and the Appalachian Mountains.", "Western North Carolina. There are 82 mountain peaks between 5,000 and 6,000 feet (1,500-1,800 m) in elevation in western North Carolina, and 43 peaks rise to over 6,000 feet (1,800 m). Among the subranges of the Appalachian Mountains located in western North Carolina are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, South Mountains, Brushy Mountains, Sauratown Mountains, Great Balsam Mountains, Great Craggy Mountains, the Plott Balsams, and the Black Mountains. Mount Mitchell, in the Black Mountains, is, at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), the highest point in eastern North America.[5] Valley and foothills locations typically range from 1,000–2,000 feet (300–610 m) AMSL.", "Geography of North Carolina. The piedmont section consists of the tallest peaks east of the Rocky Mountains. The tallest of the Appalachian Mountains is Mount Mitchell. Mount Mitchell is also the tallest point east of the Mississippi River. The section enclosed within these limits is in shape somewhat like an ellipse. Its length is about one hundred and eighty miles; its average breadth from twenty to fifty miles. It is a high plateau, from the plane of which several high mountains rise, including the Roan, the Grandfather, and the Black. Between the mountains are scenic fertile valleys, plentifully watered by streams.", "List of U.S. states and territories by elevation. Mount Mitchell is the highest summit of the Appalachian Mountains and the State of North Carolina.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). In the early 19th century, Mount Washington in New Hampshire was believed to be the highest summit in the Eastern United States, an assumption many North Carolinians began to question in light of Michaux's findings (Michaux believed that Grandfather Mountain was the highest). In 1835, the state dispatched North Carolina professor Elisha Mitchell (1793–1857) into the western part of the state to measure the elevation of Grandfather, the Roan Highlands, and the Black Mountains. Using a crude barometer, Mitchell gained measurements for Grandfather and Roan with apparent ease, although he struggled to discern which of the Blacks was the highest. After measuring Celo Knob, Mitchell descended to the Cane River Valley to obtain advice from the valley's residents. Two local guides (one of whom was William Wilson, a cousin of the later renowned mountain guide, Thomas \"Big Tom\" Wilson) led Mitchell up a bear trail to what they believed to be the highest summit. Although exactly which mountain they summited has long been disputed, it was likely Mount Gibbes, Clingmans Peak, or Mount Mitchell. Nevertheless, Mitchell obtained a measurement of 6,476 feet (1,974 m) (later determined to be too low), placing the Blacks at a higher elevation than Mount Washington and thus the highest in the Eastern United States.[15]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). The Black Mountains are a mountain range in western North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. They are part of the Blue Ridge Province of the Southern Appalachian Mountains. The Blacks are the highest mountains in the Eastern United States. The range takes its name from the dark appearance of the red spruce and Fraser fir trees that form a spruce-fir forest on the upper slopes which contrasts with the brown (during winter) or lighter green (during the growing season) appearance of the deciduous trees at lower elevations. The Eastern Continental Divide, which runs along the eastern Blue Ridge crest, intersects the southern tip of the Black Mountain range.", "Blue Ridge Mountains. The Blue Ridge contains the highest mountains in eastern North America south of Baffin Island. About 125 peaks exceed 5,000 feet (1,500 m) in elevation.[5] The highest peak in the Blue Ridge (and in the entire Appalachian chain) is Mt. Mitchell in North Carolina at 6,684 feet (2,037 m). There are 39 peaks in North Carolina and Tennessee higher than 6,000 feet (1,800 m); by comparison, in the northern portion of the Appalachian chain only New Hampshire's Mt. Washington rises above 6,000 feet. Southern Sixers is a term used by peak baggers for this group of mountains.[6]", "North Carolina. The western section of the state is part of the Appalachian Mountain range. Among the subranges of the Appalachians located in the state are the Great Smoky Mountains, Blue Ridge Mountains, and Black Mountains.[47][48] The Black Mountains are the highest in the eastern United States, and culminate in Mount Mitchell at 6,684 feet (2,037 m), the highest point east of the Mississippi River.[48][49]", "High Point, North Carolina. High Point is the only city in North Carolina that exists within four counties: Davidson, Forsyth, Guilford and Randolph.[13] It also stands within two major watersheds: the Yadkin–Pee Dee to the west and the Cape Fear to the east. Parts of the city rise above 1,000 feet (300 m), making it among the highest cities in North Carolina's Piedmont.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). Mitchell's death sparked an outpouring of public sympathy across North Carolina. Zebulon Vance led a movement to verify Mitchell as the first to summit the highest mountain in the Eastern United States, and to have the mountain named for him. Vance convinced several mountain guides to change previous statements and claim the route they had taken actually led to Black Dome, rather than Mount Gibbes. Mitchell was buried atop Black Dome on land donated by former governor David Lowry Swain. Clingman continued to deny that Mitchell had measured Black Dome first, but was unable to overcome the shift in public sentiment. By 1858, Black Dome had been renamed \"Mitchell's High Peak.\" In subsequent decades, Mount Mitchell was renamed \"Clingmans Peak\", and Mitchell's High Peak was renamed \"Mount Mitchell.\" Clingman eventually turned to the Great Smoky Mountains to the west, which he claimed were higher. Guyot's measurements in the Smokies rejected Clingman's assertions, although Guyot did manage to have the highest mountain in that range, known as Smoky Dome, renamed Clingmans Dome.[18]", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). While the crest of the Black Mountain range is just 15 miles (24 km) long, within these fifteen miles are 18 peaks climbing to at least 6300 feet (1900 meters) above sea level. The Black Mountains rise prominently above the surrounding lower terrain. This is particularly noticeable from the range's eastern side, which rises over 4500 feet (1375 meters) above the Catawba River Valley and Interstate 40, providing some impressive mountain scenery.", "Geography of North Carolina. Each of these mountain ranges is marked by distinct characteristics. The Smoky Mountain chain (as contrasted with the Blue Ridge) is more continuous, more elevated, more regular in its direction and height, and rises very uniformly from 5000 to 6,621 feet (2,018.1 m).", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). Mitchell returned to the Blacks in 1838 and 1844, gaining a higher measurement on each trip. Several surveyors visited the Blacks in subsequent years, including Nehemiah Blackstock (1794–1880) in 1845, Arnold Guyot (1807–1884) in 1849, and Robert Gibbes in the early 1850s. As early as Mitchell's third trip (1844) to the Blacks, the locals were calling what is now Clingmans Peak 35°44′06″N 82°17′10″W / 35.735°N 82.286°W / 35.735; -82.286 \"Mount Mitchell\", as they believed this was the summit measured by Mitchell as the highest. In 1855, Thomas Lanier Clingman (1812–1897), a politician and former student of Mitchell's, climbed a summit north of Stepps Gap known as Black Dome (what is now Mount Mitchell) and measured its elevation at 6,941 feet (2,116 m). Clingman reported his findings to Joseph Henry, the head of the Smithsonian Institution. Henry, using Guyot's more careful and accurate measurements taken several years earlier, agreed with Clingman that Black Dome was higher (although Guyot noted Clingman's measurement of 6,941 feet was off by 200 feet), and the highest mountain in the Appalachians was to be named for Clingman.[16]", "Clingmans Dome. Clingmans Dome (or Clingman's Dome) is a mountain in the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee and North Carolina, in the southeastern United States. At an elevation of 6,643 feet (2,025 m), it is the highest mountain in the Smokies, the highest point in the state of Tennessee, and the highest point along the 2,174-mile (3,499 km) Appalachian Trail. It is also the third highest point in all of Eastern North America, after the nearby Mount Mitchell (6,684 feet or 2,037 metres) and Mount Craig (6,647 feet or 2,026 metres).", "Western North Carolina. Western North Carolina (often abbreviated as WNC) is the region of North Carolina which includes the Appalachian Mountains, thus it is often known geographically as the state's Mountain Region. It contains the highest mountains in the Eastern United States. Western North Carolina is sometimes included with upstate South Carolina as the \"Western Carolinas\", which is also counted as a single media market. The region covers an area of about 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2), and is roughly the size of the state of Massachusetts. The population of the region, as measured by the 2010 U.S. Census, is 1,473,241, which is approximately 15% of North Carolina's total population.", "List of mountain peaks of North America. Mount Fairweather on the Alaska border is the highest summit of British Columbia.", "List of mountain peaks of North America. Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming.", "North Carolina. The coastal plain transitions to the Piedmont region along the Atlantic Seaboard fall line, the elevation at which waterfalls first appear on streams and rivers.[43] The Piedmont region of central North Carolina is the state's most populous region, containing the six largest cities in the state by population.[46] It consists of gently rolling countryside frequently broken by hills or low mountain ridges. Small, isolated, and deeply eroded mountain ranges and peaks are located in the Piedmont, including the Sauratown Mountains, Pilot Mountain, the Uwharrie Mountains, Crowder's Mountain, King's Pinnacle, the Brushy Mountains, and the South Mountains. The Piedmont ranges from about 300 feet (91 m) in elevation in the east to about 1,500 feet (460 m) in the west.[43]", "Geography of North Carolina. The Blue Ridge is composed of many fragments scarcely connected into a continuous and regular chain. Its higher summits range from 5000 to nearly 6,700 feet (2,040 m); however, its average elevation is from 3000 to 4,000 feet (1,200 m). The eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge rise sharply from 1500 to 4,500 feet (1,370 m) above the terrain to the east; to observers they often appear as a vast, lofty wall running across the state's western horizon. The Brushy Mountain range presents, throughout the greater part of its course, a remarkable uniformity in direction and elevation, many of its peaks rising above 2,000 feet (600 m), and a few rising above 2,500 feet (760 m). The last, the Uwharrie range, sometimes presents a succession of elevated ridges, then a number of bold and isolated knobs, which often appear higher than they actually are, due to the relative flatness of the surrounding terrain.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). The Black Mountains form a J-shaped semicircle that opens to the northwest. The Blacks rise southward from the Little Crabtree Creek Valley in the north to the steep 6,327-foot (1,928 m) summit of Celo Knob. A few miles south of Celo, the crest drops to 5,700 feet (1,700 m) at Deep Gap before rising steeply again to the summit of Potato Hill in the north-central section of the range. The crest continues southward across the north-central section, which contains 6 of the 10 highest summits in the eastern United States, including the highest, Mount Mitchell, and the second-highest, Mount Craig. South of Mount Mitchell, the crest drops to just under 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at Stepp's Gap before rising again to 6,520 feet (1,990 m) at the summit of Mount Gibbes. On the slopes of Potato Knob, just south of Clingmans Peak, the Black Mountain crest bends northwestward across Blackstock Knob before dropping again to 5,320 feet (1,620 m) at Balsam Gap, where it intersects the Great Craggy Mountains to the southwest. The crest then turns northward across Point Misery and Big Butt before descending to the Cane River Valley.", "South Carolina. Highest in elevation is the Blue Ridge Region, containing an escarpment of the Blue Ridge Mountains, which continue into North Carolina and Georgia, as part of the southern Appalachian Mountains. Sassafras Mountain, South Carolina's highest point at 3,560 feet (1,090 m), is located in this area.[41] Also located in this area is Caesars Head State Park. The environment here is that of the Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests ecoregion.[40] The Chattooga River, located on the border between South Carolina and Georgia, is a favorite whitewater rafting destination.", "List of mountain peaks of the United States. Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range, the Wyoming, and the Central Rocky Mountains.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). The Black Mountains are home to Mount Mitchell State Park, which protects the range's highest summit and adjacent summits in the north-central section of the range. Much of the range is also protected by the Pisgah National Forest. The Blue Ridge Parkway passes along the range's southern section, and is connected to the summit of Mount Mitchell by North Carolina Highway 128. The Black Mountains are mostly located in Yancey County, although the range's southern and western extremes are part of Buncombe County.", "List of the highest major summits of North America. 18. Mount Fairweather on the Alaska border is the highest summit of British Columbia.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). The revelation that the Black Mountains were the highest in the Appalachian Range made them an immediate tourist attraction. By the 1850s, a lodge had been established in the southern part of the range, and locals such as Jesse Stepp and Tom Wilson had built several rustic cabins on the higher mountain slopes and were thriving as mountain guides. The American Civil War (1861–1865) brought a temporary halt to the tourism boom, but by the late 1870s, the industry had recovered. In the 1880s, brothers K.M. and David Murchison established a large game preserve in the Cane River Valley which was managed by Tom Wilson.[19]", "List of the highest major summits of North America. 76. Gannett Peak is the highest summit of the Wind River Range and Wyoming.", "Black Mountains (North Carolina). The summit of Big Tom", "Geography of North Carolina. The rivers of central North Carolina rise on the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge. The two largest of these are the Catawba River and the Yadkin River, drain much of the Piedmont region of the state.", "Clingmans Dome. The mountain was dubbed \"Smoky Dome\" by American settlers moving in from other areas. In 1859, the mountain was renamed by Arnold Guyot for compatriot Thomas Lanier Clingman[7] (1812–1897), an American Civil War general who explored the area extensively in the 1850s and then spent many years promoting it. Guyot named the mountain for Clingman because of an argument between Clingman and a professor at the University of North Carolina, Elisha Mitchell, over which mountain was actually the highest in the region. Mitchell contended that a peak by the name of Black Dome (now known as Mount Mitchell) was the highest, while Clingman asserted that Smoky Dome was the true highest peak. Guyot determined that Black Dome was 39 feet (12 m) higher than Smoky Dome.", "North Carolina. The state has a wide range of elevations, from sea level on the coast to 6,684 feet (2,037 m) at Mount Mitchell, the highest point in North America east of the Mississippi River.[9] The climate of the coastal plains is strongly influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. Most of the state falls in the humid subtropical climate zone. More than 300 miles (500 km) from the coast, the western, mountainous part of the state has a subtropical highland climate." ]

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[ "List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes. As of October 15, 2017,[update] 37 episodes of Fear the Walking Dead have aired, concluding the third season. In April 2017, AMC renewed the series for a fourth season.[5]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 15, 2018, and comprises 16 episodes split into two eight-episode parts.[1] The second half of the season premiered on August 12, 2018, and concluded on September 30, 2018.[2] It is a companion series to The Walking Dead, and the season premiere contained the first crossover between the two series. The season features new showrunners Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, and the series also moved to a new filming location, Austin, Texas.", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). On April 14, 2017, AMC renewed the series for a 16-episode fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners.[24] Production began in November 2017 in Austin, Texas.[25] Michael E. Satrazemis, a director of photography for The Walking Dead and director of 12 episodes, joined Fear the Walking Dead as a directing-producer.[26]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 3). The third season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on June 4, 2017, and is set to consist of 16 episodes.[1] The season is split into two eight-episode parts, with the first half concluding on July 9, 2017; the second half premiered on September 10, 2017.[2] The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead.", "List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes. Fear the Walking Dead is an American horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson.[1] It is a companion series to The Walking Dead,[2] which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It premiered on the cable network AMC on August 23, 2015.[3] It was renewed for a 15-episode second season which premiered on April 10, 2016.[4]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season premiere and the season eight finale of The Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the televised airing, for \"Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead\". The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content.[35]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). On Rotten Tomatoes, the fourth season has an approval rating of 82% based on 6 reviews, with an average rating of 7.0/10.[36] TVLine reevaluated the series for its fourth season, giving it a \"B+\" grade. Reviewer Charlie Mason wrote, \"it's gone from being an adequate stopgap between seasons of The Walking Dead to a show that's as good or arguably even better than the one from which it was spun off.\" He also praised the addition of Jenna Elfman and Garret Dillahunt and that season 4 has had several genuine surprises in its storytelling.[37]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 1). The first season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on August 23, 2015, and concluded on October 4, 2015, consisting of six episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead,[1] which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered Fear the Walking Dead to series, with a two-season commitment. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016.[2][3]", "Fear the Walking Dead. Fear the Walking Dead is an American post-apocalyptic horror drama television series created by Robert Kirkman and Dave Erickson,[1] that premiered on AMC on August 23, 2015.[2] It is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead,[3] which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. The first season consists of six episodes. The second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016.[4][5][6] On April 15, 2016, AMC announced the series had been renewed for a 16-episode third season, which premiered on June 4, 2017.[7][8] In April 2017, AMC renewed the series for a fourth season and announced that Andrew Chambliss and Ian Goldberg would replace the departing Dave Erickson as showrunners.[9]", "Fear the Walking Dead. In September 2013, AMC announced they were developing a companion series to The Walking Dead, which follows a different set of characters created by Robert Kirkman.[38] In September 2014, AMC ordered a pilot, which was written by Kirkman and Dave Erickson, and directed by Adam Davidson,[39] and is executive produced by Kirkman, Erickson, Gale Anne Hurd, and David Alpert, with Erickson serving as showrunner.[40] The project was originally known as Cobalt;[41] Kirkman confirmed, in March 2015, that the series would be titled Fear the Walking Dead.[1] On March 9, 2015, AMC announced it had ordered FTWD to series, with a two-season commitment: the first season, comprising six episodes, premiered on August 23, 2015; the second season, comprising 15 episodes, premiered on April 10, 2016.[5][42] AMC announced in April 2016 that they had renewed the series for a third season of 16 episodes to premiere in 2017.[7] In March 2017, it was announced that co-creator Dave Erickson would be stepping down as showrunner after the conclusion of the third season.[43] On April 14, 2017, AMC announced that they had renewed the show for a fourth season with new showrunners, Andrew Chambliss and Ian B. Goldberg, and that Scott M. Gimple, executive producer and showrunner of The Walking Dead will become an executive producer.[9]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). The fourth season features nine actors receiving main cast billing status, with five returning from the third season, while four new cast members are introduced. Lennie James (who was a main cast member in The Walking Dead), moved to the main cast after his departure from The Walking Dead. Maggie Grace, Garret Dillahunt and Jenna Elfman were added to the main cast. This is the first season not to include Cliff Curtis, Mercedes Mason, Daniel Sharman, Sam Underwood, Dayton Callie, Rubén Blades and Lisandra Tena (since their first appearances), who were all credited as main cast members in previous seasons.", "The Walking Dead (TV series). Fear the Walking Dead is a companion series to The Walking Dead, developed by AMC. AMC started development of the show around September 2013 and committed to a two-season broadcast by March 2015.[82][18][83] Fear the Walking Dead was first broadcast on August 23, 2015,[19] and is renewed for a fourth season.", "List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes. A second 16-part web series, debuted on October 17, 2016, and episodes were made available online weekly and aired as promos during the seventh season of The Walking Dead. The web series follows Sierra, a capable survivor, who helps an injured woman named Gabi, as they try to find sanctuary. The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic and directed by Andrew Bernstein.[39]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 2). The second season of Fear the Walking Dead, an American horror-drama television series on AMC, premiered on April 10, 2016. The season is split into a seven-episode part and a eight-episode part, with the first seven concluding on May 22, 2016; the second half premiered on August 21, 2016, and concluded on October 2, 2016, consisting of fifteen episodes. The series is a companion series and prequel to The Walking Dead,[1] which is based on the comic book series of the same name by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard.", "The Walking Dead (season 8). On March 15, 2018, it was announced that the season finale and the fourth season premiere of Fear the Walking Dead would be screened at AMC, Regal, and Cinemark theaters across the United States on April 15, the same day as the TV airing, for \"Survival Sunday: The Walking Dead & Fear the Walking Dead\". The episodes marked the first crossover between the two series. The cinema screening also included an extra half-hour of exclusive bonus content.[26]", "The Walking Dead (season 4). The fourth season of The Walking Dead, an American post-apocalyptic horror television series on AMC, premiered on October 13, 2013, and concluded on March 30, 2014, consisting of 16 episodes.[1] Developed for television by Frank Darabont, the series is based on the eponymous series of comic books by Robert Kirkman, Tony Moore, and Charlie Adlard. It was executive produced by Kirkman, David Alpert, Scott M. Gimple, Greg Nicotero, Tom Luse, and Gale Anne Hurd, with Gimple assuming the role of showrunner after Glen Mazzara's departure from the series.[2] The fourth season was well received by critics. It was nominated for multiple awards and won three, including Best Syndicated/Cable Television Series for the second consecutive year, at the 40th Saturn Awards.[3]", "List of Fear the Walking Dead episodes. A 16-part web series, Fear the Walking Dead: Flight 462, premiered on October 4, 2015, on AMC.com; it also aired as promos during The Walking Dead season 6. The web series depicts the outbreak's effect on a commercial airplane flight. Two of its characters, Alex (originally called Charlie in the web series), and Jake are introduced in Fear the Walking Dead season 2, episode 3 \"Ouroboros\".[38]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). The fourth season features a redesigned title sequence with new theme music. Each episode of the season has a different title card, and tells a story which will become apparent once the season is completed.[32] The Hollywood Reporter reflected on the new intro, calling the new season, \"a Western with zombies, very much by design.\"[33]", "The Walking Dead (season 4). A fourth season of the show, consisting of 16 episodes, was confirmed in December 2012.[4] Production began in Senoia, Georgia on May 6, 2013.[5] In July 2013, it was reported that David S. Goyer would be directing the penultimate episode of the season,[6] however Goyer did not direct the episode due to scheduling conflicts.[7] Greg Nicotero, who replaced Goyer, directed three episodes for the season, while Tricia Brock and Ernest Dickerson each directed two episodes. Michelle MacLaren returned this season to direct the season finale, after previously directing episodes in seasons one and two.[8] Comic book co-creator Robert Kirkman wrote two episodes of the season.[8] Filming was completed on November 23, 2013.[9]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). \"I had been doing it for three or four years, the show has undergone many changes in terms of different people in charge, all of this stuff, and I just felt like the beginning of this season kind of felt like the end of an era with this show. And television is hard work, and you have to shoot a lot. I also missed Europe very much. I'm not American, so after a while I get quite homesick and all of those things. I also felt like we had achieved what needed to be achieved in the first few seasons, so I thought it was time to keep moving.\"[34]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). On April 21, 2018, Colman Domingo revealed that he would be directing the twelfth episode of this season.[31]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). Goldberg spoke of the season's narrative structure, which features multiple timelines:", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). The season follows a dysfunctional family composed of Madison Clark (Kim Dickens), her daughter Alicia (Alycia Debnam-Carey), her drug-addicted son Nick (Frank Dillane) and his lover Luciana Galvez (Danay García), along with Victor Strand (Colman Domingo) during the zombie apocalypse. The group finds safe haven inside a baseball stadium, but are threatened by a group of antagonistic survivors known as the Vultures. It also features several new characters including The Walking Dead's Morgan Jones (Lennie James), as well as characters played by Maggie Grace, Garret Dillahunt, and Jenna Elfman.", "Fear the Walking Dead. Fear the Walking Dead: Flight 462, a 16-part web series, premiered on October 4, 2015, on AMC.com; it also aired as promos during The Walking Dead season 6. Two of the web series' characters, Alex (previously known as Charlie) and Jake, are introduced in Fear the Walking Dead season 2, episode 3 (\"Ouroboros\").[91]", "Fear the Walking Dead. A second 16-part web series debuted on October 17, 2016, and episodes were made available online weekly and aired as promos during the seventh season of The Walking Dead. The web series follows Sierra, a capable survivor, who helps an injured woman named Gabi as they try to find sanctuary. The series was written by Lauren Signorino and Mike Zunic, and directed by Andrew Bernstein.[92]", "The Walking Dead (TV series). Fear the Walking Dead features a different set of characters, developed by Kirkman. The series starts at the onset of the zombie apocalypse, and follows several people that escape Los Angeles as the military attempts to quarantine the city, and seek refuge along the west coast of the United States and Mexico. The fourth season of Fear the Walking Dead will feature a crossover with The Walking Dead, specifically through the character Morgan Jones (played by Lennie James) during events between the first and second second of The Walking Dead.[84][85]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 1). The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015.[35] A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes.[36]", "Fear the Walking Dead. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has a rating of 77%, based on 57 reviews, whose average rating is 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Fear the Walking Dead recycles elements of its predecessor, but it's still moody and engrossing enough to compete with the original.\"[61] On Metacritic, the season has a score of 66 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[62]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). In November 2017, it was reported that Lennie James who portrays Morgan Jones on The Walking Dead would crossover and join the main cast in the fourth season.[27] The fourth season also sees the additions of several new series regulars, played by Garret Dillahunt,[28] Jenna Elfman,[29] and Maggie Grace.[30]", "Fear the Walking Dead. The first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 1, 2015.[93] A special edition version of the first season was released on Blu-ray and DVD on March 22, 2016, with new bonus features, including deleted scenes, seven featurettes, and audio commentaries by cast and crew, on all six episodes.[94] The second season, featuring audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and various behind-the-scene featurettes, was released on Blu-ray and DVD on December 13, 2016.[95]", "Fear the Walking Dead (season 4). \"We're playing with the structure, depending on which story we're telling in the episode. What we find so exciting about telling stories across time is it allows for mystery and for finding characters in an emotional place and exploring how they came to be that way, and finding them in a very different emotional place in the flashback storyline — not only from a plot perspective of piecing it together, but also showing how people became who they are by charting them in the present and comparing it to where they've been in the past.\"[33]", "Fear the Walking Dead. Production of the pilot episode began in early 2015 and ended on February 6, 2015.[49][50] The pilot episode was filmed in Los Angeles; the remaining first-season episodes were filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[51][52] Production on the remaining five first-season episodes began on May 11, 2015.[14] Adam Davidson, who directed the pilot, also directed the series' second and third episodes.[14]" ]

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[ "Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet (the right side). Longtime field and equipment manager Jack Hart was instructed to do this by Art Rooney as a test to see how the logo appeared on the gold helmets; however, its popularity led the team to leave it that way permanently.[28] A year after introducing the logo, they switched to black helmets to make it stand out more.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers are the only NFL team that puts its logo on only one side of the helmet (the right side). Longtime field and equipment manager Jack Hart was instructed to do this by Art Rooney as a test to see how the logo appeared on the gold helmets; however, its popularity led the team to leave it that way permanently.[6] Since then, several college football teams such as Michigan State have followed the Steelers approach at one point or another and had their logo on only one side of the helmet. At the end of the 1962 season, they switched to black helmets for the 1962 Playoff Bowl to make it stand out more, and adopted the black helmets full time from the 1963 season onward. In 1977, the Steelers switched facemask colors from gray to black.", "Steelmark. Co-owner of the Steelmark logo, Cleveland-based Republic Steel approached the owners of the Pittsburgh Steelers about placing the logo on their helmets for the 1962 NFL season, figuring that it would be a perfect product placement for the steel manufacturers.[6] The equipment manager for the team was told to put the logo on the right side of the team's all-gold helmets. The Steelers went 9–5 that season, their best record to that date. For their first post-season game, in the 1962 Playoff Bowl, the team changed the helmet color from gold to black to make it stand out more and it has remained largely unchanged since, with the team the only one in the National Football League to have a logo on only one side of the helmet.[2][7] In 1963, the Steelers petitioned the American Iron and Steel Institute to be allowed to change the word \"Steel\" in the logo to the full team name, which was approved by the AISI.[2]", "Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the \"Steelmark\", originally designed by Pittsburgh's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). In fact, it was Cleveland-based Republic Steel that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo. It consists of the word \"Steelers\" surrounded by three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps). The original meanings behind the astroids were, \"Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure, and widens your world.\" Later, the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel-making process: yellow for coal, red for iron ore, and blue for scrap steel.[27] While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word \"Steel\", the team was given permission to add \"ers\" in 1963 after a petition to AISI.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The team's current primary logo was introduced in 1962 and is based on the flag originally designed by Pittsburgh's U.S. Steel and now owned by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI). Ironically, it was Robert Sexton, an employee out of the Pittsburgh office of Cleveland-based Republic Steel, that suggested the Steelers adopt the industry logo. It consists of the word \"Steel\" surrounded by three astroids (hypocycloids of four cusps). The original meanings behind the astroids were, \"Steel lightens your work, brightens your leisure, and widens your world.\" Later, the colors came to represent the ingredients used in the steel-making process: yellow for coal, orange for iron ore, and blue for scrap steel.[4] While the formal Steelmark logo contains only the word \"Steel,\" the team was given permission to add \"ers\" in 1963 after a petition against AISI.", "Steelmark. The logo was incorporated as the emblem of the Pittsburgh Steelers, initially using the same design as the Steelmark, but later modified to include the team's full name.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers have had several logos in the early part of their history, among them including the crest of Pittsburgh, a football with Pittsburgh's then-smoggy skyline, as well as a construction worker hanging onto a chain holding a pennant. Another logo showed the worker punting a football on a steel beam. It is rumored that mascot Steely McBeam was based on the latter logo.[3]", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. At a press conference on April 27, 2007, it was announced that the Steelers would wear a throwback uniform for two home games during the 2007 season, as part of the celebration of the Steelers' 75th Season. They were worn for the Steelers' home opener against the Buffalo Bills on September 16 and again during the Monday Night Football game on November 5 against the Baltimore Ravens. Both games resulted in victories. The jersey is black with the numbers, names and stripes all in gold and it also contains a 75th Season logo on the right side of the upper chest part of the jersey. The jersey is considered to be from the 1960 season. The pants are white with a single gold stripe running down the length of the outside of each leg, surrounded by thinner black stripes on either side of the gold stripe. The helmets are gold with the Steelers logo on the right side and a single black stripe running down the center from front to back. The helmet was worn during the 1962 season, which was the first year that the present Steelers logo began to appear on their helmets. The only two differences are that the logo on the original helmet read 'Steel', whereas Steelers appears on the helmet that the team wore for the two games in 2007 and that the face mask on this version of the helmet is black, whereas the original face mask color on the gold helmet was gray. The throwbacks, minus the \"75th season\" patch, are now officially the team's alternate uniform as of the 2008 season,[13] and are usually worn for games that honor the team's alumni.[14]", "U.S. Steel. The Pittsburgh Steelers professional football team borrowed elements of its logo, a circle containing three hypocycloids, from the Steelmark logo belonging to the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) and created by U.S. Steel. In the 1950s, when helmet logos became popular, the Steelers added players' numbers to either side of their gold helmets. Later that decade, the numbers were removed and in 1962, Cleveland's Republic Steel suggested to the Steelers that they use the Steelmark as a helmet logo.[52]", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. While the logo still resembles the original Steelmark logo, the team has made subtle changes over the years in order to own a trademark on the logo, most notably making the three astroids thicker in shape and changing the orange astroid to red. The Steelmark logo itself has actually been heavily redesigned since then, using two variants, one of which uses a more modern design and uses three shades of blue for the astroids[5] while another one used concurrently has a strong resemblance to the recycling symbol. One alternate variation the team used in the 1980s—though rarely used today—combined the logo with the team's signature stencil-script typeface, replacing the regular \"Steelers\" typeface used with the team's longtime script logo.", "Pittsburgh Steelers. The current uniform designs were introduced in 1968. The design consists of gold pants and either black jerseys or white jerseys, except for the 1970 and 1971 seasons when the Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys. In 1997, the team switched to rounded numbers on the jersey to match the number font (Futura Condensed) on the helmets, and a Steelers logo was added to the left side of the jersey.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Another feature of the helmet is that a player's uniform number appears on both the front and back (the Steelers are one of only two teams in the NFL to do so, with the other team being the New York Giants). Just like the Giants, the Steelers have the two digit helmet numbers located to the left and right of the center stripe on both the front and back of the helmets. Also just like the Giants, the Steelers have the one digit helmet number located on the center stripe on both the front and back of the helmets. The numbers traditionally do not appear on the front of the helmet during the exhibition season, and also do not appear on the front of the throwback helmets.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The helmet is solid black with a gold central stripe and small white player numbers on the forehead. Last names were added to the jerseys in 1970, as part of a new NFL mandate resulting from the AFL-NFL merger (the AFL teams had last names on the back of their jerseys). The names have always been gold with black trim on the white uniforms, except from 1970–71 when it didn't have black trim, and during the 1997 season when it was colored black. On the black uniforms, the player names were in gold without any additional trim. In 1997, the team switched to rounded numbers on the jersey to match the number font (Futura Condensed) on the helmets (though during the preseason and Week 1, player names remained in a block lettering), and a Steelers logo was added to the left side of the jersey.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Pittsburgh Steelers of the National Football League were founded in 1933. Over the course of the team's history, the team has had several logos while wearing virtually the same uniforms over the years, with subtle changes made to give the uniforms an updated look. The team colors, uniforms, and logo are often ranked as being among the best in the NFL.[1][2]", "History of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers introduced the famous \"astroid\" logo, based on that of the Steelmark used by the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI), in time for the 1962 season. Bobby Layne returned to the full-time starting quarterback position, and running back John Henry Johnson had the best season of his career with 1,141 yards (second in the NFL). Pittsburgh shored up on defense too, picking up Clendon Thomas from the Los Angeles Rams; he led the team with seven interceptions. Ernie Stautner anchored the defensive line. The Steelers had their best season yet, finishing 9–5. This was good for second place in the division, and a spot in the Playoff Bowl, which matched up the No. 2 teams in the NFL's two divisions. The Steelers lost that game, 17–10, to the Detroit Lions.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers have made only a few changes to their jerseys over the years. Originally, the team had vertically-striped jerseys that resembled prison uniforms at the time, with some variations having the city of Pittsburgh crest on the front, a la NHL uniforms. The team would later wear these uniforms as throwbacks in 1994. A horizontally-striped uniform with the uniform numbers placed on rectangular panels also appeared in the 1933 season; this design was worn as a throwback from 2012 until 2016.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. In 1979, the team gave the Big Ten's Iowa Hawkeyes permission to use the Steelers uniform designs, since both teams had the same color scheme. Aside from Iowa using its Tigerhawk logo as well as continuing to use the block numbers that the Steelers themselves replaced with the rounder numbers in 1997, the two uniform sets remain identical today.", "Heinz Field. Although the Steelers lost the game 21–16, Rooney liked the look of the south end zone being \"plain\", and decided to keep it permanently. As with the team's logo at midfield, the Steelers paint \"Steelers\" in the south end zone once the college football season ends. The Green Bay Packers also adopted the plain diagonal white lines in the end zones at Lambeau Field for 2007 due to an Anniversary logo being painted on each end, before switching back to wordmark endzones in 2008 which have remained since.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers have used black and gold as their colors since the club's inception, the lone exception being the 1943 season when they merged with the Philadelphia Eagles and formed the \"Steagles\"; the team's colors at that time were green and white as a result of wearing Eagles uniforms. These are the colors of the city's official flag which are the colors of the city's namesake Sir William Pitt. The colors black and gold are also representative of the two ingredients to create steel, coal and iron ore. Originally, the team wore gold colored helmets and black jerseys. Unique to Pittsburgh, the Steelers' black and gold colors are now shared by all major professional teams in the city, including the Pittsburgh Pirates in baseball and the Pittsburgh Penguins in ice hockey.", "Heinz Field. Initially, the south end zone had either \"Steelers\" or \"Panthers\" painted in the end zone, depending on the game itself. The north end zone has always read \"Pittsburgh\", which is painted in gold lettering and trimmed in either black for the Steelers or dark blue for Pitt. Although there is typically no midfield logo when both Pitt and the Steelers are in season, both teams have applied their logo if the field's schedule allows for a sufficient break to remove or apply the other team's logo for that team's next upcoming game. The Steelers have typically added their logo to midfield after Pitt's football season has ended.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Due to uniform experimentation in the 1960s, on two separate occasions the team's stripes were omitted. The first time came in 1962, when the Steelers began to wear two types of white jerseys, one of which featured a gold diamond on the sleeves in place of the stripes, with the \"TV numbers\" situated on the diamonds. These jerseys were primarily worn in home games when the team didn't wear their black jerseys, since the NFL at the time was encouraging teams to wear white jerseys so fans could see the team colors of their opponents.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. After just two years with the \"Batman\" uniforms, the current uniform designs were introduced in 1968. The design was a modernized version of the pre-1966 black design and consists of gold pants and either black jerseys or white jerseys, except for the 1970 and 1971 seasons when the Steelers wore white pants with their white jerseys. After a two-year hiatus, the Northwestern-style stripes returned for good, with the black jerseys getting white stripes in the two gaps of the gold stripes while the white jerseys got black outlines on the gold stripes, essentially making the stripe pattern the same on both jerseys. Both variations have been heavily used in team apparel.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Steelers re-introduced gold helmets in 2007, paired with their 1962 throwback uniforms. The gold helmets featured the current Steelers logo rather than the original version of the Steelmark that was worn in 1962, and were also paired with black facemasks. These helmets continued to be used through the 2011 season. When the Steelers replaced the 1962 throwback with the 1933 horizontally-striped \"bumblebee\" throwbacks in 2012, the team retired the gold helmets.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Since 1963, the team has used a stencil typeface for its script logo. Since then, many team-related typefaces have used stencil font.", "Browns–Steelers rivalry. Republic Steel, which was based in Cleveland, was the company that suggested to the Steelers that the team use the Steelmark logo on its helmets in 1962. The logo later became the Steelers primary trademark, and is arguably better known with the logo than the steel industry itself.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Perhaps the most infamous uniforms the team has ever worn came in 1966, when the team experimented with the \"Batman\"-themed uniforms, named as such because they were similar to the Batman outfits Adam West wore on the popular TV series. The jersey had no stripes on either the black or white jerseys and had a gold triangle-like diamond covering the shoulders.", "Pittsburgh Steelers. In 2018, the Steelers unveiled a third uniform based on those worn by the Steel Curtain teams of the 1970s. It is similar to the current uniforms but without the Steelers logo on the left chest and use block lettering and numbers in place of Futura Condensed.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The other jersey featured gold sleeves and a black version of the stripes, and were worn in road games when the home team elected to wear their colored jerseys. The team continued this way through the 1965 season.", "Steelmark. The Chilean soccer club Huachipato has a mirror image of the Pittsburgh Steelers logo as part of its shield. Their nickname is \"Los Acereros\", which is Spanish for \"the Steelers.\" The club were originated from the local steel manufacturer (Compañia de Aceros del Pacífico, CAP) which is nowadays one of the team's main sponsors. The logo was designed as an homage to the origins of the club as a team representing the steel workers of the factory.", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. Although both Rooney and NFL Films's Steve Sabol liked the look (Sabol mentioned that you could easily tell when the Steelers played),[9] the players didn't, adding that they looked like clowns or Batman, which is likely where the \"Batman\" rumors began. Due to primitive washing techniques at the time (as well as NFL teams frequently reusing the uniforms, unlike today where current athletic supplier Nike gives teams new equipment every game), the Steelers had trouble washing the uniforms because the gold triangle faded easily. Rooney was even asked on a radio show in Dallas when the team was playing the Cowboys on October 30, 1966 if the team was wearing the uniforms for Halloween.[8]", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The team adopted more standard NFL uniforms in 1936 and added Northwestern striping to the sleeves, and with the team finishing 0.500 for the first time in team history that season (at 6–6), the stripes have largely remained on the uniforms since. The striping pattern is named for Northwestern University, the college that is believed to have originated the pattern.[7]", "Logos and uniforms of the Pittsburgh Steelers. As part of the NFL Color Rush program, the Steelers debuted all-black uniforms in the 2016 season. The jerseys feature the same stripes as the standard black jersey, with the only change being that the white stripes are now also gold. The numerals are in gold as well, although in the traditional block font instead of Futura Condensed. The pants are black with a thick gold stripe, the reverse of their normal gold pants. Solid black socks and shoes completed the uniform, although some players were permitted to wear gold shoes. The uniforms debuted on Christmas against the Baltimore Ravens; as the Ravens had already played a Color Rush game in an all-purple uniform in week 10, they wore their regular white uniforms against the Steelers." ]

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[ "Shameless (season 8). The eighth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the award-winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on December 19, 2016, a day after the seventh season finale.[1] The season will consist of a total of 12 episodes.[2] It is slated to premiere on November 5, 2017.[3]", "Shameless (season 9). The ninth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, was announced on November 8, 2017, following the season 8 premiere.[1] The season premiered on September 9, 2018,[2] and will consist of a total of 14 episodes.[3] After the seventh episode, the season will be on hiatus until January 20, 2019.[3] The 100th episode of the series will air this season.", "Shameless (season 7). The seventh season of Shameless, based on the award-winning British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, is an American comedy-drama television series with executive producers John Wells, Christopher Chulack, Krista Vernoff, Etan Frankel, Nancy M. Pimental and Sheila Callaghan.[1] The season premiered on October 2, 2016, the first time the series has debuted in autumn.[2] Showtime premiered a free preview of the season premiere online on September 23, 2016, ahead of the October 2 broadcast.", "List of Shameless (U.S. TV series) episodes. As of January 28, 2018,[update] 96 episodes of Shameless have aired, concluding the eighth season. On November 8, 2017, the series was renewed for a ninth season.[4]", "Shameless (U.S. TV series). In December 2016, it was reported that Emmy Rossum had requested that she be paid more than William H. Macy for future seasons, to make up for previous seasons in which she was paid less than Macy. The pay dispute briefly delayed work on an eighth season of the series while she and Warner Bros. Television negotiated.[32] The dispute came to an end on December 14, when Rossum confirmed through Twitter that she would continue to work on the series, with production of an eighth season to begin in May 2017.[33] On December 19, 2016, Showtime officially announced that Shameless had been renewed for an eighth season.[34] Just days after the eighth season premiere, it was announced that the show had been renewed for a ninth, which would bring the show past the 100 episode mark.[35][36]", "Shameless (U.S. TV series). Initial shooting of the second season began on July 5, 2011[17] and premiered January 8, 2012.[18] The series was renewed for a third season renewal on February 1, 2012,[19] and initial shooting began June 27, 2012.[20] The third season premiered on January 13, 2013, and two weeks later on January 29, Shameless was renewed for a fourth season,[21] which premiered January 12, 2014. On February 18, 2014, the series was renewed for a fifth season.[22] Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first episode table read,[23] with initial shooting for the season beginning on July 8, 2014.[24][25] The series was renewed for a sixth season on January 12, 2015.[26] Shameless was renewed for a 12-episode seventh season on January 12, 2016.[27]\nSeason 7 premiered on October 2, 2016.\nThe series was initially set in Chicago's Canaryville neighborhood on the South Side,[28][29][30] but as of season 6 the Back of the Yards neighborhood was stated to be the location of the Gallagher household.[31]", "Shameless (season 3). The third season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 13, 2013, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 7, 2013. The shows season premiere brought in 2.00 million viewers, becoming the show highest rated episode ever to-date. The episode airing February 17, \"The Sins of My Caretaker\", received 1.31 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.82 million viewers.", "Shameless (season 5). The fifth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 11, 2015 on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, and producer Michael Hissrich. Like all previous seasons, the season consisted of 12 episodes.[1][2][3]", "Shameless (season 4). On January 29, 2013, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fourth season.[13] The show's fourth season began production on September 20, 2013 and began filming the following week,[14] and premiered on Sunday, January 12, 2014.", "Shameless (season 6). Shameless was renewed for a sixth season on January 12, 2015; which premiered on January 10, 2016.[15] The writers began working on the season on April 6, 2015.[16] Principal photography for the season began on August 5, 2015.[17]", "Shameless (U.S. TV series). Shameless is an American comedy-drama television series developed by John Wells that debuted on Showtime on January 9, 2011. It is a remake of the British series of the same name created by Paul Abbott. The series features an ensemble cast, led by William H. Macy and Emmy Rossum. Set in the South Side of Chicago, the series is filmed in Los Angeles, with the exterior scenes shot in Chicago.[1] The series was renewed for a ninth season, which will premiere on September 9, 2018, making it the longest-running original scripted series in Showtime's history.[2][3]", "Shameless (UK TV series). The eleventh and final series of Shameless began on 26 February 2013 and concluded the show itself on 28 May 2013. An expansion from the last two series, the eleventh series consisted of 14 episodes. The shows final episode saw the return of several departed characters, mostly consisting of the Gallagher children.", "Shameless (season 4). The fourth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 12, 2014, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 6, 2014. The show’s season premiere brought in 1.69 million viewers, while the episode airing February 2, \"Strangers on a Train\", received 1.22 million total viewers, its lowest rated episode of the season. The season finale scored 1.93 million viewers, becoming the show’s highest rated episode for the season.", "Shameless (season 3). On February 1, 2012, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a third season.[13]\nThe show's third season began shooting on June 27, 2012[14] and premiered on Sunday, January 13, 2013.[15]", "Shameless (UK TV series). Unlike any previous series, the eighth series of 22 episodes was split into two halves. The first five episodes were aired consecutively during one week, from 10 January to 14 January 2011, to tie-in with a series-opener story-arc. After this, the series returned to its regular weekly slot, and continued for a further 7 episodes between 18 January to 8 March 2011. After a four-month break, the final 9 episodes of the eighth series began on 30 August 2011 and concluded the series on 25 October 2011. Starting with series 8 the show took a more light hearted, comedy approach, rarely taking on board the gritty realistic drama it had started out with. From this point onwards the shows storylines became increasingly farfetched and viewing figures started to drop rapidly.[citation needed]", "Shameless (season 6). The sixth season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 10, 2016, concluded April 3, 2016.[1] Executive producers are John Wells, Andrew Stearn, Nancy M. Pimental, Davey Holmes, Christopher Chulack, Krista Vernoff and producers Terri Murphy and Princess Nash.[2]", "Trailer Park Boys. On September 1, 2014, Netflix announced that season 8 of Trailer Park Boys will be available on September 5.", "RuPaul's Drag Race (season 8). The eighth season of RuPaul's Drag Race began airing on March 7, 2016. Returning judges include RuPaul and Michelle Visage, along with Ross Mathews and Carson Kressley, who shared judging responsibilities on an alternating basis. Twelve drag queens competed for the title of \"America's Next Drag Superstar\". The prizes for the winner are a one-year supply of Anastasia Beverly Hills cosmetics and a cash prize of $100,000. The full list of contestants was revealed during the NewNowNext Awards on February 1, 2016.[1] The song \"U Wear It Well\" from RuPaul's album Butch Queen was featured in promotion for the show. On March 31, 2016, it was announced LogoTV renewed the show for a ninth season.[2] It was the last season to solely be played on Logo, as the show moved to VH1 for its ninth season, and RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars Season 2 was broadcast simultaneously on VH1.", "Shameless (season 2). The second season of Shameless, an American comedy-drama television series based on the British series of the same name by Paul Abbott, premiered on January 8, 2012, at Sunday 9:00 p.m. EST on the Showtime television network. Executive producers are John Wells, Paul Abbott and Andrew Stearn, with producer Michael Hissrich. The season concluded after 12 episodes on April 1, 2012. The shows season premiere brought in 1.58 million viewers, which was higher than the season 1 premiere. The episode airing March 4, \"Parenthood\", received 1.6 million total viewers, its highest rated show of the season. The season finale scored 1.45 million viewers.", "Shameless (season 5). On February 18, 2014, Showtime announced the series would be renewed for a fifth season.[3] Production on the first episode began on July 3, 2014 with the first table read,[20] with principal photography commencing on July 8, 2014.[21][22]", "Shameless (UK TV series). The ninth series of Shameless began on 9 January 2012 and concluded on 13 March 2012. The ninth series, originally consisting of 22 episodes, was reduced to 11 episodes, with the remaining 11 being turned into the tenth series. Like 2011, the first two episodes aired on two consecutive nights.", "Shameless (season 2). The show's second season began shooting on July 5, 2011[13] and it premiered on Sunday, January 8, 2012 at a new time slot at 9:00pm.[14]", "Blue Bloods (season 8). The eighth season of Blue Bloods, a police procedural drama series created by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, premiered on CBS on September 29, 2017.[1][2] The season is set to contain 22 episodes.", "Shameless (UK TV series). The seventh series began on 26 January 2010 and concluded on 4 May 2010. As with series 5 and 6, the seventh series consisted of 16 episodes.", "Kate Gosselin. A new season of Kate Plus 8 premiered November 22, 2016 on TLC.", "Bob's Burgers (season 8). The eighth season of the animated comedy series Bob's Burgers began airing on Fox in the United States on October 1, 2017.[1]", "Love & Hip Hop: New York (season 8). On October 3, 2017, VH1 announced that Love & Hip Hop would be returning for a eighth season on October 30, 2017. [1] This season featured an entirely new opening credits sequence. With the exception of Kimbella Vanderhee and Cardi B who left the show, all main cast members from the previous season have returned. Cam'ron's fianceé Juju C. was promoted to the main cast, alongside newcomers Anaís and Lil' Mo. Karl Dargan, Safaree Samuels, Navarro Gray, his girlfriend Ashley Diaz, her sister Ayisha Diaz, rapper Jaquáe, his girlfriend Sophia Body, Bad Girls Club star DreamDoll, rapper Brittney Taylor, singer James R., K. Michelle: My Life cast member Jonathan Fernandez and his boyfriend Trent Crews would join the supporting cast.[2] Grafh and Kiyanne would also appear in supporting roles. On October 20, 2017, a royalty-themed promo \"Stay Queening'\" was released, with Remy Ma introducing \"the new queens of New York\" - Lil' Mo, Anaís, Brittney Taylor and DreamDoll.[3] On October 24, 2017, VH1 released a five-minute \"super\" trailer.", "The Real Housewives of New Jersey. The eighth season premiered on October 4, 2017, with Margaret Josephs joining the show. Staub returned in a \"friend of\" capacity and DePaola returned in a guest capacity.[27] Flicker left the show during the season's airing.[28]", "Emmy Rossum. In December 2009, Rossum joined the cast of the Showtime dramedy series Shameless, based on the British series of the same title. The series co-stars William H. Macy.[32] Rossum plays the oldest sister of a large, motherless family, functioning as a guardian/surrogate mother to her five younger siblings. The series has received consistent acclaim, with Rossum's performance being universally praised.[33] She made her directorial debut with episode four of season seven, \"I Am a Storm.\"[1][34] In December 2016, Rossum was in a contract dispute with the show's producers over her desire for a salary equal to that of co-star Macy and back pay for the differential over seven seasons,[35] which was resolved later that month.[36] Following this news, Shameless was renewed for its eighth season beginning production in 2017.[37]", "The Jeffersons. On April 28, 2015, Shout! released season 7 on DVD in Region 1.[43] Season 8 was released on August 11, 2015.[44]", "Shameless (UK TV series). The fifth series aired between 1 January 2008 to 15 April 2008. It consisted of 16 episodes, a big expansion from previous series.", "Suits (season 8). The eighth season of the American legal drama Suits was ordered on January 30, 2018,[1] and began airing on USA Network in the United States July 18, 2018.[2]" ]

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[ "Capital (economics). In economics, capital consists of anything that can enhance a person's power to perform economically useful work. Capital goods, real capital, or capital assets are already-produced, durable goods or any non-financial asset that is used in production of goods or services.[1]", "Capital (economics). In a fundamental sense, capital consists of anything that can enhance a person's power to perform economically useful work—a stone or an arrow is capital for a caveman who can use it as a hunting instrument, and roads are capital for inhabitants of a city. Capital is an input in the production function. Homes and personal autos are not usually defined as capital but as durable goods because they are not used in a production of saleable goods and services.", "Capital (economics). Detailed classifications of capital that have been used in various theoretical or applied uses generally respect the following division:", "Capital (economics). Austrian School economist Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk maintained that capital intensity was measured by the roundaboutness of production processes. Since capital is defined by him as being goods of higher-order, or goods used to produce consumer goods, and derived their value from them, being future goods.", "Capital (economics). Adam Smith defines capital as \"That part of a man's stock which he expects to afford him revenue\". The term \"stock\" is derived from the Old English word for stump or tree trunk. It has been used to refer to all the moveable property of a farm since at least 1510.[2]", "Resource. In social studies, capital refers to already-produced durable goods used in production of goods or services. In essence, capital refers to human-made resources created using knowledge and expertise based on utility or perceived value. Common examples of capital include buildings, machinery, railways, roads, and ships. As resources, capital goods may or may not be significantly consumed, though they may depreciate in the production process and they are typically of limited capacity or unavailable for use by others.", "Capital (economics). Classical and neoclassical economics regard capital as one of the factors of production (alongside the other factors: land and labour). All other inputs to production are called intangibles in classical economics. This includes organization, entrepreneurship, knowledge, goodwill, or management (which some characterize as talent, social capital or instructional capital).", "Economic growth. Capital in economics ordinarily refers to physical capital, which consists of structures (largest component of physical capital) and equipment used in business (machinery, factory equipment, computers and office equipment, construction equipment, business vehicles, medical equipment, etc.).[2] Up to a point increases in the amount of capital per worker are an important cause of economic output growth. Capital is subject to diminishing returns because of the amount that can be effectively invested and because of the growing burden of depreciation.", "Capital (economics). Within classical economics, Adam Smith (Wealth of Nations, Book II, Chapter 1) distinguished fixed capital from circulating capital. The former designated physical assets not consumed in the production of a product (e.g. machines and storage facilities), while the latter referred to physical assets consumed in the process of production (e.g. raw materials and intermediate products). For an enterprise, both were types of capital.", "Capital (economics). In Marxian political economy,[3] capital is money used to buy something only in order to sell it again to realize a financial profit. For Marx capital only exists within the process of economic exchange—it is wealth that grows out of the process of circulation itself, and for Marx it formed the basis of the economic system of capitalism. In more contemporary schools of economics, this form of capital is generally referred to as \"financial capital\" and is distinguished from \"capital goods\".", "Capital (economics). Capital is distinct from land (or non-renewable resources) in that capital can be increased by human labor. At any given moment in time, total physical capital may be referred to as the capital stock (which is not to be confused with the capital stock of a business entity).", "Capital (economics). Earlier illustrations often described capital as physical items, such as tools, buildings, and vehicles that are used in the production process. Since at least the 1960s economists have increasingly focused on broader forms of capital. For example, investment in skills and education can be viewed as building up human capital or knowledge capital, and investments in intellectual property can be viewed as building up intellectual capital. These terms lead to certain questions and controversies discussed in those articles.", "Capital (economics). Marxian economics distinguishes between different forms of capital:", "Finance. Capital, in the financial sense, is the money that gives the business the power to buy goods to be used in the production of other goods or the offering of a service. (Capital has two types of sources, equity and debt).", "Capital (economics). Investment or capital accumulation, in classical economic theory, is the production of increased capital. Investment requires that some goods be produced that are not immediately consumed, but instead used to produce other goods as capital goods. Investment is closely related to saving, though it is not the same. As Keynes pointed out, saving involves not spending all of one's income on current goods or services, while investment refers to spending on a specific type of goods, i.e., capital goods.", "Capital (economics). This theory is the basis of triple bottom line accounting and is further developed in ecological economics, welfare economics and the various theories of green economics. All of which use a particularly abstract notion of capital in which the requirement of capital being produced like durable goods is effectively removed.", "Capital (economics). These distinctions of convenience have carried over to contemporary economic theory.[4][5] There was[when?] the further clarification that capital is a stock. As such, its value can be estimated at a point in time. By contrast, investment, as production to be added to the capital stock, is described as taking place over time (\"per year\"), thus a flow.", "Capital (economics). Political economists Jonathan Nitzan and Shimshon Bichler have suggested that capital is not a productive entity, but solely financial and that capital values measure the relative power of owners over the broad social processes that bear on profits.[8]", "Capital (economics). Separate literatures have developed to describe both natural capital and social capital. Such terms reflect a wide consensus that nature and society both function in such a similar manner as traditional industrial infrastructural capital, that it is entirely appropriate to refer to them as different types of capital in themselves. In particular, they can be used in the production of other goods, are not used up immediately in the process of production, and can be enhanced (if not created) by human effort.", "Capitalism. In economics, accounting and Marxian economics, capital accumulation is often equated with investment of profit income or savings, especially in real capital goods. The concentration and centralisation of capital are two of the results of such accumulation. In modern macroeconomics and econometrics the phrase capital formation is often used in preference to \"accumulation\", though the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) refers nowadays to \"accumulation\". The phrase [clarification needed] is occasionally used in national accounts.", "Capital (economics). Public and private sector accounting differ in goals, time scales and accordingly in accounting. The ownership and control of some forms of capital may accordingly justify differentiating it in an economic theory. A blanket term that attempts to characterize all that clearly physical capital that is considered infrastructure and which supports production in unclear or poorly accounted ways is public capital. This encompasses the aggregate body of all government-owned assets that are used to promote private industry productivity, including highways, railways, airports, water treatment facilities, telecommunications, electric grids, energy utilities, municipal buildings, public hospitals and schools, police, fire protection, courts and still others. However it is a problematic term insofar as many of these assets can be either publicly or privately owned.", "Money. In economics, in many cases, the money can be treated as the capital. The capital can be invested into the capital markets with a goal to get the high Return-On-Investment (ROI) premium. The capital markets definition includes the money markets and some other investment markets.[47][48][49][50]", "Pierre Bourdieu. Bourdieu extended the notion of capital, defined as sums of money or assets put to productive use. For Bourdieu, these assets could take many forms which had not received much attention when he began writing. Bourdieu habitually refers to several principal forms of capital: economic, symbolic, cultural and social. Loic Waquant describes their status in Bourdieu's work in these terms: \"Capital comes in 3 principal species: economic, cultural and social. A fourth species, symbolic capital, designates the effects of any form of capital when people do not perceive them as such.\"[46]", "Social capital. The term capital is used by analogy with other forms of economic capital, as social capital is argued to have similar (although less measurable) benefits. However, the analogy with capital is misleading to the extent that, unlike traditional forms of capital, social capital is not depleted by use;[61] in fact it is depleted by non-use (use it or lose it). In this respect, it is similar to the now well-established economic concept of human capital.", "Capital (economics). Some thinkers, such as Werner Sombart and Max Weber, locate the concept of capital as originating in double-entry bookkeeping, which is thus a foundational innovation in capitalism, Sombart writing in \"Medieval and Modern Commercial Enterprise\" that:[7]", "Resource. In economics a resource is defined as a service or other asset used to produce goods and services that meet human needs and wants.[3] Economics itself has been defined as the study of how society manages its scarce resources.[4] Classical economics recognizes three categories of resources, also referred to as factors of production: land, labour, and capital.[5] Land includes all natural resources and is viewed as both the site of production and the source of raw materials. Labour or human resources consists of human effort provided in the creation of products, paid in wage. Capital consists of human-made goods or means of production (machinery, buildings, and other infrastructure) used in the production of other goods and services, paid in interest.", "Definitions of economics. The title page gave as its subject matter \"population, agriculture, trade, industry, money, coin, interest, circulation, banks, exchange, public credit and taxes\".[3] economics are important for our life", "Economics. Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in \"pick[ing] out certain kinds of behaviour\" but rather analytical in \"focus[ing] attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity.\"[25] He affirmed that previous economists have usually centred their studies on the analysis of wealth: how wealth is created (production), distributed, and consumed; and how wealth can grow.[26] But he said that economics can be used to study other things, such as war, that are outside its usual focus. This is because war has as the goal winning it (as a sought after end), generates both cost and benefits; and, resources (human life and other costs) are used to attain the goal. If the war is not winnable or if the expected costs outweigh the benefits, the deciding actors (assuming they are rational) may never go to war (a decision) but rather explore other alternatives. We cannot define economics as the science that studies wealth, war, crime, education, and any other field economic analysis can be applied to; but, as the science that studies a particular common aspect of each of those subjects (they all use scarce resources to attain a sought after end).", "Capital (economics). Economist Henry George argued that financial instruments like stocks, bonds, mortgages, promissory notes, or other certificates for transferring wealth is not really capital. Because \"Their economic value merely represents the power of one class to appropriate the earnings of another.\" and \"their increase or decrease does not affect the sum of wealth in the community\".[6]", "Factors of production. The classical economists also employed the word \"capital\" in reference to money. Money, however, was not considered to be a factor of production in the sense of capital stock since it is not used to directly produce any good. The return to loaned money or to loaned stock was styled as interest while the return to the actual proprietor of capital stock (tools, etc.) was styled as profit. See also returns.", "Fixed capital. Fixed capital is a concept in economics and accounting, first theoretically analyzed in some depth by the economist David Ricardo. It refers to any kind of real or physical capital (fixed asset) that is not used up in the production of a product. It contrasts with circulating capital such as raw materials, operating expenses and the like.", "Capitalism. The term \"capitalist\", meaning an owner of capital, appears earlier than the term \"capitalism\" and it dates back to the mid-17th century. \"Capitalism\" is derived from capital, which evolved from capitale, a late Latin word based on caput, meaning \"head\" – also the origin of chattel and cattle in the sense of movable property (only much later to refer only to livestock). Capitale emerged in the 12th to 13th centuries in the sense of referring to funds, stock of merchandise, sum of money or money carrying interest.[22][23][24] By 1283, it was used in the sense of the capital assets of a trading firm and it was frequently interchanged with a number of other words – wealth, money, funds, goods, assets, property and so on.[25]" ]

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