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[ "Microwave oven. Formerly found only in large industrial applications, microwave ovens increasingly became a standard fixture of residential kitchens in developed countries. By 1986, roughly 25% of households in the U.S. owned a microwave oven, up from only about 1% in 1971;[15] the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that over 90% of American households owned a microwave oven in 1997.[15][16] In Australia, a 2008 market research study found that 95% of kitchens contained a microwave oven and that 83% of them were used daily.[17] In Canada, fewer than 5% of households had a microwave oven in 1979, but more than 88% of households owned one by 1998.[18] In France, 40% of households owned a microwave oven in 1994, but that number had increased to 65% by 2004.[19]", "Microwave oven. The development of the cavity magnetron in the UK made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (microwaves). American engineer Percy Spencer is generally credited with inventing the modern microwave oven after World War II from radar technology developed during the war. Named the \"Radarange\", it was first sold in 1946. Raytheon later licensed its patents for a home-use microwave oven that was first introduced by Tappan in 1955, but these units were still too large and expensive for general home use. The countertop microwave oven was first introduced in 1967 by the Amana Corporation, and their use has spread into commercial and residential kitchens around the world. In addition to their use in cooking food, types of microwave ovens are used for heating in many industrial processes.", "Kitchen stove. Microwave ovens were developed in the 1940s, and use microwave radiation to directly heat the water held inside food.", "Microwave. A microwave oven passes microwave radiation at a frequency near 2.45 GHz (12 cm) through food, causing dielectric heating primarily by absorption of the energy in water. Microwave ovens became common kitchen appliances in Western countries in the late 1970s, following the development of less expensive cavity magnetrons. Water in the liquid state possesses many molecular interactions that broaden the absorption peak. In the vapor phase, isolated water molecules absorb at around 22 GHz, almost ten times the frequency of the microwave oven.", "Microwave oven. In the 1960s,[specify] Litton bought Studebaker's Franklin Manufacturing assets, which had been manufacturing magnetrons and building and selling microwave ovens similar to the Radarange. Litton then developed a new configuration of the microwave: the short, wide shape that is now common. The magnetron feed was also unique. This resulted in an oven that could survive a no-load condition: an empty microwave oven where there is nothing to absorb the microwaves. The new oven was shown at a trade show in Chicago,[citation needed] and helped begin a rapid growth of the market for home microwave ovens. Sales volume of 40,000 units for the U.S. industry in 1970 grew to one million by 1975. Market penetration was faster in Japan, due to a re-engineered magnetron allowing for less expensive units. Several other companies joined in the market, and for a time most systems were built by defense contractors, who were most familiar with the magnetron. Litton was particularly well known in the restaurant business.", "Microwave oven. Adoption has been slower in less-developed countries, as households with disposable income concentrate on more important household appliances like refrigerators and ovens. In India, for example, only about 5% of households owned a microwave in 2013, well behind refrigerators at 31% ownership.[20] However, microwave ovens are gaining popularity. In Russia, for example, the number of households with a microwave grew from almost 24% in 2002 to almost 40% in 2008.[21] Almost twice as many households in South Africa owned microwaves in 2008 (38.7%) as in 2002 (19.8%).[21] Microwave ownership in Vietnam was at 16% of households in 2008—versus 30% ownership of refrigerators; this rate was up significantly from 6.7% microwave ownership in 2002, with 14% ownership for refrigerators that year.[21]", "Microwave oven. In 1947, Raytheon built the \"Radarange\", the first commercially available microwave oven.[12] It was almost 1.8 metres (5 ft 11 in) tall, weighed 340 kilograms (750 lb) and cost about US$5,000 ($54,000 in 2016 dollars) each. It consumed 3 kilowatts, about three times as much as today's microwave ovens, and was water-cooled. The name was the winning entry in an employee contest.[13] An early Radarange was installed (and remains) in the galley of the nuclear-powered passenger/cargo ship NS Savannah. An early commercial model introduced in 1954 consumed 1.6 kilowatts and sold for US$2,000 to US$3,000 ($18,000 to $27,000 in 2016 dollars). Raytheon licensed its technology to the Tappan Stove company of Mansfield, Ohio in 1952.[14] They tried to market a large 220 volt wall unit as a home microwave oven in 1955 for a price of US$1,295 ($12,000 in 2016 dollars), but it did not sell well. In 1965, Raytheon acquired Amana. In 1967, they introduced the first popular home model, the countertop Radarange, at a price of US$495 ($4,000 in 2016 dollars).", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945). A microwave oven cooks or heats food by dielectric heating. Cooking food with microwaves was discovered by Percy Spencer on October 8, 1945, while building magnetrons for radar sets at Raytheon. Spencer was working on an active radar set when he noticed a strange sensation, and saw that a peanut candy bar he had in his pocket started to melt. Although he was not the first to notice this phenomenon, as the holder of 120 patents, Spencer was no stranger to discovery and experiment, and realized what was happening. The radar had melted his candy bar with microwaves. The first food to be deliberately cooked with microwaves was popcorn, and the second was an egg.[304] In 1947, Raytheon under Percy Spencer demonstrated the world's first microwave oven built at the company which was called the \"Radarange\".[305]", "Microwave oven. The 1937 United States patent application by Bell Laboratories states:[3]", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945). 1945 Microwave oven", "Microwave oven. The exploitation of high-frequency radio waves for heating substances was made possible by the development of vacuum tube radio transmitters around 1920. By 1930 the application of short waves to heat human tissue had developed into the medical therapy of diathermy. At the 1933 Chicago World's Fair, Westinghouse demonstrated the cooking of foods between two metal plates attached to a 10 kW, 60 MHz shortwave transmitter.[2] The Westinghouse team, led by I. F. Mouromtseff, found that foods like steaks and potatoes could be cooked in minutes.", "Microwave oven. In 1945, the specific heating effect of a high-power microwave beam was accidentally discovered by Percy Spencer, an American self-taught engineer from Howland, Maine. Employed by Raytheon at the time, he noticed that microwaves from an active radar set he was working on started to melt a candy bar he had in his pocket. The first food deliberately cooked with Spencer's microwave was popcorn, and the second was an egg, which exploded in the face of one of the experimenters.[9][10] To verify his finding, Spencer created a high density electromagnetic field by feeding microwave power from a magnetron into a metal box from which it had no way to escape. When food was placed in the box with the microwave energy, the temperature of the food rose rapidly. On 8 October 1945, Raytheon filed a United States patent application for Spencer's microwave cooking process, and an oven that heated food using microwave energy from a magnetron was soon placed in a Boston restaurant for testing.[11]", "Microwave oven. The invention of the cavity magnetron made possible the production of electromagnetic waves of a small enough wavelength (microwaves). The magnetron was originally a crucial component in the development of short wavelength radar during World War II.[5] In 1937–1940, a multi-cavity magnetron was built by the British physicist Sir John Turton Randall, FRSE, together with a team of British coworkers, for the British and American military radar installations in World War II.[6] A more high-powered microwave generator that worked at shorter wavelengths was needed, and in 1940, at the University of Birmingham in England, Randall and Harry Boot produced a working prototype.[7] They invented a valve that could spit out pulses of microwave radio energy on a wavelength of 10cm, an unprecedented discovery.[6]", "Electrical engineering. In 1920, Albert Hull developed the magnetron which would eventually lead to the development of the microwave oven in 1946 by Percy Spencer.[22][23] In 1934, the British military began to make strides toward radar (which also uses the magnetron) under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at Bawdsey in August 1936.[24]", "Microwave oven. Microwave ovens are popular for reheating previously cooked foods and cooking a variety of foods. They are also useful for rapid heating of otherwise slowly prepared cooking items, such as hot butter, fats, and chocolate. Unlike conventional ovens, microwave ovens usually do not directly brown or caramelize food, since they rarely attain the necessary temperatures to produce Maillard reactions. Exceptions occur in rare cases where the oven is used to heat frying-oil and other very oily items (such as bacon), which attain far higher temperatures than that of boiling water.", "Microwave. Perhaps the first, documented, formal use of the term microwave occurred in 1931:", "Microwave oven. In 2000,[31] some manufacturers began offering high power quartz halogen bulbs to their convection microwave models, marketing them under names such as \"Speedcook\", \"Advantium\", \"Lightwave\" and \"Optimawave\" to emphasize their ability to cook food rapidly and with good browning. The bulbs heat the food's surface with infrared (IR) radiation, browning surfaces as in a conventional oven. The food browns while also being heated by the microwave radiation and heated through conduction through contact with heated air. The IR energy which is delivered to the outer surface of food by the lamps is sufficient to initiate browning caramelization in foods primarily made up of carbohydrates and Maillard reactions in foods primarily made up of protein. These reactions in food produce a texture and taste similar to that typically expected of conventional oven cooking rather than the bland boiled and steamed taste that microwave-only cooking tends to create.", "Microwave oven. A microwave oven (commonly referred to as a microwave) is a kitchen appliance that heats and cooks food by exposing it to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave frequency range. This induces polar molecules in the food to rotate and produce thermal energy in a process known as dielectric heating. Microwave ovens heat foods quickly and efficiently because excitation is fairly uniform in the outer 25–38 mm (1–1.5 inches) of a homogeneous, high water content food item; food is more evenly heated throughout than generally occurs in other cooking techniques.", "Frying pan. With the perfection of the thermostatic control, the electric skillet became a popular kitchen appliance. Although it largely has been supplanted by the microwave oven, it is still in use in many kitchens.", "Microwave oven. Modern microwave ovens use either an analog dial-type timer or a digital control panel for operation. Control panels feature an LED, liquid crystal or vacuum fluorescent display, in the 90s brands such as Panasonic and GE began offering models with a scrolling-text display showing cooking instructions, numeric buttons for entering the cook time, a power level selection feature and other possible functions such as a defrost setting and pre-programmed settings for different food types, such as meat, fish, poultry, vegetables, frozen vegetables, frozen dinners, and popcorn. In most ovens, the magnetron is driven by a linear transformer which can only feasibly be switched completely on or off. As such, the choice of power level does not affect the intensity of the microwave radiation; instead, the magnetron is cycled on and off every few seconds, thus altering the large scale duty cycle. Newer models have inverter power supplies that use pulse-width modulation to provide effectively continuous heating at reduced power, so that foods are heated more evenly at a given power level and can be heated more quickly without being damaged by uneven heating.", "Microwave oven. Studies have investigated the use of the microwave to clean non-metallic domestic sponges which have been thoroughly wetted. A 2006 study found that microwaving wet sponges for two minutes (at 1000 watt power) removed 99% of coliforms, E. coli and MS2 phages. Bacillus cereus spores were killed at 4 minutes of microwaving.[46]", "Microwave oven. Microwave ovens have a limited role in professional cooking,[1] because the boiling-range temperatures produced in especially hydrous foods impede flavors produced by the higher temperatures of frying, browning, or baking. However, additional heat sources can be added to microwave ovens, or into combination microwave ovens, to produce these other heating effects, and microwave heating may cut the overall time needed to prepare such dishes. Some modern microwave ovens are part of over-the-range units with built-in extractor hoods.", "Microwave. Perhaps the first use of the word microwave in an astronomical context occurred in 1946 in an article \"Microwave Radiation from the Sun and Moon\" by Robert Dicke and Robert Beringer. This same article also made a showing in the New York Times issued in 1951. Ernst Weber pioneered microwave technologies.", "Microwave oven. For cooking or reheating small amounts of food, the microwave oven may use less energy than a cook stove.[27] Although microwave ovens are touted as the most efficient appliance,[28][not in citation given] the energy savings are largely due to the reduced heat mass of the food's container.[29] The amount of energy used to heat food is generally small compared to total energy usage in typical residences in the United States.[30]", "Microwave oven. Microwave ovens are frequently used for reheating leftover food, and bacterial contamination may not be repressed if the safe temperature is not reached, resulting in foodborne illness, as with all inadequate reheating methods.", "Microwave oven. Sir Henry Tizard travelled to the U.S. in late September 1940 to offer the magnetron in exchange for their financial and industrial help (see Tizard Mission).[6] An early 6 kW version, built in England by the General Electric Company Research Laboratories, Wembley, London, was given to the U.S. government in September 1940. The magnetron was later described by American historian James Phinney Baxter III as \"[t]he most valuable cargo ever brought to our shores\".[8] Contracts were awarded to Raytheon and other companies for mass production of the magnetron.", "Semiconductor device. During World War II, radar research quickly pushed radar receivers to operate at ever higher frequencies and the traditional tube based radio receivers no longer worked well. The introduction of the cavity magnetron from Britain to the United States in 1940 during the Tizard Mission resulted in a pressing need for a practical high-frequency amplifier.[citation needed]", "Easy-Bake Oven. The Easy-Bake Oven was introduced in 1963 by Kenner Products, a Cincinnati, Ohio-based toy company. The original Kenner Easy-Bake Oven was heated by two 100-watt incandescent light bulbs, came in a pale yellow or turquoise, and was designed to resemble a conventional oven.[4][5] The design changed many times over the years. An updated \"Premier\" model, available in avocado green or red, was released in 1969, followed by a \"Mod\" model in yellow or light green in 1971. A more recent model resembled a microwave oven.", "American modernism. Widespread use of electricity and mass production of technological house appliances like refrigerator brought about the change of eating habits of American people. Use of frozen food became more common. After the war the U.S. government passed new laws concerning food. So some new foods came right out of the ration kits to the stores. \"Foods formerly manufactured solely for army use were put on the civilian market\", Frozen and dried food products also became popular after the war. National Research Corporation of Boston introduced frozen orange juice concentrate called \"tang.\" The company became Minute Maid, and, by 1950, a quarter of Florida's orange crop was going into concentrates. The frozen product quickly overtook fresh squeezed orange juice in most American homes. Full frozen meals were not far behind. In the 1950s, a Nebraska company Swanson's brought out their TV Dinners to great success.", "Microwave oven. The microwave frequencies used in microwave ovens are chosen based on regulatory and cost constraints. The first is that they should be in one of the industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) frequency bands set aside for non-communication purposes. For household purposes, 2.45 GHz has the advantage over 915 MHz in that 915 MHz is only an ISM band in the ITU Region 2 while 2.45 GHz is available worldwide.[citation needed][vague] Three additional ISM bands exist in the microwave frequencies, but are not used for microwave cooking. Two of them are centered on 5.8 GHz and 24.125 GHz, but are not used for microwave cooking because of the very high cost of power generation at these frequencies. The third, centered on 433.92 MHz, is a narrow band that would require expensive equipment to generate sufficient power without creating interference outside the band, and is only available in some countries.", "Microwave oven. Microwave ovens heat food without getting hot themselves. Taking a pot off a stove, unless it is an induction cooktop, leaves a potentially dangerous heating element or trivet that will stay hot for some time. Likewise, when taking a casserole out of a conventional oven, one's arms are exposed to the very hot walls of the oven. A microwave oven does not pose this problem.", "Microwave oven. A microwave oven heats food by passing microwave radiation through it. Microwaves are a form of non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation with a frequency higher than ordinary radio waves but lower than infrared light. Microwave ovens use frequencies in one of the ISM (industrial, scientific, medical) bands, which are reserved for this use, so they do not interfere with other vital radio services. Consumer ovens usually use 2.45 gigahertz (GHz)—a wavelength of 12.2 centimetres (4.80 in)—while large industrial/commercial ovens often use 915 megahertz (MHz)—32.8 centimetres (12.9 in).[22] Water, fat, and other substances in the food absorb energy from the microwaves in a process called dielectric heating. Many molecules (such as those of water) are electric dipoles, meaning that they have a partial positive charge at one end and a partial negative charge at the other, and therefore rotate as they try to align themselves with the alternating electric field of the microwaves. Rotating molecules hit other molecules and put them into motion, thus dispersing energy. This energy, when dispersed as molecular vibration in solids and liquids (i.e. as both potential energy and kinetic energy of atoms), is heat. Sometimes, microwave heating is explained as a resonance of water molecules, but this is incorrect;[23] such resonances occur only at above 1 terahertz (THz).[24] Rather it is the lag in response of the polar water molecule to the impinging electromagnetic wave. This type of dielectric loss mechanism is referred to as dipole interaction.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Captain Armando Salazar is an undead pirate hunter who commands the ghost ship the Silent Mary. He appears in the fifth film, Dead Men Tell No Tales, and is portrayed by Javier Bardem.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Originally an officer in the Spanish Navy, Salazar hunted pirates. He was killed during a battle with the crew of the Wicked Wench, commanded by a young Jack Sparrow after the death of the previous captain. Sparrow tricked Salazar into sailing into the Devil's Triangle, where his ship sunk and Salazar was killed. As a result of the dark magic of the Triangle, Salazar and his crew became undead.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Salazar escapes from the Devil's Triangle after Sparrow trades away his magical compass. He begins hunting pirate ships, and destroys several ships under the command of Hector Barbossa. Barbossa, now in possession of the compass, agrees to lead Salazar to Jack in return for amnesty for his ships. Salazar corners Jack on an island, unable to set foot on land due to his curse. Barbossa goes ashore, but double crosses Salazar and flees with Jack to search for the Trident of Poseidon.", "Geoffrey Rush. Rush returned as Captain Hector Barbossa in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, starring Johnny Depp, in 2011. Rush is also preparing for a film version of The Drowsy Chaperone, an award-winning stage musical.[19] In addition, he voiced the alien Tomar-Re in the film adaptation of the Green Lantern comic book series.[20]", "Johnny Depp. Depp reprised his role as Captain Jack Sparrow in the 2017 sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales,[68] the fifth film in the series, directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg, and co-starring Javier Bardem (as Captain Salazar), Geoffrey Rush, Brenton Thwaites, Kaya Scodelario, and Orlando Bloom (returning as Will Turner). Depp co-starred in the mystery drama Murder on the Orient Express (2017),[69] as Edward Ratchett.[70] Principal photography began in November 2016 in the United Kingdom.[71] Kenneth Branagh directed the film, an adaptation of the classic novel of the same name by Agatha Christie, and also played detective Hercule Poirot.[72][73][74]", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl, and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star.[13] Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre, one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood, and recalled his childhood memories of the ride, feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the \"scary and funny\" tone of it. Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky: rather than trying to find treasure, the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse; also, the traditional mutiny had already taken place. Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa, as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity, but with a simple villainy that would suit the story's tone.[16] Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush, with whom he was working on Ned Kelly, suggested it to him.[17] Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski: he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition.[16] Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann,[13] but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized.[16]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. As Sparrow and Barbossa flee to the Trident's island, Salazar gives chase. He manages to capture Henry Turner while the others reach land. Salazar possesses Henry, which allows him to walk on the dry land where the Trident is located. Once he takes hold of the Trident, he frees himself from Henry and starts uses the Trident to toy with Jack. Carina wakes up Henry during the chaos and Henry realizes to break the curses, he must destroy the Trident. Before Salazar can deliver the final blow to Jack, Henry destroys the Trident, making Salazar and his crew mortal once again.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). Directors of the series include Gore Verbinski (1–3), Rob Marshall (4) and Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg (5). The series is primarily written by Ted Elliott and Terry Rossio (1–4); other writers include Stuart Beattie (1), Jay Wolpert (1) and Jeff Nathanson (5). The stories follow the adventures of Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp), Will Turner (Orlando Bloom) and Elizabeth Swann (Keira Knightley). Characters such as Hector Barbossa (Geoffrey Rush) and Joshamee Gibbs (Kevin McNally) follow Jack, Will and Elizabeth in the course of the films. The fourth film features Blackbeard (Ian McShane) and Angelica (Penélope Cruz), while the fifth film features Armando Salazar (Javier Bardem), Henry Turner (Brenton Thwaites) and Carina Smyth (Kaya Scodelario). The films take place in a fictional historical setting; a world ruled by the British Empire, the East India Trading Company (based on the real East India Company) and the Spanish Empire, with pirates representing freedom from the ruling powers.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). Ghost Spanish Royal Navy soldiers led by Jack Sparrow's old nemesis, Captain Armando Salazar, escape from the Devil's Triangle, with the goal of killing every pirate at sea, including him. To survive, Jack seeks out the legendary Trident of Poseidon, a powerful artifact whose owner can control the seas and break curses.[2]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In the fifth film, Dead Men Tell No Tales, Teague briefly appears during a flashback explaining Jack's relationship to Captain Armando Salazar.[24]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008, saying that he would come back if the script was good.[18] Almost a year later, Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role, realizing that without him the franchise would be \"dead and buried.\"[19] Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa,[20] and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence.[21] Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg, as he considered the disability made him \"angrier, more forceful and resilient as a character\", and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch, particularly during sword fighting scenes.[22] While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush's leg, the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally, with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk.[23] Three other actors from the previous films returned, Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs, Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves,[24] and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette.[25] Keith Richards also had a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World's End; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder.[26] Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could.[27][28][29] On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the previous film, saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion was scrapped.[30][31] On February 5, 2010, Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti, stating, \"They haven't asked me. But actually I don't mind that at all. I'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we've made is great. I'd almost like them to leave it there.\"[32]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge)[10] is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film. It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson, with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp, Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow, Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa, respectively, while Javier Bardem, Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar, Henry Turner and Carina Smyth. The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann, following their absence from the previous film.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Meanwhile, Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar is killing several pirates at sea, and learns from a sea witch named Shansa of the Trident, which could possibly lead him to a new \"treasure\". Barbossa and his crew set off to find the Trident themselves, until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa’s fleet, but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack, to which Salazar agrees. He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates. However, a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil’s Triangle, cursing his crew. Salazar pursues the Dying Gull, forcing Jack, Henry, and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar's cursed sharks, discovering that Salazar’s crew cannot go on land. After saving Jack from a forced marriage, Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass, obtained from Shansa. He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl, trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard, to its original size. They all continue their journey to the Trident's island, with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more. During the voyage, Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter’s long-lost daughter. Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In St. Martin, she is arrested for witchcraft and sentenced to be executed. With the help of Henry Turner, she and Jack Sparrow escape. Pursued by Captain Salazar, she teams up with the crew in order to find the Trident. Using her diary and a ruby attached to its cover, she is able to locate the Trident's hiding place. After the Trident is broken and Salazar becomes mortal, he pursues Jack, Carina, and Henry. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, revealing that he is Carina's father and that he loves her. At the end of the film, she begins a romance with Henry and decides to change her last name to Barbossa.", "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean). Before officially casting Bill Nighy, producers also met with Jim Broadbent, Iain Glen and Richard E. Grant for the role.[4]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. '\"Scarfield\"' appears in \"Dead Men Tell No Tales\" and was played by David Wenham. Scarfield was a Lieutenant of the British Royal Navy and was killed by Captain Salazar's ship, the \"Silent Mary\".", "Black Pearl. The Black Pearl appears in the fifth installment of the movie franchise in its original form (as the Wicked Wench). The Wicked Wench makes its appearance during a sequence where Captain Armando Salazar is reminiscing about how and when he first met Jack Sparrow. In the flashback, the Wicked Wench's helmsmen is a young Jack Sparrow. While being chased by Salazar's ship the Silent Mary into unknown water, the crew of the Wicked Wrench throw ropes around nearby reefs off the port side and use the rigging to slingshot the ship into the opposite direction. Jack steers the ship through the reef, saving the crew and the ship by changing the ship's course at the last second. Afterward, on the deck of the Wicked Wench, the crew rewards Sparrow with \"tribute\" and bestow Jack with his famous hat and other personal effects. They make Jack a captain on the deck of the ship. We also learn Jack also got the name \"Sparrow\" by taunting Salazar, \"chirping like a sparrow\" from the crow's nest of the Wench.[2]", "Geoffrey Rush. Rush's career continued at a fast pace, with nine films released from 2001 to 2003. He starred in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, as Captain Hector Barbossa, reprising the role in its sequels, Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In the first film, Barbossa is captain of the pirate ship Black Pearl. He was the former first mate of the Black Pearl and led a mutiny against former captain, Jack Sparrow. Barbossa persuaded Jack to reveal the bearings to Isla de Muerta where the Chest of Cortez was hidden. After Sparrow divulged the location, Barbossa and the crew left Sparrow to starve on a tiny island. After stealing the gold, Barbossa and his crew became undead and unable to feel physical pleasure.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Barbossa and Salazar encounter Sparrow, who escapes to an island. Barbossa promises to go to land and retrieve Sparrow, but he and his crew double cross Salazar to team up with Sparrow, Henry Turner, and Carina Smyth, whom Barbossa seems to recognize. Barbossa uses Blackbeard's sword to release the Black Pearl from its imprisonment in a bottle, and they attempt to use it to outrun Salazar. Barbossa reveals in a conversation with Jack that he is Carina's father. He left Carina at an orphanage after her mother's death to give her a chance at a normal life, along with a journal with a red ruby on its cover. This journal contains a map which leads to the Trident of Poseidon.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Barbossa drops the anchor from the Black Pearl to save Jack, Henry, and Carina. As Sparrow, Carina Smyth, and Henry climb to safety, Salazar pursues them. Hector Barbossa sacrifices himself to save his daughter Carina and knocks Salazar off the anchor chain by stabbing him in the back. As Salazar let's out one final scream, he is silenced when he hits the anchor face first, then plummeting to the bottom of Poseidon's Tomb to drown with the rest of the Silent Mary's crew.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Henry Turner[14] (portrayed by Brenton Thwaites) appears in Dead Men Tell No Tales. He tries to reconnect with his father but struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so. He later joins the British Royal Navy to gain more information in search of the Trident of Poseidon to break the curse on his father on the Flying Dutchmen. He ends up the last survivor of the ship after Captain Salazar's crew kills everyone on board and relays the message to Jack Sparrow from Captain Salazar. He later joins Jack Sparrow and Carina Smyth to find the Trident of Poseidon.[15] Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry.[16] A younger Henry also appeared in the post-credits of the movie At World's End.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. Approaching the Trident’s island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island's magic to open a path to the Trident’s spot on the ocean floor, parting the ocean. Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body, chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident, freeing Henry. Henry shatters the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar’s crew to life. However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar pursues them, still hell-bent on killing Jack. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary’s cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive.", "Pintel and Ragetti. Their first appearance occurred in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, when they served under Hector Barbossa upon the Black Pearl. Pintel and Ragetti, along with Barbossa and the crew of the Black Pearl, share in the Aztec curse and are immortal for the majority of the film.[2]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales. On December 2, 2013, it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film's main antagonist,[68] but he finally declined. Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014,[69] after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton, George MacKay, Mitchell Hope, Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley.[70] In mid-January 2015, he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February, disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner's son, struggling to break a curse to meet his father.[27] The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde, Kaya Scodelario, Alexandra Dowling, Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton. On January 24, Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role.[71] In July, her character was revealed to be called Carina.[72] In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch.[73] Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that \"she's a totally different character\" to Keira Knightley's Elizabeth Swann, and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry's love interest instead of Jack's.[30][74] By October 2014, Javier Bardem, husband of Penélope Cruz (who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment), was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film.[75] His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar, who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand.[1] However, during an interview with Collider in 2012, Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach.[76] Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January.[77] Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia, Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age- and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film, with casting also open in the US.[78] Adam Brown, Delroy Atkinson, Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming.[35] Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began.[79] On February 17, 2015, Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum.[80] On September 24, 2015, a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy.[81] Director Joachim Rønning's two children appear in the film as extras.[82] Also, Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague.[83] Additionally, Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves, despite his character's apparent death in the previous film, saying the possibility that Groves survived.[84] Apart from this declaration, reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film, had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington (portrayed again by Jack Davenport), who died in the third film.[85]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. The performance of Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow was particularly praised by critics and audiences alike. Review site PopMatters applauds Depp's performance by saying \"Ingenious and mesmerizing, Johnny Depp embodies the film's essential fantasy, that a pirate's life is exciting and unfettered.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews also applauds Depp's performance by saying \"Pirates of the Caribbean belongs to Johnny Depp...Take away Depp, and you're left with a derivative and dull motion picture.\"[48]", "Bill Nighy. In 2006, Nighy played the principal villain, Davy Jones, in Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest, although his face was entirely obscured by computer-generated makeup; he voiced the character with a Scots accent. He reprised the role in the 2007 sequel, Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, in which his real face was briefly revealed in one scene. He also provided the narration for the Animal Planet series Meerkat Manor. In 2006 he played the role of Richard Hart in Notes on a Scandal, for which he was nominated for a London Film Critics' Circle award. Nighy also appeared as General Friedrich Olbricht, one of the principal conspirators, in the 2008 film Valkyrie. He had played an SS officer in the 1985 Hitler's SS: Portrait in Evil. Nighy starred in the film Wild Target in 2010.[9]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In the fifth film, Dead Men Tell No Tales, Barbossa controls a wealthy fleet. After this fleet is threatened by Armando Salazar, Barbossa promises to lead him to Jack Sparrow.", "Davy Jones (Pirates of the Caribbean). Davy Jones is a fictional character in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series, portrayed by Bill Nighy. He appears in the second film Dead Man's Chest and returns in the third film At World's End. He is the captain of the Flying Dutchman (based on the ghost ship of the same name).", "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction). To coincide with the release of the 2011 film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, a projection of Captain Blackbeard from the film (portrayed by original actor Ian McShane) temporarily replaced the 2006 projection of Davy Jones in the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom version of the attraction beginning on May 20, 2011.[14]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Captain Jack Sparrow is the protagonist of the series, portrayed by Johnny Depp. First introduced in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), he later appears in the sequels Dead Man's Chest (2006), At World's End (2007), On Stranger Tides (2011), and Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017). Depp based his characterization on The Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards and cartoon character Pepé Le Pew.[1] He insists on being introduced as \"Captain\" Jack Sparrow.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). Blacksmith Will Turner teams up with eccentric pirate Captain Jack Sparrow to save Turner's love, Elizabeth Swann, from cursed pirates led by Jack's mutinous former first mate, Captain Barbossa. Jack wants revenge against Barbossa, who left him stranded on an island before stealing his ship, the Black Pearl, along with 882 pieces of cursed Aztec Gold." ]

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[ "Eric Brady. Vaughan had a short break from Days of Our Lives in 2016, when he took up opportunities to appear on Queen Sugar and Lucifer. Vaughan returned to playing Eric in the episode of January 17, 2017.[18]", "Eric Brady. Eric Brady is a fictional character from the NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives. Eric's birth was portrayed on-screen in the episode of October 16, 1984, together with his twin sister's, Sami Brady. Initially played by a series of child actors, Jensen Ackles originated the role of adult Eric when the character was rapidly-aged from a pre-teen to a young adult in July 1997, under the pen of headwriter James E. Reilly. Ackles' Eric was seen for three years, until August 2000, when the character and Ackles departed. Eric was reintroduced in 2012, with actor Greg Vaughan.", "Eric Brady. In February 2011, it was reported that Greg Vaughan, known for his roles as General Hospital's Lucky Spencer and The Young and the Restless's Diego Guittierez, had turned down a testing deal with Days.[11] But when in June 2012 Soap Opera Digest announced that Vaughan would star in the Hallmark movie Second Chances alongside Alison Sweeney (who plays Eric's twin sister Sami on Days) rumors abounded that Days might really be interested in Vaughan for the role of Eric,[12] with TV Guide's Nelson Branco reporting that several sources were saying Vaughan had signed on as Eric, despite no confirmation from NBC.[13] The next month Soaps In Depth confirmed that Vaughan was set to join Days,[14] and on August 8, 2012, Soap Opera Digest revealed he had began taping as Eric Brady.[15] His first air date was later confirmed as November 13, 2012.[16] Vaughan told soap journalist Michael Fairman that when he initially auditioned for the role of Eric, he was rejected – but now he was happy that he had earned the job instead of having it handed to him.[17]", "Eric Brady. In 2018, Vaughan won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor for his portrayal of Eric.[3]", "Eric Brady. Jamey Giddens scolded the series for offering a veteran actor like Vaughan, with a huge fanbase, a testing deal as opposed to an actual role. Giddens also urged the producers to cast Vaughan in the either the role of Eric or Philip Kiriakis.[11] The picture of Vaughan wearing a priest's collar stirred up some controversy among fans and critics, with some believing it would limit the kind of storylines that Eric could be involved in. Jillian Bowe responded to the picture with this statement: \"Bless Me Father: Why is Greg Vaughan Wearing a Clerical Collar on Set of Days of Our Lives?!\"[20] Ackles personally called Vaughan to wish him well in his portrayal of Eric. Speaking of their exchange, Vaughan stated: \"The character is near and dear to his heart and he said, 'Greg, it just gives me a little more gratification knowing that somebody I respect in the business is playing the part.\"[31]", "Eric Brady. Jensen Ackles took up the role of Eric as a regular player on July 28, 1997. Ackles had auditioned for the role of Eric several times before he was actually hired. The extensive process led to him rethinking his budding career as an actor.[5][6][7] In the summer of 2000, during an interview Soap Opera Digest, Ackles revealed he would soon exit from the series after obtaining a development deal with ABC. Ackles' final appearance was on August 23, 2000,[8] but Ackles thought that he might return.[9] In December 2000, it was reported that NBC had approached Ackles to reprise the role in early 2001, but he had respectfully declined.[10] Reports also surfaced that the producers had considered actor Shane McDermott, who was previously known for his portrayal of Scott Chandler on ABC's All My Children to take over the role, but executive producer Ken Corday shot down the rumors, saying there were no plans to recast the role.[10]", "Greg Vaughan. In the July 16, 2012 edition of Soap Opera Digest, it was announced that Vaughan would join the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives as Eric Brady,[3] who was ordained as a priest before returning to Salem. He first aired on November 13.", "Jensen Ackles. After modelling on and off since the age of 4, Ackles began to concentrate on an acting career in 1996. He appeared in several guest roles on Mr. Rhodes, Sweet Valley High, and Cybill before joining the cast of the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives as Eric Brady in 1997. He won a 1998 Soap Opera Digest Award for Best Male Newcomer and went on to be nominated three times (in 1998, 1999, and 2000) for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actor in a Drama Series for his work on Days of our Lives.[4]", "Eric Winter. Eric Barrett Winter (born July 17, 1976) is an American actor and former fashion model. He is known for his television roles as Rex Brady on the NBC daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives and Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasy-drama series Witches of East End.", "Eric Martsolf. Eric Martsolf (born July 27, 1971) is an American television actor and singer best known for his role as Ethan Winthrop in the NBC soap opera Passions from 2002 to 2008.[1] Since November 2008, he has played the role of Brady Black on NBC's Days of Our Lives.[2]", "Eric Brady. As a baby, Eric was portrayed by Rory Beauregard (October 19, 1984 to May 30, 1985) and Jesse Davis (December 6, 1985 to March 17, 1986). Child actor Edward Palma appeared briefly when Eric was rapidly-aged about two years (August 7 to September 9, 1986), and then child actor Bradley Hallock played Eric over an almost six-year period (December 18, 1986 to July 1, 1992). In 1997, Scotty Hauser portrayed Eric in a voiceover.[4]", "Eric Forman. Being the show's main character for the first seven seasons, Eric appears in many storylines. The show opens with Eric, a scrawny, socially awkward 16-year-old, dealing with his ever-evident and growing crush on the girl next door, Donna Pinciotti. During this time, Eric obtains the signature 1969 Oldsmobile Vista Cruiser and takes it out of town, despite his father's warnings not to. This, evidently, impresses Donna and leads to the pair's first kiss.[2] The next episode, Eric's Birthday set on May 18, 1976 (originally making him born in 1959), sees the pair dealing with their kiss as well as Eric's long-awaited 17th birthday. As the series progresses, Eric's friends' influence over him begins to surface as he finds himself arrested due to Kelso being caught driving a stolen car while he was a passenger, due to an earlier ban on his Vista Cruiser. Eric and Donna soon share a first date, but all goes awry as Donna becomes intoxicated due to a mix-up with the drink order, causing an awkward and uncomfortable experience for Eric.[3] During the high school prom, the two decide to rent a nearby motel room for after, though ultimately decide not to engage in intercourse after receiving the attention of fellow students.[4]", "Eric Winter. Winter played the role of Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives[1] from July 8, 2002 until July 26, 2005. After leaving Days of our Lives, he had many small roles in television shows, such as CSI, Love, Inc., Charmed, and Just Legal. He guest-starred on ABC Family's Wildfire for five episodes. His character, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider who dated the character of Dani Davis (played by Nicole Tubiola), was killed in the episode \"Heartless\" which aired originally on February 28, 2007. Winter also appeared on The Parkers in the episode \"The Boomerang Effect\". Winter appeared in an episode of the CBS series The Ex-List, and a recurring role of Jason McCallister, the brother of Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) and love interest of Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama Brothers & Sisters.[2] He was a regular on the short-lived CBS series Viva Laughlin and Moonlight. Winter appears in the feature films Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay (2008) and The Ugly Truth (2009).", "Gil McKinney. Gil McKinney (born February 5, 1979)[citation needed] is an American film and television actor. He is best known for playing Dr. Paul Grady on ER, Derek Bishop on Friday Night Lights, and Prince Eric in Once Upon a Time, and for being the voice and face (via MotionScan) of Jack Kelso in the video game L.A. Noire. Gil also appeared in Supernatural as Henry Winchester.", "John Aniston. He has appeared in soap operas regularly since 1969, when he first joined Days of Our Lives as a character named Eric Richards, which he played until 1970. In 1975, he joined the cast of Love of Life as Eddie Aleata. In November 1978, he left Love of Life and began playing Mary Stuart's new love interest, Martin Tourneur, on Search for Tomorrow in February 1979. He played that role until April 1984. He returned to the cast of Days of Our Lives a second time, this time as Victor Kiriakis, in July 1985, and continues to play the role.[1] He has been nominated for the 2017 Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for his performance.[6]", "Eric Martsolf. Between 2010 and 2012, Martsolf made three appearances as Marcus Dunne on the teen drama web series Miss Behave, which also featured former Days of Our Lives performers Jillian Clare, Darin Brooks and Patrika Darbo.", "Eric Brady. Eric returns to Salem in November 2012 as a priest at St. Luke's church. Eric hires Nicole to work as the secretary at the church. Eric opens up to Nicole about the violence he experienced while working as a photographer in the Congo. Eric is wary of Nicole's lingering feelings for him, and also harbors some feelings for her. Eric reluctantly begins working with Kristen DiMera (Eileen Davidson) on his new school project for the community. He disapproves of Kristen's romance with his step-brother, Brady Black (Eric Martsolf), and by the time he is able to get past his reservations and agrees to counsel them before their wedding, Eric uncovers repressed memories of Kristen drugging and raping him. He then is kidnapped by Stefano DiMera with Nicole, in an attempt to cover up for his daughter. Waiting together for their deaths, Nicole confesses that she still loves Eric and Eric, although he is astonished, also confesses that he still loves her. They are amazingly saved and brought to the hospital. After being released, he talks to Nicole and tells her that to get back his priesthood, which had been stripped after the wedding fiasco, he has to go on sabbatical. Nicole is shocked and hurt, especially when she remembers him telling her that he loves her. But he continues by saying that the real reason to go on sabbatical is to see if he can be the husband to Nicole that she deserves. He then leaves Salem. With the proof now resurfaced, the Vatican agrees to hear Eric's case about being reinstated to the priesthood. Nicole even travels to Rome to testify that she kept the proof from Eric for selfish reasons. Moved by her testimony and the proof, the bishop offers Eric admission back into the priesthood. But, still troubled by his inability to forgive Nicole, Eric turns it down. He returns to Salem and works as a photographer for the PR department at University Hospital.", "Eric Brady. The twins Eric and Sami care deeply about each other, but have completely different personalities. Eric's saintly behavior sets him up as the better half to his very troubled, and trouble-making sister Sami. A notable storyline for Eric is his passionate, but frustrated, love affair with Arianne Zucker's Nicole Walker. Eric is a community-orientated person, and in 2018 he runs the Horton Center which helps people in need. Eric and Sami are the children of supercouple Roman Brady and Marlena Evans.", "Eric Ladin. Eric Ladin (born February 16, 1978) is an American actor.", "John McCook. In 2001 & 2012, McCook received a Daytime Emmy nomination in the Lead Actor category for the role of Eric Forrester.", "The Real World: New York. Eric Nies went on to host the MTV dance series The Grind, and also hosted and participated in a number of Real World/Road Rules Challenges. He also appeared in two episodes of Days of Our Lives, as well as bit parts in the films Above the Rim and The Brady Bunch Movie. He returned to reality television as a cast member in the 2009 VH1 series in Confessions of a Teen Idol.[53]", "Eric van der Woodsen. Eric returns briefly for the series finale.", "Eric Brady. On April 30, and May 1, 1998, LeAnn Rimes made a two episode guest appearance in the series as a teenage runaway, Madison, and Eric keeps her from getting arrested when she steals some food. Eric is drawn to Madison because she reminds him of Sami. Eric takes her to his grandparents home and lets her spend the night before his aunt Kimberly Brady (Patsy Pease) convinces her that living a life on the street isn't what she wants. Eric goes to take Madison to the bus stop so she can return home and she apparently develops some romantic feelings for him. She promises to return to Salem some day.[19]", "Eric Brady. Eric and twin sister, Samantha \"Sami\" Brady are born in 1984 to Roman Brady and his wife, Dr. Marlena Evans. Eric is named after his great uncle, Eric Brady Sr. Following their mother's supposed death in the spring of 1987, the twins are sent to live with Marlena's parents, Frank and Martha in Colorado. However, the twins continue appearing onscreen through frequent visits to Salem. Eric last appears as a child in the summer of 1992 and the twins are rapidly-aged off-screen. Whilst Sami re-arrives in Salem in 1993 as a sixteen-year old in 1993, Eric stays a while longer in Colorado with his grandparents, arriving back in Salem in 1997. Eric and Sami have several half-siblings: their paternal half siblings are Carrie, Rex and Cassie Brady. Belle Black is their maternal half-sister, and Brady Black is their stepbrother.", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Eric Brady (I) (deceased)", "List of Twilight characters. Eric is portrayed by Justin Chon in Twilight, The Twilight Saga: New Moon and The Twilight Saga: Eclipse.[37][38]", "John McCook. Since 1987, he has played the role of Eric Forrester on The Bold and the Beautiful. Before 1987, he portrayed the character of Lance Prentiss on The Young and the Restless. In addition, he has appeared as a guest in episodes on dozens of primetime series. B&B co-star Winsor Harmon once starred with McCook on an episode of Acapulco H.E.A.T. filmed in Mexico.[1] Harmon told Soap Opera Digest about their guest stint on H.E.A.T.:", "Jensen Ackles. Jensen Ross Ackles (born March 1, 1978) is an American actor and director. He is known for his roles in television as Dean Winchester on The CW horror fantasy series Supernatural, Eric Brady in Days of Our Lives, which earned him several Daytime Emmy Award nominations, as well as Alec/X5-494 in Dark Angel and Jason Teague in Smallville. He also starred as the lead in the box office success My Bloody Valentine 3D and portrayed Jason Todd in the popular animated film Batman: Under the Red Hood.", "Days of Our Lives. 2000 saw the departures of front-and-center cast members, Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady. Ackles and the character of Eric had been one of the main focus of the series for the past three years prior, in which the void would be hard to fill. Ken Corday and NBC announced plans to re-introduced a SORAS Brady Black, immediately following the conclusion of Eric's storyline. That spring, Kyle Lowder was cast as the new Brady Black, whom would now be aged to his early 20's, first appearing on August 21, 2000, a month following Eric's exit. Lowder's Brady did prove to win over the majority of viewers, as his pairing with Chloe Lane proved highly popular. The pair married and left town in 2005 when Lowder's contract was not renewed.", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Eric Brady (II)", "Days of Our Lives characters (2000s). Rex Brady was portrayed by actor Eric Winter. Rex first appeared on July 8, 2002, and left town on July 26, 2005. He is the son of Roman Brady and Kate Roberts and twin brother to Cassie Brady.", "Alexander Skarsgård. Alexander Johan Hjalmar Skarsgård (Swedish pronunciation: [aleksˈander ˈskɑːʂɡoːɖ] ( listen); born August 25, 1976) is a Swedish actor. He is best known for his roles as vampire Eric Northman on the HBO series True Blood, Meekus in Zoolander, the title character in The Legend of Tarzan, Brad Colbert in the HBO miniseries Generation Kill and as Perry Wright in the HBO miniseries Big Little Lies, for which he won an Emmy." ]

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[ "John Marshall. Marshall used Federalist approaches to build a strong federal government over the opposition of the Jeffersonian Republicans, who wanted stronger state governments.[2] His influential rulings reshaped American government, making the Supreme Court the final arbiter of constitutional interpretation. The Marshall Court struck down an act of Congress in only one case (Marbury v. Madison in 1803) but that established the Court as a center of power that could overrule the Congress, the President, the states, and all lower courts if that is what a fair reading of the Constitution required. He also defended the legal rights of corporations by tying them to the individual rights of the stockholders, thereby ensuring that corporations have the same level of protection for their property as individuals had, and shielding corporations against intrusive state governments.[91]", "Federalism in the United States. Despite Chief Justice Marshall's strong push for the federal government, the court of his successor, Roger B. Taney (1835–1864), decided cases that favored equally strong national and state governments. The basic philosophy during this time was that the U.S. Government ought to be limited to its enumerated powers and that all others belonged to the states. Both the sixteenth and the seventeenth amendment bolstered the power of the national government, and divided state and federal power.", "Federalist Party. The Federalists left a lasting legacy in the form of a strong federal government with a sound financial base, and after losing executive power they decisively shaped Supreme Court policy for another three decades through the person of Chief Justice John Marshall.[7]", "John Marshall. While many of his decisions were unpopular, Marshall built up the third branch of the federal government and augmented federal power in the name of the Constitution and the rule of law.[1] Marshall, along with Daniel Webster (who argued some of the cases), was the leading Federalist of the day, pursuing Federalist Party approaches to build a stronger federal government over the opposition of the Jeffersonian Republicans, who wanted stronger state governments.[2]", "Clarence Thomas. Federalism was a central part of the Rehnquist Court's constitutional agenda.[127] Thomas consistently voted for outcomes that promoted state-governmental authority, in cases involving federalism-based limits on congress's enumerated powers.[127] According to law professor Ann Althouse, the court has yet to move toward \"the broader, more principled version of federalism propounded by Justice Thomas.\"[128]", "Federalism in the United States. The United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall played an important role in defining the power of the federal and state governments during the early 19th century. As the U.S. Constitution does not specifically define many dividing lines between the layers of government, the Supreme Court settled the issue in New York. The question was answered particularly in the cases, McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden, which broadly expanded the power of the national government.", "John Marshall. The longest-serving Chief Justice and the fourth longest-serving justice in U.S. Supreme Court history, Marshall dominated the Court for over three decades (34 years) and played a significant role in the development of the American legal system. Most notably, he reinforced the principle that federal courts are obligated to exercise judicial review, by overturning purported laws if they violate the constitution. Thus, Marshall cemented the position of the American judiciary as an independent and influential branch of government. Furthermore, Marshall's court made several important decisions relating to federalism, affecting the balance of power between the federal government and the states during the early years of the republic. In particular, he repeatedly confirmed the supremacy of federal law over state law and supported an expansive reading of the enumerated powers.", "William Rehnquist. Rehnquist was expected by scholars to push the Supreme Court in a more conservative direction during his tenure. One area many commentators expected to see changes was in limiting the power of the federal government and in increasing the power of state governments.[69] However, legal reporter Jan Crawford says some of Rehnquist's victories toward the federalist goal of scaling back congressional power over the states had little practical impact.[70]", "Federalist Party. After 1800 the major Federalist role came in the judiciary. Although Jefferson managed to repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801 and thus dismissed many lower level Federalist federal judges, the effort to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase in 1804 failed. Led by the last great Federalist, John Marshall as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835, the Supreme Court carved out a unique and powerful role as the protector of the Constitution and promoter of nationalism.[64]", "History of the United States (1789–1849). In his final hours in office, Adams appointed John Marshall as chief justice. Serving until his death in 1835, Marshall dramatically expanded the powers of the Supreme Court and provided a Federalist interpretation of the Constitution that made for a strong national government.[16]", "William Rehnquist. As chief justice, Rehnquist presided over what law professor Erwin Chemerinsky has called a \"federalist revolution\",[38] during which the Court limited federal power in cases such as New York v. United States, United States v. Lopez, Printz v. United States, and United States v. Morrison. Similarly, Cato Institute scholar Roger Pilon has said that \"[t]he Rehnquist court has revived the doctrine of federalism . . . only at the edges and in very easy cases.\"[39]", "Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Supreme Court became Roosevelt's primary focus during his second term, after the court overturned many of his programs. In particular, the Court in 1935 unanimously ruled that the National Recovery Act (NRA) was an unconstitutional delegation of legislative power to the president. Roosevelt stunned Congress in early 1937 by proposing a law to allow him to appoint up to six new justices, what he referred to as a \"persistent infusion of new blood.\"[178] This \"court packing\" plan ran into intense political opposition from his own party, led by Vice President Garner, since it upset the separation of powers and gave the President control over the Court. Roosevelt's proposal to expand the court failed;[179] but by 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven of the nine justices of the court, a change in membership which resulted in a court that began to ratify his policies.[180][181]", "William Rehnquist. William Hubbs Rehnquist (/ˈrɛnkwɪst/; October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States for 33 years, first as an Associate Justice from 1972 to 1986, and then as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005. Considered a conservative, Rehnquist favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states. Under this view of federalism, the court, for the first time since the 1930s, struck down an act of Congress as exceeding its power under the Commerce Clause.", "United States Constitution. As Chief Justice, he advocated the Judiciary Act of 1925 that brought the Federal District Courts under the administrative jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. Taft successfully sought the expansion of Court jurisdiction over non- states such as District of Columbia and Territories of Arizona, New Mexico, Alaska and Hawaii.", "Warren Court. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways.[1]", "John Marshall. The three previous chief justices (John Jay, John Rutledge, and Oliver Ellsworth) had left little permanent mark beyond setting up the forms of office. The Supreme Court, like many state supreme courts, was a minor organ of government. In his 34-year tenure, Marshall gave it the energy, weight, and dignity of what many would say is a third co-equal branch of the U.S. government. With his associate justices, especially Joseph Story, William Johnson, and Bushrod Washington, Marshall's Court brought to life the constitutional standards of the new nation.[citation needed]", "Gettysburg Address. A source predating these others with which Lincoln was certainly familiar was Chief Justice John Marshall's opinion in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), a case asserting federal authority to create a national bank and to be free from the State's powers to tax. In asserting the superiority of federal power over the states, Chief Justice Marshall stated: \"The government of the Union, then (whatever may be the influence of this fact on the case), is, emphatically and truly, a government of the people. In form, and in substance, it emanates from them. Its powers are granted by them, and are to be exercised directly on them, and for their benefit.\" Lincoln, a lawyer and President engaged in the greatest struggle of federalism, was (more eloquently) echoing the preeminent case that had solidified federal power over the States.", "John Adams. Adams appointed two U.S. Supreme Court associate justices during his term in office: Bushrod Washington, the nephew of American founding father and President George Washington, to succeed James Wilson; and Alfred Moore, who succeeded James Iredell. He also named John Marshall as the fourth Chief Justice of the United States, replacing Oliver Ellsworth, who had retired due to ill health. Marshall's long tenure represents the most lasting influence of the Federalists, as he infused the Constitution with a judicious and carefully reasoned nationalistic interpretation and established the Judicial Branch as the equal of the Executive and Legislative branches.[125]", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. In 1953, President Dwight David Eisenhower appointed Earl Warren, who was then governor of California, to the position of Chief Justice. Warren's term, which lasted until 1969, was arguably one of the most significant in the history of the Court. Under him, the Court made a long series of landmark decisions. Notable members of the liberal wing of the Court aside from Warren included Hugo Black, William O. Douglas (the longest-serving Justice in the Court's history) and William J. Brennan. The foremost conservative members of the Court were Felix Frankfurter and John Marshall Harlan II (grandson of the first Justice Harlan). The first important case of Warren's tenure was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), in which the Court unanimously declared segregation in public schools unconstitutional, effectively reversing the precedent set earlier in Plessy v. Ferguson and other cases.", "John Marshall. He helped to establish the Supreme Court as the final authority on the meaning of the Constitution in cases and controversies that must be decided by the federal courts.[43] According to the Oyez Project, Marshall's impact on constitutional law is without peer, and his imprint on the Court's jurisprudence remains indelible.[44]", "John Marshall. John James Marshall (September 24, 1755 – July 6, 1835) was an American politician, Founding Father, and the fourth Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835). His court opinions helped lay the basis for United States constitutional law and many[who?] say he made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches. Previously, Marshall had been a leader of the Federalist Party in Virginia and served in the United States House of Representatives from 1799 to 1800. He was Secretary of State under President John Adams from 1800 to 1801 and, at the age of 45, became the last of the chief justices to be born in Colonial America.", "United States Constitution. William Rehnquist was a Reagan appointment to Chief Justice, serving from 1986 to 2005. While he would concur with overthrowing a state supreme court's decision, as in Bush v. Gore, he built a coalition of Justices after 1994 that developed the idea of federalism as provided for in the Tenth Amendment. In the hands of the Supreme Court, the Constitution and its Amendments were to restrain Congress, as in City of Boerne v. Flores.", "History of the Supreme Court of the United States. In the midst of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln appointed Salmon P. Chase to be Chief Justice. Chase had strong anti-slavery credentials and had previously served Lincoln as Secretary of the Treasury. His post-Civil War tenure featured several key decisions affirming the indestructibility of the Union. Chase was considered highly ambitious, even for a politician. In 1872, Chase, while serving on the Supreme Court, ran for the Presidency, but his efforts were ultimately unsuccessful. Chase continued to serve as Chief Justice until his death in 1873.", "Nullification Crisis. The election of 1800 was a turning point in national politics as the Federalists were replaced by the Democratic-Republican Party led by Jefferson. But, the four presidential terms spanning the period from 1800 to 1817 \"did little to advance the cause of states’ rights and much to weaken it.” Over Jefferson’s opposition, the power of the federal judiciary, led by Federalist Chief Justice John Marshall, increased. Jefferson expanded federal powers with the acquisition of the Louisiana Territory and his use of a national embargo designed to prevent involvement in a European war. Madison in 1809 used national troops to enforce a Supreme Court decision in Pennsylvania, appointed an \"extreme nationalist” in Joseph Story to the Supreme Court, signed the bill creating the Second Bank of the United States, and called for a constitutional amendment to promote internal improvements.[22]", "New Deal. With the retirement of Justice Willis Van Devanter, the Court's composition began to move solidly in support of Roosevelt's legislative agenda. In the end Roosevelt had lost the battle for the Judiciary Reorganization Bill but won the war for control of the Supreme Court in a constitutional way. Since he managed to serve in office for more than twelve years he got the chance to appoint eight of the nine Justices of the Court. Former Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist noted that in this way the Constitution provides for ultimate responsibility of the Court to the political branches of government.[106]", "William Howard Taft. Believing that the chief justice should be responsible for the federal courts, Taft felt that he should have an administrative staff to assist him, and the chief justice should be empowered to temporarily reassign judges.[195] He also believed the federal courts had been ill-run. Many of the lower courts had lengthy backlogs, as did the Supreme Court.[196] Immediately on taking office, Taft made it a priority to confer with Attorney General Daugherty as to new legislation,[197] and made his case before congressional hearings, in legal periodicals and in speeches across the country.[198] When Congress convened in December 1921, a bill was introduced for 24 new judges, to empower the chief justice to move judges temporarily to eliminate the delays, and to have him chair a body consisting of the senior appellate judge of each circuit. Congress objected to some aspects, requiring Taft to get the agreement of the senior judge of each involved circuit before assigning a judge, but it in September 1922 passed the bill, and the Judicial Conference of Senior Circuit Judges held its first meeting that December.[199]", "Domestic policy of the Ronald Reagan administration. In 1986, during his second term, the president elevated Justice William Rehnquist to succeed outgoing Chief Justice Warren Burger and named Antonin Scalia to occupy the seat left by Rehnquist.", "Federalist Era. The Constitution had established the basic layout of the federal government, but much of the structure of the government was established during the Federalist Era. The Constitution empowers the president to appoint the heads of the federal executive departments with the advice and consent of the Senate. President Washington and the Senate established a precedent whereby the president alone would make executive and judicial nominations, but these nominees would not hold their positions in a permanent capacity until they won Senate confirmation. President Washington organized his principal officers into the Cabinet of the United States, which served as a major advisory body to the president. The heads of the Department of War, the Department of State, and the Department of the Treasury each served in the Cabinet. After the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Attorney General also served in the Cabinet as the president's chief legal adviser.", "Franklin D. Roosevelt. President Roosevelt appointed eight Justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, more than any other President except George Washington, who appointed ten. By 1941, eight of the nine Justices were Roosevelt appointees. Roosevelt also elevated Harlan Fiske Stone from the position of Associate Justice to Chief Justice.", "Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Legal scholars and advocates credit Ginsburg's body of work with making significant legal advances for women under the Equal Protection Clause of the Constitution.[26][18] Taken together, Ginsburg's legal victories discouraged legislatures from treating women and men differently under the law.[26][18][32] She continued to work on the ACLU's Women's Rights Project until her appointment to the Federal Bench in 1980.[26] Later, colleague Antonin Scalia praised Ginsburg's skills as an advocate, \"she became the leading (and very successful) litigator on behalf of women's rights—the Thurgood Marshall of that cause, so to speak\".[35][c]", "Earl Warren. Earl Warren had a profound impact on American values. As Chief Justice, his term of office was marked by numerous rulings on civil rights, separation of church and state, and police arrest procedure in the United States. Anthony Lewis described Warren as “the closest thing the United States has had to a Platonic Guardian”.[23]", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. Whittaker was unsuited for the role and soon retired. Stewart and Harlan were conservative Republicans, while Brennan was a Democrat who became a leading voice for liberalism.[222] In selecting a Chief Justice, Eisenhower looked for an experienced jurist who could appeal to liberals in the party as well as law-and-order conservatives, noting privately that Warren \"represents the kind of political, economic, and social thinking that I believe we need on the Supreme Court ... He has a national name for integrity, uprightness, and courage that, again, I believe we need on the Court\".[223] In the next few years Warren led the Court in a series of liberal decisions that revolutionized the role of the Court." ]

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[ "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army is one of the world's largest providers of social aid,[citation needed] with expenditures including operating costs of $2.6 billion in 2004, helping more than 32 million people in the U.S. alone. In addition to community centres and disaster relief, the organisation does work in refugee camps, especially among displaced people in Africa. The Salvation Army has received an A− rating from the American Institute of Philanthropy. In the United Kingdom, the Salvation Army is no longer the largest non-governmental provider of social services; however, it still provides a significant service to people in need. The Salvation Army is the second largest charity in the United States, with private donations of almost $2 billion for the fiscal year ending 30 September 2007.[17]", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian para-church and an international charitable organisation structured in a quasi-military fashion. The organisation reports a worldwide membership of over 1.5 million,[2] consisting of soldiers, officers and adherents known as Salvationists. Its founders Catherine and William Booth sought to bring salvation to the poor, destitute and hungry by meeting both their \"physical and spiritual needs\". It is present in 128 countries,[3] running charity shops, operating shelters for the homeless and disaster relief and humanitarian aid to developing countries.", "The Salvation Army in Australia. The Salvation Army helps more than one million Australians every year.[citation needed] In an average week, the Salvation Army provides an estimated:[citation needed]", "The Salvation Army. In the USA the Salvation Army's first major forays into disaster relief resulted from the tragedies of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The Salvationists' nationwide appeals for financial and material donations yielded tremendous support, enabling the Army to provide assistance to thousands. General Evangeline Booth, when she offered the services of Salvationists to President Woodrow Wilson during the First World War, thrust Salvation Army social and relief work to newer heights. Today the Salvation Army is best known for its charitable efforts.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army is a non-governmental relief agency and is usually among the first to arrive with help after natural or man-made disasters. They have worked to alleviate suffering and help people rebuild their lives. After the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, they arrived immediately at some of the worst disaster sites to help retrieve and bury the dead. Since then they have helped rebuild homes and construct new boats for people to recover their livelihood. Members were prominent among relief organisations after Hurricane Hugo and Hurricane Andrew and other such natural disasters in the United States. In August 2005, they supplied drinking water to poor people affected by the heat wave in the United States. Later in 2005 they responded to hurricanes Katrina and Rita. They have helped the victims of an earthquake in Indonesia in May 2006.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army, along with the American National Red Cross, Southern Baptist Convention, and other disaster relief organisations, are national members of the National Voluntary Organizations Active in Disaster (NVOAD).[38]", "The Salvation Army. In Australia the Salvation Army have Emergency Services Support Units throughout the country, providing food and other welfare to members of the Emergency Services such as bushfires, floods, land search, and other both large- and small-scale emergency operations undertaken by Police, Fire, Ambulance and State Emergency Service members, and the general public affected by these events.", "The Salvation Army in Australia. The Salvation Army in Australia (nicknamed \"Salvos\" in Australian English) is an evangelical Christian church known for its charity work. It began operating in Australia since the late 19th Century. Administratively it is now divided between The Salvation Army, Australia Eastern Territory and The Salvation Army, Australia Southern Territory.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army's reputation in the United States improved as a result of its disaster relief efforts following the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 and the 1906 San Francisco earthquake. The familiar use of bell ringers to solicit donations from passers-by \"helps complete the American portrait of Christmas.\"[according to whom?] In the U.S. alone, over 25,000 volunteers with red kettles are stationed near retail stores during the weeks preceding Christmas for fundraising.[10] The church remains a highly visible and sometimes controversial presence in many parts of the world.", "Community service. The Salvation Army was founded by William Booth and his wife Catherine Booth in 1865. Booth was a Methodist minister and preacher on the streets of London. His tent meetings gathered crowds of drunkards, prostitutes and thieves[22] who eventually became the first \"soldiers\" in the army, which has grown to 1,442,388 members in 126 countries.[23] The Salvation Army's motto is \"Doing the Most Good\" and does so by providing aid such as shelter, food, clothing, spiritual training and disaster relief.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army was one of the first relief agencies on the scene of the September 11 attacks in New York City in 2001. They also provided prayer support for families of missing people.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army is well known for its network of thrift stores or charity shops, colloquially referred to as \"the Sally Ann\" in Canada and \"Salvos Stores\" in Australia, which raise money for its rehabilitation programs by selling donated used items such as clothing, housewares and toys. Clothing collected by Salvation Army stores that are not sold on location are often sold wholesale on the global second hand clothing market.", "Domestic violence in the United States. One of the Salvation Army's missions is working with victims of domestic abuse. They offer safe housing, therapy, and support.", "The Salvation Army. Since Hurricane Katrina struck the Gulf Coast, the Salvation Army has allocated donations of more than $365 million to serve more than 1.7 million people in nearly every state. The Army’s immediate response to Hurricane Katrina included the mobilisation of more than 178 canteen feeding units and 11 field kitchens which together have served more than 5.7 million hot meals, 8.3 million sandwiches, snacks and drinks. Its SATERN (Salvation Army Team Emergency Radio Network)[37] network of amateur ham-radio operators picked up where modern communications left off to help locate more than 25,000 survivors. Salvation Army pastoral care counsellors were on hand to comfort the emotional and spiritual needs of 277,000 individuals. As part of the overall effort, Salvation Army officers, employees and volunteers have contributed more than 900,000 hours of service.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army stands against homophobia, which victimises people and can reinforce feelings of alienation, loneliness and despair. We want to be an inclusive church community where members of the LGBT community find welcome and the encouragement to develop their relationship with God ... Our international mission statement is very clear on this point when it says we will \"meet human needs in [Jesus'] name without discrimination\". Anyone who comes through our doors will be welcomed with love and service, based on their need and our capacity to provide.[74]", "The Salvation Army. The theology of the Salvation Army is derived from that of Methodism, although it is distinctive in institution and practice. It does not celebrate the divine command of Baptism and Holy Communion. The Army's doctrine is typical of evangelical Protestant churches. The Army's purposes are \"the advancement of the Christian religion ... of education, the relief of poverty, and other charitable objects beneficial to society or the community of mankind as a whole\".[4]", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army's fundraising shops in the United Kingdom participate in the UK government's Work Programme, a workfare programme where benefit claimants must work for no compensation for 20 to 40 hours per week over periods that can be as long as 6 months.[39][40][41][42]", "The Salvation Army. As of 1 September 2015 the Salvation Army operates in 127 countries and provides services in 175 different languages.[16] For administrative purposes, the Salvation Army divides itself geographically into territories, which are then sub-divided into divisions. In larger areas, regional and area commands are also introduced as sub-divisions of divisions. Each territory has an administrative hub known as territorial headquarters (THQ). Likewise, each division has a divisional headquarters (DHQ). Each of these territories is led by a territorial commander who receives orders from the Salvation Army's International Headquarters in London. A territory is normally led by an officer holding the rank of colonel (for small territories) or commissioner for larger territories. In some countries, the work of The Salvation Army may be called a command, led by a command commander. A larger command is typically led by an officer holding the rank of colonel.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army includes many youth groups, which primarily consist of its Sunday schools and the Scout and Guide packs that are sometimes set up. The Scout and Guide packs are affiliated and sponsored by the Salvation Army but are open units allowing anyone to join, these units/pack observe Christian standards and encourage the young people to investigate and develop in their Christian faith. Some territories have Salvation Army Guards and Legions Association (SAGALA). In the United States these internal youth groups that are specifically for females are known as Girl Guards (older females) and Sunbeams (younger females). Adventure Corps serves boys who are enrolled in school for first through eighth grade, and is sometimes separated into Rangers (older males) and Explorers (younger males).", "The Salvation Army. The Red Shield Appeal and Self-denial Appeal are annual fundraising campaigns in some territories, such as the UK and Australia. Each year, officers, soldiers, employees and volunteers take to the streets worldwide to participate in door-to-door or street collections. The money raised is specifically channelled towards The Salvation Army's social work in each respective territory. Within the territory defined by the United Kingdom and Ireland (UKIT) this collection is known as the Annual Appeal, and it often carries another name that the generally public would more readily know – in 2012 becoming The Big Collection.", "Officer (The Salvation Army). Officers have the opportunity to serve within the Salvation Army in many different capacities, and may be posted at a corps, divisional or territorial headquarters, the training college, supplies & purchasing, a recovery and rehabilitation centre, as a chaplain in courts, prisons and hospitals, a street level outreach centre, a new corps (known as an \"outpost\" or \"plant\"), or any number of other need specific ministries.", "The Salvation Army in Australia. Eighty-four cents in every dollar donated to The Salvation Army goes directly to those in need.[citation needed] This is one of the most efficient[peacock term] rates of any charity in Australia.[citation needed] It is thought that the name of the popular biscuit by Arnotts, SAO, stands for ‘Salvation Army Officer’.[4]", "The Salvation Army in Australia. From these diverse activities, The Salvos have grown to be one of Australia's most respected charitable organisations, with a 2009 survey by Sweeney Research and the advertising group Grey Global finding the Salvation Army and the nation's Ambulance Service to be Australia's most trusted entities.[5]", "The Salvation Army. Salvation Army officers serving in the Red Shield Services in wartime performed many functions. The Doughnut Girls of World War I are an early example, serving refreshments to troops in the trenches. They also provided first aid stations, ambulances, chaplaincy, social clubs, Christian worship and other front-line services.[28]", "The Salvation Army. In 1880, the Salvation Army started its work in three others countries: Australia, Ireland, and the United States. It was not always an Officer of The Salvation Army who started the Salvation Army in a new country; sometimes Salvationists emigrated to countries and started operating as \"the Salvation Army\" on their own authority. When the first official officers arrived in Australia and the United States, they found groups of Salvationists already waiting for them and started working with each other. In 1891 Booth established a farm colony in Hadleigh, Essex.", "The Salvation Army. The Family Tracing Service (sometimes known as the Missing Persons Service) was established in 1885, and the service is now available in most of the countries where The Salvation Army operates. The Tracing Service's objective is to restore (or to sustain) family relationships where contact has been lost, whether recently or in the distant past. Thousands of people are traced every year on behalf of their relatives.", "The Salvation Army. In the 21st century, the Salvation Army in the United Kingdom created a branch for the youth, called Alove,[46] the Salvation Army for a new generation. Its purpose is to free the youth of the church and their communities to express themselves and their faith in their own ways. Its mission statement is \"Calling a generation to dynamic faith, radical lifestyle, adventurous mission and a fight for justice\", and it emphasises worship, discipleship, missions, and social action. Alove is a member of the National Council for Voluntary Youth Services (NCVYS).[47]", "The Salvation Army. In many countries, the Salvation Army is most recognised during the Christmas season with its volunteers and employees who stand outside of businesses and play/sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passers-by to place donations of cash and cheques inside red kettles. A tradition has developed in the United States in which, in some places, gold coins or rings or bundles of large bills are anonymously inserted into the kettles. This was first recorded in 1982, in Crystal Lake, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.[43][44] The red kettles are not only used during the Christmas season though. They are used throughout the year at other fundraising events, such as on National Doughnut Day in the U.S. On this day, some donut shops that teamed up with the Salvation Army have a red kettle set up for donations.[45]", "The Salvation Army. 1 – The existence of a Holy God; 2 – The evil of sin are against God and man; 3 – There will be punishment for sin that is fair and everlasting; 4 – Jesus died on the cross for the human race; 5 – Salvation is for all mankind and is free to all who accept Jesus Christ; 6 – It is the responsibility of every Christian to do whatever they can do to spread the Gospel; 7 – God rewards those who are faithful with eternal life in Heaven with Him.", "The Salvation Army. Also among the disaster relief capabilities is the Red Shield Defence Services, often called the SallyMan for short. The effort that they put in is similar to that of a chaplain, and reaches many more, offering cold drinks, hot drinks, and some biscuits for the soldiers of the military to have, though, if a SallyMan is on deployment, the locals are offered a share in the produce.", "The Salvation Army. The Salvation Army teaches that sexual acts should take place only in a monogamous heterosexual marriage, believing that this reflects God's intentions for sexual behaviour and provides the best environment for raising children.[72]", "The Salvation Army. Charity Watch rates the Salvation Army an \"A-\" to an \"A\",[15] indicating a high level of financial efficiency and organisational transparency." ]

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[ "Prism. Before Isaac Newton, it was believed that white light was colorless, and that the prism itself produced the color. Newton's experiments demonstrated that all the colors already existed in the light in a heterogeneous fashion, and that \"corpuscles\" (particles) of light were fanned out because particles with different colors traveled with different speeds through the prism. It was only later that Young and Fresnel combined Newton's particle theory with Huygens' wave theory to show that color is the visible manifestation of light's wavelength.", "Prism. A dispersive prism can be used to break light up into its constituent spectral colors (the colors of the rainbow). Furthermore, prisms can be used to reflect light, or to split light into components with different polarizations.", "Prism. Light changes speed as it moves from one medium to another (for example, from air into the glass of the prism). This speed change causes the light to be refracted and to enter the new medium at a different angle (Huygens principle). The degree of bending of the light's path depends on the angle that the incident beam of light makes with the surface, and on the ratio between the refractive indices of the two media (Snell's law). The refractive index of many materials (such as glass) varies with the wavelength or color of the light used, a phenomenon known as dispersion. This causes light of different colors to be refracted differently and to leave the prism at different angles, creating an effect similar to a rainbow. This can be used to separate a beam of white light into its constituent spectrum of colors. A similar separation happens with iridescent materials, such as a soap bubble. Prisms will generally disperse light over a much larger frequency bandwidth than diffraction gratings, making them useful for broad-spectrum spectroscopy. Furthermore, prisms do not suffer from complications arising from overlapping spectral orders, which all gratings have.", "Prism. Dispersive prisms are used to break up light into its constituent spectral colors because the refractive index depends on frequency; the white light entering the prism is a mixture of different frequencies, each of which gets bent slightly differently. Blue light is slowed down more than red light and will therefore be bent more than red light.", "Prism. In optics, a prism is a transparent optical element with flat, polished surfaces that refract light. At least two of the flat surfaces must have an angle between them. The exact angles between the surfaces depend on the application. The traditional geometrical shape is that of a triangular prism with a triangular base and rectangular sides, and in colloquial use \"prism\" usually refers to this type. Some types of optical prism are not in fact in the shape of geometric prisms. Prisms can be made from any material that is transparent to the wavelengths for which they are designed. Typical materials include glass, plastic, and fluorite.", "Optics. The separation of colours by a prism is an example of normal dispersion. At the surfaces of the prism, Snell's law predicts that light incident at an angle θ to the normal will be refracted at an angle arcsin(sin (θ) / n). Thus, blue light, with its higher refractive index, is bent more strongly than red light, resulting in the well-known rainbow pattern.[42]", "Color photography. Gabriel Lippmann is remembered as the inventor of a method for reproducing colors by photography, based on the interference phenomenon, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics for 1908.[5]", "Astronomical spectroscopy. Newton used a prism to split white light into a spectrum of color, and Fraunhofer's high-quality prisms allowed scientists to see dark lines of an unknown origin. In the 1850s, Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen described the phenomena behind these dark lines. Hot solid objects produce light with a continuous spectrum, hot gasses emit light at specific wavelengths, and hot solid objects surrounded by cooler gasses show a near-continuous spectrum with dark lines corresponding to the emission lines of the gasses.[5]:42–44[17] By comparing the absorption lines of the sun with emission spectra of known gasses, the chemical composition of stars can be determined.", "Stereoscopy. The ChromaDepth procedure of American Paper Optics is based on the fact that with a prism, colors are separated by varying degrees. The ChromaDepth eyeglasses contain special view foils, which consist of microscopically small prisms. This causes the image to be translated a certain amount that depends on its color. If one uses a prism foil now with one eye but not on the other eye, then the two seen pictures – depending upon color – are more or less widely separated. The brain produces the spatial impression from this difference. The advantage of this technology consists above all of the fact that one can regard ChromaDepth pictures also without eyeglasses (thus two-dimensional) problem-free (unlike with two-color anaglyph). However the colors are only limitedly selectable, since they contain the depth information of the picture. If one changes the color of an object, then its observed distance will also be changed.[citation needed]", "Prism. Newton arrived at his conclusion by passing the red color from one prism through a second prism and found the color unchanged. From this, he concluded that the colors must already be present in the incoming light — thus, the prism did not create colors, but merely separated colors that are already there. He also used a lens and a second prism to recompose the spectrum back into white light. This experiment has become a classic example of the methodology introduced during the scientific revolution. The results of this experiment dramatically transformed the field of metaphysics, leading to John Locke's primary vs secondary quality distinction.[citation needed]", "Color vision. Isaac Newton discovered that white light, after being split into its component colours when passed through a dispersive prism, could, by passing them through a different prism, be recombined to make white light.", "Prism. There are also polarizing prisms which can split a beam of light into components of varying polarization. These are typically made of a birefringent crystalline material.", "Indigo. Isaac Newton introduced indigo as one of the seven base colors of his work. In the mid-1660s, when Newton bought a pair of prisms at a fair near Cambridge, the East India Company had begun importing indigo dye into England,[14] supplanting the homegrown woad as source of blue dye. In a pivotal experiment in the history of optics, the young Newton shone a narrow beam of sunlight through a prism to produce a rainbow-like band of colors on the wall. In describing this optical spectrum, Newton acknowledged that the spectrum had a continuum of colors, but named seven: \"The originall or primary colours are Red, yellow, Green, Blew, & a violet purple; together with Orang, Indico, & an indefinite varietie of intermediate gradations.\"[15] He linked the seven prismatic colors to the seven notes of a western major scale,[16] as shown in his color wheel, with orange and indigo as the semitones. Having decided upon seven colors, he asked a friend to repeatedly divide up the spectrum that was projected from the prism onto the wall:", "Glass. Color in glass may be obtained by addition of electrically charged ions (or color centers) that are homogeneously distributed, and by precipitation of finely dispersed particles (such as in photochromic glasses).[61]\nOrdinary soda-lime glass appears colorless to the naked eye when it is thin, although iron(II) oxide (FeO) impurities of up to 0.1 wt%[62] produce a green tint, which can be viewed in thick pieces or with the aid of scientific instruments. Further FeO and chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3) additions may be used for the production of green bottles. Sulfur, together with carbon and iron salts, is used to form iron polysulfides and produce amber glass ranging from yellowish to almost black.[63] A glass melt can also acquire an amber color from a reducing combustion atmosphere.[64] Manganese dioxide can be added in small amounts to remove the green tint given by iron(II) oxide. Art glass and studio glass pieces are colored using closely guarded recipes that involve specific combinations of metal oxides, melting temperatures and \"cook\" times. Most colored glass used in the art market is manufactured in volume by vendors who serve this market, although there are some glassmakers with the ability to make their own color from raw materials.", "Architectural glass. Prism glass is architectural glass which bends light. It was frequently used around the turn of the 20th century to provide natural light to underground spaces and areas far from windows.[2] Prism glass can be found on sidewalks, where it is known as vault lighting,[3] in windows, partitions, and canopies, where it is known as prism tiles, and as deck prisms, which were used to light spaces below deck on sailing ships. It could be highly ornamented; Frank Lloyd Wright created over forty different designs for prism tiles.[citation needed] Modern architectural prism lighting is generally done with a plastic film applied to ordinary window glass. [4]", "Prism. Prisms are sometimes used for the internal reflection at the surfaces rather than for dispersion. If light inside the prism hits one of the surfaces at a sufficiently steep angle, total internal reflection occurs and all of the light is reflected. This makes a prism a useful substitute for a mirror in some situations.", "Color. Structural colors are colors caused by interference effects rather than by pigments. Color effects are produced when a material is scored with fine parallel lines, formed of one or more parallel thin layers, or otherwise composed of microstructures on the scale of the color's wavelength. If the microstructures are spaced randomly, light of shorter wavelengths will be scattered preferentially to produce Tyndall effect colors: the blue of the sky (Rayleigh scattering, caused by structures much smaller than the wavelength of light, in this case air molecules), the luster of opals, and the blue of human irises. If the microstructures are aligned in arrays, for example the array of pits in a CD, they behave as a diffraction grating: the grating reflects different wavelengths in different directions due to interference phenomena, separating mixed \"white\" light into light of different wavelengths. If the structure is one or more thin layers then it will reflect some wavelengths and transmit others, depending on the layers' thickness.", "Color photography. Creating colors by mixing colored lights (usually red, green and blue) in various proportions is the additive method of color reproduction. LCD, LED, plasma and CRT (picture tube) color video displays all use this method. If one of these displays is examined with a sufficiently strong magnifier, it will be seen that each pixel is actually composed of red, green and blue sub-pixels which blend at normal viewing distances, reproducing a wide range of colors as well as white and shades of gray. This is also known as the RGB color model.", "Rainbow. A spectrum obtained using a glass prism and a point source is a continuum of wavelengths without bands. The number of colours that the human eye is able to distinguish in a spectrum is in the order of 100.[7] Accordingly, the Munsell colour system (a 20th-century system for numerically describing colours, based on equal steps for human visual perception) distinguishes 100 hues. The apparent discreteness of main colours is an artefact of human perception and the exact number of main colours is a somewhat arbitrary choice.", "Visible spectrum. In the 13th century, Roger Bacon theorized that rainbows were produced by a similar process to the passage of light through glass or crystal.[2]", "Prism. Deck prisms were used on sailing ships to bring daylight below deck,[5] since candles and kerosene lamps are a fire hazard on wooden ships.", "Prism. The most common reflective prisms are:", "Grand Prismatic Spring. Grand Prismatic Spring was noted by geologists working in the Hayden Geological Survey of 1871, and named by them for its striking coloration. Its colors match the rainbow dispersion of white light by an optical prism: red, orange, yellow, green, and blue.[4]", "Astronomical spectroscopy. The resolution of a prism is limited by its size; a larger prism will provide a more detailed spectrum, but the increase in mass makes it unsuitable for highly detailed work.[6] This issue was resolved in the early 1900s with the development of high-quality reflection gratings by J.S. Plaskett at the Dominion Observatory in Ottawa, Canada.[5]:11 Light striking a mirror will reflect at the same angle, however a small portion of the light will be refracted at a different angle; this is dependent upon the indices of refraction of the materials and the wavelength of the light.[7] By creating a \"blazed\" grating which utilizes a large number of parallel mirrors, the small portion of light can be focused and visualized. These new spectroscopes were more detailed than a prism, required less light, and could be focused on a specific region of the spectrum by tilting the grating.[6]", "Blue. Blue pigments were originally made from minerals such as lapis lazuli, cobalt and azurite, and blue dyes were made from plants; usually woad in Europe, and Indigofera tinctoria, or true indigo, in Asia and Africa. Today most blue pigments and dyes are made by a chemical process.", "Nicol prism. A Nicol prism is a type of polarizer, an optical device used to produce a polarized beam of light. It is made in such a way that it eliminates one of the rays by total internal reflection, i.e. the ordinary ray is eliminated and only the extraordinary ray is transmitted through the prism. It was the first type of polarizing prism, invented in 1828 by William Nicol (1770–1851) of Edinburgh. It consists of a rhombohedral crystal of Iceland spar (a variety of calcite) that has been cut at an angle of 68° with respect to the crystal axis, cut again diagonally, and then rejoined as shown, using a layer of transparent Canada balsam as a glue.[1]", "Isaac Newton. In 1666, Newton observed that the spectrum of colours exiting a prism in the position of minimum deviation is oblong, even when the light ray entering the prism is circular, which is to say, the prism refracts different colours by different angles.[37][38] This led him to conclude that colour is a property intrinsic to light—a point which had been debated in prior years.", "Purple. Monochromatic violet light cannot be produced by the red-green-blue (RGB) color system, the method used to create colors on a television screen or computer display. (In fact, the only monochromatic colors of light that can be produced by this color system are the red, green, and blue that define it.) However, the system is capable of approximating it due to the fact that the L-cone (red cone) in the eye is uniquely sensitive to two different discontinuous regions in the visible spectrum – its primary region being the long wavelength light of the yellow-red region of the spectrum, and a secondary smaller region overlapping with the S-cone (blue cone) in the shortest wavelength, violet part.[18] This means that when violet light strikes the eye, the S-cone should be stimulated strongly, and the L-cone stimulated weakly along with it. By lighting the red primary of the display weakly along with the blue primary, a relatively similar pattern of sensitization can be achieved, creating an illusion, the sensation of extremely short wavelength light using what is in fact mixed light of two longer wavelengths. The resulting color has the same hue as pure violet; however, it has a lower saturation.", "Prism. Reflective prisms are used to reflect light, in order to flip, invert, rotate, deviate or displace the light beam. They are typically used to erect the image in binoculars or single-lens reflex cameras – without the prisms the image would be upside down for the user. Many reflective prisms use total internal reflection to achieve high reflectivity.", "PRISM (surveillance program). In a blog post, David Simon, the creator of The Wire, compared the NSA's programs, including PRISM, to a 1980s effort by the City of Baltimore to add dialed number recorders to all pay phones to know which individuals were being called by the callers;[140] the city believed that drug traffickers were using pay phones and pagers, and a municipal judge allowed the city to place the recorders. The placement of the dialers formed the basis of the show's first season. Simon argued that the media attention regarding the NSA programs is a \"faux scandal.\"[140][141] Simon had stated that many classes of people in American society had already faced constant government surveillance.", "Color photography. Lippmann photography is a way of making a color photograph that relies on Bragg reflection planes in the emulsion to make the colors. It is similar to using the colors of soap bubbles to make an image. Gabriel Jonas Lippmann won the Nobel Prize in physics in 1908 for the creation of the first color photographic process using a single emulsion. The color fidelity is extremely high but the images can not be reproduced and viewing requires very specific lighting conditions. The development of the Autochrome process quickly rendered the Lippmann method redundant. The method is still utilized to make singular images that cannot be copied for security purposes.", "Ukiyo-e. Printers first used natural colour dyes made from mineral or vegetable sources. The dyes had a translucent quality that allowed a variety of colours to be mixed from primary red, blue, and yellow pigments.[201] In the 18th century, Prussian blue became popular, and was particularly prominent in the landscapes of Hokusai and Hiroshige,[201] as was bokashi, where the printer produced gradations of colour or the blending of one colour into another.[202] Cheaper and more consistent synthetic aniline dyes arrived from the West in 1864. The colours were harsher and brighter than traditional pigments. The Meiji government promoted their use as part of broader policies of Westernization.[203]" ]

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[ "List of The Boondocks characters. Riley Freeman (voiced by Regina King) is Huey's younger brother. Riley could be described as a product of mass media influence, in that he refers to women as \"bitches\" or \"hoes\", frequently alludes to his \"rep\" and his status on the \"streets\", and idolizes gangsta rappers and their lifestyle. He often refers to himself as self-appointed moniker \"Young Reezy\". Though he would seem to be everything his brother is not, he has demonstrated his ability to rationalize and plan things out, such as when he planned his \"fund raiser\" and when he rendered attorney Tom Dubois speechless after debating with him regarding the R. Kelly trial in \"The Trial of R. Kelly\". \"Damn, you just got beat by an eight year-old.\" which Huey remarked. His criminal aptitude is put to the test when he goes on some crime sprees with the incompetent Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy in the episode \"Let's Nab Oprah\" during which he effectively acts as the brains behind the operation to kidnap Oprah. Riley can be seen as representative of the misguided Black youth. He has a fascination for firearms, and his tendency for violence is displayed time and time again. At Christmas, he declared himself \"The Santa Stalker\" and attacked the Santa at the local mall with airsoft Glock 17s, hitting many innocent bystanders. Riley does not own any real firearms and has only been seen owning Airsoft-style guns—a Glock 17 and an MP5K—but he pals around with Ed Wuncler III and Gin Rummy, who have on occasion granted him access to real weapons. He also seems to possess unusually large amount of strength and stamina, as seen when he fights his brother Huey, who is a very high degree martial artist and swordsman. It can also be seen when he fights Stinkmeaner alongside his family where, albeit slow, his blows seem to be worth blocking against a kung-fu trained Stinkmeaner. Indeed, though, beyond this tough-guy facade, there would seem to be some measure of sensitivity that is especially apparent in the episode \"Riley Wuz Here\" during which he learns to use his incredible artistic abilities to create art for the sake of creating art, and not for personal glory.", "List of The Boondocks characters. Huey Freeman (voiced by Regina King) is a young leftist radical Black revolutionary and retired domestic terrorist. He is a practicing and near master practitioner of Chinese martial arts, as seen in the episodes \"Let's Nab Oprah\", \"Attack of the Killer Kung Fu Wolf Bitch\", \"Stinkmeaner 3: The Hateocracy\", and \"...Or Die Trying\". He maintains an austere, yet strangely loving relationship with his brother Riley, and has shown the willingness to go out of his way to prevent his brother from succumbing to bad influences (occasionally giving him some \"tough love\"). Over the course of the comic strip and television series, Huey retains a sober demeanor, tending not to let his countenance relay his mood. During most episodes, Huey takes on the role of narrator, and it is often only through his narration that his thoughts and emotions are revealed. In the comic strip, Huey's best friend was Michael Caesar, who effectively balanced out Huey's pessimistic world outlook with his upbeat personality and temperament. The role he played in Huey's life has been taken up by his neighbor Jazmine Dubois in the television series. Unlike Caesar, Jazmine tries to balance Huey's demeanour with a childlike, naive innocence, which often leads to Huey having to resolve a situation where Jazmine is being taken advantage of.", "Regina King. Beginning in the mid-2000s, she had ongoing roles on several TV series, including acclaimed work as the voice of Huey and Riley Freeman for the animated series The Boondocks and Detective Lydia Adams on the TNT police drama Southland. She also appeared in roles on 24, The Big Bang Theory, and Shameless. In 2007 she played Lisa Moore in This Christmas. She was a cast member on ABC's John Ridley-penned ensemble drama American Crime, and played a devout member of the Nation of Islam and sister to a drug addict accused of murder. In September 2015 and September 2016, King won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or a Movie for American Crime.[9]In 2018, she played the role of the mother of a murdered black teenager in Netflix original series Seven Seconds.", "List of The Boondocks characters. Robert Jebediah \"Granddad\" Freeman (voiced by John Witherspoon), is the paternal grandfather and legal guardian of Huey and Riley who lives in a peaceful environment in Woodcrest while he tries to enjoy his retirement. Robert has witness to many major incidents in American history. He was a part of the civil rights movement, but was prone to certain faux pas such as donning a raincoat in preparation for getting doused by a police fire hose. Robert was also a fighter pilot in World War II, during which time he flew a P-51 Mustang with the Tuskegee Airmen. He was also a part of the Montgomery bus boycott, even sitting next to Rosa Parks, though she received all the credit for refusing to give up her seat while he, having actually refused before her and much to his chagrin, received none. This also brings Robert's age into question, since in order to have been in World War II and in the civil rights movement he claims to have been in (while making his relative stamina and cartoonish actions realistic), he would be between 87 (the minimum age of World War II participants of 1945) and 100 years old today. Granddad occasionally serves as a more pragmatic voice of reason. Though he has expressed his embarrassment over Huey and Riley, his primary motivation is to advance his family's best interest. This is where he most often finds himself at odds with his grandsons. Huey and Riley, though possessing contrasting personalities, tend not to act in a manner in line with their grandfather's desire for simplistic living. Riley gets in trouble a lot and Huey always has his eye on some bigger picture. He does not hesitate to use corporal punishment when necessary, wielding his belt with great dexterity for this purpose. Although it is never directly explained how Robert came to be Huey and Riley's guardian, it is implied that Huey and Riley's biological parents are deceased.", "The Boondocks (TV series). The series has a loose connection with the continuity of the comic strip, though during the final year of the strip McGruder made a point to try to synchronize both. He introduced Uncle Ruckus into the strip, and the comic-strip version of Riley's hair was braided into cornrows to match the character's design in the series. During Season 1, McGruder put the strip on a 6-month hiatus beginning in March 2006. He did not return to the strip the following November, and the strip's syndicate, Universal Press Syndicate, announced that it had been cancelled.[7]", "Sway Calloway. Sway also appeared as a cameo in The Boondocks, voicing himself in \"The story of Gangstalicious\" in December 11, 2005.", "Norman Reedus. Reedus' first film was in the 1997 Guillermo del Toro horror thriller film Mimic, where he played the character Jeremy.[7] He also had roles in the films Dark Harbor, Six Ways to Sunday, Deuces Wild, Blade II, Gossip, 8mm, American Gangster, Hero Wanted, and Moscow Chill. In 2005, he had a bit part in the Christian Alvart film Antibodies as a German policeman. In 2008, he starred in the film Red Canyon.[6] Reedus played Murphy MacManus in the 1999 movie The Boondock Saints.[10] He reprised the role in the 2009 sequel The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day.[11] He guest-starred on Charmed as Paige's (Rose McGowan) boyfriend, Nate. Reedus also starred in the film Hello Herman, which opened nationwide and on-demand on June 7, 2013.[12] Reedus currently stars in the reality series Ride with Norman Reedus, which premiered on June 12, 2016,[13]", "The Boondock Saints. The Boondock Saints is a 1999 American vigilante action film written and directed by Troy Duffy. The film stars Sean Patrick Flanery and Norman Reedus as fraternal twins, Connor and Murphy MacManus, who become vigilantes after killing two members of the Russian Mafia in self-defense. After both experience an epiphany, the brothers, together with their friend \"Funny Man\" (David Della Rocco), set out to rid their home city of Boston, Massachusetts of crime and evil, all the while being pursued by FBI agent Paul Smecker (Willem Dafoe).", "The Life of Riley. In several ways, Riley was a prototype for later blue-collar sitcom protagonists such as blustery, get-rich-quick schemer Ralph Kramden (played, perhaps not coincidentally, by Jackie Gleason) and his animated stone-age counterpart Fred Flintstone; blustery bigot Archie Bunker; benign, bighearted Dan Conner; and King of Queens Doug Heffernan. Perhaps the greatest tribute to The Life of Riley was paid by Married... with Children: Ed O'Neill's language and manner of speaking as Al Bundy are remarkably similar to Bendix's, and Al's wife, like Riley's, is named Peg. Bendix's Riley, especially, was perhaps too guileless to be the true prototype for this group, but for making blue-collar characters as operable on television as on radio or in film, Chester Riley earned his place in broadcasting history.[10]", "The Boondocks (TV series). In the meantime, development on a The Boondocks TV series continued. McGruder and film producer/director Reginald Hudlin (President of Entertainment for BET from 2005–08) created a Boondocks pilot for the Fox Network, but found great difficulty in making the series acceptable for network television. Hudlin left the project after the Fox deal fell through, although McGruder and Sony Television are contractually bound to continue to credit him as an executive producer.[6] Mike Lazzo, president of Adult Swim and executive producer for Aqua Teen Hunger Force and Space Ghost Coast to Coast, stumbled across the pilot and declared it \"too networky\". He then ordered a 15-episode season and told McGruder to \"just tell stories\".", "Marc Blucas. Marcus Paul \"Marc\" Blucas (born January 11, 1972) is an American actor, known for playing Riley Finn in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Matthew Donnelly in Necessary Roughness and recently, abolitionist John Hawkes in Underground. Prior to his acting career, he was known for playing college basketball with the Wake Forest Demon Deacons.", "Atticus Mitchell. Mitchell began his acting career in 2009 with a recurring role in the YTV series How to be Indie in which he played the role of Carlos Martinelli in eight episodes during the first season and two more during the second season.[4] He played the starring role of Benny Weir in television film and series My Babysitter's a Vampire[5] and was nominated for a 2011 Gemini award for his performance in the film. In 2012, he starred as Gabe in the Disney Channel television film Radio Rebel. In 2013 he guest starred in two episodes of Hard Rock Medical, portrayed Graydon in a post-apocalyptic film, The Colony, and also co-starred as Wookie in a Disney XD Canada/Family Channel original movie, Bunks.", "Jack Riley (actor). Riley was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the son of Agnes C. (née Corrigan) and John Albert Riley.[1] After attending Saint Ignatius High School and John Carroll University, he served in the United States Army.[2]", "Adam Pascal. Pascal joined the Broadway cast of Memphis on October 25, 2011 as Huey Calhoun. He replaced original cast member Chad Kimball in the role. He remained in the \"Memphis\" cast until the show's closure on August 5, 2012.[18]", "The Boondocks (TV series). The Boondocks has received critical acclaim. In January 2006, it was nominated for Outstanding Comedy Series at the 37th NAACP Image Awards alongside The Bernie Mac Show, Everybody Hates Chris, Girlfriends, and Half & Half. The show won a Peabody Award in 2006 for the episode \"Return of the King.\"[28] The first season garnered positive reviews, having a score of 72 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 21 reviews.[29] IGN named it the 94th-best animated series, describing it as a sharp satirical look at American society.[30]", "The Boondocks (TV series). Mike Hale of the New York Times has considered The Boondocks among the top television shows of 2010, citing \"Pause\" as a \"painfully funny\" satire of Tyler Perry being portrayed as a superstar actor and a leader of a homoerotic cult.[32] In 2013, IGN placed The Boondocks as number 17 on their list of Top 25 animated series for adults.[33]", "Steve Howey (actor). In 2001, Howey got his first starring role in a series when he was cast as Van Montgomery in the show Reba. Howey stayed with the show until it ended in 2007. He also appeared in Reba McEntire's music video Every Other Weekend, with his Reba co-star Joanna García.", "The Life of Riley. In 1948, NBC broadcast \"two live television test programs based on the radio series.\"[8] The April 13 episode starred Herb Vigran as Riley, and the April 20 episode had Buddy Gray in the title role.[8][9]", "List of The Boondocks characters. The following is a partial list of characters who have appeared in the animated television series The Boondocks.", "Bailee Madison. Madison was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, the youngest of seven children. She has four brothers and two sisters. Her older sister, Kaitlin Riley, is also an actress. Her mother is Patricia Riley.[1] She began her career when she was two weeks old in an Office Depot commercial. Since then, she has appeared in several national commercials for major companies including Disney, SeaWorld, and Cadillac. She also serves as a national youth spokesperson for the childhood-cancer charity Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation.[2][3]", "Jere Burns. Jere Eugene Burns II[1] (born October 15, 1954) is an American actor who has appeared in theatre productions and on television. He played the roles of ladies' man Kirk Morris on the television series Dear John, DIA psychiatrist Anson Fullerton on the television series Burn Notice, and Dixie Mafia middle-man Wynn Duffy on Justified.[2]", "Cheryl Hines. In movies, she was one of the stars of RV opposite Robin Williams, Waitress with Keri Russell, and the 2008 mockumentary comedy The Grand, a spoof of the World Series of Poker. Her 2009 directorial debut Serious Moonlight stars Meg Ryan with a script by the late Adrienne Shelly, Hines's co-star in Waitress.", "The Boondock Saints. Koehler also described Flanery and Reedus as \"curiously stolid and blank\", while praising supporting actors Connolly, Dafoe, and Rota for making the most of their screen time. Koehler also praised the tech personnel, \"This uneven exercise in pacing and cutting is abetted by an eclectic score by Jeff Danna and whiz lensing by Adam Kane. Other tech credits fire bull's-eyes.\"[27]", "Alan Ruck. In 2012, Ruck was cast in the ABC Family series Bunheads as the husband to Sutton Foster's character, Michelle. In 2013, he appeared in NCIS, guest-starring in the season 11 episode, \"Gut Check\".", "The Boondocks (TV series). In 2014, it was announced that Aaron McGruder would not be involved in the show's fourth and final season. Adult Swim stated that \"a mutually agreeable production schedule could not be determined.\"[8] The first episode of the fourth (and final) season was first broadcast on April 21, 2014, with the series eventually concluding its run on June 23, 2014.[9]", "Gary Anthony Williams. Gary Anthony Williams (born March 14, 1966[1]) is an American actor and comedian[2] who provided the voice of Uncle Ruckus on The Boondocks, Yancy Westridge in the video game Alpha Protocol, and Horace Warfield in StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty. He appeared on the television series Weeds, Boston Legal, Blue Collar TV, and as \"Abe\" Kenarban in Malcolm in the Middle. Williams co-founded and is Artistic Director of the L.A. Comedy Shorts film festival in Hollywood, California. He also starred alongside Cedric the Entertainer on the hit TV Land sitcom The Soul Man. Williams is currently a regular on Whose Line is it Anyway?.", "Marcus Chong. Marcus Chong (born Marcus Wyatt;[1] July 8, 1967)[2] is an American actor. His best-known roles are Huey P. Newton in Panther (1995), directed by Mario Van Peebles, and Tank the Operator in The Matrix (1999).", "Justified (TV series). Season 5 features the alligator-farming Crowe crime family,[7] led by Darryl Crowe, Jr. (played by Michael Rapaport).[8] Also, Jere Burns, who recurred throughout the first four seasons as Wynn Duffy, was made a series regular.[9]", "Jack Riley (actor). After being discharged, Riley became a popular radio personality in Cleveland, along with his radio partner and \"straight man\" Jeff Baxter; The Baxter & Riley Show on WERE (1300 AM) featured not only music but comedy sketches and a slew of offbeat characters that Riley and Baxter voiced. Riley gave up the radio show in the mid 1960s and moved to Los Angeles, where his friend Tim Conway helped him receive work writing comedy sketches, which later led to acting opportunities.[3]", "Cassidy Casablancas. Cassidy \"Beaver\" Casablancas is a fictional character on UPN/The CW television series Veronica Mars, portrayed by actor Kyle Gallner. He was a series regular during the second season and the main antagonist during the second season finale.", "Silas Weir Mitchell (actor). Silas Weir Mitchell (born Silas Weir Mitchell Neilson;[1][2][3] September 30, 1969) is an American character actor from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Silas Wier Mitchell is known for starring as Charles \"Haywire\" Patoshik in the Fox television series Prison Break (2005–2007), and Monroe in the NBC television series Grimm (2011–2017).", "The Boondocks (TV series). McGruder launched a Kickstarter campaign to raise $200,000 in order to produce a live-action film focusing on the character Uncle Ruckus. He stated that crowd-funding would be the sole source of funding for the film's budget.[47] The campaign was from January 30 through March 1, 2013, 7:00 p.m. EST, ending with 2,667 backers and $129,963 of the $200,000 goal.[48]" ]

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[ "Grey matter. Diagram of a spinal vertebra. The grey matter is in the central part of the spinal cord.", "Grey matter. Grey matter in the spinal cord is known as the grey column which travels down the spinal cord distributed in three grey columns that are presented in an \"H\" shape. The forward-facing column is the anterior grey column, the rear-facing one is the posterior grey column and the interlinking one is the lateral grey column. The grey matter on the left and right side is connected by the grey commissure. The grey matter in the spinal cord consists of interneurons, as well as cell bodies.", "Grey matter. Grey matter refers to unmyelinated neurons and other cells of the central nervous system. It is present in the brain, brainstem and cerebellum, and present throughout the spinal cord.", "Grey matter. The grey matter in the spinal cord is split into three grey columns:", "Grey matter. Interneurons present in the grey matter of the spinal cord", "Grey matter. The grey matter of the spinal cord can be divided into different layers, called Rexed laminae. These describe, in general, the purpose of the cells within the grey matter of the spinal cord at a particular location.", "Spinal cord. The white matter is located outside of the grey matter and consists almost totally of myelinated motor and sensory axons. \"Columns\" of white matter carry information either up or down the spinal cord.", "Spinal cord. In cross-section, the peripheral region of the cord contains neuronal white matter tracts containing sensory and motor axons. Internal to this peripheral region is the grey matter, which contains the nerve cell bodies arranged in the three grey columns that give the region its butterfly-shape. This central region surrounds the central canal, which is an extension of the fourth ventricle and contains cerebrospinal fluid.", "Spinal cord. The grey column, (as three regions of grey columns) in the center of the cord, is shaped like a butterfly and consists of cell bodies of interneurons, motor neurons, neuroglia cells and unmyelinated axons. The anterior and posterior grey column present as projections of the grey matter and are also known as the horns of the spinal cord. Together, the grey columns and the gray commissure form the \"grey H.\"", "Grey matter. Cross-section of spinal cord with grey matter labelled.", "Nervous system. The vertebrate nervous system can also be divided into areas called grey matter (\"gray matter\" in American spelling) and white matter.[17] Grey matter (which is only grey in preserved tissue, and is better described as pink or light brown in living tissue) contains a high proportion of cell bodies of neurons. White matter is composed mainly of myelinated axons, and takes its color from the myelin. White matter includes all of the nerves, and much of the interior of the brain and spinal cord. Grey matter is found in clusters of neurons in the brain and spinal cord, and in cortical layers that line their surfaces. There is an anatomical convention that a cluster of neurons in the brain or spinal cord is called a nucleus, whereas a cluster of neurons in the periphery is called a ganglion.[18] There are, however, a few exceptions to this rule, notably including the part of the forebrain called the basal ganglia.[19]", "Periaqueductal gray. The periaqueductal gray is the gray matter located around the cerebral aqueduct within the tegmentum of the midbrain. It projects to the nucleus raphe magnus, and also contains descending autonomic tracts. The ascending pain and temperature fibers of the spinothalamic tract send information to the PAG via the spinomesencephalic tract (so-named because the fibers originate in the spine and terminate in the PAG, in the mesencephalon or midbrain).", "Grey matter. Rexed laminae groups the grey matter in the spinal cord according to its function.", "Grey matter. Grey matter (or gray matter) is a major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil (dendrites and myelinated as well as unmyelinated axons), glial cells (astrocytes and oligodendrocytes), synapses, and capillaries. Grey matter is distinguished from white matter, in that it contains numerous cell bodies and relatively few myelinated axons, while white matter contains relatively few cell bodies and is composed chiefly of long-range myelinated axon tracts.[1] The colour difference arises mainly from the whiteness of myelin. In living tissue, grey matter actually has a very light grey colour with yellowish or pinkish hues, which come from capillary blood vessels and neuronal cell bodies.[2]", "White matter. White matter forms the bulk of the deep parts of the brain and the superficial parts of the spinal cord. Aggregates of grey matter such as the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nucleus, nucleus accumbens) and brainstem nuclei (red nucleus, cranial nerve nuclei) are spread within the cerebral white matter.", "Grey matter. Grey matter is distributed at the surface of the cerebral hemispheres (cerebral cortex) and of the cerebellum (cerebellar cortex), as well as in the depths of the cerebrum (thalamus; hypothalamus; subthalamus, basal ganglia – putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens; septal nuclei), cerebellar (deep cerebellar nuclei – dentate nucleus, globose nucleus, emboliform nucleus, fastigial nucleus), brainstem (substantia nigra, red nucleus, olivary nuclei, cranial nerve nuclei).", "Grey matter. Grey matter contains most of the brain's neuronal cell bodies. The grey matter includes regions of the brain involved in muscle control, and sensory perception such as seeing and hearing, memory, emotions, speech, decision making, and self-control.[4]", "Posterior grey column. The posterior grey column (posterior cornu, dorsal horn, spinal dorsal horn posterior horn) of the spinal cord is one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord. It receives several types of sensory information from the body, including fine touch, proprioception, and vibration. This information is sent from receptors of the skin, bones, and joints through sensory neurons whose cell bodies lie in the dorsal root ganglion.", "Medulla oblongata. The lower part of the medulla, immediately lateral to the cuneate fasciculus, is marked by another longitudinal elevation known as the tuberculum cinereum. It is caused by an underlying collection of gray matter known as the spinal trigeminal nucleus. The gray matter of this nucleus is covered by a layer of nerve fibers that form the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve.", "White matter. The other main component of the brain is grey matter (actually tanned pink due to blood capillaries), which is composed of neurons. The substantia nigra is a third colored component found in the brain that appears darker due to higher levels of melanin in dopaminergic neurons than its nearby areas. Note that white matter can sometimes appear darker than grey matter on a microscope slide because of the type of stain used. Cerebral- and spinal white matter do not contain dendrites, neural cell bodies, or shorter axons,[citation needed] which can only be found in grey matter.", "Dorsal root ganglion. The dorsal root ganglia develop in the embryo from neural crest cells, not neural tube. Hence, the spinal ganglia can be regarded as gray matter of the spinal cord that became translocated to the periphery.", "Motor neuron. White matter tracts are bundles of axons and serve as means to propagate nerve impulses on a large scale. These are found in the spinal cord and appear white from the myelin surrounding axons. While these tracts exist for both efferent and afferent nerves, efferent nerves will carry signals down the spinal cord toward their effector target. These tracts also serve as the place of origin for lower motor neurons. There are seven major white matter motor tracts to be found in the spinal cord and are listed below:[11]", "White matter. White matter is the tissue through which messages pass between different areas of gray matter within the central nervous system. The white matter is white because of the fatty substance (myelin) that surrounds the nerve fibers (axons). This myelin is found in almost all long nerve fibers, and acts as an electrical insulation. This is important because it allows the messages to pass quickly from place to place.", "Development of the nervous system in humans. The spinal cord forms from the lower part of the neural tube. The wall of the neural tube consists of neuroepithelial cells, which differentiate into neuroblasts, forming the mantle layer (the gray matter). Nerve fibers emerge from these neuroblasts to form the marginal layer (the white matter).", "Human brain. The cerebrum, brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord are covered by three membranes called meninges. The membranes are the tough dura mater; the middle arachnoid mater and the more delicate inner pia mater. Between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater is the subarachnoid space, which contains the cerebrospinal fluid.[11] In the cerebral cortex, close to the basement membrane of the pia mater, is a limiting membrane called the glia limitans; this is the outermost membrane of the cortex.[12]\nThe living brain is very soft, having a gel-like consistency similar to soft tofu.[13] The cortical layers of neurons constitute much of the brain's grey matter, while the deeper subcortical regions of myelinated axons, make up the white matter.[14]", "Gate control theory. One area of the brain involved in reduction of pain sensation is the periaqueductal gray matter that surrounds the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct of the ventricular system. Stimulation of this area produces analgesia (but not total numbing) by activating descending pathways that directly and indirectly inhibit nociceptors in the laminae of the spinal cord.[7] Descending pathways also activate opioid receptor-containing parts of the spinal cord.", "Posterior grey column. The other four Rexed laminae are located in the other two grey columns in the spinal cord.", "Thalamus. The thalamus (from Greek θάλαμος, \"chamber\")[1] is the large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalon of the brain with several functions such as relaying of sensory signals, including motor signals, to the cerebral cortex,[2][3][page needed] and the regulation of consciousness, sleep, and alertness[4]", "Central nervous system. Microscopically, there are differences between the neurons and tissue of the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.[citation needed] The central nervous system is divided in white and gray matter.[8] This can also be seen macroscopically on brain tissue. The white matter consists of axons and oligodendrocytes, while the gray matter consists of neurons and unmyelinated fibers. Both tissues include a number of glial cells (although the white matter contains more), which are often referred to as supporting cells of the central nervous system. Different forms of glial cells have different functions, some acting almost as scaffolding for neuroblasts to climb during neurogenesis such as bergmann glia, while others such as microglia are a specialized form of macrophage, involved in the immune system of the brain as well as the clearance of various metabolites from the brain tissue.[4] Astrocytes may be involved with both clearance of metabolites as well as transport of fuel and various beneficial substances to neurons from the capillaries of the brain. Upon CNS injury astrocytes will proliferate, causing gliosis, a form of neuronal scar tissue, lacking in functional neurons.[4]", "Ramus communicans. The grey rami communicantes exist at every level of the spinal cord and are responsible for carrying postganglionic nerve fibres from the paravertebral ganglia to their destination, and for carrying those preganglionic nerve fibres which enter the paravertebral ganglia but do not synapse.[citation needed]", "Periaqueductal gray. Stimulation of the periaqueductal gray matter of the midbrain activates enkephalin-releasing neurons that project to the raphe nuclei in the brainstem. 5-HT (serotonin) released from the raphe nuclei descends to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord where it forms excitatory connections with the \"inhibitory interneurons\" located in Laminae II (aka the substantia gelatinosa). When activated, these interneurons release either enkephalin or dynorphin (endogenous opioid neurotransmitters), which bind to mu opioid receptors on the axons of incoming C and A-delta fibers carrying pain signals from nociceptors activated in the periphery. The activation of the mu-opioid receptor inhibits the release of substance P from these incoming first-order neurons and, in turn, inhibits the activation of the second-order neuron that is responsible for transmitting the pain signal up the spinothalamic tract to the ventroposteriolateral nucleus (VPL) of the thalamus. The nociceptive signal was inhibited before it was able to reach the cortical areas that interpret the signal as \"pain\" (such as the anterior cingulate). This is sometimes referred to as the Gate control theory of pain and is supported by the fact that electrical stimulation of the PAG results in immediate and profound analgesia.[1] The periaqueductal gray is also activated by viewing distressing images associated with pain.[2]", "Central nervous system. The brain (cerebrum as well as midbrain and hindbrain) consists of a cortex, composed of neuron-bodies constituting gray matter, while internally there is more white matter that form tracts and commissures. Apart from cortical gray matter there is also subcortical gray matter making up a large number of different nuclei.[8]" ]

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[ "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). An early demo version of the song, titled \"I'll Try Anything Once\" is included as one of the B-sides on the \"Heart in a Cage\" single. It features Valensi playing electric piano while Casablancas sings. Some of these lyrics were also present when The Strokes played the song for the BBC's Radio 1 Session, which aired on March 8, 2006.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). The soundtrack to Sofia Coppola's 2010 film Somewhere included \"I'll Try Anything Once\". The song also featured prominently in the film's trailer.[1] This version of the song also featured at the end of the 4th episode in series 4 of ITV's \"Secret Diary Of A Call Girl\".", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). \"You Only Live Once\" is the opening track and third single from First Impressions of Earth, the third album from American rock band The Strokes. They have performed this song on several programs, including The Tonight Show with Jay Leno and Late Night with Conan O'Brien.", "Haim (band). The band's live sound is different to that in the studio. Writing for NME, Hazel Sheffield said that Days Are Gone \"may confuse those won over by their raw, rocking live shows.\"[31] Recordings demonstrate the group's vocal pop style, while the group plays typical rock material such as Fleetwood Mac's \"Oh Well\" in concert.[14] The group's background in wedding bands from their days as Rockinhaim has led them to cover many different songs live and for radio sessions, including Miley Cyrus' \"Wrecking Ball\", Sheryl Crow's \"Strong Enough\" and the Strokes' \"I'll Try Anything Once\" (an early version of \"You Only Live Once\").[67][68] Este acts as the group's MC onstage, announcing most of the songs.[14] Many of her on stage antics, such as her blunt and coarse banter with the audience, frequent illeism and her amusing facial expressions (the \"bass face\") while playing are staples of the band's live shows and to a lesser extent, the band's public image.[9]", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). Released on July 24, 2006, the single hit No. 35 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart. It was listed at No. 16 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2006.[2]", "The Stroke. \"The Stroke\" is a song written and recorded by American rock artist Billy Squier. It was released in 1981 as the debut single from his Triple Platinum album Don't Say No.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). When the song was released as a single, The Strokes launched Operation You Only Live Once prompting all of their fans to call and request the single on radio stations. Their goal was to try to get out the word of the new single as fast as possible, by spreading the song by word of mouth. The Strokes Myspace page asked all users to put the song in their profile in an attempt to spread the single among the online community.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). A cover of Marvin Gaye's \"Mercy Mercy Me\" was recorded as a B-side and features Eddie Vedder of Pearl Jam sharing vocals with Julian Casablancas, while Josh Homme (of Queens of the Stone Age, Them Crooked Vultures and Eagles of Death Metal) plays drums alongside Fabrizio Moretti.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). The initial music video for the single was directed by Samuel Bayer, who had previously helmed the \"Heart in a Cage\" video, and features the band performing in an enclosed room as tobacco tar fills the room, implying that the room is their lungs. Julian Casablancas commented on the video saying, \"People tell us all the time we're gonna die from smoking, but you only live once.\" The video can be seen as a reference to The Rolling Stones' video of It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It), in which the band can be seen playing in a tent which eventually fills with bubbles. The video was set to premiere in the UK on May 24, 2006, but was delayed, due to last-minute edits, until June 21, 2006. Yahoo! premiered the video in the U.S. on June 27.", "Instant Crush. While working on the Tron: Legacy soundtrack in 2010, Daft Punk met with Casablancas in their studio through a mutual friend.[3] The duo, who are fans of Casablancas' band The Strokes, presented him with an instrumental demo track intended for use on Daft Punk's next album.[3] Casablancas responded favorably to the demo upon listening to it and subsequently agreed to provide accompanying vocals, forming the basis for what would become \"Instant Crush\".[4]", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). As of 2017, the music video has over 76 million views on YouTube.", "Last Nite. The song \"Last Nite\" was first recorded by the Strokes and released as the second single from the band's debut studio album, Is This It, in November 2001. The track was produced by Gordon Raphael and was issued on RCA Records with the song \"When It Started\" as the b-side.", "If I Could Do It All Over Again, I'd Do It All Over You. Sessions for the album started at Tangerine Studios on Balls Pond Road, Dalston, London in September 1969, with the band self-producing and Robin Sylvester engineering. Hastings recalled this caused problems, as every member of the band wanted their instrument to be louder than the others. The band recorded a few tracks, but these were abandoned while the band went out on tour, having become popular on the university circuit in Britain and Europe.[3] They eventually regrouped in February the following year[4] and recorded the songs on the album mostly live onto 8-track tape. The highlight of the sessions was a fourteen-minute jazz-rock piece assembled from various sections contributed by the band, called \"For Richard\".[5] Keyboardist David Sinclair composed the basic structure, while bassist Richard Sinclair wrote the main tune. Hastings invited his brother Jimmy to guest on saxophone and flute, which would become a regular feature of Caravan's studio work.[6]", "Light at the End of the Tunnel. \"Anything\", Love cover \"Alone Again Or\", \"Psychomania\" and \"In Dulce Decorum\" were all released on the Anything album in 1986.", "Last Nite. The song's opening guitar riff and overall structure is loosely similar to that of \"American Girl\" by Tom Petty and The Heartbreakers. In a 2006 interview with Rolling Stone, Petty commented, \"The Strokes took 'American Girl' [for 'Last Nite'], there was an interview that took place with them where they actually admitted it. That made me laugh out loud. I was like, 'OK, good for you.' It doesn't bother me\".[3] The Strokes were invited to be the opening act for several dates on Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers' 2006 tour.[4] The solo for the song was inspired by guitarist Freddie King.", "Can't We Try. Promo CD single", "The End Has No End. \"The End Has No End\" is a song by the indie rock band The Strokes, and the third single from Room on Fire. The B-side to the single is a cover of the Clash song \"Clampdown\", recorded from a live performance at London's Alexandra Palace. The Alexandra Palace performance was intended to be The Strokes' first live album, but was scrapped due to poor sound quality.", "You Only Live Once (The Strokes song). An alternate music video for the song, which was directed by Warren Fu, was premiered on the social media site imeem on May 29, 2007. It contains the very end of \"Ize of the World\" and it works as an homage to 2001: A Space Odyssey and as a video protest against war, hunger, and consumerism.", "If I Could Do It All Over Again, I'd Do It All Over You. Bonus tracks on 2001 CD rerelease", "A Change Is Gonna Come. Julian Casablancas, lead singer of popular rock band The Strokes, has cited \"A Change Is Gonna Come\" as his favorite song of all time.", "Judie Tzuke. In 2010, Tzuke released a thirty-year celebratory double-album titled Moon On a Mirrorball, via a new deal with Wrasse Records. The collection featured over thirty songs from her back catalogue, some re-recorded songs and some new songs, one of which, \"If (When You Go)\", was released as a single in April 2010, and the song \"Love You No More\" was made available as a 1-track promo single. Wrasse also re-released all of Tzuke's Big Moon back catalogue as downloads, and reissued her debut album Welcome To The Cruise on CD. A live album, October Road, was recorded from the tour and was released in March 2011 via Tzuke's official website. In 2011, she contributed to John Martyn's tribute album, Johnny Boy Would Have Loved This with a recording of Martyn's \"Hurt in Your Heart\".[2]", "The Kooks. Taking their name from the David Bowie song with the same title, Pritchard revealed the first song they ever played as a group was a cover version of the Strokes' song \"Reptilia\".[11] The Kooks recorded an EP demo, sending it out in search of gigs; they instead received offers from managers and record companies.[10] The band had only been together as a group for four months when they signed with Virgin Records,[10] after being spotted by several label scouts at the Brighton Free Butt Festival in 2005.[12] In an interview with musicOMH, Pritchard revealed \"It was really quick how it all happened, we did a demo with a mate of ours in London, which we sent off to one guy to get some gigs, and he turned out to be a manager. He rung us up and it kind of went from there.\"[11] The members of the band have since revealed that they felt they weren’t ready at the time, \"We were way too early to sign a record deal ... We were really young, we'd been together like two or three months, so we really didn't want to sign. But then we thought it's a really good opportunity and Virgin seemed like really cool people - they just seemed to really understand where we were coming from.,\"[11] said Pritchard, who has also complimented the space the record label allowed for the band to grow, \"They were patient with us and let us develop our style, whatever it was.\"[10]", "Tranquility Base Hotel & Casino. \"Star Treatment\", the album's opening track, begins with a reference to American indie rock band the Strokes' influence on the band's early work. On their influence, Turner commented: \"The arrival of the Strokes changed what music I was listening to, what shoes I was wearing. I grew my hair out and borrowed my mum’s blazer. I was a huge fan\".[25] Its chorus describes a fictional band named \"the Martini Police\".[3] The track's narrator expresses surprise that an acquaintance has never seen the science fiction film Blade Runner (1982). Turner has stated that this was based on real-life interactions, noting his interest in the fact that \"it goes beyond: 'What do you mean you’ve never seen Blade Runner?' and gets to: 'Oh my God, I envy you!'\".[2] Musically, the track's glam influences have been analogised to \"David Bowie descending on a lunar wedding\".[18] It has also been compared to the soul of Curtis Mayfield,[15] and incorporates piano, scattered drums and wood block accents, with Turner's \"debonaire\" vocal delivery being likened to rapping, as well as American dancer Fred Astaire.[26]", "I Can Hear the Heart Beating as One. Retrospectively, Beating as One is widely regarded as the band's best work. AllMusic reviewer Fred Thomas described it as \"a definitive master statement. The subtly shifting moods and wide, curious palette of stylistic exploration resulted in a lasting indie rock classic, essential listening and also something of a blueprint for much of what followed from like-minded bands for years to come.\"[7] The A.V. Club editor John Krewson remarked that the album marked the point when the band started to \"[dabble] on electronica\" with songs such as \"Moby Octopad\" and \"Autumn Sweater\", calling it \"an example of a band having great fun exploring the possibilities of pop music.\"[34] In his review of the band's 2003 album Summer Sun, Christgau praised Beating as One as Yo La Tengo's \"career album\", commenting that \"It's no challenge or insult to state categorically that they'll never top it.\"[35] In 2017, Pitchfork writer Marc Hogan described the record as the band's \"first true masterpiece.\"[36]", "Try a Little Tenderness. This version was heavily influential in the 1991 Irish movie The Commitments, at one point the band performing the song in the style of Otis Redding. It was also heavily sampled in the song \"Otis\", recorded by rappers Jay-Z and Kanye West, from their album Watch the Throne.", "Paul Williams (songwriter). In March 2012, it was announced that Williams had \"written a couple of tunes\" on Random Access Memories, the album of French electronic duo Daft Punk.[14] Williams co-wrote and sang vocals on \"Touch\" and co-wrote \"Beyond\". Williams and Nile Rodgers were the only featured artists to speak on behalf of Daft Punk at the 2014 Grammy Awards upon their receipt of the Album of the Year award for Random Access Memories. Williams told an anecdote about his work with Daft Punk: \"Back when I was drinking, I would imagine things that weren't there and I'd get frightened. Then I got sober and two robots called and asked me to make an album.\" He also communicated a \"message from the robots\" to the audience: \"As elegant and as classy as the Grammy has ever been is the moment when we saw those wonderful marriages and Same Love is fantastic. It is the height of fairness and love and the power of love for all people at any time in any combination. Captain Kirk uses the Enterprise. They sail on a ship called Generosity. They are generous in spirit...This is a labor of love and we are all so grateful.\"[15]", "Men's Needs. \"Tonight\", the seven-inch vinyl one B-side, came from the same sessions as the rest of the album, whereas \"Fairer Sex\", the CD single flip, found completion at Avatar Studios, New York City along with \"Be Safe\" and \"Shoot the Poets\". The acoustic version of \"I've Tried Everything\", the 7\" vinyl two b-side, came from a Board of Trade Building session in Portland, Oregon, with Joe Plummer providing additional percussion duties.[3]", "Heart (band). In 1977 Mushroom ran a full-page advertisement in Rolling Stone magazine showing the bare-shouldered Wilson sisters (as on the Dreamboat Annie album cover) with the suggestive caption, \"It was only our first time!\"[17] When a reporter suggested, backstage after a live appearance, that the sisters were sex partners, the infuriated Ann returned to her hotel room and began writing the lyrics to \"Barracuda\".[21] Heart broke its contract with Mushroom and signed a contract with CBS subsidiary Portrait Records, resulting in a prolonged legal battle with Siegel.[6] Mushroom released the partly completed Magazine in early 1977, just before Portrait released Little Queen.[6] Both sides attempted to prevent the other from releasing any Heart music.[21] A Seattle court forced Mushroom to recall the album so that Heart could remix tracks and add new vocals, and the album was re-released in 1978.[11] It peaked at No. 17 in the US, generating the single \"Heartless\", which reached No. 24 in the chart,[22] and eventually achieved platinum status.[23]", "Take Me to the River. In the liner notes for Once in a Lifetime: The Best of Talking Heads, singer David Byrne writes: \"Coincidence or conspiracy? There were at least four cover versions of this song out at the same time: Foghat, Bryan Ferry, Levon Helm, and us. More money for Mr Green's full gospel tabernacle church, I suppose. A song that combines teenage lust with baptism. Not equates, you understand, but throws them in the same stew, at least. A potent blend. All praise the mighty spurtin' Jesus.\" Live versions were included on Talking Heads' albums The Name of This Band is Talking Heads and Stop Making Sense.[3]", "Damon Albarn. In 2003, Albarn worked with the Garage Rock band The Strokes on their album Room on Fire. Producer, Gordon Rapheal claims that Damon was experimenting with backing vocals on the record. In the end Albarn's contributions did not make the record. “Well I guess the songs are just perfect the way they are”. And so no backing vocals were used.” said Damon stated.[99]", "Romeo Void. The sudden surge in popularity was disorienting to Iyall. \"It was frightening: we played a college in Santa Barbara, and there were all these blond people crowding the stage, and I thought 'These are the people who hated me in high school!' When you grow up being 'outside' – because I wasn't white, and I was fat, and always a bit of a free thinker – it was strange. It was like, 'uh-oh, I must be doing something wrong – they like me!'\"[2] Highly successful mainstream artists like Ann Wilson and Ric Ocasek were eager to meet the band. Ocasek extended an invitation to collaborate at his Synchro Sound studio in Boston.[2] The recording sessions in Boston resulted in the Never Say Never EP in January 1982. The title track became (arguably) their best-known song and has remained synonymous with the band ever since. The song was also featured in the 1984 romantic teen drama Reckless. Additionally, the success of the single directly led to 415 Records signing a deal with Columbia Records, which elevated the indie label's roster to major-label status.[1] Romeo Void released their second album, entitled Benefactor, in November 1982.[8] The album appeared at No. 119 on the Billboard 200.[9] Benefactor was noticeably more commercial sounding than previous endeavors; the music was made more danceable and swearing was removed on the song \"Never Say Never\".[8] The different approach in the sound resulted in comparisons to Blondie,[7] which Allmusic writer William Ruhlmann suggested was a deliberate attempt by Columbia.[8] Iyall stated that there was more pressure to write sexually laced lyrics for Benefactor: \"I do like to be provocative, and I definitely have access to my sexuality, and as a topic I find it ripe, but I wasn't ever going to be a sex-pot diva, so that was kind of odd.\" She also said there was pressure to produce more singles.[6]", "Stroke You Up. Information taken from Discogs.[3]" ]

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[ "Ribosome biogenesis. Ribosomes are the macromolecular machines that are responsible for mRNA translation into proteins. The eukaryotic ribosome, also called the 80S ribosome, is made up of two subunits – the large 60S subunit (which contains the 25S (in plants) or 28S (in mammals), 5.8S, and 5S rRNA) and a small 40S subunit (which contains the 18S rRNA and 33 R proteins) as well as 46 ribosomal proteins. The ribosomal proteins are encoded by ribosomal genes or rDNA.", "Ribosome biogenesis. The rRNA is transcribed, at a high speed, in the nucleolus, which contains all 45S rRNA genes. The only exception is the 5S rRNA which is transcribed outside the nucleolus. After transcription, the rRNAs associate with the ribosomal proteins, forming the two types of ribosomal subunits (large and small). These will later assemble in the cytosol to make a functioning ribosome. See nuclear export for more about the movement of the ribosomal subunits out of the nucleus.[4]", "RNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is the catalytic component of the ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the nucleolus, and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.[27] Nearly all the RNA found in a typical eukaryotic cell is rRNA.", "Ribosome. In Figure 5, both ribosomal subunits (small and large) assemble at the start codon (towards the 5' end of the RNA). The ribosome uses RNA that matches the current codon (triplet) on the mRNA to append an amino acid to the polypeptide chain. This is done for each triplet on the RNA, while the ribosome moves towards the 3' end of the mRNA. Usually in bacterial cells, several ribosomes are working parallel on a single RNA, forming what is called a polyribosome or polysome.", "Ribosome. The ribosome is a highly complex cellular machine. It is largely made up of specialized RNA known as ribosomal RNA (rRNA) as well as dozens of distinct proteins (the exact number varies slightly between species). The ribosomal proteins and rRNAs are arranged into two distinct ribosomal pieces of different size, known generally as the large and small subunit of the ribosome. Ribosomes consist of two subunits that fit together (Figure 2) and work as one to translate the mRNA into a polypeptide chain during protein synthesis (Figure 1). Because they are formed from two subunits of non-equal size, they are slightly longer in the axis than in diameter.", "Ribosome biogenesis. Eukaryotic cells co-transcribe three of the mature rRNA species though a series of steps. The maturation process of the rRNAs and the process of recruiting the r-proteins happen in precursor ribosomal particles, sometimes called pre-ribosomes, and takes place in the nucleolus, nucleoplasm, and cytoplasm. The yeast, S. cerevisiae is the eukaryotic model organism for the study of ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis starts in the nucleolus. There, the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S subunits of the rRNA are cotranscribed from ribosomal genes as a polycistronic transcript by RNA polymerase I,[2] and is called 35S pre-RNA.[1]", "Ribosome. In bacterial cells, ribosomes are synthesized in the cytoplasm through the transcription of multiple ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, the process takes place both in the cell cytoplasm and in the nucleolus, which is a region within the cell nucleus. The assembly process involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the four rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins.", "Ribosome. A ribosome is made from complexes of RNAs and proteins and is therefore a ribonucleoprotein. Each ribosome is divided into two subunits:", "Cell nucleus. In the first step of ribosome assembly, a protein called RNA polymerase I transcribes rDNA, which forms a large pre-rRNA precursor. This is cleaved into the subunits 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA.[26] The transcription, post-transcriptional processing, and assembly of rRNA occurs in the nucleolus, aided by small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) molecules, some of which are derived from spliced introns from messenger RNAs encoding genes related to ribosomal function. The assembled ribosomal subunits are the largest structures passed through the nuclear pores.[5]", "Ribosome. The ribosome (/ˈraɪbəˌsoʊm, -boʊ-/[1]) is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation). Ribosomes link amino acids together in the order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules. Ribosomes consist of two major components: the small ribosomal subunits, which reads the RNA, and the large subunits, which joins amino acids to form a polypeptide chain. Each subunit is composed of one or more ribosomal RNA (rRNA) molecules and a variety of ribosomal proteins (r-protein or rProtein[2][3][4]). The ribosomes and associated molecules are also known as the translational apparatus.", "Ribosome biogenesis. Ribosome biogenesis is the process of making ribosomes. In prokaryotic cells, it takes place in the cytoplasm with the transcription of many ribosome gene operons. In eukaryotes, it takes place both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleolus. It involves the coordinated function of over 200 proteins in the synthesis and processing of the three prokaryotic or four eukaryotic rRNAs, as well as assembly of those rRNAs with the ribosomal proteins. Most of the ribosomal proteins fall into various energy-consuming enzyme families including ATP-dependent RNA helicases, AAA-ATPases, GTPases, and kinases.[1] Ribosome biogenesis is a very tightly regulated process, and it is closely linked to other cellular activities like growth and division.[2]", "Eukaryotic ribosome (80S). The ribosome is a large and complex molecular machine that catalyzes the synthesis of proteins, referred to as translation. The ribosome selects aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) based on the sequence of a protein-encoding messenger RNA (mRNA) and covalently links the amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Ribosomes from all organisms share a highly conserved catalytic center. However, the ribosomes of eukaryotes (animals, plants, fungi, and many unicellular organisms with a nucleus) are much larger than prokaryotic (bacterial and archaeal) ribosomes and subject to more complex regulation and biogenesis pathways.[1][2] Eukaryotic ribosomes are also known as 80S ribosomes, referring to their sedimentation coefficients in Svedberg units, because they sediment faster than the prokaryotic (70S) ribosomes. Eukaryotic ribosomes have two unequal subunits, designated small subunit (40S) and large subunit (60S) according to their sedimentation coefficients. Both subunits contain dozens of ribosomal proteins arranged on a scaffold composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA). The small subunit monitors the complementarity between tRNA anticodon and mRNA, while the large subunit catalyzes peptide bond formation.", "Translation (biology). The ribosome molecules translate this code to a specific sequence of amino acids. The ribosome is a multisubunit structure containing rRNA and proteins. It is the \"factory\" where amino acids are assembled into proteins. tRNAs are small noncoding RNA chains (74-93 nucleotides) that transport amino acids to the ribosome. tRNAs have a site for amino acid attachment, and a site called an anticodon. The anticodon is an RNA triplet complementary to the mRNA triplet that codes for their cargo amino acid.", "Ribosome. Ribosomes are the workplaces of protein biosynthesis, the process of translating mRNA into protein. The mRNA comprises a series of codons that dictate to the ribosome the sequence of the amino acids needed to make the protein. Using the mRNA as a template, the ribosome traverses each codon (3 nucleotides) of the mRNA, pairing it with the appropriate amino acid provided by an aminoacyl-tRNA. Aminoacyl-tRNA contains a complementary anticodon on one end and the appropriate amino acid on the other. For fast and accurate recognition of the appropriate tRNA, the ribosome utilizes large conformational changes (conformational proofreading) .[35] The small ribosomal subunit, typically bound to an aminoacyl-tRNA containing the amino acid methionine, binds to an AUG codon on the mRNA and recruits the large ribosomal subunit. The ribosome contains three RNA binding sites, designated A, P and E. The A-site binds an aminoacyl-tRNA;[36] the P-site binds a peptidyl-tRNA (a tRNA bound to the peptide being synthesized); and the E-site (exit) binds a free tRNA before it exits the ribosome. Protein synthesis begins at a start codon AUG near the 5' end of the mRNA. mRNA binds to the P site of the ribosome first. The ribosome is able to identify the start codon by use of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the mRNA in prokaryotes and Kozak box in eukaryotes.", "Ribosomal RNA. The 3' end of the 16S ribosomal RNA (in a ribosome) binds to a sequence on the 5' end of mRNA called the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.", "Ribosomal RNA. These denote genes encoding for the proteins of the ribosome and are transcribed as mRNA, not rRNA.", "Ribosomal RNA. Translation is the net effect of proteins being synthesized by ribosomes, from a copy (mRNA) of the DNA template in the nucleus. One of the components of the ribosome (16S rRNA) base pairs complementary to a Shine–Dalgarno sequence upstream of the start codon in mRNA.", "Ribosomal RNA. Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms. It constitutes the predominant material within the ribosome, which is approximately 60% rRNA and 40% protein by weight, or 3/5 of ribosome mass. Ribosomes contain two major rRNAs and 50 or more proteins. The ribosomal RNAs form two subunits, the large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU). The LSU rRNA acts as a ribozyme, catalyzing peptide bond formation. rRNA sequences are widely used for working out evolutionary relationships among organisms, since they are of ancient origin and are found in all known forms of life.", "Nucleolus. In higher eukaryotes and plants, the situation is more complex, for the 5S DNA sequence lies outside the Nucleolus Organiser Region (NOR) and is transcribed by RNA pol III in the nucleoplasm, after which it finds its way into the nucleolus to participate in the ribosome assembly. This assembly not only involves the rRNA, but ribosomal proteins as well. The genes encoding these r-proteins are transcribed by pol II in the nucleoplasm by a \"conventional\" pathway of protein synthesis (transcription, pre-mRNA processing, nuclear export of mature mRNA and translation on cytoplasmic ribosomes). The mature r-proteins are then \"imported\" back into the nucleus and finally the nucleolus. Association and maturation of rRNA and r-proteins result in the formation of the 40S (small) and 60S (large) subunits of the complete ribosome. These are exported through the nuclear pore complexes to the cytoplasm, where they remain free or become associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, forming rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER).[16][17]", "Protein biosynthesis. Phenomena of amino acid assembly from RNA. The synthesis of proteins from RNA is known as translation. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm, where the ribosomes are located. Ribosomes are made of a small and large subunit that surround the mRNA. In translation, messenger RNA (mRNA) is decoded to produce a specific polypeptide according to the rules specified by the trinucleotide genetic code. This uses an mRNA sequence as a template to guide the synthesis of a chain of amino acids that form a protein. Translation proceeds in four phases: activation, initiation, elongation, and termination (all describing the growth of the amino acid chain, or polypeptide that is the product of translation).", "Ribosome. When a ribosome finishes reading an mRNA molecule, these two subunits split apart. Ribosomes are ribozymes, because the catalytic peptidyl transferase activity that links amino acids together is performed by the ribosomal RNA. Ribosomes are often associated with the intracellular membranes that make up the rough endoplasmic reticulum.", "Ribosome. The various ribosomes share a core structure, which is quite similar despite the large differences in size. Much of the RNA is highly organized into various tertiary structural motifs, for example pseudoknots that exhibit coaxial stacking. The extra RNA in the larger ribosomes is in several long continuous insertions, such that they form loops out of the core structure without disrupting or changing it.[15] All of the catalytic activity of the ribosome is carried out by the RNA; the proteins reside on the surface and seem to stabilize the structure.[15]", "RNA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) is the RNA that carries information from DNA to the ribosome, the sites of protein synthesis (translation) in the cell. The coding sequence of the mRNA determines the amino acid sequence in the protein that is produced.[27] However, many RNAs do not code for protein (about 97% of the transcriptional output is non-protein-coding in eukaryotes[28][29][30][31]).", "Ribosomal RNA. The ribosomal RNAs complex with proteins to form two subunits, the large subunit (LSU) and small subunit (SSU). During translation, mRNA is sandwiched between the small and large subunits, and the ribosome catalyzes the formation of a peptide bond between the two amino acids that are contained in the rRNA.", "Ribosome. Although catalysis of the peptide bond involves the C2 hydroxyl of RNA's P-site adenosine in a proton shuttle mechanism, other steps in protein synthesis (such as translocation) are caused by changes in protein conformations. Since their catalytic core is made of RNA, ribosomes are classified as \"ribozymes,\"[37] and it is thought that they might be remnants of the RNA world.[38]", "Ribosome. The sequence of DNA, which encodes the sequence of the amino acids in a protein, is copied into a messenger RNA chain. It may be copied many times into RNA chains. Ribosomes can bind to a messenger RNA chain and use its sequence for determining the correct sequence of amino acids. Amino acids are selected, collected, and carried to the ribosome by transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules, which enter one part of the ribosome and bind to the messenger RNA chain. It is during this binding that the correct translation of nucleic acid sequence to amino acid sequence occurs. For each coding triplet in the messenger RNA there is a distinct transfer RNA that matches and which carries the correct amino acid for that coding triplet. The attached amino acids are then linked together by another part of the ribosome. Once the protein is produced, it can then fold to produce a specific functional three-dimensional structure although during synthesis some proteins start folding into their correct form.", "Ribosomal RNA. In prokaryotes a small 30S ribosomal subunit contains the 16S ribosomal RNA.", "Lysosome. The production of lysosomal proteins suggests one method of lysosome sustainment. Lysosomal protein genes are transcribed in the nucleus. mRNA transcripts exit the nucleus into the cytosol, where they are translated by ribosomes. The nascent peptide chains are translocated into the rough endoplasmic reticulum, where they are modified. Upon exiting the endoplasmic reticulum and entering the Golgi apparatus via vesicular transport, a specific lysosomal tag, mannose 6-phosphate, is added to the peptides. The presence of these tags allow for binding to mannose 6-phosphate receptors in the Golgi apparatus, a phenomenon that is crucial for proper packaging into vesicles destined for the lysosomal system.[21]", "EF-Tu. Elongation factors are part of the mechanism that synthesizes new proteins through translation in the ribosome. Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) carry the individual amino acids that become integrated into a protein sequence, and have an anticodon for the specific amino acid that they are charged with. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic information that encodes the primary structure of a protein, and contains codons that code for each amino acid. The ribosome creates the protein chain by following the mRNA code and integrating the amino acid of an aminoacyl-tRNA (also known as a charged tRNA) to the growing polypeptide chain.[5][6]", "Ribosome. Eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes, each consisting of a small (40S) and large (60S) subunit. Their 40S subunit has an 18S RNA (1900 nucleotides) and 33 proteins.[20][21] The large subunit is composed of a 5S RNA (120 nucleotides), 28S RNA (4700 nucleotides), a 5.8S RNA (160 nucleotides) subunits and 46 proteins.[15][20][22]", "Central dogma of molecular biology. The mature mRNA finds its way to a ribosome, where it gets translated. In prokaryotic cells, which have no nuclear compartment, the processes of transcription and translation may be linked together without clear separation. In eukaryotic cells, the site of transcription (the cell nucleus) is usually separated from the site of translation (the cytoplasm), so the mRNA must be transported out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm, where it can be bound by ribosomes. The ribosome reads the mRNA triplet codons, usually beginning with an AUG (adenine−uracil−guanine), or initiator methionine codon downstream of the ribosome binding site. Complexes of initiation factors and elongation factors bring aminoacylated transfer RNAs (tRNAs) into the ribosome-mRNA complex, matching the codon in the mRNA to the anti-codon on the tRNA. Each tRNA bears the appropriate amino acid residue to add to the polypeptide chain being synthesised. As the amino acids get linked into the growing peptide chain, the chain begins folding into the correct conformation. Translation ends with a stop codon which may be a UAA, UGA, or UAG triplet.", "Ribosome biogenesis. There are 52 genes that encode the ribosomal proteins, and they can be found in 20 operons within prokaryotic DNA. Regulation of ribosome synthesis hinges on the regulation of the rRNA itself." ]

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[ "The Music Man. The first recording of \"Till There Was You\" was released before the original cast album version. Promotional copies of the 45 rpm single, Capitol P3847, were released on November 26, 1957, even before the Broadway production had premiered. Produced by Nelson Riddle, it featured his orchestra and 17-year-old vocalist Sue Raney.", "Till There Was You. In 1959, American singer Anita Bryant recorded the song \"Till There Was You\" and released it as a single. Her version reached number 30 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number 14 on the Cashbox Top 100.", "Till There Was You. \"Till There Was You\" is a song written by Meredith Willson for his musical play The Music Man (1957), and which also appeared in the 1962 movie version. It is sung by librarian Marian Paroo (Barbara Cook on Broadway, Shirley Jones in the film) to \"Professor\" Harold Hill (portrayed in the film by Robert Preston) toward the end of Act Two.", "Till There Was You. The song became a hit for Anita Bryant in 1959, reaching number 30 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and spending two weeks at number 14 on Cash Box. \"Till There Was You\" was covered by the Beatles in 1963.", "Till There Was You. The first recording of the song to be released was produced by Nelson Riddle, featuring his orchestra and 17-year-old vocalist Sue Raney. Promotional copies of the 45 rpm single, Capitol P3847, were released on November 26, 1957, even before the Broadway production had premiered on December 19, 1957, and a month ahead of the original cast album. An earlier version of this song, \"Till I Met You\", was first recorded by Eileen Wilson in 1950 and later appeared on the January 14, 1951 edition of The Big Show, performed by Fran Warren.", "Till There Was You. Live versions of the song were released on Live at the BBC (1994) and Anthology 1 (1995). A live performance of \"'Till There was You\" by Paul McCartney appears on his 2006 DVD The Space Within US.", "Till There Was You. \"Till There Was You\" was included on the Beatles albums With the Beatles (UK release, 1963) and Meet the Beatles! (US release, 1964), and was the only Broadway song that the group recorded.", "The Music Man. \"Till There Was You\" was covered by Anita Bryant in 1959 as a single for Carlton Records, reaching #30 on the Billboard Hot 100.[27] ln 1963, The Beatles covered \"Till There Was You\" on their second LP With the Beatles (issued on Meet the Beatles! in the United States). Willson's widow later told The New York Times that his estate made more money from the royalties of the Beatles' recordings of \"Till There Was You\" than it did from the musical.[28]", "Till There Was You. Paul McCartney was introduced to Peggy Lee's cover of the song through his older cousin, Bett Robbins, who would occasionally baby-sit the two McCartney brothers.[3] McCartney said: \"I had no idea until much later that it was from The Music Man.\"[4] \"'Till There Was You\" was part of the Beatles' pre-recording repertoire in 1962 and performed at the Star Club in Hamburg.[5] It became illustrative of the Beatles' versatility, proving they could appeal to all sections of an audience, moving easily from softer ballads to harder rock and roll, as in their appearance on November 4, 1963 at the Royal Variety Performance when they followed this song with \"Twist and Shout\".[6]", "Till There Was You. The band had included \"'Till There Was You\" as part of their unsuccessful audition for Decca Records in London on January 1, 1962,[5] and was the second of five songs the group performed during their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on February 9, 1964.[6][7]", "I Hadn't Anyone Till You. \"I Hadn't Anyone Till You\" is a popular song written by Ray Noble in 1938.[1]", "The Phantom of the Opera (1986 musical). In 1990 a Baltimore songwriter named Ray Repp filed a lawsuit alleging that the title song from Phantom was based on a song that he wrote in 1978 called \"Till You\".[76] After eight years of litigation – including an unsuccessful countersuit by Lloyd Webber claiming that \"Till You\" was itself a plagiarism of \"Close Every Door\" from Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat[77] – the jury found in Lloyd Webber's favour.[78]", "I Hadn't Anyone Till You. Tony Martin sang it with the Ray Noble band in 1938, reaching number four in the charts over a period of twelve weeks.", "Lee Clayton. His most successful album was 1979's Naked Child. The songs' style was reminiscent of Bob Dylan and the single, \"I Ride Alone\", became very notable. In 1979, he went on a big world tour, which became a huge success. In 1981 he released his fourth studio album, The Dream Goes On, which had a harder sound than his previous work.[1] After that he published two autobiographical books and, in 1990, he released a live album entitled Another Night, which was recorded in September 9, 1988, at the Cruise Cafe, Oslo, Norway. Also in 1990, The Highwaymen, an outlaw country supergroup comprising Johnny Cash, Waylon Jennings, Willie Nelson and Kris Kristofferson, had a minor hit with a song of his, \"Silver Stallion\", which had previously appeared on Border Affair (1978). In 1994 he released the album Spirit of the Twilight. Cat Power also covered \"Silver Stallion\" on the popular 2008 cover album Jukebox. In 2008 a new acoustic song \"We The People\" was \"released\" on YouTube. Today Clayton's career has largely gone silent.", "Andrew Lloyd Webber. The songwriter Ray Repp claimed in a court case that Lloyd Webber had stolen a melody from his own song \"Till You\", but the court ruled in Lloyd Webber's favour.[43]", "James \"J.T.\" Taylor. In 1988, Taylor amicably left Kool & the Gang to pursue a solo career and has released four solo albums to date. In 1989, he released his first solo album entitled Master of the Game which produced several hits including the album's first single, \"All I Want Is Forever\", a duet with Regina Belle. Another single, \"The Promised Land\" was included on 1989's Ghostbusters 2 soundtrack.", "Till There Was You. In 2016, the BBC announced that a \"holy grail\" Beatles record would be auctioned in March of that year. A private pressing, it features two songs, \"Hello Little Girl\" and \"Till There Was You\" and was valued at over £10,000.[8] The disc eventually sold for well over its estimated value - £77,500.[9]", "James Taylor. Taylor achieved his breakthrough in 1970 with the No. 3 single \"Fire and Rain\" and had his first No. 1 hit the following year with \"You've Got a Friend\", a recording of Carole King's classic song. His 1976 Greatest Hits album was certified Diamond and has sold 12 million US copies. Following his 1977 album, JT, he has retained a large audience over the decades. Every album that he released from 1977 to 2007 sold over 1 million copies. He enjoyed a resurgence in chart performance during the late 1990s and 2000s, when he recorded some of his most-awarded work (including Hourglass, October Road, and Covers). He achieved his first number-one album in the US in 2015 with his recording Before This World.[4]", "The Phantom of the Opera (Andrew Lloyd Webber song). Ray Repp sued Andrew Lloyd Webber over the main melody of Phantom, claiming that it was based on his folk song \"Till You\" which he recorded in 1978. Webber won the case however, with the counter-claim that the section of \"Phantom\" in question was actually based on Webber's \"Close Every Door\", which was written before Till You. Repp ultimately lost the case.", "It Had to Be You (song). \"It Had to Be You\" is a popular song written by Isham Jones, with lyrics by Gus Kahn.[2] It was first published in 1924.", "Meredith Willson. Three songs from The Music Man have become American standards: \"Seventy-Six Trombones,\" \"Gary, Indiana,\" and \"Till There Was You.\" The last was recorded by The Beatles for their 1963 UK album With The Beatles. (The album's American equivalent, Meet The Beatles!, was issued in 1964.)", "James Taylor. He is known for his popular covers of other people's songs, such as \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)\" and the aforementioned \"You've Got A Friend\", as well as originals such as \"Fire and Rain\".", "There You'll Be. \"There You'll Be\" is a love song by American country pop recording artist Faith Hill. Written by Diane Warren, produced by Trevor Horn and Byron Gallimore, and arranged by David Campbell, it was released in May 2001 and was featured on the Pearl Harbor soundtrack. The song was also featured on Hill's greatest hits albums There You'll Be and The Hits.", "Paul Williams (songwriter). Williams has worked on the music of a number of films, including writing and singing on Phantom of the Paradise (1974) in which he also starred and earned an Oscar nomination for the music, and Bugsy Malone (1976). Williams also wrote and sang the song \"Where Do I Go Frome Here,\" which was used in the end credits of the Michael Cimino-directed film Thunderbolt and Lightfoot, which starred Clint Eastwood and Jeff Bridges. He contributed lyrics to the Cinderella Liberty song \"You're So Nice to Be Around\" with music by John Williams, and it earned them an Oscar nomination. Along with Ascher and Rupert Holmes, he wrote the music and lyrics to A Star Is Born (also 1976), with Barbra Streisand and Kris Kristofferson. The love ballad, \"Evergreen\", (lyrics by Paul Williams, melody by Barbra Streisand) from the movie A Star Is Born won the Academy Award for Best Original Song and a Grammy for Song of the Year. He has been nominated on other occasions for an Academy Award[9] and several Golden Globe Awards.[10]", "James Taylor. However, James Taylor's artistic fortunes spiked again in 1975 when the Gold album Gorilla reached #6 and provided one of his biggest hit singles, a cover version of Marvin Gaye's \"How Sweet It Is (To Be Loved by You)\", featuring wife Carly on backing vocals and reached #5 in America and #1 in Canada. On the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart, the track also reached the top, and the follow-up single, the feelgood \"Mexico\" also reached the Top 5 of that list. A well-received album, Gorilla showcased Taylor's electric, lighter side that was evident on Walking Man. However, it was arguably a more consistent and fresher-sounding Taylor, with classics such as \"Mexico\", \"Wandering\" and \"Angry Blues\". It also featured a song about his daughter Sally, \"Sarah Maria\".", "There's Something on Your Mind. The song has been recorded many times since then by Big Jay McNeely himself with various collaborators, along with Freddy Fender, B.B. King, Albert King, Etta James, Gene Vincent, Baby Lloyd Stallworth (of the Famous Flames), the Jolly Jacks (who parodied the violence of the Marchan recording), and others.", "Carole King. During the sixties, with King writing the music and Goffin the lyrics, the two wrote a string of classic songs for a variety of artists.[32] King and Goffin were also the songwriting team behind Don Kirshner's Dimension Records, which produced songs including \"Chains\" (later covered by the Beatles), \"The Loco-Motion\" for their babysitter Little Eva, and \"It Might as Well Rain Until September\" which King recorded herself in 1962—her first hit.[33] King would record a few follow-up singles in the wake of \"September\", but none of them sold much, and her already sporadic recording career was entirely abandoned (albeit temporarily) by 1966.", "Tears for Fears. The album was a top 10 hit in the UK, France and Italy, and top 30 in several other countries. Although it charted considerably lower in the US than the previous two studio albums (no. 45), it still earned a Gold disc there for sales of over half a million copies. The singles \"Cold\", \"Elemental\" and \"Goodnight Song\" met with minor chart success in certain territories. The lyrics to \"Cold\" contained a scathing reference to the band's former manager, Paul King, in which Orzabal sings \"King got caught with his fingers in the till. Where's your calculator – did you leave it in your will?\"", "Josh Tillman. In 2006, the independent label Fargo Records released Tillman's first properly distributed solo album, Minor Works, and reissued I Will Return and Long May You Run as a two-disc set the same year. In 2007, Yer Bird Records released his more elaborately arranged fourth album, Cancer and Delirium.[25]", "ABBA. Björn Ulvaeus (born 25 April 1945 in Gothenburg, Sweden) also began his musical career at 18 (as a singer and guitarist), when he fronted the Hootenanny Singers, a popular Swedish folk–skiffle group. Ulvaeus started writing English-language songs for his group, and even had a brief solo career alongside. The Hootenanny Singers and the Hep Stars sometimes crossed paths while touring. In June 1966, Ulvaeus and Andersson decided to write a song together. Their first attempt was \"Isn't It Easy to Say\", a song later recorded by the Hep Stars. Stig Anderson was the manager of the Hootenanny Singers and founder of the Polar Music label.[17] He saw potential in the collaboration, and encouraged them to write more. The two also began playing occasionally with the other's bands on stage and on record, although it was not until 1969 that the pair wrote and produced some of their first real hits together: \"Ljuva sextital\" (\"Sweet Sixties\"), recorded by Brita Borg, and the Hep Stars' 1969 hit \"Speleman\" (\"Fiddler\").", "Creative Source. Creative Source was formed in 1972 by several veterans of the West Coast recording studios. They were managed by Ron Townson, who was a member of The Fifth Dimension.[1] Their first chart success was 1973's \"You Can't Hide Love\", but their biggest hit came the following year, a cover of the Bill Withers tune \"Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?\". Four albums were issued by the band in three years, but their later singles were less successful, and by 1977, after having lost their recording contract, the group disbanded.", "Until It's Time for You to Go. \"Until It's Time for You to Go\" is a song from the 1965 album Many a Mile by Canadian First Nations singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie. It was a UK Top 20 hit for British group The Four Pennies in 1965, and for Elvis Presley in 1972,[1] and a US Hot 100 single for Neil Diamond in 1970 and New Birth featuring future Supremes member Susaye Greene in 1973. Andy Williams released a version in 1972 on his album, Love Theme from \"The Godfather\"." ]

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[ "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. The children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Daniel Handler by the pen-name of Lemony Snicket. The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents, Bertrand and Beatrice, are killed in an arsonous structure fire and their multiple escapes from their murderous relative Count Olaf, who is after their family fortune.", "Portal:Lemony Snicket. A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of gothic children's novels which follows the turbulent lives of Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire after their parents' death in an arsonous house fire. The children are placed in the custody of their removed cousin Count Olaf, who begins to abuse them and openly plots to embezzle their inheritance. After the Baudelaires are removed from his care by their parents' estate executor, Arthur Poe, Olaf begins to doggedly hunt the children down, bringing about the serial slaughter and holocaust of a multitude of characters.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Mr. and Mrs. Quagmire are the parents of Duncan, Isadora, and Quigley Quagmire who are on the fire-fighting side of the V.F.D. They perished in the fire at their home after getting their children to safety.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Violet Baudelaire, Klaus Baudelaire, and Sunny Baudelaire live with various guardians following the death of Mr. and Mrs. Baudelaire. After a brief stay with Mr. Poe, the children are shuffled from one legal guardian to another until The Vile Village when they run away from the Village of Fowl Devotees and become fugitives for the \"murder\" of Count Olaf. From this point on, there is always someone (or in some cases several someones) who takes care of them.", "A Series of Unfortunate Events. A Series of Unfortunate Events is a series of thirteen children's novels by Lemony Snicket, the pen name of American author Daniel Handler. Although they are classified \"children's novels,\" the books often have a dark, mysterious feeling to them, so there is no maximum age. The books follow the turbulent lives of Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire. After their parents' death in a fire, the children are placed in the custody of a murderous relative, Count Olaf, who attempts to steal their inheritance and, later, orchestrates numerous disasters with the help of his accomplices as the children attempt to flee. As the plot progresses, the Baudelaires gradually confront further mysteries surrounding their family and deep conspiracies involving a secret society known as V.F.D., with connections to Olaf, their parents, and many other family relatives.. The series is narrated by Lemony Snicket, who dedicates each of his works to his deceased love interest, Beatrice, and often attempts to dissuade the reader from reading the Baudelaires' story.", "A Series of Unfortunate Events. The series follows the adventures of three siblings called the Baudelaire orphans. Snicket explains that very few positive things happen to the children. Violet Baudelaire, the eldest, is fourteen when the series begins and is an inventor. Klaus Baudelaire, the middle child, is twelve when the series begins; he loves books and is an extraordinary speed reader with a first-class eidetic memory. Sunny Baudelaire is a baby in the beginning of the series, and enjoys biting things with her abnormally large teeth; she develops a love for cooking later in the series.", "A Series of Unfortunate Events (TV series). When a mysterious fire kills their parents, the Baudelaire children are placed into the care of their distant relative Count Olaf, an actor who is determined to claim the family fortune for himself. Following Olaf's failed attempt, the Baudelaires set out to elude Olaf and uncover the mystery behind a secret society from their parents' past.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Josephine Anwhistle or Aunt Josephine is Violet, Klaus and Sunny Baudelaire's second cousin's sister-in-law, and becomes their guardian in The Wide Window.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Jacques Snicket is the older brother of Lemony Snicket and the twin brother of Kit Snicket as well as a member of the V.F.D. At some point during his work, he lost contact with Lemony and remained close to Kit.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Quigley Quagmire is the brother of Duncan and Isadora Quagmire, who supposedly died in the fire which killed his parents.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Following the death of their parents, the Baudelaire orphans are placed under his care, and he proves to be a horrible guardian who is only interested in the Baudelaire fortune left behind by their mom and dad. It is implied that he gained his dislike of the Baudelaire and Snicket families after the Baudelaire children's parents, perhaps with the help of Kit and Lemony Snicket, killed his parents, orphaning him at a seemingly young age. After Olaf loses his guardianship over the children, he begins a series of attempts to steal the fortune by wearing various disguises and murdering Gustav Sebald, Montgomery Montgomery, Josephine Anwhistle, Jacques Snicket, and Olivia Calliban as well as attempting to murder Charles and countless other characters.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Edgar and Albert are Mr. Poe's two sons. They are only seen in The Bad Beginning when the Baudelaires stay with Mr. Poe following their parents' death. The two brothers are unwelcoming to the Baudelaire orphans. Their names are apparent allusions to Edgar Allan Poe, though they may also be derived from Edgar Albert Guest (who is mentioned in The Grim Grotto).", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Bertrand Baudelaire is the father of Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire, the husband of Beatrice, and a V.F.D. member. Throughout the series, the children remember anecdotes about their father, such as him cooking at a dinner party. He was a childhood friend of Beatrice and a good friend of Dewey Denouement.[1] As a member of the V.F.D., Bertrand helped train the V.F.D. lions to become the Volunteer Feline Detectives.[2] Count Olaf implies that Bertrand and Beatrice murdered Olaf's parents. At the beginning of the series, Bertrand died in the fire that destroyed the Baudelaire Mansion.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. In the TV series, Geraldine Julienne had written different articles in the series like the loss of the Baudelaire children's parents, them being raised by Count Olaf, and the accident at the Lucky Smells Lumbermill.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. In the TV series, Edgar and Albert are played by Kaniel Jacob-Cross and Jack Forrester, respectively. Their unwelcoming attitude goes so far to the point that they both think the Baudelaires caused the fire themselves. Lemony Snicket reveals that later in life one became a banker like their father while the other lives in a cave, but that both think that \"the other has it better.\"", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. In The Grim Grotto, Fiona meets him and it is revealed that they are siblings: Captain Widdershins is his stepfather. He joined Olaf and left Captain Widdershins after burning down Anwhistle Aquatics and killing Gregor Anwhistle. He also joined Count Olaf because Captain Widdershins always said \"Aye!\" which annoyed him. Fiona convinces him to steal Olaf's submarine. Their fate is unknown as Kit Snicket reports in The End that she abandoned them in the face of the \"Great Unknown.\" It is also revealed that when he had to wait, he played a card game he made up named Fernald's Folly.", "Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events. Fourteen-year-old inventor Violet Baudelaire, her twelve-year-old brother Klaus, and their baby sister Sunny are orphaned when a fire burns down their house and kills their parents. Mr. Poe, the family's banker, manages their fortune and leaves them in the care of their closest relative Count Olaf, who is only interested in obtaining their fortune despite Violet not being the legal age of eighteen to obtain it. He also forces them to work through grueling house chores and belittles them.", "Portal:Lemony Snicket/Selected article. The children's novel series A Series of Unfortunate Events features a large cast of characters created by Lemony Snicket. The series follows the turbulent lives of the Baudelaire orphans after their parents, Bertrand and Beatrice, are killed in an arsonous structure fire. As such, many of the characters (including the series's primary antagonist, Count Olaf) are introduced as legal guardians to the Baudelaires until custody is either legally removed, voluntarily rescinded, or terminated by death. Numerous characters are also members of the secret organization V.F.D. or accomplices of Count Olaf. The series's protagonists, Violet, Klaus, and Sunny Baudelaire, are the talented and resourceful orphans of a wealthy family secretly involved in vigilantism. Although the children depend on the aid of their parents' estate executor Arthur Poe in the outset, they swiftly begin to rely on one another. The series's antagonist, Count Olaf, is a professional actor and former member of V.F.D. Along with the assistance of his theater troupe and his girlfriend Esmé Squalor, the count repeatedly attempts to embezzle the Baudelaires' inheritance, bringing about the serial slaughter and holocaust of a multitude of characters. Eventually the children are falsely accused in Count Olaf's murder, forcing them to run away and hide in the boondocks. As the Baudelaires' actions become less and less conventional, they are faced with the ethical paradox of becoming like Olaf in order to escape him. The series is narrated by Lemony Snicket (the nom de plume of Daniel Handler), who plays a major role in the plot himself. Although the series is given no distinct location in the English-speaking world, other real persons appear in the narrative as well, including the series's illustrator, Brett Helquist, and Daniel Handler himself.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. After discovering that the Baudelaire siblings aren't actually freaks, Hugo appears specially bitter towards them at The Slippery Slope.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. A later book mentions an \"Olivia Caliban\", who may be Olivia and who thus may be the sister of Friday's father Thursday Caliban.[citation needed]", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Klaus Baudelaire is one of the three orphans of the series who appears in all thirteen novels. Klaus is the middle child of the Baudelaire orphans; he has an older sister named Violet and a younger sister named Sunny. His sister, Violet, is the family inventor, Sunny is the family biter, and he is the researcher. He is twelve years old at the beginning of the series and is fourteen by the end of the series. Klaus is the \"bookworm\" of the family, and his love of books has often helped him save himself and his sisters from Count Olaf. He tries to research their way out of the Marvellous Marriage in The Bad Beginning, helped prove that Stephano was really Count Olaf in disguise in The Reptile Room, and decoded Aunt Josephene's note, leading him and his siblings to Curdled Cave. In The Ersatz Elevator, Klaus helped Violet and Sunny find out what V.F.D means. He also found his book knowledge important when he and his siblings were accused of killing \"Count Olaf.\" From The Vile Village onwards, the Baudelaire orphans use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf's group. Klaus' disguises include:", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. In The Reptile Room, Gustav was mentioned to be the assistant of Montgomery Montgomery. When Count Olaf arrived at his house in the disguise of Stephano, Montgomery was informed that Gustav has suddenly and suspiciously resigned. Gustav's movie \"Zombies in the Snow\" was seen at the local theater by the Baudelaire children, Montgomery, and Stephano. The coded message that Montgomery couldn't understand was \"Attention! Hidden in the snowman is a survivor of the fire. Meet us in the town where this film takes place. Bring the three children. Your new assistant is not one of us. Beware!\" Following Gustav's death, his sister Sally is managing his estate.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Duncan, Isadora, and Quigley Quagmire are triplets who help the Baudelaires on some of their adventures.", "A Series of Unfortunate Events. The children are orphaned after their parents are killed in a fire at the family mansion. In The Bad Beginning, they are sent to live with a distant relative named Count Olaf after briefly living with Mr. Poe, a banker in charge of the orphans' affairs. The siblings discover that Count Olaf intends to get his hands on the enormous Baudelaire fortune, which Violet is to inherit when she reaches 18 years of age. In the first book, he attempts to marry Violet, pretending it is the storyline for his latest play, but the plan falls through when Violet uses her non-dominant hand to sign the marriage document.[20]", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Beatrice Baudelaire II is the daughter of Kit Snicket,[3] who dies after giving birth. The infant Beatrice is adopted by the Baudelaire orphans, hence the use of the surname Baudelaire. At age one, \"she looks very much like her mother,\" according to Chapter Fourteen. The younger Beatrice was named for the Baudelaires' mother Beatrice, at Kit's request and in keeping with the tradition of naming children after deceased friends.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Justice Strauss is a judge who lives next door to Count Olaf. The Baudelaires initially take a liking to her as soon as they meet in The Bad Beginning and her library also comes in handy in the foiling of Count Olaf's plot to get the Baudelaire fortune. At the purported mock wedding that Olaf sets up at the theater, she plays the judge and unwittingly almost marries Violet to Olaf, legally. At the end of the book following Count Olaf and his troupe getting away, she offers to look after the Baudelaires only for it to not be possible due to legal obligations on the part of Mr. Poe.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Frank Denouement and Ernest Denouement are identical brothers of Dewey and are managers of the Hotel Denouement who oversee the maintenance of the hotel and the needs of the guests. Frank is a \"volunteer\" while Ernest is a \"villain\" who used to be part of Count Olaf's theater troupe. The Baudelaires work in the hotel as concierges and meet the managers on several occasions, but fail to tell Frank and Ernest apart.", "A Series of Unfortunate Events. As the books continue, the children uncover more of the mystery surrounding their parents' deaths and find that their parents were in a secret organization, V.F.D., along with several other adults they meet. After the acronym first appears at the end of The Austere Academy, the siblings find several red herrings that share the initials. They then start to meet \"volunteers\" and gradually learn about the organization, although they discover several mysteries that are never explained. In The End, the children find a diary written by their parents that answers many of their questions but also raises many more. The children leave with another young orphan on a boat from a remote island at the end of the series, their fates left unknown.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. Duncan and Isadora Quagmire are students at Prufrock Preparatory School in The Austere Academy. They are named after Isadora Duncan, a dancer who was strangled to death when her scarf became caught in the wheel of her car.[10] They become friends with the Baudelaires: both families lost their parents in a fire and will inherit a large fortune upon turning 18. The Quagmires attempt to help the Baudelaires work out Count Olaf's plan, but end up being kidnapped by him.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. In The Penultimate Peril, she and her siblings pose as concierges until Dewey Denouement is accidentally killed during a confrontation with Count Olaf. Justice Strauss states to the crowd that they will have a blindfolded trial to determine who is guilty and who is not. However, the other two judges are discovered by the Baudelaires to be the Man With a Beard But No Hair and the Woman With Hair But No Beard. Violet and her siblings see Strauss being kidnapped, but nobody else does since the entire courtroom is blindfolded. Following Olaf, Violet and her siblings help him unlock the laundry room to get the sugar bowl. Using three clues, they break in, but find that the sugar bowl is not there. Angered, Olaf declares that he is going to the roof to get the Medusoid Mycelium which he will spread through the hotel, kill everyone, and escape by jumping off the roof in a boat. Violet, realizing his plan is foolish, agrees to help. Klaus is surprised that she would do this but Violet knows that they need an escape route, and going with Olaf may be the only way. Then, Sunny abruptly suggests that they burn down the Hotel, and Olaf agrees. On the roof, Klaus reveals that the sugar bowl fell into the pond and not into the laundry room. Here, Violet deduces that Sunny suggested they set the Hotel on fire as a signal so that noble people like Kit, Hector and the Quagmires would cancel the meeting. As Sunny says \"the last safe place is safe no more\". Violet makes a chute for the boat to safely make it off the building, and they use the giant spatulas used for flipping sunbathers as oars. Justice Strauss attempts to stop the Baudelaires leaving on the boat, but Sunny bites her hand and makes her let go. The boat floats safely down to the ocean, and the Baudelaires are left \"in the same boat\" as Count Olaf. Flames engulf the Hotel Denouement and Count Olaf gets away yet again.", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. When Violet and her siblings were accused of killing \"Count Olaf,\" they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf's group. Violet's disguises include:", "List of A Series of Unfortunate Events characters. When Sunny and her siblings were accused of killing \"Count Olaf,\" they use a series of disguises while evading the authorities and Count Olaf's group. Sunny's disguises include:" ]

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[ "MS Liberty of the Seas. MS Liberty of the Seas is a Royal Caribbean International Freedom-class cruise ship which entered regular service in May 2007. It was initially announced that she would be called Endeavour of the Seas, however this name was later changed.[4] The 15-deck ship accommodates 3,634 passengers served by 1,360 crew. She was built in 18 months at the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, where her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, was also built. Initially built at 154,407 gross tonnage (GT), she joined her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels then ever built. She is 1,111.9 ft (338.91 m) long, 184 ft (56.08 m) wide, and cruises at 21.6-knot (40 km/h; 25 mph).", "Royal Caribbean International. Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.", "MS Independence of the Seas. MS Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by the Royal Caribbean cruise line that entered service in April 2008. The 15-deck ship can accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew. She was built in the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, builder of Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas, her sister ships of the Freedom class. At 154,407 GT,[4] she joined Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels yet built. She is 1,112 feet (339 m) long, and typically cruises at 21.6 knots (40.0 km/h; 24.9 mph). The vessel operates from Fort Lauderdale, Florida during the Fall and Winter months and Southampton, England during the Spring and Summer months.", "MS Freedom of the Seas. MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. It is the namesake of Royal Caribbean's Freedom class, and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew [4] on fifteen passenger decks. Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship ever built (by gross tonnage) from 2006 until construction of the Royal Caribbean International's Oasis-class ships in late 2009.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. The DreamWorks Experience was first introduced on the Oasis class ship, Allure of the Seas,[15] on December 12, 2010, and later on the Oasis class ship Oasis of the Seas on February 26, 2011 and Freedom of the Seas on March 27, 2011.[8]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. On April 19, 2007, Liberty of the Seas was delivered to parent company Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.[5] On April 22, 2007 she made her first port of call Southampton, on a promotional visit.[6] She arrived at Cape Liberty Cruise Port on May 3, 2007.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. In January 2011, Liberty of the Seas underwent renovations to include features introduced on Oasis class ships that have proven to be popular. Features of this renovation included an outdoor video screen in the main pool area and the inclusion of the DreamWorks Experience.[8]", "Royal Caribbean International. The Freedom-class ships are lengthened versions of the second-generation Voyager-class ship, and contain a 400-foot (120 m) Royal Promenade mall running much of the length of the ship, an ice skating rink, basketball court, several pools, a mini-golf course, and a rock wall. New features on the Freedom class include the FlowRider surfing simulator, the H2O Zone kids water play area, a boxing ring, and hot tubs cantilevered over the side of the ship. At 154,407 gross tons, the Freedom-class ships were the largest ships in the world from 2006, until the debut of the Oasis class in 2009.[52]", "MS Harmony of the Seas. The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a third ship of the type in December 2012.[1] Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016,[15] and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016.[5][16] After a construction time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire, viewed by some 70,000 people.[17] Her first destination was Southampton, England, although her home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic.[18]", "Royal Caribbean International. Royal Caribbean International was founded as Royal Caribbean Cruise Line in 1968 by three Norwegian shipping companies: Anders Wilhelmsen & Company, I.M. Skaugen & Company, and Gotaas Larsen. The newly created line put its first ship, the Song of Norway, into service two years later. A year later, the line added the Nordic Prince to the fleet and in 1972 it added the Sun Viking. In 1978, Song of Norway became Royal Caribbean's first passenger ship to be lengthened. This was accomplished via the insertion of an 85-foot (26 m) section to the vessel's severed center. Following the success of this work, Nordic Prince was also stretched in 1980. During the stretching on both ships, their sterns were modified. However the Sun Viking wasn't stretched or modified and remained the same size and shape. Royal Caribbean received widespread global recognition when in 1982 it launched the Song of America, over twice the size of Sun Viking and at the time the third largest passenger vessel afloat (after the Norway and the Queen Elizabeth 2).", "MS Liberty of the Seas. Liberty of the Seas is the second of the Freedom class vessels. A third ship, Independence of the Seas, was delivered in April 2008. In 2009, the first in a new Oasis Class of ships measuring 220,000 gross tons displaced the Freedom class as the world's largest passenger ships.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. Liberty of the Seas docked in Labadee, Haiti, One of Royal Caribbean's private islands.", "Royal Caribbean International. In 1986, Royal Caribbean leased a coastal property in Haiti which it used as a private destination for its guests.[4] This destination is now called Labadee. After a corporate restructuring in 1988, the line launched Sovereign of the Seas, the largest passenger vessel afloat at the time.[citation needed] Two years later, Nordic Empress and Viking Serenade were also entered into their service line. In the same year, Royal Caribbean purchased a second private destination, Little Stirrup Cay, an island in the Bahamas, which they rechristened \"Coco Cay\".", "MS Liberty of the Seas. In February 2016, Liberty of the Seas again underwent renovations, adding additional cabins atop the front of the ship, introducing new restaurants, and making enhancements to the pool deck. After the enhancements, Liberty of the Seas was 155,889 gross tonnage (GT), making her larger than the other two Freedom-class ships, and the 6th largest cruise ship in the world, beating the Norwegian Epic by 16 GT.[11][12]", "MS Ovation of the Seas. Ovation of the Seas, the third vessel in the Quantum class, was laid down by Meyer Werft on 5 March 2015. Before the first piece of keel was lowered into place, Adam Goldstein, President and COO of Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd., the holding company of RCI, placed a lucky coin in the dock. The keel will eventually be formed of 74 blocks.[9] The first section was launched on June 20, 2015.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. Liberty of the Seas, like her sister ships Freedom of the Seas & Independence of the Seas, features extensive sports facilities including the FlowRider onboard wave generator for surfing, an interactive water play area for children, a full-sized volleyball / basketball court, an ice skating rink, a boxing ring, and a large fitness center. A 2016 drydock refurbishment added the \"Perfect Storm\" water slide complex, featuring two racing slides and a boomerang-style slide, and the \"Splashaway Bay\" kids-only water play area, featuring smaller waterslides.", "Royal Caribbean International. The Oasis class ships are the largest cruise ships ever built, having surpassed Freedom-class ships. They can accommodate up to 5,400 passengers at double occupancy and they have a maximum capacity of 6,296 passengers. Furthermore, have a gross tonnage of 225,282 tons, and cost the line around US $1.4 billion each. The first two ships in the class, Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas,[40][41] were delivered in 2009 and 2010 by STX Europe Turku Shipyard, Finland.[42] The third in the class, Harmony of the Seas, was delivered in 2016 by STX France at Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France, which is also constructing a fourth ship, Symphony of the Seas.[43] Royal Caribbean International, in conjunction with USA Today, sponsored a contest to name the first two vessels.[40][44] [45]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. The DreamWorks Experience began on Liberty of the Seas January 30, 2011. The DreamWorks Experience includes a variety DreamWorks characters and stories into the cruise experience. Such features of the DreamWorks Experience include character meet and greets, character parades, table-side visits from characters during meals, DreamWorks movies on stateroom televisions, and 3D DreamWorks movies on board.[16]", "MS Freedom of the Seas. The Freedom of the Seas was built at the Aker Yards Turku Shipyard, Finland, which built the ships of the Voyager class as well as the other ships of the Freedom class. Upon its completion, it became the largest passenger ship ever built, taking that honor from Cunard's Queen Mary 2.", "MS Allure of the Seas. MS Allure of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship owned and operated by Royal Caribbean International. As of April 2016[update] the Oasis class were the largest passenger ships ever in service, and Allure is 50 millimetres (2.0 in) longer than her sister ship Oasis of the Seas, though both were built to the same specifications.[14] Designed under the name \"Project Genesis\", she was ordered from Aker Finnyards in February 2006 and her construction began at the Perno shipyard, Turku, Finland, in February 2008.[15] She was named in May 2008 after a contest was held to name her and her sister.[16] The keel of Allure of the Seas was laid on 2 December 2008, shortly after the shipyard had been acquired by STX Europe.[3]", "Royal Caribbean International. At approximately 73,000 GT, these were the first \"mega-ships\" in the industry (with the exception of the SS Norway, an ocean liner converted into a cruise ship), built at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France. The first one, Sovereign of the Seas, was launched in 1988. The Sovereign-class ships were the first cruise ships to have an open atrium area.[75] Like larger Royal Caribbean ships, the Sovereign-class ships have pools, open bars and lounges inside, and grand theaters.", "MS Freedom of the Seas. The ship has an interior promenade 445 feet (136 m) long called the \"Royal Promenade\", which features a coffee shop, Sorrento's Pizzeria, the Ben and Jerry's ice-cream shop, Vintages wine and tapas bar, the Bull and Bear Irish pub, and many Duty-free shops.[11] The Royal Promenade, first seen on Royal Caribbean's Voyager-Class in 1999, extends through the upper decks of the ships. This gives most upper level cabins a window, either to the port or starboard side or inwards to the promenade. This design was first used in the cruiseferry M/S Silja Serenade in 1990 and its twin ship, M/S Silja Symphony in 1991.", "Royal Caribbean International. An even larger class, the Oasis class, featuring Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas, was launched in 2009 and 2010, guaranteeing Royal Caribbean the ship size lead for years to come. In December 2012, Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a third Oasis-class cruise ship from STX France, which would be larger than the previous ships in the class.[6] In March 2014 Royal Caribbean announced that they had ordered a fourth Oasis-Class ship from STX France.[7]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. New additions made during the 2011 refurbishment include 3D Movies, passenger service kiosks, the DreamWorks experience, Cupcake Cupboard, Royal Babies, Tot's Nursery, and the addition of Broadway show \"Saturday Night Fever: The Musical\". The Cupcake Cupboard took the place of the barber shop on the Royal Promenade, relocating the barber shop to the Vitality Spa.[15]", "MS Independence of the Seas. Like the other Freedom-class vessels, Independence of the Seas features an interactive water park, the H2O Zone, a dedicated sports pool for volleyball and basketball, and whirlpools which extend from the ship's sides. It houses an internal shopping \"street\", the Promenade, lined with shops, pubs and wine bars. The Promenade features a \"sky bridge\" which can be lowered from the ceiling to provide a performance space above the crowds during parades. There is also the two story Alhambra theater, seating 1,200, and a complete conference center. The show cabaret lounge, called the Pyramid Lounge, is themed to ancient Egypt. On a lower level is an ice skating rink named Studio B, which home to a series of professional ice shows and is also available for personal skating. This facility was first featured on the Voyager class and Independence of the Seas is the eighth ship to feature a rink. The ship also features a range of eating outlets, Wi-Fi and mobile phone connectivity throughout, and flat-screen televisions in all staterooms. Independence of the Seas is also the first Royal Caribbean ship to feature heated, fresh water pools, although the pools are only heated when sailing from the UK. On the Sports Deck, there is a rock climbing wall, a basketball/hockey court, a mini golf course, and a FlowRider for surfing. It also has 3 seating areas around the FlowRider to allow people to watch.", "Oasis-class cruise ship. On 25 October 2012 Royal Caribbean confirmed that the company was engaged in negotiations to build a third Oasis-class ship and hoped to enter an agreement before the year's end. The ship, which the company would expect to cost less per berth basis than the two previous ships and to be more energy efficient,[26] was named Harmony of the Seas and delivered in May 2016.", "Royal Caribbean International. In February 2013, Royal Caribbean announced the first two ships of their newest Quantum class, Quantum of the Seas and Anthem of the Seas, which were being built at the Meyer Werft shipyard.[8][9][10] In May of that year, Royal Caribbean announced that they had signed a contract for a third Quantum-class ship for delivery in mid-2016.[11]", "Cruise ship. Queen Mary 2 was for a time the largest passenger ship before being surpassed by Royal Caribbean International's Freedom-class vessels in 2006. The Freedom-class ships were in turn overtaken by RCI's Oasis-class vessels which entered service in 2009 and 2010.[17] A distinctive feature of Oasis-class ships is the split \"open-atrium\" structure, made possible by the hull's extraordinary width, with the 6-deck high \"Central Park\" and \"Boardwalk\" outdoor areas running down the middle of the ship and verandas on all decks.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. On May 18, 2017, the ship was christened by Toronto-based travel agent Donnalea Madeley, who, along with her husband, is also the founder of the charity Hands Across the Nations.[7]", "Royal Caribbean International. Following these events, two new Vision-class vessels entered service, the Splendour of the Seas and Grandeur of the Seas. In 1996, the company contracted with Finland's Aker Finnyards for the construction of 130,000-ton vessels and, in 1997, the line's oldest ship, Song of Norway, was sold and two new Vision-class ships entered service, Rhapsody of the Seas and Enchantment of the Seas. The company also merged with the Greek cruise line Celebrity Cruises and changed its name from \"Royal Caribbean Cruise Line\" to \"Royal Caribbean International\". The next year marked a transition to a more \"strictly modern line\", when the last of the company's older vessels, Song of America and Sun Viking, were retired. In 1998, Vision of the Seas came into service, the last of the Vision-class ships.", "Royal Caribbean International. The sixth largest passenger ships at sea (Royal Caribbean's own Oasis, Quantum and Freedom classes, Norwegian Cruise Line's Norwegian Epic and Cunard's Queen Mary 2), the Voyager-class ships were the largest class of cruise ships in the world when constructed and were the first ships to have an ice rink at sea and the first to have Royal Caribbean's iconic Royal Promenade. They were built at Kvaerner Masa-Yards' (now STX Europe) facility in Turku, Finland. They have a gross tonnage of around 137,000 tonnes. These ships include a 350-foot (110 m) indoor mall known as the Royal Promenade, featuring indoor pubs, shops, cafes, and bars. Activity options on all five ships board include a basketball court, at least 3 pools, a mini-golf course, a rock wall, an ice skating rink and, originally, an inline skating track. Navigator of the Seas replaced the inline skating track with a Flowrider surf simulator in 2014, and similar upgrades are planned for Voyager and Explorer.[61]", "MS Freedom of the Seas. Freedom of the Seas arrived in New York Harbor USA for its official naming ceremony on 12 May 2006 which was broadcast live on NBC's The Today Show from Cape Liberty Cruise Port in Bayonne, New Jersey (the ship's official New York berth), and thereafter traveled to Boston for the weekend of May 19–22. The ship's godmother was selected as Katherine Louise Calder, a Portland, Oregon foster care provider.[13] It began operations out of Miami with its first cruise and maiden voyage on June 4, sailing to western Caribbean locations in Mexico, the Cayman Islands and Jamaica as well as Labadee, in Haiti, one of Royal Caribbean's private resorts." ]

[ 4.6640625, 3.44921875, 0.701171875, 1.951171875, -0.544921875, 2.708984375, -1.7861328125, -3.744140625, 0.35205078125, -0.46337890625, -0.62939453125, -3.353515625, -0.62451171875, -2.5859375, -1.0732421875, -3.876953125, -2.00390625, -0.65185546875, -4.62890625, -1.7734375, 0.350341796875, -0.39111328125, -1.90625, -2.361328125, -5.46484375, -0.8779296875, 0.13525390625, -3.53515625, -0.4375, -0.459228515625, -4.421875, 1.3994140625 ]

[ "The Patriot (2000 film). The Patriot is a 2000 American epic historical fiction war film directed by Roland Emmerich, written by Robert Rodat, and starring Mel Gibson, Chris Cooper, Heath Ledger, and Jason Isaacs. The film mainly takes place in rural Berkeley County, South Carolina, and depicts the story of an American Colonist, nominally loyal to the British Crown, who is swept into the American Revolutionary War when his family is threatened. Benjamin Martin is a composite figure the scriptwriter claims is based on four factual figures from the American Revolutionary War: Andrew Pickens, Francis Marion, Daniel Morgan, and Thomas Sumter.", "The Patriot (2000 film). Producer Mark Gordon said that in making the film, \"while we were telling a fictional story, the backdrop was serious history\".[6] Some of the resulting characters and events thus were composites of real characters and events that were designed to serve the fictional narrative without losing the historical flavor. Rodat said of Gibson's character: \"Benjamin Martin is a composite character made up of Thomas Sumter, Daniel Morgan, Andrew Pickens, and Francis Marion, and a few bits and pieces from a number of other characters.\"[6] Rodat also indicated that the fictional Colonel William Tavington is \"loosely based on Colonel Banastre Tarleton, who was particularly known for his brutal acts\".[6]", "The Patriot (2000 film). Screenwriter Robert Rodat wrote seventeen drafts of the script before there was an acceptable one. In an early version, Anne is pregnant with Gabriel's child when she dies in the burning church. Rodat wrote the script with Gibson in mind for Benjamin Martin, and gave the Martin character six children to signal this preference to studio executives. After the birth of Gibson's seventh child, the script was changed so that Martin had seven children. Like the character William Wallace, which Gibson portrayed in Braveheart five years earlier, Martin is a man seeking to live his life in peace until revenge drives him to lead a cause against a national enemy after the life of an innocent family member is taken.", "The Patriot (2000 film). The Patriot received mildly favorable reviews from critics. The film scored a \"Fresh\" rating of 61% rating among all critics on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 134 reviews and with an average rating of 6.1/10, which notes that it \"can be entertaining to watch, but it relies too much on formula and melodrama.\"[10][11] The Patriot is one of two Emmerich films to ever be given a \"fresh\" rating from that website (the other is Independence Day). Rotten Tomatoes also notes that, \"While his hero is conscience-stricken about killing, Emmerich sure enjoys serving it up in generous helpings.[12] \" On Metacritic, the film earned a rating of 63 out of 100, based on reviews from 35 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\". The New York Times critic Elvis Mitchell gave the film a generally negative review, although he praised its casting and called Mel Gibson \"an astonishing actor\", particularly for his \"on-screen comfort and expansiveness\". He said the film is a \"gruesome hybrid, a mix of sentimentality and brutality\".[13] Jamie Malanowski, also writing in The New York Times, said The Patriot \"will prove to many a satisfying way to spend a summer evening. It's got big battles and wrenching hand-to-hand combat, a courageous but conflicted hero and a dastardly and totally guilt-free villain, thrills, tenderness, sorrow, rage and a little bit of kissing\".[14] The film was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Original Score, Best Cinematography, and Best Sound.", "Logan Lerman. Lerman had a passion for movies from a young age, though he started acting \"just for fun\" and \"to do something to get out of school\".[24] He began auditioning for roles in the late 1990s, and first appeared in commercials.[28][29] He made his film debut in 2000's The Patriot, playing William Martin, one of the children of Mel Gibson's character. The same year, he appeared in another Mel Gibson film, What Women Want, playing Gibson's character as a child. In 2001's Riding in Cars with Boys, he played the son of Drew Barrymore's character. Lerman has stated that while appearing in his earliest roles as a child, he did not have \"any conscious awareness of what I was doing or what was going on\"[24] and \"didn’t have a good experience\".[7]", "The Patriot (2000 film). The Patriot does not depict the American character Benjamin Martin as innocent of atrocities; a key plot point revolves around the character's guilt over acts he engaged in, such as torturing, killing, and mutilating prisoners during the French and Indian War, while not mentioning his crimes against fellow colonists during the Revolutionary War. In Hibbert's book Redcoats and Rebels: The American Revolution Through British Eyes, written before The Patriot was released, Hibbert included no criticism of Marion. Conservative radio host Michael Graham rejected Hibbert's criticism of Marion in a commentary published in National Review:", "The Patriot (2000 film). During pre-production, the producers debated on whether Martin would own slaves, ultimately deciding not to make him a slave owner. This decision received criticism from Spike Lee, who in a letter to The Hollywood Reporter accused the film's portrayal of slavery as being \"a complete whitewashing of history\".[29] Lee wrote that after he and his wife went to see the film, \"we both came out of the theatre fuming. For three hours The Patriot dodged around, skirted about or completely ignored slavery.\" Gibson himself remarked: \"I think I would have made him a slave holder. Not to seems kind of a cop-out.\"[30]", "The Patriot (2000 film). Joshua Jackson, Elijah Wood, Jake Gyllenhaal and Brad Renfro were considered to play Gabriel Martin. The producers and director narrowed their choices for this role to Ryan Phillippe and Heath Ledger, with the latter chosen because the director thought he possessed \"exuberant youth\".", "The Patriot (2000 film). Graham also refers to what he describes as \"the unchallenged work of South Carolina's premier historian\" Dr. Walter Edgar, who claimed in his 1998 South Carolina: A History that Marion's partisans were \"a ragged band of both black and white volunteers\".[27]", "The Man Without a Face. Around the time of the releases of Gibson's films The Patriot and The Passion of the Christ, an internet rumour falsely attributed to radio commentator Paul Harvey claimed this film was based on an actual incident that happened to Gibson as a young man. It proved to be false.[3]", "Jason Isaacs. After portraying a priest opposite Julianne Moore and Ralph Fiennes in Neil Jordan's acclaimed adaptation of Graham Greene's The End of the Affair (1999), Isaacs played the charismatic honourable priest opposite Kirstie Alley in the miniseries The Last Don. He then shone as \"memorable\" villain, Colonel William Tavington, in Roland Emmerich's American Revolutionary War fictional film epic The Patriot (2000).[15] Starring opposite Mel Gibson as the film's hero, and Heath Ledger as Gibson's screen son, Isaacs portrays a sadistic British Army officer who kills Ledger's character, among many other soldiers.[15][16] Although his work in the film earned him comparisons to Ralph Fiennes' portrayal of Nazi Amon Göth in Schindler's List (1993) and mention of a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination, reaching beyond being typecast as an historical villain, Isaacs chose to play a drag queen in his next project, Sweet November (2001), a romantic comedy-drama starring Charlize Theron and Keanu Reeves.[9]", "The Patriot (2000 film). \"The most disturbing thing about The Patriot is not just that German director Roland Emmerich (director of Independence Day) and his screenwriter Robert Rodat (who was criticized for excluding the roles played by British, Canadian (Juno Beach) and other Allied troops in the Normandy landings from his script for Saving Private Ryan) depicted British troops as committing savage atrocities, but that those atrocities bear such a close resemblance to war crimes carried out by German troops—particularly the SS in World War II. It's hard not to wonder if the filmmakers have some kind of subconscious agenda....They have made a film that will have the effect of inoculating audiences against the unique historical horror of Oradour—and implicitly rehabilitating the Nazis while making the British seem as evil as history's worst monsters....So it's no wonder that the British press sees this film as a kind of blood libel against the British people.\"[38]", "The Patriot (2000 film). Benjamin meets his former commanding officer, Colonel Harry Burwell, who makes him colonel of the local colonial militia due to his combat experience and also places Gabriel under Benjamin's command. Benjamin is tasked with keeping Lord Cornwallis's regiments pinned south through guerrilla warfare. French Major Jean Villeneuve helps train the militia and promises more French aid.", "The Patriot (2000 film). In contrast, historian Ben Rubin argues that because the American Revolution was a conflict that as often pitted neighbor against neighbor—Whigs (advocates of Revolution) against Tories (loyalists to Britain)—as it pitted nascent Americans against the British, many people stayed neutral until goaded into taking a stand in reaction to perceived atrocities.[43] From this perspective, Benjamin Martin's joining of the militia becomes, according to commentator Jon Roland, a deep patriotism that \"shows them being called up, not as an act of an official, but by private persons aware of a common threat...[reacting to a] militia duty to defend one another\".[44]", "The Patriot (2000 film). During development, Emmerich and his team consulted with experts at the Smithsonian Institution on set, props, and costumes; advisor Rex Ellis even recommended the Gullah village as an appropriate place for Martin's family to hide.[22] In addition, screenwriter Robert Rodat read through many journals and letters of colonists as part of his preparation for writing the screen play.[23]", "The Patriot (2000 film). In the film, Gibson's character asks, \"Why should I trade one tyrant three thousand miles away for three thousand tyrants one mile away?\" \"They Call me a brainless Tory,\" said (Doctor) Reverend Mather Byles while watching three thousand Sons of Liberty parading the streets of Boston, \"but tell me my young friend, which is better, to be ruled by one tyrant three thousand miles away or three thousand tyrants not a mile away\".[45]", "The Patriot (2000 film). Amy Crawford, in Smithsonian magazine, stated that modern historians such as William Gilmore Simms and Hugh Rankin have written accurate biographies of Marion, including Simms' The Life of Francis Marion.[28] The introduction to the 2007 edition of Simms' book was written by Sean Busick, a professor of American history at Athens State University in Alabama, who wrote:", "The Patriot (2000 film). Slate columnist Michael Lind criticized the identification of the leading character's actions with patriotism. Specifically, Lind stated that \"this movie is deeply subversive patriotism. Indeed, patriotism is a concept that neither the screenwriter...nor the director...seems to understand\". He further wrote that \"the message of The Patriot is that country is an abstraction, family is everything. It should have been called The Family Man\".[42]", "The Patriot (2000 film). After release, several British voices criticized the film for its depiction of the film's villain Tavington and defended the historical character of Banastre Tarleton. Ben Fenton, commenting in the Daily Telegraph, wrote:", "The Patriot (2000 film). \"Marion deserves to be remembered as one of the heroes of the War for Independence....Francis Marion was a man of his times: he owned slaves, and he fought in a brutal campaign against the Cherokee Indians...Marion's experience in the French and Indian War prepared him for more admirable service.\"[28]", "The Patriot (2000 film). The film was harshly criticized in the British press in part because of its connection to Francis Marion, a militia leader in South Carolina known as the \"Swamp Fox\". After the release of The Patriot, the British newspaper The Guardian denounced Marion as \"a serial rapist who hunted Red Indians for fun.[25] Historian Christopher Hibbert said of Marion:", "The Patriot (2000 film). The film takes place during the events of the Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War but attracted controversy over its fictional portrayal of historical British figures and atrocities. Professor Mark Glancy, teacher of film history at Queen Mary, University of London has said: \"It's horrendously inaccurate and attributes crimes committed by the Nazis in the 1940s to the British in the 1770s.\"[3] While it is clear that the actions of then-Colonel Banastre Tarleton were certainly despicable, they were nowhere near the atrocities in the film, especially with the infamous \"Burning church\" scene, of which there is no historical or written record. Australian film critic David Edwards asserts that \"this fictional story is set around actual events, but it is not a history of what America was, or even an image of what it has become—it's a dream of what it should be....The Patriot is a grand epic full of action and emotion....But it's also surprisingly insightful in its evaluation of the American ideal—if not the reality.\"[4] While, as critic Roger Ebert states, \"None of it has much to do with the historical reality of the Revolutionary War\".[5]", "Heath Ledger. From 2000 to 2005, he starred in supporting roles as Gabriel Martin, the eldest son of Benjamin Martin (Mel Gibson), in The Patriot (2000), and as Sonny Grotowski, the son of Hank Grotowski (Billy Bob Thornton), in Monster's Ball (2001); and in leading or title roles in A Knight's Tale (2001), The Four Feathers (2002), The Order (2003), Ned Kelly (2003), Casanova (2005), The Brothers Grimm (2005), and Lords of Dogtown (2005).[19] In 2001, he won a ShoWest Award as \"Male Star of Tomorrow\".[20]", "The Patriot (2000 film). Tarleton's role in the Revolutionary War in the Carolinas is examined by Ben Rubin who shows that historically, while the actual events of the Battle of the Waxhaws were presented differently according to which side was recounting them, the story of Tarleton's atrocities at Waxhaws and on other occasions became a rallying cry, particularly at the Battle of King's Mountain.[34] The tales of Tarleton's atrocities were a part of standard U.S. accounts of the war and were described by Washington Irving and by Christopher Ward in his 1952 history, The War of the Revolution, where Tarleton is described as \"cold-hearted, vindictive, and utterly ruthless. He wrote his name in letters of blood all across the history of the war in the South.\"[35] Not until Anthony Scotti's 2002 book, Brutal Virtue: The Myth and Reality of Banastre Tarleton, were Tarleton's actions fully reexamined. Scotti challenged the factual accounts of atrocities and stressed the \"propaganda value that such stories held for the Americas both during and after the war\".[36] Scotti's book, however, did not come out until two years after The Patriot. Screenwriters consulting American works to build the character Tavington based on Tarleton would have commonly found descriptions of him as barbaric and accounts of his name being used for recruiting and motivation during the Revolutionary War itself.[37]", "The Patriot (2000 film). While some events, such as Tarleton's pursuit of Francis Marion and his fellow irregular soldiers who escaped by disappearing into the swamps of South Carolina, were loosely based on history,[24] and others were adapted, such as the final battle in the film which combined elements of the Battles of Cowpens and Battle of Guilford Court House, most of the plot events in the film are pure fiction.", "Braveheart. Braveheart is a 1995 American epic war film directed by and starring Mel Gibson. Gibson portrays William Wallace, a late 13th-century Scottish warrior who led the Scots in the First War of Scottish Independence against King Edward I of England. The story is inspired by Blind Harry's epic poem The Actes and Deidis of the Illustre and Vallyeant Campioun Schir William Wallace and was adapted for the screen by Randall Wallace.", "The Patriot (2000 film). \"Was Francis Marion a slave owner? Was he a determined and dangerous warrior? Did he commit acts in an 18th century war that we would consider atrocious in the current world of peace and political correctness? As another great American film hero might say: 'You're damn right.' \"That's what made him a hero, 200 years ago and today.\"[27]", "The Patriot (2000 film). The film's German director Emmerich said \"these were characters I could relate to, and they were engaged in a conflict that had a significant outcome—the creation of the first modern democratic government.\"[6]", "The Patriot (2000 film). During the American Revolution in 1776, Benjamin Martin, a veteran of the French and Indian War and a widower with seven children, is called to Charleston to vote in the South Carolina General Assembly on a levy supporting the Continental Army. Fearing war against Great Britain, Benjamin abstains; the vote is nonetheless passed and, against his father's wishes, Benjamin's eldest son Gabriel joins the Continentals.", "The Patriot (2000 film). On June 10, 2001, the episode of Le Show, host Harry Shearer conducted an in-studio interview with Manning, whose \"review\" of the film was positive. The voice of Manning was provided by a computer voice synthesizer.[16]", "Skye McCole Bartusiak. McCole Bartusiak first starred in Stephen King's Storm of the Century as young Pippa Hatcher. In 2000, she appeared in The Patriot as the youngest child of a militia leader portrayed by Mel Gibson.[3] She played the young Marilyn Monroe in the TV miniseries Blonde, and the psychiatrist's daughter in Don't Say a Word alongside Michael Douglas and Brittany Murphy, both in 2001.[3] She also played young Charlie McGee in Firestarter: Rekindled and Megan Matheson during season two of the television series 24 (2002–2003).[3][4]", "Jack Ryan (film series). Patriot Games (1992) begins with former CIA analyst, Jack Ryan (Harrison Ford), now a professor at the U.S. Naval Academy, who was badly wounded after intervening in an attack on the British Secretary of State for Northern Ireland in London and killing one of the assailants. The remaining attackers were able to escape, including Sean Miller (Sean Bean), the brother of the man Ryan killed. Miller now vows to hunt down and kill Ryan, no matter how long it takes or what he has to do. Eventually Ryan and his family are attacked in two separate, but simultaneous attempts. Ryan decides to rejoin the CIA so that he is able to learn more about Miller and his group of Irish revolutionaries and protect those he loves." ]

[ 4.10546875, 3.978515625, 2.939453125, -1.267578125, -1.439453125, 0.2237548828125, -1.2431640625, -1.728515625, -1.74609375, 1.2080078125, 0.4677734375, -3.1171875, -0.85595703125, -0.970703125, -2.107421875, -0.54248046875, -1.5732421875, -3.986328125, -0.94580078125, -1.521484375, -0.53662109375, -0.77783203125, -1.2822265625, -0.28515625, 0.418212890625, -1.83984375, -3.00390625, -2.7421875, 0.5859375, -3.63671875, -0.0223846435546875, -3.666015625 ]

[ "Sixteen Candles. Looking for some solace, Sam finds her way to the school's auto shop. Ted finds her and sees that she is still upset. She opens up to Ted, telling him how disappointed she was with her family forgetting her birthday. Sam also confesses her love for Jake. Upon hearing this, Ted tells her that Jake had been asking about her at the dance, and they agree that Sam should just go and talk to him. As she is leaving, Ted reveals the wager he made with his friends, so Sam agrees to let him borrow her panties.", "Sixteen Candles. The next morning, Jake goes to Sam's house, only to have a hungover Donger miscommunicate that Sam was at church getting married. Jake then finds Caroline and Ted making out in the back of his dad's banged-up Rolls. With this turn of events, Jake and Caroline mutually agree that it is time for them to break up and remain friends. Jake then drives to the church just in time to meet an incredulous Sam after her sister's wedding.", "Sixteen Candles. As the freshmen hang out at the gym, Ted's two best friends, Bryce and Cliff, watch as Ted crashes and burns after he once again hits on Sam and fails, with an upset Sam running off. Undeterred by this latest rejection, Ted accepts a bet from his friends that he can score with Sam. For proof, they need Ted to bring them her panties. While Jake and Caroline are slow dancing, he sees Ted's interaction with Sam, so Jake asks him what he knows about her. Shocked that a senior is talking to him, Ted opens up a bit and boldly states that Ted hopes to take Sam home with him after the dance.", "Sixteen Candles. Meanwhile, an outgoing geeky freshman named Ted is in love with Sam. On the school bus ride home, he tries to hit on her, only to have her spurn him with some trash-talk before she gets off.", "Sixteen Candles. The film concludes with Sam and Jake sharing a kiss over a birthday cake with 16 candles. Jake tells her to make a wish, but Sam says that her wish has already come true.", "Sixteen Candles. At night's end, Jake finds Ted trapped under a table and they begin to talk. Jake inquires further about Sam, and Ted explains the situation. Jake makes a deal with Ted: If Jake gets to return the panties to Sam, then Ted gets to drive a very drunk Caroline home in Jake's father's Rolls Royce.", "Sixteen Candles. At home, Sam has a whole new set of problems when she discovers that all four of her grandparents are staying at the Baker home during the wedding. One set of grandparents has brought along a bizarre Chinese foreign exchange student, Long Duk Dong. The grandparents force Sam to take him along to her school's senior dance that night and, to Sam's amazement, it takes \"The Donger\" only five minutes to find an unlikely girlfriend—the tall, large-breasted jock, Marlene.", "Sixteen Candles. During gym class, Jake opens up to his friend Rock, admitting that he feels like things with his girlfriend Caroline have become stagnant. He also tells him how he thinks it is cool that he keeps catching Sam looking at him from time to time.", "Sixteen Candles. After Ted, Cliff, and Bryce have an impromptu peep show in the boys bathroom to show off the panties, they head over to Jake's house for the dance's after-party. Almost immediately, the trio find themselves in an awkward situation, knocking over a huge beer can pyramid. With Jake's parents away for the weekend, his home becomes trashed by the dozens of students that crashed the party. Disgusted, he heads to his bedroom alone and tracks down Sam's phone number after finding her picture in the school yearbook. He tries to call her, only to get tongue-tied when her grandparents answer instead.", "Sixteen Candles. High school sophomore Samantha \"Sam\" Baker struggles to go through the day on her 16th birthday, which her entire family has forgotten about because her older sister, Ginny, is getting married the next day. She is also plagued by infatuation with a popular and attractive senior, Jake Ryan. At school, she fares no better when she finds out that a completed \"sex quiz\", which she tried to surreptitiously slip to her friend Randy, never reached her friend Randy and, unbeknownst to either of them, was picked up by Jake. Despite her name not being on the quiz, Sam is still a bit panicked because the quiz contains sensitive information, such as how she is a virgin and is saving herself for Jake.", "Sixteen Candles. Author Anthony C. Bleach has argued that one possibility for Caroline's emotional and physical ruin in the film \"might be that she is unappreciative of (or unreflective about) her class position\", adding that, \"what happens to Caroline in the narrative, whether her sloppy drunkenness, her scalping, or the potential for sexual coercion, seems to be both a projection of Samantha's desire to acquire Jake and become his girlfriend and a project of the film's desire to somehow harm the upper class.\"[18]", "Sixteen Candles. John Hughes had asked his agent for headshots of young actresses, and among those he received were those of Molly Ringwald and Ally Sheedy. Sheedy had auditioned for the role of Sam, but was dropped because of Hughes thinking Ringwald was more fitting for the role, but he called her a year later to give her a role in The Breakfast Club. Inspired by Ringwald's appearance, he put it up over his desk and wrote the film just over a weekend with her in mind for the lead role.[3][4] For the male lead in the film, it had come down to Schoeffling and Viggo Mortensen.[5] For the part of Ted, Hughes saw a number of actors for the role: \"Every single kid who came in to read for the part... did the whole, stereotyped high school nerd thing. You know - thick glasses, ball point pens in the pocket, white socks. But when Michael came in he played it straight, like a real human being. I knew right at that moment that I'd found my geek.\"[6]", "Sam Evans. Sam's father finds a job out of state and Sam has moved there with his family prior to the third season premiere.[11] His first appearance is not until \"Hold on to Sixteen\", when Rachel and Finn track him down to help New Directions perform at Sectionals. They discover that, unknown to his family and despite being underage, he works in a strip bar in order to help support them—they believe he has a job at a fast food restaurant. Sam gets the permission of his parents to transfer back to McKinley—he will be living with Finn's family—and he helps New Directions defeat their McKinley rivals, the Troubletones at Sectionals. Although Mercedes has found a new boyfriend, Shane, in his absence, Sam tells her boldly that he wants to win her back. He continues to pursue her, including through song, and eventually succeeds in reawakening her feelings toward him. Mercedes ultimately breaks up with Shane in \"Heart\", but she feels horrible for what she did to him and tells Sam she will not go out with him until she is sure of her feelings.", "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall. On Sonny and Brenda's wedding day, Sam got caught in an explosion meant for Brenda. Jason stayed by Sam's side when she was dealing with temporary hearing loss, even communicating in sign language to express his love. Jason decides to propose to Sam soon afterwards during a romantic dinner on the roof, and Sam accepts. Overwhelmed by the wedding planning, the two of them decide to drive off on Jason's motorcycle. They end up at a Chinese restaurant, where the owner happens to be an ordained minister. Jason and Sam get married in the restaurant's garden. They leave for their honeymoon to Hawaii, where Franco drugs them both, locks Jason in a room, and makes him watch while he takes Sam to the bedroom and places her in bed, before turning off the camera. When Jason comes back to Sam, both of them come to believe Franco raped Sam.", "Sixteen Candles. Sixteen Candles is a 1984 American coming-of-age comedy film starring Molly Ringwald, Michael Schoeffling, and Anthony Michael Hall. It was written and directed by John Hughes.", "Sixteen Candles. In an article published in Salon, Amy Benfer considers whether the film directly condones date rape.[17] After the party scene, Jake tells Ted that his girlfriend Caroline is \"in the bedroom right now, passed out cold. I could violate her ten different ways if I wanted to.\" He encourages Ted to drive her home saying, \"she's so blitzed she won't know the difference.\" When Caroline and Ted wake up next to each other in the car, Caroline says she's fairly certain they had sex though neither of them remember it. Amy Benfer writes, \"The scene only works because people were stupid about date rape at the time. Even in a randy teen comedy, you would never see two sympathetic male characters conspiring to take advantage of a drunk chick these days.\"[17]", "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall. After discovering that Hayden was shot on Nikolas' orders, Sam and Jason confront Nikolas. The intense confrontation later culminates in Jason and Sam making love for the first time in four years, in a scene that was described as racy, intimate and passionate.[34] Jason recovers his memories after getting into an accident, where he hallucinates seeing Sam and telling her he loves her. He later reunites with Sam, re-affirming his love for her.[35] Jason and Sam end up on the run, trying to clear Jason's name in Nikolas' disappearance. They find Nikolas after he faked his own death, finding enough proof to get Jason cleared of all charges. After returning, Sam finds out that she is pregnant, and is thrilled until Jason is diagnosed with malaria, and Sam finds out her pregnancy is at risk if she's infected, as well. Though she tries to keep it from him, Jason realizes that Sam is keeping a secret. Sam relents, and shares the news of her pregnancy. Jason is thrilled, and proposes to Sam, who happily accepts. Sam later finds out she and the baby are perfectly healthy. Jason and Sam re-marry at Greystone Manor, surrounded by their closest friends and family.", "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More \"Touch Me\". The song was originally titled \"A Little Less Molly Ringwald, a Little More Samantha Fox\".[3] Molly Ringwald is an actress who starred in the 1984 movie Sixteen Candles, referenced in the final song title. \"Touch Me\" is a reference to the hit song by Samantha Fox. The accompanying music video to \"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More \"Touch Me\"\" was nominated for Best Video Inspired by a Film at the First Annual Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2006.[4]", "Sam McCall. Sam seduced Elizabeth's ex-husband Lucky Spencer (then Greg Vaughan) to get revenge on Jason and Liz, but they eventually fall in love. However, once Lucky finds out about Sam's part in Jake's kidnapping, they split up. Meanwhile, Sam is stalked and injured by the Text Message Killer,[15] who is later revealed to be an alive Diego Alcazar. While fleeing from Diego she is struck by a car driven by Monica Quartermaine (Leslie Charleson), who is under the influence of alcohol. Sam forgives Monica, helping her get a lenient sentence to rehab. When Sam and Damian Spinelli (Bradford Anderson) start their own investigative agency, Jason and Sam begin to grow close again. Sam realizes that a teenage Kristina is becoming rebellious and tries to help her. When Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown) has an accident, Sam worries that Kristina is responsible; Jason tells her he thinks it was Michael. When the two teens run away to Mexico, Sam and Jason chase after them. Sam is kidnapped by Jerry Jacks (Sebastian Roché), but rescued by Jason, and the two locate Michael and Kristina. After returning to Port Charles, Sam and Jason get back together. Jason is stalked by crazed artist Franco (then James Franco), who kidnaps and threatens Sam to get to Jason. Sam shares with Kristina her experience of being in an abusive relationship after Kristina is beaten by her boyfriend, Kiefer Bauer (Christian Alexander).", "Stir of Echoes. Tom becomes obsessed with Samantha and begins probing members of the community about her disappearance. This attracts the attention of his landlord Harry Damon, Tom's friend, Frank McCarthy and their respective sons Kurt Damon and Adam McCarthy, who all dismiss Samantha as a runaway teen. During an afternoon walk, Jake and Maggie encounter a funeral where Chicago policemen are saluting in a ceremony; here a policeman named Neil immediately recognizes Jake's unique talent and invites Tom to a private gathering of like-minded people to learn more about what is happening to his son. Maggie withholds her conversation with Neil from Tom and goes to the meeting herself, and Neil tells her the spirit that contacted Tom has asked for something and will grow upset if it does not get done. As predicted, Samantha begins plaguing Tom, eventually leading to his insomnia. He goes back to Lisa and demands she undo what she did, but when she hypnotizes him, Samantha tells him to dig. Tom complies and digs holes in the backyard and eventually tears up the house in a desperate attempt to appease Samantha.", "Sixteen Candles. Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 86% of critics gave it a positive rating, based on 36 reviews with an average rating of 7/10, the site's critical consensus reads: \"Significantly more mature than the teen raunch comedies that defined the era, Sixteen Candles is shot with compassion and clear respect for his characters and their hang-ups\".[11] Ringwald's performance was especially praised; Variety called her \"engaging and credible\"[12] while Roger Ebert wrote that she \"provides a perfect center for the story\".[13]", "Just Friends. The next night, Chris goes to Jamie's for a Christmas party, planning to reveal his feelings for her, but he finds Dusty already there winning the guests over with his charm and musical talents. Back at Chris's place, Samantha ambushes Mike and pushes him against the bathroom wall demanding to find out Chris's location; fully aware of his feelings, she passionately tongue kisses him until he tells her where Chris has gone. In a rage, she drives to Jamie's house and crashes through her fence, destroying her family's Christmas decorations. Chris returns home in embarrassment, and Jamie follows him; she tells him she is not mad and they end up spending the night together catching up and looking at photos, but due to Chris's continuing lack of assertion, the two end up falling asleep and no romance ensues.", "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall. While covering up Michael killing Claudia Zacchara (Sarah Joy Brown), Sam and Jason grow closer, admitting their love for each other. When Jason is stalked by crazed artist Franco (James Franco), Sam is targeted. Jason rescues Sam, saying he'd always choose to save her when she's in trouble. Sonny was accused and put on trial for the Claudia's murder, but Michael confessed was sentenced to prison. Jason made a deal and sent himself to prison to protect Michael. While upset, Sam supported his decision. Before Jason turned himself in, they go away together and spend a few days at a cabin. Sam remained supportive and visited him regularly in prison. Jason and Michael are later permanently released from prison, and Jason reunites with Sam as lovers and renewed their romance, for the first time in 2 years. When Sonny's old flame Brenda Barrett (Vanessa Marcil Giovinazzo) was targeted by the Balkan, Jason acted as her bodyguard and she moved in with him. Sam was initially jealous of Brenda, but Jason assured her that he loved her. Determined to get Brenda out of the penthouse quickly, Sam and Jason began searching for the Balkan.", "A Cinderella Story. Rhonda, Sam's other best friend, and the rest of the diner staff also convince her to disobey Fiona and go to the dance anyway. Sam, wearing a mask and a beautiful white dress, meets Nomad at the dance, and is surprised to learn that he is Austin, who had become smitten with her upon her entrance. The two decide to leave the party to walk alone and get to know each other a little better. While sharing a romantic dance, Sam and Austin begin to fall in love. But just as Austin is about to unmask her, Sam's cell phone alarm goes off, warning her to return to the diner before Fiona returns at midnight. She leaves without revealing her identity to Austin, and drops her phone on the way out.", "John Dies at the End. Krissy Lovelace: Becomes involved with John and Dave after the murder of her neighbor in the second act of the book. She is a temporary owner of Molly, and has a romantic connection to Danny Wexler. In the investigation of Wexler and his connection to the Soy Sauce and Shadow Men, her Christian faith proves useful when Dave is possessed by Korrok in the abandoned mall in Undisclosed, saving his life. She sends a necklace with a cross on it to David later in the book.", "Ghost the Musical. At work, Sam notices some discrepancies with several accounts and is unwilling to let them go, despite the fact that he has a date with Molly that evening (\"More\"). He confides in Carl with his discovery, and his friend not only agrees to keep the findings a secret, but promises to investigate himself, so Sam can keep his date. Thanking him, Sam leaves, and meets up with Molly, who later confesses that she wants to marry him. Sam is taken aback and Molly suddenly asks why he never tells her that he loves her (\"Three Little Words\"); he assures Molly that he doesn't say it in so many words because he prefers to say it through his actions. Molly tells him that she'd still like to hear it every now and again, but his reply reassures her nonetheless. However, they're soon approached by an armed man that tries to steal Sam's wallet. Sam fights back instead of surrendering, and the two struggle for the gun. It goes off and Sam is fatally shot, leaving Molly to cry out for help (\"Sam's Murder\"). Instead of moving on, however, Sam becomes a ghost, and he stays behind with Molly instead of following the light; unable to leave Molly, he follows her to the hospital, and another ghost explains what he's become (\"Ball of Wax\"). A trapped Sam struggles to reach out to Molly (\"I Can't Breathe\").", "A Very Merry Mix-Up. Will's mother and father arrive at the hospital and are surprised to learn that their son \"Billy\" is engaged, yet they quickly make Alice feel like a loved new member of the family. Meanwhile, Will is told that Alice's store needs to be sold to his wealthy client in order to close an important deal. Will assures the client that he can get her to sell. Back at the house, Alice and Matt share their Christmas memories with each other and bake Christmas cookies. She learns that Matt shares her romantic interest in antiques, old family photos, and Charlie Brown Christmas trees, and soon they become attracted to each other. As Alice talks about Will, the family seems surprised at some of the details she shares about their \"Billy\".", "Sam McCall. Jason and Sam began to reconnect, as Jason started to experience memory flashes while spending time with Sam. When Elizabeth's house was broken into, Jason asked for Sam's help investigating. Sam figured out that Elizabeth and Jason's son, Jake, was responsible. Sam ended up getting seriously injured when she discovered the truth, but Jason was able to rescue her. Though the two reconnected, Sam decided to get a divorce, wanting to not pressure Jason to remember their past. Jason agreed, and the two divorced, but started dating. Jason ends up recovering his memories after getting into an accident, and reunites with Sam. Sam went into hiding with Jason after Nikolas Cassadine (Tyler Christopher) disappeared, and Jason was accused of killing him. She and Jason figured out that Nikolas faked his death, and tracked him down to Cassadine Island. Before they could bring Nikolas back, they were taken hostage by Valentin Cassadine (James Patrick Stuart). Sam and Jason escaped, and managed to free the other hostages. They returned to Port Charles, and cleared Jason's name. Soon after, Sam found out she was pregnant, and was thrilled until she found out that she could have been exposed to malaria. Sam shares her news with Jason; despite the potential risk to the baby, Jason is elated. He proposes to Sam, and they get engaged again. Sam learns she is malaria free, assuring her the baby is healthy thanks to their new friend Hamilton Finn (Michael Easton). She and Jason get married again.", "Sixteen Candles. In 2005, Ringwald was reported to be producing a sequel to the film.[21]", "Sam Hanna (character). In \"Rude Awakenings\", it is revealed that Sam's wife, Michelle, is a former undercover CIA operative. They fell in love when they worked together on a failed Joint Task Force mission to capture Isaak Sidorov, a Russian arms dealer. She had managed to successfully infiltrate Sidorov's organization as an assassin-for-hire under the alias of \"Quinn\" before Sidorov escaped and the mission was aborted. Michelle is reactivated after NCIS, FBI and CIA discover that Sidorov has stolen three Cold War-era nuclear devices from former KGB sleeper agents in the United States. She confides to Sam that she misses her undercover work when he expresses his disapproval about her desire to return to active duty.[20] In the season four finale, Sam is partnered with Deeks who confronts him over his indifference towards him. Sam admits to Deeks that he has some personal flaws.", "Jason Morgan and Sam McCall. Jason and Curtis figure out that Olivia St. John (Tonja Walker), Julian's sister, is responsible for Morgan's death. Meanwhile, Olivia kidnaps Sam to threaten Julian, but Sam tries to escape. Unfortunately, in the ensuing struggle, Sam gets pushed off a bridge by Olivia into a ravine. Jason tries to track down Sam after realizing she's missing, but is unable to see her in the dark. Just as Jason gives up, a beam of moonlight helps him find Sam after the moon comes out. Jason gets to Sam, who is already in labor, and ends up having to deliver their baby girl. He gets them to the hospital, where Sam ends up in a coma after surgery. Jason begs her to wake up, saying he can't go on without her. Alexis brings their newborn daughter to visit Sam. When Jason lays the baby on Sam's chest, Sam wakes up and recovers. She and Jason name their daughter Emily Scout Morgan.", "Sam McCall. Sonny's daughter Kristina Davis (then Kali Rodriguez) is diagnosed with a blood disease, and Sam's daughter is proven to be a donor match. Kristina's mother, Alexis Davis (Nancy Lee Grahn), begs Sam to induce labor two weeks early in order to donate her child's stem cells. Sam refuses, fearing it could hurt the baby. While arguing with Alexis, Sam collapses and Baby Girl McCall is stillborn. Sam is heartbroken over the loss of her daughter, and angry at Alexis, blaming her for her baby's death. Jason grieves with Sam and helps her through the aftermath; they fall in love, eventually getting engaged. Sam helps deliver a baby girl during a storm to a teenage mother named Bridget Daly. Bridget gives her baby to Sam, as she's unable to provide for it. Sam and Jason plan to adopt baby Hope. Bridget decides to keep the baby, leaving Sam devastated. Sam is accused of kidnapping Kristina soon after, and she and Jason try to find her to prove Sam's innocence. After Sonny's sons, Michael (then Dylan Cash) and Morgan, are also kidnapped, Sam is cleared of suspicion." ]

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[ "The Simpsons. In late 2017/early 2018 a controversy arose about the stereotyping of one of the title characters in the show, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon. It came about from a documentary, The Problem with Apu by Indian-American actor and podcast host Hari Kondabolu, declaring that the character was a racist stereotyping of Indian people, despite the fact that Apu has been a significant character on the show since his first appearance, and had not been targeted before. Arguments came against the attackers stating that the show is built on comical stereotypes, with creator Matt Groening saying, \"that's the nature of cartooning.\"[236] He remains \"proud of what we do on the show\", and, thinks \"it's a time in our culture where people love to pretend they're offended\".[237] As a result of the attacks, Apu's voice actor, Hank Azaria, stated that he is willing to step aside from his role as Apu.[238]", "Hank Azaria. Henry Albert Azaria (/əˈzɛəriə/ ə-ZAIR-ee-ə; born April 25, 1964) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and producer. He is known for starring in the animated television sitcom The Simpsons (1989–present), voicing Moe Szyslak, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Chief Wiggum, Comic Book Guy, Carl Carlson and numerous others. After attending Tufts University, Azaria joined the series with little voice acting experience, but became a regular in its second season, with many of his performances on the show being based on famous actors and characters.", "Hank Azaria. As Moe's voice is based on Al Pacino's, likewise many of Azaria's other recurring characters are based on existing sources. He took Apu's voice from the many Indian and Pakistani convenience store workers in Los Angeles that he had interacted with when he first moved to the area, and also loosely based it on Peter Sellers' character Hrundi V. Bakshi from the film The Party.[5] Originally, it was thought that Apu being Indian was too offensive and stereotyped, but after Azaria's reading of the line \"Hello, Mr. Homer\", which the show's producers thought was hilarious, the character stayed.[12][20] Azaria, however, disputed this on LateNet with Ray Ellin, claiming that Apu was always intended to be stereotypical.[21] Chief Wiggum's voice was originally a parody of David Brinkley, but when Azaria was told it was too slow, he switched it to that of Edward G. Robinson.[20] Officer Lou is based on Sylvester Stallone,[15] and Dr. Nick is \"a bad Ricky Ricardo impression.\"[22] The \"Wise Guy\" voice is \"basically Charles Bronson,\"[15] while Carl is \"a silly voice [Azaria] always did.\"[23] Two of the voices come from his time at college: Snake's is based on Azaria's old college roommate, while Comic Book Guy's voice is based on a student who lived in the room next door to Azaria and went by the name \"F\".[15] Professor Frink is based on Jerry Lewis' performance in the original The Nutty Professor, and the Sea Captain is based on English actor Robert Newton's portrayal of many pirates.[20] Azaria based his performance for the one-time character Frank Grimes, from the episode \"Homer's Enemy\", on actor William H. Macy. He counts Grimes as the hardest, most emotional performance he has ever had to give in the history of The Simpsons.[23]", "Springfield (The Simpsons). The episode \"Homer and Apu\" suggests that Apu is an employee of the Kwik-E-Mart and after losing his job there had to travel to India, where the Kwik-E-Mart head office is located, in the Himalayas. However, Apu mentions at a bachelor auction that he runs his own business in \"The Two Mrs. Nahasapeemapetilons\".", "Hank Azaria. Azaria did not expect to hear from the show again, but they continued to call him back, first to perform the voice of Chief Wiggum and then Apu Nahasapeemapetilon.[5] He felt that, initially, \"[the producers] didn't seem too pleased with what I had done...[Simon] was very exacting...[and] was kind of impatiently directing me on the ABCs of comedy. But then, much to my surprise, he would still keep having me back every week. But each week, I thought it was going to be my last week because I really didn't think I had done that well.\"[8] Nevertheless, by the show's second season he was performing multiple recurring voices and so was given a contract and made a permanent member of the main cast.[5] Since he joined later than the rest of the cast, Groening still considered Azaria the \"new guy\".[17] In addition to Moe, Wiggum and Apu, Azaria provides the voices of Comic Book Guy, Carl Carlson, Cletus Spuckler, Professor Frink, Dr. Nick Riviera, Lou, Snake Jailbird, Kirk Van Houten, the Sea Captain, Superintendent Chalmers, Disco Stu, Duffman, the Wiseguy and numerous one-time characters.[18] His co-star in The Simpsons, Nancy Cartwright, wrote that: \"The thing about Hank that I most remember is that he started out so unassuming and then, little by little, his abilities were revealed and his contributions to the show escalated. I realized Hank was going to be our breakaway star.\"[19]", "Wil Wheaton. Wheaton has worked as a voice actor in animation, video games and audiobooks, beginning with the role of Martin Brisby in The Secret of NIMH at age 10. His most noteworthy credits include the roles of Aqualad in the cartoons Teen Titans and Teen Titans Go!, the voice of radio journalist Richard Burns in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Kyle in the Nickelodeon cartoon, Kyle + Rosemary as well as himself and various other characters on both Family Guy and Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. Wheaton also featured as the second Blue Beetle, Ted Kord, on Batman: The Brave and the Bold, Dr. Peter Meechum in Generator Rex, Mike Morningstar / Darkstar in Ben 10: Alien Force, Ben 10: Ultimate Alien & Ben 10: Omniverse. Wheaton also took upon the anime roles of Yakumo in Kurokami: The Animation, Menma in Naruto, Hans in Slayers Evolution-R, Aaron Terzieff in Mobile Suit Gundam Unicorn. He also appeared as himself in a skit on nerdcore rapper MC Frontalot's 2008 album Final Boss attempting to be a rapper, whose rhymes only involved shellfish. Wheaton later collaborated with Frontalot on \"Your Friend Wil\", a track from the 2010 album Zero Day on the subject of what Wheaton calls \"Wheaton's law\": \"don't be a dick\".[20][21] Wheaton and Frontalot have both appeared at the Penny Arcade Expo (PAX).[citation needed]", "Springfield (The Simpsons). Springfield Heights Institute of Technology focuses on the engineering sciences. Professor Frink is a college professor at the university, and it is where Apu Nahasapeemapetilon earned his doctorate from.", "Kwik-E-Mart. The Kwik-E-Mart (spelled \"Quick-E-Mart\" in \"Bart the General\") is a fictional convenience store in the animated television series The Simpsons. It is a parody of American convenience stores, such as 7-Eleven and Wawa Inc., and depicts many of the stereotypes about them. It is notorious for its high prices and the poor quality of its merchandise. The operator of the Springfield store is an Indian-American named Apu Nahasapeemapetilon.[1] It was first seen in the episode \"The Telltale Head\" and has since become a common setting in The Simpsons.", "The Simpsons shorts. The actors who voiced the characters in the short later reprised their roles in The Simpsons series. Dan Castellaneta performed the voices of Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, and Krusty the Clown.[11] Homer's voice sounds different in the shorts compared to most episodes of the half-hour show, as Castellaneta originally tried to impersonate Walter Matthau. Although he would retain this characteristic through the early episodes of the regular series, it was gradually dropped as Homer's personality evolved away from that of a stereotypical sitcom father.[12] The producers of the show were in need of someone to do voiceovers, so rather than hire actors, they asked Castellaneta (who had already done some voice work) and Julie Kavner, both members of the Ullman Show cast, to do it.[13][14] The kids still needed voices, and Nancy Cartwright, a journeyman voice actress, came in to audition. She recalled that \"I was already doing voicework for eight different shows at the time and thought this would just be another job. They originally wanted me for Lisa's voice, but I thought 'Nah, I don't want to be the boring middle child, I want to be a bratty 10-year old boy.' So as soon as I gave a demonstration, [Brooks and Groening] hired me on the spot.\" Some time later, Yeardley Smith, a 22-year-old B-movie actress whose most notable accomplishment to date was featuring in the notorious 1986 Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive, was brought in to do Lisa's voice.[11] The recording of the shorts was often primitive; according to Cartwright, the dialogue for the Ullman shorts was recorded on a portable tape deck in a makeshift studio, which consisted of the video engineer suite, above the bleachers on the Ullman show set.[15] While most of the characters' personalities are similar to what they are in the series, Lisa is simply a clone of Bart and did not have a distinct personality until a few episodes into the regular series.", "David Herman. Herman is also known for his work as a voice actor in cartoons and video games, notably in Futurama, where he provides the voices of many recurring characters (including Scruffy the Janitor, Roberto the psycho robot, Mayor Poopenmeyer, and Professor Farnsworth's rival Ogden Wernstrom), and King of the Hill, for which he voiced Anthony \"Twig Boy\" Page (the social worker from the pilot episode who accused Hank of beating his son and from season two's \"Junkie Business\", where he forces Strickland Propane to hire a drug addict who has his addiction listed as a disability), Hank's childhood friend, Eustace, and other incidental characters. His other voice work includes Family Guy, American Dad!, Father of the Pride (in which he voices Roy Horn), and the Jak and Daxter video game series. He starred as Ubuntu Goode (and other supporting voices) in The Goode Family. He also provides voices in Fox' Bob's Burgers and from 2012 to 2015 worked on the Comedy Central series Brickleberry as self-absorbed park ranger Steve Williams.", "Hank Azaria. Azaria's work on the show has won him four Emmy Awards for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance, in 1998, 2001, 2003 and 2015. He was also nominated for the award in 2009 and 2010, but lost to co-star Dan Castellaneta and guest star Anne Hathaway respectively. He was nominated again in 2012.[24] Azaria, with the rest of the principal cast, reprised all of his voice roles from The Simpsons for the 2007 film The Simpsons Movie.[25] Azaria notes that he spends \"an embarrassingly small amount of time working on The Simpsons.\"[13] He works for \"an hour on Thursdays when we read through the script, then four hours on Monday when we record it, and I'll pop in again once or twice.\"[13] He concludes it is \"the best job in the world, as far as I'm concerned.\"[13]", "The Simpsons. The Simpsons has six main cast members: Dan Castellaneta, Julie Kavner, Nancy Cartwright, Yeardley Smith, Hank Azaria and Harry Shearer. Castellaneta voices Homer Simpson, Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby, Barney Gumble and other adult, male characters.[47] Julie Kavner voices Marge Simpson and Patty and Selma, as well as several minor characters.[47] Castellaneta and Kavner had been a part of The Tracey Ullman Show cast and were given the parts so that new actors would not be needed.[48] Cartwright voices Bart Simpson, Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum and other children.[47] Smith, the voice of Lisa Simpson, is the only cast member who regularly voices only one character, although she occasionally plays other episodic characters.[47] The producers decided to hold casting for the roles of Bart and Lisa. Smith had initially been asked to audition for the role of Bart, but casting director Bonita Pietila believed her voice was too high,[49] so she was given the role of Lisa instead.[50] Cartwright was originally brought in to voice Lisa, but upon arriving at the audition, she found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. Cartwright became more interested in the role of Bart, who was described as \"devious, underachieving, school-hating, irreverent, [and] clever\".[51] Groening let her try out for the part instead, and upon hearing her read, gave her the job on the spot.[52] Cartwright is the only one of the six main Simpsons cast members who had been professionally trained in voice acting prior to working on the show.[42] Azaria and Shearer do not voice members of the title family, but play a majority of the male townspeople. Azaria, who has been a part of the Simpsons regular voice cast since the second season,[53] voices recurring characters such as Moe Szyslak, Chief Wiggum, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon and Professor Frink. Shearer provides voices for Mr. Burns, Mr. Smithers, Principal Skinner, Ned Flanders, Reverend Lovejoy and Dr. Hibbert.[47] Every main cast member has won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.[54][55]", "Dan Castellaneta. Daniel Louis Castellaneta (/ˈdæn ˌkæstələˈnɛtə/; born October 29, 1957) is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and screenwriter. Noted for his long-running role as Homer Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons, he also voices many other characters for the show, including Abraham \"Grampa\" Simpson, Barney Gumble, Krusty the Clown, Sideshow Mel, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby and Hans Moleman.", "Leslie Carrara-Rudolph. Some of Carrara-Rudolph's voice-over credits include the voice of Peg Puppy for Nickelodeon's cartoon series T.U.F.F. Puppy, and background voices for The Simpsons and for The Electric Company, for which she voices Wolfman, Bat, and Mummy. She joined the cast of the podcast series The Radio Adventures of Dr. Floyd in the season three premiere and has guest starred several times since.", "Bart Simpson. Cartwright's normal speaking voice is said to have \"no obvious traces of Bart\".[39] The voice came naturally to Cartwright; prior to The Tracey Ullman Show, she had used elements of it in shows such as My Little Pony, Snorks, and Pound Puppies.[39] Cartwright describes Bart's voice as easy to perform, saying, \"Some characters take a little bit more effort, upper respiratory control, whatever it is technically. But Bart is easy to do. I can just slip into that without difficulty.\"[39] She usually does five or six readings of every line in order to give the producers more to work with.[37] In flashforward episodes, Cartwright still provides the voice of Bart. For \"Lisa's Wedding\", (season six, 1995) Bart's voice was electronically lowered.[40]", "List of The Simpsons cast members. Castellaneta and Kavner were asked to voice the lead roles of Homer and Marge Simpson as they were regular cast members of The Tracey Ullman Show on which The Simpsons shorts appeared.[6][7] Cartwright auditioned for the part of Lisa, but found that Lisa was simply described as the \"middle child\" and at the time did not have much personality. She then became more interested in the role of Bart, so Simpsons creator Matt Groening let her try out for that part instead, and upon hearing her read, he gave her the job on the spot.[8] Smith had initially been asked by casting director Bonita Pietila to audition for the role of Bart, but Pietila then realised that Smith's voice was too high,[9][10] Smith was given the role of Lisa instead, although she almost turned it down.[11] When the show was commissioned for a full half-hour series, Shearer joined the cast and performed multiple roles. Groening and Sam Simon asked Shearer to join the cast as they were fans of his radio show.[12] Azaria was only a guest actor in the first season, but became permanent in season 2.[13] He first appeared in \"Some Enchanted Evening\", re-recording Christopher Collins's lines as Moe Szyslak. As he joined later than the rest of the cast, Groening still considers Azaria the \"new guy.\"[14]", "Dan Castellaneta. Castellaneta is most famous for his role as Homer Simpson on the longest running animated television show The Simpsons. The Tracey Ullman Show included a series of animated shorts about a dysfunctional family. Voices were needed for the shorts, so the producers decided to ask Castellaneta and fellow cast member Julie Kavner to voice Homer and Marge Simpson rather than hire more actors.[5][8] Homer's voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but Castellaneta could not \"get enough power behind that voice\" and could not sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour long recording sessions.[9] He tried to find something easier, so he \"dropped the voice down\", and developed it into a more versatile and humorous voice during the second and third season of the half-hour show.[2] Castellaneta's normal speaking voice has no similarity to Homer's.[10] To perform Homer's voice, Castellaneta lowers his chin to his chest,[5] and is said to \"let his IQ go.\"[11] Castellaneta likes to stay in character during recording sessions,[12] and tries to visualize a scene in his mind so that he can give the proper voice to it.[13] Despite Homer's fame, Castellaneta claims he is rarely recognized in public, \"except, maybe, by a die-hard fan.\"[12]", "Homer Simpson. Homer's voice is performed by Dan Castellaneta, who voices numerous other characters, including Grampa Simpson, Krusty the Clown, Barney Gumble, Groundskeeper Willie, Mayor Quimby and Hans Moleman. Castellaneta had been part of the regular cast of The Tracey Ullman Show and had previously done some voice-over work in Chicago alongside his wife Deb Lacusta. Voices were needed for the Simpsons shorts, so the producers decided to ask Castellaneta and fellow cast member Julie Kavner to voice Homer and Marge rather than hire more actors.[35][36] In the shorts and first few seasons of the half-hour show, Homer's voice is different from the majority of the series. The voice began as a loose impression of Walter Matthau, but Castellaneta could not \"get enough power behind that voice\",[36] or sustain his Matthau impression for the nine- to ten-hour-long recording sessions, and had to find something easier.[2] During the second and third seasons of the half-hour show, Castellaneta \"dropped the voice down\"[35] and developed it as more versatile and humorous, allowing Homer a fuller range of emotions.[37]", "Zooey Deschanel. In 2007, Deschanel appeared in two children's films that were Bridge to Terabithia, in which she played a quirky music teacher, and the animated film Surf's Up, voicing a penguin. She took on the brief role of Dorothy Evans in the revisionist Western The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford and starred in the B comedy Flakes, which was released in only one theater.[25] Deschanel starred as DG in the Syfy Channel miniseries Tin Man, a re-imagined science fiction version of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. It aired in December 2007. Deschanel also narrated the children's book Players in Pigtails.[26] She voiced Mary, Cletus's daughter in three episode of The Simpsons since debuting on the April 27, 2008 episode, \"Apocalypse Cow\".[27]", "Charlie Hunnam. Charles Matthew Hunnam (born 10 April 1980)[1] is an English actor. He is known for his roles as Jackson \"Jax\" Teller in the FX drama series Sons of Anarchy (2008–14), Pete Dunham in Green Street (2005), Nathan Maloney in the Channel 4 drama Queer as Folk (1999–2000), Lloyd Haythe in the Fox comedy series Undeclared (2001–02), the title role in Nicholas Nickleby (2002), Raleigh Becket in Pacific Rim (2013), Percy Fawcett in The Lost City of Z (2017), and in the title role of Guy Ritchie's King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017).", "Jon Lovitz. Lovitz has lent his voice to several cartoons and films. In The Critic, he played the title character of Jay Sherman (using his regular speaking voice). He has made several appearances on The Simpsons, including as Marge's prom date Artie Ziff in \"The Way We Was,\" the art teacher in \"Brush with Greatness\", theater director Llewellyn Sinclair and his sister who owned a daycare center in \"A Streetcar Named Marge\", Andre in \"Homer's Triple Bypass\", and numerous other appearances (including the character of Jay Sherman in the episode A Star Is Burns, which was a crossover with The Critic). He was also the voice of Radio in the Hyperion-produced, Disney-distributed animated movie The Brave Little Toaster and he lent his voice for a promo video for the video game Banjo-Kazooie.", "Hank Azaria. Azaria became famous for his voice work in the ongoing animated television series The Simpsons. He joined the show having previously performed only one voice-over—as the titular animated dog in the failed Fox pilot Hollywood Dog, a show he described as \"sort of Roger Rabbit-esque, where the dog was animated, but everybody else was real.\"[12] The first voice he performed on The Simpsons was that of town bartender Moe Szyslak, replacing Christopher Collins who had initially recorded the character's voice. Having known him from Hollywood Dog, casting director Bonita Pietila called Azaria and asked him to audition for the voice of Moe.[12] At the time he was performing the role of a drug dealer in a play, utilizing a voice based on actor Al Pacino's performance in the film Dog Day Afternoon. He used the voice in his audition for The Simpsons and, at the request of the show's executive producers Matt Groening and Sam Simon, made the voice more \"gravelly\". Groening and Simon thought the resultant voice was ideal for Moe and took Azaria over to the Fox recording studio. Before he had even seen a script, he recorded several lines of dialogue as Moe for the episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", dubbing Collins' voice.[5][8][15][16]", "Someone Saved My Life Tonight. In the Simpsons episode \"I'm with Cupid\", which features Elton John playing himself, Apu irritates John by deliberately punning that \"Someone saved your life tonight\" after his quick response prevents the singer being struck by a crashing plane.", "Nancy Cartwright. Nancy Jean Cartwright (born October 25, 1957)[1] is an American actress, voice actress and comedian, known for her long-running role as Bart Simpson on the animated television series The Simpsons. Cartwright also voices other characters for the show, including Nelson Muntz, Ralph Wiggum, Todd Flanders, Kearney and Database.", "Futurama. In addition to the main cast, Frank Welker voiced Nibbler and Kath Soucie voiced Cubert and several supporting and minor characters. Like The Simpsons, many episodes of Futurama feature guest voices from a wide range of professions, including actors, entertainers, bands, musicians, and scientists. Many guest-stars voiced supporting characters, although many voiced themselves, usually as their own head preserved in a jar. Recurring guest stars included Dawnn Lewis (as Hermes' wife LaBarbara), Tom Kenny, Dan Castellaneta (as the Robot Devil), Al Gore, and George Takei, among others.", "Will Lyman. In the January 26th, 2014 episode of The Simpsons, \"Specs and the City\", Lyman spoofed his Frontline voiceovers.", "Patrick Warburton. Warburton was also cast in The Venture Bros., in which he voices Brock Samson. He voices Joe Swanson on Fox’s Family Guy and Detective Cash in The Batman. He lent his voice talent to the computer-animated feature films Hoodwinked, Chicken Little, Bee Movie, Open Season, and Tak (all three games),Tak and the Power of Juju.[citation needed] He was also the voice of Commander Blaine H. Tate on the Comedy Central animated series Moonbeam City in October 2015.", "Mark Hamill. He guest starred in The Simpsons episode \"Mayored to the Mob\" as himself. On the audio commentary of the episode, he says that he has been a fan of the show since it debuted in 1987 on The Tracy Ullman Show and that it was a personal thrill to work with Dan Castellaneta, the voice of Homer Simpson. He has also guest starred in Family Guy and was also a recurring voice actor on Seth Green's Robot Chicken. He has also played himself in two episodes of the Disney Channel animated series Pepper Ann.", "June Foray. Foray guest starred only once on The Simpsons, in the season one episode \"Some Enchanted Evening\", as the receptionist for the Rubber Baby Buggy Bumper Babysitting Service. This was a play on a Rocky & Bullwinkle gag years earlier in which none of the cartoon's characters, including narrator William Conrad, was able to pronounce \"rubber baby buggy bumpers\" unerringly. Foray was later homaged by The Simpsons,[citation needed] in the season eight episode \"The Itchy & Scratchy & Poochie Show\", in which the character June Bellamy is introduced as the voice behind both Itchy and Scratchy.[citation needed] Foray appeared on camera in a major role only once, in Sabaka, as the high priestess of a fire cult. She also appeared on camera in an episode of Green Acres as a Mexican telephone operator. In 1991, she provided her voice as the sock-puppet talk-show host Scary Mary on an episode of Married... with Children. She played cameos in both 1992's Boris & Natasha and 2000's The Adventures of Rocky and Bullwinkle. Another on-camera appearance was as herself on an episode of the 1984 TV sitcom The Duck Factory, which starred Jim Carrey and Don Messick.[citation needed]", "Mara Wilson. In an NPR interview, Nancy Cartwright stated that a young Mara Wilson was the inspiration for a character's voice on The Simpsons episode \"Bart Sells His Soul.\"[41]", "Hank Azaria. The Simpsons creator Matt Groening has stated that Azaria possesses the ability to turn unfunny lines into some of the best in an episode,[15] while former writer Jay Kogen stated: \"Just when I think I know [Azaria's] bag of tricks, he's always got a new thing he does to surprise me.\"[12] Throughout the run of The Simpsons, Azaria has had to sing in character several times, a task which he describes as easier than singing normally.[5] The Smurfs writer David N. Weiss says Azaria \"has a beautiful treasure trove of talent\", and \"became what you wished you were writing\".[101] Playwright Jenelle Riley wrote in 2005 that Azaria was \"by far\" her favorite actor, praising his \"versatility\" and \"tendency to take small roles that would normally fade into the background and to consistently create characters people care about\", noting his roles in Shattered Glass, Mystery, Alaska and especially DodgeBall: A True Underdog Story.[12]", "The Simpsons Guy. The idea for a crossover episode was suggested by Family Guy executive producer and former Simpsons writer Richard Appel, and the episode was announced by Fox in July 2013. Five of the six main members of the voice cast of The Simpsons—the exception being Harry Shearer—voiced their characters in the episode. \"The Simpsons Guy\" was met with a mixed reception by critics, who had differing opinions on how well the two shows combined." ]

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[ "You Can Get It If You Really Want. \"You Can Get It If You Really Want\" is a famous late rocksteady song written and performed by the Jamaican reggae singer songwriter Jimmy Cliff. It was famously used in the 1972 film The Harder They Come. A version was recorded by Jamaican singer Desmond Dekker, becoming a hit in its own right as a single released in a number of markets, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. It was classified as number 27 on the 1970 Year-end Chart in the UK.", "You Can Get It If You Really Want. The song has been covered by a great number of artists including by Italian pop singer Sabrina (Sabrina Salerno) in her 1991 album Over the Pop and by Stiff Little Fingers on their 1999 album Hope Street where the song is retitled \"You Can Get It (If Yu Really Want It)\".", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). I Can Get It for You Wholesale: Original Broadway Cast Recording contains the songs from the Broadway musical I Can Get It for You Wholesale, with music and lyrics by Harold Rome. The album contains Barbra Streisand's show-stopping solo \"Miss Marmelstein\", which became the most memorable song of the show.", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Original Recording Engineers: Fred Plaut and Ed Michalski", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Music and Lyrics by Harold Rome", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Produced by Goddard Lieberson", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). All songs written by Harold Rome.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). In 1978 a re-formed version of Badfinger re-recorded \"Come and Get It\" for K-tel Records, with Evans again singing lead. This served to provide a demo recording to give to Elektra Records, and resulted in the Airwaves album in 1979.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). This song was also recorded by the Vic Lewis Orchestra and Singers, as a promotional single, and released in the UK on NEMS Records in 1969, and in the US on Epic Records in 1970.[12]", "Nice Work If You Can Get It (song). Early chart versions were by Shep Fields, Teddy Wilson with Billie Holiday, Fred Astaire, Maxine Sullivan and The Andrews Sisters.[1]", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). There is a version by Elton John, featuring on the 2009 album Spirit In The Sky: Rare Sessions 1969–70.", "Nice Work If You Can Get It (song). The song was included in the Tony Award-winning Broadway musical Crazy for You and lent its name to the musical Nice Work If You Can Get It.", "You Can Get It If You Really Want. In 1990, the song was used in the cd \"Sebastian from The Little Mermaid\" as most of the songs were performed by Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian the crab. Wright also performed this version in Sebastian's Caribbean Jambore.", "Rob & Fab. Upon separation from the Milli Vanilli project, Pilatus and Morvan moved to Los Angeles, California and signed to The Joss Entertainment Group, with whom the duo recorded the album Rob & Fab, which was financed by Taj Records in 1992 and released by Joss Entertainment in 1993. Due to financial constraints they only released the album in the U.S., the most critical market in the Milli Vanilli fiasco. A single, \"We Can Get It On\", was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the single did not have much commercial success. The album itself only sold around 2,000 copies. Rob & Fab did not record or release any further music.", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Goddard Lieberson, who produced the album, signed Streisand to a contract, and her first solo album The Barbra Streisand Album was released two months after I Can Get It for You Wholesale closed.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). \"Come and Get It\" is a song composed by Paul McCartney for the 1969 film The Magic Christian. The song was performed by Badfinger, produced by McCartney and issued as a single 5 December 1969 in the UK, and 12 January 1970 in the US, on the Beatles' Apple label.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). On 2 August 1969, McCartney presented his demo to Apple band Badfinger (then called the Iveys) telling them, \"Okay, it's got to be exactly like this demo.\" His \"carrot\" for the band was his offer to produce this song and two other Iveys' originals for the movie The Magic Christian, since he had a contract to supply three songs for it. The band followed his instructions.[2]", "You Can't Always Get What You Want. \"You Can't Always Get What You Want\" was something I just played on the acoustic guitar—one of those bedroom songs. It proved to be quite difficult to record because Charlie couldn't play the groove and so Jimmy Miller had to play the drums. I'd also had this idea of having a choir, probably a gospel choir, on the track, but there wasn't one around at that point. Jack Nitzsche, or somebody, said that we could get the London Bach Choir and we said, \"That will be a laugh.\"[3]", "Nice Work If You Can Get It (song). \"Nice Work If You Can Get It\" is a popular song.", "You Really Got Me. \"You Really Got Me\" was released as the band's third single on 4 August 1964, backed with \"It's Alright\".[22] Within three days of the single's release, \"You Really Got Me\" began to appear on local charts. Eventually, the song climbed to the top of the British charts, the band's first single to do so.[22] Ray Davies later claimed that, due to the single's high demand, Pye Records put all their other records on hold to solely produce copies of \"You Really Got Me\".[22] Due to the high level of success the single achieved in the UK, a rush-release of \"You Really Got Me\" was put out in the US on 2 September 1964, despite being delayed from its initial release date of 26 August.[23] Although it did not enter the charts until 26 September, the record rose to number seven on the Billboard Hot 100.[23] The song later appeared on the band's debut album, Kinks, with the title of the American release of the album being changed to You Really Got Me. Plans for Ray to sing versions of the song in French, German, Spanish, and Japanese for their respective markets were proposed by Shel Talmy, but they never materialized.[24]", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). This song has been covered in French by Celine Lomez under the title \"Ce que tu veux, je l'ai\" (1970).", "Milli Vanilli. Meanwhile, Morvan and Pilatus moved to Los Angeles, California, and signed with the Joss Entertainment Group, where they recorded their follow-up album under the name Rob & Fab. Almost all the songs on the album were written by Kenny Taylor and Fab Morvan, while Morvan and Pilatus provided the lead vocals. Because of financial constraints, Joss Entertainment Group was only able to release the album in the United States, the priority market to Milli Vanilli. A single, \"We Can Get It On\", was made available for radio play shortly before the album's release. However, the lack of publicity, poor distribution, and their steep fall from the height of pop-culture visibility after the lip-synching scandal contributed to its failure. The album only sold around 2,000 copies.", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Orchestrations by Sid Ramin", "I Can Get It for You Wholesale (album). Musical Direction and Vocal Arrangements by Lehman Engel", "Bryan Adams. Adams's second album, You Want It You Got It, was recorded in two weeks and it marked Adams's first album co-produced by Bob Clearmountain.[citation needed] It was released in 1981 and contained the FM album-oriented rock radio hit \"Lonely Nights\", (as well as Seattle-area favorite \"Fits Ya Good\") but it was not until his third album that he achieved international recognition, popularity.", "You Got What It Takes. The song was released under the title \"You've Got What It Takes\" by The Lana Sisters (featuring a young Dusty Springfield) as a B side in 1960. A 1967 cover of the song by The Dave Clark Five reached #7 in the United States and #28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached #2 in the UK in 1977. On their 1967 album, United, duet performers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell recorded an uptempo soul version and included a false ending.", "Get Down on It. \"Get Down on It\" was re-recorded and released as the third overall single from Australian singer Peter Andre's second studio album, Natural. The single featured the band Past to Present. The single reached No.1 in New Zealand and No. 5 on the Australian Singles Chart, achieving Gold status there in March 1996.[14]", "You Really Got Me. A live version of \"You Really Got Me\" was released on the band's 1980 live album, One for the Road. This version, following the minor success of the same album's live version of \"Lola\", was released as a single in America, backed with the live take of Low Budget's \"Attitude\".[37] However, the single failed to chart.[37] This version was later included on the 1986 compilation album, Come Dancing with the Kinks: The Best of the Kinks 1977–1986.[38]", "Nice Work If You Can Get It (song). In the 1951 film An American in Paris, the song is performed by Georges Guétary.", "If You Wanna Get to Heaven. \"If You Wanna Get To Heaven\" is a single by the Ozark Mountain Daredevils from their 1973 album The Ozark Mountain Daredevils. This is their debut single which reached #25 on the U.S. Billboard.", "You Really Got Me. Prior to its release, the Kinks performed \"You Really Got Me\" in some of their early concerts.[3] It was a crowd favourite, with Ray Davies later claiming to feel a connection with the crowd as he performed the song.[3] Ray later said, \"Our success came from playing [the song] live. When we played 'You Really Got Me' people actually took notice. They realised we had something original.\"[3]", "If You Want My Love. In a review of the 1996 four disc box set \"Sex, America, Cheap Trick\", Billboard Magazine wrote of the band's decline in the early to mid-1980s, writing \"Despite the dispriting times, Cheap Trick never ceased producing the occasional Beatlesque gem, such as \"If You Want My Love,\" from \"One on One\" ('82); \"I Can't Take It,\" from the Todd Rundgren-produced \"Next Position Please\" ('83); and \"Tonight It's You\" from \"Standing on the Edge\" ('85) - each included on the box.\"[11]" ]

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[ "Soup to nuts. \"Soup to nuts\" is an American English idiom that conveys the meaning of \"from beginning to end\". It is derived from the description of a full course dinner, in which courses progress from soup to a dessert of nuts. It is comparable to expressions in other languages, such as the Latin phrase ab ovo usque ad mala (\"from the egg to the apples\"), describing the typical Roman meal.", "Duck Soup (1933 film). \"Duck soup\" was American English slang at that time; it meant something easy to do. Conversely, \"to duck something\" meant to avoid it. When Groucho was asked for an explanation of the title, he quipped, \"Take two turkeys, one goose, four cabbages, but no duck, and mix them together. After one taste, you'll duck soup for the rest of your life.\"[7]", "I Had a Little Nut Tree. It was parodied by Roald Dahl in his poetry book Rhyme Stew (1989).", "I Had a Little Nut Tree. \"I danced o'er the water,\nI danced o'er the sea,\nAnd all the birds in the air,\nCouldn't catch me\"", "British slang. nuts or nuttyÂ", "The Horse and His Boy. Lewis also uses the proverbs to subtly make fun of the Calormenes. For example, the fisherman cites a proverb, \"Natural affection is stronger than soup and offspring more precious than carbuncles\" (p. 4). Myers wryly notes “Soup, of course, varies greatly in its strength; 'carbuncle' means 'a red jewel' in medieval romances, but its modern meaning is 'a red sore'\" (1998:162). Later, as the Vizier addresses the Tisroc, he refers to part of the same proverb, saying “sons are in the eyes of their fathers more precious than carbuncles\" (p. 112), (but he rephrases it into a longer, wordier form; verbosity being one of the hallmarks of Calormene speech (Myers 1998:162)). The relationship between the Tisroc and Prince Rabadash is nicely paralleled by the \"carbuncle\" meaning of \"red sore\".", "French toast. Under the names suppe dorate, soupys yn dorye, tostées dorées, and payn purdyeu, the dish was widely known in medieval Europe and often served with game birds and meats.[citation needed] A fourteenth-century German recipe uses the name Arme Ritter (\"poor knights\"),[4][8] a name also used in English[6] and the Nordic languages. Also in the fourteenth century, Taillevent presented a recipe for \"tostées dorées\".[9] Italian 15th-century culinary expert Martino da Como offers a recipe. The word \"soup\" in the dish's name refers to bread soaked in a liquid, a sop.[10]", "Nutmeg (football). The origins of the word are a point of debate. An early use is in the novel A bad lot by Brian Glanville (1977).[6] According to Alex Leith's book Over the Moon, Brian - The Language of Football, \"nuts refers to the testicles of the player through whose legs the ball has been passed and nutmeg is just a development from this\".[7] The use of the word nutmeg to mean leg, in Cockney rhyming slang, has also been put forward as an explanation.[8]", "Turtles all the way down. The exact origin of the phrase \"turtles all the way down\" is uncertain. In the form \"rocks all the way down\", the saying appears as early as 1838.[1] References to the saying's mythological antecedents, the World Turtle and its counterpart the World Elephant, were made by a number of authors in the 17th and 18th centuries.[2][3] This mythology is frequently assumed to have originated in Hindu India. The final form of the saying is still well known and can be found in a variety of modern contexts.", "Angelus Silesius. 10. Ich bin wie Gott, und Gott wie ich.\nIch bin so groß als Gott, er ist als ich so klein:\nEr kann nicht über mich, ich unter ihm nicht sein.[18][19]", "French onion soup. Onion soups have been popular at least as far back as Roman times. Throughout history, they were seen as food for poor people, as onions were plentiful and easy to grow. The modern version of this soup originates in Paris, France in the 18th century,[1][2] made from beef broth, and caramelized onions. It is often finished by being placed under a grill in a ramekin with croutons and Comté melted on top. The crouton on top is reminiscent of ancient soups (see history of soup).", "Nutmeg (football). Another theory was postulated by Peter Seddon in his book, Football Talk - The Language And Folklore Of The World's Greatest Game.[9] The word, he suggests, arose because of a sharp practice used in nutmeg exports between America and England. \"Nutmegs were such a valuable commodity that unscrupulous exporters were to pull a fast one by mixing a helping of wooden replicas into the sacks being shipped to England,\" writes Seddon. \"Being nutmegged soon came to imply stupidity on the part of the duped victim and cleverness on the part of the trickster.\" While such a ploy would surely not be able to be employed more than once, Seddon alleges it soon caught on in football, implying that the player whose legs the ball had been played through had been tricked, or, nutmegged.[8]", "Grape-Nuts. A subsequent ad campaign generated another catchphrase, as Euell Gibbons became the spokesperson for the brand, promoting Grape-Nuts as the \"Back to Nature Cereal\". The line \"Ever eat a pine tree? Many parts are edible\" drew attention to the product from consumers, as well as from comedians.[citation needed]", "Nut (fruit). In common use, a \"tree nut\" is, as the name implies, any nut coming from a tree. This most often comes up regarding allergies, where some people are allergic specifically to peanuts, others to a wider range of nuts that grow in trees.", "Turtles all the way down. A version of the saying in its \"turtle\" form appeared in an 1854 transcript of remarks by preacher Joseph Frederick Berg addressed to Joseph Barker:", "To hell in a handbasket. \"Going to hell in a handbasket\", \"going to hell in a handcart\", \"going to hell in a handbag\", \"go to hell in a bucket\",[1] \"sending something to hell in a handbasket\" and \"something being like hell in a handbasket\" are variations on an American allegorical locution of unclear origin, which describes a situation headed for disaster inescapably or precipitately.", "Yard (sailing). The earliest mention of this phrase collected by the OED is in Rudyard Kipling's From Sea to Sea in 1899, where it is used as a metaphor referring to drinking habits. However, the phrase was in use earlier, in the same context. One example is from the first volume of Life, from the issue of May 31, 1883.[2]", "Fruit (slang). Fruitcakes, which are cakes containing both fruit and nuts, have been in existence since the Middle Ages,[28] but it is unclear when the term started being used disparagingly, especially in the United Kingdom and the United States, as a slur for a 'crazy person' (e.g. \"he's a complete fruitcake\") although Cassell's Dictionary of Slang traces uses of fruitcake meaning an eccentric (crazy) person to 1910s.[14] It is derived from the expression \"nutty as a fruitcake\", which was first recorded in 1935.[29] A nut can be either a seed or a fruit.", "Duck Soup (1933 film). The melodramatic exclamation \"This means war!\" certainly did not originate with Duck Soup, but it is used several times in the film—at least twice by Trentino and once by Firefly[13]—and would be repeated by Groucho in A Night at the Opera and A Day at the Races. Variations of this phrase would later become a frequently used catch-phrase for Daffy Duck and Bugs Bunny in Warner Bros. cartoons.[14]", "Wedding soup. The term \"wedding soup\" comes from the Italian language phrase \"minestra maritata\" (\"married soup\"), which is a reference to the flavor produced by the combination/\"marriage\" of greens and the meat.[2] The minestra maritata recipe is also prepared by the families of Lazio and Campania. Some form of minestra maritata was long popular in Toledo, Spain, before pasta became an affordable commodity to most Spaniards.[citation needed] The modern wedding soup is quite a bit lighter than the old Spanish form, which contained more meats than just the meatballs of modern Italian-American versions.", "Jesus nut. The term jesus nut may have been coined by American soldiers in Vietnam; the Vietnam War was the first war to feature large numbers of soldiers riding in helicopters.", "Ancient Israelite cuisine. Almonds, walnuts and pistachios were eaten and are mentioned in the Bible. Almonds were widespread in the region from prehistoric times and the Bible mentions almonds (shaked) and pistachios (botnim) as among the “choice fruits of the land” sent by Jacob as a gift to the ruler of Egypt (Genesis 43:11). Almonds and pistachios were probably eaten primarily by the wealthy. The walnut reached Israel from Mesopotamia by at least 2000 BCE and is mentioned once in the Bible (Song of Solomon 6:11). Walnuts became common during the Second Temple period and so widespread that the word for walnut, egoz, became the generic Hebrew word for nut at that time.[34][47]", "French onion soup. French onion soup (French: soupe à l’oignon [sup a lɔɲɔ̃]) is a type of soup usually based on meat stock and onions, and often served gratinéed with croutons and cheese on top or a large piece of bread. Although ancient in origin, the dish underwent a resurgence of popularity in the 1960s in the United States due to a greater interest in French cuisine. French onion soup is usually served as a starter.[1]", "Turtles all the way down. The linguist John R. Ross also associates James with the phrase:", "Peanut. Peanuts are similar in taste and nutritional profile to tree nuts such as walnuts and almonds, and as a culinary nut are often served in similar ways in Western cuisines. The botanical definition of a \"nut\" is a fruit whose ovary wall becomes very hard at maturity. Using this criterion, the peanut is not a true nut,[6] but rather a legume. However, for culinary purposes and in common English language usage, peanuts are usually referred to as nuts.", "Skidamarink. Said \"Koko-Nut, go 'way;", "The pot calling the kettle black. This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as \"The pot calls the pan burnt-arse\" in John Clarke's collection of proverbs, Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina (1639).[4] A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims (1682):", "Snakes and Ladders. The phrase \"back to square one\" originates in the game of snakes and ladders, or at least was influenced by it – the earliest attestation of the phrase refers to the game: \"Withal he has the problem of maintaining the interest of the reader who is always being sent back to square one in a sort of intellectual game of snakes and ladders.\"[18][19]", "British slang. do one's nutÂ", "Leo Tolstoy. But this very necessity of involuntary suffering (by poor people) for eternal salvation is also expressed by that utterance of the Savior (Matthew 19:24): \"It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of God.\" Therefore those who were greatly in earnest about their eternal salvation, chose voluntary poverty when fate had denied this to them and they had been born in wealth. Thus Buddha Sakyamuni was born a prince, but voluntarily took to the mendicant's staff; and Francis of Assisi, the founder of the mendicant orders who, as a youngster at a ball, where the daughters of all the notabilities were sitting together, was asked: \"Now Francis, will you not soon make your choice from these beauties?\" and who replied: \"I have made a far more beautiful choice!\" \"Whom?\" \"La povertà (poverty)\": whereupon he abandoned every thing shortly afterwards and wandered through the land as a mendicant.[24]", "Jesus nut. In literature the term \"Jesus nut\" was used in Chickenhawk by Robert Mason, a narrative about his experiences as a pilot in the Vietnam War.", "Send to Coventry. Some have suggested that the idiom derives from the ostracism that became a fate of legendary Coventry's \"Peeping Tom\".[citation needed] However it is surprising that there is no recorded use between the 1050s (the origin of the tale) and the first possible example suggested by the Oxford English Dictionary, dated 1647. Furthermore, there is no support for this derivation in Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable (1981), the Oxford English Dictionary (1986), or Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English (1961)." ]

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[ "Michael Myers (Halloween). Daniel Farrands, writer of The Curse of Michael Myers, describes the character as a \"sexual deviant\". According to him, the way Michael follows girls around and watches them contains a subtext of repressed sexuality. Farrands theorizes that, as a child, Michael became fixated on the murder of his sister Judith, and for his own twisted reasons felt the need to repeat that action over and over again, finding a sister-like figure in Laurie who excited him sexually. He also believes that by making Laurie Michael's literal sister, the sequels took away from the simplicity and relatability of the original Halloween. Nevertheless, when writing Curse, Farrands was tasked with creating a mythology for Michael which defined his motives and why he could not be killed. He says, \"He can't just be a man anymore, he's gone beyond that. He's mythical. He's supernatural. So, I took it from that standpoint that there's something else driving him. A force that goes beyond that five senses that has infected this boy's soul and now is driving him.\" As the script developed and more people became involved, Farrands admits that the film went too far in explaining Michael Myers and that he himself was not completely satisfied with the finished product.[31]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). A common characterization is that Michael Myers is evil. John Carpenter has described the character as \"almost a supernatural force - a force of nature. An evil force that's loose,\" a force that is \"unkillable\".[2] Nicholas Rogers elaborates, \"Myers is depicted as a mythic, elusive bogeyman, one of superhuman strength who cannot be killed by bullets, stab wounds, or fire.\"[29] Carpenter's inspiration for the \"evil\" that Michael would embody came when he was in college. While on a class trip at a mental institution in Kentucky, Carpenter visited \"the most serious, mentally ill patients\". Among those patients was a young boy around twelve to thirteen years-old. The boy gave this \"schizophrenic stare\", \"a real evil stare\", which Carpenter found \"unsettling\", \"creepy\", and \"completely insane\". Carpenter's experience would inspire the characterization that Loomis would give of Michael to Sheriff Brackett in the original film. Debra Hill has stated the scene where Michael kills the Wallaces' German Shepherd was done to illustrate how he is \"really evil and deadly\".[28]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Describing aspects of Michael Myers which he wanted to explore in the comic book Halloween: Nightdance, writer Stefan Hutchinson mentions the character's \"bizarre and dark sense of humor\", as seen when he wore a sheet over his head to trick a girl into thinking he was her boyfriend, and the satisfaction he gets from scaring the characters before he murders them, such as letting Laurie know he is stalking her. Hutchinson feels there is a perverse nature to Michael's actions: \"see the difference between how he watches and pursues women to men\".[25] He also suggests that Michael Myers' hometown of Haddonfield is the cause of his behavior, likening his situation to that of Jack the Ripper, citing Myers as a \"product of normal surburbia - all the repressed emotion of fake Norman Rockwell smiles\". Hutchinson describes Michael as a \"monster of abjection\". When asked his opinion of Rob Zombie's expansion on Michael's family life, Hutchinson says that explaining why Michael does what he does \"[reduces] the character\". That being said, Hutchinson explores the nature of evil in the short story Charlie—included in the Halloween Nightdance trade paperback—and says that Michael Myers spent fifteen years \"attuning himself to this force to the point where he is, as Loomis says, 'pure evil'\".[33] Nightdance artist Tim Seeley describes the character's personality in John Carpenter's 1978 film as \"a void\", which allows the character to be more open to interpretation than the later sequels allowed him. He surmises that Michael embodies a part of everyone; a part people are afraid will one day \"snap and knife someone\", which lends to the fear that Michael creates on screen.[25]", "Halloween (2007 film). Zombie's intention was to reinvent Michael Myers because, in his opinion, the character, along with Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, and Pinhead, had become more familiar to audiences, and as a result, less scary.[7][8] The idea behind the new film was to delve deeper into Michael's back story and add \"new life\" to the character.[6] Michael's mask will be given its own story, to provide an explanation as to why he wears it, instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store, as in the original film.[9] Zombie explained that he wanted Michael to be true to what a psychopath really is, and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide. He also wanted the young Michael to have charisma, which would be projected onto the adult Michael. In addition, he decided that Michael's motives for returning to Haddonfield would be more ambiguous, explaining, \"[W]as he trying to kill Laurie, or just find her because he loves her?\"[5]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers made his literary debut in October 1979 when Curtis Richards released a novelization of the film. The book follows the events of the film, but includes references to the festival of Samhain. A prologue provides a possible explanation for Michael's murderous impulses, telling the story of Enda, a disfigured Celtic teenager who butchers the Druid princess Deirdre and her lover as revenge for rejecting him; the king subsequently has his shaman curse Enda's soul to walk the earth reliving his crime for eternity. It is later revealed that Michael Myers suffers nightmares about Enda and Deirdre, as did Michael's great-grandfather before shooting to death two people at a Halloween harvest dance in the 1890s. The novel shows Michael's childhood in more detail; his mother voices concern over her son's anti-social behavior shortly before he murders Judith, and Dr. Loomis notices the boy's effortless control and manipulation of the staff and patients at Smith's Grove during his incarceration. Later in the story, Michael's stalking of Laurie and her friends is depicted as more explicitly sexual than was apparent in the film, with several references to him having an erection.[14] Michael returned to the world of literature with the 1981 adaptation of Halloween II written by Jack Martin; it was published alongside the first film sequel, with the novel following the film events, with an additional victim, a reporter, added to the novel.[15] The final novelization to feature Michael was Halloween IV, released October 1988. The novel was written by Nicholas Grabowsky, and like the previous adaptations, follows the events of Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[16]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In one of the various merchandises to feature the character, Michael Myers made his video game debut with the 1983 Atari video game Halloween. The game is rare to find, often being played on emulators. No characters from the films are specifically named, with the goal of the game focusing on the player, who is a babysitter, protecting children from a \"homicidal maniac [who] has escaped from a mental institution\".[40] Michael was one of several horror icons to be included in the 2009 version of Universal Studios Hollywood's Halloween Horror Nights event, as a part of a maze entitled Halloween: The Life and Crimes of Michael Myers[41] Pop artist Eric Millikin created a large mosaic portrait of Michael Myers out of Halloween candy and spiders as part of his \"Totally Sweet\" series in 2013.[42][43]", "Halloween (franchise). After Halloween III was released, Michael Myers was brought back into the franchise with 1988's The Return of Michael Myers, where he has stayed for the remainder of the series. Four more sequels would follow, between 1988 and 2002, before the series would take a break for five years. On June 4, 2006, Dimension Films announced that Rob Zombie, director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects, would be creating the next installment in the Halloween franchise. Bob Weinstein approached Rob Zombie about making the film, and Zombie, who was a fan of the original Halloween and friend of John Carpenter, jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Films.[17] Before Dimension went public with the news, Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter, out of respect, of the plans to remake his film.[18] Carpenter's request was for Zombie to \"make it his own [film]\".[19] Zombie's film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept, with considerable original content in the new film.[20] Zombie also wanted to reinvent the character, as he felt Michael, along with Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, and Pinhead, had become too familiar to audiences, and as a result, less scary.[21] Zombie delved deeper into Michael Myers's mythology. Michael's mask was even given its own story to provide an explanation as to why he wears it, instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store, as in the original film.[22] Zombie wanted to bring Michael closer to what a psychopath really is, and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide.[18]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). The character's first break into comics came with a series of comics published by Brian Pulido's Chaos! Comics. The first, simply titled Halloween, was intended to be a one-issue special, but eventually two sequels spawned: Halloween II: The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III: The Devil's Eyes. All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman, with Daniel Farrands—writer for Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers—assisting on the first issue; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations. Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues, focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers. The first issue includes backstory on Michael's childhood, while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20.[21]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Associated producer Malek Akkad explained the film's lack of a cohesive \"vision\" being the result of director Chappelle \"answering\" to the visions of the distributor, Dimension Films; Moustapha Akkad's production company, Nightfall Productions; and writer Daniel Farrands.[42] Tensions between what Dimension, Nightfall, and Farrands envisioned for the film resulted in a finished product that had needed \"more forethought,\" according to Akkad.[42]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In 2005, a study was conducted by the Media Psychology Lab of California State University, Los Angeles on the psychological appeal of movie monsters—vampires, Freddy Krueger, Frankenstein's monster, Jason Voorhees, Godzilla, Chucky, Hannibal Lecter, King Kong, the Alien, and the shark from Jaws—which surveyed 1,166 people nationwide (United States), with ages ranging from 16 to 91. It was published in the Journal of Media Psychology. In the survey, Michael was considered to be the \"embodiment of pure evil\"; when compared to the other characters, Michael Myers was rated the highest. Michael was characterized lending to the understanding of insanity, being ranked second to Hannibal Lecter in this category; he also placed first as the character who shows audiences the \"dark side of human nature\". He was rated second in the category \"monster enjoys killing\" by the participants, and believed to have \"superhuman strength\". Michael was rated highest among the characters in the \"monster is an outcast\" category.[3]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. An earlier teaser trailer of the film employed the title Halloween 666: The Origin of Michael Myers, which according to Daniel Farrands, came before an official title had been decided, and that the trailer title was a combination of an earlier script titled The Origin of Michael Myers by another writer, and Farrands' original script titled Halloween 666. At one point, executive producer Moustapha Akkad asked Farrands for a title, who suggested The Curse of Michael Myers due to the troubled production. Although Farrands was half-joking, Akkad took the name to heart and decided upon it. Farrands also adds that this coincidentally made the subtitles similar to those in The Pink Panther films, which also used Return, Revenge, and Curse subtitles as Halloween's fourth, fifth and sixth films, respectively.[38]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film, Halloween, although the masked character is credited as \"The Shape\" in the first two films. In the beginning of Halloween, a 9-year-old Michael (Will Sandin) murders his teenage sister Judith (Sandy Johnson) on Halloween, 1963. Fifteen years later, Michael (Nick Castle) escapes Smith's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield, Illinois. He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) on Halloween, while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence) attempts to track him down. Murdering her friends, Michael finally attacks Laurie, but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her. Loomis shoots Michael six times, before Michael falls over the house's second-story balcony ledge; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing.[4] Michael returns in the sequel, Halloween II (1981). The film picks up directly where the original ends, with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael. Michael (Dick Warlock) follows Laurie Strode (Curtis) to the local hospital, where he wanders the halls in search of her, killing security guards, doctors, and nurses that get in his way. Loomis learns that Laurie Strode is Michael's younger sister, and rushes to the hospital to find them. He causes an explosion in the operating theater, allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames.[5]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. When I first saw the original, I was dating a girl and took her to a theater in Boston to see it. We were the only ones in the place, but she was climbing all over me. When Halloween II came out, I got completely blitzed and saw it, and I had the best time. So when the director, Dwight Little, asked me to write the script, I jumped at the chance. Here I was going to bring the Shape — Michael Myers — back to life. It's a piece of film history. He's truly an icon.[10]", "Halloween (2018 film). Displeased with Rob Zombie's re-imagining and added backstory of murderer Michael Myers, Carpenter wanted to take the character back to his more mysterious roots, describing him as \"a force of nature. He's supposed to be almost supernatural.\"[28] McBride detailed his approach as humanizing the character, \"I think we're just trying to take it back to what was so good about the original. It was just very simple and just achieved that level of horror that wasn't turning Michael Myers into some being that couldn't be killed. I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen. I think it's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you're taking the trash out.\"[29]", "Halloween (franchise). The first Halloween comic was published by Brian Pulido's Chaos! Comics. Simply titled Halloween, it was intended to be a one-issue special, but eventually two sequels spawned: Halloween II: The Blackest Eyes and Halloween III: The Devil's Eyes. All of the stories were written by Phil Nutman, with Daniel Farrands—writer for Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers—assisting on the first issue; David Brewer and Justiniano worked on the illustrations. Tommy Doyle is the main protagonist in each of the issues, focusing on his attempts to kill Michael Myers. The first issue includes back story on Michael's childhood, while the third picks up after the events of the film Halloween H20.[75] These comics were based on Daniel Farrand's concept for Halloween: Resurrection; he had been approached by the producers to pitch a follow-up to Halloween H20. His idea was to have Tommy Doyle incarcerated at Smith's Grove for Michael Myers' crimes, only to escape and reunite with Lindsay Wallace. Together, they study the journals of Dr. Loomis and find out more about Michael's childhood. The movie would have explored Michael's time at Smith's Grove and his relationship with Dr. Loomis, before returning to Tommy and Lindsay, who are attacked by the adult Michael Myers. Upon defeating him and removing his mask, they discover Laurie Strode, who has taken over her brother's mantle. Farrand's logic was that, since Jamie Lee Curtis was contracted to cameo in Halloween: Resurrection, they should make that cameo as significant and surprising as possible. Although the studio did not follow up on his pitch, Farrands was able to tell his story in comic book form.[76]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Fred Walton (director of When a Stranger Calls and April Fool's Day) was originally attached to direct the film but dropped out.[26][38] Special effects artist John Carl Buechler created the mask for the film, which was based heavily on the mask featured in the poster for Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[37] Buechler hand-crafted the mask over actor George P. Wilbur's face.[37]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. On February 25, 1988, writer Alan B. McElroy, a Cleveland, Ohio native, was brought in to the write the script for Halloween 4.[10] The writer's strike was to begin on March 7 that year. This forced McElroy to develop a concept, pitch the story, and send in the final draft in under eleven days. McElroy came up with the idea of Brittany \"Britti\" Lloyd, Laurie Strode's daughter, to be chased by her uncle, who has escaped from Ridgemont after being in a coma for ten years. Dr. Samuel Loomis, who has also survived the fiery explosion at the end of Halloween II, goes looking for Michael with Sheriff Meeker. The setting of the place was once again Haddonfield, Illinois. The character of Laurie Strode was revealed to have died in a car accident, leaving Britti with the Carruthers family, which included Rachel, the family's seventeen-year-old daughter. Britti's name was later changed to Jamie, a homage to Laurie Strode actress Jamie Lee Curtis.", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. According to Farrands, there were around ten different drafts of his script between June 1994 and the October 1994 film shoot, and much of the finale that appears in the theatrical version (including the events at the hospital, as well as the references to the cult using Myers's power as a means of scientific investigation), was not written by him, and had been written and shot in post-production under the supervision of Dimension Films.[20]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In 2003, Michael appeared in the self-published comic One Good Scare, written by Stefan Hutchinson and illustrated by Peter Fielding. The main character in the comic is Lindsey Wallace, the young girl who first saw Michael Myers alongside Tommy Doyle in the original 1978 film. Hutchinson wanted to bring the character back to his roots, and away from the \"lumbering Jason-clone\" the film sequels had made him.[22] On 25 July 2006, as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween: 25 Years of Terror, the comic book Halloween: Autopsis was released. Written by Stefan Hutchinson and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas, the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers. As the photographer, Carter, follows Dr. Loomis; he begins to take on Loomis's obsession himself, until finally meeting Michael Myers in person, which results in his death.[23]", "List of Halloween characters. Michael Myers (born c. 1957 (said to be October 19 in Halloween: Resurrection)) is a serial killer. He targets his family and anyone who is in the way. In John Carpenter's Halloween, it appears that Michael comes from a middle-class family living in the suburbs of the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois. There is no background to explain why Michael, at the age of 6 years, killed his older sister, Judith Myers and stopped talking (October 31, 1963). As a result of his heinous crime, Michael is institutionalized in the fictional Smith's Grove - Warren County Sanitarium. But in an exclusive scene in the novel, a judge says that Michael will go to trial at the age of 21 for the murder of his sister. In a scene in the movie that takes place fifteen years later (October 30, 1978), it is implied that Michael is mentally ill and suffering from schizophrenia when Dr. Loomis tells Nurse Marion Chambers that he wants Michael to be on thorazine when he is seen by the judge. Presumably, Michael would be going to trial for the murder of his older sister. However, it isn't until the sequel of 1981 that the film alludes to the possibility that Michael has something more going on with him than mental illness when he writes the Celtic word Samhain in blood on the elementary school chalk board. In the 1979 novel by Curtis Richards, Michael's need to kill is caused by spirit possession and relates to the festival of Samhain. This is conveyed through a dream that Michael has, which happens to be very similar to a murder that took place during a Samhain festival in ancient Ireland (it is mentioned in the novel's prologue). Also, in the novel a young Michael hopes that by killing Judith, the voice inside his head will go away.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers. Michael returned following Halloween III, in the aptly titled Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared: there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers.", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. In June 1994, after several screenplays from different writers had been deemed insufficient by Akkad (including one by Scott Spiegel),[9] Farrands was hired to write a new screenplay, as the film had an impending shooting date scheduled for October in Salt Lake City, Utah.[10] Farrands has said his initial intent for the film was to \"bridge the later films (4-5) in the series to the earlier films (1-2) while at the same time taking the story into new territory so that the series could expand for future installments.\"[11] This in part meant expanding on the presence of the \"Man in Black\" as well as the appearance of the Thorn symbol, both of which appear without explanation at the end of Halloween 5.[12] In beginning the script, Farrands contacted the writers of Halloween 4 and 5 for additional information, but they were unable to provide clear answers, leaving him to \"pick up the pieces.\"[13]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In 2008, Devil's Due Publishing began releasing more Halloween comic books, starting with a four issue mini series, titled Halloween: Nightdance. Written by Stefan Hutchinson, Nightdance takes place in Russellville, and follows Michael's obsession with Lisa Thomas, a girl who reminds him of his sister Judith. Lisa is afraid of the dark after Michael trapped her in a basement for days, and years later, he starts sending her disturbing, childlike drawings and murdering those around her on Halloween. Meanwhile, Ryan Nichols is hunting Michael down after seeing him attack and kidnap his wife. In the end, Michael frames Ryan for the murders and buries Lisa alive.[24] Hutchinson explains that Nightdance was an attempt to escape the dense continuity of the film series and recreate the tone of the 1978 film; Michael becomes inexplicably fixated on Lisa, just as he did with Laurie in the original Halloween, before the sequels established that a sibling bond was actually his motivation for stalking her.[25] Included in the Nightdance trade paperback is the short prose story Charlie, which features Charlie Bowles, a Russellville serial killer who taps into the same evil force which motivates Michael Myers.[24] To celebrate the anniversary of the Halloween series, Devil's Due released a one-shot comic entitled Halloween: 30 Years of Terror in August 2008, written by Hutchinson. An anthology collection inspired by John Carpenter's original film, Michael appears in various stories, tampering with Halloween candy, decapitating a beauty queen, tormenting Laurie Strode, and killing a school teacher.[26][27]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Farrands expanded the \"Curse of Thorn\" plot line, in which Jamie Lloyd is kidnapped by a covert cult who has cursed Michael Myers via the Runic symbol of Thorn, which compels him to kill and also affords him immortality.[14] Farrands had in part based the idea on dialogue present in Halloween II (1981) about the night of Samhain, during which the \"veil between the living and the dead is thinnest,\" the one time of the year during which Myers became \"active, and seeks out his bloodline.\"[15] References to Druidism as well as Myers's grandfather \"hearing voices\" had also appeared in the 1978 novelization of Halloween by Curtis Richards.[16] While the character of Jamie Lloyd dies early in the film, the initial versions of Farrands' script had her character surviving until the final act, at which point she was ultimately killed by Michael.[17] Other elements of Farrands' working script that ultimately had to be trimmed down included an extension of the Curse of Thorn subplot, which had the entire town of Haddonfield in collusion with the cult, an idea Akkad wanted to use for the series' seventh installment.[18] However, this idea was scrapped in favor of the Halloween H20 script in 1997.[19]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Dominique Othenin-Girard attempted to have audiences \"relate to 'Evil', to Michael Myers's 'ill' side\". Girard wanted Michael to appear \"more human [...] even vulnerable, with contradicting feelings inside of him\". He illustrated these feelings with a scene where Michael removes his mask and sheds a tear. Girard explains, \"Again, to humanize him, to give him a tear. If Evil or in this case our boogeyman knows pain, or love or demonstrate a feeling of regrets; he becomes even more scary to me if he pursues his malefic action. He shows an evil determination beyond his feelings. Dr. Loomis tries to reach his emotional side several times in [Halloween 5]. He thinks he could cure Michael through his feelings.\"[30]", "Halloween (franchise). The original Halloween (1978), co-written and directed by John Carpenter, tells the story of Michael Myers as he stalks and kills teenage babysitters on Halloween night. The film begins with six-year-old Michael (Will Sandin) killing his older sister Judith (Sandy Johnson) on Halloween night 1963 in the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois. He is subsequently hospitalized at Warren County's Smith's Grove Sanitarium. Fifteen years later, Michael (Nick Castle and Tony Moran) escapes from Smith's Grove and returns to his hometown where he stalks Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) and her friends as they babysit. The film ends with Michael being shot six times by his psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence).[1] Halloween II (1981) picks up where the events of Halloween left off. Michael's body is missing from the front lawn, where he fell when Loomis shot him. Michael follows Laurie to the local hospital, killing everyone who gets between him and Laurie. The story reveals that Laurie is actually Michael's sister: she was given up for adoption as an infant. Michael corners Loomis and Laurie in an operating room, where Loomis causes an explosion as Laurie escapes. Michael, engulfed in flames, stumbles out of the room before finally falling dead.[2]", "Halloween (franchise). While waiting to acquire the rights to publish more Halloween comics, Stefan Hutchinson worked on the documentary Halloween: 25 Years of Terror with Malek Akkad. Together, they developed ideas for possible Halloween stories that would be \"connected into a larger tale, so the idea was that it would use the serial aspect of comic books to create different storylines than would be possible in the films.\"[78] On July 25, 2006, as an insert inside the DVD release of Halloween: 25 Years of Terror, Hutchinson released Halloween: Autopsis. Written by Hutchinson, and artwork by Marcus Smith and Nick Dismas, the story is about a photographer assigned to take pictures of Michael Myers. As the photographer, Carter, follows Dr. Loomis he begins to take on Loomis's obsession himself, until finally meeting Michael Myers in person, which results in his death.[79]", "Escape from New York. Carpenter wrote the film in the mid-1970s as a reaction to the Watergate scandal. After the success of Halloween, he had enough influence to begin production and filmed it mainly in St. Louis, Missouri on an estimated budget of $6 million.[3][4] Debra Hill and Larry J. Franco served as the producers. The film was co-written by Nick Castle, who had collaborated with Carpenter by portraying Michael Myers in Halloween.", "Halloween (franchise). Halloween is an American horror franchise that consists of ten films, novels, comic books, merchandise, and a video game. The franchise primarily focuses on serial killer Michael Myers who was committed to a sanitarium as a child for the murder of his older sister, Judith Myers. Fifteen years later, he escapes to stalk and kill the people of the fictional town of Haddonfield, Illinois while being chased by his former psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis. Michael's killings occur on the holiday of Halloween, on which all of the films primarily take place.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series, except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films. Since Castle, Moran, and Wallace put on the mask in the original film, six people have stepped into the same role. Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films, and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once. Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil, both directly in the films, by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films, as well as by random participants in a survey.[2][3]", "Halloween (franchise). The Michael Myers mask has been reproduced over the years by Don Post, the mask company responsible for the creation of the masks from several of the Halloween films (the Silver Shamrock novelty factory seen in Halloween III was actually shot on location in one of Don Post's factories).[90] While Don Post reproductions of the Michael Myers mask are still commonly found in costume stores every Halloween, the license to produce Michael Myers masks has since been given to Cinema Secrets, the company commissioned with the creation of the Michael Myers mask for Halloween: Resurrection.[91] As of 2012, Universal Pictures has granted license to Trick or Treat Studios to produce two versions of the Michael Myers mask from Halloween II, one \"clean\" version and one with the famous \"blood tears\".[92]" ]

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[ "2018–19 NHL season. The regular season began on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. Each team will receive a five-day \"bye week\", all of which will take place in mid-January. The regular season schedule was released on June 21.[37][38]", "2018–19 NHL season. The 2018–19 NHL season is the 102nd season of operation (101st season of play) of the National Hockey League. 31 teams are competing in an 82-game regular season. The regular season began on October 3, 2018, and will end on April 6, 2019. The 2019 Stanley Cup playoffs will begin a few days afterwards, with the Stanley Cup Finals held in late May to early June.", "2018–19 NHL season. In an effort to expand the league's television audience in Europe, the NHL began to schedule a \"European Game of the Week\" broadcast for its European rightsholders, which will present weekend matinee games scheduled to fall during local primetime hours. The initiative launched with an NHL Global Series game in Gothenburg, Sweden on October 6, 2018.[10][11]", "2018–19 NHL season. Three regular season games, branded as the NHL Global Series, will be played in Europe.[39] The Edmonton Oilers and New Jersey Devils played at the Scandinavium in Gothenburg, Sweden, on October 6, 2018. The Florida Panthers and Winnipeg Jets will play two games at Hartwall Arena in Helsinki, Finland, on November 1 and 2, 2018.[14]", "2017–18 NHL season. The regular season will begin on October 4, 2017, and end on April 7, 2018. Each team will receive a five-day \"bye week\", and all of them will take place in mid-January.[44]", "2017–18 NHL season. The 2017–18 NHL season is the 101st season of operation (100th season of play) of the National Hockey League. With the addition of a new expansion team, the Vegas Golden Knights, 31 teams compete in an 82-game regular season. The regular season began on October 4, 2017, and will end on April 7, 2018. The 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs will then begin a few days afterwards, with the Stanley Cup Finals held in early June.", "2018 IIHF World Championship. The schedule was released on 8 August 2017.[12]", "2018–19 NHL season. The current collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is in its seventh season. The NHL can chose to opt out of the CBA on September 1, 2019, or the NHLPA can choose to opt out of the CBA on September 19, 2019.", "2017–18 NHL season. Two regular season games will be played in Stockholm, Sweden as part of the 2017 SAP NHL Global Series, the league announced on March 24, 2017. The games will be played between the Colorado Avalanche and the Ottawa Senators at the Ericsson Globe on November 10 and 11, 2017.[45] This is the first NHL game(s) to be held outside North America since the 2011 NHL Premiere contest.", "2016–17 NHL season. The regular season began on October 12, 2016, and ended on April 9, 2017. The playoffs began on April 12, 2017, and ended on June 11, 2017. The schedule was released on June 21, 2016.[33] Each team will receive a five-day \"bye week\" and no practices can be held during the time period.[34]", "2017–18 AHL season. The 2017–18 AHL season is the 82nd season of the American Hockey League. The regular season began October 6, 2017 and ends April 15, 2018.[1] The 2018 Calder Cup playoffs follow the conclusion of the regular season.", "2016–17 NHL season. The centennial campaign extends into the following 2017–18 season. On March 17, 2017, the NHL announced that the Ottawa Senators would host an outdoor game against the Montreal Canadiens, the NHL 100 Classic, at TD Place Stadium on December 16, 2017.[13][14]", "2018–19 NHL season. The 2019 National Hockey League All-Star Game will be held in San Jose, California, at SAP Center, home of the San Jose Sharks, on January 26, 2019, the first time it will be held on a Saturday after many years of the All-Star game being played on a Sunday.[42][43]", "2017–18 NHL season. The NHL's centennial commemorations will continue into the 2017–18 season, as its 100th season of play. On March 17, 2017, the NHL announced that it would hold an outdoor game at TD Place Stadium between the Ottawa Senators and Montreal Canadiens on December 16, 2017, to formally mark the 100th anniversary of their first NHL game.[19][20] The Toronto Maple Leafs will mark the centennial of the NHL's first game (which involved their predecessor, the Toronto Arenas) during their December 19, 2017 game against the Carolina Hurricanes.[21]", "2018 Men's Hockey World Cup. The schedule was published on 27 February 2018.[8]", "2017–18 Vegas Golden Knights season. The regular season schedule was released on June 22, 2017.[7]", "2018–19 NHL season. No major rule changes have been implemented this season.", "2018 NFL season. The entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018.\nHighlights of the 2018 season include:", "2017–18 NHL season. On April 3, 2017, the NHL announced that, after five Olympic tournaments in which the NHL allowed its players to participate in the event, it would not do so for the men's hockey tournament at the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, South Korea. Furthermore, the league did not include a break for the Olympics in its schedule, and scheduled its All-Star Game as usual for late-January shortly prior to the Olympics (historically, the All-Star Game was not played during Olympic years).[4][5] Each team's mandatory bye week, stipulated in the league's CBA, was also scattered throughout the month of January.[6]", "2018–19 NBA season. The regular season began on October 16, 2018 and will end on April 10, 2019. The entire schedule was released on August 10, 2018.[29]", "2018–19 NHL season. The following players led the league in regular season points at the conclusion of games played on October 29, 2018.[44]", "2018 NFL season. When the entire season schedule was released on April 19, 2018, the league announced flexible scheduling for Saturday games in weeks 15 and 16. The final kickoff times for these games will be announced no later than week 8:[78]", "NHL 17. NHL 17 was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One consoles on September 13, 2016 in North America and September 15 in Europe. Pre-orders of any edition of the game came with a special EASHL equipment bundle as well as a unique goal celebration, imitating the one from NHL '94. The Deluxe and Super Deluxe editions came with extra gold packs for the Hockey Ultimate Team mode, delivered weekly for a certain amount of time, with the Super Deluxe edition offering more packs than the Deluxe. Pre-orders made through the Xbox Games Store came with a free month of EA Access.[31] A large update for the game was released to coincide with its launch. The update brought in several new features, items and options, while also fixing certain issues and bugs.[32]", "2018 National Hockey League All-Star Game. The 2018 All-Star Game again used the 3-on-3 tournament format successfully introduced in 2016, in which teams representing each of the NHL's four divisions (the Atlantic, Metropolitan, Central, and Pacific) played a single-elimination tournament, with each game consisting of two 10-minute halves played 3-on-3 and going directly to a shootout if tied after 20 minutes.[4]", "2018–19 NHL season. The 2018 NHL Entry Draft was held June 22 and 23, 2018. The Buffalo Sabres, by virtue of winning the draft lottery on April 28, held the first overall selection, using it to select defenseman Rasmus Dahlin.", "2016–17 NHL season. On September 27, 2016, the NHL announced that it would organize a series of initiatives and events throughout 2017 to mark the league's 100th year of operations, and the upcoming 2017–18 season, which will be the NHL's 100th season of play. The campaign began with the NHL Centennial Classic outdoor game on January 1, 2017, and will continue throughout the calendar year, including documentaries and a daily \"Time Capsule\" feature across NHL media properties, a \"Centennial Truck Tour\" with a traveling museum and other activities that will visit each NHL market over the course of the year, a 2017 Winter Classic-themed float appearing during the Tournament of Roses Parade, and the unveiling of the top 100 players during the weekend of the All-Star Game, and the top 100 moments of the league's history later in the year.[9]", "2018 Chicago Bears season. The Bears' 2018 schedule was announced on April 19.", "2018–19 NHL season. This is the eighth season under the NHL's ten year U.S. rights deal with NBC Sports and fifth season of its twelve year Canadian rights deals with Sportsnet and TVA Sports.", "NBC Sunday Night Football. The 2018 NFL season schedule will be released in April.", "2018 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series. The final schedule – comprising 36 races, as well as exhibition races, which are the Advance Auto Parts Clash, Can-Am Duel qualifying duel races for the Daytona 500 and the All-Star Race – was released on May 23, 2017.[21]\nKey changes from 2017 include:", "2018–19 La Liga. The fixtures of 2018-19 La Liga are scheduled to release on 23 July 2018.", "2018 National Hockey League All-Star Game. As in the previous two All-Star Games, captaincy of each division was determined by a fan vote, running from December 2, 2017 until January 1, 2018.[10] On January 3, 2018, after a month of fan voting, the four captains were announced by the NHL. Steven Stamkos of the hosting Lightning was selected captain for the Atlantic Division. Alexander Ovechkin of the Washington Capitals was selected for the Metropolitan Division. P. K. Subban of the Nashville Predators and Connor McDavid of the Edmonton Oilers were selected to captain the Central and Pacific Divisions, respectively, for the second consecutive year.[11]" ]

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[ "Moderate. A political moderate is a person in the center category of the left–right political spectrum.", "Moderate. In recent years, the term \"political moderates\" has gained traction as a buzzword. The existence of the ideal moderate is disputed because of a lack of a moderate political ideology. Voters who describe themselves as centrist often mean that they are moderate in their political views, advocating neither extreme left-wing politics nor right-wing politics. Gallup polling has shown American voters identifying themselves as moderate between 35–38% of the time over the last 20 years.[2] Voters may identify with moderation for a number of reasons: pragmatic, ideological or otherwise. It has even been suggested that individuals vote for centrist parties for purely statistical reasons.[3]", "Political ideologies in the United States. Moderates, who may be left or right leaning, incorporate different aspects from liberalism and conservatism into their personal perspective. According to recent polls moderates are commonly identified as the second largest group, closely trailing conservatives, constituting between 36% and 39% of the population.[10][11] Moderates are commonly defined through limiting the extent to which they adopt liberal and conservative ideas. CNN exit polls have found moderates to be rather evenly divided between the country's two main parties.[12][13][14]", "Left–right political spectrum. The left–right political spectrum is a system of classifying political positions, ideologies and parties. Left-wing politics and right-wing politics are often presented as opposed, although a particular individual or group may take a left-wing stance on one matter and a right-wing stance on another; and some stances may overlap and be considered either left- or right-wing depending on the ideology.[1] In France, where the terms originated, the Left has been called \"the party of movement\" and the Right \"the party of order\".[2][3][4][5] The intermediate stance is called centrism and a person with such a position is a moderate or centrist.", "Moderate. In religion, the moderate position is centered and opposed to liberalism or conservatism.[4] For example in Christianity, moderates in evangelicalism would oppose the ideas of Christian right and Christian fundamentalism, as well as liberal Christians oppose the idea of Christian left. For Islam, moderates oppose the extreme views of Islamic extremism and Islamic fundamentalism.", "Fredrik Reinfeldt. Under Reinfeldt's leadership, the Moderate Party adjusted its position in the political spectrum, moving towards the centre. To reflect these changes, the party's unofficial name was altered to \"The New Moderates\" (Swedish: De nya Moderaterna) in order to emphasize the break with the past.[12] The Moderate Party started to focus more on calls for tax cuts for low- and middle-income groups, rather than on major tax cuts that would more benefit high-income earners.[13]", "Factions in the Republican Party (United States). Moderates within the party, historically referred to as \"Rockefeller Republicans\", now often called \"Main Street Republicans\" or \"Business Conservatives\"[1] and by their conservative Republican critics \"Republican In Name Only\", or \"RINO\",[16] tend towards being conservative to moderate on fiscal issues and moderate to liberal on social issues.", "Political ideologies in the United States. Even though liberals as a whole tend to be the most educated ideological demographic (as indicated by Pew research), moderates tend to become increasingly conservative with increased economic prosperity,[6] causing the professional class to be split between Republicans and Democrats.[15] Among those who do identify as either liberal or conservative few identify as \"far left\" or \"far right.\" Most Americans either identify as \"moderate\" or as \"somewhat\" liberal or conservative.[10]", "Political spectrum. A political spectrum is a system of classifying different political positions upon one or more geometric axes that symbolize independent political dimensions.[1]", "Political spectrum. Most long-standing spectra include a right wing and left wing, which originally referred to seating arrangements in the French parliament after the Revolution (1789–1799).[1] According to the simplest left–right axis, communism and socialism are usually regarded internationally as being on the left, whereas conservatism and capitalism are on the right. Liberalism can mean different things in different contexts, sometimes on the left (social liberalism), sometimes within libertarianism (classical liberalism). Those with an intermediate outlook are classified as centrists or moderates. Politics that rejects the conventional left–right spectrum is known as syncretic politics.[2][3]", "Left–right political spectrum. These categories can be applied to many parties outside Europe.[42] Ware (1996) asserted that in the United States both major parties were liberal,[clarification needed] even though there are left–right policy differences between them.[43]", "Left–right political spectrum. Right-wing extremist parties are harder to define other than being more right-wing than other parties, but include fascists and some extreme conservative and nationalist parties.[40]", "Moderate. Aristotle favoured conciliatory politics dominated by the centre rather than the extremes of great wealth and poverty or the special interests of oligarchs and tyrants.[1]", "Al Gore. During his time in Congress, Gore was considered a \"moderate\" (he once referred to himself as a \"raging moderate\")[45] opposing federal funding of abortion, voting in favor of a bill which supported a moment in silence in schools, and voting against a ban on interstate sales of guns.[46] In 1981, Gore was quoted as saying with regard to homosexuality, \"I think it is wrong\", and \"I don't pretend to understand it, but it is not just another normal optional life style.\" In his 1984 Senate race, Gore said when discussing homosexuality, \"I do not believe it is simply an acceptable alternative that society should affirm.\" He also said that he would not take campaign funds from gay rights groups.[47] Although he maintained a position against homosexuality and gay marriage in the 1980s, Gore said in 2008 that he thinks \"gay men and women ought to have the same rights as heterosexual men and women...to join together in marriage.\"[48] His position as a moderate (and on policies related to that label) shifted later in life after he became Vice President and ran for president in 2000.[49]", "Left–right political spectrum. The contemporary Left in the United States is usually understood as a category that includes New Deal social-liberals (in contrast to traditions of social democracy more common to Western Europe), Rawlsian liberals and civil libertarians, who are often identified with the Democratic Party. In general, the term left-wing is understood to imply a commitment to egalitarianism, support for social policies that appeal to the working class and multiculturalism. The contemporary center-left usually defines itself as promoting government regulation of business, commerce and industry; protection of fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and freedom of religion (separation of church and state); and government intervention on behalf of racial, ethnic and sexual minorities and the working class.[49]", "Left-wing politics. The spectrum of left-wing politics ranges from center-left to far-left (or ultra-left). The term center-left describes a position within the political mainstream. The terms far-left and ultra-left refer to positions that are more radical. The center-left includes social democrats, social liberals, progressives and also some democratic socialists and greens (including some eco-socialists). Center-left supporters accept market allocation of resources in a mixed economy with a significant public sector and a thriving private sector. Center-left policies tend to favour limited state intervention in matters pertaining to the public interest.", "Centrism. Another party in the centre of the political spectrum is the liberal Reformist Movement.", "Left–right political spectrum. Political scientists and other analysts regard the Right as including Christian democrats, conservatives, right-libertarians,[22] neoconservatives, imperialists, monarchists,[23] fascists,[24] reactionaries and traditionalists.", "Fredrik Reinfeldt. People both within and outside the party differ on their analysis of Reinfeldt's transformation of the Moderate Party, with some arguing that the party was mainly honing the way it describes its visions, and others suggesting that it constituted a substantial policy change towards the centre.[16][17][18] As a consequence of Reinfeldt's shift of the Moderate Party to the centre, the differences between the Moderate Party and their traditional opponents the Social Democratic Party have become harder to discern.[15] In a series of radio and television debates, the then-Social Democrat leader and Prime Minister Göran Persson portrayed his opponent as a classic conservative in disguise. Persson stated that, if put into power, the conservatives would tamper with Sweden's successful formula of high taxes, a large public sector and generous benefits.[19] There was also some criticism within the party; former Moderate Youth League chairman Christofer Fjellner called Reinfeldt's political reform \"leftist rhetoric\" (Swedish: vänsterretorik).[15]", "Nonpartisan blanket primary. With regards to reducing political polarization, this does not seem to hold true. Due to lack of crossover votes, an extreme candidate from the majority party can still win over a moderate from the other party.[47][48][49][50] Though the intention of the system is to get a moderate from the majority party, this will not happen if there is no moderate, the moderate lacks name recognition, or voters are unsure of which candidate is more moderate.", "Republican Party (United States). Republican conservatives are strongest in the South, Mountain West and Midwest, where they draw support from social conservatives. The moderates tend to dominate the party in New England, and used to be well represented in all states. From the 1940s to the 1970s under such leaders as Dwight D. Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, and Gerald Ford, they usually dominated the presidential wing of the party. Since the 1970s, they have been less powerful, though they are always represented in the cabinets of Republican presidents. In Vermont, Jim Jeffords, a Republican Senator became an independent in 2001 due to growing disagreement with President Bush and the party leadership. In addition, moderate Republicans have recently held the governorships in several New England States, while Lincoln Chafee, a former moderate Republican senator is an independent-turned-Democrat former governor of Rhode Island. Former Senator Olympia Snowe and current Senator Susan Collins, both of Maine, and former Senator Scott Brown of Massachusetts are notable moderate Republicans from New England. Former Senator Mark Kirk is another example of a moderate Republican from a Democratic stronghold, Illinois, who ironically held the Senate seat once held by President Barack Obama. From 1991 to 2007, moderate Republicans served as governors of Massachusetts. Prominent Republican moderates have included former Presidents Dwight Eisenhower, Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and George Bush Sr., as well as former Senate leaders Howard Baker and Bob Dole, former Massachusetts Governor Mitt Romney, and former New York City Mayors Rudy Giuliani and Michael Bloomberg.", "Factions in the Republican Party (United States). While they sometimes share the economic views of other Republicans—e.g. balanced budgets, lower taxes, free trade, deregulation and welfare reform—moderate Republicans differ in that some are for affirmative action,[17] same-sex marriage and gay adoption, legal access to and even funding for abortion, gun control laws, more environmental regulation and anti-climate change measures, fewer restrictions on legal immigration, a path to citizenship for illegal immigrants and more relaxed enforcement of illegal immigration and support for \"sanctuary cities\" and for some also abolition of the death penalty, civil rights laws, embryonic stem cell research.[18][19]", "Fredrik Reinfeldt. A native of Stockholm County, Reinfeldt joined the Moderate Youth League in 1983, and by 1992 had risen to the rank of chairman, a position he held until 1995. He served as Member of Parliament from 1991 to 2014, representing his home constituency. Reinfeldt was elected party leader on 25 October 2003, succeeding Bo Lundgren. Under his leadership, the Moderate Party has transformed its policies and oriented itself towards the centre, branding itself \"the New Moderates\" (Swedish: Nya moderaterna).", "Political ideologies in the United States. Political ideologies in the United States refers to the various ideologies and ideological demographics in the United States. Citizens in the U.S. generally classify themselves as adherent to positions along the political spectrum as either liberal, progressive, moderate, or conservative. Modern American liberalism aims at the preservation and extension of human, social and civil rights as well as the government guaranteed provision of positive rights. It combines social progressivism and to some extent, ordoliberalism and is highly similar to European social liberalism. American conservatism commonly refers to a combination of economic liberalism and libertarianism, and to an extent, social conservatism. It aims at protecting the concepts of small government and individual liberty, while promoting traditional values on some social issues.", "Left–right political spectrum. The right is always the party sector associated with the interests of the upper or dominant classes, the left the sector expressive of the lower economic or social classes, and the centre that of the middle classes. Historically this criterion seems acceptable. The conservative right has defended entrenched prerogatives, privileges and powers; the left has attacked them. The right has been more favorable to the aristocratic position, to the hierarchy of birth or of wealth; the left has fought for the equalization of advantage or of opportunity, for the claims of the less advantaged. Defense and attack have met, under democratic conditions, not in the name of class but in the name of principle; but the opposing principles have broadly corresponded to the interests of the different classes.[13]", "Far-left politics. Far-left or extreme-left politics are political positions further to the left on the left–right political spectrum than the standard political left.", "Left–right political spectrum. Some political scientists have suggested that the classifications of \"left\" and \"right\" are no longer meaningful in the modern complex world. Although these terms continue to be used, they advocate a more complex spectrum that attempts to combine political, economic and social dimensions.[50]", "Fredrik Reinfeldt. In the general election of 2002 the Moderate Party gained 15.3 percent of the votes—its lowest share of the vote in a general election since 1973.[10] Following the loss, Lundgren was forced to resign his position as leader of the Moderate Party.[11] After the 2002 election Reinfeldt was elected as leader of the Moderate Party parliamentary group, spokesman for economic policy and vice chairman of the parliament's finance committee. On 25 October 2003 he was unanimously elected as the new leader of the Moderate Party.[3]", "Real Time with Bill Maher. Maher has been a critic of the Obama administration,[3] the Bush administration and the Trump administration. His panel attempts to present a diverse set of views. Frequently, it consists of a liberal commentator or political figure, a conservative commentator or political figure, and a third individual who does not have as clear an ideological label, or someone with moderate beliefs. This third individual is often an actor, comedian, musician or other entertainment figure, though many times the commentator is openly conservative or liberal.", "Political parties in the United States. Some political candidates, and many voters, choose not to identify with a particular political party. In some states, independents are not allowed to vote in primary elections, but in others, they can vote in any primary election of their choice. Although the term \"independent\" often is used as a synonym for \"moderate,\" \"centrist,\" or \"swing voter,\" to refer to a politician or voter who holds views that incorporate facets of both liberal and conservative ideologies, an independent can be of any ideological or political persuasion.", "Democratic Party (United States). Centrist Democrats, or New Democrats, are an ideologically centrist faction within the Democratic Party that emerged after the victory of Republican George H. W. Bush in the 1988 presidential election. They are an economically liberal and \"Third Way\" faction which dominated the party for around 20 years starting in the late 1980s after the United States populace turned much further to the political right. They are represented by organizations such as the New Democrat Network and the New Democrat Coalition.", "Majoritarianism. Integrative majoritarianism incorporates several institutions to preserve minority groups and foster moderate political parties.[4]" ]

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[ "Big Lake (Arizona). Big Lake has 680 acres (280 ha),[1] with an average depth of 30 feet (9.1 m). Primary fish species here include rainbow, brook and cutthroat trout, with an occasional Brown trout. Each year, the Department stocks an average of 480,000 fingerling (three inch) and 50,000 subcatchable (six inch) trout. Most of these are rainbows.", "Big Lake (Arizona). Big Lake is considered one of the White Mountains' best fishing lakes, because of its size, productivity and visitor amenities. As with most trout waters in Arizona, catch rates are best in spring, during late April and May after the winter ice thaws, and get better later in the summer and into fall until the lake freezes over again in late November. Big Lake is in Apache County and is managed by the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest.", "Tempe Town Lake. Tempe Town Lake is stocked with rainbow trout on a monthly basis from November to February. Other species found in the lake naturally include largemouth bass, yellow bass, tilapia, carp, channel catfish and bluegill. An Arizona fishing license is required to fish in the lake. All motor vehicles are required to have a four stroke marine engine.", "Lake Okeechobee. The most common fish in this lake are largemouth bass, crappie, and bluegill. Pickerel have been less commonly caught.", "Big Bear Lake. Big Bear Lake provides an attractive setting for many outdoor activities, including fishing (trout, bluegill, crappie, catfish and largemouth bass), pleasure boating, and water skiing. Because of the very cold water and the presence of underwater obstacles near the shorelines, swimming is discouraged. The lake is patrolled by the BBMWD Lake Patrol.", "Bullhead City, Arizona. Fishing is popular on Lake Mohave and the Colorado River, which is plentiful with several species of fish, including Rainbow trout, Largemouth bass, Striped bass, crappie, sunfish, catfish (channel), and carp. There are dozens of coves and inlets that are well known among fishing enthusiasts.[83]", "Big Lake (Arizona). Situated at 9,000 feet (2,700 m) in the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forests, Big Lake is about 26 miles (42 km) south of Springerville and Eagar, accessed by paved road via Highways 260 and 261, and is approximately one hour’s drive from Pinetop using Highways 260 and 273 and Forest Road 113. Access is restricted in the winter when roads are closed due to snow, generally December to early April. In January, the normal high temperature is 44 °F (7 °C) with a normal low temperature of 14 °F (−10 °C). In July, the normal high temperature is 75 °F (24 °C) with a normal low temperature of 45 °F (7 °C).", "Fossil Creek. Native fish in Fossil Creek include headwater chub, roundtail chub, speckled dace, longfin dace, Sonora sucker, and desert sucker.[24] Between 2007 and 2010, the Arizona Game and Fish Department and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service added native spikedace, loach minnows, Gila topminnows, and razorback suckers as well as more longfin dace above the barrier. All except speckled dace are special-status fish listed as endangered, threatened, or sensitive by federal or state agencies. In addition, more than 100 macroinvertebrate species live in the Fossil Creek watershed.[24] One, the fossil springsnail, is listed sensitive by the U.S. Forest Service.[24]", "Lady Bird Lake. Lady Bird Lake has been stocked with several species of fish intended to improve the utility of the reservoir for recreational fishing. The predominant fish species in Lady Bird Lake are largemouth bass, catfish, carp, and sunfish. Fishing is regulated, requiring a fishing license, and daily bag and length limits apply for most species.", "Deep Creek Lake. Fish commonly caught by anglers include:[6]", "Big River (Missouri). Major gamefish commonly found in the river include largemouth bass, smallmouth bass, spotted bass, rock bass, longear sunfish, bluegill, channel catfish, flathead catfish, and redhorse suckers.", "Largemouth bass. The juvenile largemouth bass consumes mostly small bait fish, scuds, small shrimp, and insects. Adults consume smaller fish (bluegill, banded killifish), shad, snails, crawfish (crayfish), frogs, snakes, salamanders, bats[9] and even small water birds, mammals, and baby alligators.[10] In larger lakes and reservoirs, adult bass occupy deeper water than younger fish, and shift to a diet consisting almost entirely of smaller fish like shad, yellow perch, ciscoes, shiners, and sunfish. It also consumes younger members of larger fish species, such as pike, catfish, trout, walleye, white bass, striped bass, and even smaller black bass. Prey items can be as large as 50% of the bass's body length or larger.", "Lake Poopó. Three to four native fish species inhabited the lake: the mauri (a Trichomycterus catfish), and the carache and ispi (Orestias spp.). Two exotic fish species were introduced in the 20th century; the rainbow trout[11] (trucha) in 1942 and the silversides Odontesthes bonariensis (pejerrey) in 1955. These bigger fish are now the most commercially important species. The lake had relatively large fish population, although it declined during the years of low water when the salinity was high.", "Asian carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including tributaries), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.", "Asian carp in North America. Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.", "Asian carp. Bighead and silver carp feed by filtering plankton from the water. The extremely high abundance of bighead and silver carp has caused great concern because of the potential for competition with native species for food and living space. Because of their filter-feeding habits, they are difficult to capture by normal angling methods.", "Lake Powell. Some of these fish species are on the US Endangered Species List. Currently most native species on the Colorado River Basin are subject to ongoing restoration efforts of some kind.", "Lake of the Isles. The lake contains black bullhead, black crappie, bluegill, bowfin, common carp, hybrid sunfish, largemouth bass, northern pike, pumpkinseed, tiger muskellunge, walleye, yellow bullhead, and yellow perch.[2] Some guideline restrictions have been placed on the consumption of bluegill, carp, crappie, largemouth bass, northern pike, walleye, white sucker, and yellow perch from the lake, because of contamination with mercury and PFOS.[2]", "Kitch-iti-kipi. Ancient tree trunks with mineral encrusted branches can be seen, as well as fish that appear to be suspended in the crystal clear waters of the spring.[2] The fish are lake trout, brown trout and brook trout. On occasion one may spot yellow perch and other species that move between Big Spring and Indian Lake.[1]", "Red Deer River. Other fish include: emerald shiner, river shiner,\nspottail shiner, flathead chub, longnose dace, quillback carpsucker, longnose sucker, \nwhite sucker, shorthead redhorse, silver redhorse, perch, \nspoonhead sculpine, lake chub,\nnorthern pearl dace, northern redbelly dace, finescale dace, fathead minnow, muskellunge, and brook stickleback.", "Chicago River. The Chicago River has been highly affected by industrial and residential development with attendant changes to the quality of the water and riverbanks. Several species of freshwater fish are known to inhabit the river, including largemouth and smallmouth bass, rock bass, crappie, bluegill, catfish, and carp. The river also has a large population of crayfish. The South Fork of the Main (South) Branch, which was the primary sewer for the Union Stock Yards and the meat packing industry, was once so polluted that it became known as Bubbly Creek.[69] Illinois has issued advisories regarding eating fish from the river due to PCB and mercury contamination, including a \"do not eat\" advisory for carp more than 12 inches long.[70] There are concerns that silver carp and bighead carp, now invasive species in the Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, may reach the Great Lakes through the Chicago River.[71] Despite the pollution concerns, the Chicago River remains a very popular target for freshwater recreational fishing. In 2006, the Chicago Park District started the annual \"Mayor Daley's Chicago River Fishing Festival\", which has increased in popularity with each year.", "Asian carp in North America. Bighead, silver, and grass carp are known to be well-established in the Mississippi River basin (including its tributaries, the Ohio and Missouri rivers), where they at times reach extremely high numbers, especially in the case of the bighead and silver carp. Bighead, silver, and grass carp have been captured in that watershed from Louisiana to South Dakota, Minnesota, and Ohio. Grass carp are also established in at least one other watershed, in Texas, and may be established elsewhere.", "Ashurst Lake. Unlike similarly sized lakes in the North Central Arizona region, Ashurst is fed by more reliable springs and has a reputation for retaining water even during long dry periods.[1] The lake is regularly stocked with rainbow trout and thus a common destination for local anglers. Ashurst Lake is also considered a favorable fishing location for Northern Pike. The facilities are maintained under the authority of the Coconino National Forest.", "Red Deer River. Sport fish include: northern pike, sauger, lake whitefish,\nyellow perch, burbot, lake sturgeon,\nmountain whitefish, goldeye, brown trout, bull trout, rainbow trout, brook trout, and cutthroat trout.", "Wrangell–St. Elias National Park and Preserve. Twenty-one species of fish have been documented in fresh waters in the park. Differences in fish distribution depend on drainage: northern pike are not seen in the Copper River drainages, and no salmon species are seen in Yukon River drainages.[97] Large freshwater fish include Chinook, chum, coho, pink and sockeye salmon, as well as other salmonids such as lake trout, cutthroat trout, Dolly Varden, Arctic grayling and rainbow trout. Other fish include eulachon, burbot, round whitefish, northern pike, Pacific lamprey, lake chub and a variety of sculpins.[98]", "Lake Powell. Carp, pike and others", "Largemouth bass. The largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) is a freshwater gamefish in the sunfish family, a species of black bass native to North America. It is known by a variety of regional names, such as the widemouth bass, bigmouth bass, black bass, bucketmouth, largies, Potter's fish, Florida bass, Florida largemouth, green bass, green trout, gilsdorf bass, Oswego bass, southern largemouth and (paradoxically) northern largemouth.[3] The largemouth bass is the state fish of Georgia, Mississippi, and Indiana, the state freshwater fish of Florida and Alabama, and the state sport fish of Tennessee.", "Lake Biwa. There are 46 native fish species and subspecies in the lake,[4] including 11 species and 5 subspecies that are endemic or near-endemic.[1] The endemic species are five cyprinids (Carassius cuvieri, Gnathopogon caerulescens, Ischikauia steenackeri, Opsariichthys uncirostris and Sarcocheilichthys biwaensis), a true loach (Cobitis magnostriata), two gobies (Gymnogobius isaza and an undescribed species of Rhinogobius), two silurid catfish (Silurus biwaensis and S. lithophilus) and a cottid (Cottus reinii).[1][4] The Biwa trout is also endemic to the lake, but some maintain that it is a subspecies of the widespread masu salmon rather than a separate species.[1][4] The remaining endemic fish are subspecies of Carassius auratus, Cobitis minamorii, Sarcocheilichthys variegatus and Squalidus (chankaensis) biwae.[a][1][4]", "Lake Victoria. The non-cichlid native fish include African tetras (Brycinus), cyprinids (Enteromius, Garra, Labeo, Labeobarbus, Rastrineobola and Xenobarbus), airbreathing catfish (Clariallabes, Clarias and Xenoclarias), bagrid catfish (Bagrus), loach catfish (Amphilius and Zaireichthys), silver butter catfish (Schilbe intermedius), Synodontis squeaker catfish, Nothobranchius killifish, poeciliids (Aplocheilichthys and Micropanchax), the spiny eel Mastacembelus frenatus, elephantfish (Gnathonemus, Hippopotamyrus, Marcusenius, Mormyrus, Petrocephalus, and Pollimyrus), the climbing gourami Ctenopoma muriei and marbled lungfish (Protopterus aethiopicus).[55]", "Tilapia. Arizona stocks tilapia in the canals that serve as the drinking water sources for the cities of Phoenix, Mesa and others. The fish help purify the water by consuming vegetation and detritus, greatly reducing purification costs.", "Largemouth bass. Largemouth bass are keenly sought after by anglers and are noted for the excitement of their 'fight,' meaning how vigorously the fish resists being hauled into the boat or onto shore after being hooked. The fish will often become airborne in their effort to throw the hook, but many say that their cousin species, the smallmouth bass, can beat them pound for pound.[16] Anglers most often fish for largemouth bass with lures such as plastic worms (and other plastic baits), jigs, crankbaits, and spinnerbaits. A recent trend is the use of large swimbaits to target trophy bass that often forage on juvenile rainbow trout in California. Fly fishing for largemouth bass may be done using both topwater and worm imitations tied with natural or synthetic materials. Live bait, such as nightcrawlers, minnows, frogs, or crawfish can also be productive. In fact, large golden shiners are a popular live bait used to catch trophy bass, especially when they are sluggish in the heat of summer or in the cold of winter.[17] Largemouth bass usually hang around big patches of weeds and other shallow water cover. These fish are very capable of surviving in a wide variety of climates and waters. They are perhaps, one of North America's most tolerant fish.", "Flathead Lake. In addition to these commonly-pursued game fish, the lake is also home to other native species that currently aren't actively managed by government fish and wildlife agencies, including the Longnose Sucker, Redside Shiner, and Slimy Sculpin." ]

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[ "Whiskey Rebellion. In early August 1794, Washington dispatched three commissioners to the west, all of them Pennsylvanians: Attorney General William Bradford, Justice Jasper Yeates of the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, and Senator James Ross. Beginning on August 21, the commissioners met with a committee of westerners that included Brackenridge and Gallatin. The government commissioners told the committee that it must unanimously agree to renounce violence and submit to U.S. laws, and that a popular referendum must be held to determine if the local people supported the decision. Those who agreed to these terms would be given amnesty from further prosecution.[91]", "Whiskey Rebellion. Before troops could be raised, the Militia Act of 1792 required a justice of the United States Supreme Court to certify that law enforcement was beyond the control of local authorities. On August 4, 1794, Justice James Wilson delivered his opinion that western Pennsylvania was in a state of rebellion.[89] On August 7, Washington issued a presidential proclamation announcing, with \"the deepest regret\", that the militia would be called out to suppress the rebellion. He commanded insurgents in western Pennsylvania to disperse by September 1.[90]", "Whiskey Rebellion. The Whiskey Rebellion demonstrated that the new national government had the will and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws, though the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect. The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway. The whiskey tax was repealed in the early 1800s during the Jefferson administration.", "Whiskey Rebellion. Throughout Western Pennsylvania counties, protesters used violence and intimidation to prevent federal officials from collecting the tax. Resistance came to a climax in July 1794, when a U.S. marshal arrived in western Pennsylvania to serve writs to distillers who had not paid the excise. The alarm was raised, and more than 500 armed men attacked the fortified home of tax inspector General John Neville. Washington responded by sending peace commissioners to western Pennsylvania to negotiate with the rebels, while at the same time calling on governors to send a militia force to enforce the tax. Washington himself rode at the head of an army to suppress the insurgency, with 13,000 militiamen provided by the governors of Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. The rebels all went home before the arrival of the army, and there was no confrontation. About 20 men were arrested, but all were later acquitted or pardoned. Most distillers in nearby Kentucky were found to be all but impossible to tax—in the next six years, over 175 distillers from Kentucky were convicted of violating the tax law.[3] Numerous examples of resistance are recorded in court documents and newspaper accounts.[4]", "History of the United States (1789–1849). The Whiskey Rebellion happened in 1794—when settlers in the Monongahela Valley of western Pennsylvania protested against the new federal tax on whiskey, which the settlers shipped across the mountains to earn money. It was the first serious test of the federal government. Washington ordered federal marshals to serve court orders requiring the tax protesters to appear in federal district court. By August 1794, the protests became dangerously close to outright rebellion, and on August 7, several thousand armed settlers gathered near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Washington then invoked the Militia Law of 1792 to summon the militias of several states. A force of 13,000 men was organized, and Washington personally led it to Western Pennsylvania. The revolt immediately collapsed, and there was no violence.[7]", "Whiskey Rebellion. The Washington administration's suppression of the Whiskey Rebellion met with widespread popular approval.[114] The episode demonstrated that the new national government had the willingness and ability to suppress violent resistance to its laws. It was, therefore, viewed by the Washington administration as a success, a view that has generally been endorsed by historians.[115] The Washington administration and its supporters usually did not mention, however, that the whiskey excise remained difficult to collect, and that many westerners continued to refuse to pay the tax.[33] The events contributed to the formation of political parties in the United States, a process already underway.[116] The whiskey tax was repealed after Thomas Jefferson's Republican Party came to power in 1801, which opposed the Federalist Party of Hamilton and Washington.[117]", "Whiskey Rebellion. The resistance came to a climax in 1794. In May of that year, federal district attorney William Rawle issued subpoenas for more than 60 distillers in Pennsylvania who had not paid the excise tax.[50] Under the law then in effect, distillers who received these writs would be obligated to travel to Philadelphia to appear in federal court. For farmers on the western frontier, such a journey was expensive, time-consuming, and beyond their means.[51] At the urging of William Findley, Congress modified this law on June 5, 1794, allowing excise trials to be held in local state courts.[52] But by that time, U.S. marshal David Lenox had already been sent to serve the writs summoning delinquent distillers to Philadelphia. Attorney General William Bradford later maintained that the writs were meant to compel compliance with the law, and that the government did not actually intend to hold trials in Philadelphia.[53]", "Whiskey Rebellion. Daniel Morgan, a general key to the winning of the American Revolution, was called up to lead a force to suppress the protest. It was at this time (1794) that Morgan was promoted to Major General. Serving under General \"Light-Horse Harry\" Lee, Morgan led one wing of the militia army into Western Pennsylvania.[103] The massive show of force brought an end to the protests without a shot being fired. After the uprising had been suppressed, Morgan commanded the remnant of the army that remained until 1795 in Pennsylvania, some 1,200 militiamen, one of whom was Meriwether Lewis.[104]", "Timeline of United States military operations. 1791–1794: Whiskey Rebellion: a series of protests against the institution of a federal tax on the distillation of spirits as a revenue source for repaying the nation's war bonds. The revolt was centered upon southwestern Pennsylvania, although violence occurred throughout the Trans-Appalachian region.", "History of the United States. The Whiskey Rebellion in 1794, when western settlers protested against a federal tax on liquor, was the first serious test of the federal government. Washington called out the state militia and personally led an army, as the insurgents melted away and the power of the national government was firmly established.[63]", "Whiskey Rebellion. The insurrection collapsed as the federal army marched west into western Pennsylvania in October 1794. Some of the most prominent leaders of the insurrection, such as David Bradford, fled westward to safety. It took six months for those who were charged to be tried. Most were acquitted due to mistaken identity, unreliable testimony and lack of witnesses. The only two convicted of treason and sentenced to hang were John Mitchell and Philip Wigle. They were later pardoned by Washington.[105][106]", "Whiskey Rebellion. The committee was divided between radicals and moderates, and narrowly passed a resolution agreeing to submit to the government's terms. The popular referendum was held on September 11 and also produced mixed results. Some townships overwhelmingly supported submitting to U.S. law, but opposition to the government remained strong in areas where poor and landless people predominated.[92] The final report of the commissioners recommended the use of the military to enforce the laws.[93] The trend was towards submission, however, and westerners dispatched representatives William Findley and David Redick to meet with Washington and to halt the progress of the oncoming army. Washington and Hamilton declined, arguing that violence was likely to re-emerge if the army turned back.[92]", "Whiskey Rebellion. L. Neil Smith wrote the alternate history novel The Probability Broach in 1980 as part of his North American Confederacy Series. In it, Albert Gallatin joins the rebellion in 1794 to benefit the farmers, rather than the fledgling US Government as he did in reality. This results in the rebellion becoming a Second American Revolution. This eventually leads to George Washington being overthrown and executed for treason, the abrogation of the Constitution, and Gallatin being proclaimed the second president and serving as president until 1812.[123][124]", "Federalist Era. Insurgents in Western Pennsylvania shut the courts and hounded federal officials, but Jeffersonian leader Albert Gallatin mobilized the western moderates, and thus forestalled a serious outbreak of violence. Washington, seeing the need to assert federal supremacy, called out 13,000 state militia, and marched toward Washington, Pennsylvania, to suppress what became known as the Whiskey Rebellion. The rebellion evaporated in late 1794 as the army approached. The rebels dispersed before any major fighting occurred. Federalists were relieved that the new government proved capable of overcoming rebellion, while Republicans, with Gallatin their new hero, argued there never was a real rebellion and the whole episode was manipulated in order to accustom Americans to a standing army.", "Whiskey Rebellion. The population of Western Pennsylvania was 17,000 in 1790.[13] Among the farmers in the region, the whiskey excise was immediately controversial, with many people on the frontier arguing that it unfairly targeted westerners.[14] Whiskey was a popular drink, and farmers often supplemented their incomes by operating small stills.[15] Farmers living west of the Appalachian Mountains distilled their excess grain into whiskey, which was easier and more profitable to transport over the mountains than the more cumbersome grain. A whiskey tax would make western farmers less competitive with eastern grain producers.[16] Additionally, cash was always in short supply on the frontier, so whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. For poorer people who were paid in whiskey, the excise was essentially an income tax that wealthier easterners did not pay.[17]", "Scotch-Irish Americans. In the 1790s, the new American government assumed the debts the individual states had amassed during the American Revolutionary War, and the Congress placed a tax on whiskey (among other things) to help repay those debts. Large producers were assessed a tax of six cents a gallon. Smaller producers, many of whom were Scottish (often Scotch-Irish) descent and located in the more remote areas, were taxed at a higher rate of nine cents a gallon. These rural settlers were short of cash to begin with, and lacked any practical means to get their grain to market, other than fermenting and distilling it into relatively portable spirits. From Pennsylvania to Georgia, the western counties engaged in a campaign of harassment of the federal tax collectors. \"Whiskey Boys\" also conducted violent protests in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina, and Georgia. This civil disobedience eventually culminated in armed conflict in the Whiskey Rebellion. President George Washington marched at the head of 13,000 soldiers to suppress the insurrection.", "Whiskey Rebellion. The Whiskey Rebellion (also known as the Whiskey Insurrection) was a tax protest in the United States beginning in 1791 during the presidency of George Washington. The so-called \"whiskey tax\" was the first tax imposed on a domestic product by the newly formed federal government. It became law in 1791, and was intended to generate revenue for the war debt incurred during the Revolutionary War. The tax applied to all distilled spirits, but American whiskey was by far the country's most popular distilled beverage in the 18th century, so the excise became widely known as a \"whiskey tax\". Farmers of the western frontier were accustomed to distilling their surplus rye, barley, wheat, corn, or fermented grain mixtures into whiskey. These farmers resisted the tax. In these regions, whiskey often served as a medium of exchange. Many of the resisters were war veterans who believed that they were fighting for the principles of the American Revolution, in particular against taxation without local representation, while the federal government maintained that the taxes were the legal expression of Congressional taxation powers.", "Whiskey Rebellion. Liberty poles were raised in various places as the militia was recruited, worrying federal officials. A liberty pole was raised in Carlisle, Pennsylvania on September 11, 1794.[96] The federalized militia arrived in that town later that month and rounded up suspected pole-raisers. Two civilians were killed in these operations. On September 29, an unarmed boy was shot by an officer whose pistol accidentally fired. Two days later, an \"Itinerant Person\" was \"Bayoneted\" to death by a soldier while resisting arrest (the man had tried to wrest the rifle from the soldier he confronted; it is possible he had been a member of a 500-strong Irish work crew nearby who were \"digging, a canal into the Sculkill\" [sic]; at least one of that work gang's members protested the killing so vigorously that he was \"put under guard\").[97] President Washington ordered the arrest of the two soldiers and had them turned over to civilian authorities. A state judge determined that the deaths had been accidental, and the soldiers were released.[98]", "Whiskey Rebellion. Immediately before the arrests \"... as many as 2,000 of [the rebels] – had fled into the mountains, beyond the reach of the militia. It was a great disappointment to Hamilton, who had hoped to bring rebel leaders such as David Bradford to trial in Philadelphia – and possibly see them hanged for treason. Instead, when the militia at last turned back, out of all the suspects they had seized a mere twenty were selected to serve as examples, They were at worst bit players in the uprising, but they were better than nothing.\"[105]", "History of Pennsylvania. The Whiskey Rebellion, centered in Western Pennsylvania, was one of the first major challenges to the new federal government under the United States Constitution. From 1791–1794, farmers rebelled against an excise tax on distilled spirits, and prevented federal officials from collecting the tax. In 1794, President George Washington led a 15,000-soldier militia force into Western Pennsylvania to put down the rebellion, and most rebels returned home before the huge militia force arrived.[35]", "Federalist Party. Insurgents in western Pennsylvania shut the courts and hounded federal officials, but Jeffersonian leader Albert Gallatin mobilized the western moderates, and thus forestalled a serious outbreak. Washington, seeing the need to assert federal supremacy, called out 13,000 state militia, and marched toward Washington, Pennsylvania, to suppress this Whiskey Rebellion. The rebellion evaporated in late 1794 as Washington approached, personally leading the army (only two sitting Presidents have directly led American military forces, Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion and Madison in an attempt to save the White House during the War of 1812). The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting. Federalists were relieved that the new government proved capable of overcoming rebellion, while Republicans, with Gallatin their new hero, argued there never was a real rebellion and the whole episode was manipulated in order to accustom Americans to a standing army.", "Whiskey Rebellion. A new U.S. federal government began operating in 1789, following the ratification of the United States Constitution. The previous central government under the Articles of Confederation had been unable to levy taxes; it had borrowed money to meet expenses and fund the Revolution, accumulating $54 million in debt. The state governments had amassed an additional $25 million in debt.[5] Secretary of the Treasury Alexander Hamilton sought to use this debt to create a financial system that would promote American prosperity and national unity. In his Report on Public Credit, he urged Congress to consolidate the state and national debts into a single debt that would be funded by the federal government. Congress approved these measures in June and July 1790.[6]", "Whiskey Rebellion. A source of government revenue was needed to pay the respectable amount due to the previous bondholders to whom the debt was owed. By December 1790, Hamilton believed that import duties, which were the government's primary source of revenue, had been raised as high as feasible.[7] He therefore promoted passage of an excise tax on domestically produced distilled spirits. This was to be the first tax levied by the national government on a domestic product.[8] Whiskey was by far the most popular distilled beverage in late 18th-century America, so the excise became known as the \"whiskey tax.\" Taxes were politically unpopular, and Hamilton believed that the whiskey excise was a luxury tax and would be the least objectionable tax that the government could levy.[9] In this, he had the support of some social reformers, who hoped that a \"sin tax\" would raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol.[10] The whiskey excise act, sometimes known as the \"Whiskey Act\", became law in March 1791.[11] George Washington defined the revenue districts, appointed the revenue supervisors and inspectors, and set their pay in November 1791.[12]", "Whiskey Rebellion. Following some fruitless negotiations, the women and children were allowed to leave the house, and then both sides began firing. After about an hour, McFarlane called a ceasefire; according to some, a white flag had been waved in the house. As McFarlane stepped into the open, a shot rang out from the house, and he fell mortally wounded. The enraged rebels then set fire to the house, including the slave quarters, and Kirkpatrick surrendered.[69] The number of casualties at Bower Hill is unclear; McFarlane and one or two other militiamen were killed; one U.S. soldier may have died from wounds received in the fight.[70] The rebels sent the U.S. soldiers away. Kirkpatrick, Lenox, and Presley Neville were kept as prisoners, but they later escaped.[71]", "Whiskey Rebellion. On August 1, about 7,000 people gathered at Braddock's Field.[74] The crowd consisted primarily of poor people who owned no land, and most did not own whiskey stills. The furor over the whiskey excise had unleashed anger about other economic grievances. By this time, the victims of violence were often wealthy property owners who had no connection to the whiskey tax.[75] Some of the most radical protesters wanted to march on Pittsburgh, which they called \"Sodom\", loot the homes of the wealthy, and then burn the town to the ground.[76] Others wanted to attack Fort Fayette. There was praise for the French Revolution and calls for bringing the guillotine to America. David Bradford, it was said, was comparing himself to Robespierre, a leader of the French Reign of Terror.[77]", "Whiskey Rebellion. In October 1794, Washington traveled west to review the progress of the military expedition. According to historian Joseph Ellis, this was \"the first and only time a sitting American president led troops in the field\".[99] Jonathan Forman led the Third Infantry Regiment of New Jersey troops against the Whiskey Rebellion, he wrote about his encounter with Washington:[100]", "Whiskey Rebellion. David Liss' 2008 novel The Whiskey Rebels covers many of the circumstances during 1788-92 that led to the 1794 Rebellion. The fictional protagonists are cast against an array of historical persons, including Alexander Hamilton, William Duer, Anne Bingham, Hugh Henry Brackenridge, Aaron Burr, and Philip Freneau.", "Whiskey Rebellion. Appeals to nonviolent resistance were unsuccessful. On September 11, 1791, a recently appointed tax collector named Robert Johnson was tarred and feathered by a disguised gang in Washington County.[29] A man sent by officials to serve court warrants to Johnson's attackers was whipped, tarred, and feathered.[30] Because of these and other violent attacks, the tax went uncollected in 1791 and early 1792.[31] The attackers modeled their actions on the protests of the American Revolution. Supporters of the excise argued that there was a difference between taxation without representation in colonial America, and a tax laid by the elected representatives of the American people.[32]", "History of Pittsburgh. Many farmers distilled their corn harvest into whiskey, increasing its value while lowering its transportation costs. At that time, whiskey was used as a form of currency on the frontier. When the federal government imposed an excise tax on whiskey, Western Pennsylvania farmers felt victimized, leading to the Whiskey Rebellion in 1794. Farmers from the region rallied at Braddock's Field and marched on Pittsburgh. The short-lived rebellion was put down, however, when President George Washington sent in militias from several states.[19]", "Whiskey Rebellion. In August 1792, a second convention was held in Pittsburgh to discuss resistance to the whiskey tax. This meeting was more radical than the first convention; moderates such as Brackenridge and Findley were not in attendance. Future Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin was one moderate who did attend, to his later regret.[37] A militant group known as the Mingo Creek Association dominated the convention and issued radical demands. As some of them had done in the American Revolution, they raised liberty poles, formed committees of correspondence, and took control of the local militia. They created an extralegal court and discouraged lawsuits for debt collection and foreclosures.[38]", "Whiskey Rebellion. A convention was held on August 14 of 226 whiskey rebels from the six counties, held at Parkison's Ferry (now known as Whiskey Point) in present-day Monongahela. The convention considered resolutions which were drafted by Brackenridge, Gallatin, David Bradford, and an eccentric preacher named Herman Husband, a delegate from Bedford County. Husband was a well-known local figure and a radical champion of democracy who had taken part in the Regulator movement in North Carolina 25 years earlier.[82] The Parkison's Ferry convention also appointed a committee to meet with the peace commissioners who had been sent west by President Washington.[83] There, Gallatin presented an eloquent speech in favor of peace and against proposals from Bradford to further revolt.[81]", "Whiskey Rebellion. Resistance to the excise tax continued through 1793 in the frontier counties of Appalachia. Opposition remained especially strident in western Pennsylvania.[46] In June, Neville was burned in effigy by a crowd of about 100 people in Washington County.[47] On the night of November 22, 1793, men broke into the home of tax collector Benjamin Wells in Fayette County. Wells was, like Neville, one of the wealthier men in the region.[48] At gunpoint, the intruders forced him to surrender his commission.[46] President Washington offered a reward for the arrest of the assailants, to no avail.[49]" ]

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[ "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters. Josh is a mortal guy that runs the coffee shop and gave Sabrina the job. Technically, Josh is her manager, although the relationship is somewhat different because Sabrina's aunt Hilda later owns the shop. Josh is interested in photography, and manages to sell one of his photographs for $1000 (with Sabrina's magical help). He was attracted to Sabrina in the fourth season, but at that time she was dating Harvey. He often acted jealously towards Harvey, and got a mostly negative review by the fans of the show. In the fifth season he dated Morgan, and then in the sixth season he dated Sabrina. In this season Sabrina is willing to tell Josh she is a witch, so that she can tell him she loves him, but in the end she does not have to and he never figures it out. In the Season 6 finale, Sabrina gambles her love life in order to bring her Aunt Hilda back to life because of this Josh took the offer in Prague, and he was never seen again. Sabrina later discovers she is meant to be with Harvey. He was played by David Lascher, formerly of the Nickelodeon series Hey Dude.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series). Sabrina's love interest Josh, played by David Lascher, left for Prague after appearing from season four to six. Lascher reportedly wanted to pursue other projects. In order to fill the void, producers brought in Aaron, played by Dylan Neal, as Sabrina's love interest in the show's final season.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series). Sabrina's love interest Josh, played by David Lascher, left for Prague after appearing from season four to six. Lascher reportedly wanted to pursue other projects. In order to fill the void, producers brought in Aaron, played by Dylan Neal, as Sabrina's love interest in the show's final season.", "David Lascher. Lascher is best known for playing the lovable troublemaker Ted McGriff on Nickelodeon's comedy Hey Dude in the early 1990s. On Sabrina The Teenage Witch, playing Sabrina's love interest Josh, a coffee shop manager and later on a photographer. On May 23, 2006, Lascher appeared on the NBC chat program Last Call with Carson Daly as a Ryan Seacrest clone in a parody of that evening's American Idol finale.", "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch episodes. Four new main cast members joined, Diana-Maria Riva as Annie Martos, Andrew Walker as Cole Harper, Bumper Robinson as James and John Ducey as Leonard. Dylan Neal joined the cast in episode 13, “Sabrina in Wonderland” as Sabrina's new crush Aaron Jacobs, the man to whom Sabrina becomes engaged.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series). At the beginning of the fourth season, Sabrina is assigned to be a mentor, which is like a Quizmaster, except \"Quizmasters get paid\".[13] Sabrina's charge is Dreama, a witch newly immigrated from the Other Realm. A new student, Brad Alcero, transfers to Sabrina's school. Because Brad has a witch-hunter gene (which allows him to turn a witch into a mouse if the witch reveals his/her magic), Sabrina must keep herself and Dreama from using magic in front of Brad. Also, Sabrina begins working at Bean There, Brewed That, a coffee shop, where she meets and is attracted to Josh (played by David Lascher), a college student who is the manager of the shop, which leads to her kissing him and thus cheating on Harvey, who ends their relationship, but they soon get back together. Both Dreama and Brad are written out of the series without explanation over the course of the season. At the end of the season, Harvey reaches his \"spell quota\" (meaning that no spells can be used on him anymore) and discovers that Sabrina is a witch, and later breaks up with Sabrina off screen and is written out of the show prior to the start of the next season.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series). At the beginning of the fourth season, Sabrina is assigned to be a mentor, which is like a Quizmaster, except \"Quizmasters get paid\".[13] Sabrina's charge is Dreama, a witch newly immigrated from the Other Realm. A new student, Brad Alcero, transfers to Sabrina's school. Because Brad has a witch-hunter gene (which allows him to turn a witch into a mouse if the witch reveals his/her magic), Sabrina must keep herself and Dreama from using magic in front of Brad. Also, Sabrina begins working at Bean There, Brewed That, a coffee shop, where she meets and is attracted to Josh (played by David Lascher), a college student who is the manager of the shop, which leads to her kissing him and thus cheating on Harvey, who ends their relationship, but they soon get back together. Both Dreama and Brad are written out of the series without explanation over the course of the season. At the end of the season, Harvey reaches his \"spell quota\" (meaning that no spells can be used on him anymore) and discovers that Sabrina is a witch, and later breaks up with Sabrina off screen and is written out of the show prior to the start of the next season.", "Joshua Jackson. Joshua Browning Carter Jackson (born June 11, 1978) is a Canadian actor. He has appeared in primetime television and in over 30 film roles. His well-known roles include Pacey Witter in Dawson's Creek, Charlie Conway in The Mighty Ducks film series, Peter Bishop in Fringe, and Cole Lockhart in The Affair. Jackson won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for his performance in the Canadian independent film One Week.", "Johnny Lewis. Lewis began making television appearances while in his late teens, with guest starring roles in Boston Public (2000), The Guardian (2001), and American Dreams (2002), among others. His debut feature film performance premiered in 2004, in New Line Cinema's Raise Your Voice, and he followed that up with Miramax Films' Underclassman in 2005. He co-starred as Pearce Chase, one of five siblings on the Fox series Quintuplets, and appeared in the movie Raise Your Voice (2004) alongside Hilary Duff. He guest starred in four episodes of the Nickelodeon television series Drake & Josh as Scottie, one of Drake's bandmates, and from 2005 to 2006, he played Dennis \"Chili\" Childress on The O.C.. Lewis also had a guest spot in the third episode of Smallville season 5.", "Josh Peck. Joshua Michael Peck (born November 10, 1986)[1] is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and YouTube personality. He is known for playing Josh Nichols in the Nickelodeon live-action sitcom Drake & Josh. He began his career as a child actor in the late 90s and early 2000s, and became known to young audiences after his role on The Amanda Show. He has since acted in films such as Mean Creek, Drillbit Taylor, The Wackness, ATM, and Red Dawn, along with voicing Eddie in the Ice Age franchise. He also starred as Gerald in a lead role with John Stamos in the series Grandfathered. He formally voiced Casey Jones in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles. He also starred in a Netflix comedy, Take the 10, along with Tony Revolori.[citation needed]", "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch episodes. Caroline Rhea and Beth Broderick as Sabrina's aunts Hilda and Zelda Spellman do not return as regular castmembers, making it the first season without them being part of the main cast. Rhea does make a guest appearance as Hilda in the series finale \"Soul Mates\". Broderick does not return at all, but the character Zelda does return after she sacrifices her adult years to save Sabrina, meaning Zelda is put into a younger body. Melissa Joan Hart's younger sister Alexandra Hart-Gilliams is in the role of young Zelda. Zelda also returns in \"Soul Mates\", in the form of a candle. David Lascher as Josh Blackhart and Trevor Lissauer as Miles Goodman also do not return as part of the main cast, but Lissauer returns in \"Soul Mates\" with a non-speaking role.", "Josh Bolt. Josh began acting at the age of 12 when he was cast in a theatre production of Much Ado About Nothing. In 2009 he starred alongside Aaron Johnson and Kristin Scott Thomas playing \"Pete Shotton\" in the BAFTA nominated film Nowhere Boy.", "Daniel Samonas. After moving to Florida when he was 11,[2] Samonas became involved in print modeling and local theater. His first lead role was in Ephraim, after which he served in several more films until his first television spot in Everybody Hates Chris. He returned to film and in 2006 was cast in the ABC pilot Enemies.[3] This was followed by appearances in Zoey 101, Hannah Montana as Josh and repeated appearances as the voice of 'Teo\" in Avatar:The Last Airbender. In 2006 he was cast as 'Meat' in The Last Day of Summer.[4][5] In 2008, Samonas made an appearance on iCarly as Freddie's fencing rival Doug Toder and later appeared on Disney Channel's Wizards of Waverly Place as Alex's (Selena Gomez) boyfriend Dean.[6]", "Josh Gad. He has also appeared in ER, The Daily Show, Modern Family, New Girl, Bored to Death, and Numb3rs. Gad played Skip Gilchrist in the political sitcom 1600 Penn on NBC, and a fictionalized version of himself on FX's The Comedians, alongside Billy Crystal. His film roles include The Rocker, The Internship, 21, Love & Other Drugs, Frozen, Jobs, Pixels, The Wedding Ringer, The Angry Birds Movie, A Dog's Purpose, and the live-action adaptation of Disney's Beauty and the Beast.", "Josh Bolt. In July 2012, IMDB named Josh as one of their rising British teenage stars.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series). At the beginning of the sixth season Josh and Sabrina get together but soon face a tough decision when Josh is tempted to move abroad to work as a photographer. Things are made even more complicated between them when Sabrina's ex-boyfriend from high school, Harvey, reappears, this time dating Sabrina's roommate Morgan. At the end of the sixth season, Sabrina agrees to sacrifice true love in order to save Hilda after the latter literally falls to pieces after Sabrina sabotages her relationship. Hilda recovers and is married, but Sabrina then falls to pieces when Josh, Harvey, and an attractive waiter announce they are all moving away and will never see her again.", "Josh Stewart. Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin's crewmate, Pleasant Curtis. Also that year, he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley's teacher, Mr. Draper. In 2009, he had his first feature film starring role, in the horror movie The Collector, playing the part of Arkin, a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife's debts to loan sharks. In 2010, he starred, alongside Jamie-Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark, (originally titled Wake)[14] inspired by the novel The Shining.[15] He appeared in Christopher Nolan's final film in his Batman Saga, The Dark Knight Rises as Bane's right-hand man, Barsad.[16][17][18] He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes, The Walking Dead: Cold Storage, which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead. In 2013, Josh finished filming his directorial debut, The Hunted, in which he also stars. Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci-fi epic Interstellar. The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours.[18]", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series). At the beginning of the sixth season Josh and Sabrina get together but soon face a tough decision when Josh is tempted to move abroad to work as a photographer. Things are made even more complicated between them when Sabrina's ex-boyfriend from high school, Harvey, reappears, this time dating Sabrina's roommate Morgan. At the end of the sixth season, Sabrina agrees to sacrifice true love in order to save Hilda after the latter literally falls to pieces after Sabrina sabotages her relationship. Hilda recovers and is married, but Sabrina then falls to pieces when Josh, Harvey, and an attractive waiter announce they are all moving away and will never see her again.", "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch characters. Aaron is Sabrina's last mortal boyfriend, who appears in the seventh season.She meets Aaron at the Scorch magazine office. They become engaged but Sabrina's aunt Irma turns him into a goldfish but Aaron is turned back when Harvey (who is in love with Sabrina) uses Sabrina's magic because he wants to make Sabrina happy. In the series finale, Sabrina prepares for her wedding but stops it when she realizes Aaron is not her soulmate and she runs off with Harvey, her soulmate and first true love (they are soulmates because when their soul stones drop to the ground they fit perfectly) at 12:36, the time they first met seven years ago. and whom Sabrina chose to be her groom. He gets jealous of Harvey since he is still close with Sabrina. Aaron was played by Dylan Neal.", "Trevor Lissauer. Trevor Ryan Lissauer (born October 29, 1973) is an American actor and musician. He is best known for his role as Miles Goodman in the sitcom Sabrina, the Teenage Witch.", "Trevor Lissauer. Lissauer began his acting career in 1992 by booking his very first audition which was for a Roger Corman film called The Skateboard Kid.[citation needed] He is best known for playing Miles Goodman on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch from 2000 to 2002.", "Josh Dallas. Joshua Paul Dallas[2] (born December 18, 1978)[1] is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Prince Charming/David Nolan in the ABC television series Once Upon a Time and Fandral in the Marvel Comics film adaptation Thor.", "Josh Gad. In 2012, he voiced the molehog Louis in Ice Age: Continental Drift. He also played 'Bear Claw' on an episode of New Girl. In 2012, he starred in the independent romantic comedy She Wants Me. In 2013, he appeared as Skip Gilchrist in NBC's 1600 Penn, of which he is also a co-creator and executive producer.[18] Also in 2013, he played Andrew (Headphones) in the film The Internship and starred as Steve Wozniak in the film Jobs. The same year, he voiced 'Olaf' in Frozen, re-collaborating with co-songwriter Robert Lopez from The Book of Mormon. In 2014, Gad co-starred in Zach Braff's film Wish I Was Here, playing the main character's brother.[19]", "Jason James Richter. Between the Free Willy roles, he had TV guest roles on Sabrina, the Teenage Witch and The Client.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series). At the beginning of the fifth season, Sabrina starts college at Adams College and moves out of her aunts' house and into a house with other students at Adams. Her roommates are Morgan Cavanaugh, a shallow girl (played by Elisa Donovan); Roxie King (played by Soleil Moon Frye), a social feminist; and Miles Goodman (played by Trevor Lissauer), a geek who is obsessed with science fiction and the paranormal. Hilda and Zelda, feeling lonely since Sabrina moved out, find ways to stay close to her. Hilda buys the coffee shop where Sabrina works and Zelda becomes a professor at Adams and starts dating Sabrina's English professor. The season ends with Sabrina and Josh giving into their feelings and sharing a passionate kiss.", "Josh Ryan Evans. In 1999, Evans began portraying Timmy on the soap opera Passions. Evans' character was a doll that the evil witch Tabitha Lenox brought to life with magic. For his work on the series, he was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award in 2000 and won two Soap Opera Digest Awards in 2000 and 2001.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series). At the beginning of the fifth season, Sabrina starts college at Adams College and moves out of her aunts' house and into a house with other students at Adams. Her roommates are Morgan Cavanaugh, a shallow girl (played by Elisa Donovan); Roxie King (played by Soleil Moon Frye), a social feminist; and Miles Goodman (played by Trevor Lissauer), a geek who is obsessed with science fiction and the paranormal. Hilda and Zelda, feeling lonely since Sabrina moved out, find ways to stay close to her. Hilda buys the coffee shop where Sabrina works and Zelda becomes a professor at Adams and starts dating Sabrina's English professor. The season ends with Sabrina and Josh giving into their feelings and sharing a passionate kiss.", "Joshua Morrow. Joshua Jacob Morrow (born February 8, 1974) is an American actor and former pop singer who plays the role of Nicholas Newman on The Young and the Restless.", "List of Sabrina the Teenage Witch episodes. Season seven began airing on The WB on September 20, 2002 and concluded on April 24, 2003. The season stars Melissa Joan Hart as Sabrina Spellman, Nick Bakay as the voice of Salem Saberhagen, Nate Richert as Harvey Kinkle, Elisa Donovan as Morgan Cavanaugh, Soleil Moon Frye as Roxie King, Diana-Maria Riva as Annie Martos, Andrew Walker as Cole Harper, Bumper Robinson as James, John Ducey as Leonard and Dylan Neal as Aaron Jacobs.", "Jesse Plemons. After appearing in the films Varsity Blues (1999) and All the Pretty Horses (2000), and guest-starring on Walker, Texas Ranger and Sabrina, the Teenage Witch, Plemons' first prominent role was in the film Children on their Birthdays (2002).[10] He later appeared in Like Mike (2002) and When Zachary Beaver Came to Town (2003), with guest roles on the television series Judging Amy, The Lyon's Den, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, and Grey's Anatomy between 2003 and 2006.[10]", "Josh Hutcherson. Joshua Ryan Hutcherson (born October 12, 1992) is an American actor. A native of Kentucky, Hutcherson began his acting career in the early 2000s and appeared in several commercials and minor film and television roles before landing his first major role in 2002 in the pilot episode of House Blend. His first film role was in Miracle Dogs (2003) on Animal Planet, followed by a motion-capture performance in The Polar Express (2004) and a voice-acting role in Howl's Moving Castle (2005).", "Uriah Shelton. Uriah Shelton (born March 10, 1997[1]) is an American actor and singer. He is known for his television roles, such as playing Jeff Cargill on The Glades, Josh on the web series Blue, and Joshua Matthews on Girl Meets World. Shelton was also the lead in the 2010 film Lifted." ]

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[ "China and the United Nations. The Republic of China (ROC) was a charter member of the United Nations and one of five permanent members of the Security Council until 1971. The ROC joined the United Nations as a founding member on 24 October 1945.", "China and the United Nations. The People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly called China today, was admitted into the UN in 1971 on the 21st time of voting on its application. The PRC was admitted into the UN on a vote of 76 in favor, 35 opposed, and 17 abstentions.[76]", "Member states of the United Nations. The Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN as an original member on 24 October 1945, and as set out by the United Nations Charter, Chapter V, Article 23, became one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[18] In 1949, as a result of the Chinese Civil War, the Kuomintang-led ROC government lost effective control of mainland China and relocated to the island of Taiwan, and the Communist Party-led government of the People's Republic of China (PRC), declared on 1 October 1949, took control of mainland China. The UN was notified on 18 November 1949 of the formation of the Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China; however, the Government of the Republic of China continued to represent China at the UN, despite the small size of the ROC's jurisdiction of Taiwan and a number of smaller islands compared to the PRC's jurisdiction of mainland China. As both governments claimed to be the sole legitimate representative of China, proposals to effect a change in the representation of China in the UN were discussed but rejected for the next two decades, as the ROC was still recognized as the sole legitimate representative of China by a majority of UN members.[citation needed] Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.[19]", "China and the United Nations. The \"Big Four\" victors of World War II (Nationalist China, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States) [30] were the founding members of the United Nations that drafted the United Nations Charter in 1944, which was ratified on 26 June 1945 by the representatives of 50 countries.[31] China, in recognition of its long-standing fight against aggression, was accorded the honor of being the first to sign UN Charter.[3] President Franklin Roosevelt had acknowledged China's war effort in World War II and stated his desire to allow China to \"play its proper role in maintaining peace and prosperity\" in the world.[32] Thus, despite opposition from other leaders, especially Winston Churchill,[33] China became a permanent member of the Security Council from its creation in 1945.", "China and the United Nations. One of the victorious Allies of the Second World War (locally known as the Second Sino-Japanese War), the Republic of China (ROC) joined the UN at its founding in 1945. The subsequent resumption of the Chinese Civil War led to the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. Nearly all of mainland China was soon under its control[a] and the ROC fled to the island of Taiwan. The One-China policy advocated by both governments precluded dual representation but, amid the Cold and Korean wars, the United States and its allies opposed the replacement of the ROC at the United Nations, although they were persuaded to pressure the government of the ROC to accept international recognition of Mongolia's independence in 1961. The United Kingdom, France, and other American allies individually shifted their recognitions of China to the PRC and Albania brought annual votes to replace the ROC with the PRC, but these were defeated since—after General Assembly Resolution 1668—a change in recognition required a two-thirds vote.", "History of the Republic of China. The 1970s saw many switches in diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. After World War II, the Republic of China had been one of the founding members in the United Nations and held China's seat on the Security Council until 1971, when it was expelled by General Assembly Resolution 2758 and replaced in all UN organs with the People's Republic of China government. (Multiple attempts by the Republic of China to re-join the UN have not made it past committee. See China and the United Nations.) Since the 1980s, the number of nations officially recognizing the Republic of China has decreased to 19.", "Chinese Civil War. On October 25, 1971, the United Nations General Assembly admitted the PRC and expelled the ROC, which had been a founding member of the United Nations and was one of the five permanent members of the Security Council, representatives of Chiang Kai-shek by refusing to recognise their accreditations as representatives of China. Recognition for the People's Republic of China soon followed from most other governments, including the United States.", "China and the United Nations. On 25 October 1971, the United States moved that a separate vote be taken on the provisions in the resolution \"to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupied at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it\" in the draft resolution. This motion would have allowed the PRC to join the UN as \"China's representative\",[clarification needed] while allowing the ROC to remain a regular UN member (if there had been enough votes for it). The motion was rejected by a vote of 61 to 51, with 16 abstentions. The representative of ROC made a declaration that the rejection of the 22-power draft resolution calling for a two-thirds majority was a flagrant violation of the United Nations Charter which governed the expulsion of Member States and that the delegation of the Republic of China had decided not to take part in any further proceedings of the General Assembly.[41] With the support from 26 African UN Member States[48] and in accordance with Article 18 of the UN Charter,[49] the Assembly then adopted Resolution 2758, with 76 countries supporting, 35 countries opposing, 17 countries abstaining, and 3 countries non-voting, withdrawing recognition of the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek as the legitimate representative of China, and recognizing the Government of PRC as the only legitimate representative of China to the United Nations.[50][51] At a Security Council meeting on 23 November 1971, after the General Assembly passed Resolution 2758, the President of the Council and the other representatives made statements welcoming the representatives of the People's Republic of China. The ROC lost not only its Security Council seat, but any representation in the UN.[41]", "Member states of the United Nations. By the 1970s, a shift had occurred in international diplomatic circles and the PRC had gained the upper hand in international diplomatic relations and recognition count. On 25 October 1971, the 21st time the United Nations General Assembly debated on the PRC's admission into the UN,[20] United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 was adopted, by which it recognized that \"the representatives of the Government of the People's Republic of China are the only lawful representatives of China to the United Nations and that the People's Republic of China is one of the five permanent members of the Security Council,\" and decided \"to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it.\"[21] This effectively transferred the seat of China in the UN, including its permanent seat on the Security Council, from the ROC to the PRC, and expelled the ROC from the UN. From the United Nations' perspective the \"Republic of China\" is not a former member. No UN member was expelled in 1971. Rather, the credentials of one Chinese delegation (from Taipei) were rejected and the credentials of another Chinese delegation (from Beijing) were accepted.[citation needed]", "China and the United Nations. On 15 July 1971, 17 UN members requested that a question of the \"Restoration of the lawful rights of the People's Republic of China in the United Nations\" be placed on the provisional agenda of the twenty-sixth session of the UN General Assembly, claiming that the PRC, a \"founding member of the United Nations and a permanent member of the Security Council, had since 1949 been refused by systematic maneuvers the right to occupy the seat to which it is entitled ipso jure\". On 25 September 1971, a draft resolution, A/L.630 and Add.l and 2, was submitted by 23 states including 17 of the states which had joined in placing the question on the agenda, to \"restore to the People's Republic of China all its rights and expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek.\" On 29 September 1971, another draft resolution, A/L.632 and Add.l and 2, sponsored by 22 members, was proposed declaring that any proposal to deprive the Republic of China of representation was an important question under Article 18 of the UN Charter, and thus would require a two-thirds supermajority for approval. A/L.632 and Add.l and 2 was rejected on 25 October 1971 by a vote of 59 to 55, with 15 abstentions.", "Member states of the United Nations. At the time of UN's founding, the seat of China in the UN was held by the Republic of China, but as a result of United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758 in 1971, it is now held by the People's Republic of China (see the section Former members: Republic of China (Taiwan)).", "China and the United Nations. On 1 February 1951, after cease fire negotiations failed, United Nations General Assembly passed resolution 498 and called the intervention of the People's Republic of China in Korea an act of aggression.[20]", "China and the United Nations. The Republic of China used its Security Council veto only once, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations in 1955 on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia as part of China.[5][6][7]", "China and the United Nations. [r]egarding the Taiwan Province of China, the Secretary-General follows the General Assembly’s guidance incorporated in resolution 2758 (XXVI)of the General Assembly of 25 October 1971 on the restoration of the lawful rights of the People’s Republic of China in the United Nations. The General Assembly decided to recognize the representatives of the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations. Hence, instruments received from the Taiwan Province of China will not be accepted by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary.[68]", "China and the United Nations. The ROC used its veto only once. Recognition of the Soviets' violation of their friendship treaty abrogated its recognition of Mongolia's independence. It therefore vetoed its admission into the United Nations on 13 December 1955, claiming it—as Outer Mongolia—to be an integral part of China.[5][6][7] Mongolia's application had been tabled at the UN on 24 June 1946, but had been blocked by Western countries, as part of a protracted Cold War dispute about the admission of new members to the UN. The General Assembly, by Resolution 918 (X) of 8 December 1955, had recommended to the Security Council that this dispute should be ended by the admission, in a single resolution, of a list of eighteen countries. On 14 December 1955, the Security Council adopted a compromise proposed by the Soviet Union, and the General Assembly, by Resolution 995 (X), admitted sixteen countries into UN, omitting Mongolia and Japan from the list.[37][38] This postponed the admission of Mongolia until 1961, when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania, in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.[39] The same year, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1668 made China's representation an \"important question\" requiring a two-thirds majority vote to alter.", "United Nations Security Council. On 25 October 1971, over US opposition but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.[32] With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the Middle East, Vietnam, and Kashmir, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its budget for peacekeeping.[33]", "China and the United Nations. Amid the Sino-Soviet split and Vietnam War, American President Nixon entered into negotiations with Communist Chairman Mao, initially through a secret 1971 trip undertaken by Henry Kissinger to visit Zhou Enlai. On 25 October 1971, Albania's motion to recognize the People's Republic of China as the sole legal China was passed as General Assembly Resolution 2758. It was supported by most of the communist states (including the Soviet Union) and non-aligned countries (such as India), but also by some American allies such as the United Kingdom and France. After the PRC was seated on 15 November 1971, Nixon then personally visited China the next year, beginning the normalization of Sino-American relations. Since that time, the Republic of China has softened its own One-China Policy and sought international recognition. These moves have been opposed and mostly blocked by the People's Republic of China, forcing the Republic of China to join international organizations under other names. These include \"Chinese Taipei\" at the International Olympic Committee.", "China and the United Nations. Every year from 1993–2006, UN member states submitted a memorandum to the UN Secretary-General requesting that the UN General Assembly consider allowing the ROC to resume participating in the United Nations.[54] This approach was chosen, rather than a formal application for membership, because it could be enacted by the General Assembly, while a membership application would need Security Council approval, where the PRC held a veto.[53] Early proposals recommended admitting the ROC with parallel representation over China, along with the People's Republic of China, pending eventual reunification, citing examples of other divided countries which had become separate UN member states, such as East and West Germany and North and South Korea. Later proposals emphasized that the ROC was a separate state, over which the PROC had no effective sovereignty. These proposed resolutions referred to the ROC under a variety of names: \"Republic of China in Taiwan\" (1993–94), \"Republic of China on Taiwan\" (1995–97, 1999–2002), \"Republic of China\" (1998), \"Republic of China (Taiwan)\" (2003) and \"Taiwan\" (2004–06).", "United Nations Security Council veto power. After the Republic of China's expulsion from the United Nations in 1971, the first veto cast by the present occupant, the People's Republic of China, was issued on 25 August 1972 over Bangladesh's admission to the United Nations. As of February 2017, the People's Republic of China has used its veto eleven times.[25] Observers have noted a preference for China to abstain rather than veto on resolutions not directly related to Chinese interests.[17]", "Mongolia. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, both countries confirmed their mutual recognition on October 6, 1949. However, the Republic of China used its Security Council veto in 1955, to stop the admission of the Mongolian People's Republic to the United Nations on the grounds it recognized all of Mongolia —including Outer Mongolia— as part of China. This was the only time the Republic Of China ever used its veto. Hence, and because of the repeated threats to veto by the ROC, Mongolia did not join the UN until 1961 when the Soviet Union agreed to lift its veto on the admission of Mauritania (and any other newly independent African state), in return for the admission of Mongolia. Faced with pressure from nearly all the other African countries, the ROC relented under protest. Mongolia and Mauritania were both admitted to the UN on 27 October 1961.[38][39][40] (see China and the United Nations)", "Political status of Taiwan. Because of anti-communist sentiment at the start of the Cold War, the Republic of China was initially recognized as the sole legitimate government of China by the United Nations and most Western nations. On 9 January 1950, the Israeli government extended recognition to the People's Republic of China. United Nations General Assembly Resolution 505, passed on 1 February 1952 considered the Chinese communists to be rebels against the Republic of China. However, the 1970s saw a switch in diplomatic recognitions from the ROC to the PRC. On 25 October 1971, Resolution 2758 was passed by the UN General Assembly, which \"decides to restore all its rights to the People's Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it.\" Multiple attempts by the Republic of China to rejoin the UN, no longer to represent all of China but just the people of the territories it governs, have not made it past committee, largely due to diplomatic maneuvering by the PRC, which claims Resolution 2758 has settled the matter. (See China and the United Nations.)", "China and the United Nations. From the 1960s onwards, nations friendly to the PRC, led by the People's Republic of Albania under Enver Hoxha, moved an annual resolution in the General Assembly to expel the \"representatives of Chiang Kai-shek\" (an implicit reference to the ROC) and permit the PRC to represent China at the UN. Every year the United States was able to assemble enough votes to block this resolution. Both sides rejected compromise proposals to allow both states to participate in the UN, based on the One-China policy.[40]", "China and the United Nations. In 2008, two referendums by the ROC on joining the UN failed because of low voter participation. That autumn the ROC took a new approach, with its allies submitting a resolution requesting that the \"Republic of China (Taiwan)\" be allowed to have \"meaningful participation\" in the UN specialized agencies.[69] Again the issue was not put on the Assembly's agenda when the United Nations subcommittee ruled it would not let the General Assembly consider the ROC's application to join UN activities.[55][70] Shortly after this, the United States and the European Union both expressed their support for \"Taiwan\" (neither recognises the ROC) to have \"meaningful participation\" in UN agencies that do not require statehood, such as the World Health Organization.[71] In May 2009, the Department of Health of the Republic of China was invited by the World Health Organization to attend the 62nd World Health Assembly as an observer under the name \"Chinese Taipei\". This was the ROC's first participation in an event organized by a UN-affiliated agency since 1971, as a result of the improved cross-strait relations since Ma Ying-jeou became the President of the Republic of China a year before.[72]", "China and the United Nations. The ROC complained to the UN against the Soviet Union for violating the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance and the United Nations Charter in 1949; as a result, the United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 291 and 292, referring the complaint \"to the Interim Committee of the General Assembly for continuous examination and study\".[34] In 1952, the United Nations General Assembly found that the Soviet Union prevented the National Government of the ROC from re-establishing Chinese authority in Manchuria after Japan surrendered, and gave military and economic aid to the Chinese Communists, who founded the PRC in 1949, against the National Government of the ROC. Resolution 505 was passed to condemn the Soviet Union with 25 countries supporting, 9 countries opposing, 24 countries abstaining, and 2 countries non-voting. The resolution also affirmed the ROC as the \"Central Government of China\".[35][36]", "China and the United Nations. China was one of the charter members of the United Nations and is one of five permanent members of its Security Council. It has used its veto the least of any of the permanent members.", "History of China. In 1972, at the peak of the Sino-Soviet split, Mao and Zhou Enlai met US president Richard Nixon in Beijing to establish relations with the United States. In the same year, the PRC was admitted to the United Nations in place of the Republic of China, with permanent membership of the Security Council.", "Politics of China. The PRC maintains diplomatic relations with most countries in the world. In 1971, the PRC replaced the Republic of China, commonly known as \"Taiwan\" since the 1970s, as the sole representative of China in the United Nations and as one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[24] China was represented by the Republic of China at the time of the UN's founding in 1945. (See China and the United Nations).", "Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China. The Republic of China, which had occupied China's seat at the United Nations since 1945, was effectively expelled on 25 October 1971. Its seat was taken over by the People's Republic of China, and the migration of relations to the PRC soon followed among members of the Western Bloc, except for the United Kingdom, France, Canada, and Italy, which had previously established diplomatic relations.", "China and the United Nations. In 1993 the ROC began campaigning to rejoin the UN separately from the People's Republic of China. A number of options were considered, including seeking membership in the specialized agencies, applying for observer status, applying for full membership, or having resolution 2758 revoked to reclaim the seat of China in the UN.[53]", "China and the United Nations. The admission of newly independent developing nations in the 1960s gradually turned the General Assembly from being Western-dominated to being dominated by countries sympathetic to Beijing. Not only the newly founded developing countries, but also most of the Western countries eventually decided to recognise the PRC. During the 1950s and 1960s, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and France shifted their recognition of China from Taipei to Beijing. In the early 1970s, Canada, Turkey, and more western countries established diplomatic relations with the PRC, and severed diplomatic relations with the ROC.", "United Nations. With the spread of decolonization in the 1960s, the organization's membership saw an influx of newly independent nations. In 1960 alone, 17 new states joined the UN, 16 of them from Africa.[28] On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, but with the support of many Third World nations, the mainland, communist People's Republic of China was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the Republic of China that occupied Taiwan; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.[34] Third World nations organized into the Group of 77 coalition under the leadership of Algeria, which briefly became a dominant power at the UN.[35] In 1975, a bloc comprising the USSR and Third World nations passed a resolution, over strenuous US and Israeli opposition, declaring Zionism to be racism; the resolution was repealed in 1991, shortly after the end of the Cold War.[36]", "China and the United Nations. In a Security Council meeting on 9 February 1971, Somalia objected to the credentials of the representative of Republic of China as China representation, and ROC and the United States responded that the question of China's representation should not be dealt with in the Security Council.[41][42]" ]

[ 6.546875, 6.3671875, 7.21875, 6.73046875, 5.90234375, 1.5537109375, -1.6494140625, 2.87109375, 4.64453125, 3.458984375, 4.7265625, 1.853515625, 3.814453125, 1.66015625, 5.23828125, 1.8916015625, 3.453125, 2.322265625, 1.3955078125, -0.7880859375, -2.33203125, 1.291015625, 1.400390625, 1.17578125, -1.0322265625, 3.13671875, 2.890625, 1.9404296875, 3.79296875, 3.138671875, 3.06640625, 1.57421875 ]

[ "The Handmaid's Tale. The novel is set in an indeterminate future, speculated to be around the year 2005,[13] with a fundamentalist theonomy ruling the territory of what had been the United States but is now the Republic of Gilead. Individuals are segregated by categories and dressed according to their social functions. Complex dress codes play a key role in imposing social control within the new society and serve to distinguish people by sex, occupation, and caste.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is a dystopian novel[2] by Canadian author Margaret Atwood,[3][4] originally published in 1985. It is set in a near-future New England, in a totalitarian state resembling a theonomy, which has overthrown the United States government.[5] The novel focuses on the journey of the handmaid Offred. Her name derives from the possessive form \"of Fred\"; handmaids are forbidden to use their birth names and must echo the male, or master, whom they serve.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America.[5]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts;[14][15] Atwood studied at Radcliffe College, located in this area.", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017.[30][31] The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017.[32] The series premiered on April 26, 2017.[33]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016.", "The Handmaid's Tale (film). In the near future, war rages across the Republic of Gilead—formerly the United States of America—and pollution has rendered 99% of the population sterile. Kate is a woman who attempts to emigrate to Canada with her husband and daughter. As they take a dirt road, the Gilead Border Guard orders them to turn back or they will open fire. Kate's husband uses an automatic rifle to draw the fire, telling Kate to run, but he gets shot. Kate gets captured, while their daughter wanders off into the back country, confused and unaccompanied. The authorities take Kate to a training facility with several other women, where she and her companions receive training to become Handmaids—concubines for one of the privileged but barren couples who run the country's religious fundamentalist regime. Although she resists being indoctrinated into the cult of the Handmaids, which mixes Old Testament orthodoxy with scripted group chanting and ritualized violence, Kate is soon assigned to the home of \"the Commander\" (Fred) and of his cold, inflexible wife, Serena Joy. There she is named \"Offred\"—\"of Fred\".", "The Handmaid's Tale. The story is told in the first person by a woman called Offred. The character is one of a class of women with healthy reproductive systems, in an era of declining birth rates owing to increasing infertility. These women are forcibly assigned to produce children for the ruling class and are known as \"handmaids\", based on the biblical story of Rachel and her handmaid Bilhah. Offred describes her life during her third assignment as a handmaid, in this case to Fred Waterford (referred to as \"The Commander\"). Interspersed with her narratives of her present-day experiences are flashback discussions of her life from before and during the beginning of the revolution, when she finds she has lost all autonomy to her husband, their failed attempt to escape to Canada, and finally her indoctrination into life as a handmaid by government-trained women called \"Aunts\".", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). June Osborne, renamed Offred (Elisabeth Moss), is the Handmaid assigned to the home of Gileadan Commander Fred Waterford (Joseph Fiennes) and his wife Serena Joy (Yvonne Strahovski). She is subject to the strictest rules and constant scrutiny; an improper word or deed on her part can lead to her execution. Offred, who is named after her male master like all Handmaids, can remember the \"time before\", when she was married with a daughter and had her own name and identity, but all she can safely do now is follow the rules of Gilead in the hope that she can someday live free and be reunited with her daughter. The Waterfords, key players in the rise of Gilead, have their own conflicts with the realities of the society they have helped create.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Atwood's inspiration for the Republic of Gilead came from her time studying early American Puritans while at Harvard, which she attended on a Woodrow Wilson Fellowship.[28] Atwood argues that the modern view of the Puritans—that they came to America to flee religious persecution in England and set up a religiously tolerant society—is misleading, and that instead, these Puritan leaders wanted to establish a monolithic theocracy where religious dissent would not be tolerated.[28] Atwood also had a personal connection to the Puritans, and she dedicates the novel to her own ancestor Mary Webster, who was accused of witchcraft in Puritan New England but survived her hanging.[32] Due to the totalitarian nature of Gileadan society, Atwood, in creating the setting, drew from the \"utopian idealism\" present in 20th century régimes, such as Cambodia and Romania, as well as earlier New England Puritanism.[17] Atwood has argued that a coup, such as the one depicted in The Handmaid's Tale, would misuse religion in order to achieve its own ends:[33]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The novel concludes with a metafictional epilogue that explains that the events of the novel occurred shortly after the beginning of what is called \"the Gilead Period\". The epilogue is \"a partial transcript of the proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Gileadean Studies\" written in 2195 and hosted by Professor Maryann Crescent Moon. According to the symposium's \"keynote speaker\" Professor James Darcy Pieixoto, he and his colleague Professor Knotly Wade discovered Offred's story recorded onto cassette tapes. They transcribed the tapes, calling them collectively \"the handmaid's tale\". Through the tone and actions of the professionals in this final section of the book, the world of academia is highlighted and critiqued, and Pieixoto discusses his team's search for the characters named in the Tale, and the impossibility of proving the tapes' authenticity.[8]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis.[33][38] In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo, beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30.[39] In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic.[40] In the UK and Ireland, the series premiered on May 28, 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4.[41]", "Anti-Americanism. Margaret Atwood is a leading Canadian author. In her dystopian novel The Handmaid's Tale (1986) all the horrible developments take place in the United States near Boston, while Canada is portrayed as the only hope for an escape. This reflects her status of being \"in the vanguard of Canadian anti-Americanism of the 1960s and 1970s.\"[213] Critics have seen Gilead (the U.S.) as a repressive regime and the mistreated Handmaid as Canada.[214] During the debate in 1987 over a free trade agreement between Canada and the United States, Atwood spoke out against the deal, and wrote an essay opposing the agreement.[215]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Commander is a high-ranking official in Gilead. Although his contact with Offred is supposed to be limited to \"the ceremony\", a ritual of rape intended to result in conception and at which his wife is present, he begins an illegal relationship with Offred. Secret meetings occur in his study, which the Commander's wife is not permitted to enter. The room is filled with books and is considered a private place for the man of the house. During these meetings, he tries to earn her trust by talking and playing board games such as Scrabble with her. He also lets and watches her read, another offense, as women are not permitted to read and write. The Commander offers her contraband products, such as old (1970s) fashion magazines and cosmetics. Finally, he gives her lingerie and takes her to a government-run brothel called Jezebel's. This brothel is meant to add variety to men's sex lives which, as claimed by the Commander, is necessary. At Jezebel's, Offred encounters her friend, Moira, who had escaped from the handmaid training center, and learns how she came to be there. Moira explains that defiant women who could not adjust to the new society might be offered work at Jezebel's rather than be forced to work in the Colonies, cleaning up radioactive waste. The women in the brothels are allowed alcohol and drugs, a freedom Offred notes. Though they are allowed to choose their patrons, they are discouraged from refusing a man's advances.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is structured into two parts, night and other various events. This novel can be interpreted as a double narrative, Offred's tale and the handmaids' tales. The night sections are solely about Offred, and the other sections (shopping, waiting room, household, etc.) are the stories that describe the possible life of every handmaid, though from the perspective of Offred. In many of these sections, Offred jumps between past and present as she retells the events leading up to the fall of women's rights and the current details of the life which she now lives.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Fitting with her claims that The Handmaid's Tale is a work of speculative fiction, not science fiction, Atwood's novel offers a satirical view of various social, political, and religious trends of the 1980s United States. Further, Atwood questions what would happen if these trends, and especially \"casually held attitudes about women\" were taken to their logical end.[28] Atwood continues to argue that all of the scenarios offered in The Handmaid's Tale have actually occurred in real life—in an interview she gave regarding Oryx and Crake, Atwood maintains that \"As with The Handmaid's Tale, I didn't put in anything that we haven't already done, we're not already doing, we're seriously trying to do, coupled with trends that are already in progress... So all of those things are real, and therefore the amount of pure invention is close to nil.\"[29] Atwood was also known to carry around newspaper clippings to her various interviews to support her fiction's basis in reality.[30] Atwood has explained that The Handmaid's Tale is a response to those who claim the oppressive, totalitarian, and religious governments that have taken hold in other countries throughout the years \"can't happen here\"—but in this work, she has tried to show how such a takeover might play out.[31]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). In the near future, fertility rates collapse as a result of sexually transmitted diseases and environmental pollution.[2] With this chaos in place, the totalitarian, Christian theonomic government of \"Gilead\" establishes rule in the former United States in the aftermath of a civil war.[3][4][5] Society is organized by power-hungry leaders along a new, militarized, hierarchical regime of fanaticism and newly created social classes, in which women are brutally subjugated, and by law are not allowed to work, own property, handle money, or read.[5] Worldwide infertility has resulted in the conscription of the few remaining fertile women in Gilead, called handmaids, according to an \"extremist interpretation\" of a Biblical account.[5] They are assigned to the homes of the ruling elite, where they must submit to ritualized rape with their male masters in order to become pregnant and bear children for those men and their wives.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Offred is the protagonist and narrator. She was labeled a \"wanton woman\" when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced. All divorces were nullified by the new government, meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife, making Offred an adulteress. In trying to escape Gilead, she was separated from her husband and daughter. She is part of the first generation of Gilead's women, those who remember pre-Gilead times. Proved fertile, she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred Waterford and his wife Serena Joy, to bear a child for them (Serena Joy is believed to be infertile).[9]", "The Handmaid's Tale (film). The Handmaid's Tale is a 1990 film adaptation of Margaret Atwood's novel of the same name. Directed by Volker Schlöndorff, the film stars Natasha Richardson (Kate/Offred), Faye Dunaway (Serena Joy), Robert Duvall (The Commander, Fred), Aidan Quinn (Nick), and Elizabeth McGovern (Moira).[2] The screenplay was written by Harold Pinter.[2] The original music score was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto. MGM Home Entertainment released an Avant-Garde Cinema DVD of the film in 2001. The film was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival.[3]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). A straight-to-series order by Hulu of The Handmaid's Tale was announced in April 2016, with Elisabeth Moss set to star.[15] Based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Margaret Atwood, the series was created by Bruce Miller, who is also an executive producer with Daniel Wilson, Fran Sears, and Warren Littlefield.[15] Atwood serves as consulting producer giving feedback on some of the areas where the series expands or modernizes the book,[15][16], and also had a small cameo role in the first episode.[17] Moss is also a producer.[18] In June 2016, Reed Morano was announced as director of the series.[19] Samira Wiley, Max Minghella, and Ann Dowd joined the cast in July 2016.[20][21][22] Joseph Fiennes, Madeline Brewer and Yvonne Strahovski were cast in August 2016,[23][24][25] followed by O.T. Fagbenle and Amanda Brugel in September 2016.[26][27] In October 2016, Ever Carradine joined the cast,[28] and Alexis Bledel was added in January 2017.[29]", "The Handmaid's Tale. A particular quote from The Handmaid's Tale sums this up: \"The Republic of Gilead, said Aunt Lydia, knows no bounds. Gilead is within you\" (HT 5.2). This describes that there is no way around the societal bounds of women in this new state of government. Handmaids, being not allowed to wed, are given two-year assignments with a commander, and lose their own name: they are called \"Of [their Commander's first name]\", such as the novel's protagonist, known only as Offred. When a handmaid is reassigned, her name changes with her. Their original identities before the revolution are suppressed, although while being reeducated as handmaids, they surreptitiously share their names with each other.", "The Handmaid's Tale. In the aftermath of the television series' debut in 2017, there was much debate on whether parallels could be drawn between the series (and by extension, this book) and American society following Donald Trump's and Mike Pence's election as President of the United States and Vice President of the United States, respectively.[41][42]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis every Wednesday. In May 2017, it was renewed for a second season to premiere in 2018. The series garnered extremely positive reviews and won the 2017 Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series, along with seven other Emmy Awards from thirteen nominations. It is the first series on a streaming platform to win an \"Outstanding Series\" Emmy.[1]", "The Handmaid's Tale. Even today, many reviewers hold that Atwood's novel remains as foreboding and powerful as ever, largely because of its basis in historical fact.[38][39] Yet when her book was first published in 1985, not all reviewers were convinced of the \"cautionary tale\" Atwood presented. For example, Mary McCarthy's New York Times review argued that The Handmaid's Tale lacked the \"surprised recognition\" necessary for readers to see \"our present selves in a distorting mirror, of what we may be turning into if current trends are allowed to continue\".[40]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale explores themes of women in subjugation in a patriarchal society and the various means by which these women attempt to gain individualism and independence. The novel's title echoes the component parts of Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury Tales, which is a series of connected stories (\"The Merchant's Tale\", \"The Parson's Tale\", etc.).[6]", "The Handmaid's Tale. Moira has been a close friend of Offred's since college. A lesbian, she has resisted the homophobia of Gilead society. Moira is taken to be a Handmaid soon after Offred. She escapes by stealing an Aunt's pass and clothes, but Offred later finds her working as a prostitute in a party-run brothel. She was caught and chose the brothel rather than to be sent to the Colonies.", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017.[42] In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6, 2017.[43]", "The Handmaid's Tale. \"The Handmaid's Tale wasn't likely written for 17-year-olds, but neither are a lot of things we teach in high school, like Shakespeare... And they are all the better for reading it. They are on the edge of adulthood already, and there's no point in coddling them,\" he said, adding, \"they aren't coddled in terms of mass media today anyway\"... He said the book has been accused of being anti-Christian and, more recently, anti-Islamic because the women are veiled and polygamy is allowed... But that \"misses the point\", said Brown. \"It's really anti-fundamentalism.\"[54]", "The Handmaid's Tale. Atwood, with respect to those leading Gilead, further stated:[19]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale was well received by critics, helping to cement Atwood's status as a prominent writer of the 20th century. Not only was the book deemed well-written and compelling, but Atwood's work was notable for sparking intense debates both in and out of academia.[35] Atwood maintains that the Republic of Gilead is only an extrapolation of trends already seen in the United States at the time of her writing, a view supported by other scholars studying The Handmaid's Tale.[36] Indeed, many have placed The Handmaid's Tale in the same category of dystopian fiction as Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World,[31] with the added feature of confronting patriarchy, a categorization that Atwood has accepted and reiterated in many articles and interviews.[37]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale won the 1985 Governor General's Award and the first Arthur C. Clarke Award in 1987; it was also nominated for the 1986 Nebula Award, the 1986 Booker Prize, and the 1987 Prometheus Award. The book has been adapted into a 1990 film, a 2000 opera, a television series, and other media.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Offred describes the structure of Gilead's society, including the different classes of women and their lives within the new theonomy. The women are physically segregated by colour of clothing—blue, red, green, striped and white—to signify social class and assigned position, ranked highest to lowest. The Commanders' wives are dressed in blue, handmaids in red, Marthas (cooks and maids) in green. Striped clothing is for all other women (called \"Econowives\") who essentially do everything in the domestic sphere. Young, unmarried girls are dressed in white." ]

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[ "Divergent (film). Divergent was released on March 21, 2014, in the United States. The film received mixed reviews from critics, with praise going towards its concepts and action, and criticism focused on its execution. Reviewers found the film to be generic and unoriginal, comparing it unfavorably to other young adult fiction adaptations. Despite this, the film was a financial success as it reached the #1 spot at the box office during its opening weekend. After its release, the film earned over US$288 million worldwide against its budget of US$85 million.[8][9] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014.[10]", "Divergent (film). Development of Divergent began in March 2011 when Summit Entertainment picked up the film rights to the novel with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment. Principal photography began April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013, with reshoots taking place from January 24–26, 2014. Production mostly took place in Chicago.", "Divergent (film). Divergent is a 2014 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Neil Burger, based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Veronica Roth. The film is the first installment in The Divergent Series and was produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian, and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Evan Daugherty and Vanessa Taylor.[4] It stars Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Ashley Judd, Jai Courtney, Ray Stevenson, Zoë Kravitz, Miles Teller, Tony Goldwyn, Ansel Elgort, Maggie Q and Kate Winslet.[5][6] The story takes place in a dystopian and post-apocalyptic Chicago[7] where people are divided into distinct factions based on human virtues. Beatrice Prior is warned that she is Divergent and thus will never fit into any one of the factions. She soon learns that a sinister plot is brewing in the seemingly perfect society.", "Divergent (film). A sequel, Insurgent, was released on March 20, 2015, in the United States and other countries.[11]", "Divergent (film). On July 18, 2013, Summit held a sold-out San Diego Comic-Con panel in Hall H. Shailene Woodley, Theo James, Maggie Q, Zoe Kravitz, Ansel Elgort, Ben Lloyd-Hughes, Amy Newbold, Miles Teller, Christian Madsen, director Neil Burger, and author Veronica Roth attended the panel and answered fan questions, along with the showing of exclusive film clips.[59]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. The Divergent Series: Insurgent was released on March 20, 2015 in the United States in 2D, Digital 3D, RealD 3D, and IMAX 3D. It is the first film of the series to be released in 3D formats and the second film in the franchise to be released in IMAX following the first film.[8]", "The Divergent Series. Filming for the franchise began on April 16, 2013.", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that a two-part film based on the final book in the Divergent trilogy, Allegiant, would be made. The first part, The Divergent Series: Allegiant, will be released on March 18, 2016 while the second part, The Divergent Series: Ascendant, on June 9, 2017.[12][89] Shailene Woodley, Theo James, and Naomi Watts will reprise their roles.[90] On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1.[91] Principal photography for Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015,[92][93] and concluded on August 23, 2015. On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series: Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series: Ascendant.[94] Lee Toland Krieger will serve as the director for Ascendant.[95]", "The Divergent Series. In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment, while Lionsgate distributes the franchise.[1] Neil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012.[7] Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, \"I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris' character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it's important that all of that stuff doesn't just feel like it's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character.\"[8] Daugherty further added, \"It's tricky because the book is a very packed read with a lot of big ideas. So, distilling that into a cool, faithful two-hour movie is challenging. Not only do you have to establish five factions, but you have to acknowledge that there's a sixth entity, which is the divergent, and you also have the factionless. So there's a world that really has to be built out for the big screen… the movie is going to do it a little more efficiently.\"[9] Author Veronica Roth said about the script of the film: \"Reading a script is a really interesting experience. I'd never read a script before. I was really impressed by how closely it stuck to the general plot line of the book.\"[10]", "Divergent (film). On August 22, 2013, a sneak peek of the first teaser trailer was released by MTV.[60][61][62] The full teaser was released on August 25, 2013, during the pre-show of the MTV Video Music Awards.[63][64][65] Two official posters featuring Woodley and James as Tris and Four and highlighting their tattoos were released on September 23, 2013.[66][67] Neil Burger released the full official trailer on November 13, 2013.[68][69] On February 4, 2014, Shailene Woodley and Theo James released the final trailer for the film during their appearance on Jimmy Kimmel Live!.[70]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. The teaser trailer for The Divergent Series: Insurgent officially debuted online through the film's official YouTube account on November 12, 2014.[49] The official full-length trailer premiered on December 12, 2014.[50] On January 22, 2015, another five 3D interactive character posters were released, featuring Woodley, James, Kate Winslet, Octavia Spencer and Naomi Watts.[51] The first clip from the film was released on February 18, 2015,[52] and a second clip was released three days later.[53] The final trailer was released on February 24, 2015.[54]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. The Divergent Series: Insurgent was released on March 20, 2015 in the United States in the IMAX 3D format as well as regular 3D and 2D.[7][8] Critical reaction to the film was mixed to negative: some have considered the film to be an improvement over its predecessor, with reviewers highlighting the visual style, action sequences, and Woodley's performance, but the film still received a significant amount of negative criticism, mainly focused on its storyline.[9][10] The film was a commercial success, grossing $52.2 million in its opening weekend and reaching the number one spot at the box-office. During its release in theaters, the film earned over US$297 million worldwide.[11]", "The Divergent Series. Neil Burger directed the first film, Divergent, and was originally going to direct the sequel, The Divergent Series: Insurgent, but in December 2013 it was announced that Burger would not return, due to him still working on post-production work for the first film. Speaking on the subject the director stated, \"There was no breathing room. They were like, 'We're holding to a March 2015 release date, and we have to start no later than May 2014.' It was a recipe for failure, at least with me on board. I wouldn't be able to do either thing right. I reluctantly let it go\".[27] In February 2014, it was confirmed that Robert Schwentke would direct the sequel instead.[16] On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Schwentke would return for The Divergent Series: Allegiant.[28]", "Divergent (film). Divergent was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 5, 2014.[10] Prior to its DVD release, a deleted scene from the film featuring Miles Teller as Peter Hayes and Ben Lamb as Edward was released 0, 2014.[73]", "The Divergent Series. On December 16, 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant would be released on March 18, 2016.[12] On April 11, 2014, Lionsgate announced that the film adaptation would be split into two films with the first part titled, The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1.[52] The film was then re-titled as The Divergent Series: Allegiant.[21]", "The Divergent Series: Allegiant. Allegiant was released on March 18, 2016, in theaters and IMAX[7] and received mainly negative reviews.[8] The film was a box office bomb, grossing $179 million worldwide, becoming the lowest-grossing Divergent film.[3] This led to budget cuts on the fourth film. It was later announced that the final installment in the series, Ascendant, would be released as a television film instead of a theatrical one, and it will be followed by a television spinoff series.[9]", "Divergent (film). In March 2011, Summit Entertainment picked up the rights for Divergent with Douglas Wick and Lucy Fisher's production company Red Wagon Entertainment.[12]\nNeil Burger was announced as the director on August 23, 2012.[13] Evan Daugherty, who co-wrote the screenplay with Vanessa Taylor, said, \"I get hung up on the toughness of the movie but of equal importance is the love story between Tris and Four. It's inherently and inextricably linked to Tris's character journey. There will be plenty of sexual tension and chemistry, but it's important that all of that stuff doesn't just feel like it's thrown in, but that it all helps Tris grow as a character.\"[14]", "Divergent (film). On April 11, 2014, Summit Entertainment announced that the third film would split into two films titled The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 1 and The Divergent Series: Allegiant – Part 2, with Part 1 scheduled to be released on March 18, 2016, and Part 2 scheduled to be released on June 9, 2017.[120][121] On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would return to direct Part 1.[122] On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as Allegiant and Part 2 as Ascendant.[123]", "The Divergent Series. Lucy Fisher, Douglas Wick, and Pouya Shabazian have been producers for all four films in the series. Veronica Roth and Neil Burger have acted as executive producers on the first two films. Summit Entertainment and Lionsgate collaborated on all four films. On April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the final book, Allegiant, into two parts, much like Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Parts 1 and 2, The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn – Parts 1 and 2, and The Hunger Games: Mockingjay – Parts 1 and 2.", "Divergent (film). On May 7, 2013, Summit Entertainment revealed that a sequel based on Insurgent was in the works. Brian Duffield, writer of Jane Got a Gun, was hired to write the script.[112] The sequel was released on March 20, 2015. The third film, based on the novel Allegiant, was initially announced as a single film scheduled for release on March 18, 2016.[113][114] In December 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger will not return to direct the sequel, due to him still working on the first film.[115] On February 11, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke would take Burger's place for the next installment.[11][116][117] Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Insurgent began in Atlanta on May 27, 2014,[118] and concluded on September 6, 2014.[119]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. The Divergent Series: Insurgent was released on Digital HD on July 21, 2015, and on August 4, 2015 on 3D/Blu-ray/DVD.[55]", "The Divergent Series. Principal photography of Divergent began on April 16, 2013, and concluded on July 16, 2013. Almost all of the filming took place in Chicago with reshoots taking place from January 24–26, 2014, in Los Angeles.", "The Divergent Series. The first installment, Divergent (2014), grossed over $288 million worldwide,[4] while the second installment, The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015), grossed over $297 million worldwide.[5] Insurgent was also the first Divergent film to be released in IMAX 3D.[6] The third installment, The Divergent Series: Allegiant (2016), grossed $179 million. Thus, the first three films of the series have grossed over $765 million worldwide. A fourth film, The Divergent Series: Ascendant was never made, due to Allegiant's poor showing at the box office.", "The Divergent Series: Allegiant. A teaser trailer was released on September 15, 2015, followed by a full-length trailer two months later, on November 12, 2015. Another full-length trailer was released on January 22, 2016.", "The Divergent Series: Allegiant. The Divergent Series: Allegiant is a 2016 American science fiction action adventure film directed by Robert Schwentke with a screenplay by Bill Collage, Adam Cooper, and Noah Oppenheim. It is intended as the first of two cinematic parts based on the novel Allegiant, the final book in the Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth, and the third installment in The Divergent Series.[4][5]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent would be released as The Divergent Series: Insurgent on March 20, 2015,[6] as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film.[13][14] On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of Divergent, would not return to direct Insurgent, due to him still working on the first film.[15] On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield's script.[16][17]", "The Divergent Series. Also in December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that the film adaptation of Allegiant, the third and final novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released in March 2016, serving as the finale of the series, which at the time was planned as a trilogy,[12] but on April 11, 2014, the studio decided to split the novel into a two-part film, much the like the Harry Potter, Twilight, and Hunger Games franchises did with the finales of their series. Lionsgate Motion Picture Group co-chairmen Rob Friedman and Patrick Wachsberger said in a statement that, \"Veronica Roth brings her captivating story to a masterful conclusion in 'Allegiant,' a rich, action-packed book with material that is ideally suited to two strong and fulfilling movies. The storytelling arc and world of the characters lend themselves perfectly to two films, a storytelling strategy that has worked very well for us on the two Twilight Breaking Dawn films and about which we're tremendously enthusiastic for the two upcoming Mockingjay films of The Hunger Games franchise\".[18] Noah Oppenheim was announced as the screenwriter for the first part of the Allegiant adaptation on July 9, 2014.[19] On December 5, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke will return to direct Part 1.[20] On September 10, 2015, it was announced that the two films would be re-titled, with Part 1 being renamed as The Divergent Series: Allegiant and Part 2 as The Divergent Series: Ascendant.[21]", "The Divergent Series. In December 2013, Summit Entertainment announced that a film adaptation of Insurgent, the second novel in the Divergent trilogy, would be released as The Divergent Series: Insurgent on March 20, 2015,[12] as a sequel to the film adaptation of Divergent with Brian Duffield originally chosen to write the script for the film.[13][14] On December 16, 2013, it was announced that Neil Burger, director of Divergent, would not return to direct Insurgent as he was still working on the first film.[15] On February 13, 2014, it was announced that Robert Schwentke was offered the director position for the film and that Akiva Goldsman had been hired to re-write Duffield's script.[16][17]", "The Divergent Series: Insurgent. The Divergent Series: Insurgent (also known simply as Insurgent) is a 2015 American science fiction action film directed by Robert Schwentke, based on Insurgent, the second book in the Divergent trilogy by Veronica Roth. It is the sequel to the 2014 film Divergent and the second installment in The Divergent Series,[3][4] produced by Lucy Fisher, Pouya Shabazian and Douglas Wick, with a screenplay by Brian Duffield, Akiva Goldsman and Mark Bomback.[5][6] Schwentke took over from Neil Burger as director, with Burger serving as the executive producer of the film. Along with the first film's returning cast, led by Shailene Woodley and Theo James, the sequel features supporting actors Octavia Spencer, Naomi Watts, Suki Waterhouse, Rosa Salazar, Daniel Dae Kim, Jonny Weston, Emjay Anthony, and Keiynan Lonsdale.", "The Divergent Series. Principal photography for The Divergent Series: Allegiant began in Atlanta on May 18, 2015,[50][51] with filming concluding on August 23, 2015.", "Divergent (film). On October 22, 2012, it was announced that Shailene Woodley had landed the lead role of Beatrice \"Tris\" Prior.[18] Lucas Till, Jack Reynor, Jeremy Irvine, Alex Pettyfer, Brenton Thwaites, Alexander Ludwig and Luke Bracey were all considered for the role of Tobias \"Four\" Eaton.[19][20] On March 15, 2013, it was announced that Theo James had been cast as Four.[21]", "Divergent (film). On its first day of advance ticket sales, the film sold half of its tickets.[72]" ]

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[ "Norman Vaughan (comedian). Vaughan was by now becoming known as an entertainer and his big break came when he stepped into Bruce Forsyth's shoes to host Sunday Night at the London Palladium. The show was broadcast live and was a national institution, often reaching 20 million viewers. Vaughan used catch-phrases like 'swinging!' and 'dodgy!', which were accompanied by thumbs-up or thumbs-down gestures. He was a popular host for the long-running television programme (1962–1965). He also hosted The Golden Shot (during 1972 and 1973), taking over from Bob Monkhouse. Vaughan appeared in a 1960s TV advertising campaign for Cadbury's Roses chocolates which included the slogan 'Roses Grow On You'.", "John Lewis Christmas advert. The 2009 advertisement, directed by Benito Montorio,[13] was the first for John Lewis by agency Adam & Eve (now part of DDB Worldwide), who went on to create the subsequent Christmas campaigns. Featuring a cover of the Guns N' Roses song \"Sweet Child o' Mine\" by Taken by Trees, the commercial features young children opening gifts usually given to adults such as a coffee machine and a laptop. With the tagline \"Remember how Christmas used to feel\", the final scene shows a girl unwrapping a camera and becoming a woman.", "Where the Wild Roses Grow. The video for this song, commissioned by Emma Davies for Mute Records, shot by director Rocky Schenck and produced by Nick Verden for Atlas Films, shows Kylie Minogue in character, apparently having been murdered by Nick Cave's character. We see her in ghost-like form and also in a river in a pose reminiscent of Millais' painting Ophelia. The video ends with Cave's character putting a rose in Minogue's mouth and closing her eyelids.[7]", "Where the Wild Roses Grow. The song received a positive reception from music critics and became the band's most successful single worldwide reaching No. 3 in Norway, the top five in Australia, and the top twenty in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Germany and New Zealand. It also received a limited promotional release in the United States. The song was certified Gold in Germany in 1996 for 250,000 copies sold,[1] despite never reaching the top ten in that country. It charted again at the bottom of the German Top 100 in 2008 because of digital downloads after it was used in a soap opera. \"Where the Wild Roses Grow\" was also certified Gold in Australia for selling 50,000 copies.", "Days of Wine and Roses (film). The producers used the following ironic tagline to market the film:", "Where the Wild Roses Grow. UK cassette single (CMUTE 185)", "I Heard It Through the Grapevine. \"I Heard It Through the Grapevine\" has been used twice in television commercials – each time using session musicians recreating the style of the Marvin Gaye version. For the 1985 Levi's 501 commercial, \"Launderette\", featuring male model Nick Kamen, agency BBH and director Roger Lyons, owing to budgetary constraints, brought in Karl Jenkins and Mike Ratledge to recreate the sound of the Marvin Gaye original with Tony Jackson, a Barbadian background singer for Paul Young, handling vocals and P. P. Arnold on backing vocals.[21][31][32][33][34] The commercial's success prompted Tamla-Motown to re-release Gaye's single with the Levi's 501 logo on the sleeve — \"an example of integrated marketing almost before the term was invented\".[35][36] The record went to number eight on the UK Singles chart, marking its second chart performance.[21] A year later, in 1986, Buddy Miles was the singer for the clay animation group The California Raisins which sang it as part a TV advertising campaign.[37]", "Ruby Rose. In March 2017, Rose starred in Nike's latest campaign \"Kiss My Airs\" celebrating its Air Max Day.[9] In May, Rose was the face of Swarovski 'Urban Fantasy' FW17 Collection launch.[10]", "She's Always a Woman. The advert has been viewed on YouTube over 570,000 times (collectively from the top 3 results) since it aired on TV.[10]", "Every Rose Has Its Thorn. The music video to \"Every Rose\" starts out with a forlorn Bret Michaels in bed with a young woman, they both look unhappy. He gets up, does the heavy sigh that is at the start of the song and walks away to play the acustic guitar, the video then goes into video clips of the band's tour. The same young woman is seen driving a Thunderbird in the rain, (two different times) listening to \"Every Rose\" on the car's radio. The rest of the video is interspersed with various clips from the band's 1988 tour. The video ends with Bret Michaels playing the last of the song on his acoustic guitar and walking away.", "Red Roses (Lil Skies song). On October 18, 2017, Cole Bennett uploaded the music video for \"Red Roses\" on his YouTube account.[3]", "Let's Make Love and Listen to Death from Above. It was also used in trailers for the BBC Three series, Gavin & Stacey, for the TV advertising of the Chloé Fragrance, and on the Microsoft Zune music player as pre-loaded content.", "Billionaire Boy. Lauren - An actress. Mr Spud has paid Lauren to be Joe's girlfriend. She stars in the Pot Noodle advert. She is 13 years old and has a boyfriend whose name is not mentioned. She is Joe's love interest and is remarkably pretty.", "Rose McIver. At the age of two, McIver began appearing in commercials. At the age of three, she received the role of an angel in the film The Piano.", "The Rose (song). \"The Rose\" was covered by Irish boy band Westlife and was released as the first and only single from their seventh studio album The Love Album (2006). It reached number 1 on the UK Singles Chart for one week in November 2006. This became the group's 14th number-one single. The single has sold over 140,000 copies in Britain so far.[14] The band gave their first live performance of the song on Miss World 2005 and later performed it on their The Love Tour.", "Danny Rose (footballer, born 1990). Rose made his league debut against Arsenal, scoring the first goal of the match after ten minutes as Tottenham won 2–1 in the Premier League on 14 April 2010.[11] The goal was subsequently described as \"a volley so thunderous that you could hear the whack off his boot above the din of the raucous crowd\" in The Times.[12] Rose won Goal of the Season, with votes run by Sky Sports and by the Tottenham website.[13][14] On 7 May 2011, Rose started against Blackpool to fill in for regular left back Benoît Assou-Ekotto, although playing out of his usual position, he was specifically praised by manager Harry Redknapp for his performance in the 1–1 draw.[15] Rose would continue to fill in at left back for the remaining three matches of the season, turning in excellent performances in a narrow loss to Manchester City and wins over Liverpool and Birmingham City.[16][17][18]", "Valentine's Day. \"She bath'd with roses red, and violets blew,\nAnd all the sweetest flowres, that in the forrest grew.\"[58]", "John Lewis Christmas advert. The Michel Gondry-helmed[28] advert features a cover of The Beatles' \"Golden Slumbers\", performed by the band Elbow. It tells the story of a boy who is afraid of the dark, and a monster named Moz who lives under his bed. Scared of the dark, the boy looks under his bed one night to find that Moz is resting there. Although the child is at first scared, then irritated by the monster's antics, the two very quickly become friends, although the boy quickly begins to become tired in the day due to playing with Moz at night. That Christmas, the child finds a gift under the tree that his family don't seem to recognise. Opening it, he finds a nightlight. When the nightlight is on, he can't see his new friend any more, but once he turns it off, he realises that Moz is still there after all.", "More, More, More. Stevens' version of the song is used in adverts for the UK sofa company ScS. A version of the song by Dagny was used by Target in a commercial campaign introducing its line of new products in the fall of 2017.[23]", "Asda. In the 'Asda price' campaign,[55] customers tap their trouser pocket twice, producing a 'chinking' sound as the coins that Asda's low prices have supposedly left in their pockets knock together. The pocket tap ads were launched in 1977 and over the next 30 years, a range of celebrities have been \"tappers\", including from 1978, actors Richard Beckinsale, Paula Wilcox and James Bolam. And later, Julie Walters, and football player Michael Owen. In the late 1970s, adverts also included Sitcom actor Leonard Rossiter.[56] In 1980, Carry On actress Hattie Jacques appeared in the advert as a school crossing patrol officer.[57] Between 1981 and 1985, Asda used the slogan 'All Together Better' in conjunction with the 'Asda Price' pocket tap campaign in TV commercials and newspaper and magazine advertisements. When the new green capitalised ASDA logo started to appear from 1985, in early 1986 onwards and until early 1989, two slogans were used. The first, 'You'd be off your trolley to go anywhere else', was replaced in 1987 by 'One trip and you're laughing'. Celebrities including Joanna Lumley, Harry Enfield, Victoria Wood and Julie Walters featured in these adverts pushing their trolleys past Asda counter displays filmed in more 'exotic' locations to show the broad range of fresh food products that Asda offered from countries such as France and Italy.", "Diversity (dance troupe). Members of Diversity have also done a number of adverts. Perri & Mitchell did ITV - Where The Entertainers Live in March.[67] Ash, Jordan and Perri did a series of videos for Cadbury Marvellous Mix-Ups in May.[68] Jordan and Perri did a number of videos and judging for British Gas Generation Green Energy Performance in May and June.[69] The pair also did a number of adverts for Transformers toys in June.[70] In October Ike took part in itvplayer's Ready when you are.[71]", "Guinness. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, in the UK, there was a series of \"darkly\" humorous adverts, featuring actor Rutger Hauer, with the theme \"Pure Genius\", extolling its qualities in brewing and target market.[citation needed]", "Karen Gillan. Gillan has also voiced advertisements for eHarmony and The Royal Bank of Scotland. Gillan also appeared in TV on the Radio's \"Happy Idiot\" music video, released on 3 October 2014.[40]", "Liv Tyler. Tyler was formerly a vegan, but later began to eat meat.[82] In 2003, she became the spokesperson for Givenchy perfume and cosmetics;[83][84] in 2005 the brand named a rose after her, which was used in one of its fragrances.[85] In 2009, Tyler signed on for two more years as Givenchy spokesperson.[86] On December 8, 2011, Givenchy announced a collaboration between Givenchy perfumes and Sony Music.[87] In the video released on February 7, 2012, Liv Tyler covered the INXS song \"Need You Tonight\".[88]", "Leighton Meester. In 2010, Meester signed on to be the spokesperson for Herbal Essences hair products.[49][50] In the same year, she took part in Bulgari's humanitarian efforts for the Save the Children organization with Isabella Rossellini and Maribel Verdú.[51] She next fronted another Korean brand, this time a beauty campaign for eSpoir.[52] Vera Wang selected her to be the face of the fragrance Lovestruck in 2011, stating that Meester's \"beauty, talent and spirit will inspire all the young women that I hope will enjoy this passionate, new young fragrance.\"[53] The next year, Meester shot a campaign for the followup fragrance, Lovestruck Floral Rush.[54] Italian fashion house Missoni named Meester the face of their spring/summer 2011 campaign.[55]", "Ruby Rose. In January 2012, Rose released her first single \"Guilty Pleasure\" with Gary Go. In November 2016, Rose released and directed The Veronicas' single \"On Your Side\".[31] She is a generous supporter of many charities, won a charity boxing match,[32] and has travelled to Laos and Africa to volunteer each year. Issues of concern to her include animal welfare, campaigns for anti-bullying and youth mental health, where she works as an ambassador for Headspace. Known for being extensively tattooed, she showed off her tattoos in a photo spread for Maxim Australia and PETA, as part of the campaign \"I'd Rather Go Naked Than Wear Fur\".[33][34]", "Tim Tam. Advertising in 2012 responded to a fan's Facebook post, wishing that Tim Tams grew on trees.[50] Arnott’s “planted” a Tim Tam orchard in Martin Place on 2 May 2012. The campaign generated more than 475,000 views on Tim Tam's YouTube channel and the brand experienced a 23% baseline sales uplift over the campaign period.[51]", "Wendy's. In April 2012, Morgan Smith Goodwin began appearing as the redhead in ads with the slogan \"Now that's better.\"[58][59] In 2013, social media advertising featuring Nick Lachey directed at millennials promoted the Pretzel Bacon Cheeseburger.[60]", "Where the Wild Roses Grow. UK 7\" single (MUTE 185)", "International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union. The commercial featuring the famous song was parodied on a late-1970s episode of Saturday Night Live in a fake commercial for The Dope Growers Union and on the March 19, 1977, episode (#10.22) of The Carol Burnett Show. It was also parodied in the South Park episode \"Freak Strike\" (2002).", "Angus Deayton. In 1990, Deayton was cast as the Meldrews' neighbour Patrick Trench in the British suburban sitcom One Foot in the Grave and was selected as host of Have I Got News for You. The same year, he featured on television advertising the Vauxhall Nova. Andre Ptaszynski tried to persuade him to take the lead role in Steven Moffat's sitcom Chalk, a role eventually taken by David Bamber.[4]", "Warwick Capper. In 2009, Capper appeared in a national campaign for Nandos Chicken, created by The Sphere Agency in Melbourne, promoting their Tropico burger with the headline \" The sun shines through our buns Warwick, not yours\". He appeared across all promotion elements including TV, Radio, print, and digital." ]

[ -0.270263671875, -5.24609375, -2.421875, -5, -9.328125, -6.26953125, -6.33203125, -7.3984375, -6.2265625, -7.2109375, -7.4140625, -8.203125, -7.51171875, -6.59375, -5.64453125, -8.96875, -7.0390625, -5.90234375, -5.90234375, -7.515625, -7.14453125, -6.5859375, -5.51953125, -7.4765625, -8.3515625, -8.03125, -3.587890625, -7.9140625, -6.8515625, -5.2265625, -7.35546875, -8.1796875 ]

[ "List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders. Pete Rose holds the Major League record for most career hits, with 4,256. Rose and Ty Cobb are the only players with 4,000 career hits. George Davis was the first switch hitter to collect 2,000 hits, doing so during the 1902 season.[1]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Pete Rose, 1963–86.[41] With the retirement of Derek Jeter at the end of the 2014 season with 3,465 hits, and the retirement at the end of the 2016 season of Alex Rodriguez with 3,115 hits[42], no active major league player is at this time considered to be close to breaking Rose's mark. To get within 6 hits of tying Rose, a player would have to collect 250 hits over 17 consecutive seasons,[43] or more than 200 hits over the course of 21 seasons. In the past 81 years, only Ichiro Suzuki has topped 250 hits in a season (with 262 hits in 2004).[43] As of the end of the 2017 season, Ichiro has 3,080 MLB hits[42] and 1,278 hits in the Japanese major leagues[44] for a combined, unofficial total of 4,358, 102 more than Rose's record; however, Ichiro's hits from Japan's major leagues are not counted toward his MLB total. At the same time, Miguel Cabrera (34 years old) has 2,636 hits after 15 seasons; he would have to average slightly above 180 hits over 9 additional seasons to break the record.", "List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders. Hughie Jennings holds the Major League record for most hit by pitches, getting hit 287 times in his career. Craig Biggio (285), Tommy Tucker (272), Don Baylor (267), Jason Kendall (254), Ron Hunt (243), Dan McGann (230), and Chase Utley (200) are the only other players to be hit by 200 or more pitches during their careers.", "Home run. In Major League Baseball, the career record is 762, held by Barry Bonds, who broke Hank Aaron's record on August 7, 2007, when he hit his 756th home run at AT&T Park off pitcher Mike Bacsik.[30] Only eight other major league players have hit as many as 600: Hank Aaron (755), Babe Ruth (714),[30] Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), [30] Albert Pujols (633), [30] Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609).", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Joe DiMaggio, 1941.[2] Highlights include a .404 batting average and 91 hits.[68] DiMaggio's achievement is such a statistical aberration in its unlikelihood that sabermetrician Stephen Jay Gould called it \"the most extraordinary thing that ever happened in American sports\".[69] The next closest player is Willie Keeler, who had a hitting streak of 11 fewer games at 45 over 2 seasons.[70] There have been only six 40-game hitting streaks, the most recent one occurring in 1978, when Pete Rose hit in 44 straight games.[70] This also marked the only time since 1941 that a player has reached a 40-game hitting streak.[71] Since 1900, no player other than DiMaggio has ever hit safely in 55 of 56 games and no active players (as of 2011) have their two longest career hit streaks even add up to 56 games.[72] The improbability of DiMaggio's hit streak ever being broken has been attributed to the increased use of the bullpen and specialist relievers.[73] On July 17, 1941, pitchers Al Smith and Jim Bagby of the Cleveland Indians held him hitless. Two hard hit shots came close, but great defensive stops by third baseman Ken Keltner ended the streak.[74]", "Pete Rose. On September 11, 1985, Rose broke Ty Cobb's all-time hits record with his 4,192nd hit, a single to left-center field off San Diego Padres pitcher Eric Show. According to the MLB.com web site, Major League Baseball continues to recognize Cobb's final hit total as 4,191, though independent research has revealed two of Cobb's hits were counted twice.[13][14] Because of this, it has been suggested Rose actually broke Cobb's record against the Cubs' Reggie Patterson with a single in the first inning of a Reds' 5–5 called game against Chicago on September 8. Because Rose broke Cobb's record, ABC's Wide World of Sports named Rose its Athlete of the Year that year. Rose accumulated a total of 4,256 hits before his final career at-bat, a strikeout against San Diego's Rich Gossage on August 17, 1986.", "List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders. As of 2018[update], 45 different players have recorded at least six hits in an extra-inning Major League Baseball (MLB) game, the most recent being Christian Yelich. Only Jimmie Foxx has accomplished the feat more than once in his career[15] and no player has ever amassed more than nine hits in a game, with Johnny Burnett holding that distinction.[255] Kirby Puckett is the only player to collect six hits in both a nine-inning and an extra-inning game.[15]", "3,000 hit club. In Major League Baseball (MLB), the 3,000 hit club is the group of batters who have collected 3,000 or more regular-season hits in their careers. Cap Anson was the first to join the club on July 18, 1897, although his precise career hit total is unclear.[a] Two players—Nap Lajoie and Honus Wagner—reached 3,000 hits during the 1914 season. Ty Cobb became the club's fourth member in 1921 and became the first player in MLB history to reach 4,000 hits in 1927; he ultimately finished his career with more than 4,100.[7][b] Pete Rose became the second member of the 4,000 hit club on April 13, 1984 while playing for the Montreal Expos.[11] Cobb, also the major leagues' all-time career batting average leader, remained the MLB hit leader until September 11, 1985, when Rose collected his 4,192nd hit.[12] Rose, the current record holder, finished his career with 4,256 hits. Roberto Clemente's career ended with precisely 3,000 hits, reaching the mark in the last at bat of his career on September 30, 1972.[13][14][c]", "Ichiro Suzuki. On August 21, 2013, Ichiro collected his 4,000th professional career hit with a single off Toronto Blue Jays pitcher R.A. Dickey, becoming the seventh player in professional baseball history known to have reached the mark after Pete Rose, Ty Cobb, Julio Franco, Hank Aaron, Jigger Statz, and Stan Musial. It is quite possible that Jake Beckley and Sam Crawford may have also produced 4,000 hits, but data for some of their minor league seasons is missing.[85][86]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Nolan Ryan, 1966–93. Ryan ended up with 50 percent more bases on balls than any other pitcher in history.[28] The next closest is Steve Carlton with 1,833. The only active player with even 1,000 career walks is Sabathia, who ended the 2017 season with 1,009.[32]", "Ichiro Suzuki. On June 15, Ichiro recorded his 4,257 career hit, breaking Pete Rose's all-time record for hits in top tier professional baseball.[101] Rose commented that \"I'm not trying to take anything away from Ichiro, he's had a Hall of Fame career, but the next thing you know you'll be counting his high school hits\".[102] This was in response to the Japanese media labeling Ichiro as the \"Hit King\", claiming that Ichiro should be considered to be the all-time hits leader when his hits in Japan are included.[102]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Wes Ferrell, who hit 37 home runs while playing for the Indians, Red Sox, Senators and Yankees during the late 1920s and most of the 1930s (Ferrell hit one more HR while with the Braves in 1941, bringing his total to 38 -- 37 as a pitcher and one as a pinch-hitter -- the most for any MLB pitcher). With a total of 326 hits in 1,176 at-bats in his 17-year career, almost all of which occurred while he played in the AL, Ferrell hit .280 and had 208 RBIs, [75], and is considered one of baseball's best-hitting pitchers. Other American League pitchers with notable home-run totals include Bob Lemon, who hit 35 HR as a pitcher and two more as a pinch hitter during his 18-year career all spent with the Indians, Red Ruffing, who smacked 34 home runs as a pitcher and two more as pinch-hitter over 22 seasons with the Red Sox, Yankees and White Sox, and Earl Wilson, who hit out 35 home runs in an 11-year career -- 33 as a pitcher and two others as a pinch-hitter -- all but one of them while with the Red Sox and Tigers, and the last as a Padre.[76] With \"good-hitting pitchers\" the exception rather than the rule, the American League's adoption of the designated hitter rule in 1973 - leading to the widespread substitution of the DH in the pitcher's traditional #9 slot in the batting order in all AL games and all interleague, All-Star and World Series games played in AL parks -- means that no American League pitcher will ever get enough at-bats to seriously challenge any of the above home run statistics, or any other game, seasonal or career hitting marks set by AL pitchers historically.", "List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders. Below is the list of the 285 Major League Baseball players who have reached the 2,000 hit milestone during their career in MLB.", "Derek Jeter. Jeter achieved two career hit milestones in the second half of the 2009 season. On August 16, 2009, against the Seattle Mariners, Jeter doubled down the right-field line for his 2,675th hit as a shortstop, breaking Luis Aparicio's previous major league record.[113] Then, Jeter became the all-time hits leader as a member of the Yankees (2,722), passing Lou Gehrig on September 11, 2009. The hit was a single off Baltimore Orioles pitcher Chris Tillman in the third inning.[114]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Ichiro Suzuki, who attained this from 2001–10.[45][46][47] Ichiro's honors since joining the Seattle Mariners from Nippon Professional Baseball at age 27 include winning the 2001 AL Rookie of the Year and MVP awards, claiming the AL batting title in 2001 and 2004, leading the AL in hits in seven seasons (2001, 2004, 2006–10)[46] and breaking George Sisler's 84-year-old single-season hits record in 2004 with 262 hits.[48] The closest player is Willie Keeler who had 8 consecutive seasons with 200 hits that occurred almost a century prior in the dead-ball era.[49] Only José Altuve, with four consecutive 200-hit seasons, will enter the 2018 season with a current streak of even two such seasons.[50]", "List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders. Through August 20, 2018, these active players have at least 1,800 hits:", "List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders. Barry Bonds holds the Major League Baseball home run record with 762. He passed Hank Aaron, who is currently second with 755, on August 7, 2007. The only other player to have hit 700 or more is Babe Ruth with 714. Alex Rodriguez (696), Willie Mays (660), Ken Griffey, Jr. (630), Albert Pujols (614), Jim Thome (612), and Sammy Sosa (609) are the only other players to have hit 600 or more.", "Ichiro Suzuki. On September 23, Ichiro hit a single to center field against Toronto Blue Jays pitcher Shawn Hill to become the first MLB player in history to reach the 200 hit mark for 10 consecutive seasons. This feat also tied him with Pete Rose for the most career seasons of 200+ hits, and he surpassed Ty Cobb for most career seasons of 200+ hits in the AL. He finished the season with 214 hits, topping the MLB in that category. Ichiro also finished the season \"ironman\" style, playing in all 162 games. Only Ichiro and Matt Kemp did so for the 2010 season. This was Ichiro's 3rd season playing in all 162 games. Also, Ichiro was nominated for the This Year in Baseball Award.[59] Ichiro finished first or second in hits in all of his first 10 MLB seasons.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Hack Wilson, who batted in 191 runs in 1930. Only Hank Greenberg and Lou Gehrig, at 183 and 184, ever came close and there have been no real challenges to the record for over 75 years.", "Ichiro Suzuki. On July 10, 2014, Ichiro collected his 2,800th MLB hit off of Cleveland Indians pitcher Scott Atchison in the top of the eighth inning at Progressive Field.[87] On August 9, 2014, Ichiro hit a single in a game, again against the Indians, to pass George Sisler on the all-time hit list with his 2,811th hit.[88] Ichiro had previously broken Sisler's single season hit record in the 2004 season.", "Ichiro Suzuki. On July 29, 2007, Ichiro collected his 1,500th U.S. hit, the third fastest to reach the MLB milestone behind Al Simmons and George Sisler.[40] Ichiro had 213 hits in 2008, his eighth straight 200-hit season. This tied the 107-year-old record set by Wee Willie Keeler. Typically, Ichiro was among baseball's leaders in reaching base on an error (14 times in 2008, more than any other batter in the AL), and in infield hits (his 56 were the most in the majors).[41][41] Ichiro has amassed more than 450 infield hits in his U.S. career. Detroit third baseman Brandon Inge told the New York Times, \"I wish you could put a camera at third base to see how he hits the ball and see the way it deceives you. You can call some guys' infield hits cheap, but not his. He has amazing technique.\"[42] In May 2008, Ichiro stole two bases, giving him a career total of 292, surpassing the previous Seattle Mariners team record of 290 set by second baseman Julio Cruz. Cruz, who now does Spanish-language broadcasts of Mariners games, was watching from the broadcast booth as Ichiro broke his record.[43][44]", "Ichiro Suzuki. On September 6 against the Oakland A's, Ichiro collected his 2,000th MLB hit on the second pitch of the game, a double along the first base foul line. He is the second-fastest player to reach the milestone, behind Al Simmons. On September 13 against the Texas Rangers, Ichiro collected his 200th hit of the season for the ninth consecutive year, setting an all-time major league record. Ichiro recorded 210 hits with Orix in 1994, thereby giving him a total of ten 200 hit seasons in his professional career.", "List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders. Guy Hecker, the only pitcher to have accomplished the feat, also broke the single-game major league record for runs scored with seven.[13] Cal McVey is the sole player to collect six hits in each of two consecutive games.[14][15] Seven players hit for the cycle during their six-hit game.[16] Zaza Harvey has the fewest career hits among players who have six hits in one game with 86, while Ty Cobb – with 4,189[A] – had more hits than any other player in this group and amassed the second most in major league history. Cobb, Cal Ripken Jr., and Paul Waner are also members of the 3,000 hit club.[21]", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Ty Cobb in 1928 after beginning his career in 1905.[59] Highlights of this record include; three .400 seasons, nine .380 seasons, and leading the league 11 times in batting average.[60] Cobb managed to hit .323 in his final season at age 41.[6] The next closest player is Rogers Hornsby who had a batting average of .358; Hornsby's career straddled the dead-ball and live-ball eras, with most of it being in the live-ball era. There are only 3 players with a career average over .350, and the highest batting average among those who played their entire careers in the live-ball era is Ted Williams' .344. Since 1928, there have been only 46 seasons in which a hitter reached .366 and only Tony Gwynn attained that mark at least four times, finishing with a career .338 batting average.[61] The active player with the highest batting average is Miguel Cabrera at .317, fractionally above José Altuve.[62]", "Carl Yastrzemski. No player has had a longer career with only one team, 23 seasons, a record which he shares with Brooks Robinson of the Baltimore Orioles.[5] His final career statistics include 3,308 games played (second all-time and the most with a single team), 646 doubles, 452 home runs, 1,844 RBIs, and a batting average of .285.[4] He had 1,845 walks in his career, and 1,157 extra base hits. Yastrzemski was the first player to ever collect over 3,000 hits and 400 home runs solely in the American League[36] (the feat has since been accomplished by Cal Ripken Jr.). He was named to the All-Star Game 18 times.[4] Yastrzemski won three American League batting championships in his career.[2] In addition, Yastrzemski only trails Ty Cobb and Derek Jeter in hits collected with a single team, and trails only Cobb, Jeter and Tris Speaker in hits collected playing in the American League. Yastrzemski is also Fenway Park's all-time leader in hits, doubles, and RBI's. By the time of his retirement, he was the all-time leader in plate appearances, since surpassed by Pete Rose.", "List of Major League Baseball career strikeouts by batters leaders. Reggie Jackson holds the record for the most career strikeouts by a batter with 2,597. Jim Thome (2,548), Adam Dunn (2,379), Sammy Sosa (2,306), Alex Rodriguez (2,287) and Andres Galarraga (2,003) are the only other hitters to strikeout over 2,000 times.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Eddie Collins, who successfully laid down 512 sacrifice bunts over his 25-year career with the Philidelphia Athletics. Joe Pasternak dubbed Collins as \"the smartest player in baseball history\". Not only was Collins a prolific bunter, but also 10th all-time in WAR and hit .333 for his career with 3,000 hits and over 700 stolen bases.[77].Second behind him is Jake Daubert with 392, more than 100 less than Collins. Since the turn of the 20th-century sacrifice bunts have continually fallen further out of favor: Moneyball by Michael Lewis, the famous sabermatrician's manifesto, went as far as to label the bunt as \"evil\". Modern baseball teams value minimizing outs rather than moving a baserunner over a single base position.", "List of Major League Baseball records considered unbreakable. Set by Hugh Duffy in 1894, the highest single-season average in National League, and MLB history. Nap Lajoie's .426 in 1901 is the highest in American League history. In the modern (post-\"dead-ball\") era, Rogers Hornsby hit .424 in 1924, a feat unmatched since then. George Sisler's .420 average in 1922 still stands as the highest American League average of the modern era. Ted Williams hit .406 in 1941, the last player in either league to top .400 for a season. Since then, only George Brett, who hit .390 in 1980, and Tony Gwynn, who hit .394 in a strike-shortened season in 1994, have even come close to breaking .400, and they were nowhere near any of the historical league or MLB highs.", "Ichiro Suzuki. On August 26, Ichiro set the Marlins' single-season franchise record for pinch-hits with his 22nd pinch hit.[118] On September 3, he set a major league record for most pinch-hit at-bats in a season, with 84,[119] and four days later he set a major league record for most pinch-hit plate appearances in a season, with 95.[120] On September 8, Ichiro became the sixth player all-time to hit 2,500 career singles,[121] as well as the 8th right fielder of all-time to record over 4,000 putouts at the position. On October 1, Ichiro flied out in his last chance to tie John Vander Wal's MLB record of 28 pinch hits in a season, finishing with 27.[122]", "Derek Jeter. Jeter finished the 2012 season with the most hits in MLB (216).[157] Against the Tampa Bay Rays on September 14 of that year, he moved into the Top 10 on the all-time hit list, surpassing Willie Mays by beating out an infield single for his 3,284th career hit.[158] After hitting .364 in the 2012 ALDS, Jeter fractured his left ankle during Game 1 of the 2012 ALCS against the Detroit Tigers reaching for a ground ball, an injury which ended his season.[159] Jeter had received a cortisone shot to treat a bone bruise in his left foot in September, which could have contributed to the break. Jeter had surgery on his broken left ankle on October 20, with an expected recovery time of four to five months.[160]", "List of Major League Baseball career hit by pitch leaders. Below is the list of the top 100 Major League Baseball players who have been hit by a pitch the most during their MLB careers.", "Willie Keeler. Keeler's advice to hitters was \"Keep your eye clear, and hit 'em where they ain't\"—\"they\" being the opposing fielders. His .385 career batting average after the 1898 season is the highest average in history at season's end for a player with more than 1,000 hits (1,147 hits).[2] He compiled a .341 batting average over his career, currently 14th all time. He hit over .300 16 times in 19 seasons, and hit over .400 once. He twice led his league in batting average and three times in hits. Keeler had an amazing 206 singles during the 1898 season, a record that stood for more than 100 years until broken by Ichiro Suzuki. Additionally, Keeler had an on-base percentage of greater than .400 for seven straight seasons. When Keeler retired in 1910, he was third all-time in hits with 2,932, behind only Cap Anson and Jake Beckley." ]

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[ "Dirty Harry (film series). Sudden Impact (1983) was directed by Clint Eastwood. Aging, but still bitter, Callahan is sent to a small town to follow up a lead in a murder case, which leads him directly to a rape victim who is out to avenge herself and her catatonic sister by killing the people who sexually assaulted them. The film is notable for Callahan's catchphrase, \"Go ahead, make my day\".", "Clint Eastwood. Eastwood directed and starred in the fourth Dirty Harry film, Sudden Impact, which was shot in the spring and summer of 1983 and is considered the darkest and most violent of the series.[166] By this time Eastwood received 60 percent of all profits from films he starred in and directed, with the rest going to the studio.[167] Sudden Impact was his final on-screen collaboration with Locke. She plays an artist who, along with her sister, was gang-raped a decade before the story takes place and seeks revenge for her sister's now-vegetative state by systematically murdering the rapists. The line \"Go ahead, make my day\" (uttered by Eastwood during an early scene in a coffee shop) has been cited as one of cinema's immortal lines. It was quoted by President Ronald Reagan in a speech to Congress, and used during the 1984 presidential elections.[168][169][170] The film was the second most commercially successful of the Dirty Harry films, after The Enforcer, earning $70 million. It received very positive reviews, with many critics praising the feminist aspects of the film through its explorations of the physical and psychological consequences of rape.[171]", "Castle doctrine. The term \"make my day law\" came to be used in the United States in 1985 when Colorado passed a law that shielded people from any criminal or civil liability for using force against a home invader, including deadly force.[17] (The law's nickname is a reference to the line \"Go ahead, make my day\" (meaning 'do something so I have an excuse to kill you') uttered by actor Clint Eastwood's character \"Dirty Harry\" Callahan in the 1983 police film Sudden Impact.)", "Go ahead, make my day. \"Go ahead, make my day\" is a catchphrase written by Charles B. Pierce and spoken by the character Harry Callahan from the 1983 film Sudden Impact. In 2005, it was chosen as No. 6 on the American Film Institute list, AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes.[1]", "Go ahead, make my day. At the beginning of the movie, Harry Callahan (Clint Eastwood) goes into a diner for a morning cup of coffee where he discovers a robbery in progress. He kills all but one of the robbers in a shootout. However, the surviving robber grabs the fleeing waitress Loretta (Mara Corday), holds his gun to her head, and threatens to shoot. Instead of backing off, Harry points his .44 Magnum revolver into the man's face and dares him to shoot, saying with clenched teeth and in his characteristic rough grumble, \"Go ahead, make my day,\" meaning that if the robber attempts to harm Loretta in any way, Harry would be happy to dispatch the robber. At the end of the film, Harry, again, says \"Come on, make my day\" just before shooting Mick the rapist, who aims his stolen shotgun at Harry's lover, Jennifer Spencer.", "Dirty Harry (film series). Dirty Harry (1971) was directed by Don Siegel and starred Clint Eastwood as Harry Callahan. Harry tracks serial killer Scorpio (loosely based on the Zodiac killer). Eastwood's iconic portrayal of the blunt-speaking, unorthodox detective set the style for a number of his subsequent roles, and its box-office success led to the production of four sequels. The \"alienated cop\" motif was subsequently imitated by a number of other films. At the beginning and end of the film, Callahan corners a criminal and says, \"You've got to ask yourself a question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?\" (The line is often misquoted as \"Do you feel lucky, punk?\", and in the second movie, Magnum Force, Harry begins by saying, “do you feel lucky”).", "Dirty Harry. Dirty Harry received recognition from the American Film Institute. The film was ranked #41 on 100 Years...100 Thrills, a list of America's most heart-pounding movies.[61] Harry Callahan was selected as the 17th greatest movie hero on 100 Years...100 Heroes & Villains.[62] The movie's famous quote \"You've got to ask yourself one question: 'Do I feel lucky?' Well, do ya, punk?\" was ranked 51st on 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.[63] Dirty Harry was also on the ballot for several other AFI's 100 series lists including 100 Years...100 Movies,[64] 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition),[65] and 100 Years of Film Scores.[66]", "Dirty Harry. The line, \"My, that's a big one,\" spoken by Scorpio when Callahan removes his gun, was an ad-lib by Robinson. The crew broke into laughter as a result of the double entendre and the scene had to be re-shot, but the line stayed.", "Go ahead, make my day. The movie Sudden Impact became popular in Kenya in the early 1990s. Kenyan kids pronounced 'make my day' as \"Makmende\" probably due to influence of the local dialects. Over time, Makmende came to be used by children to refer to those who behaved in a conceited manner.[citation needed] In 2010, Makmende was turned into an Internet sensation all over Kenya's Internet community when Just a Band created a superhero character in the music video of their song \"Ha He.\"[3][4] The song Action by Finnish band LOVEX features the line in their song lyrics.", "Dirty Harry. The screenplay was initially brought to Eastwood’s attention around 1969 by Jennings Lang. Warner Bros offered him the part while still in post-production for his directorial debut film Play Misty for Me. By December 17, 1970, a Warner Brothers studio press release announced that Clint Eastwood would star in as well as produce the film through his company, Malpaso.", "Dirty Harry. Details about the film were first released in film industry trade papers in April, September and November 1970, with Frank Sinatra attached as Harry Callahan and Irvin Kershner listed as director and producer, with Arthur Jacobson acting as associate producer.[4]", "You Make My Dreams. The song was featured in the films The Wedding Singer (1998), Dumb and Dumberer: When Harry Met Lloyd (2003), Step Brothers (2008) (500) Days of Summer (2009), Eddie the Eagle (2016), and Ready Player One (2018). In 2012, it appeared in an eHarmony commercial. It appears in a 2017 commercial for Applebee's.[2]", "Dirty Harry. During lunch, Inspector Callahan foils a bank robbery. He kills two of the robbers and wounds a third. Confronting the wounded robber, Callahan delivers the film's iconic line.", "Dirty Harry (film series). Magnum Force (1973) was directed by Ted Post. The main theme of this film is vigilante justice, and the plot revolves around a group of renegade traffic cops who are executing criminals who have avoided conviction in court. Despite Harry's penchant for strong-arm methods, he does not tolerate coldblooded murder of the accused and resolves to stop the killers. In this film, Harry's catch-phrase is \"A man's got to know his limitations.\"", "Gorillaz. The third single was \"Dirty Harry\", which had been released as a promotional single earlier that year. It was released in the United Kingdom on 21 November 2005. On its first week, it charted at No. 6. The release of the single raised the album once again back up to the top 10. The fourth and final single was the double A-side, \"Kids with Guns\"/\"El Mañana\". It was released in the UK on 10 April 2006.[29] Unlike its Top 10 predecessors, \"Kids With Guns\" / \"El Mañana\" reached No. 27 upon its release in the UK. A week later, the single had fallen out of the Top 40 in the UK (see 2006 in British music). By the end of 2005, Demon Days had sold over a million copies in the UK, making it the UK's fifth best selling album of 2005.[30] Demon Days has since gone six times platinum in the UK,[4] double platinum in the United States,[5] triple platinum in Australia[31] and has sold over 8 million copies worldwide.[32] At the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards in Miami on 28 August, Gorillaz won two awards for \"Feel Good Inc.\", including the award for Breakthrough Video.[33]", "Clint Eastwood. Dirty Harry (1971), written by Harry and Rita Fink, centers on a hard-edged New York City (later changed to San Francisco) police inspector named Harry Callahan who is determined to stop a psychotic killer by any means.[112] Dirty Harry has been described as being arguably Eastwood's most memorable character, and the film has been credited with inventing the \"loose-cannon cop\" genre.[113][114] Author Eric Lichtenfeld argues that Eastwood's role as Dirty Harry established the \"first true archetype\" of the action film genre.[115] His lines (quoted above) are regarded by firearms historians, such as Garry James and Richard Venola, as the force that catapulted the ownership of .44 Magnum revolvers to new heights in the United States; specifically the Smith & Wesson Model 29 carried by Harry Callahan.[116][117] Dirty Harry achieved huge success after its release in December 1971, earning $22 million in the United States and Canada alone.[118] It was Siegel's highest-grossing film and the start of a series of films featuring the character Harry Callahan. Although a number of critics praised Eastwood's performance as Dirty Harry, such as Jay Cocks of Time magazine who described him as \"...giving his best performance so far, tense, tough, full of implicit identification with his character,\"[119] the film was also widely criticized as being fascistic.[120][121][122]", "Gran Torino. After seeing the film, The New York Times described the requiem tone captured by the film, calling it as \"a sleek, muscle car of a movie made in the USA, in that industrial graveyard called Detroit\". Manohla Dargis compared Eastwood's presence on film to Dirty Harry and the Man with No Name, stating: \"Dirty Harry is back, in a way, in Gran Torino, not as a character, but as a ghostly presence. He hovers in the film, in its themes and high-caliber imagery, and of course, most obviously, in Mr. Eastwood’s face. It is a monumental face now, so puckered and pleated that it no longer looks merely weathered, as it has for decades, but seems closer to petrified wood.\"[43] The Los Angeles Times also praised Eastwood's performance and credibility as an action hero at the age of 78. Kenneth Turan said of Eastwood's performance, \"It is a film that is impossible to imagine without the actor in the title role. The notion of a 78-year-old action hero may sound like a contradiction in terms, but Eastwood brings it off, even if his toughness is as much verbal as physical. Even at 78, Eastwood can make 'Get off my lawn' sound as menacing as 'Make my day', and when he says 'I blow a hole in your face and sleep like a baby', he sounds as if he means it\".[44] Roger Ebert wrote that the film is \"about the belated flowering of a man's better nature. And it's about Americans of different races growing more open to one another in the new century.\"[45] Sang Chi and Emily Moberg Robinson, editors of Voices of the Asian-American and Pacific Islander Experience: Volume 1, said that within the mainstream media, the film received \"criticial acclaim\" \"for its nuanced portrayal of Asian Americans.\"[46] Louisa Schein and Va-Megn Thoj, authors of \"Gran Torino’s Boys and Men with Guns: Hmong Perspective,\" said that the mainstream critical response was \"centered on Eastwood‘s character and viewed the film mainly as a vision of multicultural inclusion and understanding.\"[47]", "Go ahead, make my day. That phrase, although in its Italian localization \"Coraggio... fatti ammazzare\", was also chosen as the title for the Italian version of the film, and it has become a catchphrase in Italy as well.[7]", "Go ahead, make my day. The phrase \"go ahead, make my day\" was written by Charles B. Pierce, an independent filmmaker who is credited with \"story by\" in the film Sudden Impact. The actual origins of the phrase came from Pierce's father Mack, who used to tell him as a child, \"Just let me come home one more day, without you mowing that lawn, son just go ahead.....make my day\".[citation needed]", "Dirty Harry (film series). In 1995 Williams Electronic Games (WMS) created a Dirty Harry pinball machine, inspired by the 1971 film. 4,248 units were manufactured. Notable features include a gun handle shooter, a moving cannon used to shoot playfield targets and custom audio callouts recorded by Clint Eastwood. Game modes, sounds and dot matrix animations reflect events in the movie, such as a car chase, barroom brawl, defusing bombs and \"Feel Lucky\" mode.[16]", "Make the World Go Away. Harry James recorded a version on the 1966 album Harry James & His Western Friends (Dot DLP 3735 and DLP 25735) and again on the 1977 album Comin' From A Good Place (Sheffield Lab LAB 6).", "Dirty Harry. The film caused controversy when it was released, sparking debate over issues ranging from police brutality to victims' rights and the nature of law enforcement. Feminists in particular were outraged by the film and at the 44th Academy Awards protested outside the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, holding up banners which read messages such as \"Dirty Harry is a Rotten Pig\".[37]", "Dirty Harry. The soundtrack for Dirty Harry was created by composer Lalo Schifrin, who created the iconic music for both the theme of Mission: Impossible and the Bullitt soundtrack, and who had previously collaborated with director Don Siegel in the production of Coogan's Bluff and The Beguiled, both also starring Clint Eastwood. Schifrin fused a wide variety of influences, including classical music, jazz and psychedelic rock, along with Edda Dell'Orso-style vocals, into a score that \"could best be described as acid jazz some 25 years before that genre began\". According to one reviewer, the Dirty Harry soundtrack's influence \"is paramount, heard daily in movies, on television, and in modern jazz and rock music\".[35][36]", "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me). When the song was near completion, Harley played an early mix of the song to Bob Mercer, who was the head of A&R at EMI. Mercer was so blown away by what he heard that he immediately pronounced the song as a number-one hit. Harley remembered: \"We were all drinking Martini, it was late at night, and we were completely knackered. Bob came in and was absolutely blown away. I asked him what he thought and he said simply, \"Number one\".[16]", "Go ahead, make my day. During his speech at the 2012 Republican National Convention, Eastwood ended by referencing the line.[5] In February 2015, The Economist featured the headline \"Go ahead, Angela, make my day\" in reference to the European debt crisis.", "Dirty Harry. Dirty Harry is a 1971 American action crime thriller film produced and directed by Don Siegel, the first in the Dirty Harry series. Clint Eastwood plays the title role, in his first outing as San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Inspector \"Dirty\" Harry Callahan. The film drew upon the actual case of the Zodiac Killer as the Callahan character seeks out a similar vicious psychopath.[2]", "Magnum Force. Of all the films I had anything to do with, I like it least. They changed a lot of things in a cheap and distasteful manner. The whole ending is wrong, it wasn't mine at all. All movies had a motorcycle or car chase at the time — except Westerns. They have a scene where this black girl's pimp forces Drano down her throat. In the script, they merely went into the morgue and Harry said, \"I don't feel bad for that son of a bitch, 'cause two weeks ago one of his girls was in here and he'd poured Drano down her throat.\" I think it's better to hear about it than to see it later; also, it goes right back to the character again: you understand Harry's feelings about it. All the stuff they put in about the Japanese girl: they put in a scene where the star gets to fuck some girl, and it's pretty hard to get it out. My Dirty Harry scripts never had Harry knowing any girls too well other than hookers, because he was a lonely guy who lived alone and didn't like to associate with people. He could never be close enough to a woman to have any sort of affair. A bitter, lonely man who liked his work[5]", "Dirty Harry. In my script version, there's just more outrageous Milius crap where I had the killer in the bus with a flamethrower. I tried to make the guy as outrageous as possible. I had him get a police photographer to take a picture of him with all the kids lined up at the school – he kidnaps them at the school, actually – and they showed the picture to the other police after he's made his demands; he wants a 747 to take him away to a country where he'll be free of police harassment [Milius laughs uproariously], terrible things like this. And the children all end up like a graduation picture, and the teacher is saying, \"What is that object under Andy Robinson?\" and a cop says, \"That's a claymore mine.\" Teacher asks, \"What's a claymore mine?\" And we hear the voice of Harry say, \"If he sets it off, they're all spaghetti.\" Chief says, \"That's enough, Harry.\" Everybody said, \"That's too much, John; we can't have Milius doing this kind of stuff.\" I wanted the guy to be just totally outrageous all the time, and he is. I think Siegel restrained it enough.[19]", "Dirty Harry. Eastwood was given a number of scripts, but he ultimately reverted to the original as the best vehicle for him.[12] In a 2009 MTV interview, Eastwood said \"So I said, 'I'll do it,' but since they had initially talked to me, there had been all these rewrites. I said, 'I'm only interested in the original script'.\" Looking back on the 1971 Don Siegel film, he remembered \"[The rewrites had changed] everything. They had Marine snipers coming on in the end. And I said, 'No. This is losing the point of the whole story, of the guy chasing the killer down. It's becoming an extravaganza that's losing its character.' They said, 'OK, do what you want.' So, we went and made it.\"[13]", "Dirty Harry. The benefit world premiere of Dirty Harry was held at Loews' Market Street Cinema, 1077 Market Street (San Francisco),[55] on December 22, 1971.[56][57] The film was the fourth-highest-grossing film of 1971, earning an approximate total of $36 million in its U.S. theatrical release,[1] making it a major financial success in comparison with its modest $4 million budget.[58]", "Dirty Harry. The Fred Williamson blaxploitation film Black Cobra, mimicked the famous 'Do You Feel Lucky, Punk?' scene from Dirty Harry. The same scene was parodied in The Mask (1994), and in Bean and The Man Who Knew Too Little (both 1997). The British virtual band Gorillaz also entitled a song \"Dirty Harry\" on their album Demon Days. The film can also be counted as the chief influence on the Italian tough-cop films, Poliziotteschi, which dominated the 1970s and that were critically praised in Europe and the U.S. as well.", "Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me). \"Make Me Smile\" has been reissued a number of times in the UK. In October 1980, EMI re-issued it on 7\" vinyl by EMI, with \"Sebastian\" as the B-Side, to promote the compilation album The Best of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel.[24] In 1983, it was issued again on 7\" vinyl, by the Old Gold label, with \"Judy Teen\" as the B-Side.[25] Both re-issues failed to chart. In 1992, the song was released by EMI as a CD single and 7\" vinyl. The re-issue reached No. 46 in the UK, and remained in the Top 100 for two weeks.[26] In 1995, the song was re-issued again on 7\" vinyl and CD after it was used in a Carlsberg TV advertisement.[27] This release reached No. 33 in the UK, spending three weeks in the chart.[26] In June 2005, a newly recorded 2005 version of the track was released, dubbed as the \"30th Anniversary Re-mix\" of the song. The new version was released as a single on 7\" vinyl and CD. The single reached No. 55, spending two weeks on the chart.[26][28] Following a request on Top Gear to download the song, \"Make Me Smile\" re-entered the UK charts at No. 72 in early February 2015.[29]" ]

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[ "Missouri River. As one of the continent's most significant river systems,[30] the Missouri's drainage basin borders on many other major watersheds of the United States and Canada. The Continental Divide, running along the spine of the Rocky Mountains, forms most of the western border of the Missouri watershed.[30] The Clark Fork and Snake River, both part of the Columbia River basin, drain the area west of the Rockies in Montana, Idaho and western Wyoming. The Columbia, Missouri and Colorado River watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in Wyoming's Wind River Range.[31] South of there, the Missouri basin is bordered on the west by the drainage of the Green River, a tributary of the Colorado, then on the south by the mainstem of the Colorado. Both the Colorado and Columbia Rivers flow to the Pacific Ocean. However, a large endorheic drainage called the Great Divide Basin exists between the Missouri and Green watersheds in western Wyoming. This area is sometimes counted as part of the Missouri River watershed, even though its waters do not flow to either side of the Continental Divide.[32]", "Missouri River. To the north, the much lower Laurentian Divide separates the Missouri River watershed from those of the Oldman River, a tributary of the South Saskatchewan River, as well as the Souris, Sheyenne, and smaller tributaries of the Red River of the North. All of these streams are part of Canada's Nelson River drainage basin, which empties into Hudson Bay. There are also several large endorheic basins between the Missouri and Nelson watersheds in southern Alberta and Saskatchewan.[30] The Minnesota and Des Moines Rivers, tributaries of the upper Mississippi, drain most of the area bordering the eastern side of the Missouri River basin. Finally, on the south, the Ozark Mountains and other low divides through central Missouri, Kansas and Colorado separate the Missouri watershed from those of the White River and Arkansas River, also tributaries of the Mississippi River.[30]", "Missouri River. Flowing eastwards through the plains of eastern Montana, the Missouri receives the Poplar River from the north before crossing into North Dakota where the Yellowstone River, its greatest tributary by volume, joins from the southwest. At the confluence, the Yellowstone is actually the larger river.[n 1] The Missouri then meanders east past Williston and into Lake Sakakawea, the reservoir formed by Garrison Dam. Below the dam the Missouri receives the Knife River from the west and flows south to Bismarck, the capital of North Dakota, where the Heart River joins from the west. It slows into the Lake Oahe reservoir just before the Cannonball River confluence. While it continues south, eventually reaching Oahe Dam in South Dakota, the Grand, Moreau and Cheyenne Rivers all join the Missouri from the west.[14][15]", "Missouri River. The Missouri makes a bend to the southeast as it winds through the Great Plains, receiving the Niobrara River and many smaller tributaries from the southwest. It then proceeds to form the boundary of South Dakota and Nebraska, then after being joined by the James River from the north, forms the Iowa–Nebraska boundary. At Sioux City the Big Sioux River comes in from the north. The Missouri flows south to the city of Omaha where it receives its longest tributary, the Platte River, from the west.[18] Downstream, it begins to define the Nebraska–Missouri border, then flows between Missouri and Kansas. The Missouri swings east at Kansas City, where the Kansas River enters from the west, and so on into north-central Missouri. To the east of Kansas City, the Missouri receives, on the left side, the Grand River. It passes south of Columbia and receives the Osage and Gasconade Rivers from the south downstream of Jefferson City. The river then rounds the northern side of St. Louis to join the Mississippi River on the border between Missouri and Illinois.[14][15]", "Mississippi River System. The Missouri River is a long stream that originates in southwest Montana and flows southeasterly for 2,522 miles; passing through six states before finally entering the Mississippi River at St. Louis.[11] The Missouri River is the longest river on the North American continent. The Missouri River was one of the main routes for the watershed expansion of the United States during the 19th century.", "Missouri River. The Missouri River is the longest river in North America.[13] Rising in the Rocky Mountains of western Montana, the Missouri flows east and south for 2,341 miles (3,767 km)[9] before entering the Mississippi River north of St. Louis, Missouri. The river takes drainage from a sparsely populated, semi-arid watershed of more than half a million square miles (1,300,000 km2), which includes parts of ten U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. When combined with the lower Mississippi River, it forms the world's fourth longest river system.[13]", "Missouri River. With a drainage basin spanning 529,350 square miles (1,371,000 km2),[10]\nthe Missouri River's catchment encompasses nearly one-sixth of the area of the United States[20] or just over five percent of the continent of North America.[21] Comparable to the size of the Canadian province of Quebec, the watershed encompasses most of the central Great Plains, stretching from the Rocky Mountains in the west to the Mississippi River Valley in the east and from the southern extreme of western Canada to the border of the Arkansas River watershed. Compared with the Mississippi River above their confluence, the Missouri is twice as long[n 2] and drains an area three times as large.[n 3] The Missouri accounts for 45 percent of the annual flow of the Mississippi past St. Louis, and as much as 70 percent in certain droughts.[11][23]", "Missouri River. The Missouri River officially starts at the confluence of the Jefferson and Madison in Missouri Headwaters State Park near Three Forks, Montana, and is joined by the Gallatin a mile (1.6 km) downstream. The Missouri then passes through Canyon Ferry Lake, a reservoir west of the Big Belt Mountains. Issuing from the mountains near Cascade, the river flows northeast to the city of Great Falls, where it drops over the Great Falls of the Missouri, a series of five substantial waterfalls. It then winds east through a scenic region of canyons and badlands known as the Missouri Breaks, receiving the Marias River from the west then widening into the Fort Peck Lake reservoir a few miles above the confluence with the Musselshell River. Farther on, the river passes through the Fort Peck Dam, and immediately downstream, the Milk River joins from the north.[14][15]", "Missouri River. The Missouri's largest tributaries by runoff are the Yellowstone in Montana and Wyoming, the Platte in Wyoming, Colorado, and Nebraska, and the Kansas–Republican/Smoky Hill and Osage in Kansas and Missouri. Each of these tributaries drains an area greater than 50,000 square miles (130,000 km2), and has an average discharge greater than 5,000 cu ft/s (140 m3/s).[22][34] The Yellowstone River has the highest discharge, even though the Platte is longer and drains a larger area. In fact, the Yellowstone's flow is about 13,800 cu ft/s (390 m3/s)[35] – accounting for sixteen percent of total runoff in the Missouri basin and nearly double that of the Platte.[36] On the other end of the scale is the tiny Roe River in Montana, which at 201 feet (61 m) long is one the world's shortest rivers.[37]", "Missouri River. By discharge, the Missouri is the ninth largest river of the United States, after the Mississippi, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Columbia, Niagara, Yukon, Detroit, and St. Clair. The latter two, however, are sometimes considered part of a strait between Lake Huron and Lake Erie.[48] Among rivers of North America as a whole, the Missouri is thirteenth largest, after the Mississippi, Mackenzie, St. Lawrence, Ohio, Columbia, Niagara, Yukon, Detroit, St. Clair, Fraser, Slave, and Koksoak.[48][49]", "Missouri River. Over 95 significant tributaries and hundreds of smaller ones feed the Missouri River, with most of the larger ones coming in as the river draws close to the mouth.[33] Most rivers and streams in the Missouri River basin flow from west to east, following the incline of the Great Plains; however, some eastern tributaries such as the James, Big Sioux and Grand River systems flow from north to south.[24]", "Montana. Other major Montana tributaries of the Missouri include the Smith,[81] Milk,[82] Marias,[83] Judith,[84] and Musselshell Rivers.[85] Montana also claims the disputed title of possessing the world's shortest river, the Roe River, just outside Great Falls.[86] Through the Missouri, these rivers ultimately join the Mississippi River and flow into the Gulf of Mexico.[87]", "Meramec River. The Meramec River (/ˈmɛrɪmæk/) is one of the longest free-flowing waterways in Missouri, draining 3,980 square miles (10,300 km2)[1] while wandering 218 miles (351 km)[2] from headwaters near Salem to where it empties into the Mississippi River near St. Louis at Arnold and Oakville. The Meramec watershed covers six Missouri Ozark Highland counties—Dent, Phelps, Crawford, Franklin, Jefferson, and St. Louis—and portions of eight others—Maries, Gasconade, Iron, Washington, Reynolds, St. Francois, Ste. Genevieve, and Texas. Between its source and its mouth, it falls 1,025 feet (312 m). Year-round navigability begins above Maramec Spring, just south of St. James. The Meramec's size increases at the confluence of the Dry Fork, and its navigability continues until the river enters the Mississippi at Arnold, Missouri.", "Missouri River. From the Rocky Mountains of Montana and Wyoming, three streams rise to form the headwaters of the Missouri River:", "Missouri River. In May 1673, the French explorers Louis Jolliet and Jacques Marquette left the settlement of St. Ignace on Lake Huron and traveled down the Wisconsin and Mississippi Rivers, aiming to reach the Pacific Ocean. In late June, Jolliet and Marquette became the first documented European discoverers of the Missouri River, which according to their journals was in full flood.[97] \"I never saw anything more terrific,\" Jolliet wrote, \"a tangle of entire trees from the mouth of the Pekistanoui [Missouri] with such impetuosity that one could not attempt to cross it without great danger. The commotion was such that the water was made muddy by it and could not clear itself.\"[98][99] They recorded Pekitanoui or Pekistanoui as the local name for the Missouri. However, the party never explored the Missouri beyond its mouth, nor did they linger in the area. In addition, they later learned that the Mississippi drained into the Gulf of Mexico and not the Pacific as they had originally presumed; the expedition turned back about 440 miles (710 km) short of the Gulf at the confluence of the Arkansas River with the Mississippi.[98]", "Missouri River. The Rocky Mountains of southwestern Montana at the headwaters of the Missouri River first rose in the Laramide Orogeny, a mountain-building episode that occurred from around 70 to 45 million years ago (the end of the Mesozoic through the early Cenozoic).[61] This orogeny uplifted Cretaceous rocks along the western side of the Western Interior Seaway, a vast shallow sea that stretched from the Arctic Ocean to the Gulf of Mexico, and deposited the sediments that now underlie much of the drainage basin of the Missouri River.[62][63][64]\nThis Laramide uplift caused the sea to retreat and laid the framework for a vast drainage system of rivers flowing from the Rocky and Appalachian Mountains, the predecessor of the modern-day Mississippi watershed.[65][66][67] The Laramide Orogeny is essential to modern Missouri River hydrology, as snow and ice melt from the Rockies provide the majority of the flow in the Missouri and its tributaries.[68]", "Missouri River. Immediately before the Quaternary Ice Age, the Missouri River was likely split into three segments: an upper portion that drained northwards into Hudson Bay,[75][76]\nand middle and lower sections that flowed eastward down the regional slope.[77]\nAs the Earth plunged into the Ice Age, a pre-Illinoian (or possibly the Illinoian) glaciation diverted the Missouri River southeastwards towards its present confluence with the Mississippi and caused it to integrate into a single river system that cuts across the regional slope.[78] In western Montana, the Missouri River is thought to have once flowed north then east around the Bear Paw Mountains. Sapphires are found in some spots along the river in western Montana.[79][80] Advances of the continental ice sheets diverted the river and its tributaries, causing them to pool up into large temporary lakes such as Glacial Lakes Great Falls, Musselshell and others. As the lakes rose, the water in them often spilled across adjacent local drainage divides, creating now-abandoned channels and coulees including the Shonkin Sag, 100 miles (160 km) long. When the glaciers retreated, the Missouri flowed in a new course along the south side of the Bearpaws, and the lower part of the Milk River tributary took over the original main channel.[81]", "Missouri River. In 1945, the USACE began the Missouri River Bank Stabilization and Navigation Project, which would permanently increase the river's navigation channel to a width of 300 feet (91 m) and a depth of nine feet (2.7 m). During work that continues to this day, the 735-mile (1,183 km) navigation channel from Sioux City to St. Louis has been controlled by building rock dikes to direct the river's flow and scour out sediments, sealing and cutting off meanders and side channels, and dredging the riverbed.[194] However, the Missouri has often resisted the efforts of the USACE to control its depth. In 2006, several U.S. Coast Guard boats ran aground in the Missouri River because the navigation channel had been severely silted.[195] The USACE was blamed for failing to maintain the channel to the minimum depth.[196]", "Missouri River. The United States Geological Survey operates fifty-one stream gauges along the Missouri River. The river's average discharge at Bismarck, 1,314.5 miles (2,115.5 km) from the mouth, is 21,920 cu ft/s (621 m3/s). This is from a drainage area of 186,400 sq mi (483,000 km2), or 35% of the total river basin.[59] At Kansas City, 366.1 miles (589.2 km) from the mouth, the river's average flow is 55,400 cu ft/s (1,570 m3/s). The river here drains about 484,100 sq mi (1,254,000 km2), representing about 91% of the entire basin.[53]", "Missouri River. For navigation purposes, the Missouri River is divided into two main sections. The Upper Missouri River is north of Gavins Point Dam, the last hydroelectric dam of fifteen on the river, just upstream from Sioux City, Iowa.[198] The Lower Missouri River is the 840 miles (1,350 km) of river below Gavins Point until it meets the Mississippi just above St. Louis. The Lower Missouri River has no hydroelectric dams or locks but it has a plethora of wing dams that enable barge traffic by directing the flow of the river into a 200-foot-wide (61 m), 12-foot-deep (3.7 m) channel. These wing dams have been put in place by and are maintained by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and there currently are no plans to construct any locks to replace these wing dams on the Missouri River.", "Missouri River. Historically, the thousands of square miles that comprised the floodplain of the Missouri River supported a wide range of plant and animal species. Biodiversity generally increased proceeding downstream from the cold, subalpine headwaters in Montana to the temperate, moist climate of Missouri. Today, the river's riparian zone consists primarily of cottonwoods, willows and sycamores, with several other types of trees such as maple and ash.[207] Average tree height generally increases farther from the riverbanks for a limited distance, as land adjacent to the river is vulnerable to soil erosion during floods. Because of its large sediment concentrations, the Missouri does not support many aquatic invertebrates.[207] However, the basin does support about 300 species of birds[207] and 150 species of fish,[208] some of which are endangered such as the pallid sturgeon. The Missouri's aquatic and riparian habitats also support several species of mammals, such as minks, river otters, beavers, muskrats, and raccoons.[153]", "Missouri River. The Missouri's nickname, the \"Big Muddy\", was inspired by its enormous loads of sediment or silt – some of the largest of any North American river.[2][82] In its pre-development state, the river transported some 175 to 320 million short tons (159 to 290 Mt) per year.[83] The construction of dams and levees has drastically reduced this to 20 to 25 million short tons (18 to 23 Mt) in the present day.[84] Much of this sediment is derived from the river's floodplain, also called the meander belt; every time the river changed course, it would erode tons of soil and rocks from its banks. However, damming and channeling the river has kept it from reaching its natural sediment sources along most of its course. Reservoirs along the Missouri trap roughly 36.4 million short tons (33.0 Mt) of sediment each year.[24] Despite this, the river still transports more than half the total silt that empties into the Gulf of Mexico; the Mississippi River Delta, formed by sediment deposits at the mouth of the Mississippi, constitutes a majority of sediments carried by the Missouri.[84][85]", "Missouri River. In 1990, the Missouri River watershed was home to about 12 million people.[10][24] This included the entire population of the U.S. state of Nebraska, parts of the U.S. states of Colorado, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Wyoming, and small southern portions of the Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan.[10] The watershed's largest city is Denver, Colorado, with a population of more than six hundred thousand. Denver is the main city of the Front Range Urban Corridor whose cities had a combined population of over four million in 2005,[25] making it the largest metropolitan area in the Missouri River basin.[24] Other major population centers – mostly located in the southeastern portion of the watershed – include Omaha, Nebraska, situated north of the confluence of the Missouri and Platte Rivers; Kansas City, Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas, located at the confluence of the Missouri with the Kansas River; and the St. Louis metropolitan area, situated south of the Missouri River just below the latter's mouth, on the Mississippi.[15] In contrast, the northwestern part of the watershed is sparsely populated. However, many northwestern cities, such as Billings, Montana, are among the fastest growing in the Missouri basin.[24]", "Missouri River. Elevations in the watershed vary widely, ranging from just over 400 feet (120 m) at the Missouri's mouth[1] to the 14,293-foot (4,357 m) summit of Mount Lincoln in central Colorado.[27][28] The river itself drops a total of 8,626 feet (2,629 m) from Brower's Spring, the farthest source. Although the plains of the watershed have extremely little local vertical relief, the land rises about 10 feet per mile (1.9 m/km) from east to west. The elevation is less than 500 feet (150 m) at the eastern border of the watershed, but is over 3,000 feet (910 m) above sea level in many places at the base of the Rockies.[15]", "Missouri River. The river roughly defined the American frontier in the 19th century, particularly downstream from Kansas City, where it takes a sharp eastern turn into the heart of the state of Missouri, an area known as the Boonslick. As first area settled by Europeans along the river it was largely populated by slave-owning southerners following the Boone's Lick Road. The major trails for the opening of the American West all have their starting points on the river, including the California, Mormon, Oregon, and Santa Fe trails. The first westward leg of the Pony Express was a ferry across the Missouri at St. Joseph, Missouri. Similarly, most emigrants arrived at the eastern terminus of the First Transcontinental Railroad via a ferry ride across the Missouri between Council Bluffs, Iowa, and Omaha.[128][129] The Hannibal Bridge became the first bridge to cross the Missouri River in 1869, and its location was a major reason why Kansas City became the largest city on the river upstream from its mouth at St. Louis.[130]", "Missouri River. The World Wide Fund For Nature divides the Missouri River watershed into three freshwater ecoregions: the Upper Missouri, Lower Missouri and Central Prairie. The Upper Missouri, roughly encompassing the area within Montana, Wyoming, southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, and North Dakota, comprises mainly semiarid shrub-steppe grasslands with sparse biodiversity because of Ice Age glaciations. There are no known endemic species within the region. Except for the headwaters in the Rockies, there is little precipitation in this part of the watershed.[209] The Middle Missouri ecoregion, extending through Colorado, southwestern Minnesota, northern Kansas, Nebraska, and parts of Wyoming and Iowa, has greater rainfall and is characterized by temperate forests and grasslands. Plant life is more diverse in the Middle Missouri, which is also home to about twice as many animal species.[210] Finally, the Central Prairie ecoregion is situated on the lower part of the Missouri, encompassing all or parts of Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma and Arkansas. Despite large seasonal temperature fluctuations, this region has the greatest diversity of plants and animals of the three. Thirteen species of crayfish are endemic to the lower Missouri.[211]", "Missouri River. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the Missouri River has been extensively engineered for water transport purposes, and about 32 percent of the river now flows through artificially straightened channels.[10] In 1912, the USACE was authorized to maintain the Missouri to a depth of six feet (1.8 m) from the Port of Kansas City to the mouth, a distance of 368 miles (592 km).[15] This was accomplished by constructing levees and wing dams to direct the river's flow into a straight, narrow channel and prevent sedimentation. In 1925, the USACE began a project to widen the river's navigation channel to 200 feet (61 m); two years later, they began dredging a deep-water channel from Kansas City to Sioux City. These modifications have reduced the river's length from some 2,540 miles (4,090 km) in the late 19th century to 2,341 miles (3,767 km) in the present day.[9][189]", "Western United States. The West has several long rivers that empty into the Pacific Ocean, while the eastern rivers run into the Gulf of Mexico. The Mississippi River forms the easternmost possible boundary for the West today. The Missouri River, a tributary of the Mississippi, flows from its headwaters in the Rocky Mountains eastward across the Great Plains, a vast grassy plateau, before sloping gradually down to the forests and hence to the Mississippi. The Colorado River snakes through the Mountain states, at one point forming the Grand Canyon.", "Missouri River. As the Missouri drains a predominantly semi-arid region, its discharge is much lower and more variable than other North American rivers of comparable length. Before the construction of dams, the river flooded twice each year – once in the \"April Rise\" or \"Spring Fresh\", with the melting of snow on the plains of the watershed, and in the \"June Rise\", caused by snowmelt and summer rainstorms in the Rocky Mountains. The latter was far more destructive, with the river increasing to over ten times its normal discharge in some years.[50][51] The Missouri's discharge is affected by over 17,000 reservoirs with an aggregate capacity of some 141 million acre feet (174 km3).[24] By providing flood control, the reservoirs dramatically reduce peak flows and increase low flows. Evaporation from reservoirs significantly reduces the river's runoff, causing an annual loss of over 3 million acre feet (3.7 km3) from mainstem reservoirs alone.[24]", "Missouri River. The Missouri's drainage basin has highly variable weather and rainfall patterns, Overall, the watershed is defined by a Continental climate with warm, wet summers and harsh, cold winters. Most of the watershed receives an average of 8 to 10 inches (200 to 250 mm) of precipitation each year.[24] However, the westernmost portions of the basin in the Rockies as well as southeastern regions in Missouri may receive as much as 40 inches (1,000 mm).[24] The vast majority of precipitation occurs in winter, although the upper basin is known for short-lived but intense summer thunderstorms such as the one which produced the 1972 Black Hills flood through Rapid City, South Dakota.[29] Winter temperatures in Montana, Wyoming and Colorado may drop as low as −60 °F (−51 °C), while summer highs in Kansas and Missouri have reached 120 °F (49 °C) at times.[24]", "Montana. East of the divide the Missouri River, which is formed by the confluence of the Jefferson, Madison and Gallatin rivers near Three Forks,[70] flows due north through the west-central part of the state to Great Falls.[71] From this point, it then flows generally east through fairly flat agricultural land and the Missouri Breaks to Fort Peck reservoir.[72] The stretch of river between Fort Benton and the Fred Robinson Bridge at the western boundary of Fort Peck Reservoir was designated a National Wild and Scenic River in 1976.[72] The Missouri enters North Dakota near Fort Union,[73] having drained more than half the land area of Montana (82,000 square miles (210,000 km2)).[71] Nearly one-third of the Missouri River in Montana lies behind 10 dams: Toston, Canyon Ferry, Hauser, Holter, Black Eagle, Rainbow, Cochrane, Ryan, Morony, and Fort Peck.[74]", "Ozarks. Missouri Ozark rivers include the Gasconade, Big Piney and the Niangua River in the north central region. The Meramec River and its tributaries Huzzah Creek and Courtois Creek are found in the northeastern Ozarks. The Black and St. Francis Rivers mark the eastern crescent of the Ozarks. The James, Spring and North Fork Rivers are in south central Missouri. Forming the West central border of the Ozarks from Missouri through Kansas and into Oklahoma are Spring River and its tributary Center Creek. Grand Falls, Missouri's largest natural waterfall, a chert outcropping, includes bluffs and glades on Shoal Creek south of Joplin. All these river systems see heavy recreational use in season, including the Elk River in Southwest Missouri and its tributary Big Sugar Creek." ]

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[ "Social class in the United Kingdom. Received Pronunciation, also known as RP or BBC English, was a term introduced as way of defining standard English, but the accent has acquired a certain prestige from being associated with the middle (and above) classes in the South East; the wealthiest part of England. Use of RP by people from the \"regions\" outside the South East can be indicative of a certain educational background, such as public school or elocution lessons.", "Wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle. Comments in a \"posh\" British accent by a self-claimed British expert on some media turned out to be by an American, Thomas Mace-Archer-Mills.[146]", "Social class in the United Kingdom. \"The Queen's English\" was once a synonym for RP. However, the Queen and some other older members of the aristocracy are now perceived as speaking in a way that is both more old-fashioned and higher class than \"general\" RP. Phoneticians call this accent \"Conservative Received Pronunciation\". The Queen's pronunciation has, however, also changed over the years, moving perceptibly towards the vowels of Estuary English.[68]", "Received Pronunciation. Received Pronunciation (RP) is the accent of Standard English in the United Kingdom[1] and is defined in the Concise Oxford English Dictionary as \"the standard accent of English as spoken in the south of England\",[2] although it can be heard from native speakers throughout England and Wales.[3][4] Peter Trudgill estimated in 1974 that 3% of people in Britain were RP speakers,[5] but this rough estimate has been questioned by the phonetician J. Windsor Lewis.[6]", "London. There are many accents traditionally associated with London. The most well known of the London accents long ago acquired the Cockney label from London's East End, which is heard both in London itself, and across the wider South East England region more generally.[247] The accent of a 21st-century Londoner varies widely; what is becoming more and more common amongst the under-30s however is some fusion of Cockney with a whole array of ethnic accents, in particular Caribbean, which form an accent labelled Multicultural London English (MLE).[248] The other widely heard and spoken accent is RP (Received Pronunciation) in various forms, which can often be heard in the media and many of other traditional professions and beyond, although this accent is not limited to London and South East England, and can also be heard selectively throughout the whole UK amongst certain social groupings. Since the turn of the century the Cockney dialect is less common in the East End and has 'migrated' east to Havering and the county of Essex.[249][250]", "Received Pronunciation. RP is often believed to be based on the accents of southern England, but it actually has most in common with the Early Modern English dialects of the East Midlands. This was the most populated and most prosperous area of England during the 14th and 15th centuries. By the end of the 15th century, \"Standard English\" was established in the City of London.[16][17]", "Received Pronunciation. RP enjoys high social prestige in Britain,[7] being thought of as the accent of those with power, money, and influence, though it may be perceived negatively by some as being associated with undeserved privilege.[8][9] Since the 1960s, a greater permissiveness towards regional English varieties has taken hold in education.[10]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The Cockney accent is traditionally spoken by working-class Londoners. Michael Caine is a notable exponent, as is Eliza Doolittle in Pygmalion (My Fair Lady), whose dialect includes words that are common among working-class Londoners, such as ain't: \"I ain't done nothing wrong\", said Doolittle.[14] Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, with speakers including the British Royal Family. Brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the West Midlands of England: notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne (and all of Black Sabbath), Jeff Lynne (ELO), and Rob Halford (Judas Priest).[15] Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England: musicians Brian Johnson (AC/DC), Mark Knopfler (Dire Straits) and Sting are Geordies (though Sting has lost much of his Geordie accent and speaks in a standard English accent).[16]", "British English. Most people in Britain speak with a regional accent or dialect. However, about 2% of Britons speak with an accent called Received Pronunciation[12] (also called as \"the Queen's English\", \"Oxford English\" and \"BBC English\"[13]), that is essentially region-less.[14][15] It derives from a mixture of the Midlands and Southern dialects spoken in London in the early modern period.[15] It is frequently used as a model for teaching English to foreign learners.[15]", "East End of London. The linguistic use of Cockney is more identifiable, with lexical borrowings from Yiddish, Romani, and costermonger slang, and a distinctive accent that features T-glottalization, a loss of dental fricatives and diphthong alterations, amongst others. The accent is said to be a remnant of early English London speech, modified by the many immigrants to the area.[83] The Cockney accent has suffered a long decline, beginning with the introduction in the 20th century of received pronunciation, the more recent adoption of Estuary English, which itself contains many features of Cockney English, and finally with mass immigration that has made native English speakers a minority in the area[84]", "British English. Estuary English has been gaining prominence in recent decades: it has some features of RP and some of Cockney. In London itself, the broad local accent is still changing, partly influenced by Caribbean speech. Immigrants to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 100 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's schoolchildren. As a result, Londoners speak with a mixture of accents, depending on ethnicity, neighbourhood, class, age, upbringing, and sundry other factors.", "Received Pronunciation. Standard Southern British (where 'Standard' should not be taken as implying a value judgment of 'correctness') is the modern equivalent of what has been called 'Received Pronunciation' ('RP'). It is an accent of the south east of England which operates as a prestige norm there and (to varying degrees) in other parts of the British Isles and beyond.[29]", "Cockney. Studies have indicated that the heavy use of South East England accents on television and radio may be the cause of the spread of cockney English since the 1960s.[80][81][82][83] Cockney is more and more influential and some claim that in the future many features of the accent may become standard.[84]", "Cockney. Linguistically, cockney English refers to the accent or dialect of English traditionally spoken by working-class Londoners. By the 1980s and 1990s, many aspects of cockney English had become part of general South East English speech, producing a variant known as Estuary English. Today cockney-speaking areas include parts of Dagenham, Barking, Billericay, Brentwood, Romford, Chigwell, Loughton, Harlow, Basildon, Thurrock, Cheshunt, Bexley, Sidcup, Welling and Eltham among others.", "Talk:Robin Hood: Men in Tights. Are my ears deceiving me, or does Patrick Stewart as Richard Lionheart adopt a somewhat clear northern accent? I know he is from Yorkshire, but to me it sounds even further north than that. What is up with that? -- Cimon Avaro; on a pogostick. (talk) 19:17, 12 April 2009 (UTC)", "New England. The so-called Boston accent is native to the northeastern coastal regions of New England. Many of its most identifiable features are believed to have originated from the influence of England's Received Pronunciation, which shares those features, such as dropping final R and the broad A. Another source was 17th century speech in East Anglia and Lincolnshire where many of the Puritan immigrants originated. The East Anglian \"whine\" developed into the Yankee \"twang\".[124] Boston accents were most strongly associated at one point with the so-called \"Eastern Establishment\" and Boston's upper class, although today the accent is predominantly associated with blue-collar natives, as exemplified by movies such as Good Will Hunting and The Departed. The Boston accent and those accents closely related to it cover eastern Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Maine.[130]", "British English. In the South East there are significantly different accents; the Cockney accent spoken by some East Londoners is strikingly different from Received Pronunciation (RP). The Cockney rhyming slang can be (and was initially intended to be) difficult for outsiders to understand,[16] although the extent of its use is often somewhat exaggerated.", "English language. Since the 15th century, southeastern England varieties centred around London, which has been the centre from which dialectal innovations have spread to other dialects. In London, the Cockney dialect was traditionally used by the lower classes, and it was long a socially stigmatised variety. The spread of Cockney features across the south-east led the media to talk of Estuary English as a new dialect, but the notion was criticised by many linguists on the grounds that London had influencing neighbouring regions throughout history.[237][238][239] Traits that have spread from London in recent decades include the use of intrusive R (drawing is pronounced drawring /ˈdrɔːrɪŋ/), t-glottalisation (Potter is pronounced with a glottal stop as Po'er /poʔʌ/), and the pronunciation of th- as /f/ (thanks pronounced fanks) or /v/ (bother pronounced bover). [240]", "Cockney. Studies have indicated that working-class adolescents in areas such as Glasgow have begun to use certain aspects of cockney and other Anglicisms in their speech.[85] infiltrating the traditional Glasgow patter.[86] For example, TH-fronting is commonly found, and typical Scottish features such as the postvocalic /r/ are reduced.[87] Research suggests the use of English speech characteristics is likely to be a result of the influence of London and South East England accents featuring heavily on television. For example, the popularity of the BBC One soap opera, Eastenders.[80][81][82][83] However, such claims have been criticised.[88]", "Regional accents of English. In Zimbabwe, native English speakers (mainly the white and Coloured minority) have a similar speech pattern to that of South Africa. Hence those with high degrees of Germanic inflection would pronounce 'Zimbabwe' as zim-bah-bwi, as opposed to the African pronunciation zeem-bah-bweh. Zimbwabwean accents also vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues, usually this distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example, most people that grew up in and around Harare have a British sounding accent while those in the rural areas have a more \"pidgin-english\" sort of accent", "British English. Dialects and accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as within the countries themselves.", "Cockney. The cockney accent has long been looked down upon and thought of as inferior by many. For example, in 1909 the Conference on the Teaching of English in London Elementary Schools issued by the London County Council, stating that \"the Cockney mode of speech, with its unpleasant twang, is a modern corruption without legitimate credentials, and is unworthy of being the speech of any person in the capital city of the Empire\".[77] Others defended the language variety: \"The London dialect is really, especially on the South side of the Thames, a perfectly legitimate and responsible child of the old kentish tongue [...] the dialect of London North of the Thames has been shown to be one of the many varieties of the Midland or Mercian dialect, flavoured by the East Anglian variety of the same speech\".[77] Since then, the cockney accent has been more accepted as an alternative form of the English language rather than an inferior one. In the 1950s, the only accent to be heard on the BBC (except in entertainment programmes such as The Sooty Show) was RP, whereas nowadays many different accents, including cockney or accents heavily influenced by it, can be heard on the BBC.[78] In a survey of 2,000 people conducted by Coolbrands in the autumn of 2008, cockney was voted equal fourth coolest accent in Britain with 7% of the votes, while The Queen's English was considered the coolest, with 20% of the votes.[79] Brummie was voted least popular, receiving just 2%.", "Jacob Rees-Mogg. In 1999, when it was being rumoured that his \"anachronistically posh\" accent was working against his chances of being selected for a safe Conservative seat, Rees-Mogg was defended by letter writers to The Daily Telegraph, one of whom claimed that \"an overt form of intimidation exists, directed against anyone who dares to eschew the current, Americanised, mode of behaviour, speech and dress\".[38] Rees-Mogg himself stated (in The Sunday Times, 23 May 1999) that \"it is rather pathetic to fuss about accents too much\", though he then went on to say that \"John Prescott's accent certainly stereotypes him as an oaf\",[38] a comment which he later said he regretted and for which he apologised.[39] He later said \"I gradually realised that whatever I happened to be speaking about, the number of voters in my favour dropped as soon as I opened my mouth.\"[40]", "Received Pronunciation. The modern style of RP is an accent often taught to non-native speakers learning British English.[35] Non-RP Britons abroad may modify their pronunciation to something closer to Received Pronunciation to be better understood by people unfamiliar with the diversity of British accents. They may also modify their vocabulary and grammar to be closer to those of Standard English for the same reason. RP is used as the standard for English in most books on general phonology and phonetics, and is represented in the pronunciation schemes of most dictionaries published in the United Kingdom.", "Kingston upon Hull. The local accent is quite distinctive and noticeably different from the rest of the East Riding; however it is still categorised among Yorkshire accents. The most notable feature of the accent is the strong I-mutation[288] in words like goat, which is [ˈɡəʊt] in standard English and [ˈɡoːt] across most of Yorkshire, becomes [ˈɡɵːt] (\"gert\") in and around parts of Hull, although there is variation across areas and generations.[289] In common with much of England (outside of the far north), another feature is dropping the H from the start of words, for example Hull is more often pronounced 'Ull in the city. The vowel in \"Hull\" is pronounced the same way as in northern English, however, and not as the very short /ʊ/ that exists in Lincolnshire. Though the rhythm of the accent is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, which is perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth, one feature that it does share with the surrounding rural area is that an /aɪ/ sound in the middle of a word often becomes an /ɑː/: for example, \"five\" may sound like \"fahve\", \"time\" like \"tahme\".[290]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Notable exponents of Scottish accents include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers (their song \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\" showcases their strong Scottish accent). The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as \"pirate speech\" – cartoon-like \"Ooh arr, me 'earties! Sploice the mainbrace!\" talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard; West Country native Robert Newton's performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice.[17] The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, also the actor Daniel Day-Lewis adopts a strong Northern Irish accent in In the Name of the Father.[18] The actor Russell Brand has a strong Essex accent, actor Sean Bean is known for his distinctive Yorkshire accent, the comedian Eric Morecambe possessed a Lancashire accent, while English speakers in a Welsh accent include Michael Sheen, Tom Jones and Catherine Zeta-Jones.[19]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Owing to its long history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom, as well as within the countries themselves. Some nearby cities have different dialects and accents, such as Scousers from Liverpool and Mancunians from Manchester, which are separated by just 35 miles (56 km). Notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney of The Beatles, while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis.[13]", "Wallace and Gromit. Wallace's accent (voiced by Peter Sallis) comes from the Holme Valley of West Yorkshire.[25] Near the beginning of A Matter of Loaf and Death, Wigan is referenced on the newspaper Wallace is reading, and near the end, while looking for somewhere appropriate to dispose of a bomb, Gromit sees the Yorkshire border from their home (a joke referencing the rivalry between Lancashire and Yorkshire).", "Regional accents of English. The accent of English in Wales is strongly influenced by the phonology of the Welsh language, which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first or second language. The North Wales accent is distinct from South Wales and north east Wales is influenced by Scouse and Cheshire accents. South Wales border accents are influenced by West Country accents. The Wenglish of the South Wales Valleys shows a deep cross-fertilisation between the two.", "Regional accents of English. Two main sets of accents are spoken in the West Country: Cornish shows some internal variation and is spoken by people born into a local family, while West Country is spoken primarily in the counties of Devon, Somerset, Gloucestershire, Bristol, Dorset (not as common in east Dorset), and Wiltshire (again, less common in eastern Wiltshire), as well as East Cornwall. However, a range of variations can be heard within different parts of the West Country; the Bristolian dialect is distinctive from the accent heard in Gloucestershire (especially south of Cheltenham), for example.", "English language. As the place where English first evolved, the British Isles, and particularly England, are home to the most diverse dialects. Within the United Kingdom, the Received Pronunciation (RP), an educated dialect of South East England, is traditionally used as the broadcast standard and is considered the most prestigious of the British dialects. The spread of RP (also known as BBC English) through the media has caused many traditional dialects of rural England to recede, as youths adopt the traits of the prestige variety instead of traits from local dialects. At the time of the Survey of English Dialects, grammar and vocabulary differed across the country, but a process of lexical attrition has led most of this variation to disappear.[232]", "Australian English. The first of the Australian gold rushes, in the 1850s, began a large wave of immigration, during which about two per cent of the population of the United Kingdom emigrated to the colonies of New South Wales and Victoria.[7] According to linguist Bruce Moore, \"the major input of the various sounds that went into constructing the Australian accent was from south-east England\".[5]" ]

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[ "Angel of Death (Slayer song). \"Angel of Death\" is the opening track on the American thrash metal band Slayer's 1986 album Reign in Blood. The lyrics and music were written by guitarist Jeff Hanneman. They detail the Nazi physician Josef Mengele's human experiments at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). Slayer guitarist Jeff Hanneman wrote \"Angel of Death\" after reading books about Nazi physician Josef Mengele while on tour with the band.[2] He said that he remembered \"stopping someplace where I bought two books on Mengele. I thought, 'This has gotta be some sick shit.' So when it came time to do the record, that stuff was still in my head—that's where the lyrics to 'Angel of Death' came from.\"[2]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). The lyrics are written both from Mengele's point of view and from that of a detached observer condemning his actions.[3] They detail Mengele's surgical experiments on patients at the Auschwitz concentration camp during World War II.[4][5] Mengele's explorations were conducted on such groups as dwarfs and twins, and included both physical and psychological examinations.[6][7] Among the tests he performed that are mentioned in \"Angel of Death\" are experimental surgeries performed without anesthesia, transfusion of blood between twins, isolation endurance, gassing, injections with lethal germs, sex change operations, the removal of organs and limbs, and abacination.[8]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). Although \"Angel of Death\" did not chart, it was highly praised by critics reviewing Reign in Blood. Clay Jarvas of Stylus Magazine observed how the song \"smokes the asses of any band playing fast and/or heavy today. Lyrically outlining the horrors to come, while musically laying the groundwork for the rest of the record: fast, lean and filthy.\"[19] Adrien Begrand of PopMatters remarked that \"There's no better song to kick things off than the masterful 'Angel of Death', one of the most monumental songs in metal history.\"[16]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). Hanneman also wrote \"SS-3\", a song about senior SS commander Reinhard Heydrich, which appeared on the band's 1994 album Divine Intervention. The song \"Jihad\" from their 2006 album Christ Illusion has drawn comparison to \"Angel of Death\".[13] \"Jihad\" deals with the September 11, 2001, attacks, and is told from a terrorist's perspective. Vocalist Araya expected the subject matter to create a similar backlash to that of \"Angel of Death\", although it did not materialise,[14] in part, he believes, due to people's view that the song is \"just Slayer being Slayer\".[15]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). The song drew accusations of racism, which the band has denied.[2] The band members are often asked about the accusations in interviews, and have stated numerous times that they do not condone racism and are merely interested in the subject.[12]", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). \"Angel\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan about the heroin overdose death of Jonathan Melvoin (1961-1996), the Smashing Pumpkins touring keyboard player.[1] as McLachlan explained on VH1 Storytellers. The song first appeared on Surfacing, the Canadian singer's 1997 album. It is sometimes mistitled as \"In the Arms of an Angel\"[2] or \"Arms of the Angel\".", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). Although the lyrics describe Mengele's abuses rather than endorsing them, \"Angel of Death\" led to accusations of Nazi sympathizing and racism against the band, which they vigorously denied but which followed them throughout their early career. Despite the controversy and the resulting delay in the release of Reign in Blood, the song remains a live favorite, and has appeared on all of Slayer's live albums.", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). I know why people misinterpret it – it's because they get this knee–jerk reaction to it. When they read the lyrics, there's nothing I put in the lyrics that says necessarily he was a bad man, because to me – well, isn't that obvious? I shouldn't have to tell you that.[11]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). \"Angel of Death\" caused outrage among Holocaust survivors, as well as their families and the general public. The controversy led to accusations of Nazi sympathizing which have followed Slayer throughout their career.[2] People took Hanneman's interest in Nazi history and his collection of Nazi medals, his most prized item being a German Knight's Cross,[10] as evidence of sympathizing.[2] Hanneman objected, stating:", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). The song has been described as highly influential in the development of thrash metal or speed metal, and is highly regarded by some critics; AllMusic's Steve Huey called it a classic and the album \"the pinnacle of speed metal\".[1] The half-time riff was sampled by Public Enemy in their 1988 song \"She Watch Channel Zero?!\"[2]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). The lyrics of \"Angel of Death\" delayed the release of Reign in Blood. The band were signed to Def Jam Records, whose distributor, Columbia Records, refused to release the album due to its subject matter and artwork, which they believed were \"too graphic\".[2] Reign in Blood was eventually distributed by Geffen Records on October 7, 1986. However, due to the controversy, Reign in Blood did not appear on Geffen Records' official release schedule.[2]", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). According to guitarist Kerry King: \"Yeah, 'Slayer are Nazis, fascists, Communists'—all that fun shit. And of course we got the most flak for it in Germany. I was always like, 'Read the lyrics and tell me what's offensive about it. Can you see it as a documentary, or do you think Slayer's preaching fucking World War II?' People get this thought in their heads—especially in Europe—and you'll never talk them out of it.\"[2]", "The Black Angel's Death Song. \"The Black Angel's Death Song\" is a song by the Velvet Underground, from their 1967 debut album The Velvet Underground & Nico. It was written by Lou Reed and John Cale. In a footnote to the lyrics, Lou Reed wrote: \"The idea here was to string words together for the sheer fun of their sound, not any particular meaning.\" [3]", "Death (personification). The Rabbis found the Angel of Death mentioned in Psalm 89:48, where the Targum translates: \"There is no man who lives and, seeing the Angel of Death, can deliver his soul from his hand.\" Eccl. 8:4 is thus explained in Midrash Rabbah to the passage: \"One may not escape the Angel of Death, nor say to him, 'Wait until I put my affairs in order,' or 'There is my son, my slave: take him in my stead.'\" Where the Angel of Death appears, there is no remedy, but his name (Talmud, Ned. 49a; Hul. 7b). If one who has sinned has confessed his fault, the Angel of Death may not touch him (Midrash Tanhuma, ed. Buber, 139). God protects from the Angel of Death (Midrash Genesis Rabbah lxviii.).", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). At 4 minutes and 51 seconds, \"Angel of Death\" is the longest track on the album, which is 29 minutes in total.[2] It is one of the most structurally conventional songs on the album, featuring prominent verses and choruses, which most of the songs eschew. Araya's vocal performance begins with a piercing, wordless scream. \"[G]uitarists Kerry King and Jeff Hanneman deliver their intricate riffs [and] drummer Dave Lombardo performs some of the most powerful drumming ever recorded\" at 210 beats per minute.[16][17]", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). Musician Darryl McDaniels, otherwise known as D.M.C. of the hip-hop band Run-D.M.C., has said that the song saved his life.[6]", "Death (personification). According to the Midrash, the Angel of Death was created by God on the first day.[15] His dwelling is in heaven, whence he reaches earth in eight flights, whereas Pestilence reaches it in one.[16] He has twelve wings.[17] \"Over all people have I surrendered thee the power,\" said God to the Angel of Death, \"only not over this one which has received freedom from death through the Law.\"[18] It is said of the Angel of Death that he is full of eyes. In the hour of death, he stands at the head of the departing one with a drawn sword, to which clings a drop of gall. As soon as the dying man sees Death, he is seized with a convulsion and opens his mouth, whereupon Death throws the drop into it. This drop causes his death; he turns putrid, and his face becomes yellow.[19] The expression \"the taste of death\" originated in the idea that death was caused by a drop of gall.[20]", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). The song has had enduring popularity. It is often used to highlight emotional scenes on television shows, and has been featured in a number of soundtracks (including the film City of Angels and TV's Alias, As the World Turns, Cold Case, Dawson's Creek, Early Edition, Felicity, General Hospital, Providence, Strong Medicine, and The Pretender). In addition, it is also used as a song of comfort and healing, most often following tragic events such as the death on Diana, Princess of Wales in August 1997, the April 1999 Columbine High School massacre and the September 11, 2001 attacks. Furthermore, a large number of video tributes to loved ones uploaded by YouTube users have been set to this song.", "John Casey (Chuck). Angel de la Muerte (Angel of Death)\nAngel de la Vida (Angel of Life)", "Angel of Death (Slayer song). When drummer Lombardo left Slayer in 1992, they recruited a full-time replacement in Forbidden drummer Paul Bostaph.[18] Bostaph made one mistake out of the nine songs the band trialled him with, on \"Angel of Death\".[18] Before the \"big double bass part\" there is a lead section, which Bostaph could not understand, as he had to learn from live records recorded with Lombardo.[18] Bostaph could not tell how many revolutions the guitar riff goes before the bass sequence. The band members told him there were eight, \"perfecting\" the song afterwards.[18]", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). \"Angel\" was one of the first songs written for Surfacing. McLachlan said that writing it was easy, \"a real joyous occasion\",[3] and that \"the bulk of it came in about three hours.\" It was inspired by articles that she read in Rolling Stone about musicians turning to heroin to cope with the pressures of the music industry and subsequently overdosing.[4][3][5] She said that she identified with the feelings that might lead someone to use heroin: \"I've been in that place where you've messed up and you're so lost that you don't know who you are anymore, and you're miserable—and here's this escape route. I've never done heroin, but I've done plenty of other things to escape.\"[3] She said that the song is about \"trying not to take responsibility for other people's problems and trying to love yourself at the same time\".", "The Destruction of Sennacherib. In episode two of the second season of TV show Magic City antagonist Ben Diamond recites the third verse of the poem \"For the Angel of Death spread his wings on the blast...\" as an expression of his own anguish and anger.", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). This song was used in the final minutes of the season finale of season 3 for The Secret Life of the American Teenager as everyone discovers that Ben and Adrian's baby is stillborn.", "Angel. The poetry of the holy scripture of the Sikhs – the Sri Guru Granth Sahib – figuratively mentions a messenger or angel of death, sometimes as Yam (ਜਮ – \"Yam\") and sometimes as Azrael (ਅਜਰਾਈਲੁ – \"Ajraeel\"):", "Angels of Death (video game). Ray and Zack continue to go to the upper floors to find a way out, defeating the two other floor masters, Edward \"Eddy\" Mason at B4, who has an unhealthy obsession with graves, and Catherine \"Cathy\" Ward at B3, a sadomasochistic former jail guard, in the process. When Zack gets injured during the fight against Cathy, Ray encounters a reverend Abraham Grey at B2 who reveals himself to be the one who designed the game in order to figure out the definition of \"religious faith\" in people's hearts, appointing the various floor masters as \"angels\" that are not afraid to kill without hesitation. Although Grey lets Ray return to B5 to get medicine, she must pass through a trial to determine her identity before she can proceed to the next floor. Meanwhile, back on B2, Zack discovers that Danny is still alive, the latter having faked his death.", "Theory of a Deadman. On April 28, 2015 the band released a 5 track acoustic EP titled Angel. On 11 November 2016, the band released a cover of the song \"Hallelujah\" by Leonard Cohen, a tribute to his death on the 7th of the same month. [15]", "Angel Flying Too Close to the Ground. This song is commonly believed to have been written about Charlie \"Magoo\" Tinsley, a good friend of Nelson's who happened to also be a member of The Hells Angels.[citation needed] This has never been confirmed or denied by Nelson who usually says he's not going to argue with a load of bikers.[citation needed] He did once claim the song was about his wife Connie.[citation needed]", "Angel (Sarah McLachlan song). The song was also donated by McLachlan for Tribe of Heart's movie The Witness which depicts the awakening of consciousness of a New York City construction worker with respect to the treatment of animals.[9]", "The Angel (Songs of Experience). This is one of Blake's poems quoted by a character in David Almond's Skellig.", "Death (personification). The \"Angel of the Lord\" smites 185,000 men in the Assyrian camp (II Kings 19:35). When the Angel of Death passes through to smite the Egyptian first-born, God prevents \"the destroyer\" (shâchath) from entering houses with blood on the lintel and side posts (Exodus 12:23). The \"destroying angel\" (mal'ak ha-mashḥit) rages among the people in Jerusalem (II Sam. 24:16). In I Chronicles 21:15 the \"angel of the Lord\" is seen by King David standing \"between the earth and the heaven, having a drawn sword in his hand stretched out over Jerusalem.\" The biblical Book of Job (33:22) uses the general term \"destroyers\" (memitim), which tradition has identified with \"destroying angels\" (mal'ake Khabbalah), and Prov. 16:14 uses the term the \"angels of death\" (mal'ake ha-mavet). Azra'il is sometimes referred as the Angel of Death as well.[citation needed]", "Death (personification). The soul escapes through the mouth, or, as is stated in another place, through the throat; therefore, the Angel of Death stands at the head of the patient (Adolf Jellinek, l.c. ii. 94, Midr. Teh. to Ps. xi.). When the soul forsakes the body, its voice goes from one end of the world to the other, but is not heard (Gen. R. vi. 7; Ex. R. v. 9; Pirḳe R. El. xxxiv.). The drawn sword of the Angel of Death, mentioned by the Chronicler (I. Chron. 21:15; comp. Job 15:22; Enoch 62:11), indicates that the Angel of Death was figured as a warrior who kills off the children of men. \"Man, on the day of his death, falls down before the Angel of Death like a beast before the slaughterer\" (Grünhut, \"Liḳḳuṭim\", v. 102a). R. Samuel's father (c. 200) said: \"The Angel of Death said to me, 'Only for the sake of the honor of mankind do I not tear off their necks as is done to slaughtered beasts'\" ('Ab. Zarah 20b). In later representations, the knife sometimes replaces the sword, and reference is also made to the cord of the Angel of Death, which indicates death by throttling. Moses says to God: \"I fear the cord of the Angel of Death\" (Grünhut, l.c. v. 103a et seq.). Of the four Jewish methods of execution, three are named in connection with the Angel of Death: Burning (by pouring hot lead down the victim's throat), slaughtering (by beheading), and throttling. The Angel of Death administers the particular punishment that God has ordained for the commission of sin." ]

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[ "Yin and yang. The principle of yin and yang is represented in Taoism by the Taijitu (literally \"Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate\"). The term is commonly used to mean the simple \"divided circle\" form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[26][27][28]", "Dualism. Some of the common associations with yang and yin, respectively, are: male and female, light and dark, active and passive, motion and stillness. Some scholars recognize that the two ideas may have originally referred to two opposite sides of a mountain, facing towards and away from the sun.[14] The yin and yang symbol in actuality has very little to do with Western dualism; instead it represents the philosophy of balance, where two opposites co-exist in harmony and are able to transmute into each other. In the yin-yang symbol there is a dot of yin in yang and a dot of yang in yin. In Taoism, this symbolizes the inter-connectedness of the opposite forces as different aspects of Tao, the First Principle. Contrast is needed to create a distinguishable reality, without which we would experience nothingness. Therefore, the independent principles of yin and yang are actually dependent on one another for each other's distinguishable existence.", "Taijitu. Since the 1960s, \"yin-yang symbol\" is most widely applied to the He tu symbol which combines the two interlocking spirals with two dots.\nIn the standard form of the contemporary \"yin-yang symbol\", one draws on the diameter of a circle two non-overlapping circles each of which has a diameter equal to the radius of the outer circle. One keeps the line that forms an \"S\", and one erases or obscures the other line.[16] The design is also described[according to whom?][year needed] \"pair of fishes nestling head to tail against each other\".[17]", "Yin and yang. The Yin-Yang symbol, having no \"officially standardized\" rendition, has been the basis of much artistic variation, most of it \"frivolous\" (that is, \"merely\" artistic, with no philosophical/mystical meaning, e.g., tattoos).[citation needed]", "Yin and yang. The Simplified Chinese characters 阴 and 阳 for yīn and yáng combine the same \"hill\" radical 阝 with the non-phonetic yuè 月 \"moon\" and rì 日 \"sun\", graphically denoting \"shady side of a hill\" and \"sunny side of a hill\". Compare the Classical Chinese names (which contain tài 太 \"great\") for these two heavenly bodies: Tàiyīn 太陰 \"moon\" and Tàiyáng 太陽 \"sun\".", "Taoism. The taijitu (simplified Chinese: 太极图; traditional Chinese: 太極圖; pinyin: tàijítú; commonly known as the \"yin and yang symbol\" or simply the \"yin yang\") and the bagua 八卦 (\"Eight Trigrams\") have importance in Taoist symbolism.[117] In this cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of Yin and Yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and Yang is the active principle, seen in all forms change and difference such as the annual season cycles, the landscape, sexual coupling, the formation of both men and women as characters, and sociopolitical history.[118] While almost all Taoist organizations make use of it, one could also regard it as Confucian, Neo-Confucian or pan-Chinese. One can see this symbol as a decorative element on Taoist organization flags and logos, temple floors, or stitched into clerical robes. According to Song dynasty sources, it originated around the 10th century CE.[119] Previously, a tiger and a dragon had symbolized yin and yang.[119]", "Taijitu. Unicode features the \"yin-yang symbol\" in the Miscellaneous Symbols block, at code point U+262F (YIN YANG ☯). The related \"double body symbol\" is included at U+0FCA (TIBETAN SYMBOL NOR BU NYIS -KHYIL à¿Š), in the Tibetan block.\nThe Soyombo symbol, that includes a taijitu, is available in Unicode as U+11A9E, 𑪞, U+11A9F, 𑪟, and U+11AA0, 𑪠.", "Yin and yang. In Chinese philosophy, yin yang (/ˈjɪn ˈjɑːŋ/; Chinese: 陰陽 yīnyáng, lit. \"dark-bright\", \"negative-positive\") describes how seemingly opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another. Many tangible dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[1] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (t'ai chi), and qigong (Chi Kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.", "Taijitu. The taijitu consists of five parts. Strictly speaking, the \"yin and yang symbol\", itself popularly called taijitu, represents the second of these five parts of the diagram.", "Yin and yang. The compound yinyang 陰陽 or 阴阳 means \"yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.\".", "Yin and yang. yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]", "Yin and yang. Duality is found in many belief systems, but yin and yang are parts of a Oneness that is also equated with the Tao. The term 'dualistic-monism' or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity/duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[2] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.", "Taijitu. The dots in the modern \"yin-yang symbol\" have been given the additional interpretation of \"intense interaction\" between the complementary principles.\n[21]", "Traditional Chinese medicine. Yin and yang are ancient Chinese concepts which can be traced back to the Shang dynasty[56] (1600–1100 BC). They represent two abstract and complementary aspects that every phenomenon in the universe can be divided into.[56] Primordial analogies for these aspects are the sun-facing (yang) and the shady (yin) side of a hill.[22] Two other commonly used representational allegories of yin and yang are water and fire.[56] In the ying-yang theory, detailed attributions are made regarding the yin or yang character of things:", "Yin and yang. a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.", "Taijitu. \"Yin-Yang symbol or Tao symbol\" (without the dots) as reported in 1964.[24]", "Chinese folk religion. Yin 陰 and yang 陽, whose root meanings respectively are \"shady\" and \"sunny\", or \"dark\" and \"light\", are modes of manifestation of the qi, not material things in themselves. Yin is the qi in its dense, dark, sinking, wet, condensing mode; yang denotes the light, and the bright, rising, dry, expanding modality. Described as Taiji (the \"Great Pole\"), they represent the polarity and complementarity that enlivens the cosmos.[83] They can also be conceived as \"disorder\" and \"order\", \"activity\" or \"passivity\", with act (yang) usually preferred over receptiveness (yin).[9]", "Taijitu. The Ming-era design of the taijitu of two interlocking spirals has been reported as \"yin-yang symbol\" in the first half of the 20th century.\nThe flag of South Korea, originally introduced as the flag of Joseon era Korea in 1882, shows this symbol in red and blue. This was a modernisation of the older (early 19th century) form of the Bat Quai Do used as the Joseon royal standard.", "Yin and yang. Yin is the black side with the white dot in it, and yang is the white side with the black dot in it. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the 'shady place' or 'north slope') is the dark area occluded by the mountain's bulk, while yang (literally the 'sunny place' or 'south slope') is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.", "Yin and yang. Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, femininity, and nighttime.", "Yin and yang. In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC),[25] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken (⚋) and yang is solid (⚊). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ☱) or more yin (e.g. ☵) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., ☰ is heavily yang, while ☷ is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. ䷕ and ䷟). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.", "Yin and yang. In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. \"foreign silver\") \"silver coin/dollar\", but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[16] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term \"irreversible binomial\" refers to a collocation of two words A-B that cannot normally be reversed as B-A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend). Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B, for example, tiandi 天地 \"heaven and earth\" and nannü 男女 \"men and women\". Yinyang meaning \"dark and light; female and male; moon and sun\", however, is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including \"linguistic convenience\" (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that \"proto-Chinese society was matriarchal\", or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was \"purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions\".[17]", "Yin and yang. Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn 陰 and yáng 陽:", "Yin and yang. a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.", "Taijitu. Ornamental patterns with visual similarity to the \"yin-yang symbol\" are found in archaeological artefacts of European prehistory; such designs are sometimes descriptively dubbed \"yin yang symbols\" in archaeological literature by modern scholars.[4][5][6]", "Yin and yang. The Traditional Chinese characters 陰 and 陽 for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as radical-phonetic characters, combining the semantically significant \"mound; hill\" radical 阝 or 阜 with the phonetic indicators ying 侌 and yang 昜. The first phonetic yīn 侌 \"cloudy\" ideographically combines jīn 今 \"now; present\" and yún 云 \"cloud\", denoting the \"今 presence of 云 clouds\".[4] The second phonetic yáng 昜 \"bright\" originally pictured 日 the \"sun\" with 勿 \"rays coming down\".[5] This phonetic is expanded with the \"sun\" radical into yáng 暘 \"rising sun; sunshine\". The \"mound; hill\" radical 阝full forms semantically specify yīn 陰 \"shady/dark side of a hill\" and yáng 陽 \"sunny/light side of a hill\".", "Yin and yang. The Oxford English Dictionary defines:", "Chinese folk religion. Yin and yang (陰陽) is the polarity that describes the order of the universe,[7] held in balance by the interaction of principles of growth (shen) and principles of waning (gui),[8] with yang (\"act\") usually preferred over yin (\"receptiveness\") in common religion.[9] Ling (靈), \"numen\" or \"sacred\", is the \"medium\" of the two states and the inchoate order of creation.[9]", "Yin and yang. Yang 陽 or 阳 Bound morpheme ① [Chinese philosophy] positive/active/male principle in nature ②the sun ④ in relief ⑤ open; overt ⑥ belonging to this world ⑦ [linguistics] masculine ⑧ south side of a hill ⑨ north bank of a river", "Yin and yang. A reliable Chinese-English dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[11]", "Yin and yang. yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]", "Taijitu. While this design appears to become a standard ornamental motif in Iron-Age Celtic culture by the 3rd century BC, found on a wide variety of artifacts, it is not clear what symbolic value, was attached to it.[27][28] Unlike the Chinese symbol, the Celtic yin-yang lack the element of mutual penetration, and the two halves are not always portrayed in different colors.[29] Comparable designs are also found in Etruscan art.[5]" ]

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[ "Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You. \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\" is a country song written by singer-songwriter Pebe Sebert and Hugh Moffatt. It was a number 14 U.S. country hit for Joe Sun in 1978, and a number 86 hit for Brian Collins the same year. It was later covered by Dolly Parton, who took it to the top of the U.S. country singles charts in August 1980.[1]. Parton included her version on her 1980 Dolly, Dolly, Dolly album, and it was released as the album's second single after the success of \"Starting Over Again\". In 2013, Sebert's daughter, Kesha, released an acoustic cover of the song as part of her extended play Deconstructed. A new version featuring Parton is on a track of Kesha's 2017 album Rainbow.", "Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You. In the song, the narrator tells their lover not to feel threatened by past affairs for these \"old flames\" are in the past.", "Eternal Flame (song). \"Eternal Flame\" is a love song by American rock group the Bangles from their 1988 album Everything. It became a hit single, when released in 1989, peaking at number one in the charts in nine countries, including Australia, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States. It was written by the established songwriting partnership of Billy Steinberg and Tom Kelly (becoming the pair's fifth Billboard Hot 100 number one in five years) along with the Bangles' Susanna Hoffs. Having previously reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1986 with \"Walk Like an Egyptian,\" the Bangles became only the third all-female group to score multiple number-ones in the United States, after the Supremes (twelve) and the Shirelles (two).", "Wendy & Lisa. In December 2008, White Flags of Winter Chimneys was released. The title is taken from a line in the Joni Mitchell song \"Hejira\". 2011 saw the release of the Snapshots EP, which came with limited edition artwork, autographs and a photo book. It is a 6-track collection of songs that were recorded over the preceding 20 years of their careers but had previously never been released.", "Relight My Fire. UK CD single #2 (74321 16861 2)", "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You). In 1966 it was covered by The Zombies, recorded in 1975 by Bettye Swann (unreleased until 2014), recorded in 1978 by the US group Flame, in 1983 by Randy Crawford, in 1990 by The Contours, in 2010 by American Pop Punk band A Loss For Words, in 2012 by Swiss singer Stefanie Heinzmann and appeared on the 2014 album Dublin to Detroit by Irish group Boyzone.", "Eternal flame. An eternal flame is a flame, lamp or torch that burns continuously for an indefinite period. Most eternal flames are ignited and tended intentionally, but some are natural phenomena caused by natural gas leaks, peat fires and coal seam fires, all of which can be initially ignited by lightning, piezoelectricity or human activity, some of which have burned for thousands of years.", "Temperance songs. To drown my soul in liquid flame,", "You Can't Make Old Friends. Tracks 1, 2, 3 & 10", "You Can't Make Old Friends. Tracks 4-9 & 11", "Relight My Fire. UK CD single #1 (74321 16772 2)", "Things We Lost in the Fire (song). 7\" single[6]", "Auld Lang Syne. Should Old Acquaintance be forgot, \nand never thought upon; \nThe flames of Love extinguished, \nand fully past and gone: \nIs thy sweet Heart now grown so cold, \nthat loving Breast of thine; \nThat thou canst never once reflect \nOn old long syne.", "Relight My Fire. EU CD single #1 (74321 17032 2)", "Relight My Fire. EU CD single #2 (74321 17033 2)", "Eternal Flame (song). The song debuted on the UK Singles Chart in February 1989 at number 81 and peaked at number one in April, spending four weeks there. It went on to spend twenty weeks in the chart and was the UK's third best-selling song of 1989.", "The Flame in All of Us. \"In more ways than one this is the most refreshing record we've made,\" McNevan has stated. \"It was a uniting experience that took a lot of faith to get done. My favorite albums are the ones with lots of contrast that you can listen to front to back, that take you on a journey. And I believe the strongest bands are the ones that a listener can grow up with.\"[5]", "Relight My Fire. The song is from the 1979 Dan Hartman album Relight My Fire.", "Eternal Flame (song). It spent one week at number one on the Billboard Hot 100, blocking Milli Vanilli's \"Girl You Know It's True\" from reaching the summit position.[5] It was preceded at #1 on the Hot 100 by Mike + the Mechanics' \"The Living Years\" and succeeded by Roxette's \"The Look.\" It also topped the US adult contemporary chart for two weeks.[6]", "Last Tango in Halifax. Celia Dawson and Alan Buttershaw are both widowed and in their seventies. They were attracted to each other in the 1950s, but never expressed their feelings, and Celia moved away with her parents. In the present day, they are reunited after being persuaded to join Facebook by their respective grandchildren.[9] Alan has loved Celia since he was 16 years old,[10] whilst Celia is described as a woman who is \"unfulfilled\" and was unhappily married to a man she grew to hate.[10] After their reunion, Alan and Celia discover that they still feel as passionately for each other as they did when they were teenagers. Their story is described as a \"testament of the uplifting power of love at any age\".[9]", "Dolly Parton. Parton served as one of three cohosts (along with Roy Clark and Glen Campbell) on the CBS special Fifty Years of Country Music. In 1979, Parton hosted the NBC special The Seventies: An Explosion of Country Music, performed live at the Ford Theatre in Washington, D.C., and whose audience included President Jimmy Carter. Her commercial success grew in 1980, with three consecutive country chart number-one hits: the Donna Summer-written \"Starting Over Again\", \"Old Flames Can't Hold a Candle to You\", and \"9 to 5\", which topped the country and pop charts in early 1981.[20] She had another Top 10 single that year with \"Making Plans\", a single released from a 1980 reunion album with Porter Wagoner.[29]", "A Foot in Coldwater. Keep A Candle Burning / It’s Only Love\nDFS 1087 1976", "Spark to a Flame: The Very Best of Chris de Burgh. Spark to a Flame: The Very Best of Chris de Burgh is the third compilation album by Chris de Burgh, released by A&M Records in 1989. The album was released largely to capitalise on the resurgence of de Burgh's career after the smash hit of The Lady In Red three years earlier. As a result, most of the tracks are drawn from his 1980s albums The Getaway, Man On The Line, Into The Light and Flying Colours.", "I Would Set Myself on Fire for You. Final line-up", "Age Ain't Nothing but a Number (song). \"Age Ain't Nothing but a Number\" is a song by American singer Aaliyah, written and produced by R. Kelly for her debut album of the same name (1994). Its lyrics tell the story of a girl wanting to date an older man, saying that their age difference is irrelevant if the feelings are strong enough. The song begins with a short piano introduction in quintuple meter[citation needed] and Aaliyah looking up a page in her diary dated May 5, 1993. Once she discovers it, the beat switches to the chorus. The line \"I got a thing for you and I can't let go\" is lifted directly from Bobby Caldwell's \"What You Won't Do For Love\".", "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock. If I but thought that my response were made\nto one perhaps returning to the world,\nthis tongue of flame would cease to flicker.\nBut since, up from these depths, no one has yet\nreturned alive, if what I hear is true,\nI answer without fear of being shamed.[23]", "Eternal Flame (song). The song was covered in 2000 by Rollergirl on the album Now I'm Singin'... and the Party Keeps On Rollin', and released as a single which peaked at #87 in the Swiss Charts.[74] Bonnie Tyler and French singer Laura Zen recorded a version in 2011 which went to French radio stations on Monday August 29. The song was named \"Eternal Flame (Amour éternel)\".[75] In 2017, Shane Filan of Westlife included this fan-favorite song on his album Love Always which reached Top 3 in Scottish Albums Chart and Top 5 in UK Albums Chart and Irish Albums Chart.", "English auction. A candle auction is a variation in which the end of the auction is signaled by the expiration of a candle flame. This was intended to ensure that no one could know exactly when the auction would end and make a last-second bid.", "Bobby Byrd. The Flames without Brown changed their name to Byrd's Drops of Joy. However, they found little success; when Brown approached them to reform the Flames they agreed. At this point, The Famous Flames ceased being a vocal/instrumental group, and became a straight vocal group, since Brown had begun to employ the old J.C. Davis outfit as his road band. Original Flames members Bobby Byrd and Johnny Terry returned, and new Flames members Bobby Bennett and Baby Lloyd Stallworth were added. Along with Brown, these four men comprised the longest-lasting lineup of The Famous Flames. Original Flames guitarist Nafloyd Scott also returned and was added to the band.The rest of the original Flames faded into obscurity.", "Sh-Boom. The Fleetwoods released a cover version of the song. Canadian children's entertainers Sharon, Lois & Bram covered the song on their 1995 album release titled Let's Dance!. Watkin Tudor Jones covered the song on his 2001 album, Memoirs Of A Clone. British doo-wop act the Overtones covered the song on their 2010 album Good Ol' Fashioned Love.[citation needed] The song was covered in 1955 by Enoch Light And His Light Brigade Orchestra, released in the UK on His Master's Voice, and appears on their album 'Little Things Mean A Lot' from Jasmine Records.", "Relight My Fire. Japanese 3\" CD single (BVDP-94)", "Life with Lucy. Lucy's old flame (and a business prospect for Curtis) comes to the store one day. After a date with her old flame, Lucy decides she doesn't share the same feelings he has for her." ]

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[ "Ice Age (2002 film). Originally, Sid the sloth was supposed to be a con-artist and a hustler, and there was even finished scene of the character conning some aardvark kids. His character was later changed to a talkative-clumsy sloth because the team felt the audience would have hated him. There was also an alternate scene of Sid in the hottub with the ladies which shows him saying to them \"Let's jump in the gene pool and see what happens.\" One of the female sloths then kicks him in the groin. This was cut because it was not suitable for children and may have gotten the film a PG-13 rating. Other innuendos with Sid were also cut from the film. Sid was also supposed to have a female sloth named Sylvia (voiced by Kristen Johnston) chasing after him, whom he despised and kept ditching. All the removed scenes can be seen on the DVD.", "Ice Age (2002 film). John Leguizamo, who provided the voice for Sid the Sloth, experimented with over 40 voices for the character, including a slower-sounding voice to fit with the lazy nature of a giant sloth. Leguizamo came up with the final voice for the character after watching footage of sloths and learning that they store food in the pockets of their mouths which ferments over time.[12]", "Sloth. The first of the Ice Age movies in 2002 features Sid, a prehistoric ground sloth, as a central character.[48]", "John Leguizamo. In 2002, he voiced Sid the Sloth for the film Ice Age, reprising the role for the sequels Ice Age: The Meltdown, Ice Age: Dawn of the Dinosaurs, Ice Age: Continental Drift and Ice Age: Collision Course. The game versions of the films also used his voice. In 2003, he voice-acted Globox from Rayman 3: Hoodlum Havoc. Leguizamo portrayed Paul in the Brad Anderson thriller film Vanishing on 7th Street.[12] In 2007, he played Michael Beltran in the movie The Babysitters. In 2008, he co-starred in the movie The Happening, written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan.[13] In 2014 Leguizamo starred alongside Jon Favreau in Chef. Also in 2014, he played a drug dealer in the Jesse Eisenberg and Kristen Stewart movie American Ultra.", "List of Ice Age characters. Sidney \"Sid\" is a Megalonyx in all five films who is dull-witted, talkative, friendly, carefree, naive, accident-prone, patient and funny herd member with a caring nature, and is voiced with a lateral lisp. Little is known from Sid's life other than that Sid once lived in a tree with other sloths that always wanted to leave Sid behind when the migration occurred, using several different ways to leave him behind. What is clear is that Sid's mother always told him that \"bad news is just good news in disguise\" prior to abandoning him for good. He accidentally starts a fire in the first film and learns how to do it properly towards the end; he also shows this skill in the second film, where he is worshiped by a tribe of \"mini-sloths\" who call him \"Fire King\" and try to sacrifice him. In the third film, he adopts a trio of baby T-Rexes, and is forcibly taken to the underground dinosaur land by their mother, requiring the others to come and save him. In the fourth film, it is revealed that his full name is Sidney, though this name was also used in a deleted scene of the first film. When he, Diego and Manny are on the ice and are forced up by a water spout, they see a rainbow in the bright blue sky as he told them that \"there is a rainbow at the end of every corner.\"", "List of Ice Age characters. Sid was built along the form typical of ground sloths, short, brushy tail, clawed hands and feet, a long thin neck, ovular head with bulbous eye on both sides and a pair of buckteeth. Sid's right front tooth was slightly bigger than the left, similar to his right eye, which was also somewhat bigger than the left, both eyes of which were pale green. Sid's pelt was dirty and tan, and became brown when the fungus it carried dried out, Sid attributing the state of his pelt to his vegetarian diet, which he said led to a younger-looking pelt. In his films, Sid faints at certain times when he's getting hit - e.g. he faints when he gets hit on the nose by a block of ice and apparently get his tongue stuck to the floor of an ice cave.", "John Leguizamo. John Alberto Leguizamo (/ˌlɛɡwɪˈzɑːmoʊ/; born July 22, 1964)[1] is an American actor, voice artist, stand-up comedian, film producer, playwright, and screenwriter. He came to prominence with a co-starring role in the action comedy Super Mario Bros. (1993) as Luigi and a supporting role in the crime drama Carlito's Way (1993). Other notable roles include Sid the Sloth in the animated Ice Age films (2002–2016) and the narrator of the sitcom The Brothers García (2000–2004). As of 2009, he has appeared in over 75 films, produced over 10 films, starred on Broadway in several productions (winning several awards), made over 12 television appearances, and has produced or starred in many other television shows.", "Ice Age (franchise). Surviving Sid is a 2008 animated short film, directed by Galen Tan Chu and Karen Disher. It was originally released on the Horton Hears a Who! DVD and Blu-ray.[13] Unlike the first two Ice Age short films, Surviving Sid focuses on Sid, who incompetently \"leads\" a small group of camping children.", "Ice Age (franchise). Sid, a talkative sloth, is left behind by his family and the herds of mammals journeying to the south. He meets Manny, a mammoth who travels to the north, and decides to follow him. When a humans' camp is attacked by tigers, a woman takes her baby and jumps into a river and falls over a waterfall. Before she disappears, the baby is rescued by Manny and Sid. The two animals decide to search for the father and return the baby to him. Diego, one of the tigers that attacked the humans, comes also claiming the baby, and the trio form an uneasy alliance during their journey to the humans.", "List of Ice Age characters. These two female sloths (in a deleted scene from the film) were shown scorning Sid when he was shown to simply be using the baby to mate with them, though Rachel was much more straightforward as she kicked him directly in the groin while calling him \"pig\".", "List of Ice Age characters. Scrat is voiced in all Ice Age movies and short films by director Chris Wedge. He directly interacts with the story's main characters on eight occasions, mostly with Sid. In the first film, he attacks Sid when the latter tries to eat his acorn, successfully regaining it. He later meets Manny, Sid, and Diego asking him where the baby's family is and Scrat attempts to tell them about nearby saber-toothed tigers, but Diego kicks Scrat away before he could do so. At the end of the second film, after Scrat created a hole in the valley and released all the melted ice, later attacks Sid for saving his life (when he had already almost died and gone to paradise and was about to get a giant acorn). In the third film, Scrat is stepped on by Manny and falls onto Sid's head while chasing his acorn. Next, he appears when Sid's \"children\" are batting a ball around, the ball actually being Scrat. Also, when Scratte rips off his fur, he screams so loud the herd can hear him, causing Crash and Eddie to deem the place a \"Jungle of Misery\". Lastly, while Diego is sleeping, he wakes up when he gets hit with Scrat's acorn. In the fourth film, when Sid pries open a clam, he finds Scrat inside. Sid's grandmother mistakes Scrat for a rat and continuously hits him with her cane until he falls into the ocean.", "List of Ice Age characters. A tribe of Mini Sloths are smaller sloths who worship Sid and call him \"Fire King\". Immediately afterwards, they try to throw him into lava, believing that they can avert the flood by sacrificing him. However, he escapes.", "List of Ice Age characters. A mechanical version of Sid appears in Robots during the miming scene.", "List of Ice Age characters. The two appeared at the beginning of the film when Sid the sloth was shown stepping on their salad and eating an important part of it, the dandelion. The two animals soon chased after him in the hopes of killing him, but were stopped forcefully by Manny the mammoth, by being hurled through the air. They'd held a powerful grudge against Sid for what he'd done and when they next saw him, he was in the same hot mud pool that they were in and was erroneously referring to them as ladies. Again, Carl and Frank stampeded after the hapless sloth, but were waylaid when they saw that he had already been \"killed\" by a saber-toothed cat named Diego (which was part of Sid's plan to get them to be fooled into leaving him alone and not trying to kill him off) and gave up their chase post-haste stating that \"carnivores have all the fun.\" Carl and Frank aren't seen again after this.", "Ice Age (2002 film). The film is set during the days of the ice age; animals begin migrating south to escape the winters. Once Manny, a no-nonsense wooly mammoth meets Sid, a loudmouthed ground sloth and the two find a human baby, they set out to return the baby. Joining them is a saber-tooth tiger named Diego, who is commanded by his pack leader to bring the baby to him to enact revenge against the humans.", "List of Ice Age characters. Scrat has a cameo in Surviving Sid, that is important to the plot.", "List of Ice Age characters. In the behind the scenes, the creators combined the traits of three-toed sloths and ground sloths while designing Sid and the other sloth characters.", "Ice Age (2002 film). A saber-toothed squirrel (known as Scrat) is trying to find a place to store his prized acorn. Eventually, as he tries to stomp it into the ground, he causes a large crack in the ground that extends for miles and miles and sets off a large avalanche. He barely escapes, but finds himself stepped on by a herd of prehistoric animals. The animals are trying to avoid the ice age by migrating south. Sid, a clumsy ground sloth left behind by his family, decides to move on by himself but is attacked by two Brontops whom he angered by ruining their meal. Sid is soon saved by Manfred \"Manny\", an agitated woolly mammoth who fights them off and is heading north. Not wanting to be alone and unprotected, Sid follows Manny. Meanwhile, Soto, the leader of a saber-toothed cat pack, wants revenge on a group of humans for killing half of his pack, by eating the chief's baby son, Roshan,[2] alive. Soto leads a raid on the human camp, during which Roshan's mother is separated from the rest and jumps down a waterfall when cornered by Soto's lieutenant, Diego. For his failure, Diego is sent to find and retrieve the baby.", "List of Ice Age characters. Sylvia wanted Sid to travel with her, for she was seeking commitment. Sid, not wanting any of this, put her in the path of some running glyptodonts to send her off. Sylvia eventually found him again, and was still adamant to go migrating with him. Sid tricked her into thinking that he was getting turnips for their migration, and then ran off to escape, but she followed him into the jaws of Diego, the saber-toothed cat. She did not believe that Sid was truly dead, and sullenly told Diego to \"eat him\". It is presumed that after that, she left Sid alone. Sylvia had red-colored fur, green eyes and a small nose.", "List of Ice Age characters. Sid is surprised by the return of his dysfunctional relatives who had abandoned him in the first film as they have a tendency to abandon him at specific points. His family consist of:", "John Matuszak. Matuszak became a fairly successful actor in the 1980s, making appearances in movies and on television, often portraying football players or gentle giants. His first major role was in the 1979 movie North Dallas Forty as a football player. He appeared in the movies Caveman, The Ice Pirates, One Man Force, and One Crazy Summer, but is frequently remembered as deformed captive Sloth in The Goonies, the make-up for which took five hours to apply.[6] Matuszak's character Sloth wears an Oakland Raiders shirt in some scenes. He had numerous guest appearances in TV shows such as Perfect Strangers, M*A*S*H, The Dukes of Hazzard, Hunter, Silver Spoons, The A-Team, 1st & Ten, Miami Vice and Cheers.", "List of Ice Age characters. Ashley is a minor beaver character in the second film. In her appearance, she treats Sid like a piñata and appears to be a ringleader among the kids.", "List of Ice Age characters. Francine is a fair-and-square, high-pitched voiced Megalonyx and is Sid' ex-girlfriend.", "List of Ice Age characters. According to the DVD commentaries, Sylvia was cut because the scriptwriters felt that Sid's behavior towards her made him too unlikable, and that her scenes detracted from the film's main plot. Additionally, the first movie had a different ending planned out. Sid and Manny headed south without Diego (due to his death, which was changed) and met up with the other animals. Sid had matured after witnessing Diego's death, and upon seeing Sylvia for the third time, was nicer to her, even asking her to be his mate.", "List of Ice Age characters. When Sid attempts to finally propose to her, she unlikely turns down his offer, leaving him confused and rejected.", "List of Ice Age characters. Lenny met up with Diego along with the other members of the pack at Half Peak where Zeke reminisced the joys of mammoth flesh much to Lenny's displeasure (saying his only lines in the film, \"Hey, knock it off. I'm starving!\" and \"I told you to knock it off!\"). He then demanded Zeke to stop talking about food and then tries to strike him but is stopped by Soto who tells him to save energy as mammoths don't go down easily. Soto plans an ambush on Manny so he would be caught by surprise and so he ordered the pack not to attack until they saw Manny but Diego secretly turned on his pack after he had been shown real friendship and appreciation from Manny and Sid so he tempted Zeke to leap into action and attack. The surprise given away, the pack pursue Sid as he slides down a snowy slope on a piece of bark soon after Lenny and Oscar who had been chasing Sid where hit by a large log Manny threw at them. Once they recovered they saw that Soto had been killed when he tried to attack Manny and that Diego had thwarted Soto's attacks. Manny throws Soto into a wall of ice and a number of icicles fall down and kill him. Seeing the death of their leader, Lenny and Oscar run off. It is unknown what happened to them afterwards.", "Ice Age (franchise). The special centers on a harried prehistoric bird mom who entrusts her precious, soon-to-hatch egg to Sid. When she recommends him to her neighbors—a condor mother, Cholly Bear and Gladys Glypto—business booms at his new egg-sitting service.", "List of Ice Age characters. Cholly is a chalicothere who is among the parents that entrusted Sid to watch over his egg. In his case, he adopted an egg. He previously appeared in the second film, where Manny mistook his flatulence for mammoth calls.", "Josh Gad. In 2012, he voiced the molehog Louis in Ice Age: Continental Drift. He also played 'Bear Claw' on an episode of New Girl. In 2012, he starred in the independent romantic comedy She Wants Me. In 2013, he appeared as Skip Gilchrist in NBC's 1600 Penn, of which he is also a co-creator and executive producer.[18] Also in 2013, he played Andrew (Headphones) in the film The Internship and starred as Steve Wozniak in the film Jobs. The same year, he voiced 'Olaf' in Frozen, re-collaborating with co-songwriter Robert Lopez from The Book of Mormon. In 2014, Gad co-starred in Zach Braff's film Wish I Was Here, playing the main character's brother.[19]", "List of Ice Age characters. A fourth and most recent short film, Cosmic Scrat-tastrophe, was released in 2015 preceding The Peanuts Movie.", "List of Ice Age characters. Lenny, along with the rest of the pack, attacked the human encampment but were fended off by the humans' dogs who fought alongside the humans against the pack sending them off. One of the pack members Diego was expected to steal the baby Roshan from the humans but missed his chance when Roshan's mother Nadia escaped with her child through a waterfall. Bitter at Diego's failure the pack leader Soto orders Diego to retrieve Roshan and bring him to Half Peak where the others will be waiting. Soto was later informed by other pack members Zeke and Oscar that Diego will bring Roshan back along with a wooly Mammoth called Manny who has been caring for Roshan along with Sid the sloth.", "List of Ice Age characters. Manny, Sid and Diego encounter the hyraxes that were not enslaved during a short trek on a deserted island in the jungle. Though somewhat wary of the visitors, the hyraxes quickly warm up to the Sub-Zero Heroes. Manny feels that, if the hyraxes helped them, they could defeat the pirates; unfortunately, the hyraxes are unable to comprehend English and misinterpret Manny's request as asking for food. Eventually, Sid is able to communicate to them that an alliance is necessary if the other hyraxes are to be freed and the pirates are to be defeated, much to the surprise of Manny and Diego. The lead hyrax (distinguished by his bushy eyebrows, lighter fur coloration, and lower voice tone), who hates Gutt with a passion, rallies his forces and decides to help the herd, much to the herd's delight." ]

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[ "Premier League Golden Boot. Thierry Henry has won the Golden Boot on four occasions, more than any other player. Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink and Dwight Yorke were the first non-English and non-European winners, respectively, when they shared the award with Michael Owen in 1999.[9] Alan Shearer is the only player other than Henry to win the award in three consecutive seasons.[10] Phillips, Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Luis Suárez won the European Golden Shoe in the same season as the Premier League Golden Boot,[10][11] with Henry achieving this on two occasions (2004 and 2005).[12] Shearer, Hasselbaink and Van Persie are the only players to win the Golden Boot with two clubs.[13]", "European Golden Shoe. Between 1968 and 1991, the award was given to the highest goalscorer in any European league. This was regardless of the strength of the league in which the top scorer played and the number of games in which the player had taken part. During this period Eusébio, Gerd Müller, Dudu Georgescu and Fernando Gomes each won the Golden Boot twice.[1]", "Clint Walker. He received the Golden Boot Award in 1997.", "Premier League Golden Boot. Andy Cole and Shearer – with 34 goals in 1993–94 and 1994–95, respectively – scored the most goals to win the Golden Boot,[10][A] while Nicolas Anelka scored the fewest to clinch the award outright, with 19 goals in 2008–09.[8] The all-time record for lowest number of goals scored to be bestowed the award, however, is 18 goals; this was achieved during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 seasons, when the award was shared between three players both times.[15] The latter season marked the last time the Golden Boot was shared until 2010–11,[16] when Dimitar Berbatov and Carlos Tevez both scored 20 goals that season to tie for the award.[17] Harry Kane recorded the highest goals-to-games ratio to win the award, scoring 29 goals in 30 games in 2016–17 for a rate of 0.97.[18]", "2014 FIFA World Cup statistics. The winner of the Golden Boot was James Rodríguez.", "Leinster Rugby. Pro14 Golden Boot \nThe Golden Boot is awarded to the kicker who has successfully converted the highest percentage of place kicks during the 22-week regular Pro12 season. The prize has been awarded annually since 2012.\n(Percentage success rate in brackets)", "Lee Aaker. In 2005, Aaker won the Golden Boot Award[6] as Kids of the West.", "Leeds United F.C.. The following have won the Golden Boot award whilst playing for Leeds :", "FIFA World Cup awards. The Golden Boot or Golden Shoe Award goes to the top goalscorer of the FIFA World Cup. While every World Cup had a ranking of the goalscorers, the first time an award was given was in 1982,[6] under the name Golden Shoe.[3] It was rechristened Golden Boot in 2010.[7] FIFA sometimes lists the top goalscorers of previous Cups among the Golden Boot winners.[8]", "UEFA European Championship awards. The Golden Boot award goes to the top goalscorer of each edition of the UEFA European Championship.", "Premier League Golden Boot. The Premier League Golden Boot is an annual association football award presented to the leading goalscorer in the Premier League. For sponsorship purposes, from 1994 to 2001 it was called the Carling Golden Boot and from 2001 to 2004, the Barclaycard Golden Boot; as of 2015, it is referred to as the Barclays Golden Boot.[1][2] In addition to the trophy, winners of the Golden Boot are usually given £1,000 for every goal they scored throughout the season to donate to a charity of their choice,[3][4] although Robin van Persie was given £30,000 after scoring 26 goals in the 2012–13 season.[5][6]", "List of Premier League seasons. Hasselbaink was the winner in 2000–01, scoring 23 goals for Chelsea in 35 appearances.[30] Thierry Henry of Arsenal picked up the prize a year later with 24 goals and Manchester United striker Ruud van Nistelrooy was the awardee in 2002–03, scoring one more than the previous season's tally.[31][32] Henry picked up three successive Golden Boots in 2003–04, 2004–05 and 2005–06 scoring 30, 25 and 27 goals respectively.[33] Chelsea striker Didier Drogba was the top goalscorer in 2006–07 with 20 goals and Manchester United midfielder Cristiano Ronaldo contributed to his team's success in 2007–08, scoring 31 goals in 34 league games; a strike rate of 0.91.[34][35] Nicolas Anelka of Chelsea was the recipient in 2008–09 with 18 goals before his fellow strike partner Drogba won his second Golden Boot the following season with 29 goals.[36][37] Both Carlos Tevez and Dimitar Berbatov of Manchester City and Manchester United respectively each won their first Golden Boot at the end of the 2010–11 season, scoring 20 goals.[38]", "UEFA Euro 2004. The Golden Boot was awarded to Milan Baroš, who scored five goals in all three group stage matches and in the quarter-finals against Denmark.", "List of Premier League seasons. The top goalscorer in the Premier League at the end of each season is awarded the Premier League Golden Boot, known for sponsorship reasons as the Barclays Golden Boot. The first recipient was Teddy Sheringham of Tottenham Hotspur, who scored 21 goals in 40 games for the club as well as an additional goal for Nottingham Forest on the opening day of the season.[28] Andrew Cole scored 34 goals for Newcastle United in 1993–94 before Alan Shearer won three consecutive awards: twice for Blackburn Rovers including their league-winning season and once for Newcastle United in 1996–97. Chris Sutton, Michael Owen and Dion Dublin of Blackburn Rovers, Liverpool and Coventry City respectively were the joint recipients of the Golden Boot the following season, with 18 goals apiece. Owen again shared the accolade, scoring 18 goals in 1998–99 with Manchester United striker Dwight Yorke and Leeds forward Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink. In 1999–2000, the award was given to Kevin Phillips of newly promoted Sunderland, scoring 30 goals in 36 games.[29] At a strike rate of 0.83, he was also awarded the European Golden Shoe.[29]", "Johnathan Thurston. Most Dally M Medals: 4 (2005, 2007, 2014, 2015)\nMost Golden Boot Awards: 3 (2011, 2013, 2015)\nMost RLPA Players' Player Medals: 4 (2005, 2013, 2014, 2015)\nMost career points for the Australian test team: 334 (2006–present)\nMost career goals for the Australian test team: 143 (2006–present)\nMost consecutive games in State of Origin: 36 (2005–present)\nMost career points in State of Origin: 224 (2005–present)\nMost career goals in State of Origin: 101 (2005–present)\nMost North Queensland Cowboys Player of the Year Awards: 4 (2005, 2012, 2014, 2015)", "2010 FIFA World Cup statistics. The winner of the Golden Boot was Thomas Müller. Of all players that scored five goals during the tournament, Müller had the most assists (three); the other three players had one assist each.[1] In total, 145 goals were scored by 98 different players, with two of them credited as own goals.", "List of Newcastle United F.C. records and statistics. The following have won the Premier League Golden Boot award whilst playing for Newcastle United :", "European Golden Shoe. Lionel Messi is the only player to win the award five times, all with Barcelona. Messi holds the all-time record for goals in a single season with 50 in 2011–12; it also accumulated to a record 100 points. Messi was also the youngest player to win the award for a 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th time [See Table of multiple winners below]. Bayern Munich's Gerd Müller was the first player to win the award twice, in 1969–70 and 1971–72. Messi was the first player to win the award three times, Cristiano Ronaldo was the first player to win the award four times, and Messi again was the first, and so far only, player to win it five times. Only Ally McCoist (1991–92, 1992–93), Thierry Henry (2003–04, 2004–05), Lionel Messi (2011–12, 2012–13 and 2016–17, 2017–18), and Cristiano Ronaldo (2013–14, 2014–15) have won the award in consecutive years. Diego Forlán (Villarreal, Atlético Madrid), Luis Suárez (Liverpool, Barcelona), Mário Jardel (Porto, Sporting CP) and Cristiano Ronaldo (Manchester United, Real Madrid) are the only players to have won the award with two different clubs.", "European Golden Shoe. The European Golden Shoe, formerly known as the European Golden Boot, is an association football award presented each season to the leading goalscorer in league matches from the top division of every European national league. From its inception in the 1967–68 season, the award, originally called Soulier d'Or, which translates from French as Golden Shoe or Boot, has been given to the top goalscorer in all European leagues that season. Originally presented by L'Équipe magazine, it has been awarded by the European Sports Media since the 1996–97 season.", "2006 FIFA World Cup. Germany's Miroslav Klose scored five goals to claim the Golden Boot, the lowest total to win the prize since 1962. No other player scored more than three goals. No player from the winning Italian squad scored more than two goals, though ten players had scored for the team, tying France's record in 1982 for the most goalscorers from any one team.", "UEFA Euro 1996. Alan Shearer was awarded the Golden Boot award, after scoring five goals in the group stage and in the semi-finals against Germany.", "Premier League Player of the Season. Thierry Henry, Cristiano Ronaldo and Nemanja Vidić have been Player of the Season on two occasions each and are the only players to have won the award more than once, with Ronaldo having achieved this in consecutive years (2007 and 2008). Eight players were the Premier League's leading goalscorer and won the Golden Boot alongside the Player of the Season award.[11][12] Four of these players – Kevin Phillips,[13] Henry,[14] Ronaldo and Luis Suárez – went on to win the European Golden Shoe in the same season.[15][16] 11 players have won the Premier League trophy with their respective clubs in the same year they received the award, with Ronaldo and Vidić each accomplishing the feat on two occasions with Manchester United.[1][17] Ronaldo is the only player to be named Player of the Season and win the FIFA World Player of the Year; when he accomplished this in 2008, he became the first player from the Premier League to voted the world's top footballer.[18]", "Spain at the FIFA World Cup. No Spanish player has ever won the Golden Boot, but Emilio Butragueño and Spain's record World Cup scorer David Villa have each won the Silver Boot after scoring five goals in 1986 and 2010 respectively.", "Ally McCoist. When Walter Smith took over from Souness, McCoist returned to the fore and won both Players' Player of the Year and the Sportswriters' award after scoring 34 goals in season 1991–92 as Rangers completed a domestic double. Those goals won him the European Golden Boot – the first time a Scot had won the award – and he repeated that feat a year later, despite missing the last seven matches of the season after breaking his leg playing for Scotland against Portugal in April (also missing the Scottish Cup Final).[18][10][6] In typical fashion, he returned from the injury by coming off the bench to score an overhead kick to win the 1993 League Cup final against Hibernian.[10][19]He scored 34 Premier Division goals in both the 1991-92 and 1992-93 seasons.", "Thierry Henry. This dip in success was compounded when Arsenal failed again to secure back-to-back league titles when they lost out to Chelsea in the 2004–05 season, although Arsenal did win the FA Cup (the Final of which Henry missed through injury).[7] Henry maintained his reputation as one of Europe's most feared strikers as he led the league in scoring,[2] and with 31 goals in all competitions,[22] he was the co-recipient (with Diego Forlán) of the European Golden Boot, and is currently the only player to have officially won the award twice in a row (Ally McCoist also had two Golden Boots in a row, but both were deemed unofficial).[21] The unexpected departure of Arsenal's captain Patrick Vieira in the 2005 close season led to Henry being awarded club captaincy, a role which many felt was not naturally suited for him; the captaincy is more commonly given to defenders or midfielders, who are better-placed on the pitch to read the game.[2] Along with being chief goalscorer, he was responsible for leading a very young team which had yet to gel fully.[23]", "Thierry Henry. In terms of goal-scoring awards, Henry was the European Golden Boot winner in 2004 and 2005 (sharing it with Villarreal's Diego Forlán in 2005).[21] Henry was also the top goalscorer in the Premier League for a record four seasons (2002, 2004, 2005, 2006).[2] In 2006, he became the first player to score more than 20 goals in the league for five consecutive seasons (2002 to 2006).[104] With 175, Henry is currently fifth in the list of all-time Premier League goalscorers, behind Alan Shearer, Andy Cole, Wayne Rooney and Frank Lampard. All of his Premier League goals were for Arsenal, giving him the record for most goals in the competition for one club, until it was broken by Rooney in 2016.[105] France's all-time record goalscorer was, in his prime in the mid 2000s, regarded by many coaches, footballers and journalists as one of the best players in the world.[15][106][107][108] In November 2007, he was ranked 33rd on the Association of Football Statisticians' compendium for \"Greatest Ever Footballers.\"[109]", "1990 FIFA World Cup. Salvatore Schillaci received the Golden Boot award for scoring six goals in the World Cup. This made him the second Italian footballer to have this honour, after Paolo Rossi won the award in 1982. In total, 115 goals were scored by 75 players (none credited as own goals).", "Oleg Salenko. As of 2017, he is the only player to win the Golden Boot at both the U-20 World Cup and FIFA World Cup.", "Premier League. The Golden Boot is awarded to the top Premier League scorer at the end of each season. Former Blackburn Rovers and Newcastle United striker Alan Shearer holds the record for most Premier League goals with 260.[171] Twenty-five players have reached the 100-goal mark.[172] Since the first Premier League season in 1992–93, 14 different players from 10 different clubs have won or shared the top scorers title.[173] Thierry Henry won his fourth overall scoring title by scoring 27 goals in the 2005–06 season. Andrew Cole and Alan Shearer hold the record for most goals in a season (34) – for Newcastle and Blackburn respectively.[174] Ryan Giggs of Manchester United holds the record for scoring goals in consecutive seasons, having scored in the first 21 seasons of the league.[175]", "Leicester City F.C.. The following players have won the English Golden Boot for being the country's top goalscorer, while at Leicester (Note: This applies only to players playing in the top tier of English football):", "Sue Ane Langdon. Langdon was presented one of the Golden Boot Awards in 2003 for her contribution to television and cinema westerns.", "UEFA Euro 2016. The Golden Boot was awarded to Antoine Griezmann, who scored one goal in the group stage and five in the knockout phase." ]

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[ "De jure. In American law, particularly after Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the difference between de facto segregation (segregation that existed because of the voluntary associations and neighborhoods) and de jure segregation (segregation that existed because of local laws that mandated the segregation) became important distinctions for court-mandated remedial purposes.[6]", "De jure. In law and government, de jure (/deɪ ˈdʒʊrɪ/; Latin: de iure, \"in law\") describes practices that are legally recognised, whether or not the practices exist in reality.[1] In contrast, de facto (\"in fact\" or \"in practice\") describes situations that exist in reality, even if not legally recognised.[2] The terms are often used to contrast different scenarios: for a colloquial example, \"I know that, de jure, this is supposed to be a parking lot, but now that the flood has left four feet of water here, it’s a de facto swimming pool\".[3]", "Racial segregation in the United States. De facto segregation—segregation \"in fact\", without sanction of law—persists in varying degrees to the present day. The contemporary racial segregation seen in the United States in residential neighborhoods has been shaped by public policies, mortgage discrimination, and redlining, among other factors.[7] De facto segregation results from the geographical grouping of racial groups either as a result of economic factors or choice (white flight). Most often, this occurs in cities where the residents of the inner city are African Americans and the suburbs surrounding this inner core are often European American residents.[8] Douglas Massey and Nancy A. Denton proposed the term hypersegregation in their 1989 study of \"American Apartheid\", when whites created black ghettos during the first half of the 20th century in order to isolate growing urban black populations.[9]", "De jure. It is possible to have multiple simultaneous conflicting (de jure) legalities, possibly none of which is in force (de facto). After seizing power in 1526, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi made his brother, Umar Din, the lawful (de jure) Sultan of Adal. Ahmad, however, was in practice (de facto) the actual Sultan, and his brother was a figurehead.[4] Between 1805 and 1914, the ruling dynasty of Egypt ruled as de jure viceroys of the Ottoman Empire, but acted as de facto independent rulers who maintained a polite fiction of Ottoman suzerainty. However, from about 1882, the rulers had only de jure rule over Egypt, as it had by then become a British puppet state. Thus, Egypt was by Ottoman law de jure a province of the Ottoman Empire, but de facto was part of the British Empire.[5]", "History of Detroit. \"there is, so far as the school cases go, no constitutional difference between de facto and de jure segregation. Each school board performs state action for Fourteenth Amendment purposes when it draws the lines that confine it to a given area, when it builds schools at particular sites, or when it allocates students. The creation of the school districts in Metropolitan Detroit either maintained existing segregation or caused additional segregation. Restrictive covenants maintained by state action or inaction build black ghettos...the task of equity is to provide a unitary system for the affected area where, as here, the State washes its hands of its own creations.\"[84]", "Sovereignty. De jure, or legal, sovereignty concerns the expressed and institutionally recognised right to exercise control over a territory. De facto, or actual, sovereignty is concerned with whether control in fact exists. Cooperation and respect of the populace; control of resources in, or moved into, an area; means of enforcement and security; and ability to carry out various functions of state all represent measures of de facto sovereignty. When control is practiced predominantly by military or police force it is considered coercive sovereignty.", "Desegregation busing. Prior to World War II, most public schools in the country were de jure or de facto segregated. All Southern states[which?] had Jim Crow laws mandating racial segregation of schools. Northern states and some border states were primarily white (as of 1940, populations of Detroit and Chicago were more than 90% white) and, furthermore, existing black populations were concentrated in urban ghettos partly as the result of restrictive covenants.", "School integration in the United States. For students who remained in public schools, de facto segregation remained a reality due to segregated lunch tables and segregated extracurricular programs.[29] Today, the pedagogical practice of tracking in schools also leads to de facto segregation within some public schools as racial and ethic minorities are disproportionately overrepresented in lower track classes and white students are disproportionately overrepresented in AP and college prep classes.[30][31]", "Racial segregation in the United States. Legal segregation of schools was stopped in the U.S. by federal enforcement of a series of Supreme Court decisions after Brown v. Board of Education in 1954. All legally enforced public segregation (segregation de jure) was abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.[6] It passed after demonstrations during the Civil Rights Movement resulted in public opinion turning against legally-enforced segregation.", "School segregation in the United States. While African Americans faced de jure segregation in civil society, Mexican Americans who lived in southwestern states often dealt with de facto segregation; no laws explicitly barred their access to schools or other public facilities.[4] Additionally, the proponents of Mexican-American segregation were often those officials who worked at the state and local school level; they often defended the creation and sustaining of segregated \"Mexican schools\".[5] The obstacles for Mexican Americans was not greater than for blacks. At times the NAACP had to challenge segregation policies in institutions where exclusion was targeted only at African-American students, when there was an already established Mexican-American presence.[6]", "Desegregation busing. In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court landmark decision in Brown v. Board of Education declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional. The process of integrating public schools met fierce resistance in the South where segregation laws took hold after the American Civil War and the Reconstruction Era of the United States. In Northern and Western states, de facto segregation was the customary practice. Due to patterns of residential segregation, a principal tool for racial integration was the use of busing.[1] In the 1971 Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education ruling, the Supreme Court ruled that the federal courts had the discretion to include busing as a desegregation tool to achieve racial balance. While the Swann decision addressed de jure segregation in the South, it failed to address de facto segregation which persisted elsewhere in the country. In Georgia, Governor Jimmy Carter saw that Swann was \"clearly a one-sided decision; the Court is still talking about the South, the North is still going free\".[2] In the 1974 Milliken v. Bradley decision, the U.S. Supreme Court placed an important limitation on Swann when they ruled that students could be bused across district lines only when evidence of de jure segregation across multiple school districts existed.", "Divorce. Divorce should not be confused with annulment, which declares the marriage null and void, with legal separation or de jure separation (a legal process by which a married couple may formalize a de facto separation while remaining legally married) or with de facto separation (a process where the spouses informally stop cohabiting). Reasons for divorce vary, from sexual incompatibility or lack of independence for one or both spouses to a personality clash.[1]", "St. Louis. De jure educational segregation continued into the 1950s, and de facto segregation continued into the 1970s, leading to a court challenge and interdistrict desegregation agreement. Students have been bussed mostly from the city to county school districts to have opportunities for integrated classes, although the city has created magnet schools to attract students.[21]", "Racial segregation in the United States. Despite all the legal changes that have taken place since the 1940s and especially in the 1960s (see Desegregation), the United States remains, to some degree, a segregated society, with housing patterns, school enrollment, church membership, employment opportunities, and even college admissions all reflecting significant de facto segregation. Supporters of affirmative action argue that the persistence of such disparities reflects either racial discrimination or the persistence of its effects.", "Jim Crow laws. Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States. Enacted by white Democratic-dominated state legislatures in the late 19th century after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued to be enforced until 1965. They mandated de jure racial segregation in all public facilities in the states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1896 with a \"separate but equal\" status for African Americans in railroad cars. Public education had essentially been segregated since its establishment in most of the South after the Civil War. This principle was extended to public facilities and transportation, including segregated cars on interstate trains and, later, buses. Facilities for African Americans were consistently inferior and underfunded compared to those which were then available to European Americans; sometimes they did not exist at all. This body of law institutionalized a number of economic, educational, and social disadvantages. De jure segregation existed mainly in the Southern states, while Northern segregation was generally de facto—patterns of housing segregation enforced by private covenants, bank lending practices, and job discrimination, including discriminatory labor union practices. \"Jim Crow\" was a pejorative expression meaning \"Negro\".[citation needed]", "Desegregation busing. Consequently, despite being found \"inherently unequal\" in Brown v. Board of Education, by the late 1960s public schools remained de facto segregated in many cities because of demographic patterns, school district lines being intentionally drawn to segregate the schools racially, and, in some cases, due to conscious efforts to send black children to inferior schools.[5] Thus, for example, by 1969, more than nine of every ten black students in Nashville still attended all-black schools.[6] Evidence of such de facto segregation motivated early proponents of plans to engage in conscious \"integration\" of public schools, by busing schoolchildren to schools other than their neighborhood schools, with an objective to equalize racial imbalances. Proponents of such plans argued that with the schools integrated, minority students would have equal access to equipment, facilities and resources that the cities' white students had, thus giving all students in the city equal educational opportunities.", "Affirmative action in the United States. After slavery's abolition in 1865, Black-Americans saw the educational gap between themselves and whites compounded by segregation. They were forced to attend separate, under-funded schools due to Plessy v. Ferguson. Though de jure school segregation ended with Brown v. Board of Education, de facto segregation continues in education into the present day.[65]", "Racial segregation in the United States. On at least six occasions over nearly 60 years, the Supreme Court held, either explicitly or by necessary implication, that the \"separate but equal\" rule announced in Plessy was the correct rule of law,[22] although, toward the end of that period, the Court began to focus on whether the separate facilities were in fact equal.", "Recognition of same-sex unions in Australia. Since 1 March 2009, some legal differences remain with respect to treatment of couples in a de facto relationship and heterosexual couples in a marriage.[23] Differences exist between the rights of a de facto couple and a married couple in relation to family law matters, including property settlements and entitlements to spousal maintenance. A de facto relationship must have ended for the court to make an order for property settlement or spousal maintenance, though this requirement does not exist for married couples.[24] For a de facto partner to seek an order for property settlement, the Court must be satisfied of at least one of the following:[24]", "Common-law marriage. The Family Law Act states that a de facto relationship can exist between two people of different or the same sex and that a person can be in a de facto relationship even if legally married to another person or in a de facto relationship with someone else. Family property laws, however, are excepted from jurisdiction when a person is both married and in a de facto relationship at the same time. This exception is due to federal polygamy laws. Same-sex de facto relationships have been recognized in New South Wales since 1999. There are a number of methods by which these relationships are recognized in Australian law and they include the same entitlements as de jure marriage.", "Detroit. On August 18, 1970, the NAACP filed suit against Michigan state officials, including Governor William Milliken, charging de facto public school segregation. The NAACP argued that although schools were not legally segregated, the city of Detroit and its surrounding counties had enacted policies to maintain racial segregation in public schools. The NAACP also suggested a direct relationship between unfair housing practices and educational segregation, which followed segregated neighborhoods.[37] The District Court held all levels of government accountable for the segregation in its ruling. The Sixth Circuit Court affirmed some of the decision, holding that it was the state's responsibility to integrate across the segregated metropolitan area.[38] The U.S. Supreme Court took up the case February 27, 1974.[37] The subsequent Milliken v. Bradley decision had wide national influence. In a narrow decision, the Court found that schools were a subject of local control and that suburbs could not be forced to solve problems in the city's school district.", "History of St. Louis. Although de jure segregation in St. Louis public schools ended in 1954 after Brown v. Board of Education, St. Louis area educators continued to employ tactics to ensure de facto segregation during the 1960s.[227][228]", "Desegregation busing. The judge who instituted the Detroit busing plan said that busing \"is a considerably safer, more reliable, healthful and efficient means of getting children to school than either car pools or walking, and this is especially true for younger children\".[3] He therefore included kindergarten children in the busing scheme: \"Transportation of kindergarten children for upwards of forty-five minutes, one-way, does not appear unreasonable, harmful, or unsafe in any way.\"[3] The resultant Supreme Court case, Milliken v. Bradley, imposed limits on busing. The key issue was whether a district court could order a metropolitan-wide desegregation plan between urban Detroit and suburban school districts. Busing would play a key role in the implementation phase. The Court essentially declared that federal courts did not have the authority to order inter-district desegregation unless it could be proven that suburban school districts intentionally mandated segregation policies. The implication of the decision was that suburban school districts in the North were not affected by the principles established by Brown. De facto segregation was allowed to persist in the North. The courts could order desegregation where segregation patterns existed, but only within municipalities, not suburban areas. The lasting consequence of the Milliken decision is that it opened the door for whites to flee to the suburbs and not be concerned about compliance with mandatory integration policies.[2]", "Standards organization. The term formal standard refers specifically to a specification that has been approved by a standards setting organization. The term de jure standard refers to a standard mandated by legal requirements or refers generally to any formal standard. In contrast, the term de facto standard refers to a specification (or protocol or technology) that has achieved widespread use and acceptance – often without being approved by any standards organization (or receiving such approval only after it already has achieved widespread use). Examples of de facto standards that were not approved by any standards organizations (or at least not approved until after they were in widespread de facto use) include the Hayes command set developed by Hayes, Apple's TrueType font design and the PCL protocol used by Hewlett-Packard in the computer printers they produced.", "Jim Crow laws. History has shown that problems of educating poor children are not confined to minority status, and states and cities have continued to grapple with approaches. The court ruling did not stop de facto or residentially based school segregation. Such segregation continues today in many regions. Some city school systems have also begun to focus on issues of economic and class segregation rather than racial segregation, as they have found that problems are more prevalent when the children of the poor of any ethnic group are concentrated.[citation needed]", "Legal separation. In Canada, the terms \"legal separation\" or \"judicial separation\" are often used informally to describe a situation of de facto separation, where the couple has formalized certain agreements or entered into a contract. However, this situation is different from the specific legal status of legal/judicial separation, which exists only in some jurisdictions, and requires filing the courts for it. For example, there is no such thing as legal separation in Canada, but the term ‘legal separation’ has gained widespread use to describe the contract that is created between two spouses at the time of their separation.", "Brown v. Board of Education. [D]oes segregation of children in public schools solely on the basis of race, even though the physical facilities and other \"tangible\" factors may be equal, deprive the children of the minority group of equal educational opportunities? We believe that it does. ...", "Belgian Congo. There was an \"implicit apartheid\". The colony had curfews for Congolese city-dwellers and similar racial restrictions were commonplace. Though there were no specific laws imposing racial segregation and barring blacks from establishments frequented by whites, de facto segregation operated in most areas. For example, initially the city centers were reserved to the white population only, while the black population was organized in cités indigènes (indigenous neighbourhoods called 'le belge'). Hospitals, department stores and other facilities were often reserved for either whites or blacks. In the Force Publique, black people could not pass the rank of non-commissioned officer. The black population in the cities could not leave their houses from 9 pm to 4 am. This type of segregation began to disappear gradually only in the 1950s, but even then the Congolese remained or felt treated in many respects as second-rate citizens (for instance in political and legal terms).", "United States courts of appeals. However, the above rule cannot apply in criminal cases if the effect of applying the newer law would be to create an ex post facto law to the detriment of the defendant.", "School segregation in the United States. The formal segregation of blacks and whites in the United States began with the passage of Jim Crow laws following the end of the Reconstruction Era in 1877.[1] These laws, which were prevalent in the South but also were passed by state legislatures in the Southwest and Midwest, segregated blacks and whites in all aspects of public life, including attendance of public schools.[2] Jim Crow laws did not exclusively apply to the segregation of whites and blacks; in Texas, for instance, Mexican-Americans, along with blacks, were prohibited from sharing schools, restaurants, churches, and other public spaces with whites.[3] In some areas, Native Americans were classified with blacks and similarly excluded from white facilities.", "Jim Crow laws. The NAACP Legal Defense Committee (a group that became independent of the NAACP) – and its lawyer, Thurgood Marshall – brought the landmark case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954) before the Supreme Court. In its pivotal 1954 decision, the Court unanimously overturned the 1896 Plessy decision. The Supreme Court found that legally mandated (de jure) public school segregation was unconstitutional. The decision had far-reaching social ramifications. De jure segregation was not brought to an end until the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.", "Separate but equal. In practice the separate facilities provided to African Americans were rarely equal; usually they were not even close to equal, or they did not exist at all. The doctrine was overturned by a series of Supreme Court decisions, starting with Brown v. Board of Education of 1954. However, the overturning of segregation laws in the United States was a long process that lasted through much of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s, involving federal legislation (especially the Civil Rights Act of 1964), and many court cases." ]

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[ "Flag code of India. When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]", "Flag of India. Gandhi first proposed a flag to the Indian National Congress in 1921. The flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. In the centre was a traditional spinning wheel, symbolising Gandhi's goal of making Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing. The design was then modified to include a white stripe in the centre for other religious communities, and provide a background for the spinning wheel. Subsequently, to avoid sectarian associations with the colour scheme, saffron, white and green were chosen for the three bands, representing courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry respectively.[7]", "Flag of India. When the Indian flag is flown on Indian territory along with other national flags, the general rule is that the Indian flag should be the starting point of all flags. When flags are placed in a straight line, the rightmost flag (leftmost to the observer facing the flag) is the Indian flag, followed by other national flags in alphabetical order. When placed in a circle, the Indian flag is the first point and is followed by other flags alphabetically. In such placement, all other flags should be of approximately the same size with no other flag being larger than the Indian flag. Each national flag should also be flown from its own pole and no flag should be placed higher than another. In addition to being the first flag, the Indian flag may also be placed within the row or circle alphabetically. When placed on crossed poles, the Indian flag should be in front of the other flag, and to the right (observer's left) of the other flag. The only exception to the preceding rule is when it is flown along with the flag of the United Nations, which may be placed to the right of the Indian flag.[1]", "Wheel. The winged wheel is a symbol of progress, seen in many contexts including the coat of arms of Panama, the logo of the Ohio State Highway Patrol and the State Railway of Thailand. The wheel is also the prominent figure on the flag of India. The wheel in this case represents law (dharma). It also appears in the flag of the Romani people, hinting to their nomadic history and their Indian origins.", "Ashoka Chakra. The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the dharmachakra; represented with 24 spokes. It is so called because it appears on a number of edicts of Ashoka, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Ashoka. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the Flag of India (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a navy blue colour on a white background, replacing the symbol of charkha (spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag.", "Flag. Signal flag \"India\" (a black circle on a yellow square) is frequently used to denote a \"blackball\" zone where surfboards cannot be used but other water activities are permitted.", "Flag of India. In April 1921, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi wrote in his journal Young India about the need for an Indian flag, proposing a flag with the charkha or spinning wheel at the centre.[20] The idea of the spinning wheel was put forth by Lala Hansraj, and Gandhi commissioned Pingali Venkayya to design a flag with the spinning wheel on a red and green banner, the red colour signifying Hindus and the green standing for Muslims. Gandhi wanted the flag to be presented at the Congress session of 1921, but it was not delivered on time, and another flag was proposed at the session. Gandhi later wrote that the delay was fortuitous since it allowed him to realise that other religions were not represented; he then added white to the banner colours, to represent all the other religions. Finally, owing to the religious-political sensibilities, in 1929, Gandhi moved towards a more secular interpretation of the flag colours, stating that red stood for the sacrifices of the people, white for purity, and green for hope.[21]", "Dharmachakra. The Flag of India has the Ashoka Chakra at its center representing the Dharmachakra.[18]", "Flag of India. On 14 July 1947, the committee recommended that the flag of the Indian National Congress be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications, so as to make it acceptable to all parties and communities. It was also resolved that the flag should not have any communal undertones.[5] The spinning wheel of the Congress flag was replaced by the Chakra (wheel) from the Lion Capital of Ashoka. According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the chakra was chosen as it was representative of dharma and law. However, Jawaharlal Nehru explained that the change was more practical in nature, as unlike the flag with the spinning wheel, this design would appear symmetrical. Gandhi was not very pleased by the change, but eventually came around to accepting it.", "The Bharat Scouts and Guides. The Scout emblem incorporates a wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra, taken from the Ashoka pillar at Sarnath, in the green-and-saffron colors of the flag of India.", "Flag of India. The National Flag of India is a horizontal rectangular tricolour of India saffron, white and India green; with the Ashoka Chakra, a 24-spoke wheel, in navy blue at its centre. It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, and it became the official flag of the Dominion of India on 15 August 1947. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, translit. Tiraṅgā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.[N 1]", "Flag code of India. The National flag of India is officially described in the Flag Code of India as follows: \"The colour of the top panel shall be India saffron (Kesari) and that of the bottom panel shall be India green. The middle panel shall be white, bearing at its centre the design of Ashoka Chakra in navy blue colour with 24 equally spaced spokes.\" [2] It was adopted in its present form during a meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on 22 July 1947, when it became the official flag of the Dominion of India. The flag was subsequently retained as that of the Republic of India. In India, the term \"tricolour\" (Hindi: तिरंगा, Tirangā) almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is based on the Swaraj flag, a flag of the Indian National Congress designed by Pingali Venkayya.", "Ashoka. The Ashoka Chakra (the wheel of Ashoka) is a depiction of the Dharmachakra (the Wheel of Dharma). The wheel has 24 spokes which represent the 12 Laws of Dependent Origination and the 12 Laws of Dependent Termination. The Ashoka Chakra has been widely inscribed on many relics of the Mauryan Emperor, most prominent among which is the Lion Capital of Sarnath and The Ashoka Pillar. The most visible use of the Ashoka Chakra today is at the centre of the National flag of the Republic of India (adopted on 22 July 1947), where it is rendered in a Navy-blue color on a White background, by replacing the symbol of Charkha (Spinning wheel) of the pre-independence versions of the flag. The Ashoka Chakra can also been seen on the base of the Lion Capital of Ashoka which has been adopted as the National Emblem of India.[citation needed]", "State Emblem of India. The emblem forms a part of the official letterhead of the Government of India and appears on all Indian currency as well. It also functions as the national emblem of India in many places and appears prominently on Indian passports. The Ashoka Chakra (wheel) on its base features in the centre of the national flag of India.", "Flag of India. A few days before India became independent on 15 August 1947, the specially constituted Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[8] A modified version of the Swaraj flag was chosen; the tricolour remained the same saffron, white and green. However, the charkha was replaced by the Ashoka Chakra representing the eternal wheel of law. The philosopher Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, who later became India's first Vice President and second President, clarified the adopted flag and described its significance as follows:", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006. The Flag of India, sometimes also known as the Tiranga, which means tricolour in Hindi, was adopted as the national flag of the Republic of India on July 22, 1947, during an ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly just before India's independence on August 15 1947. In India, the term \"tricolour\" almost always refers to the Indian national flag. The flag is a horizontal tricolour of saffron at the top, white in the middle and green at the bottom. In the centre is a navy blue wheel with twenty-four spokes, known as the Ashoka Chakra, taken from the Ashoka pillar at Sarnath. The flag is also the Indian army's war flag, hoisted daily on military installations. The Indian National Flag was designed by Pingali Venkayya. Official flag specification requires that the flag be made only of khadi–a special type of hand-spun yarn. The display and use of the flag are strictly enforced by the Indian Flag Code. A few days before India gained its freedom in August 1947, the Constituent Assembly set up an ad hoc committee headed by Rajendra Prasad. The Flag Committee was constituted on 1947-06-23 and after three weeks they came to a decision on 1947-07-14, being that the flag of the Indian National Congress should be adopted as the National Flag of India with suitable modifications. The \"Dharma Chakra\" which appears on the abacus of Sarnath was adopted in the place of the \"Charkha\". (more...).", "Bindi (decoration). A bindi is a bright dot of some colour applied in the centre of the forehead close to the eyebrows worn in the Indian subcontinent (particularly amongst Hindus in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan and Sri Lanka)[2] and Southeast Asia among Balinese, Javanese, Malaysian, Singaporean and Burmese Hindus. A similar marking is also worn by babies and children in China and, like in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, represents the opening of the third eye.[4] Bindi in Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism is associated with ajna chakra, and Bindu[5] is known as the third eye chakra. Bindu is the point or dot around which the mandala is created, representing the universe.[3][6] The bindi has a historical and cultural presence in the region of Greater India.[7][8]", "Flag of India. A number of flags with varying designs were used in the period preceding the Indian Independence Movement by the rulers of different princely states; the idea of a single Indian flag was first raised by the British rulers of India after the rebellion of 1857, which resulted in the establishment of direct imperial rule. The first flag, whose design was based on western heraldic standards, were similar to the flags of other British colonies, including Canada and Australia; its blue field included the Union Flag in the upper-left quadrant and a Star of India capped by the royal crown in the middle of the right half. To address the question of how the star conveyed \"Indianness\", Queen Victoria created the Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India to honour services to the empire by her Indian subjects. Subsequently, all the Indian princely states received flags with symbols based on the heraldic criteria of Europe including the right to fly defaced British red ensigns.[10][11][12]", "Flag of India. According to the Flag code of India, the Indian flag has a ratio of two by three (where the length of the flag is 1.5 times that of the width). All three stripes of the flag (saffron, white and green) are to be equal in width and length. The size of the Ashoka Chakra is not specified in the Flag code, but it has twenty-four spokes that are evenly spaced.[5] In section 4.3.1 of \"IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag\", there is a chart that details the size of the Ashoka Chakra on the nine specific sizes of the national flag.[3] In both the Flag code and IS1, they call for the Ashoka Chakra to be printed or painted on both sides of the flag in navy blue.[3][5] Below is the list of specified shades for all colours used on the national flag, with the exception of Navy Blue, from \"IS1: Manufacturing standards for the Indian Flag\" as defined in the 1931 CIE Colour Specifications with illuminant C.[3] The navy blue colour can be found in the standard IS:1803-1973.[3]", "Flag of India. In the early twentieth century, around the coronation of Edward VII, a discussion started on the need for a heraldic symbol that was representative of the Indian empire. William Coldstream, a British member of the Indian Civil Service, campaigned the government to change the heraldic symbol from a star, which he considered to be a common choice, to something more appropriate. His proposal was not well received by the government; Lord Curzon rejected it for practical reasons including the multiplication of flags.[13] Around this time, nationalist opinion within the realm was leading to a representation through religious tradition. The symbols that were in vogue included the Ganesha, advocated by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, and Kali, advocated by Aurobindo Ghosh and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay. Another symbol was the cow, or Gau Mata (cow mother). However, all these symbols were Hindu-centric and did not suggest unity with India's Muslim population.[14]", "Flag of Portugal. The armillary sphere has a diameter equal to ​1⁄2 width and is equidistant from the upper and lower edges of the flag.[2] The sphere, drawn in perspective, possesses six edge-embossed arcs, four of which are great circles and two are small circles. The great circles represent the ecliptic (wider oblique arc), the equator, and two meridians. These last three are positioned so that the intersections between each two arcs make a right angle; one meridian lies on the flag's plane while the other is perpendicular to it. The small circles consist of two parallels (the tropics), each tangent to one of the ecliptic-meridian intersections.[3]", "Flag code of India. The Flag Code of India has been divided into three parts:-", "Flag of India. Detractors of the flag movement, including Motilal Nehru, soon hailed the Swaraj flag as a symbol of national unity. Thus, the flag became a significant structural component of the institution of India. In contrast to the subdued responses of the past, the British Indian government took greater cognisance of the new flag, and began to define a policy of response. The British parliament discussed public use of the flag, and based on directives from England, the British Indian government threatened to withdraw funds from municipalities and local governments that did not prevent the display of the Swaraj flag.[24] The Swaraj flag became the official flag of Congress at the 1931 meeting. However, by then, the flag had already become the symbol of the independence movement.[25]", "Param Vir Chakra. The medal is a circular bronze disc 1.375 inches (3.49 cm) in diameter. On the front, the state emblem appears in the center on a raised circle surrounded by four copies of the vajra, the mythical weapon of Indra, the ancient Vedic King of Gods. The motif symbolizes the sacrifice of Rishi Dadhichi, who gave his bones to the Gods to make the vajra to kill the demon Vritra. The medal is suspended from a straight swiveling suspension bar. On the rear, around a plain center, are two legends separated by lotus flowers. The words Param Vir Chakra are written in Hindi and English.[9][12] A purple ribbon, 32 millimetres (1.3 in) long, holds the Param Vir Chakra.[9]", "Flag of India. On 13 April 1923, during a procession by local Congress volunteers in Nagpur commemorating the Jallianwala Bagh massacre, the Swaraj flag with the spinning wheel, designed by Pingali Venkayya, was hoisted. This event resulted in a confrontation between the Congressmen and the police, after which five people were imprisoned. Over a hundred other protesters continued the flag procession after a meeting. Subsequently, on the first of May, Jamnalal Bajaj, the secretary of the Nagpur Congress Committee, started the Flag Satyagraha, gaining national attention and marking a significant point in the flag movement. The satyagraha, promoted nationally by the Congress, started creating cracks within the organisation in which the Gandhians were highly enthused while the other group, the Swarajists, called it inconsequential.", "Bhavacakra. These images represent karma, the law of cause and effect. The light half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of positive actions. The dark half-circle indicates people experiencing the results of negative actions.[12]", "Ashoka. A few days before India became independent in August 1947, the specially-formed Constituent Assembly decided that the flag of India must be acceptable to all parties and communities.[80] A flag with three colours, Saffron, White and Green with the Ashoka Chakra was selected.[citation needed]", "Indian rupee sign. The new sign is a combination of the Devanagari letter \"र\" (\"ra\") and the Latin capital letter \"R\" without its vertical bar (similar to the R rotunda). The parallel lines at the top (with white space between them) are said to make an allusion to the tricolor Indian flag.[11] and also depict an equality sign that symbolizes the nation's desire to reduce economic disparity.[12]", "National Cadet Corps (India). In 1954 the existing tricolor flag was introduced. The three colours in the flag depict the three services in the Corps, red for Army, deep blue for Navy and light blue for the Air Force. The letters NCC and the NCC crest in gold in the middle of the flag encircled by a wreath of lotus, give the flag a colourful look and a distinct identity. Each lotus represents one NCC Directorate(Dte).The two dots represents Officer Training Academy's in India they are at Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh and Kamptee, Maharashtra.", "Flag of India. In 1916, Pingali Venkayya submitted thirty new designs, in the form of a booklet funded by members of the High Court of Madras. These many proposals and recommendations did little more than keep the flag movement alive. The same year, Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak adopted a new flag as part of the Home Rule Movement. The flag included the Union Jack in the upper left corner, a star and crescent in the upper right, and seven stars displayed diagonally from the lower right, on a background of five red and four green alternating bands. The flag resulted in the first governmental initiative against any nationalistic flag, as a magistrate in Coimbatore banned its use. The ban was followed by a public debate on the function and importance of a national flag.[18]", "Flag code of India. When the Indian flag is displayed with non-national flags, including corporate flags and advertising banners, the rules state that if the flags are on separate staffs, the flag of India should be in the middle, or the furthest left from the viewpoint of the onlookers, or at least one flag's breadth higher than the other flags in the group. Its flagpole must be in front of the other poles in the group, but if they are on the same staff, it must be the uppermost flag. If the flag is carried in procession with other flags, it must be at the head of the marching procession, or if carried with a row of flags in line abreast, it must be carried to the marching right of the procession.[1]", "Hindu iconography. To denote marriage and auspiciousness, married Hindu women commonly wear a decorative vermilion dot or bindu, or bindÄ« on the forehead. This is analogous to a wedding ring worn in western countries. In southern India, the mark is called pottu (or bottu). The exact shape, size and location of the bindi or pottu shows regional variation; for instance, in northern India the bindi is often worn just below the hairline, while in southern India it is more common to wear it between the eyebrows. In east India, especially in West Bengal, traditionally larger bindis are worn as mark of devotion towards Goddess Durga." ]

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[ "Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden (Hebrew גַּן עֵדֶן, Gan ʿEḏen) or (often) Paradise, is the biblical \"garden of God\", described most notably in the Book of Genesis chapters 2 and 3, and also in the Book of Ezekiel.[2][3] Genesis 13:10 refers to the \"garden of God\" (not called Eden by name),[4] and the \"trees of the garden\" are mentioned in Ezekiel 31.[5] The Book of Zechariah and the Book of Psalms also refer to trees and water in relation to the temple without explicitly mentioning Eden.[6]", "Garden of Eden. According to the Bible, the location of Eden is described in the Book of Genesis, chapter 2, verses 10–14:", "Garden of Eden. According to Terje Stordalen, the Eden in Ezekiel appears to be located in Lebanon.[15] \"[I]t appears that the Lebanon is an alternative placement in Phoenician myth (as in Ez 28,13, III.48) of the Garden of Eden\",[16] and there are connections between paradise, the garden of Eden and the forests of Lebanon (possibly used symbolically) within prophetic writings.[17] Edward Lipinski and Peter Kyle McCarter have suggested that the Garden of the gods (Sumerian paradise), the oldest Sumerian version of the Garden of Eden, relates to a mountain sanctuary in the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon ranges.[18]", "Garden of Eden. Much like records of the great flood, the creation story and the account of the confusion of languages, the story of Eden echoes the Mesopotamian myth of a king, as a primordial man, who is placed in a divine garden to guard the Tree of life.[8] The Hebrew Bible depicts Adam and Eve as walking around the Garden of Eden naked due to their innocence.[9] Eden and its rivers may signify the real Jerusalem, the Temple of Solomon, or the Promised Land. It may also represent the divine garden on Zion, and the mountain of God, which was also Jerusalem. The imagery of the Garden, with its serpent and cherubim, has been compared[by whom?] to the images of the Solomonic Temple with its copper serpent (the nehushtan) and guardian cherubs.[10][need quotation to verify]", "Garden of Eden. Numerous early leaders of the Church, including Brigham Young, Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon, taught that the Garden of Eden itself was located in nearby Jackson County, Missouri,[46] but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being taught by Joseph Smith himself. LDS doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden of Eden, but tradition among Latter-Day Saints places it somewhere in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman, or in Jackson County.[47][48]", "Garden of Eden. Although the Garden of Eden is considered to be mythological by most scholars,[19][20][21][22][23][24] there have been other suggestions for its location:[25] for example, at the head of the Persian Gulf, in southern Mesopotamia (now Iraq) where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers run into the sea;[26] and in the Armenian Highlands or Armenian Plateau.[27][28][29][30] British archaeologist David Rohl claims it may have been located in Iran, and in the vicinity of Tabriz, but this suggestion has not caught on with scholarly sources.[31]", "Adam-ondi-Ahman. Contemporaries of Smith stated that he taught that the Garden of Eden was located in the vicinity of Independence, Missouri,[10] and that after Adam and Eve were banished from the garden, they went to Adam-ondi-Ahman.[11]", "Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden motifs most frequently portrayed in illuminated manuscripts and paintings are the \"Sleep of Adam\" (\"Creation of Eve\"), the \"Temptation of Eve\" by the Serpent, the \"Fall of Man\" where Adam takes the fruit, and the \"Expulsion\". The idyll of \"Naming Day in Eden\" was less often depicted. Much of Milton's Paradise Lost occurs in the Garden of Eden. Michelangelo depicted a scene at the Garden of Eden in the Sistine Chapel ceiling. In the Divine Comedy, Dante places the Garden at the top of Mt. Purgatory. For many medieval writers, the image of the Garden of Eden also creates a location for human love and sexuality, often associated with the classic and medieval trope of the locus amoenus.[49] One of oldest depictions of Garden of Eden is made in Byzantine style in Ravenna, while the city was still under Byzantine control. A preserved blue mosaic is part of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia. Circular motifs represent flowers of the garden of Eden.", "Garden of Eden. Members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (also known as Mormons or Latter-day Saints) believe that after Adam and Eve were expelled from the Garden of Eden they resided in a place known as Adam-ondi-Ahman, located in present-day Daviess County, Missouri. It is recorded in the Doctrine and Covenants that Adam blessed his posterity there and that he will return to that place at the time of the final judgement[43][44] in fulfillment of biblical prophecy.[45]", "Garden of Eden. In Ezekiel 28:12–19 the prophet Ezekiel the \"son of man\" sets down God's word against the king of Tyre: the king was the \"seal of perfection\", adorned with precious stones from the day of his creation, placed by God in the garden of Eden on the holy mountain as a guardian cherub. But the king sinned through wickedness and violence, and so he was driven out of the garden and thrown to the earth, where now he is consumed by God's fire: \"All the nations who knew you are appalled at you, you have come to a horrible end and will be no more.\" (v.19).", "Garden of Eden. 5th century \"Garden of Eden\" mosaic in mausoleum of Galla Placidia in Ravenna, Italy. UNESCO World heritage site.", "Garden of Eden. In the Talmud and the Jewish Kabbalah,[34] the scholars agree that there are two types of spiritual places called \"Garden in Eden\". The first is rather terrestrial, of abundant fertility and luxuriant vegetation, known as the \"lower Gan Eden\". The second is envisioned as being celestial, the habitation of righteous, Jewish and non-Jewish, immortal souls, known as the \"higher Gan Eden\". The Rabbanim differentiate between Gan and Eden. Adam is said to have dwelt only in the Gan, whereas Eden is said never to be witnessed by any mortal eye.[34]", "Four corners of the world. In Christianity and Judaism, the Old Testament (Genesis 2:8-14) identifies the Garden of Eden, and the four rivers as the Tigris, Euphrates, Pishon, and Gihon. The Tigris runs to Assyria, the Euphrates to Armenia, the Pishon to Havilah or Elam, and the Gihon to Ethiopia.[1][2][3]", "Garden of Eden. According to Jewish eschatology,[35][36] the higher Gan Eden is called the \"Garden of Righteousness\". It has been created since the beginning of the world, and will appear gloriously at the end of time. The righteous dwelling there will enjoy the sight of the heavenly chayot carrying the throne of God. Each of the righteous will walk with God, who will lead them in a dance. Its Jewish and non-Jewish inhabitants are \"clothed with garments of light and eternal life, and eat of the tree of life\" (Enoch 58,3) near to God and His anointed ones.[36] This Jewish rabbinical concept of a higher Gan Eden is opposed by the Hebrew terms gehinnom[37] and sheol, figurative names for the place of spiritual purification for the wicked dead in Judaism, a place envisioned as being at the greatest possible distance from heaven.[38]", "History of gardening. The biblical Book of Genesis mentions the Tigris and Euphrates as two of the four rivers bounding the Garden of Eden.[6] No specific place has been identified, although there are many theories.", "Jackson County, Missouri. Many early members of the Latter Day Saint movement—including Brigham Young—believed that Jackson County was the site of the biblical Garden of Eden.[12][13] Others who believed this included Heber C. Kimball, and George Q. Cannon,[14] but there are no surviving first-hand accounts of that doctrine being definitively taught by Joseph Smith himself. Official LDS Church doctrine is unclear as to the exact location of the Garden, but according to LDS tradition it is somewhere in Jackson County in the vicinity of Adam-ondi-Ahman (in nearby Daviess County).[15][16]", "Garden of Eden. The second part of the Genesis creation narrative, Genesis, opens with Adonai Elohim (the LORD God, lit. YHWH Elohim, see Names of God in Judaism) creating the first man (Adam), whom he placed in a garden that he planted \"eastward in Eden\".[11]", "List of biblical place names in North America. The Garden of Eden is where people first appear in the Bible.", "Garden of Eden. Traditionally, scholars favored deriving the name \"Eden\" from the Akkadian edinnu, derived from a Sumerian word edin meaning \"plain\" or \"steppe\". Eden is now believed[by whom?] to be more closely related to an Aramaic root word meaning \"fruitful, well-watered.\"[3] Another interpretation associates the name \"Eden\" with a Hebrew word for \"pleasure\"; thus the Douay-Rheims Bible in Genesis 2:8 has the wording \"And the Lord God had planted a paradise of pleasure\" (rather than \"a garden in Eden\"). The Hebrew term is translated \"pleasure\" in Sarah's secret saying in Genesis 18:12.[7]", "Garden of Eden. Events taking place in the Garden of Eden are spoken about prominently in the Quran and the tafsir (interpretation). The term \"Jannāt `Adni\" (\"Gardens of Eden\" or \"Gardens of Perpetual Residence\") is used in the Qur'an for the destination of the righteous. There are several mentions of \"the Garden\" in the Qur'an (2:35, 7:19, 20:117), meaning the Garden of Eden, but without the word \"`Adn\".[40] There are other places that talk about events there, without mentioning the location. This includes surat Sad, which features 18 verses on the subject (38:71–88), surat al-Baqarah, surat al-A'raf, and surat al-Hijr. The narrative mainly surrounds the resulting expulsion of Iblis from the garden and his subsequent tempting of Adam and Eve. After Iblis refuses to follow God's command to bow down to Adam for being his greatest creation, Allah transforms him into Satan as a punishment. Despite the Biblical account, the Quran mentions only one tree in Eden, the tree of immortality, which Allah specifically claimed it was forbidden to Adam and Eve. Despite this, however, Satan, disguised as a serpent, repeatedly told Adam to eat from the tree, and eventually both Adam and Eve did so, resulting in disobeying Allah.[41] These stories are also featured in the Islamic hadith collections, including al-Tabari.[42]", "Garden of Eden. Genesis 2:10–14 lists four rivers in association with the garden of Eden: Pishon, Gihon, the Tigris, and the Euphrates. It also refers to the land of Cush—translated/interpreted as Ethiopia, but thought by some to equate to Cossaea, a Greek name for the land of the Kassites.[12] These lands lie north of Elam, immediately to the east of ancient Babylon, which, unlike Ethiopia, does lie within the region being described.[13] In Antiquities of the Jews, the first-century Jewish historian Josephus identifies the Pishon as what \"the Greeks called Ganges\" and the Geon (Gehon) as the Nile.[14]", "Garden of Eden. And out of the ground made the Lord God to grow every tree that is pleasant to the sight, and good for food; the tree of life also in the midst of the garden, and the tree of knowledge of good and evil.", "Garden of Eden. The Garden of Eden by Lucas Cranach der Ältere, a 16th-century German depiction of Eden", "Pishon. The Pishon (Hebrew: פִּישׁוֹן‎ Pîšōn) is one of four rivers (along with Hiddekel (Tigris), Phrath (Euphrates) and Gihon) mentioned in the Biblical Book of Genesis. In that passage, these rivers are described as arising within the Garden of Eden. The Pishon is described as encircling \"the entire land of Havilah.\"[1]", "Tree of life. The tree first appeared in Genesis 2:9 and 3:22-24 as the source of eternal life in the Garden of Eden, from which access is revoked when man is driven from the garden. It then reappears in the last book of the Bible, the Book of Revelation, and most predominantly in the last chapter of that book (Chapter 22) as a part of the new garden of paradise. Access is then no longer forbidden, for those who \"wash their robes\" (or as the textual variant in the King James Version has it, \"they that do his commandments\") \"have right to the tree of life\" (v.14). A similar statement appears in Rev 2:7, where the tree of life is promised as a reward to those who overcome. Revelation 22 begins with a reference to the \"pure river of water of life\" which proceeds \"out of the throne of God\". The river seems to feed two trees of life, one \"on either side of the river\" which \"bear twelve manner of fruits\" \"and the leaves of the tree were for healing of the nations\" (v.1-2).[15] Or this may indicate that the tree of life is a vine that grows on both sides of the river, as John 15:1 would hint at.", "Mahd adh Dhahab. There is a possibility that the Cradle of Gold is mentioned in the Biblical story of the Garden of Eden in The Book of Genesis. - \"And a river went out of Eden to water the garden; and from thence it was parted, and became into four heads. The name of the first is Pishon: that is it which compasseth the whole land of Havilah, where there is gold; And the gold of that land is good: there is bdellium and the onyx stone.\" Research by archaeologists Juris Zarins of Missouri State University and Farouk El-Baz of Boston University indicates that the Pishon River may be the now dried up river bed that once flowed 600 miles north east from the Mahd adh-Dhahab area of the Hejaz c. 3000 BC.[1]", "Legends of the coco de mer. In the Victorian era, General Charles George Gordon, who visited the Seychelles in 1881, believed that the Vallée de Mai on the island of Praslin was the original Garden of Eden as described in the Bible, and that the coco de mer was the forbidden fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil.[10] General Gordon wrote:", "Tree of life. The tree of life is mentioned in the Book of Genesis; it is distinct from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. After Adam and Eve disobeyed God by eating fruit from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, they were driven out of the Garden of Eden. Remaining in the garden, however, was the tree of life. To prevent their access to this tree in the future, Cherubim with a flaming sword were placed at the east of the garden. (Genesis 3:22-24)", "The Magician's Nephew. The sacred Garden in the west of the Narnian world is surrounded by a \"high wall of green turf\" with branches of trees overhanging it, and \"high gates of gold, fast shut, facing due east\", which must be the only entrance because the travellers \"walked nearly all the way round it\" before they found them. In all these points Lewis echoes Milton's description of Eden in Paradise Lost:", "Tree of life (biblical). In the Book of Genesis, the tree of life is first described in chapter 2, verse 9 as being \"in the midst of the Garden of Eden\" with the tree of the knowledge of good and evil (Hebrew: עֵץ הַדַּעַת‬). After the fall of man, \"lest he put forth his hand, and take also of the tree of life, and eat, and live for ever\",[3] cherubim are placed at the east end of the Garden to guard the way to the tree of life.[4] The tree of life has become the subject of some debate as to whether or not the tree of the knowledge of good and evil is the same tree.[5]", "The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man. The Garden of Eden with the Fall of Man or The Earthly Paradise with the Fall of Adam and Eve is a 1617 painting by Peter Paul Rubens (figures) and Jan Brueghel the Elder (flora and fauna). It is housed in the Mauritshuis, Netherlands. The painting depicts the moment just before the consumption of forbidden fruit and the fall of man.", "River Eden, Cumbria. The river was known to the Romans as the Itouna, as recorded by the Greek geographer Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) in the 2nd century AD. This name derives from the Celtic word ituna, meaning water,[1] or rushing.[2] Thus there is no relation to the biblical Garden of Eden." ]

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[ "Harry and the Hendersons. Harry and the Hendersons is a 1987 American fantasy comedy film directed and produced by William Dear and starring John Lithgow, Melinda Dillon, Don Ameche, David Suchet, Margaret Langrick, Joshua Rudoy, Lainie Kazan, and Kevin Peter Hall. Steven Spielberg served as its uncredited executive producer, while Rick Baker provided the makeup and the creature designs for Harry. It is the story of a Seattle family's encounter with the cryptozoological creature Bigfoot, partially inspired by the numerous claims of sightings in the Pacific Northwest, California and other parts of both the United States and Canada since the late 1960s. The film won an Academy Award for Best Makeup, and inspired a follow-up TV series of the same name.[1] In the United Kingdom, the film was originally released as Bigfoot and the Hendersons, though the TV series retained the American title. The DVD and all current showings of the movie in the UK now refer to the movie by its original title.", "Harry and the Hendersons. Saddened, the family resume their normal lives, but sightings of Harry become more frequent and the media fervor heightens. George tries to find Harry in order to keep him safe. George visits the \"North American Museum of Anthropology\" to speak with Dr. Wallace Wrightwood, an expert on Bigfoot, but is disheartened when he realizes its ramshackle state. Giving his number to the clerk (Don Ameche) inside the Museum, George resumes his search for Harry. The hunter from the woods is Jacques LaFleur (David Suchet), a legendary hunter who became obsessed with Bigfoot and has hunted for one ever since becoming a laughingstock. LaFleur tracks down the Hendersons and is closer to finding Harry.", "Harry and the Hendersons. George Henderson (John Lithgow) is returning to his suburban Seattle home with his family from a camping trip in the nearby Cascade mountains when they hit something with the family Ford Country Squire. George investigates, and discovers to his horror and awe, that they have hit a Sasquatch. Thinking they have killed it, they decide to take the creature home, strapping it to the roof of their car. Meanwhile, a mysterious hunter has been tracking the creature and discovers the Hendersons' license plate, which fell off when they hit the creature.", "Brian Steele. 2006-2014 Steele portrayed the Prank redeeming Sasquatch in over 40 Messin' with Sasquatch Commercials for Jack Links Jerky. On television, Steele played the Bigfoot called Harry in the series Harry and the Hendersons before moving on to play creatures in theatrical motion pictures, with roles like Mr. Wink in Hellboy 2: The Golden Army wearing over 130 pounds of makeup.[1] Steele has portrayed Drake Beast in Blade: Trinity, Sammael in Hellboy, Lycan werewolves in Underworld and Underworld: Rise of the Lycans, William Corvinus in Underworld: Evolution, T-600 in Terminator Salvation,[2] Berzerker Predator in Predators,[3] and a Bigfoot in Eduardo Sánchez horror-thriller film Exists.[4]", "Harry and the Hendersons. After a Harry sighting, George goes into the city to search for him. Meanwhile, the police are dealing with the \"Bigfoot Mania\" by apprehending several local enthusiasts that are hunting Bigfoot, in case the Bigfoot in question is someone dressed in a costume. Following a car chase, George is able to save Harry from LaFleur, and LaFleur is arrested by police officers. When George brings Harry home, he and the Hendersons bury the hunting trophies and pay their respects to the dead animals that were converted into hunting trophies.", "Harry and the Hendersons. The next morning, the neighbors notice hair in the Hendersons pool, and Harry is seen being dried off while watching The Addams Family. In jail, LaFleur calls someone and tells him to secure his immediate release because he has a lead on Bigfoot. George calls Dr. Wrightwood from the museum and invites him to dinner to speak about Bigfoot. At dinner, the museum clerk is revealed to be Dr. Wrightwood, having also become a laughingstock. Dr. Wrightwood tells George and the family to give up on Bigfoot, as it has destroyed his life and will destroy theirs, but then he meets Harry, and instantly agrees to take him to safety, away from the city. By this time, LaFleur has been bailed of jail and heads to the Henderson house. George and Harry escape the house with Dr. Wrightwood in his old truck. LaFleur gives chase and eventually catches up with the Henderson family.", "Kevin Peter Hall. Kevin Peter Hall (May 9, 1955 – April 10, 1991) was an American actor best known for his roles as the title character in the first two films in the Predator franchise and the title character of Harry in the film and television series, Harry and the Hendersons. He also appeared in the television series Misfits of Science and 227 along with the film, Without Warning.", "John Lithgow. In 1987, Lithgow starred in the Bigfoot-themed family comedy Harry and the Hendersons. In 2002, he narrated Life's Greatest Miracle, a documentary about human embryonic development, while in 2004, he portrayed the moralistic, rigid father of Alfred Kinsey in that year's biopic Kinsey. In 2006, Lithgow had a small role in the Academy Award-winning film Dreamgirls, as Jerry Harris, a film producer offering Deena Jones (Beyoncé Knowles) a film role.[19] He starred in a lead role in the science fiction film Rise of the Planet of the Apes.[20]", "Harry and the Hendersons. The film had a TV series spin-off, also called Harry and the Hendersons. Kevin Peter Hall reprised Harry until his death in 1991. After that, Harry was performed by Dawan Scott in 1991-1992 and by Brian Steele in 1992-1993. Harry's vocal effects were provided by Patrick Pinney.", "Melinda Dillon. Four years later, Dillon co-starred with John Lithgow in the Bigfoot comedy Harry and the Hendersons. She continued to be active in stage and film throughout the 1990s, taking roles in the Barbra Streisand drama The Prince of Tides, the low-budget Lou Diamond Phillips thriller Sioux City, and the drama How to Make an American Quilt. [4]", "Harry and the Hendersons. Fleeing back to the mountains, George tries to make Harry leave, going so far as to hit Harry. Confused and upset, Harry does not leave. LaFleur catches up to them and attacks the Hendersons dog. Harry attacks LaFleur, but George intervenes. Through George's faith and Harry's kindness, LaFleur changes his mind and decides that Harry deserves to live peacefully. As the family says goodbye, George thanks Harry for all he has done for the family and tells him to take care of himself. to which Harry replies \"Okay\" (his first spoken word). As Harry leaves, several other Sasquatches appear from their hiding places and also disappear into the wilderness with him, to the amazement of the Hendersons. When Dr. Wrightwood asks LaFleur what he's going to do next, LaFleur replies, \"I don't know. There's always Loch Ness.\" As the two of them laugh at that comment, the Hendersons keep waving goodbye to Harry.", "Kevin Peter Hall. Following his role in Predator, Hall appeared in the film Big Top Pee-wee (1988) and had a guest spot on Star Trek: The Next Generation; Hall had been one of the actors considered for the role of Geordi La Forge on the latter, before the role went to LeVar Burton.[4] From 1989 to 1990, he had a recurring role on the NBC sitcom 227. In 1990, Hall reprised his role as Harry in the television series Harry and the Hendersons, based on the 1987 film of the same name. He died during the series' first season.", "Kevin Peter Hall. Hall made his acting debut in the 1979 horror film Prophecy. Due to his height, he was often cast in monster roles. He appeared as the alien in the 1980 horror film Without Warning and as Gorvil in the 1982 television movie Mazes and Monsters. In 1985, he co-starred in the short-lived series Misfits of Science. He guest-starred on the sitcom Night Court as a huge but gentle mental patient who humorously towered over bailiff Bull Shannon, played by Richard Moll, who is 6 ft 8 in (203 cm), and a fellow mental patient, played by James Cromwell, who is 6 ft 7 in (201 cm). The next year, Hall portrayed yet another monster in the horror film Monster in the Closet, followed by the role of Harry in Harry and the Hendersons.", "Gavin MacLeod. Between 1957 and 1961, MacLeod made several television appearances on various shows. In December 1961, he landed a guest role on The Dick Van Dyke Show as Mel's cousin Maxwell Cooley, a wholesale jeweler. This was his first time working with Mary Tyler Moore. MacLeod had three guest appearances on Perry Mason: in 1961 he played Lawrence Comminger in \"The Case of the Grumbling Grandfather\", and in 1965 he played Mortimer Hershey in \"The Case of the Grinning Gorilla\", and Dan Platte in \"The Case of the Runaway Racer\". He played the role of a drug pusher, \"Big Chicken\", in two episodes of the first season of Hawaii Five-O. Other guest roles include The Untouchables, Dr. Kildare, Rawhide, Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C., The Man from U.N.C.L.E., My Favorite Martian, Hogan's Heroes, Combat!, The Big Valley, The Andy Griffith Show, It Takes a Thief, The Flying Nun, The King of Queens, and That '70s Show.", "Harry and the Hendersons. Later that night, George goes out to the garage to examine the creature and discovers that it is not dead, and has escaped. He hears noises from his kitchen and sees the creature, which has knocked over the fridge looking for food. The family realizes that the creature is friendly and kind. George has a change of heart; at first he wished to make money from the creature, but now decides to take him back to the wild. Naming the creature \"Harry,\" George tries to lure him into the station wagon, but Harry believes that the Hendersons mean him harm and instead he disappears.", "John Lithgow. On March 5, 2009, Lithgow made a cameo on NBC's 30 Rock, in the episode \"Goodbye, My Friend,\" with several references to his role in Harry and the Hendersons.", "Josh Hutcherson. In 2008, he appeared in the independent crime drama Winged Creatures (released as Fragments on DVD) alongside Dakota Fanning as they portrayed two teenage friends who survive a massacre,[47] and in Journey to the Center of the Earth, a 3D film adaptation of the novel of the same name where he portrayed a teen who travels to Iceland with an uncle he hardly knows, played by Brendan Fraser.[44][48] Over the next two years, he appeared as a boy named Steve \"Leopard\" Leonard who visits a freak show with his friends in the vampire fiction film adaptation of the book Cirque du Freak[49] and had a supporting role in the critically acclaimed The Kids Are All Right, portraying the son of a lesbian couple, played by Annette Bening and Julianne Moore.[50][51] According to Kaleem Aftab of The Independent, his role in the film was a pivotal point in his career and one of vital importance to continuing his career into adulthood.[8] Hutcherson expressed gratitude at being cast in the film, displaying satisfaction with the intimacy and creative freedom that independent films provide over studio films.[52] The film won the Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy in 2010, and was a nominee for Best Picture at the 83rd Academy Awards.[53][54] Gregory Ellwood of entertainment site HitFix stated: \"Hutcherson's charismatic wit and natural instincts shine and it's arguably the first film where he proves he's more than just another sharp-looking teen actor.\"[51]", "Leave It to Beaver (season 4). Guests: Stanley Fafara as Whitey Whitney, Richard Correll as Richard Rickover, Stephen Talbot as Gilbert Bates, Jason Robards Sr. as Mr. Henderson, Keith Taylor as Harry.", "F Troop. Other notable and well known character actors who appeared in the series are (usually only once or twice): Henry Brandon (as a chief of the vicious, but fictitious, Shug Indian tribe),[5] Jay Sheffield (as Lt. Jefferson Hawkes),[5] Alan Hewitt (as Col. Malcolm),[5] Don \"Red\" Barry (as Col. Donnely),[18] Willis Bouchey (as Col. Herman Saunders),[34] Forrest Lewis (as Doc. Emmett),[23] Vic Tayback and Robert G. Anderson (as the notorious Colton Brothers),[23] Linda Marshall (as Parmenter's old girlfriend from Philadelphia),[29] Laurie Sibbald (as Flying Sparrow[29] and Silver Dove[50]), John Stephenson (as General Custer),[16] Nydia Westman (as Dobb's mother),[51] Patrice Wymore (as Laura Lee[51] and Peggy Gray[52]), Parley Baer (as Col. Watkins),[53] MaKee K. Blaisdell (as War Cloud),[50] Jackie Joseph (as Agarn's old girlfriend Betty Lou MacDonald),[39] Mike Mazurki (as a very big Geronimo),[39] Tony Martinez (as Felipe),[22] Del Moore (as Dapper Dan Fulbright),[40] Andrew Duggan (as the Indian-hating Major Chester Winster, inventor of the Chestwinster 76 rifle – a parody of the famous Winchester 73 rifle),[1] Abbe Lane (as the beautiful counterspy Lorelei Duval),[41] Jackie Loughery (as the Gypsy Tanya),[42] Marjorie Bennett (as Ella Vorhees),[15] Eve McVeagh (as Wilma McGee, O'Rourke's old girlfriend from Steubenville, Ohio and now a widow woman from Brooklyn, NY),[15] Ben Gage (as Mike O'Hanlon),[15] Richard Reeves (as Jim Sweeney, O'Rourke's old friend),[15] Victor Jory (as Apache Chief Mean Buffalo),[28] James Griffith (as sharpshooting Sgt. Crawford),[24] Cathy Lewis (as Whispering Breeze, mother of Johnny Eagle Eye, wife of Sitting Bull and sister to Wild Eagle),[24] Les Brown, Jr (as Lt. Mark Harrison),[54] George Barrows (as Pecos),[55] Paul Sorensen (as Tombstone),[55] Mary Young (as the Widow O'Brien),[55] Charles Lane (as Mr. S. A. MacGuire),[55] Don Beddoe (as the Hermit),[56] Lew Parker (as George C. Bragan),[57] Tol Avery (as Derby Dan McGurney),[57] Tommy Farrell (as Jenks),[58] Richard X. Slattery (as Col. William Bartlett),[58] Joby Baker (as Mario Maracucci),[46] Letícia Román (as Gina Barberini),[46] I. Stanford Jolley (as Col. Ferguson),[59] George Furth (as Capt. Jonathan W. Blair),[59] Pepper Curtis (as Lily),[60] Peter Leeds (as Mr Larson),[60] Victor French (as the deserter Cpl. Matt Delaney),[8] Fred Clark (as Major Hewitt),[8] Arch Johnson as Col. Adams),[61] Mary Wickes (as marriage broker Samantha Oglesby),[26] Joyce Jameson (as Sally Tyler),[52] and Charles Drake (as Major Terence McConnell).[52] Lowell George, later the leader of the rock group Little Feat, appeared with his earlier band The Factory on an episode as a group called the Bedbugs.[3][62] William Conrad was the uncredited voice announcer in the first episode \"Scourge of the West\".[5]", "Kevin McDonald. Since The Kids in the Hall's end in 1994, he's played many roles in movies like Boy Meets Girl, Agent Pleakley in the Lilo & Stitch franchise, and Harry Potter in Epic Movie. On television, he has appeared on The Martin Short Show, Ellen (as a radio personality), That '70s Show (as a confused young cleric, Pastor Dave), Seinfeld, Friends, NewsRadio (on which Foley starred), MADtv, Arrested Development, and Corner Gas. McDonald has also done voice work for various animated series, including Invader Zim (in which he did the voice for Almighty Tallest Purple), The Angry Beavers, Catscratch (in which he voiced Waffle), and Clerks: The Animated Series. He also played an imaginary friend named Ivan in the Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends episode Sight For Sore Eyes, and appeared in the music video for \"Roses\" by OutKast.", "Dane DeHaan. In 2012, DeHaan starred in the camcorder drama film Chronicle, and as Cricket in Lawless. In 2013, he played Lucien Carr, a contemporary of Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac, in Kill Your Darlings, alongside Daniel Radcliffe. It was a role for which he has received critical acclaim.[9] He was the cover star of Hero (magazine) issue 10, shot by Hedi Slimane and published in October 2013.[10] In 2014, Annie Leibovitz photographed DeHaan for a Prada clothing \"men’s spring advertising campaign\".[11] Also that year, he played Harry Osborn, in The Amazing Spider-Man 2[2] and Zach Orfman in Life After Beth.", "Harry and the Hendersons. Side 2:", "Jere Burns. Burns made his television debut in a small role on ABC's Mom's On Strike in 1984. He had a recurring role as rapist James Fitzsimmons on Hill Street Blues and body collector Breugel on Max Headroom. In 1988 he landed the role of sleazy Kirk Morris on Dear John. In 1989 he appeared in the William Lustig film Hit List as Jared Riley. He appeared as the villainous Cade Dalton on the NBC miniseries The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991), hateful Vice-President of Sales Pete Schmidt on Bob (1993), a member of the feuding family in Greedy (1994), Jack Farrell in Something So Right (1996), and Ben Stuart in Life-Size. He portrayed the title character's brother in \"The Trouble with Harry\", an episode of the series Twice in a Lifetime directed by David Winning (2000); Frank Alfonse on Good Morning, Miami (2002); Keith on The King of Queens (2006); Michael on Help Me Help You (2006); and Dr. Jim on Surviving Suburbia (2007) Soldier on plane, uncredited, Transformers; (2009). He starred as an FBI agent in the movie Otis (2008). Other screen credits include Crocodile Dundee in Los Angeles (2001).[citation needed]", "Harry and the Hendersons. Side 1:", "Harry Davenport (actor). Harry Davenport was born in Canton, Pennsylvania, where his family lived during the holidays. He also grew up in Philadelphia. Harry came from a long line of stage actors; his father was the famed thespian Edward Loomis Davenport and his mother, Fanny Vining Davenport, was an English actress[4] descendant of the renowned 18th century Irish stage actor, Jack Johnson. His sister was actress Fanny Davenport. He made his stage debut at the age of five in the play Damon and Pythias. Davenport made his Broadway debut in 1894 and appeared there in numerous plays.", "John Lithgow. Lithgow is well known for his television roles as Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun, Arthur Mitchell in Dexter and Sir Winston Churchill in The Crown as well as for his roles in films Blow Out, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Footloose, Harry and the Hendersons, Raising Cain, Shrek, Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Interstellar. His performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.", "Clive Russell. He also appeared in the Scottish sitcoms Still Game and Rab C Nesbitt as Big Innes and in teen drama Hollyoaks as Jack Osborne's brother Billy Brodie.", "Sean Astin. Sean Patrick Astin (né Duke; February 25, 1971) is an American actor, voice actor, director and producer. He portrayed the roles of Samwise Gamgee in The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–2003), Mikey Walsh in The Goonies (1985), the title character of Rudy (1993), Doug in 50 First Dates (2004), Jim Kent in the first season of The Strain (2014), and Bob Newby in the second season of Stranger Things (2017).", "Joe Pesci. Joseph Frank Pesci (/ˈpɛʃi/ PESH-ee; born February 9, 1943) is an American actor, comedian and singer. Known for portraying tough, volatile characters, in a variety of genres, he is best known for his role as Harry Lime in Home Alone and Home Alone 2: Lost in New York, as Leo Getz in the Lethal Weapon franchise, as Vincent Gambini in My Cousin Vinny (1992), and for co-starring with Robert De Niro in the Martin Scorsese films Raging Bull (1980), Goodfellas (1990), and Casino (1995).", "Harry Anderson. In his final years, Anderson appeared in television comedy specials such as in Comedy Bang! Bang! (2013) and Gotham Comedy Live (2014).[22] His final film portrayal was as Professor Kaman in the 2014 Christian drama film A Matter of Faith.[23]", "Clancy Brown. Brown is known for his role as the Kurgan in the 1986 film Highlander, his role as Captain Byron Hadley in The Shawshank Redemption, Viking Lofgren in the drama movie Bad Boys (1983), Rawhide in The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension (1984), Frankenstein's monster in The Bride (1985), Army mercenary Larry McRose in Extreme Prejudice, played a role of a band manager in a movie called Thunder Alley (1985) (1987), vicious killer Steve in Shoot to Kill (1988), the police officer in Michael Jackson's short movie Speed Demon (1988), Dead Man Walking (cameo only), Sheriff Gus Gilbert in Pet Sematary Two, Career Sergeant Zim in Starship Troopers (a role he would reprise in the animated series Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles), and Captain William Hadley in The Guardian. He also played a role in Flubber as one of the evil henchmen that get harmed by uncontrollably bouncing sports equipment. In 1989, he appeared in the action thriller Blue Steel.", "Harry Enfield. In 2000, Enfield appeared in his first leading film role playing Kevin alongside Kathy Burke, who played the character's (male) friend Perry—roles originally created for Enfield's television series—in Kevin & Perry Go Large. The film charted the pair's attempt to become professional DJs by travelling to the nightclubs of Ibiza and pestering their idol, the DJ Eyeball Paul, played by Rhys Ifans, while gaining love and losing their virginity. Enfield also appeared as King George VI in Churchill: The Hollywood Years (2004), a satire on Hollywood's tendency to change elements of history. In 2012, he starred with Simon Callow in the film Acts of Gordfrey, which opened in UK cinemas on 27 January." ]

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[ "Political culture of the United States. The political scientist Daniel J. Elazar identified three primary political cultures, generally consistent with those of Tocqueville. Moralistic political culture evolved out of New England and is characterized by an emphasis of community and civic virtue over individualism. Individualistic political culture arose from Dutch influence in the Mid-Atlantic region; it regards multiculturalism as a practicality and government as a utilitarian necessity. Traditionalistic political culture arose in the South, which elevates social order and family structure to a prominent role. It accepts a natural hierarchy in society and where necessary to protect society, authoritarian leadership in the political and religious realms.[1]", "Political culture of the United States. Political culture is a part of a society for which shared attitudes and beliefs establish a unique identity with regard to public and private governance. In the United States, at least three political cultures took root during the colonial period. They were formed in New England by religious refugees from England, in the Mid-Atlantic region by Dutch settlers, in Virginia by English adventurers seeking fortune in the New World, and in Carolina by English investors who envisioned a model constitutional society. In Virginia and Carolina, and later elsewhere in the South, Scots-Irish settlers influenced the cultural hearth that created the American South. Each began with established cultures of the British Isles and the Netherlands, evolving into unique cultures that remain in existence today in the United States.", "Political culture. In 1963, two Americans, Gabriel Almond[2] and Sidney Verba, outlined three types of political culture that can be combined to create civic culture.[3] These three key features expressed by both men were composed to establish a link between the public and the government. The first of these features is \"deference\", which considers the concepts of respect, acknowledgment of \"inferiority\" or \"superiority\", and authority in society.", "Political culture of the United States. The Frontier Thesis advanced by the historian Frederick Jackson Turner in 1893 argued that American culture, including political culture, was forged as Americans moved west. It was violent and individualistic and yet contained a primitive form of egalitarianism. In Elazar’s view, however, it was the South that acquired these traits most and carried them west to Missouri, Texas, and eventually as far as Southern California.[9]", "Political culture. Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba in The Civic Culture outlined three pure types of political culture based on level and type of political participation and the nature of people's attitudes toward politics:", "Political culture of the United States. In another unifying thesis about political culture that, like the Frontier Thesis, some have argued that Lockean liberalism is a central underlying explanation of American political culture. Notably, the political scientist Louis Hartz argued that the nation’s founding principles, which were largely drawn from Locke, created a new political culture that was unique to the United States. The nation “begins with Locke,” he wrote, and it “stays with Locke.” He found that Alexis de Tocqueville was first to recognize this when he saw that the nation was the first to create its own democratic future without having to endure revolution.[10]", "Political culture of the United States. The political scientist Richard Ellis identified egalitarianism, individualism, and hierarchy as defining cultures in American political culture. These principal categories correspond closely with Elazar’s classification. According to Ellis, each of these cultures lays claim to the ideals of equality and liberty articulated by John Locke, but what they are claiming is an only a piece of Locke, and one that is not necessarily consistent with the whole.[3]", "Americans. American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, faith in freedom and democracy), the American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity.", "Culture of the United States. American culture includes both conservative and liberal elements, scientific and religious competitiveness, political structures, risk taking and free expression, materialist and moral elements. Despite certain consistent ideological principles (e.g. individualism, egalitarianism, and faith in freedom and democracy), American culture has a variety of expressions due to its geographical scale and demographic diversity. The flexibility of U.S. culture and its highly symbolic nature lead some researchers to categorize American culture as a mythic identity;[7] others see it as American exceptionalism.[citation needed]", "Political culture of the United States. Researchers Dante Chinni and James Gimpel identified twelve cultural communities found throughout the United States, with varying degrees of geographic concentration. The categories are derived from analysis of statistical data, and they offer a more realistic portrayal of the geographically discontinuous cultural fabric of the nation than blanket state and regional categories.[12] In physical space, as in cyberspace, people increasingly sort themselves into communities of choice. That is, people chose where they will live and who they will communicate with. The opportunity to make such choices appears to reinforce political culture.[13]", "Political culture of the United States. The social psychologist Peter J. Rentfrow led a research effort that generally supports Elazar's theory of political culture, while finding that psychological variables allow for a more fine-grained geographical analysis. His research on “psychological topography” was based on multiple samples of more than a million respondents. The researchers found “overwhelming evidence for regional variation across the United States on a range of key political, economic, social, and health indicators.”[6]", "Political culture of the United States. Political culture can be seen as bifurcated by urban and rural geography. The United States was largely a rural nation until 1920. When the census that year revealed that urban Congressional Districts would exceed those of rural areas, rural congressmen refused to approve reapportionment, the only time that has happened.[11] A cultural divide remains to the present with rural areas often associating with traditionalistic political culture, while urban areas are more often aligned with moralistic and individualistic political culture.", "Political culture of the United States. The formation of traditionalistic political culture is often thought to have arisen principally out of Virginia, the first and most populous southern colony. Virginia was also the most politically powerful state after the Revolution: pursuant to the first census of the United States in 1790 it held a greater percentage of congressional representatives than any other state has ever enjoyed up to the present day. Nevertheless, others argue that South Carolina had the greater influence as a result of its Grand Model enabling slaveholders from Barbados to establish a durable aristocracy. That unique convergence produced a slave society with a majority black population rigidly controlled by the plantation elite. Maintaining such a society required intense political resolve and the development of a mythology of white racial supremacy. The South Carolina hybrid model ultimately spread across the Deep South and was unwavering in its promotion of southern culture, whereas Virginia and other Upper South states were less comfortable with the region’s “peculiar institution” of slavery.[2]", "Political culture of the United States. Popular authors have found similar divisions within American political culture. Colin Woodard identified eleven “rival regional cultures,” while Joel Garreau identified nine.[4][5]", "The Civic Culture. In the text Almond and Verba examine the democratic systems in five countries, the United States, Germany, Mexico, Italy, and the United Kingdom. They interviewed about a thousand individuals in each country on their views of government and political life. As they define it, the \"civic culture\" (singular) is \"based on communication and persuasion, a culture of consensus and diversity, a culture that [permits] change but [moderates] it\" (Almond and Verba 1963, 8). They identify three political structures: participant, subject, and parochial.[4] They consider political culture to be the element that connects individual attitudes with the overall political system structure.[5]", "Political culture. Different typologies of political culture have been proposed. According to political scientist William S. Stewart, all political behavior can be explained as participating in one or more of eight political cultures: anarchism, oligarchy, Tory corporatism, fascism, classical liberalism, radical liberalism, democratic socialism, and Leninist socialism. Societies that exemplify each of these cultures have existed historically.", "Political culture. The term political culture was brought into political science to promote the American political system. The concept was used by Gabriel Almond in the late 50s, and outlined in The Civic Culture (1963, Almond & Verba), but was soon opposed by two European political scientists, Gerhard Lehmbruch and Arend Lijphart. Lehmbruch analysed politics in Switzerland and Austria and Lijphart analysed politics in Netherlands. Both argued that there are political systems that are more stable than the one in the USA.[4]", "Colonial history of the United States. The primary political cultures of the United States had their origins in the colonial period. Most theories of political culture identify New England, the Mid-Atlantic, and the South as having formed separate and distinct political cultures.[90]", "Political culture. Political culture\nl culture is thus the manifestation of the psychological and subjective dimensions of politics. A political culture is the product of both the history of a political system and the histories of the members. Thus, it is rooted equally in public events and private experience.[1]", "Culture of the United States. Political behavior is affected by class; more affluent individuals are more likely to vote, and education and income affect whether individuals tend to vote for the Democratic or Republican party. Income also had a significant impact on health as those with higher incomes had better access to health care facilities, higher life expectancy, lower infant mortality rate and increased health consciousness.[citation needed] This is particularly noticeable with black voters who are often socially conservative, yet overwhelmingly vote Democratic.[80][81]", "Politics of the United States. Some of Britain's North American colonies became exceptional in the European world for their vibrant political culture, which attracted the most talented and ambitious young men into politics.[2] Reasons for this American exceptionalism included:", "Society of the United States. The United States has often been thought of as a melting pot, but recent developments tend towards cultural diversity, pluralism and the image of a salad bowl rather than a melting pot.[2][3] Due to the extent of American culture there are many integrated but unique social subcultures within the United States. The cultural affiliations an individual in the United States may have commonly depend on social class, political orientation and a multitude of demographic characteristics such as religious background, occupation and ethnic group membership.[1] The strongest influences on American culture came from northern European cultures, most prominently from Britain, Ireland, and Germany.", "Political culture of the United States. Many settlers who populated the South took to the backcountry, eventually crossing the Appalachians. Of these, the Scots-Irish originating from northern Ireland and the border region between England and Scotland were among the largest and most influential. They were militantly Christian and inured to violence.[7] While they might be considered a distinct political culture in colonial times, they eventually developed a symbiotic relationship with the southern plantation elite. As W. J. Cash wrote in The Mind of the South, “the tradition of aristocracy met and married with the tradition of the backwoods.”[8]", "Political culture. Almond and Verba wrote that these types of political culture can combine to create the civic culture, which mixes the best elements of each.", "Political culture. María Eugenia Vázquez Semadeni defines political culture as \"the set of discourses and symbolic practices by means of which both individuals and groups articulate their relationship to power, elaborate their political demands and put them at stake.\"[5]", "United States. Core American culture was established by Protestant British colonists and shaped by the frontier settlement process, with the traits derived passed down to descendants and transmitted to immigrants through assimilation. Americans have traditionally been characterized by a strong work ethic, competitiveness, and individualism,[577] as well as a unifying belief in an \"American creed\" emphasizing liberty, equality, private property, democracy, rule of law, and a preference for limited government.[578] Americans are extremely charitable by global standards. According to a 2006 British study, Americans gave 1.67% of GDP to charity, more than any other nation studied, more than twice the second place British figure of 0.73%, and around twelve times the French figure of 0.14%.[579][580]", "Culture of the United States. The European roots of the United States are in the English settlers of colonial America during British rule. The varieties of English people as opposed to the other peoples in the British Isles were the overwhelming majority ethnic group in the 17th century (population of the colonies in 1700 250,000) and were 47.9% of percent of the total population of 3. 9 million. They constituted 60% of the whites at the first census in 1790 (%, 3.5 Welsh, 8.5 Scotch Irish, 4.3 Scots, 4.7 Southern Irish, 7.2 German, 2.7 Dutch, 1.7 French and .2 Swedish), The American Revolution, Colin Bonwick, 1991, p. 254. The English ethnic group contributed the major cultural and social mindset and attitudes that evolved into the American character. Of the total population in each colony they numbered from 30% in Pennsylvania to 85% in Massachusetts, Becoming America, Jon Butler, 2000, pp. 9-11. Large non-English immigrant populations from the 1720s to 1775, such as the Germans (100,000 or more), Scotch Irish (250,000), added enriched and modified the English cultural substrate, The Encyclopedia of Colonial and Revolutionary America, Ed. John Mack Faragher, 1990, pp. 200-202. The religious outlook was some versions of Protestantism (1.6% of the population were English, German and Irish Catholics ).", "Culture of the United States. According to Fischer, the foundation of American culture was formed from four mass migrations from four different regions of the British Isles by four distinct socio-religious groups. New England's earliest settlement period occurred between 1629 and 1640 when Puritans, mostly from East Anglia in England, settled there, forming the New England regional culture. The next mass migration was of southern English cavaliers and their working class English domestic servants to the Chesapeake Bay region between 1640 and 1675. This facilitated the development of the Southern American culture.", "Gabriel Almond. Almond was a prolific author, publishing 18 books and numerous journal articles, and co-writing many others. His most famous work was The Civic Culture (1963), co-authored with Sidney Verba. It popularized the idea of a political culture - a concept that includes national character and how people choose to govern themselves - as a fundamental aspect of society. Almond and Verba distinguished different political cultures according to their level and type of political participation and the nature of people's attitudes toward politics. The Civic Culture was one of the first large-scale cross-national survey studies undertaken in political science and greatly stimulated comparative studies of democracy.", "Culture of the United States. The culture of the United States of America is primarily of Western culture (European) origin and form, but is influenced by a multicultural ethos that includes African, Native American, Asian, Polynesian, and Latin American people and their cultures. It also has its own social and cultural characteristics, such as dialect, music, arts, social habits, cuisine, and folklore. The United States of America is an ethnically and racially diverse country as a result of large-scale migration from many countries throughout its history.[1] Many American cultural elements, especially from popular culture, have spread across the globe through modern mass media.", "Conservatism. American conservatism is a broad system of political beliefs in the United States that is characterized by respect for American traditions, support for Judeo-Christian values, economic liberalism, anti-communism, and a defense of Western culture. Liberty is a core value, with a particular emphasis on strengthening the free market, limiting the size and scope of government, and opposition to high taxes and government or labor union encroachment on the entrepreneur. American conservatives consider individual liberty, within the bounds of conformity to American values, as the fundamental trait of democracy, which contrasts with modern American liberals, who generally place a greater value on social equity and social justice.[74][75]", "Politics of the United States. There are a few major differences between the political system of the United States and that of most other developed democracies. These include greater power in the upper house of the legislature, a wider scope of power held by the Supreme Court, the separation of powers between the legislature and the executive, and the dominance of only two main parties. Third parties have less political influence in the United States than in other democratically run developed countries; this is because of a combination of stringent historic controls. These controls take shape in the form of state and federal laws, informal media prohibitions, and winner-take-all elections, and include ballot access issues and exclusive debate rules. There have been five United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote." ]

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[ "Mudbound. Mudbound (2008) is the debut novel by American author Hillary Jordan. It has been translated into French, Italian, Serbian, Norwegian, Swedish, and Turkish and has sold more than 250,000 copies worldwide. The novel took Jordan seven years to write. She started it while studying for an MFA in Creative Writing from Columbia University.[1][2] It was adapted as a 2017 film of the same title.", "Mudbound. In the winter of 1946, Henry McAllen moves his city-bred wife, Laura, from their comfortable home in Memphis, Tennessee to a remote cotton farm in the Mississippi Delta—a place she finds both foreign and frightening. While Henry works the land he loves, Laura struggles to raise their two young daughters in a crude shack with no indoor plumbing or electricity, under the eye of her hateful, racist father-in-law. When it rains, the waters rise up and swallow the bridge to town, stranding the family in a sea of mud.", "Mudbound. Jordan is writing a sequel with the working title FATHERLANDS. In MUDBOUND, black American GI Ronsel Jackson has a love affair with a white German woman during the American occupation of Bavaria; when he ships out for home, neither know that she is pregnant. The new novel centers on their illegitimate son, Franz, who is raised in Germany by his impoverished mother. As one of the \"Mischlingskinder,\" mixed-race children who were the products of such controversial unions, he grows up feeling like an outsider who doesn't belong. When he is 7, his mother is forced to put him into foster care. At 18, Franz sets off for America, determined to find the father he never knew. There, he is caught up in the turmoil of the Civil Rights struggle and forced to navigate a complex tangle of race, history and politics in his search for self-realization.", "Mudbound. As the McAllens are being tested in every way, two celebrated soldiers of World War II return home to the Delta. Jamie McAllen is everything his older brother Henry is not: charming, handsome, and sensitive to Laura’s plight, but also haunted by his memories of combat. Ronsel Jackson, eldest son of the black tenant farmers who live on the McAllen farm, comes home from fighting the Nazis with the shine of a war hero, only to face far more personal—and dangerous—battles against the ingrained bigotry of his own countrymen. It is the unlikely friendship of these two brothers-in-arms, and the passions they arouse in others, that drive the novel to its tragic conclusion.", "Mudbound. Reviews were generally positive :", "Lonesome Dove. The novel was a bestseller and won the 1985 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. In 1989, it was adapted as a TV miniseries starring Tommy Lee Jones and Robert Duvall, which won both critical and popular acclaim. McMurtry went on to write a sequel, Streets of Laredo (1993), and two prequels, Dead Man's Walk (1995) and Comanche Moon (1997), all of which were also adapted as TV series.", "God Sees the Truth, But Waits. Stephen King's novella Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is based on Tolstoy's story.[1] It was adapted into a feature film, The Shawshank Redemption (1994), starring Tim Robbins and Morgan Freeman.[2]", "W. Somerset Maugham. Maugham's masterpiece is generally agreed to be Of Human Bondage, a semi-autobiographical novel that deals with the life of the main character Philip Carey, who, like Maugham, was orphaned, and brought up by his pious uncle. Philip's clubfoot causes him endless self-consciousness and embarrassment, echoing Maugham's struggles with his stutter and, as his biographer Ted Morgan notes, his homosexuality.[57]", "Foot binding. The bound foot has played a prominent part in many media works, both Chinese and non-Chinese, modern and traditional. These depictions are sometimes based on observation or research and sometimes on rumors or supposition. Sometimes, as in the case of Pearl Buck's The Good Earth (1931), the accounts are relatively neutral, implying a respect for Chinese culture and assuming that it is not the role of outsiders to promote reform. Sometimes the accounts seem intended to rouse like-minded Chinese and foreign opinion to abolish the custom, and sometimes the accounts imply condescension or contempt for China.[97]", "Reese Witherspoon. Witherspoon next starred in Devil's Knot, which is based on Atom Egoyan's true crime book of the same name and examines the controversial case of the West Memphis Three. Like Mud, the film is set in Arkansas. Witherspoon played Pam Hobbs, the mother of one of three young murder victims. In an interview subsequent to her casting in the film, Egoyan noted that although the role requires \"an emotionally loaded journey\", he \"met with Reese, and... talked at length about the project, and she's eager to take on the challenge\".[115] The movie was shot in Georgia in June and July 2012.[116][117][118] Witherspoon was pregnant with her third child during filming.[119][120] The film's world premiere was held on September 8, 2013 at the Toronto International Film Festival.[121][122] It was then released in selected American theaters on May 9, 2014.[123]", "A Pocket Full of Rye. The novel was adapted into the Russian film Tayna chyornykh drozdov.", "Far from the Madding Crowd (1967 film). The film keeps close to the book.", "Dead Poets Society. N. H. Kleinbaum's novel, Dead Poets Society (1989), is based on the movie.[27]", "Samuel Mudd. Mudd's life was the subject of a 1936 John Ford-directed film The Prisoner of Shark Island, based on a script by Nunnally Johnson. A radio adaptation of The Prisoner of Shark Island aired, as an episode of the radio series Lux Radio Theater, with Gary Cooper as Dr. Mudd, on May 2, 1938, in which significant dramatic license was used by introducing fictional characters and altering several of the known facts of the case for melodramatic expediency. For example, Fort Jefferson was never called \"Shark Island.\"", "To Kill a Mockingbird. —Claudia Johnson in To Kill a Mockingbird: Threatening Boundaries, 1994[50]", "Doppelgänger. English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley's drama Prometheus Unbound (1820) makes reference to a dead child who \"met his own image walking in the garden\".[14] German playwright Goethe described an experience in his autobiography Dichtung und Wahrheit in which he and his double passed one another on horseback.[15]", "Forrest Gump. The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom. Both center on the character of Forrest Gump. However, the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel, before skipping ahead to the end of the novel with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. and the meeting with Forrest, Jr. In addition to skipping some parts of the novel, the film adds several aspects to Gump's life that do not occur in the novel, such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the United States.[17]", "Puddle of Mudd. Other awards and nominations", "True Grit (novel). In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of True Grit.", "Curt Siodmak. Siodmak's science-fiction novel Donovan's Brain (1942) was a bestseller that was translated into many languages and was adapted for the cinema several times, beginning in 1943 with The Lady and the Monster, then 1953's Donovan's Brain and 1962's The Brain. Other films he wrote the screenplays for include Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, I Walked With a Zombie and The Beast With Five Fingers. An extensive interview with Siodmak about his career in both Germany and Hollywood is found in Eric Leif Davin's Pioneers of Wonder. In the plots of his work, Siodmak utilised the latest scientific findings combining those with pseudo-scientific motifs like the Jekyll and Hyde complex, the Nazi trauma and the East-West dichotomy.", "Lemonade Mouth. Lemonade Mouth is a young adult novel by Mark Peter Hughes, published in 2007 by Delacorte Press.[1][2] It follows five teenagers who meet in detention and ultimately form a band to overcome the struggles of high school, forming deep bonds with each other and learning to let go of their personal demons with each other's help. The novel was adapted into a film starring Bridgit Mendler, Adam Hicks, Hayley Kiyoko, Naomi Scott, and Blake Michael and premiered on Disney Channel on April 15, 2011.[3] An adapted version of the novel for younger readers was released after the release of the film.[4] The film was well received by both audiences and critics.", "True Grit (novel). In November 2010, The Overlook Press published a movie tie-in edition of True Grit, featuring an afterword by Donna Tartt to accompany the 2010 film adaptation. It reached #1 on The New York Times's Bestseller List on January 30, 2011.", "Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil. The book was subsequently made into Clint Eastwood's 1997 film adaptation. It was also adapted as a metabook in 2015.[2][3]", "John Steinbeck. Steinbeck's novel The Moon Is Down (1942), about the Socrates-inspired spirit of resistance in an occupied village in Northern Europe, was made into a film almost immediately. It was presumed that the unnamed country of the novel was Norway and the occupiers the Nazis. In 1945, Steinbeck received the Haakon VII Cross of freedom for his literary contributions to the Norwegian resistance movement.", "Maattrraan. Later reports claimed that the film was inspired by another conjoined twins-themed American film Stuck on You,[60] with the posters of both films also being described as similar to each other. Lead actor Suriya however denied this and said, \"I have been seeing comments and links on social networking sites saying that Maattrraan is based on some world movie. Only after seeing those links, I came to know that such a film even exists!\"[61]", "Don't Crush That Dwarf, Hand Me the Pliers. As his evening unfolds, the listener hears \"excerpts\" from fictional movies in Tirebiter's past. High School Madness stars 'Dave Casman' as Peorgie Tirebiter and 'Joe Bertman' as his sidekick, Mudhead—although an earlier portion of the recording intentionally blurs the distinction between fantasy and reality by identifying Tirebiter (not 'Casman') as having been the star of the \"Peorgie and Mudhead\" films, rather than a character in those films. High School Madness is a parody of the Aldrich Family radio show, the Archie comic book and of 1950s youth culture in general. Parallel Hell is a war film set in Korea, where the soldiers (including Tirebiter) debate the seemingly endless war. These are interspersed with commercials and other staples of late-night television (including televangelists and a talk show) as Tirebiter randomly changes channels. The broadcasts contain many references to warfare and Cold War paranoia (product names such as Napalmolive), indicating that Tirebiter's world exists under martial law.", "Dian Fossey. Mowat's Virunga, whose British and U.S. editions are called Woman in the Mists: The Story of Dian Fossey and the Mountain Gorillas of Africa, was the first book-length biography of Fossey, and it serves as an insightful counterweight to the many omissions in Fossey's own story, being derived from Fossey's actual letters and entries in her journals. Harold Hayes's book The Dark Romance of Dian Fossey was published in 1989 after extensive interviews with people who lived and worked with Fossey. Haye's book shows Fossey in a less positive or romanticized light than previous accounts had done. The film Gorillas in the Mist was based on Hayes' 1987 article in Life magazine, as cited in the film's credits, instead of Fossey's self-edited autobiography by that title.", "The Right Stuff (book). The 1983 film The Right Stuff is adapted from the book.", "They Were Expendable. While a work of fiction, the book was based on actual events and people.[1] The characters of John Brickley (Montgomery) and Rusty Ryan (Wayne) are fictionalizations of the actual subjects, John D. Bulkeley (Medal of Honor recipient) and Robert Kelly, respectively.[3] Both the film and the book – which was a best seller and which was excerpted in Reader's Digest and Life[4] – depict actions which did not occur, but were believed to be real during the war; the film is noted for its verisimilitude.", "When You Reach Me. When You Reach Me was inspired by a man suffering from amnesia, and by parts of her childhood and her favorite book, A Wrinkle in Time. After completing much of the novel, Stead gave the draft to her editor, Wendy Lamb, who liked it. They expanded on the initial concepts and published When You Reach Me on July 14, 2009, under Wendy Lamb Books, an imprint of Random House. The book was well received by critics, who praised its realistic setting and the author's deft handling of small details. The novel has reached the best-seller lists of The New York Times, Los Angeles Times and USA Today. In addition to receiving the 2010 Newbery Medal, When You Reach Me won several Best Book of the Year awards.", "Snakes on a Plane. Black Flame published the novelization of the film, written by Christa Faust.[53] The 405–page novel contains significant backstories for the characters and introduces other characters that were not featured in the film.[54] Comic book writer Chuck Dixon wrote a comic book adaptation of the film. DC Comics released the two-issue miniseries on August 16, 2006 and September 27, 2006 under their Wildstorm imprint.[55]", "An American Tragedy. The novel has been adapted several times into other forms, and the storyline has been used, not always unattributed, as the basis for other works:" ]

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[ "President of India. Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting by MPs and MLAs, they tend to vote for the candidate supported by their respective parties.[43]", "Elections in India. The President of India is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college of India consisting of members of federal legislature and state legislatures (i.e. all the elected member of parliament and all elected members of all legislative assemblies of the country).", "President of India. The President is indirectly elected by an electoral college comprising the Parliament of India (both houses) and the Legislative Assemblies of each of India's states and territories, who themselves are all directly elected.", "President of India. Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of Parliament (M.P.s), the elected members of the State Legislative Assemblies(Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of the legislative assemblies (M.L.A.s) of two Union Territories (i.e., National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi and Union Territory of Puducherry). The election process of President is more extensive process than Prime Minister who is also elected indirectly (not elected by people directly) by the Lok Sabha members only. Whereas President being constitutional head with duties to protect, defend and preserve the constitution and rule of law in a constitutional democracy with constitutional supremacy, is elected in an extensive manner by the members of Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha and state legislative assemblies in a secret ballot procedure.", "Indian presidential election, 2017. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. The election is held by means of a secret ballot under the single transferable vote system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.[7][8]", "President of India. Under The Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[39] a candidate to be nominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders for his name to appear on the ballot.[40]", "Indian presidential election, 2017. The President of India is indirectly elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both houses of parliament, the elected members of the Legislative assemblies of the 29 states and the elected members of the legislative assemblies of the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry.[5] As of 2017, the electoral college comprises 777 MPs and 4,120 MLAs. The system assigns varying numbers of votes to these electoral college members, such that the total weight of MPs and those of MLAs is roughly equal and that the voting power of states and territories are proportional to their population. Overall the members of the electoral college were eligible to cast 1,098,903 votes, yielding a threshold for a majority of 549,452 votes.[6]", "Indian vice-presidential election, 2017. The Vice President is elected by an electoral college which includes members of the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of Indian parliament) and the members of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian parliament). The nominated members of the mentioned houses are also eligible to vote in the election process.[4] In the election, voting will be done by a secret ballot and the members of parliament will use a \"special pen\" to mark their preference.[5]", "President of India. The election is held in accordance to the system of Proportional representation by means of the Single transferable vote method. The voting takes place by secret ballot system. The manner of election of President is provided by Article 55 of the Constitution.[42]", "Politics of India. The Constitution of India lays down that the Head of State and Union Executive is the President of India. S/He is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament and members of legislative assemblies of the states. The President is eligible for re-elections; however, in India's independent history, only one president has been re-elected, Rajendra Prasad.", "2017 elections in India. A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 before the term of the President Pranab Mukherjee ended. Ramnath Kovind was elected as the President of India.", "President of India. Since the 1990s, Parliamentary elections have generally not resulted in a single party or group of parties having a distinct majority, until the 2014 Lok Sabha elections when BJP received a clear majority. In such cases, Presidents have used their discretion and directed Prime Ministerial aspirants to establish their credentials before being invited to form the government. Typically, the aspirants have been asked to produce letters from various party leaders, with the signatures of all the MPs who are pledging support to their candidature. This is in addition to the requirement that a Prime Minister prove he has the support of the Lok Sabha (by a vote on the floor of the House) within weeks of being sworn into office.[57][58]", "Member of the Legislative Assembly (India). The state legislature, besides making laws, has one electoral power, in electing the President of India. Elected members of the Legislative Assembly along with the elected members of Parliament are involved in this process.", "President of India. A member of Parliament or of a State Legislature can seek election to the office of the President but if he is elected as President, he shall be deemed to have vacated his seat in Parliament or State Legislature on the date on which he enters upon his office as President [Article 59(1)].", "List of Presidents of India. The President is elected by the Electoral College composed of elected members of the parliament houses, the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, and also members of the Vidhan Sabha, the state legislative assemblies.[2] Presidents may remain in office for a tenure of five years, as stated by article 56, part V, of the Constitution of India. In the case where a President's term of office is terminated early or during the absence of the President, the Vice President assumes office. By article 70 of part V, the parliament may decide how to discharge the functions of the President where this is not possible, or in any other unexpected contingency.[2]", "Parliament of India. The President of India, the Head of state is a component of Parliament. Under Article 60 and Article 111, President's responsibility is to scrutinise that bills/laws passed by the parliament are in accordance with constitutional mandate and stipulated procedure is followed before according his/her approval to the bills. The President of India is elected by the members of Parliament of India and the state legislatures and serves for a term of five years.[12]", "Electoral College (India). The President is indirectly elected by means of an electoral college consisting of the elected members of the Parliament of India and the Legislative assemblies of the States and the Union Territories of Delhi and Puducherry. The number and value of votes are based on the population in 1971 rather than the current population, as a result of the 42nd Amendment, and extended by the 84th Amendment,[1] with the intention to encourage family planning programs in the states by ensuring that states are not penalized for lowering their population growth.", "President of India. The President appoints, as Prime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of the majority in the Lok Sabha (usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The President then appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on the advice of the Prime Minister.[18]:72 The Council of Ministers remains in power at the 'pleasure' of the President.", "Vice-President of India. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot.", "President of India. Certain conditions, per Article 59 of the Constitution, debar an otherwise eligible citizen from contesting the presidential elections. The conditions are:", "Vice President of India. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the Vice-President must be subscribed by at least 20 electors as proposers and 20 electors as seconders. Every candidate has to make a security deposit of Rs.15,000 in the Reserve Bank of India. The Election Commission of India, which is a constitutional autonomous body, conducts the election. The election is to be held no later than 60 days of the expiry of the term of office of the outgoing Vice-President. A Returning Officer is appointed for the election, usually the Secretary-General of either House of the Parliament, by rotation. The Returning Officer issues a public notice of the intended election, inviting nomination of candidates. Any person qualified to be elected and intending to stand for election is required to be nominated by at least twenty Members of Parliament as proposers, and at least twenty other Members of Parliament as seconders. The nomination papers are scrutinized by the Returning Officer, and the names of all eligible candidates are added to the ballot.", "President of India. Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates. These are:", "President of India. The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a security deposit of ₹15,000 (US$230) in the Reserve Bank of India.[41] The security deposit is liable to be forfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.", "Electoral College (India). The Vice President is elected by a different electoral college, consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha.", "Indian presidential election, 2017. Governor of Bihar Ram Nath Kovind of the Bharatiya Janata Party had the backing of the governing National Democratic Alliance coalition, and went up against opposition candidate Meira Kumar of the Indian National Congress in the vote. Kovind secured roughly two thirds of the votes from the electoral college of elected members of federal, state and union territory legislatures and was elected to a five-year term as President.[3] Kovind's term of office began on 25 July 2017.", "Vice President of India. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college but the nominated members of both the houses are part of electoral college for the vice-presidential election.", "President of India. Article 57 provides that a person who holds, or who has held, office as President shall, subject to the other provisions of this Constitution, be eligible for re-election to that office.", "Indian presidential election, 2017. Immediately after the results were announced, Prime Minister Narendra Modi tweeted, \"Congratulations to Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji on being elected the President of India! Best wishes for a fruitful & inspiring tenure\". In another tweet he added \"Gladdened by the extensive support for Shri Ram Nath Kovind Ji among MPs & across various parties. I thank members of the electoral college\".[22]", "Vice-President of India. The Vice-President is elected indirectly, by an electoral college consisting of members {elected as well as nominated} of both houses of the Parliament. The election of the Vice-President is slightly different from the election of the President as the members of state legislatures are not part of the electoral college for the vice-presidential election.", "President of India. A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authority subject to the control of any of the said Governments.", "Indian presidential election, 2017. A presidential election was held in India on 17 July 2017 with the votes counted and the results announced on 20 July 2017. President Pranab Mukherjee, whose term of office was due to expire on 24 July 2017,[2] declined to seek re-election due to health concerns.", "Vice-President of India. Article 66 of the Indian Constitution states the manner of election of the Vice-President. The Vice-President is elected indirectly by members of an electoral college consisting of the members of both Houses of Parliament in accordance with the system of Proportional Representation by means of the Single transferable vote and the voting is by secret ballot conducted by election commission.[3]" ]

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[ "List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters. Carmen (Brittany Daniel) is a trans woman who was dating Mac. She first appears in the season 1 episode \"Charlie Has Cancer\", then reappears in the season 3 episode \"Mac Is a Serial Killer\". She is attractive but displays an obvious bulge in her pants. She keeps Mac interested in her with promises of undergoing sexual reassignment surgery and with constant flattery of Mac's physique. In \"Mac Fights Gay Marriage\", she has had genital reassignment surgery and has gotten married to Nick, much to Mac's dismay. In \"Dee Gives Birth\" it is revealed that Carmen is the father of Dee's baby (she had her sperm frozen before she had GRS) and that they used an anonymous egg donor and Dee was merely a surrogate. Dee gave the baby to Carmen and her husband Nick to raise. In the unaired pilot Carmen is portrayed by Morena Baccarin.", "Morena Baccarin. In February 2005, Baccarin provided the voice for Black Canary in multiple episodes of the animated series Justice League Unlimited. She also guest starred in three episodes of the television series The O.C. in 2006. Baccarin also appeared in the unaired pilot episode of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, playing Carmen, a transgender woman.[3] It was announced in April 2006 that Baccarin would be playing the adult version of Adria, a recurring villain in the tenth season of Stargate SG-1. She first appeared in season 10 episode \"Counterstrike\" as adult Adria (the younger versions of Adria were previously played by other actresses). Baccarin reprised her role as Adria in the movie Stargate: The Ark of Truth.", "Brittany Daniel. In 2002, she played Eric Forman's cousin Penny on That '70s Show. Daniel also appeared on the show It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia as a transsexual named Carmen. She teamed with the Wayans Brothers for their films White Chicks (2004) and Little Man (2006).[6] That same year, she appeared in the VH1 television movie Totally Awesome before landing a lead role in The CW Television Network's half-hour comedy The Game, which she starred in until 2011.[7] However, she would return to the show in 2014. In February 2010, she was cast in the Brothers Strause thriller Skyline;[8] the film was released on November 12, 2010.", "List of It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia characters. Nick (Windell Middlebrooks) is Carmen's portly African-American husband. Mac is initially annoyed that Carmen had moved on to Nick instead of calling him after she had her penis removed. Mac does not agree with gay marriage and quotes the Bible verse Romans 1:27 to Nick, to which Nick responds with the Bible quote Exodus 21:20 endorsing slavery. Nick later appears in \"Dee Gives Birth\" where it is revealed that Dee is a surrogate for the couple since Nick cannot have kids but Carmen had frozen her sperm before her operation.", "List of Tracy Beaker series characters. Carmen is an exceptionally outgoing girl who shares much of her life with Lily, becoming saddened when she leaves the Dumping Ground. Carmen is medium-height with long brown hair and brown eyes and often wears a lot of make-up. She seems eager, kind and caring, but impatient, although she has a tendency to appear light-headed, to be judgemental, and to spill secrets. Her favourite colour is pink, and she has turbulent relationships with many of the other residents of the Dumping Ground, such as Bailey, Elektra and Johnny. She also has a terrible relationship with her mother, who abandoned her when she was little, so that she could have a holiday.", "All by Myself. The Carmen version is used in the video introduction for Conan O'Brien's \"Legally Prohibited from Being Funny on Television Tour\", when an obese and bearded version of the talk show host struggles to cope with losing his job as host of Tonight Show. The Carmen version is also featured in the second season's episode 17 of the popular 1990s sitcom Friends (set on Joey & Chandler's friendship), and a season 4 episode of the hit sitcom That '70s Show whereas Eric Forman breaks up with Donna Pinciotti. It was also featured in the films Under Wraps, Bridget Jones' Diary and To Die For. The version is used also in the film I nuovi mostri directed by Dino Risi, with Ornella Muti and Yorgo Voyagis. In the Disney film Zootopia, a snippet is heard of it as the main character, Judy Hopps, browses through one depressing song after another on her clock radio.", "List of GLOW characters. Carmen Wade (Britney Young) is a 25-year-old heavy-set woman who is part of a professional wrestling family. Her father, legendary wrestler Goliath Jackson, disapproves of her desire to become a wrestler, as he sees women's wrestling as a cheap sideshow. While she has wrestling skills and helps Cherry train the other ladies, Carmen suffers from stage fright. Carmen's in-ring persona is \"Machu Picchu\", a gentle Peruvian giant loosely based on the real GLOW wrestler Mount Fiji.[4]", "Morwenna Banks. One of Banks’ early major television roles was as part of the team on the comedy sketch show Absolutely, broadcast on Channel 4 between 1989 and 1993.[2] Her other television appearances include the BBC series The Thick of It, Red Dwarf, Ruddy Hell! It's Harry and Paul and the Steve Coogan comedy Saxondale, in which she played receptionist Vicky. She also appeared as Anthea Stonem in the E4 Teen drama Skins and was a cast member on NBC's Saturday Night Live, for four episodes of the show's twentieth season.[3] She appeared as Carmen Kenaway in the first two episodes of the 9th series of Shameless.", "Shane McCutcheon. Mary Foulk from About.com said that Shane and Cherie \"sizzle\"; adding that their intimate pool scene \"almost makes you forgive the infidelity\" against Carmen.[11]", "Elizabeth Rodriguez. She has appeared in a number of stage productions, television shows and independent films. She was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play and won Outer Critics Circle Award, as well as a Theatre World Award, for her role on Broadway play in Stephen Adly Guirgis's The Motherfucker with the Hat.[1] She was nominated for an Imagen Award for her role in the feature film Tio Papi (2013), and co-starred as Gina Calabrese in Michael Mann's feature film Miami Vice (2006). From 2008 to 2009, she played the role of Carmen Morales on the ABC daytime soap opera, All My Children.[4]", "List of Breaking Bad and Better Call Saul characters. Carmen Molina (played by Carmen Serano) is the assistant principal at JP Wynne High School, where Walt teaches and Walt Jr. attends. In Season 3, Walter makes an awkward pass at her, resulting in Walt's being placed on an indefinite sabbatical.[53] In Season 5 it is revealed she has been promoted to principal.[54]", "Carmen Argenziano. Carmen Antimo Argenziano (born October 27, 1943) is an American actor who has appeared in over 50 movies and around 100 television movies or episodes.[1][2] He is best known for playing Jacob Carter on Stargate SG-1. He had recurring roles on Booker, L.A. Law, Melrose Place, and The Young and the Restless. He had a small role in The Godfather Part II.", "Shane McCutcheon. Moennig said that during the second season Shane would attract a character with \"a grounded sense of self, plus a lot of girlish insecurities\". She explained \"you're always attracted to someone you want to learn from\". Erin Daniels who plays Dana Fairbanks added that \"you see Shane struggle with actually having feelings, which really scares her\".[1] The character was revealed as Carmen de la Pica Morales (Sarah Shahi). Moennig was unsure whether their relationship would last because there was uncertainty over the character's future. But viewers responded well to the storyline and the show decided to develop the romance.[2]", "Carmen Lowell. Carmen is the youngest member of the sisterhood. Lena Kaligaris, Tibby Rollins, and Bridget Vreeland are the other members of the sisterhood. She considers herself \"the Puerto Rican with the bad temper\" in the group. She also sees herself as \"the glue\" that keeps the friends together. Ann Brashares says that she believes Carmen gets the bigger picture of their friendship, whereas the other girls are more \"in the moment.\"", "Whoopi Goldberg. Goldberg had a recurring role in the TV series Glee as Carmen Tibideaux, a renowned Broadway performer and opera singer and the newly appointed Dean of Vocal Performance and Song Interpretation at the fictional \"NYADA\" (New York Academy of the Dramatic Arts), a highly competitive performing arts college. The character appeared in six episodes over 3 seasons (2012–14).[29] In 2012, Goldberg guest starred as Jane Marsh, Sue Heck's guidance counselor in The Middle. She voiced the Magic Mirror on Disney XD's The 7D. In 2016, it was announced Goldberg would be developing a reality show called Strut, based on transgender models from Slay models in Los Angeles, which was founded by Cecilio Asuncion. Strut aired on Oxygen.[29]", "Carmen Lowell. Carmen arrives at college where she falls into a sort of depression. She has let the relationship with Win drop off due to confidence issues. She gains weight and shrinks away from making new friends and from the sisterhood. She befriends a beautiful and sophisticated actress named Julia Beckwith; together, they go to a special acting camp. Carmen mistakenly auditions for the main play, although she originally tagged along only to be with Julia and work on sets. She wins the sought-after lead role in a play with several professional actors, and Julia becomes bad-tempered and surly. Julia tries to \"help\" Carmen with the part but really gives her bad advice in an attempt to sabotage an inexperienced Carmen. As a result, Carmen becomes depressed again, but finally realizes that Julia was not a friend to her because she fed off of Carmen's insecurities to boost her own confidence. Carmen stars in the play brilliantly and confronts Julia.", "Mayim Bialik. Bialik had a major part in the Woody Allen comedy film Don't Drink the Water in 1994. On September 8, 1992, Bialik was a celebrity contestant guest in the episode \"Disturbing The Heavenly Peace\", the first episode of the second season of the game show Where In The World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Between 1995 and 2005, Bialik mostly did voice-over work for cartoons, such as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Disney's Recess and Kim Possible, Cartoon Network's Johnny Bravo, and Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold!. She appeared in the feature film Kalamazoo? (2005) and appeared in three episodes of the HBO comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm as Jodi Funkhouser, the lesbian daughter of a friend of Larry David. Bialik also made guest appearances as a fictionalized version of herself in the series Fat Actress and made a guest appearance in an episode of Saving Grace.[23]", "Rachel Roberts (model). Roberts made her film debut as the title character of the movie Simone in 2002 performing opposite Al Pacino. The studio attempted to keep her identity a secret during production, and did not accord her credit in the initial theatrical release, in an effort to maintain the illusion that her character was a virtual computer-created entity. After release her identity became known and she received credit in the video release.[2][3] She later married the film's writer, producer, and director, Andrew Niccol.[4] They have two children: son Jack and daughter Ava.[5] She has guest-starred on such television series as Entourage, Ugly Betty and Numbers. She was given a recurring role on the ABC one-hour drama FlashForward. In 2011, she played Carrera in the movie In Time opposite Justin Timberlake and Amanda Seyfried. She appeared in the series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation as Karen Chevera in the episode \"Unplugged\" (2012). She played Soul Fleur in the 2013 movie The Host. Roberts appeared on Mad Men opposite Jon Hamm in the episode \"Tale of Two Cities\". She starred in Rihanna's music video \"Bitch Better Have My Money\" which was released on July 2, 2015. She was cast as Cassandra in Andre Niccol's upcoming sci-fi thriller film Anon.", "Roma Maffia. Maffia began her official acting career in Off-Broadway and Off-Off-Broadway productions. In 1994 she played Carmen in director Ron Howard's film The Paper. Soon after, she landed a role on the television series Chicago Hope. Maffia's television career continued as she played 'Grace Alvarez,' the forensic pathologist for the Violent Crimes Task Force for four seasons on NBC's Profiler. She has had guest-star and recurring roles on shows such as ER, The West Wing, and Law & Order.", "Mary Elizabeth Ellis. Ellis has appeared in a number of television series, including The Grinder, Cold Case, Without a Trace, House, Happy Endings, New Girl, Reno 911!, and the Netflix original series Santa Clarita Diet. She is best known for her role as The Waitress on the FX comedy series It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia.", "Mekia Cox. After graduating, she performed the role of Sarah in Ragtime, the musical at Merry-Go-Round Theater in Auburn, New York. Cox then toured nationally for two years as Carmen in Fame as well as revisiting her role as Brenda in Smokey Joe's Café. After touring and landing her first television role she moved to Los Angeles,[2] where she continues to reside.[1] Among her personal interests are learning how to play guitar and painting.[1]", "Christina Milian. Milian starred in Be Cool, the sequel to Get Shorty, with John Travolta and Uma Thurman,[33] and recorded two songs for its soundtrack.[51] She was then cast in a lead role in the horror film Pulse, starring alongside Kristen Bell and Ian Somerhalder. The film was a remake of the Japanese film Kairo (2001), and was adapted by Wes Craven and Ray Wright.[52] Filming took place in Romania, a traumatic time for Milian, where she endured racial abuse and discovered that boyfriend Nick Cannon was cheating on her.[53] Milian has also appeared in two video games: Def Jam Vendetta (2003), where she plays Angel, a mob boss' girlfriend,[54] and as one of the female leads, Carmen Mendez, in the video game Need for Speed: Undercover (2008).[55]", "Sarah Shahi. Aahoo Jahansouz \"Sarah\" Shahi[1] (Persian: آهو جهانسوز سارا شاهی‎; born January 10, 1980) is an American television actress and former NFL Cheerleader of Iranian and Spanish ancestry. She played Kate Reed in the USA Network legal drama Fairly Legal in 2011–12, Carmen on The L Word in 2008, and also starred as Sameen Shaw on the CBS crime drama Person of Interest.[2] She has also appeared as the main female role Det. Dani Reese in Life, and in a supporting role in Alias.[3] In 2018 she stars in the series Reverie.", "Bash (Glee). Special guest star Whoopi Goldberg returns as NYADA dean Carmen Tibideaux. Recurring characters appearing in this episode include aspiring singer Mercedes Jones (Amber Riley), Kurt's father Burt Hummel (Mike O'Malley) and Funny Girl producer Sidney Greene (Michael Lerner).[2]", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. In September 2009, the cast took their show live. The \"Gang\" performed the musical The Nightman Cometh in New York City, Boston, Seattle, San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Philadelphia.[31] Mary Elizabeth Ellis and Artemis Pebdani also appeared in the performance as The Waitress and Artemis. Actress Rhea Perlman (wife of Danny DeVito) assumed the role of Gladys.[32]", "List of George Lopez characters. Piper (Autumn Reeser) is Carmen's former friend turned nemesis. She is popular, one of the stars of Carmen and Toby's school. Piper and her other cool friends go on a website to post insulting comments; in the episode \"Token of Unappreciation\", they target Toby. Carmen did not agree, and Piper made Carmen choose to be friends with her or with Toby. Piper invites Carmen and Toby to her party; and Carmen tells Toby they're only inviting Toby to make fun of her. Carmen and Toby don't go to the party and Carmen and Toby remain best friends. In the episode \"Girl Fight\" Piper writes \"Carmen Hopez\" on the sliding door and also wrote \"Carmen Cant Say No-pez\" on her locker at school because Carmen's ex-boyfriend Adam spread a rumor that he had sex with Carmen. Carmen gets suspended from school when she gets in a fight with Piper. George and Angie fix the problem and the principal revokes Carmen's suspension, suspending Piper. After they tell Carmen she can go back to school now, she refuses, telling them that she's the school whore now after revealing a phone call from boys who were asking if they could leave a message for the school whore. Carmen goes to private school after people keep harassing her, including a guy pulling her shirt up in the hall, and another who follows her into the bathroom and asks her if she wants to have sex with him. George and Angie raise money to send Carmen to private school.", "Phil Woods. With Carmen McRae", "Ackley Bridge. Amy-Leigh Hickman, best known for playing Carmen Howle in Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground, plays Nasreen Paracha, daughter of Kaneez, who she describes as a \"quieter and tamer\" student, as well as \"intelligent\", but \"ballsy.\" She felt comfortable acting scenes with Poppy Lee Friar, who plays best friend Missy, due to having a friendship in real life.[17] Friar says she loves portraying Missy, who she describes as \"sassy, saucy and a survivor.\"[18] Television newcomers Nazmeen Kausar Hussain and Esa Ashraf play Razia and Saleem Paracha, Kaneez's two other children.[19]", "Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio. Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio (born November 17, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She made her Broadway debut in the 1980 revival of West Side Story, and went on to appear in the 1983 film Scarface as Al Pacino's character's sister, Gina Montana. For her role as Carmen in the 1986 film The Color of Money, she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress. Her other film roles include The Abyss (1989), Robin Hood: Prince of Thieves (1991), and The Perfect Storm (2000). In 2003, she was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the Broadway revival of Man of La Mancha.", "Hynden Walch. She is best known for voicing Princess Bubblegum in Adventure Time, Starfire in Teen Titans, Penny Sanchez on the Nickelodeon show ChalkZone, Elsie on the Disney Channel show Stanley, Ace in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited, Harley Quinn in The Batman and in anime, she has voiced Amy Stapleton in IGPX, Emiri Kimidori in The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya, Yutaka Kobayakawa in Lucky Star and Nia Teppelin in Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann. In 1989, Walch received the Presidential Scholarship and went to the UNC School of the Arts in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. After UNC, she went to Chicago, Illinois, where she did plays.", "Wendy Makkena. Among her Broadway credits are Pygmalion (1987), Lend Me a Tenor (1989) as \"Maggie\" and Side Man (1998) as \"Terry\".[2] In 2013, Makkena appeared as \"Carmen Berra\" in the Off-Broadway production of Bronx Bombers at (Primary Stages).[3]", "Christina Moore. After graduating from Illinois Wesleyan University School of Theatre Arts, Moore moved to Los Angeles to pursue her acting career. Moore's television credits included the UPN comedy, The Bad Girl's Guide and Hyperion Bay. She had recurring roles on Pasadena and Unhappily Ever After, with additional television credits that include guest appearances on 24, Just Shoot Me!, Friends, and Suddenly Susan." ]

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[ "New Orleans. New Orleans (/njuː ˈɔːrliənz, -ɔːrˈliːnz, -ˈɔːrlənz/,[4][5] or /ˈnɔːrlənz/; French: La Nouvelle-Orléans [la nuvɛlɔʁleɑ̃] ( listen)) is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana.", "New Orleans. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, and occupies both sides of the Mississippi River. The heart of the city and its French Quarter is on the river's north side. The city and Orleans Parish (French: paroisse d'Orléans) are coterminous.[20] The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west.[20][21][22] Lake Pontchartrain, part of which lies within the city limits, lies to the north and Lake Borgne lies to the east.[22]", "New Orleans. New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta, south of Lake Pontchartrain, on the banks of the Mississippi River, approximately 105 miles (169 km) upriver from the Gulf of Mexico. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the city's area is 350 square miles (910 km2), of which 169 square miles (440 km2) is land and 181 square miles (470 km2) (52%) is water.[63] Orleans Parish is the smallest parish by land area in Louisiana. The area along the river is characterized by ridges and hollows.", "Culture of New Orleans. The people and culture of New Orleans have made New Orleans, Louisiana, unique among and distinct from other cities in the United States, including other Southern U.S. cities. New Orleans in modern times has been described as being not a Southern city but a Caribbean city.[1][2][3]", "New Orleans. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U.S. Census.[6][7] The New Orleans metropolitan area (New Orleans–Metairie–Kenner Metropolitan Statistical Area) had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States.[8] The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a larger trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502.[9] Before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015,[10] it ranked third, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish and East Baton Rouge Parish.[10]", "New Orleans. New Orleans began as a strategically-located trading entrepôt, and it remains, above all, a crucial transportation hub and distribution center for waterborne commerce. The Port is the fifth-largest in the United States based on cargo volume and second-largest in the state after the Port of South Louisiana. It is the twelfth-largest in the U.S. based on cargo value. The Port of South Louisiana, also located in the New Orleans area, is the world's busiest in terms of bulk tonnage. When combined with Port of New Orleans, it forms the 4th-largest port system in volume. Many shipbuilding, shipping, logistics, freight forwarding and commodity brokerage firms either are based in metropolitan New Orleans or maintain a local presence. Examples include Intermarine, Bisso Towboat, Northrop Grumman Ship Systems, Trinity Yachts, Expeditors International, Bollinger Shipyards, IMTT, International Coffee Corp, Boasso America, Transoceanic Shipping, Transportation Consultants Inc., Dupuy Storage & Forwarding and Silocaf. The largest coffee-roasting plant in the world, operated by Folgers, is located in New Orleans East.", "New Orleans. According to current travel guides, New Orleans is one of the top ten most-visited cities in the United States; 10.1 million visitors came to New Orleans in 2004.[128][131] Prior to Katrina, 265 hotels with 38,338 rooms operated in the Greater New Orleans Area. In May 2007, that had declined to some 140 hotels and motels with over 31,000 rooms.[132]", "New Orleans. The city is known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage.[11] New Orleans is famous for its cuisine, music (particularly as the birthplace of jazz)[12][13] and its annual celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is often referred to as the \"most unique\"[14] in the United States.[15][16][17][18][19]", "Port of New Orleans. The Port of New Orleans is located at the center of the Lower Mississippi River port complex in Louisiana. Connected to America's heartland by the Mississippi River and its tributaries, the Port of New Orleans handles a wide range of cargoes, including rubber, coffee, steel, containers, coal, and manufactured goods. Some 6,000 vessels and 500 million tons of cargo travel up and down the Mississippi River each year,[citation needed] including over half of the country's grain exports. With its access to 23,300 kilometers of inland waterway and high rate of traffic, the Port of New Orleans is a major hub for American waterway trade.[5]", "Louisiana. Louisiana[a] is a state in the southeastern region of the United States. It is the 31st in size and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States. Louisiana's capital is Baton Rouge and its largest city is New Orleans. It is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are the local government's equivalent to counties. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, and the largest by total area is Plaquemines. Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south.", "Cuisine of New Orleans. The cuisine of New Orleans encompasses common dishes and foods in New Orleans, Louisiana. It is perhaps the most distinctively recognized regional cuisine in the United States. Some of the dishes originated in New Orleans, while others are common and popular in the city and surrounding areas, such as the Mississippi River Delta and southern Louisiana. The cuisine of New Orleans is heavily influenced by Creole cuisine, Cajun cuisine, and soul food.[1][2] Seafood also plays a prominent part in the cuisine.[1] Dishes invented in New Orleans include po' boy and muffuletta sandwiches, oysters Rockefeller and oysters Bienville, pompano en papillote, and bananas Foster, among others.", "New Orleans. The City is a political subdivision of the state of Louisiana. It has a mayor-council government, following a Home Rule Charter adopted in 1954, as later amended. The city council consists of seven members, who are elected by district and two at-large councilmembers. The mayor as of 2017 was Mitch Landrieu.[150][151] The Orleans Parish Civil Sheriff's Office serves papers involving lawsuits and provides security for the Civil District Court and Juvenile Courts. The Criminal Sheriff, Marlin Gusman, maintains the parish prison system, provides security for the Criminal District Court, and provides backup for the New Orleans Police Department on an as-needed basis. An ordinance in 2006 established an Office of Inspector General to review city government activities.", "New Orleans. New Orleans has ten sister cities:[200]", "History of New Orleans. New Orleans annexed the city of Algiers, Louisiana, across the Mississippi River, in 1870. The city also continued to expand upriver, annexing the town of Carrollton, Louisiana in 1874.", "Louisiana. Initially, Mobile and then Biloxi served as the capital of La Louisiane. Recognizing the importance of the Mississippi River to trade and military interests, and wanting to protect the capital from severe coastal storms, France developed New Orleans from 1722 as the seat of civilian and military authority south of the Great Lakes. From then until the United States acquired the territory in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, France and Spain jockeyed for control of New Orleans and the lands west of the Mississippi.", "New Orleans. A 2009 Travel + Leisure poll of \"America's Favorite Cities\" ranked New Orleans first in ten categories, the most first-place rankings of the 30 cities included. According to the poll, New Orleans was the best U.S. city as a spring break destination and for \"wild weekends\", stylish boutique hotels, cocktail hours, singles/bar scenes, live music/concerts and bands, antique and vintage shops, cafés/coffee bars, neighborhood restaurants, and people watching. The city ranked second for: friendliness (behind Charleston, South Carolina), gay-friendliness (behind San Francisco), bed and breakfast hotels/inns, and ethnic food. However, the city placed near the bottom in cleanliness, safety and as a family destination.[133][134]", "New Orleans. New Orleans operates one of the world's largest and busiest ports and metropolitan New Orleans is a center of maritime industry. The region accounts for a significant portion of the nation's oil refining and petrochemical production, and serves as a white-collar corporate base for onshore and offshore petroleum and natural gas production.", "New Orleans. New Orleans has many visitor attractions, from the world-renowned French Quarter; to St. Charles Avenue, (home of Tulane and Loyola Universities, the historic Pontchartrain Hotel, and many 19th-century mansions); to Magazine Street, with its boutique stores and antique shops.", "New Orleans. New Orleans' zenith versus other American cities occurred in the ante-bellum period. It was the nation's fifth-largest city and was significantly larger than all other southern cities.[46] From the mid-19th century onward rapid economic growth shifted to other areas, while New Orleans' relative importance steadily declined. The growth of railways and highways decreased river traffic, diverting goods to other transportation corridors and markets.[46] Thousands of the most ambitious people of color left the state in the Great Migration around World War II and after, many for West Coast destinations. From the late 1800s, most censuses recorded New Orleans' decline versus other American cities.", "New Orleans. The city and the parish of Orleans operate as a merged city-parish government.[152] The original city was composed of what are now the 1st through 9th wards. The city of Lafayette (including the Garden District) was added in 1852 as the 10th and 11th wards. In 1870, Jefferson City, including Faubourg Bouligny and much of the Audubon and University areas, was annexed as the 12th, 13th, and 14th wards. Algiers, on the west bank of the Mississippi, was also annexed in 1870, becoming the 15th ward.", "New Orleans. Greater New Orleans is the 54th largest Designated Market Area (DMA) in the U.S., serving 566,960 homes.[183] Major television network affiliates serving the area include:", "New Orleans. The city is served by Amtrak. The New Orleans Union Passenger Terminal is the central rail depot and is served by the Crescent, operating between New Orleans and New York City; the City of New Orleans, operating between New Orleans and Chicago; and the Sunset Limited, operating through New Orleans between Orlando and Los Angeles. Beginning in late August 2005, the Sunset Limited no longer served its official route. Since late October 2005 served only New Orleans-to-Los Angeles. The obstacles to restoration of the full route have been more managerial and political than physical.", "New Orleans. In 2009, New Orleans ranked No. 7 on Newsmax magazine's list of the \"Top 25 Most Uniquely American Cities and Towns\". The piece cited the city's post-Katrina rebuilding effort as well as its efforts to become eco-friendly.[135]", "Drainage in New Orleans. The city of New Orleans is located in the Mississippi River Delta on the east and west banks of the Mississippi River and south of Lake Pontchartrain. The city was originally settled on the natural levees or high ground, along the river. In the 1960s, floodwalls and man-made levees were constructed around a much larger geographic footprint that included previous marshland and swamp. Over time, pumping of nearby marshland allowed for development into lower elevation areas. Today, a large portion of New Orleans is at or below local mean sea level and evidence suggests that portions of the city may be dropping in elevation due to subsidence.", "Capture of New Orleans. The history of New Orleans contrasts significantly with the histories of other cities that became part of the Confederate States of America. Because it was founded by the French and owned by Spain for a time, New Orleans had a more cosmopolitan culture and diverse population. Only 13 percent of the 1810 population was Anglo-American. The census population of that time was made up of mostly French speaking refugees from the Haitian Revolution, the French and Indian War, and French and Spanish Creoles along with some smuggled slaves. New Orleans also benefited more by the Industrial Revolution, international trade, and geographical position. Its position by the mouth of the Mississippi River, which drained an important part of the United States, made New Orleans one of the most significant transportation centers in the early United States before the establishment of railroad and road systems. Of particular significance were the inventions of the steamboat and the cotton gin. Before the steamboat, keelboat men bringing cargo downriver would break up their boats for lumber in New Orleans and travel overland back to Ohio or Illinois to repeat the process. Steamboats had enough power to move upstream against the current of the Mississippi, making two-way trade possible between New Orleans and the cities in the interior river network. With the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, which greatly expanded international trade, and the development of the cotton gin, cotton became a valuable export product, adding to the volume of cargo moved through the city.[3]:10–11, 214", "New Orleans. New Orleans is also a center for higher learning, with over 50,000 students enrolled in the region's eleven two- and four-year degree-granting institutions. Tulane University, a top-50 research university, is located in Uptown. Metropolitan New Orleans is a major regional hub for the health care industry and boasts a small, globally competitive manufacturing sector. The center city possesses a rapidly growing, entrepreneurial creative industries sector and is renowned for its cultural tourism. Greater New Orleans, Inc. (GNO, Inc.)[125] acts as the first point-of-contact for regional economic development, coordinating between Louisiana's Department of Economic Development and the various business development agencies.", "St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans). Saint Louis Cathedral is in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, on the Place John Paul II (French: Place Jean-Paul II), a promenaded section of Chartres Street (rue de Chartres) that runs for one block between St. Peter Street (rue Saint-Pierre) on the upriver boundary and St. Ann Street (rue Sainte-Anne) on the downriver boundary. It is located next to Jackson Square and facing the Mississippi River in the heart of New Orleans, situated between the historic buildings of the Cabildo and the Presbytère.", "History of New Orleans. The history of New Orleans, Louisiana, traces the city's development from its founding by the French, through its period under Spanish control, then briefly back to French rule before being acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. In the 19th century, it was the largest port in the South, exporting most of the nation's cotton output and other products to Western Europe and New England. It was the largest and most important city in the South; thus it was an early target for capture by the Union during the Civil War. With its rich and unique cultural and architectural heritage, it remains a major destination for tourism, conventions, and major sports events, even after the major destruction and loss of life during Hurricane Katrina and flooding from the levee break after the hurricane in 2005.", "History of New Orleans. New Orleans was founded in Spring of 1718 by the French as Nouvelle-Orléans, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville. After considering several alternatives, Bienville selected the site for several strategic reasons and practical considerations, including: it was relatively high ground, along a sharp bend of the flood-prone Mississippi River, which thus created a natural levee (previously chosen as the site of an abandoned Quinipissa village); it was adjacent to the trading route and portage between the Mississippi and Lake Pontchartrain via Bayou St. John, offering access to the Gulf of Mexico port of Biloxi without going downriver 100 miles; and it offered control of the entire Mississippi River Valley, at a safe distance from Spanish and English colonial settlements.[4][5] From its founding, the French intended it to be an important colonial city. The city was named in honor of the then Regent of France, Philip II, Duke of Orléans. The priest-chronicler Pierre François Xavier de Charlevoix described it in 1721 as a place of a hundred wretched hovels in a malarious wet thicket of willows and dwarf palmettos, infested by serpents and alligators; he seems to have been the first, however, to predict for it an imperial future. In 1722, Nouvelle-Orléans was made the capital of French Louisiana, replacing Biloxi in that role.", "New Orleans. New Orleans is world-famous for its abundance of architectural styles that reflect the city's multicultural heritage. Though New Orleans possesses numerous structures of national architectural significance, it is equally, if not more, revered for its enormous, largely intact (even post-Katrina) historic built environment. Twenty National Register Historic Districts have been established, and fourteen local historic districts aid in preservation. Thirteen of the districts are administered by the New Orleans Historic District Landmarks Commission (HDLC), while one—the French Quarter—is administered by the Vieux Carre Commission (VCC). Additionally, both the National Park Service, via the National Register of Historic Places, and the HDLC have landmarked individual buildings, many of which lie outside the boundaries of existing historic districts.[71]", "Louisiana. Due to its location on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana has regularly suffered the effects of tropical storms and damaging hurricanes. In August 2005, New Orleans and many other low-lying parts of the state along the Gulf of Mexico were hit by the catastrophic Hurricane Katrina. It caused widespread damage due to breaching of levees and large-scale flooding of more than 80% of the city. Officials had issued warnings to evacuate the city and nearby areas, but tens of thousands of people, mostly African Americans, stayed behind, many of them stranded. Many people died and survivors suffered through the damage of the widespread floodwaters.", "New Orleans. By the mid-20th century, New Orleanians recognized that their city was no longer the leading urban area in the South. By 1950, Houston, Dallas, and Atlanta exceeded New Orleans in size, and in 1960 Miami eclipsed New Orleans, even as the latter's population reached its historic peak.[46] As with other older American cities, highway construction and suburban development drew residents from the center city to newer housing outside. The 1970 census recorded the first absolute decline in population since it joined the United States. The New Orleans metropolitan area continued expanding in population, albeit more slowly than other major Sun Belt cities. While the port remained one of the nation's largest, automation and containerization cost many jobs. The city's former role as banker to the South was supplanted by larger peer cities. New Orleans' economy had always been based more on trade and financial services than on manufacturing, but the city's relatively small manufacturing sector also shrank after World War II. Despite some economic development successes under the administrations of DeLesseps \"Chep\" Morrison (1946–1961) and Victor \"Vic\" Schiro (1961–1970), metropolitan New Orleans' growth rate consistently lagged behind more vigorous cities." ]

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[ "Dragon Ball Super. Dragon Ball Super received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia and India on January 21, 2017. This dub is produced by Los Angeles based Bang Zoom! Entertainment for the Asian market. A sneak preview of the English dub aired on December 17, 2016, and featured the first episode.[22]", "Dragon Ball Super. On November 4, 2016, Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to Dragon Ball Super and will be producing an English dub, with many cast members of their previous English-language releases of Dragon Ball media reprising their respective roles. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow.[5][27] On December 7, 2016, IGN reported that the Funimation English dub of Dragon Ball Super would air on Adult Swim Saturdays at 8 p.m. with an encore showing in their Toonami block later that night at 11:30 p.m. beginning January 7, 2017.[28] This was later confirmed on Toonami's official Facebook page.[6] The North American premiere of Dragon Ball Super was watched by 1,063,000 viewers for its 8 p.m. showing on Adult Swim.[29]", "List of Dragon Ball Super episodes. Dragon Ball Super received an English-language dub that premiered on the Toonami channel in Southeast Asia in January 2017.[17] The series has been aired in Israel on Nickelodeon and in Portugal on SIC.[18] Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English-speaking Africa in Fall 2016.[19] An official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll, Daisuki.net, and Anime Lab beginning October 22, 2016.[20][21] Funimation announced the company acquired the rights to the series and will be producing an English dub. As well as officially announcing the dub, it was also announced they will be simulcasting the series on their streaming platform, FunimationNow.[22][23] Funimation's English dub of Dragon Ball Super started airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block starting January 7, 2017.[24]", "Dragon Ball Super. On October 10, 2016, Toei Animation Europe announced that Dragon Ball Super would be broadcast in France, Italy, Spain, and English-speaking Africa in Fall 2016.[24] Later that same month, Toei Animation announced an official English sub of the series would be simulcasted legally on Crunchyroll, Daisuki.net, and AnimeLab beginning October 22, 2016.[25][26]", "Dragon Ball Super. The Latin-American-Spanish Dub began airing on August 5, 2017 on Cartoon Network with most of the cast from the original Dragon Ball Z Dub reprising their roles, Including Mario Castañeda as Son Goku who was abscent from Dragon Ball Z Kai.[30]", "Dragon Ball Super: Broly. Broly will first be released in Japan, December 14, 2018, while Funimation’s English dub will have its world premiere at TCL Chinese Theatre in Los Angeles on December 13 followed by its United States and Canada release a month later on January 16, 2019 by Funimation Films.[8] On July 19, 2018, trailers for both the subtitled and dubbed versions were released online after being shown at San Diego Comic-Con.[9][10]", "Dragon Ball Super. The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 4, 2016.[51]", "List of Dragon Ball Super episodes. The anime episodes are being released on Japanese Blu-ray and DVD sets that contain twelve episodes each. The first set was released on December 2, 2015. The second set was released on March 2, 2016. The third set was released on July 2, 2016. The fourth set was released on October 10, 2016.[16]", "Dragon Ball Super. Dragon Ball Super (Japanese: ドラゴンボール超（スーパー）, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Sūpā) is an ongoing Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5, 2015.[8] Its overall plot outline is written by Dragon Ball franchise creator Akira Toriyama, while the individual episodes are written by different screenwriters. It is also a manga series illustrated by Toyotarou, serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine V Jump. The anime is a sequel to Toriyama's original Dragon Ball manga and the Dragon Ball Z television series featuring the first new storyline in 18 years. It is broadcast on Sundays at 9:00 a.m. on Fuji TV.[4]", "Dragon Ball. On April 28, 2015, Toei Animation announced Dragon Ball Super (ドラゴンボール超, Doragon Bōru Sūpā), the first all-new Dragon Ball television series to be released in 18 years. It debuted on July 5 and runs as a weekly series at 9:00 am on Fuji TV on Sundays until its series finale on March 25, 2018 after 131 episodes.[45] Masako Nozawa reprises her roles as Goku, Gohan, and Goten. Most of the original cast reprise their roles as well.[46][47] Kouichi Yamadera and Masakazu Morita also reprise their roles, as Beerus and Whis, respectively.[47]", "Dragon Ball Super. The first preview of the series aired on June 14, 2015, following episode 157 of Dragon Ball Kai.[19] The next day, the main promotional image for Dragon Ball Super was added to its official website and unveiled two new characters,[17] who were later revealed to be named Champa and Vados, respectively.[20] A thirty-second trailer including the new characters was uploaded to the series' official website on June 26, 2015.[21]", "Dragon Ball Super: Broly. Dragon Ball Super: Broly was originally announced under the tentative title of Dragon Ball Super - The Movie on December 17, 2017, during Jump Festa with the general theme being \"The Strongest Warrior Race in the Universe, The Saiyans\".[4] A poster was released on March 13, 2018, 11 days before the airing of the final episode of Dragon Ball Super, featuring an entirely new design for the protagonist Goku by Toei animator Naohiro Shintani,[5][6] as opposed to veteran Dragon Ball character designer Tadayoshi Yamamuro. One week later, the first trailer for the film was released publicly through Toei Animation featuring the all–new character designs and an enigmatic new villain.[7]", "Dragon Ball Z. Despite Kai's continuation not being officially confirmed at the time even in Japan, Sean Schemmel and Kyle Hebert, the Funimation dub voice actors of Goku and Gohan, announced in April 2013 that they had started recording an English dub for new episodes.[39] In November 2013, Kai's Australasian distributor Madman Entertainment revealed that the Majin Buu arc of Kai would be released in 2014 and that they were waiting on dubs to be finished.[40] However, in February 2014, Funimation officially stated that they did not record for the final arc of Kai.[41] On December 6, 2016, Funimation announced the continuation of Kai to begin airing on Adult Swim's Toonami block starting January 7, 2017.[42]", "Dragon Ball Super. All three volumes of Dragon Ball Super's manga adaptation have charted on Oricon's weekly list of the best-selling manga; volumes one and two sold 29,995 and 56,947 copies in their debut weeks respectively.[66][67] Volume three was the fourth best-selling for its week with 92,114 copies sold.[68] According to Nielsen BookScan, the English version of volume one was the second best-selling graphic novel of May 2017,[69] the ninth of June,[70] the fourteenth of July,[71] and the eighteenth of August.[72]", "Dragon Ball Super: Broly. Dragon Ball Super: Broly (Japanese: ドラゴンボール超（スーパー） ブロリー, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Sūpā: Burorī) is an upcoming 2018 Japanese anime science fantasy martial arts film, the twentieth movie in the Dragon Ball series, and the first to carry the Dragon Ball Super branding. It was first officially announced on December 17, 2017, and will be the third Dragon Ball film personally supervised by creator Akira Toriyama, following Resurrection 'F' in 2015.", "Dragon Ball Z. In 1996, Funimation Productions licensed Dragon Ball Z for an English-language release in North America. They contracted Saban Entertainment to help distribute the series to television, and Pioneer Entertainment to handle home video distribution.[9] The Vancouver-based Ocean Studios were hired by Funimation to dub the anime (Funimation had previously used the Ocean voice cast in their short-lived 1995 dub of Dragon Ball).[10] Saban musicians Ron Wasserman[11] and Jeremy Sweet,[10] known for their work on the Power Rangers franchise, composed a new background score and theme song (nicknamed \"Rock the Dragon\").[Note 1] Funimation's initial English dub of Dragon Ball Z had mandated cuts to content and length, which reduced the first 67 episodes into 53.[12][13] It premiered in the United States on September 13, 1996 in first-run syndication, but halted production in 1998 after two seasons.[12] This was due to Saban scaling down its syndication operations, in order to focus on producing original material for the Fox Kids block.[14] Pioneer also ceased its home video release of the series at volume 17 (the end of the dub) and retained the rights to produce an uncut subtitled version,[12] but did not do so.", "Dragon Ball Z. The Dragon Ball Z films comprise a total of 15 entries as of 2015. The films are typically released in March and July in accordance with the spring and summer vacations of Japanese schools. They were typically double features paired up with other anime films, and were thus, usually an hour or less in length. The films themselves offer contradictions in both chronology and design that make them incompatible with a single continuity. All 14 films were licensed in North America by Funimation, and all have received in-house dubs by the company. Prior to Funimation, the third film was a part of the short-lived Saban syndication, being split into three episodes, and the first three films received uncut English dubs in 1998 produced by Funimation with Ocean Studios and released by Pioneer. Several of the films have been broadcast on Cartoon Network and Nicktoons in the United States, Toonami UK in the United Kingdom (these featured an alternate English dub produced by an unknown cast by AB Groupe), and Cartoon Network in Australia.", "Dragon Ball Z. Funimation released eight DVD and Blu-ray box sets of Dragon Ball Z Kai from May 18, 2010 to June 5, 2012.[84][85] These sets contain the original Japanese audio track with English subtitles, as well as the uncut version of the English dub, which does not contain any of the edits made for the TV airings. Before the final volume was even published, Funimation began re-releasing the series in four DVD and Blu-ray \"season\" sets between May 22, 2012 and March 12, 2013.[86][87]", "Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods. In Philippines, the movie was released subtitled in English by Pioneer Films during the month of April 2013, making it the second Dragon Ball film to be shown in the country. The Filipino dub of the movie will be released on January 4, 2015 by ABS-CBN TV Network.", "Dragon Ball Z. In July 2011, Funimation announced plans to release Dragon Ball Z in Blu-ray format, with the first set released on November 8, 2011.[78][79][80] However, production of these 4:3 sets was suspended after the second volume, citing technical concerns over restoring the original film material frame by frame.[81] Only a year later, the company began producing a cropped 16:9 remastered Blu-ray release in 2013, with nine sets released in total.[82] On August 13, 2013, Funimation released all 53 episodes and the three movies from their first Dragon Ball Z dub created with Saban and Ocean Studios in a collector's DVD box set, titled the Rock the Dragon Edition.[83]", "List of Dragon Ball Super episodes. Dragon Ball Super is a Japanese anime television series produced by Toei Animation that began airing on July 5, 2015 on Fuji TV.[1] It is the first Dragon Ball television series featuring a new storyline in 18 years. Storywise, the series retells the events of the last two Dragon Ball Z films, Battle of Gods and Resurrection 'F', which themselves follow the events of Dragon Ball Z. Afterwards, the series proceeds to tell an original story about the exploration of other universes, the reemergence of Future Trunks, and a new threat to his Earth known as Goku Black and a Supreme Kai from Universe 10 named Zamasu. Later, the Z Fighters participate in a universal tournament held by Zeno-sama to decide the fate of multiple universes. If they lose in the universal tournament, then their entire universe will be erased.", "Dragon Ball Z. In 2005, Funimation began releasing their in-house dub of the beginning of Dragon Ball Z on DVD, marking the first time the episodes were seen uncut in North America.[73] However, only nine volumes were released, leaving it incomplete.[74] Instead, Funimation remastered and cropped the entire series into 16:9 widescreen format and began re-releasing it to DVD in nine individual \"season\" box sets; the first set released on February 6, 2007 and the final on May 19, 2009.[75][76] In July 2009, Funimation announced that they would be releasing the Japanese frame-by-frame \"Dragon Box\" restoration of Dragon Ball Z in North America. These seven limited edition DVD box sets were released uncut in the show's original 4:3 fullscreen format between November 10, 2009 and October 11, 2011.[77]", "Dragon Ball: Curse of the Blood Rubies. On April 6, 2010 Funimation announced that Curse of the Blood Rubies would be released to a bilingual DVD on July 27, 2010, but the release was delayed to December 28, 2010. Funimation announced the voice cast for a new English dub of the film on November 12, 2010.[5] The 2010 English dub is mostly unedited (the only visual edits being to the title and credit sequences), but the script was mostly recycled from the 1995 English dub (which itself was based on the 1989 dub script), with the most notable change being all the character names reverting to their originals. The audio was recorded in Dallas, TX, United States. However, very few voice actors from Funimation's English dub of the original Dragon Ball series reprised their roles for this film, with their replacements from the dub of Dragon Ball Z Kai (in production at the time) being used instead.", "Dragon Ball Super. The Dragon Ball Super anime is being adapted into a companion manga illustrated by artist Toyotarou, who was previously responsible for the official Resurrection 'F' manga adaptation.[45] Toyotarou explained that he receives the major plot points from Toriyama, before drawing the storyboard and filling in the details in between himself. He sends the storyboard to Toriyama for review.[46] It began serialization in the August 2015 issue of V Jump, which was released on June 20, 2015.[47] Shueisha began collecting the chapters into tankōbon volumes with the first published on April 4, 2016.[48] Viz Media began posting free English translations of the manga chapters to their website on June 24, 2016.[49] A print release of the first volume followed in spring 2017.[50]", "Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods. In Latin America, the movie was released by Diamond Films during the last days of September and first days of October 2013 (depending on the country) with almost every member of the original cast from the Mexican Spanish dub of the series. In Brazil, Battle of Gods was released by Diamond Filmes on October 11, 2013, with the original cast from the Brazilian Portuguese Dragon Ball Z dub.[48] In Italy the movie entered theaters on February 1, 2014.", "Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan. Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan, known in Japan as Dragon Ball Z: Burn Up!! A Close Fight - A Violent Fight - A Super Fierce Fight (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 燃えつきろ!!熱戦・烈戦・超激戦, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Moetsukiro!! Nessen Ressen Chō-Gekisen), is a 1993 Japanese animated science fiction adventure film and the eighth Dragon Ball Z feature movie. The original release date in Japan was on March 6 at the Toei Anime Fair alongside Dr. Slump and Arale-chan: N-cha! Clear Skies Over Penguin Village. It was dubbed into English by Funimation in 2003.", "Dragon Ball Z: Battle of Gods. In Spain, the movie was released in theaters on May 30, 2014 in Castilian Spanish, Catalan and Basque languages, with the former bringing back almost every member of the original cast from the Castilian Spanish Dragon Ball Z dub while the latter two feature the respective Catalan and Basque voice casts from Dragon Ball Kai (the Catalan voice cast also being essentially the same one from Dragon Ball Z). The extended version home release also featured a Valencian dub with almost every member of the original cast from the Valencian Dragon Ball Z dub.", "Dragon Ball Super. First impressions of the series' debut episode were mostly positive with the quality of animation being praised the most.[55] Richard Eisenbeis of Kotaku praised the series' title sequence and said \"My middle-school self is so happy right now, you guys.\"[56] Jamieson Cox of The Verge also praised the title sequence and said that \"Dragon Ball Super's intro will have you begging for its North American release\". Cox was also surprised that, considering how popular the franchise is, the series did not launch internationally at the same time. He called it \"a move that wouldn't be unprecedented\" giving Sailor Moon Crystal as an example.[57] Lucas Siegel of Comicbook.com praised the debut episode for its \"laid back plotline\" and animation style and said that the debut was \"very much put out as a \"slice of life\" episode\". Siegel also noted that the premiere episode was more of a \"where are they now\" introduction to the series that will eventually help build anticipation for \"where will they be.\"[58]", "Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might. It was first dubbed in English by Funimation Entertainment in association with Saban Entertainment and Ocean Productions.[4] This dub edited the film into a three-part television episode, which first aired in North American countries during November 1997[4] as part of the show's second season. Funimation later sub-licensed the home video rights for the movie to Pioneer Home Entertainment who, also in association with Ocean Productions, re-dubbed the movie, and released it uncut on VHS and DVD on March 17, 1998, featuring the then-current English voice cast from the TV series, dialogue more accurately translated from the original Japanese script, and the original Japanese background music.[4]", "Dragon Ball Z: Lord Slug. Dragon Ball Z: Lord Slug, also known by its Japanese title Dragon Ball Z: Son Goku the Super Saiyan (Japanese: ドラゴンボールZ 超 (スーパー)サイヤ人だ孫悟空, Hepburn: Doragon Bōru Zetto Sūpā Saiyajin da Son Gokū), is the fourth Dragon Ball Z feature movie. It was originally released in Japan on March 9, 1991 between episodes 81 and 82 at the Toei Anime Fair as part of a double feature with the first Magical Tarurūto-kun movie. An American English dub was produced by Funimation and released to VHS and DVD on August 7, 2001. Two other English dubs were also produced, one in France by AB Groupe done for European markets which was released under the misspelt title Super Saiya Son Goku, and another one for a Malaysian VCD release by Speedy Video which had the title Super Saiya People, Goku. While the Malaysian dub's cast remains unknown, the AB Groupe dub was revealed to have been recorded by English-speaking actors based in France who have also done voices for animated television series such as Code Lyoko and Chris Colorado.[1]", "Dragon Ball Z. In January 2011, Funimation and Toei announced that they would stream Dragon Ball Z within 30 minutes before their simulcast of One Piece.[20] As of 2013, Dragon Ball Z is being streamed on Hulu, containing the English dub with the Japanese music and uncut footage, as well as subtitled Japanese episodes.", "Dragon Ball Z: Broly – The Legendary Super Saiyan. A third English dub produced and released exclusively in Malaysia by Speedy Video features an unknown voice cast." ]

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[ "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. When the Seahawk arrives in Rhode Island, Charlotte returns to her old \"proper\" behavior and dress. She intends to hide what happened from her family, but her father reads her journal of the voyage. He is appalled, burns the diary, and tells Charlotte that she will be punished and reformed. Charlotte finally decides to escape from her home one night, and returns to the Seahawk to be a sailor with Zachariah and the crew.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle was a Newbery Honor Book in 1991.[14] A member of the Newbery committee that year felt the book deserved to win the Newbery Medal and described the book as being about \"a spunky young lady goes from polite idealist impressed by good manners and gallantry to a realistic young woman who comes to terms with the complexity of the 19th-century society in which she lives\".[15] It won several other critical awards including the Golden Kite Award, the Boston Globe-Horn Book Award, and the Judy Lopez Award.[16] The book also appeared on several notable or best-of book lists, including the ALA's Notable Children's Book, ALA's Best Book for Young Adults,[16] and School Library Journal's Books That Shaped a Century.[17] The book was not only popular with adult critics, but also children, winning several children's choice awards including the Evergreen Award, Massachusetts Children's Book Award, the Sunshine State Young Readers Award, and the Beehive Award.[16]", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. After spotting a round-robin, a sign of mutiny, Charlotte warns Jaggery. Captain Jaggery heads off the rebellion. Charlotte is distressed when Captain Jaggery and 1st mate Mr. Hollybrass whipped Zachariah for 50 lashes. Charlotte tries to protect Zachariah by grabbing the whip, but accidentally hits the captain's face. Jaggery is enraged and whips Zachariah mercilessly, leading to his death and funeral.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. After the captain has withdrawn his protection of Charlotte, she feels compelled to replace Zachariah as a crew member out of guilt. The crew allows her to join them after she successfully climbs up and down the tallest mast. Upon learning of Charlotte's plans, Captain Jaggery strikes Charlotte across the face, and she vows to reveal his cruelty to the courts after they complete their voyage.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. With Zachariah's help, Charlotte escapes the prison and plans to steal the captain's guns and usurp his title. Upon finding Jaggery he reveals that he had killed Hollybrass. He presents her with three choices, all of which she refuses, and flees Jaggery. The Captain attempts to kill her in front of the crew, but falls off the ship to his death. Zachariah leads the crew in naming Charlotte as captain, but she serves primarily as a figurehead for Zachariah due to her lack of experience. They land in Providence, Rhode Island, 12 hours later.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle is a historical novel by the American author Avi published in 1990. The book is geared towards children at a reading level of grades 6–8.[1]", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. As the Seahawk enters a powerful hurricane, Charlotte falls from the ratlines and is saved by a man whom she believes is Zachariah, despite his apparent death. After the storm, the crew finds First Mate Hollybrass, stabbed in the back, by the dirk Zachariah gave Charlotte. She is ordered to the brig, where she finds Zachariah, who has been hiding there since he was thrashed nearly to death. Captain Jaggery holds a trial and finds her guilty of Mr. Hollybrass' murder. As Charlotte has vowed to expose his cruelty when they land, he threatens to hang her unless she will align herself with him and become a respectable young woman again.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. It takes place during the crossing of a ship from England to America in 1832. The book chronicles the evolution of the title character as she is pushed outside her naive existence and learns about life aboard a ship. The novel was well received and won several awards, including being named as a Newbery Honor book.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle received a positive critical reaction when it was published. In its starred review of the book, Kirkus Reviews called it \"tautly plotted, vividly narrated, carefully researched: a thrilling tale deepened by its sober look at attitudes that may have been more exaggerated in the past but that still persist\".[4] Cathryn Mercier in Five Owls review journal noted the \"innovative mixture of history and fiction\" and said the book was \"expertly crafted and consistently involving, it is sure to excite, enthrall, and challenge readers.\"[5] Horn Book, giving it its highest rating of outstanding, said the book was \"a rousing adventure story\".[6] Barbara Elleman writing forBooklist contended it was not just an adventure story, saying the dynamic between Charlotte and Zachariah \"allows the story to rise above swashbuckling adventure, though that element is there too. From its riveting opening line...to its surprise ending, this is a story harder to forget.\"[7] The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle has been listed in several books as a best book or core collection book for children.[8][9][10] Matt Berman, of commonsensemedia.org, rated this book a 5 out of 5 stars. [11] Out of 72,000 ratings the average rating was a 3.8 out of 5 stars, on goodreads.com[12]Csmonitor.com has The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle rated number 1 of their \"12 Best Books for Preteens\". [13]", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. The story starts in the early summer of 1832, as thirteen-year-old Charlotte Doyle prepares to take a big voyage from Liverpool, England to her family's new home in Providence, Rhode Island. Her upper class upbringing and her education gives her a very sheltered and narrow view of life. Charlotte finds herself the only passenger and the only female on the ship, the Seahawk. Repeatedly, people tell her she shouldn't be on the ship, but her escort, Mr. Grummage, insists Charlotte go.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. On her first day aboard, a black sailor named Zachariah gives her a dirk for protection. He also warns Charlotte about Captain Jaggery which Charlotte does not believe. The captain and Charlotte become very close, and he says that if she ever sees anything suspicious, she must tell him.", "The True Confessions of Charlotte Doyle. A film adaptation of the book was in development. It was written and would have been directed by Danny DeVito, starring Morgan Freeman as Zachariah and Pierce Brosnan as Jaggery.[18][19] Dakota Fanning was originally cast as Charlotte Doyle, but had to drop out as production was continually halted and she eventually grew too old for the part. Saoirse Ronan was later cast, but the film was again halted because Freeman was seriously injured in a car accident two weeks before filming was scheduled to commence.[20][21] DeVito returned to the subject in February 2013, saying he was looking for another young actress to star in the title role and scouting movie locations in Ireland. Shooting was supposed to start in July 2014.[20][22]The release date is still classified as \"TBD\" without any new information as to whether it will be shot.[23]", "Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte. The next morning the authorities take Charlotte away, presumably to an insane asylum or possibly to a new home for herself. Many neighbors and locals gather at the Hollis home to watch the proceedings, believing that crazy Charlotte has murdered again. But some are very complimentary and sympathetic towards her. Willis hands her an envelope from the now-dead Jewel Mayhew, who has had a stroke after hearing of the incident the previous night. The envelope contains Jewel's confession to the murder of her husband. As the authorities drive Charlotte away, she looks back at her beloved plantation.", "Charlotte Drake. Sara, dressed as Red Coat, sets a bomb to detonate inside of Radley as part of Charlotte's final plan to kill her family along with herself. The Liars managed to prevent any collateral damage from happening, since Spencer disabled the bomb while Emily punched Sara for betraying her. Charlotte then runs towards the roof and attempts to commit suicide. However, the Liars arrive in time to persuade her not to and Charlotte instead declares the ending to her reign as \"A\".", "Confessio Amantis. By the 19th century, the Confessio was regarded by some as an established \"monument of dulness and pedantry\" (quoted by Coffman 1945:52). While Macaulay (1901:x-xxi, 1908:sec 28) was cautiously appreciative, his contemporary Crawshaw (1907:61) attributed to the work \"a certain nervelessness or lack of vigor, and a fatal inability to understand when he had said enough\". Even C.S. Lewis, who has been quoted above admiring the style of the work, was unconvinced by its structure, describing the epilogue as \"a long and unsuccessful coda\" (Lewis 1936:222).", "Charlotte Drake. During the season finale \"A is for Answers\", CeCe is detained by Detective Gabriel Holbrook and questioned about Wilden’s homicide.[29] She confesses to knowing who murdered Bethany Young (the girl buried in Alison's grave) and that Alison is still alive.[29][i] At the end of the episode, Jessica's dead body is dragged across the grass as Charlotte buries her on the Hastings' backyard.", "The Heart of the Matter. The concluding chapter consists of a short encounter between Louise and the confessional priest. Louise tries to rationalise Scobie’s suicide in relation to his Catholicism, to which the priest advises that no one can know what’s in a person’s heart or about God’s mercy.", "The Sense of an Ending (film). The Sense of an Ending is a 2017 British-American mystery drama film directed by Ritesh Batra and written by Nick Payne, based on the novel of the same name by Julian Barnes. The film stars Jim Broadbent, Charlotte Rampling, Harriet Walter, Emily Mortimer and Michelle Dockery.", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. There are four different endings depending on whether Vera and Phillip – one, both, or neither – are saved. If Phillip is saved, he will reveal that his name is actually Charles Morley, a friend of Lombard's who assumed his identity when the real Phillip Lombard committed suicide out of guilt for his past crime. If Vera is saved, she and Naracott return to Sticklehaven (with Morley, if he also survives), where Vera explains her innocence of the crime the gramophone accused her of. If either Vera or Morley (or both) are saved, their statements to the police will clear Naracott and his brother. If neither of them survive, the Naracott brothers make their escape from the police. If Vera survives, she and Naracott decide to get married.", "Brontë family. Almost a year to the day, enamoured already for some time of Monsieur Heger, Charlotte resigned and returned to Haworth. Her life there had not been without suffering, and on one occasion she ventured into the cathedral and entered a confessional. She may have had intention of converting to Catholicism, but it would only have been for a short time.[71]", "Cottingley Fairies. In a 1985 interview on Yorkshire Television's Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers, Elsie said that she and Frances were too embarrassed to admit the truth after fooling Doyle, the author of Sherlock Holmes: \"Two village kids and a brilliant man like Conan Doyle – well, we could only keep quiet.\" In the same interview Frances said: \"I never even thought of it as being a fraud – it was just Elsie and I having a bit of fun and I can't understand to this day why they were taken in – they wanted to be taken in.\"[30]", "Brontë family. However, Charlotte did not allow herself to be discouraged. Furthermore, coincidence came to her aid. One day in autumn 1845 while alone in the dining room she noticed a small notebook lying open on in the drawer of Emily's portable writing desk and of my sister Emily's handwriting. She read it and was dazzled by the beauty of the poems that she did not know. The discovery of this treasure was what she recalled five years later, and according to Juliet Barker, she erased the excitement that she had felt,[78] more than surprise […], a deep conviction that these were not common effusions, nor at all like the poetry women generally write. I thought them condensed and terse, vigorous and genuine. To my ear, they had a peculiar music – wild, melancholy, and elevating. In the following paragraph Charlotte describes her sister's indignant reaction at her having ventured into such an intimate realm with impunity. It took Emily hours to calm down and days to be convinced to publish the poems.[79]", "Charlotte Brontë. ... two gentlemen come in, leading a tiny, delicate, serious, little lady, with fair straight hair and steady eyes. She may be a little over thirty; she is dressed in a little barège dress with a pattern of faint green moss. She enters in mittens, in silence, in seriousness; our hearts are beating with wild excitement. This then is the authoress, the unknown power whose books have set all London talking, reading, speculating; some people even say our father wrote the books – the wonderful books. ... The moment is so breathless that dinner comes as a relief to the solemnity of the occasion, and we all smile as my father stoops to offer his arm; for, genius though she may be, Miss Brontë can barely reach his elbow. My own personal impressions are that she is somewhat grave and stern, specially to forward little girls who wish to chatter. ... Everyone waited for the brilliant conversation which never began at all. Miss Brontë retired to the sofa in the study, and murmured a low word now and then to our kind governess ... the conversation grew dimmer and more dim, the ladies sat round still expectant, my father was too much perturbed by the gloom and the silence to be able to cope with it at all ... after Miss Brontë had left, I was surprised to see my father opening the front door with his hat on. He put his fingers to his lips, walked out into the darkness, and shut the door quietly behind him ... long afterwards ... Mrs Procter asked me if I knew what had happened. ... It was one of the dullest evenings [Mrs Procter] had ever spent in her life ... the ladies who had all come expecting so much delightful conversation, and the gloom and the constraint, and how finally, overwhelmed by the situation, my father had quietly left the room, left the house, and gone off to his club.[27]", "His Last Vow. The title of \"His Last Vow\" is a play on the title of \"His Last Bow\",[5] the final Sherlock Holmes story chronologically.[6] The title is not explained within the episode, but is a reference to dialogue from the previous episode, \"The Sign of Three\", in which Sherlock makes his last vow to always be there for John and Mary Watson. The plot of the episode is unrelated to the short story, although there are allusions present. The original story sees the detective having retired to keep bees in a Sussex cottage and, in the episode, Janine mentions that she is planning to buy a Sussex cottage from which she will remove some beehives. In the closing dialogue of the episode, a story Mycroft told Sherlock about \"the East wind\" during their childhood, is similar to a speech from the original story.[7]", "Charlotte Drake. During \"Did You Miss Me?\", Mona confesses to Emily that she called Charlotte from the Two Crows dinner in order to obtain answers and to find out if she was planning to use anything against her or the Liars since she didn't implicate them at all whilst hospitalized at Welby. Emily questions Mona whether or not she was responsible for Charlotte's homicide, but Mona states she didn't show up at the diner. Later during the episode, Emily and Spencer witness Sara Harvey's helper leaving the city hall with a document he hastily hands her as she suspiciously drives off. The girls decide to pursue Sara's driver and distract him in order to investigate his bags. In them, they stumble upon a tube that contains Radley's floor plan. Spencer then instructs Emily to continue following him so she can get a copy of the document at the town's city hall.", "Brontë family. I have no horror of death: if I thought it inevitable I think I could quietly resign myself to the prospect ... But I wish it would please God to spare me not only for Papa's and Charlotte's sakes, but because I long to do some good in the world before I leave it. I have many schemes in my head for future practise–humble and limited indeed–but still I should not like them all to come to nothing, and myself to have lived to so little purpose. But God's will be done.[127]", "Big Momma's House. On Sunday morning, Malcolm goes to church to testify Sherry, Trent, and Big Momma. Malcolm delivers his confession and heartfelt speech to Sherry and Trent, and later admits that he genuinely loves them. Big Momma forgives Malcolm, and the crowd cheers as Malcolm and Sherry kiss. The crowd celebrates as Big Momma and the choir sings \"Oh Happy Day\" during the film's closing credits.", "Giordano Bruno. The Last Confession by Morris West (posthumously published) is a fictional autobiography of Bruno, ostensibly written shortly before his execution.", "And Then There Were None. In the confession, Justice Wargrave writes that he has long wished to set an unsolvable puzzle of murder, but is morally limited to victims who are themselves guilty and deserving of such an end. He explains how he tricked the gullible Dr. Armstrong into helping him fake his own death under the pretext that it would supposedly give him the freedom to help the group identify the killer, and also explains that after Vera died, he replaced the chair in her room neatly against the wall. Finally, he reveals how he used the gun and some elastic to ensure his own death matched the account in the guests' diaries. Although he wished to create an unsolvable mystery, he acknowledges in the missive a \"pitiful human\" need for recognition, hence the confession.", "Molly Bloom. In the course of the monologue, Molly accepts Leopold into her bed, frets about his health, and then reminisces about their first meeting and about when she knew she was in love with him. The final words of Molly's reverie, and the very last words of the book, are:", "The Sense of an Ending (film). In present day, Tony goes to meet Sarah Ford's lawyer and learns that the second document is Adrian's diary. Tony reconnects with his two Sixth Form friends and they help him in locating Veronica, plus requesting the diary and an explanation. Veronica (Charlotte Rampling) replies to the email and they set up a meeting. Their meeting does not go well as it is apparent that Veronica is still angry at him. She explains that she has burned the diary and leaves after handing Tony a letter. It turns out to be the angry letter he wrote to her and Adrian. In other words, Veronica destroyed the diary that was in possession of her mother at the time of her death, yet chose to keep Tony's letter, which clearly was written out of hurt and frustration. Tony is clearly confused about what drove Adrian to commit suicide, and the frustration is even greater knowing that the diary destroyed by Veronica would have helped to explain what led his best friend to take his own life. While spying on Veronica, Tony sees her with a mentally unstable young man with red hair like Adrian, and starts to believe it is their son. However Tony later learns that Adrian Jr. was not delivered by Veronica, but was the child of Adrian Sr. and Veronica's mother Sarah.", "The Documents in the Case. However, she was ultimately disappointed with the way the book turned out. \"In my heart,\" she wrote, \"I know I have made a failure of it... I wish I could have done better with the brilliant plot.\".[2]" ]

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[ "England. Geographically England includes the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, plus such offshore islands as the Isle of Wight and the Isles of Scilly. It is bordered by two other countries of the United Kingdom—to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. England is closer to the European continent than any other part of mainland Britain. It is separated from France by a 21-mile (34 km)[116] sea gap, though the two countries are connected by the Channel Tunnel near Folkestone.[117] England also has shores on the Irish Sea, North Sea and Atlantic Ocean.", "England. England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.[6][7][8] It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west. The Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south. The country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain (which lies in the North Atlantic) in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller named islands such as the Isles of Scilly and the Isle of Wight.", "Irish Sea. The Irish Sea lies between the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. Listed below are islands in the Irish Sea which are over 1 km² in area, or which have a permanent population. Anglesey is almost attached to Holy Island; Holy Island is included separately.", "Geography of England. England has two land borders: a 96 km (60 mi) border with Scotland that follows the Cheviot Hills and a 257 km (160 mi) border with Wales that loosely follows the route of Offa's Dyke. \nTo the west, the Irish Sea separates England from Ireland and the Isle of Man; to the east, the North Sea separates England from Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium and to the south, the English Channel separates England from France and the Channel Islands.", "Partition of Ireland. [t]here has never been any formal agreement between Ireland and the United Kingdom on the delimitation of a territorial water boundary between the two states. In the context of the Good Friday Agreement, a decision was taken to co-operate on foreshore and other issues that arise in the management of the lough from conservation and other points of view. One of the issues is that the median channel in Carlingford is the navigation channel whereas... the navigation channel in Lough Foyle hugs the southern side, which makes it rather more difficult to manage or to negotiate an agreement as to where the territorial waters actually lie. There is no agreement between the two Governments on where the boundary lies, which is a problem that has bedevilled the situation for some time.", "Ireland. Ireland is located in the north-west of Europe, between latitudes 51° and 56° N, and longitudes 11° and 5° W. It is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and the North Channel, which has a width of 23 kilometres (14 mi)[109] at its narrowest point. To the west is the northern Atlantic Ocean and to the south is the Celtic Sea, which lies between Ireland and Brittany, in France. Ireland has a total area of 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi),[1][2][110] of which the Republic of Ireland occupies 83 percent.[111] Ireland and Great Britain, together with many nearby smaller islands, are known collectively as the British Isles. As the term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland, the alternate term Britain and Ireland is often used as a neutral term for the islands.", "Ireland. Ireland (/ˈaɪərlənd/ ( listen); Irish: Éire [ˈeːɾʲə] ( listen); Ulster-Scots: Airlann [ˈɑːrlən]) is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, and St George's Channel. Ireland is the third-largest island in Europe.", "Geography of England. The English coastline re-emerges again in North West England. The coastline here is similar to the North Sea coast in that it is mainly flat and sandy, with the only notable cliffs along this stretch of coast being at St Bees Head in Cumbria. The English Irish Sea coast is an important area of estuaries and bird life, with Wirral being a peninsula bounded by two rivers, the River Dee and the River Mersey. Liverpool and Merseyside are areas of high population and important industry along this coast, with tourist resorts of Southport and Blackpool being further to the north.\nThe English Irish Sea coast hosts two important geographic areas, Morecambe Bay, a large bay, and the Furness and Walney Island areas.\nFurther north into Cumbria the Sellafield Nuclear Power Station lies along this coast. The English section of the Irish Sea coast ends at the border with Scotland in the Solway Firth.", "Irish Sea. It is connected to the North Atlantic at both its northern and southern ends. To the north, the connection is through the North Channel between Scotland and Northern Ireland and the Malin Sea. The southern end is linked to the Atlantic through the St George's Channel between south eastern Ireland and Pembrokeshire in Wales, and the Celtic Sea. The Irish Sea is composed of a deeper channel about 300 km (190 mi) long and 30–50 km (19–31 mi) wide on its western side and shallower embayments to the east. The western channel's depth ranges from 80 metres (260 ft) up to 275 m (902 ft) in the Beaufort's Dyke in the North Channel. The main embayments – Cardigan Bay in the south and the waters to the east of the Isle of Man – are less than 50 m (160 ft) deep. The Sea has a total water volume of 2,430 km3 (580 cu mi), 80% of which is to the west of the Isle of Man, and a surface area of 47,000 km2 (18,000 sq mi). The largest sandbanks are the Bahama and King William Banks to the east and north of the Isle of Man and the Kish Bank, Codling Bank, Arklow Bank and Blackwater Bank near the coast of Ireland. The Irish Sea, at its greatest width, is 200 km (120 mi) and narrows to 75 km (47 mi).[9]", "Irish Sea. The Irish Sea (Irish: Muir Éireann / An Mhuir Mheann,[1] Manx: Y Keayn Yernagh,[2] Scots: Erse Sea, Scottish Gaelic: Muir Èireann,[3] Ulster-Scots: Airish Sea, Welsh: Môr Iwerddon) separates the islands of Ireland and Great Britain. It is connected to the Celtic Sea in the south by St George's Channel, and to the Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland[4] in the north by the North Channel. Anglesey is the largest island within the Irish Sea, followed by the Isle of Man. The sea is occasionally, but rarely, referred to as the Manx Sea (Irish: Muir Meann,[5] Manx: Mooir Vannin, Scottish Gaelic: Muir Mhanainn).[6][7][8]", "Geography of England. England comprises most of the central and southern two-thirds of the island of Great Britain, in addition to a number of small islands of which the largest is the Isle of Wight. England is bordered to the north by Scotland and to the west by Wales. It is closer to continental Europe than any other part of mainland Britain, divided from France only by a 33 km (21 mi) sea gap, the English Channel.[2] The 50 km (31 mi) Channel Tunnel,[3] near Folkestone, directly links England to mainland Europe. The English/French border is halfway along the tunnel.[4]", "Geography of the United Kingdom. The UK lies between the North Atlantic and the North Sea, and comes within 35 km (22 mi) of the north-west coast of France, from which it is separated by the English Channel. It shares a 499 km international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.[2][3] The Channel Tunnel bored beneath the English Channel, now links the UK with France.", "United Kingdom. The United Kingdom lies between latitudes 49° to 61° N, and longitudes 9° W to 2° E. Northern Ireland shares a 224-mile (360 km) land boundary with the Republic of Ireland.[138] The coastline of Great Britain is 11,073 miles (17,820 km) long.[141] It is connected to continental Europe by the Channel Tunnel, which at 31 miles (50 km) (24 miles (38 km) underwater) is the longest underwater tunnel in the world.[142]", "Irish Sea. The Irish Sea has coasts on the Republic of Ireland, all four constituent countries of the United Kingdom, and the Isle of Man.", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. A particular dispute arose between the Government of the Irish Free State of the one part and the Northern Ireland and UK governments of the other part over territorial waters in Lough Foyle.[30] Lough Foyle lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the then Irish Free State. A court case in the Free State in 1923 relating to fishing rights in Lough Foyle held that the Free State's territorial waters ran right up to the shore of County Londonderry.[30] In 1927, illegal fishing on Lough Foyle had become so grave that Northern Ireland Prime Minister James Craig entered into correspondence with his Free State counterpart, W. T. Cosgrave. Craig indicated to Cosgrave that he proposed to introduce a Bill giving the Royal Ulster Constabulary powers to stop and search vessels on Lough Foyle. Cosgrave asserted all of Lough Foyle was Free State territory and that as such a Bill of that nature would be rejected by the Free State and its introduction would create \"a very serious situation\".[30] Cosgrave then raised the matter with the British government. Claims by The Honourable The Irish Society that its fishing rights in the Foyle were being violated by poachers from the Donegal side led to the 1952 creation of the Foyle Fisheries Commission under the joint authority of the Dublin and Belfast governments, which solved problems of jurisdiction without addressing the sovereignty question. The Commission was superseded by the Foyle, Carlingford and Irish Lights Commission established after the Good Friday Agreement under the remit of the North/South Ministerial Council.[31]", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. ...[W]e claim that the territorial waters around the whole island of Ireland are ours and our claim to the territorial waters around Northern Ireland is based on the Government of Ireland Act of 1920. This Act is so referred to in the 1921 Treaty that the Northern Ireland which withdrew from the Irish Free State is identical with the Northern Ireland defined in the Government of Ireland Act, 1920, and defined as consisting of named counties and boroughs. It is, I think, common case between us that in English law the counties do not include adjacent territorial waters and, therefore, according to our claim these territorial waters were retained by the Irish Free State.", "Terminology of the British Isles. Note that the geographical term Irish Sea thus far appears to have escaped political connotations, even though territorial control of the waters of the Irish Sea is divided between both the Republic of Ireland and the UK, and also includes a British Crown dependency, the Isle of Man—as yet there appears to be no controversy with the term’s usage to mirror that of \"British Isles\". The \"Northern\" in \"Northern Ireland\" is not completely accurate. The most northerly point on the island, Malin Head, is in the Republic of Ireland—in County Donegal's Inishowen Peninsula.", "Republic of Ireland. The state extends over an area of about five-sixths (70,273 km2 or 27,133 sq mi) of the island of Ireland (84,421 km2 or 32,595 sq mi), with Northern Ireland constituting the remainder. The island is bounded to the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and to the northeast by the North Channel. To the east, the Irish Sea connects to the Atlantic Ocean via St George's Channel and the Celtic Sea to the southwest.", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. A 1988 treaty demarcates the boundary of the exclusive economic zones across the continental shelf from the south Irish Sea southwest to the Celtic Sea.[27]", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. It appears[original research?] that the territorial waters generally are no longer disputed between the two states but the maritime boundary dispute between Ireland and the United Kingdom concerning Lough Foyle (and similarly Carlingford Lough) may still not have been settled. As recently as 2005, when asked to list those areas of EU member states where border definition is in dispute, a British Government minister responding for the Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs stated:", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. The exact division of territorial waters between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland ('Southern Ireland' being coterminous with the territory of the modern-day Irish state) was a matter of some controversy from the outset. Section 1(2) of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 defined the respective territories of Northern Ireland and the then Southern Ireland as follows:[28]", "United Kingdom. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK)[10] or Britain,[note 10] is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the UK includes the island of Great Britain, the north-eastern part of the island of Ireland and many smaller islands.[11] Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. Apart from this land border, the UK is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to its east, the English Channel to its south and the Celtic Sea to its south-south-west, giving it the 12th-longest coastline in the world. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland. With an area of 242,500 square kilometres (93,600 sq mi), the UK is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 66.0 million inhabitants in 2017.", "Great Britain. Great Britain lies on the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate. Situated off the north-west coast of continental Europe, it is separated from the mainland by the North Sea and by the English Channel, which narrows to 34 km (18 nmi; 21 mi) at the Straits of Dover.[38] It stretches over about ten degrees of latitude on its longer, north-south axis and occupies an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), excluding the smaller surrounding islands.[39] The North Channel, Irish Sea, St George's Channel and Celtic Sea separate the island from the island of Ireland to its west.[40] The island is physically connected with continental Europe via the Channel Tunnel, the longest undersea rail tunnel in the world, completed in 1993. The island is marked by low, rolling countryside in the east and south, while hills and mountains predominate in the western and northern regions. It is surrounded by over 1,000 smaller islands and islets. The greatest distance between two points is 968.0 km (601 1⁄2 mi) (between Land's End, Cornwall and John o' Groats, Caithness), 838 miles (1,349 km) by road.", "British Isles. The islands have been shaped by numerous glaciations during the Quaternary Period, the most recent being the Devensian.[citation needed] As this ended, the central Irish Sea was deglaciated and the English Channel flooded, with sea levels rising to current levels some 4,000 to 5,000 years ago, leaving the British Isles in their current form. Whether or not there was a land bridge between Great Britain and Ireland at this time is somewhat disputed, though there was certainly a single ice sheet covering the entire sea.", "Geography of the United Kingdom. The UK (specifically, Northern Ireland) has an international land boundary with the Republic of Ireland of 499 km.[2][3] There is also a boundary between the jurisdiction of France and the UK on the Channel Tunnel.", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. Another important matter on which I should like a statement of the Government's intentions, is with regard to the territorial waters surrounding Ulster. Under the Act of 1920, the areas handed over to the Governments of Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland respectively, were defined as the six Parliamentary counties of Northern Ireland and the twenty-six Parliamentary counties of Southern Ireland. I understand there is considerable doubt in the minds of lawyers and others as to whether these Parliamentary counties carry with them the ordinary territorial waters, extending three miles out from the shore. It has been asserted in some quarters that the Parliamentary counties only extend to low water mark. That has been exercising the minds of a good many people in Ulster, and I shall be glad if the Government in due course will inform the House what is their opinion on the subject and what steps they are taking to make it clear..... Am I to understand that the Law Officers have actually considered this question, and that they have given a decision in favour of the theory that the territorial waters go with the counties that were included in the six counties of Northern Ireland?", "English Channel. The English Channel (French: la Manche, \"The Sleeve\"; German: Ärmelkanal, \"Sleeve Channel\"; Breton: Mor Breizh, \"Sea of Brittany\"; Cornish: Mor Bretannek, \"British Sea\"), also called simply the Channel, is the body of water that separates southern England from northern France, and links the southern part of the North Sea to the Atlantic Ocean. It is the busiest shipping area in the world.", "Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border. The Republic of Ireland–United Kingdom border, also known as the Irish border, runs for 499 km (310 mi)[1][2] from Lough Foyle in the north of Ireland to Carlingford Lough in the northeast, separating the Republic of Ireland from Northern Ireland.", "Partition of Ireland. A particular dispute arose between the Government of the Irish Free State of the one part and the Northern Ireland and UK Governments of the other part over territorial waters in Lough Foyle.[44] Lough Foyle lies between County Londonderry in Northern Ireland and County Donegal in the then Irish Free State. A court case in the Free State in 1923 relating to fishing rights in Lough Foyle held that the Free State’s territorial waters ran right up to the shore of County Londonderry.[44] In 1925, the Chief Justice of the Irish Free State, Hugh Kennedy advised the President of the Executive Council of the Irish Free State, WT Cosgrave as follows:", "England–Wales border. The England–Wales border, sometimes the Wales–England border or the Anglo-Welsh border, is the border between England and Wales, two constituent countries of the United Kingdom.[1][2] It runs for 160 miles (257 km),[3] from the Dee estuary, in the north, to the Severn estuary in the south. It has followed broadly the same line since the 8th century, and in part that of Offa's Dyke; the modern boundary was fixed in 1536, when the former marcher lordships which occupied the border area were abolished and new county boundaries were created.", "Geography of Ireland. Politically, the island consists of the Republic of Ireland, with jurisdiction over about five-sixths of the island; and Northern Ireland, a constituent country (and an unconfirmed \"practical\" exclave) of the United Kingdom, with jurisdiction over the remaining sixth. Located west of the island of Great Britain, it is located at approximately 53°N 8°W / 53°N 8°W / 53; -8Coordinates: 53°N 8°W / 53°N 8°W / 53; -8. It has a total area of 84,421 km2 (32,595 sq mi).[1] It is separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea and from mainland Europe by the Celtic Sea. Ireland and Great Britain, together with nearby islands, are known collectively as the British Isles; as the term British Isles is controversial in relation to Ireland, the alternative term 'Britain and Ireland' is increasingly preferred.[2]", "Geography of Ireland. Ireland is an island in Northwestern Europe in the north Atlantic Ocean. The island lies on the European continental shelf, part of the Eurasian Plate. The island's main geographical features include low central plains surrounded by coastal mountains. The highest peak is Carrauntoohil (Irish: Corrán Tuathail), which is 1,041 meters (3,415 ft) above sea level. The western coastline is rugged, with many islands, peninsulas, headlands and bays. The island is bisected by the River Shannon, which at 360.5 km (224 mi) with a 102.1 km (63 mi) estuary is the longest river in Ireland and flows south from County Cavan in Ulster to meet the Atlantic just south of Limerick. There are a number of sizeable lakes along Ireland's rivers, of which Lough Neagh is the largest." ]

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[ "Franchising. The word \"franchise\" is of Anglo-French derivation—from franc, meaning free—and is used both as a noun and as a (transitive) verb.[1] For the franchiser, use of a franchise system is an alternative business growth strategy, compared to say expansion through corporate owned outlets or \"chain stores\". Adopting a franchise system business growth strategy for the sale and distribution of goods and services minimizes the franchiser's capital investment and liability risk.", "Franchising. Franchising is based on a marketing concept which can be adopted by an organisation as a strategy for business expansion. Where implemented, a franchiser licenses its know-how, procedures, intellectual property, use of its business model, brand; and rights to sell its branded products and services to a franchisee. In return the franchisee pays certain fees and agrees to comply with certain obligations, typically set out in a Franchise Agreement.", "Retail. Retailing often occurs in retail stores or service establishments, but may also occur through direct selling such as through vending machines, door-to-door sales or electronic channels. [4] Although the idea of retail is often associated with the purchase of goods, the term may be applied to service-providers that sell to consumers. Retail service providers include retail banking, tourism, insurance, private healthcare, private education, private security firms, legal firms, publishers, public transport and others. For example, a tourism provider might have a retail division that books travel and accommodation for consumers plus a wholesale division that purchases blocks of accommodation, hospitality, transport and sightseeing which are subsequently packaged into a holiday tour for sale to retail travel agents.", "Franchising. A franchise usually lasts for a fixed time period (broken down into shorter periods, which each require renewal), and serves a specific territory or geographical area surrounding its location. One franchisee may manage several such locations. Agreements typically last from five to thirty years, with premature cancellations or terminations of most contracts bearing serious consequences for franchisees. A franchise is merely a temporary business investment involving renting or leasing an opportunity, not the purchase of a business for the purpose of ownership. It is classified as a wasting asset due to the finite term of the license.", "Franchising. Under Italian law franchise [46] is defined as an arrangement between two financially independent parties where a franchisee is granted, in exchange for a consideration, the right to market goods and services under particular trademarks. In addition, articles dictate the form and content of the franchise agreement and define the documents that must be made available 30 days prior to execution. The franchisor must disclose:", "Small business. Franchising is a way for small business owners to benefit from the economies of scale of the big corporation (franchiser). McDonald's and Subway are examples of a franchise. The small business owner can leverage a strong brand name and purchasing power of the larger company while keeping their own investment affordable. However, some franchisees conclude that they suffer the \"worst of both worlds\" feeling they are too restricted by corporate mandates and lack true independence. It is an assumption that small business are just franchisees, but the truth is many franchisers are also small businesses, Although considered to be a successful way of doing business, literature has proved that there is a high failure rate in franchising as well, especially in UK, where research indicates that out of 1658 franchising companies operating in 1984, only 601 remained in 1998, a mere 36%.[7]", "Franchising. Each party to a franchise has several interests to protect. The franchisor is involved in securing protection for the trademark, controlling the business concept and securing know-how. The franchisee is obligated to carry out the services for which the trademark has been made prominent or famous. There is a great deal of standardization required. The place of service has to bear the franchisor's signs, logos and trademark in a prominent place. The uniforms worn by the staff of the franchisee have to be of a particular design and color. The service has to be in accordance with the pattern followed by the franchisor in the successful franchise operations. Thus, franchisees are not in full control of the business, as they would be in retailing.", "Retail. Retailing involves the process of selling consumer goods or Services to customers through multiple channels of distribution to earn a profit. Retailers satisfy demand identified through a supply chain. The term \"retailer\" is typically applied where a service provider fills the small orders of a large number of individuals, who are end-users, rather than large orders of a small number of wholesale, corporate or government clientele. Shopping generally refers to the act of buying products. Sometimes this is done to obtain final goods, including necessities such as food and clothing; sometimes it takes place as a recreational activity. Recreational shopping often involves window shopping (just looking, not buying) and browsing: it does not always result in a purchase.", "Retail. A small retail outlet owned and operated by an individual or family. Focuses on a relatively limited and selective set of products.", "Foreign market entry modes. The franchising system can be defined as: \"A system in which semi-independent business owners (franchisees) pay fees and royalties to a parent company (franchiser) in return for the right to become identified with its trademark, to sell its products or services, and often to use its business format and system.\" [13]", "Franchising. A franchise can be exclusive, non-exclusive or \"sole and exclusive\".", "Franchising. The legal definition of franchising in Spain is an activity in which an undertaking, the franchisor, grants to another party, the franchisee, for a specific market and in exchange for financial compensation (either direct, indirect or both), the right to exploit an owned system to commercialize products or services already exploited by the franchisor with enough success and experience.", "Franchising. Franchising is a sui generis contract which bears the characteristics of several explicitly regulated contracts such as; agency, sales contract and so forth. The regulations concerning these kinds of contracts in Turkish Commercial Code and in Turkish Code of Obligations are applied to franchising. Franchising is described in doctrine and has several essential components such as; the independence of the franchisee from the franchisor, the use of know-how and the uniformity of product and services, standard use of the brand and logo, payment of a royalty fee, increasement of sales by the franchisee and continuity. Franchising may be for a determined or undetermined period of time. The undetermined one can only be annulled either by a notice before a reasonable amount of time or by a just cause. The franchising agreement with a determined time period ends within the end of the time period if not specified otherwise in the agreement. However, termination based on just cause is also foreseen for franchising agreement with a determined time period.", "Franchising. Where the franchisor has many partners, the agreement may take the shape of a business format franchise – an agreement that is identical for all franchisees.", "Franchising. Franchising is one of the few means available to access venture capital without the need to give up control of the operation of the chain and build a distribution system for servicing it. After the brand and formula are carefully designed and properly executed, franchisors are able to sell franchises and expand rapidly across countries and continents using the capital and resources of their franchisees while reducing their own risk.", "Retail. Retail refers to the activity of reselling. A retailer is any person or organisation is a reseller who sells goods or services directly to consumers or end-users. [2] Some retailers may sell to business customers, and such sales are termed non-retail activity. In some jurisdictions or regions, legal definitions of retail specify that at least 80 percent of sales activity must be to end-users. [3]", "Franchising. The Spanish Retail Trading Act regulates franchising.[48] The contents of the franchise must include, at least:", "Retail. Retail comes from the Old French word tailler, which means \"to cut off, clip, pare, divide\" in terms of tailoring (1365). It was first recorded as a noun with the meaning of a \"sale in small quantities\" in 1433 (from the Middle French retail, \"piece cut off, shred, scrap, paring\").[1] As in the French, the word, retail, in both Dutch and German, also refers to the sale of small quantities of items.", "Retail. The retail format (also known as the retail formula) influences the consumer's store choice and addresses the consumer’s expectations. At its most basic level, a retail format is a simple marketplace, that is; a location where goods and services are exchanged. In some parts of the world, the retail sector is still dominated by small family-run stores, but large retail chains are increasingly dominating the sector, because they can exert considerable buying power and pass on the savings in the form of lower prices. Many of these large retail chains also produce their own private labels which compete alongside manufacturer brands. Considerable consolidation of retail stores has changed the retail landscape, transferring power away from wholesalers and into the hands of the large retail chains.[124]", "Franchising. The laws are applicable if there are transactions involving a trademark combined with payments with many obligations on the franchisor. The law comprises 42 articles and eight chapters.", "International business. Licensing and franchising are two additional entry modes that are similar in operation. Licensing allows a licensor to grant the rights to an intangible property to the licensee for a specified period of time for a royalty fee. Franchising, on the other hand, is a specialized form of licensing in which the franchisor sells the intangible property to the franchisee, and also forces the franchisee operate as dictated by the franchisor.[7]", "Franchising. In 2016 there was an estimated 1,120 franchise brands operating in Australia and an estimated 79,000 units operating in business format franchises, with a total brand turnover of approximately $146 billion and a sales revenue of approximately $66.5 billion.[16] In 2016 the majority of franchise brands were retailers with the largest segment being non-food retailing, accounting for 26 percent of brands, a further 19 percent of brands were involved in food retailing, 15 percent of franchisors operated in administration and support services, 10 percent in other services, 7 percent in education and training and 7 percent in rental, hire and real estate services.[16]", "Merchandising. In the broadest sense, merchandising is any practice which contributes to the sale of products to a retail consumer. At a retail in-store level, merchandising refers to the variety of products available for sale and the display of those products in such a way that it stimulates interest and entices customers to make a purchase.", "Retail. The modern era of retailing is defined as the period from the industrial revolution to the 21st century.[50] In major cities, the department store emerged in the mid to late 19th century, and permanently reshaped shopping habits, and redefined concepts of service and luxury. The term, \"department store\" originated in America. In 19th century England, these stores were known as emporia or warehouse shops.[51] A number of major department stores opened across the USA, Britain and Europe from the mid nineteenth century including; Harrod's of London in 1834; Kendall's in Manchester in 1836; Selfridges of London in 1909; Macy's of New York in 1858; Bloomingdale's in 1861; Sak's in 1867; J.C. Penney in 1902; Le Bon Marché of France in 1852 and Galeries Lafayette of France in 1905. Other twentieth century innovations in retailing included chain stores, mail-order, multi-level marketing (pyramid selling or network marketing, c. 1920s), party plans (c. 1930s) and B2C e-commerce (cyber-peddling).[52]", "Franchising. The Brazilian Franchise Law (Law No. 8955 of December 15, 1994) defines the franchise as a system in which the franchisor licenses the franchisee, for a payment, the right to use a trademark or patent along with the right to distribute products or services on an exclusive or semi-exclusive basis. The provision of a \"Franchise Offer Circular\", or disclosure document, is mandatory before execution of agreement and is valid for all of the Brazilian territory. Failure to disclose voids the agreement, which leads to refunds and serious payments for damages. The Franchise Law does not distinguish between Brazilian and foreign franchisors. The National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) is the registering authority. Indispensable documents are a Statement of Delivery (of disclosure documentation) and a Certification of Recording (INPI). The latter is necessary for payments. All sums may not be convertible into foreign currency. Certification may also mean compliance with Brazil's antitrust legislation.", "Retail. Customer service is the \"sum of acts and elements that allow consumers to receive what they need or desire from [the] retail establishment.\" Retailers must decide whether to provide a full service outlet or minimal service outlet, such as no-service in the case of vending machines; self-service with only basic sales assistance or a full service operation as in many boutiques and speciality stores. In addition, the retailer needs to make decisions about sales support such as customer delivery and after sales customer care.", "Franchising. A service can be successful if equipment and supplies are purchased at a fair price from the franchisor or sources recommended by the franchisor. A coffee brew, for example, can be readily identified by the trademark if its raw materials come from a particular supplier. If the franchisor requires purchase from her stores, it may come under anti-trust legislation or equivalent laws of other countries.[13] So too the purchase things like uniforms of personnel and signs, as well as the franchise sites, if they are owned or controlled by the franchisor.", "Retail. A store that retails a mix of household needs and is open long hours is a convenience store", "Franchising. Other elements of this legislation are:", "Franchising. When adopting a European strategy it is important that a franchisor takes expert legal advice. Most often one of the principal tasks in Europe is to find retail space, which is not so significant a factor in the USA. This is where the franchise broker, or the master franchisor, plays an important role. Cultural factors are also relevant, as local populations tend to be heterogeneous.", "Franchising. In recent years, the idea of franchising has been picked up by the social enterprise sector, which hopes to simplify and expedite the process of setting up new businesses. A number of business ideas, such as soap making, wholefood retailing, aquarium maintenance, and hotel operation have been identified as suitable for adoption by social firms employing disabled and disadvantaged people.", "Franchising. In the United Kingdom there are no franchise-specific laws; franchises are subject to the same laws that govern other businesses.[50] There is some self-regulation through the British Franchise Association (BFA)." ]

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[ "Kepler's laws of planetary motion. So in this approximation the Moon moves around the Earth according to Kepler's laws.", "Orbit of the Moon. The notional tidal bulges are carried ahead of the Earth–Moon axis by the continents as a result of Earth's rotation. The eccentric mass of each bulge exerts a small amount of gravitational attraction on the Moon, with the bulge on the side of Earth closest to the Moon pulling in a direction slightly forward along the Moon's orbit (because Earth's rotation has carried the bulge forward). The bulge on the side furthest from the Moon has the opposite effect, but because the gravitational attraction varies inversely with the square of distance, the effect is stronger for the near-side bulge. As a result, some of Earth's angular (or rotational) momentum is gradually being transferred to the rotation of the Earth–Moon pair around their mutual centre of mass, called the barycentre. This slightly faster rotation causes the Earth–Moon distance to increase at approximately 38 millimetres per year. Conservation of angular momentum means that Earth's axial rotation is gradually slowing, and because of this its day lengthens by approximately 23 microseconds every year (excluding glacial rebound). Both figures are valid only for the current configuration of the continents. Tidal rhythmites from 620 million years ago show that, over hundreds of millions of years, the Moon receded at an average rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) per year and the day lengthened at an average rate of 12 microseconds per year, both about half of their current values. See tidal acceleration for a more detailed description and references.", "Moon. While gravitation causes acceleration and movement of the Earth's fluid oceans, gravitational coupling between the Moon and Earth's solid body is mostly elastic and plastic. The result is a further tidal effect of the Moon on the Earth that causes a bulge of the solid portion of the Earth nearest the Moon that acts as a torque in opposition to the Earth's rotation. This \"drains\" angular momentum and rotational kinetic energy from Earth's spin, slowing the Earth's rotation.[140][142] That angular momentum, lost from the Earth, is transferred to the Moon in a process (confusingly known as tidal acceleration), which lifts the Moon into a higher orbit and results in its lower orbital speed about the Earth. Thus the distance between Earth and Moon is increasing, and the Earth's spin is slowing in reaction.[142] Measurements from laser reflectors left during the Apollo missions (lunar ranging experiments) have found that the Moon's distance increases by 38 mm (1.5 in) per year[143] (roughly the rate at which human fingernails grow).[144] Atomic clocks also show that Earth's day lengthens by about 15 microseconds every year,[145] slowly increasing the rate at which UTC is adjusted by leap seconds. Left to run its course, this tidal drag would continue until the spin of Earth and the orbital period of the Moon matched, creating mutual tidal locking between the two. As a result, the Moon would be suspended in the sky over one meridian, as is already currently the case with Pluto and its moon Charon. However, the Sun will become a red giant engulfing the Earth-Moon system long before this occurrence.[146][147]", "Moon. The Moon makes a complete orbit around Earth with respect to the fixed stars about once every 27.3 days[g] (its sidereal period). However, because Earth is moving in its orbit around the Sun at the same time, it takes slightly longer for the Moon to show the same phase to Earth, which is about 29.5 days[h] (its synodic period).[57] Unlike most satellites of other planets, the Moon orbits closer to the ecliptic plane than to the planet's equatorial plane. The Moon's orbit is subtly perturbed by the Sun and Earth in many small, complex and interacting ways. For example, the plane of the Moon's orbit gradually rotates once every 18.61[117] years, which affects other aspects of lunar motion. These follow-on effects are mathematically described by Cassini's laws.[118]", "Orbit of the Moon. The orbit of the Moon is distinctly elliptical, with an average eccentricity of 0.0549. The non-circular form of the lunar orbit causes variations in the Moon's angular speed and apparent size as it moves towards and away from an observer on Earth. The mean angular movement relative to an imaginary observer at the barycentre is 7001131760000000000♠13.176° per day to the east (Julian day 2000).", "Axial precession. Although the above explanation involved the Sun, the same explanation holds true for any object moving around the Earth, along or close to the ecliptic, notably, the Moon. The combined action of the Sun and the Moon is called the lunisolar precession. In addition to the steady progressive motion (resulting in a full circle in about 25,700 years) the Sun and Moon also cause small periodic variations, due to their changing positions. These oscillations, in both precessional speed and axial tilt, are known as the nutation. The most important term has a period of 18.6 years and an amplitude of 9.2″.[20]", "Orbit of the Moon. The Moon orbits Earth in the prograde direction and completes one revolution relative to the stars in approximately 27.323 days (a sidereal month) and one revolution relative to the Sun in approximately 29.530 days (a synodic month). Earth and the Moon orbit about their barycentre (common center of mass), which lies about 4,600 km (2,900 mi) from Earth's center (about 3/4 of the radius of Earth). On average, the distance to the Moon is about 385,000 km (239,000 mi) from Earth's center, which corresponds to about 60 Earth radii. With a mean orbital velocity of 1.022 km/s (2,290 mph),[8] the Moon appears to move relative to the stars each hour by an amount roughly equal to its angular diameter, or by about half a degree. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to Earth's equatorial plane. The plane of the lunar orbit is inclined to the ecliptic by about 5°, whereas the Moon's equatorial plane is inclined by only 1.5° to the ecliptic.", "King tide. The proximity of the Moon in relation to Earth and Earth in relation to the Sun also has an effect on tidal ranges. The Moon moves around Earth in an elliptic orbit that takes about 29 days to complete. The gravitational force is greatest when the Moon is at perigee — closest to Earth — and least when it is at apogee — farthest from Earth — about two weeks after perigee. The Moon has a larger effect on the tides than the Sun, but the Sun’s position also has an influence on the tides. Earth moves around the Sun in an elliptic orbit that takes a little over 365 days to complete. Its gravitational force is greatest when the Earth is at perihelion — closest to the Sun in early January — and least when the Earth is at aphelion — farthest from the Sun in early July.", "Lunar standstill. The Moon's orbit around Earth (shown dotted) is inclined at an angle of i = 5.14° relative to the ecliptic. The Moon completes one orbit around the Earth in 27.32166 days. The two points at which Moon crosses the ecliptic are known as its orbital nodes, shown as \"N1\" and \"N2\" (ascending node and descending node, respectively), and the line connecting them is known as the line of nodes. Due to precession of the Moon's orbital inclination, these crossing points, the nodes and the positions of eclipses, gradually shift around the ecliptic in a period of 18.59992 years.", "Moon. The Moon used to rotate at a faster rate, but early in its history, its rotation slowed and became tidally locked in this orientation as a result of frictional effects associated with tidal deformations caused by Earth.[121] With time, the energy of rotation of the Moon on its axis was dissipated as heat, until there was no rotation of the Moon relative to the Earth. The side of the Moon that faces Earth is called the near side, and the opposite the far side. The far side is often inaccurately called the \"dark side\", but it is in fact illuminated as often as the near side: once per lunar day, during the new moon phase we observe on Earth when the near side is dark.[122] In 2016, planetary scientists, using data collected on the much earlier Nasa Lunar Prospector mission, found two hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides of the Moon, probably in the form of water ice. It is speculated that these patches were the poles of the Moon billions of years ago, before it was tidally locked to Earth.[123]", "Angular momentum. For a planet, angular momentum is distributed between the spin of the planet and its revolution in its orbit, and these are often exchanged by various mechanisms. The conservation of angular momentum in the Earth–Moon system results in the transfer of angular momentum from Earth to Moon, due to tidal torque the Moon exerts on the Earth. This in turn results in the slowing down of the rotation rate of Earth, at about 65.7 nanoseconds per day,[22] and in gradual increase of the radius of Moon's orbit, at about 3.82 centimeters per year.[23]", "Orbit of the Moon. Considering the Earth–Moon system as a binary planet, its centre of gravity is within Earth, about 4,624 km (2,873 mi) or 72.6% of the Earth's radius from the centre of the Earth. This centre of gravity remains on the line between the centres of the Earth and Moon as the Earth completes its diurnal rotation. The path of the Earth–Moon system in its solar orbit is defined as the movement of this mutual centre of gravity around the sun. Consequently, Earth's centre veers inside and outside the solar orbital path during each synodic month as the Moon moves in its orbit around the common centre of gravity.[19]", "Extraterrestrial skies. As a result of the Moon's synchronous rotation, one side of the Moon (the \"near side\") is permanently turned towards Earth, and the other side, the \"far side\", mostly cannot be seen from Earth. This means, conversely, that Earth can only be seen from the near side of the Moon and would always be invisible from the far side. If the Moon's rotation were purely synchronous, Earth would not have any noticeable movement in the Moon's sky. However, due to the Moon's libration, Earth does perform a slow and complex wobbling movement. Once a month, as seen from the Moon, Earth traces out an approximate oval 18° in diameter. The exact shape and orientation of this oval depend on one's location on the Moon. As a result, near the boundary of the near and far sides of the Moon, Earth is sometimes below the horizon and sometimes above it.", "Tidal locking. Despite the Moon's rotational and orbital periods being exactly locked, about 59% of the Moon's total surface may be seen with repeated observations from Earth due to the phenomena of libration and parallax. Librations are primarily caused by the Moon's varying orbital speed due to the eccentricity of its orbit: this allows up to about 6° more along its perimeter to be seen from Earth. Parallax is a geometric effect: at the surface of Earth we are offset from the line through the centers of Earth and Moon, and because of this we can observe a bit (about 1°) more around the side of the Moon when it is on our local horizon.", "Lunar standstill. The Moon differs from most satellites of other planets in that its orbit is close to the plane of the ecliptic, and not to Earth's equatorial plane. The Moon's maximum and minimum declination vary because the plane of the Moon's orbit around the Earth is inclined by about 5.1° to the ecliptic (the plane of Earth's orbit around the Sun), and the direction in space of lunar orbit inclination gradually changes over an 18.6-year cycle, alternately adding to or subtracting from the 23.5° tilt of the Earth's axis. In consequence, the maximum declination of the Moon varies from roughly (23.5° − 5° =) 18.5° to (23.5° + 5° =) 28.5°. At the minor lunar standstill, the Moon will change its declination during the nodal period from +18.5° to −18.5° for a total movement of 37°. Then, 9.3 years later, during the major lunar standstill, the Moon will change its declination during the nodal period from +28.5° to −28.5°, which is a total movement of 57°. This is enough to take its culmination from high in the sky to low on the horizon in just two weeks (half an orbit).", "Orbit of the Moon. The Moon is in synchronous rotation, meaning that it keeps the same face toward Earth at all times. This synchronous rotation is only true on average, because the Moon's orbit has a definite eccentricity. As a result, the angular velocity of the Moon varies as it orbits Earth and hence is not always equal to the Moon's rotational velocity. When the Moon is at its perigee, its rotation is slower than its orbital motion, and this allows us to see up to eight degrees of longitude of its eastern (right) far side. Conversely, when the Moon reaches its apogee, its rotation is faster than its orbital motion and this reveals eight degrees of longitude of its western (left) far side. This is referred to as longitudinal libration.", "Moon. The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. It is the fifth-largest natural satellite in the Solar System, and the largest among planetary satellites relative to the size of the planet that it orbits (its primary). Following Jupiter's satellite Io, the Moon is second-densest satellite among those whose densities are known.", "Ecliptic. The motions as described above are simplifications. Due to the movement of Earth around the Earth–Moon center of mass, the apparent path of the Sun wobbles slightly, with a period of about one month. Due to further perturbations by the other planets of the Solar System, the Earth–Moon barycenter wobbles slightly around a mean position in a complex fashion. The ecliptic is actually the apparent path of the Sun throughout the course of a year.[2]", "Moon. The Moon is in synchronous rotation: it rotates about its axis in about the same time it takes to orbit Earth. This results in it always keeping nearly the same face turned towards Earth. However, due to the effect of libration, about 59% of the Moon's surface can actually be seen from Earth.", "Earth's rotation. Over millions of years, the Earth's rotation slowed significantly by tidal acceleration through gravitational interactions with the Moon. In this process, angular momentum is slowly transferred to the Moon at a rate proportional to \n\n\n\n\nr\n\n−\n6\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle r^{-6}}\n\n, where \n\n\n\nr\n\n\n{\\displaystyle r}\n\n is the orbital radius of the Moon. This process gradually increased the length of day to its current value and resulted in the Moon being tidally locked with the Earth.", "Orbit of the Moon. The properties of the orbit described in this section are approximations. The Moon's orbit around Earth has many irregularities (perturbations), of whose study (lunar theory) has a long history.[9]", "ΔT. All values of ΔT before 1955 depend on observations of the Moon, either via eclipses or occultations. The angular momentum lost by the Earth due to friction induced by the Moon's tidal effect is transferred to the Moon, increasing its angular momentum, which means that its moment arm (its distance from the Earth) is increased (for the time being about +3.8 cm/year), which via Kepler's laws of planetary motion causes the Moon to revolve around the Earth at a slower rate. The cited values of ΔT assume that the lunar acceleration (actually a deceleration, that is a negative acceleration) due to this effect is dn/dt = −26″/cy2, where n is the mean sidereal angular motion of the Moon. This is close to the best estimate for dn/dt as of 2002 of −25.858 ± 0.003″/cy2[11] so ΔT need not be recalculated given the uncertainties and smoothing applied to its current values. Nowadays, UT is the observed orientation of the Earth relative to an inertial reference frame formed by extra-galactic radio sources, modified by an adopted ratio between sidereal time and solar time. Its measurement by several observatories is coordinated by the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS).", "Orbit of the Moon. The orientation of the orbit is not fixed in space, but rotates over time. This orbital precession is also called apsidal precession and is the rotation of the Moon's orbit within the orbital plane, i.e. the axes of the ellipse change direction. The Moon's major axis – the longest diameter of the orbit, joining its nearest and farthest points, the perigee and apogee, respectively – makes one complete revolution every 8.85 Earth years, or 3,232.6054 days, as it rotates slowly in the same direction as the Moon itself (direct motion). The Moon's apsidal precession is distinct from, and should not be confused with its axial precession.", "Orbit of the Moon. Because the lunar orbit is also inclined to Earth's ecliptic plane by 5.1°, the rotational axis of the Moon seems to rotate towards and away from Earth during one complete orbit. This is referred to as latitudinal libration, which allows one to see almost 7° of latitude beyond the pole on the far side. Finally, because the Moon is only about 60 Earth radii away from Earth's centre of mass, an observer at the equator who observes the Moon throughout the night moves laterally by one Earth diameter. This gives rise to a diurnal libration, which allows one to view an additional one degree's worth of lunar longitude. For the same reason, observers at both of Earth's geographical poles would be able to see one additional degree's worth of libration in latitude.", "Lunar day. The term lunar day may also refer to the period between moonrises or high moon in a particular location on Earth. This period is typically about 50 minutes longer than a 24-hour Earth day, as the Moon orbits the Earth in the same direction as the Earth's axial rotation.[2]", "Orbit of the Moon. In representations of the Solar System, it is common to draw the trajectory of Earth from the point of view of the Sun, and the trajectory of the Moon from the point of view of Earth. This could give the impression that the Moon orbits Earth in such a way that sometimes it goes backwards when viewed from the Sun's perspective. Because the orbital velocity of the Moon around Earth (1 km/s) is small compared to the orbital velocity of Earth about the Sun (30 km/s), this never happens. There are no rearward loops in the Moon's solar orbit.", "Lunar phase. The Earth subtends an angle of about two degrees, when seen from the Moon. This means that an observer on Earth who sees the Moon when it is close to the eastern horizon sees it from an angle that is about two degrees different from the line of sight of an observer who sees the Moon on the western horizon. The Moon moves about 12 degrees around its orbit per day, so, if these observers were stationary, they would see the phases of the Moon at times that differ by about one-sixth of a day, or four hours. But in reality the observers are on the surface of the rotating Earth, so someone who sees the Moon on the eastern horizon at one moment sees it on the western horizon about 12 hours later. This adds an oscillation to the apparent progression of the lunar phases. They appear to occur more slowly when the Moon is high in the sky than when it is below the horizon. The Moon appears to move jerkily, and the phases do the same. The amplitude of this oscillation is never more than about four hours, which is a small fraction of a month. It does not have any obvious effect on the appearance of the Moon. However, it does affect accurate calculations of the times of lunar phases.", "Solar eclipse. During a central eclipse, the Moon's umbra (or antumbra, in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west to east across the Earth. The Earth is also rotating from west to east, at about 28 km/min at the Equator, but as the Moon is moving in the same direction as the Earth's spin at about 61 km/min, the umbra almost always appears to move in a roughly west-east direction across a map of the Earth at the speed of the Moon's orbital velocity minus the Earth's rotational velocity.[27]", "Earth. The gravitational attraction between Earth and the Moon causes tides on Earth. The same effect on the Moon has led to its tidal locking: its rotation period is the same as the time it takes to orbit Earth. As a result, it always presents the same face to the planet. As the Moon orbits Earth, different parts of its face are illuminated by the Sun, leading to the lunar phases; the dark part of the face is separated from the light part by the solar terminator.", "Tidal locking. When the Earth is observed from the moon, the Earth does not appear to translate across the sky but appears to remain in the same place, rotating on its own axis.", "Lunar phase. The lunar phase or phase of the Moon is the shape of the directly sunlit portion of the Moon as viewed from Earth. The lunar phases gradually and cyclically change over the period of a synodic month (about 29.53 days), as the orbital positions of the Moon around Earth and of Earth around the Sun shift.", "Orbital effects on climate. This precession movement is the result of two other processes. The first is Earth’s slow Axial precession (also known as Earth’s wobbling motion), Ruddiman likens it to a top, how the top spins rapidly, revolves around a point on the surface it’s spinning on, and also ‘wobbles’ at the top of the top. The second process is referred to as apsidal precession - or the precession of the ellipse. In this second process, the entire ellipse of Earth’s orbital path rotates around the sun." ]

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[ "St. Louis. St. Louis (/seɪnt ˈluːɪs/)[10][11][12] is an independent city[13] and major U.S. port in the state of Missouri, built along the western bank of the Mississippi River, which marks Missouri's border with Illinois. The city had an estimated 2016 population of 311,404,[14] and is the cultural and economic center of the Greater St. Louis area (home to 2,916,447 people), making it the largest metropolitan area in Missouri and the 19th-largest in the United States.", "Missouri. St. Louis is the principal city of the largest metropolitan area in Missouri, composed of 17 counties and the independent city of St. Louis; eight of those counties lie in Illinois. As of 2012 St. Louis was the 20th largest metropolitan area in the nation with 2.90 million people. However, if ranked using Combined Statistical Area, it is 19th largest with 2.92 million people in 2015. Some of the major cities making up the St. Louis Metro area in Missouri are St. Charles, St. Peters, Florissant, Chesterfield, Creve Coeur, Wildwood, Maryland Heights, O'Fallon, Clayton, Ballwin, and University City.", "St. Louis. Prior to European settlement, the area was a major regional center of Native American Mississippian culture. The city of St. Louis was founded in 1764 by French fur traders Pierre Laclède and Auguste Chouteau, and named after Louis IX of France. In 1764, following France's defeat in the Seven Years' War, the area was ceded to Spain and retroceded back to France in 1800. In 1803, the United States acquired the territory as part of the Louisiana Purchase.[15] During the 19th century, St. Louis developed as a major port on the Mississippi River. In the 1870 Census, St. Louis was ranked as the 4th-largest city in the United States. It separated from St. Louis County in 1877, becoming an independent city and limiting its own political boundaries. In 1904, it hosted the Louisiana Purchase Exposition and the Summer Olympics.", "St. Louis. According to the United States Census Bureau, St. Louis has a total area of 66 square miles (170 km2), of which 62 square miles (160 km2) is land and 4.1 square miles (11 km2) (6.2%) is water.[28] (Not shown on simple maps of the city, the land at its airport is owned by the city, served by its fire department and others, and is an exclave of St. Louis.) The city is built primarily on bluffs and terraces that rise 100–200 feet above the western banks of the Mississippi River, in the Midwestern United States just south of the Missouri-Mississippi confluence. Much of the area is a fertile and gently rolling prairie that features low hills and broad, shallow valleys. Both the Mississippi River and the Missouri River have cut large valleys with wide flood plains.", "St. Louis. From 1762 to 1803 European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain. In 1780 during the American Revolutionary War, St. Louis was attacked by British forces, mostly Native American allies, in the Battle of St. Louis.[17]", "History of St. Louis. With its connection through the Ohio River to the east, the Mississippi to the south and north, and the Missouri to the west, St. Louis was ideally located to become the main base of interregional trade. In the 1840s, it became a destination for massive immigration by Irish and Germans. Some native-born Americans reacted with fear to the newcomers, adopting nativist sentiments. Missouri was a slave state, but the city's proximity to free states caused it to become a center for the filing of freedom suits. Many slaves gained freedom through such suits in the antebellum years. But, by the 1850s and the Dred Scott case, interpretations had changed and the US Supreme Court ruled against him. It also ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional, contributing to the tensions causing the American Civil War. During the War, St. Louis had a small skirmish on its outskirts, but was held under Union control.", "St. Louis. St. Louis was transferred to the French First Republic in 1800 (although all of the colonial lands continued to be administered by Spanish officials), then sold by the French to the U.S. in 1803 as part of the Louisiana Purchase. St. Louis became the capital of, and gateway to, the new territory. Shortly after the official transfer of authority was made, the Lewis and Clark Expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson. The expedition departed from St. Louis in May 1804 along the Missouri River to explore the vast territory. There were hopes of finding a water route to the Pacific Ocean, but the party had to go overland in the Upper West. They reached the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia River in summer 1805. They returned, reaching St. Louis on September 23, 1806. Both Lewis and Clark lived in St. Louis after the expedition. Many other explorers, settlers, and trappers (such as Ashley's Hundred) would later take a similar route to the West.", "Missouri. St. Louis was founded soon after by French fur traders, Pierre Laclède and stepson Auguste Chouteau from New Orleans in 1764. From 1764 to 1803, European control of the area west of the Mississippi to the northernmost part of the Missouri River basin, called Louisiana, was assumed by the Spanish as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, due to Treaty of Fontainebleau[27] (in order to have Spain join with France in the war against England). The arrival of the Spanish in St. Louis was in September 1767.", "St. Louis. Urban revitalization continued in the new century. Gentrification has taken place in the Washington Avenue Historic District.[23] In 2006, St. Louis received the World Leadership Award for urban renewal.[24] In 2013 the US Census Bureau estimated that St. Louis had a population of 318,416.[7]", "St. Louis. The city's eastern boundary is the Mississippi River, which separates Missouri from Illinois. The Missouri River forms the northern line of St. Louis County, except for a few areas where the river has changed its course. The Meramec River forms most of its southern line.", "Missouri. Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.[5] With over six million residents, it is the 18th most populous state. The largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River. The state is the 21st most extensive in area. In the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the eastern border of the state.", "St. Louis. With its French past and waves of Catholic immigrants in the 19th and 20th centuries, from Ireland, Germany and Italy, St. Louis is a major center of Roman Catholicism in the United States. St. Louis also boasts the largest Ethical Culture Society in the United States, and consistently ranks as one of the most generous cities in the United States, ranking ninth in 2013.[78] Several places of worship in the city are noteworthy, such as the Cathedral Basilica of St. Louis, home of the world's largest mosaic installation.[79]", "History of St. Louis. Extensive European exploration near the confluence of the Missouri and Mississippi rivers began nearly a century before the city was officially founded.[3] Explorer Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette traveled south on the Mississippi River in June 1673, passed the future site of St. Louis and reached the mouth of the Arkansas River before turning back.[4][5]", "Streets of St. Louis. The streets of St. Louis, Missouri, United States, and the surrounding area of Greater St. Louis are under the jurisdiction of the City of St. Louis Street Department [1]. According to the Streets Division, there are 1,000-mile (1,600 km) of streets and 600-mile (970 km) of alleys within the city.", "History of St. Louis. Nine years later, French explorer La Salle led an expedition south from the Illinois River to the mouth of the Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the entire valley for France.[4] La Salle named the Mississippi river basin La Louisiane (Louisiana) after King Louis XIV; the region between and near the confluence of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers was named the Illinois Country.[4] As part of a series of forts in the Mississippi valley, the French built settlements at Cahokia and Kaskaskia, Illinois.[4] French trading companies also built towns during the 1720s and 1730s, including Fort de Chartres and Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, the first European town in Missouri west of the Mississippi.[6][7] From 1756 to 1760, fighting in the French and Indian War (the North American front of the Seven Years' War) halted settlement building. The economy remained weak through 1762 due to the ongoing war, in which Britain defeated France the following year.[8][9]", "St. Louis. St. Louis, like many Midwestern cities, expanded in the early 20th century due to industrialization, which provided jobs to new generations of immigrants and migrants from the South. It reached its peak population of 856,796 at the 1950 census.[22] Suburbanization from the 1950s through the 1990s dramatically reduced the city's population, as did restructuring of industry and loss of jobs. The effects of suburbanization were exacerbated by the relatively small geographical size of St. Louis due to its earlier decision to become an independent city, and it lost much of its tax base. During the 19th and 20th century, most major cities aggressively annexed surrounding areas as residential development occurred away from the central city; however, St. Louis was unable to do so.", "History of St. Louis. The history of St. Louis, Missouri began with the settlement of the St. Louis area by Native American mound builders who lived as part of the Mississippian culture from the 9th century to the 15th century, followed by other migrating tribal groups. Starting in the late 17th century, French explorers arrived. Spain took over in 1763 and a trading company led by Pierre Laclede and Auguste Chouteau established the settlement of St. Louis in February 1764. It attracted French settlers leaving Illinois when Britain took control east of the Mississippi. The city grew in population due to its location as a trading post on the Mississippi River, as the western fur trade was lucrative. The city played a small role in the American Revolutionary War and became part of the U.S. through the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.", "History of St. Louis. Initially, the governor of the Indiana Territory governed the Louisiana District (which included St. Louis), and the district's organizational law forbade the foreign slave trade and reduced the influence of St. Louis in the region.[39] Wealthy St. Louisans petitioned Congress to review the system, and in July 1805, Congress reorganized the Louisiana District as the Louisiana Territory, with its territorial capital at St. Louis and its own territorial governor.[40] From the division of the Louisiana Territory in 1812 to Missouri statehood in 1821, St. Louis was the capital of the Missouri Territory.[41]", "Architecture of St. Louis. After the 1950s, suburban expansion reduced the commercial and residential density of the city, while in the early 1960s, nearby Clayton, Missouri eliminated its height limitations on buildings. Clayton, which is the county seat of St. Louis County, Missouri, became an alternative to downtown St. Louis for commercial construction in the 1960s and 1970s. Various urban renewal projects cleared several low-income areas of St. Louis for residential housing projects.", "St. Louis. The economy of metropolitan St. Louis relies on service, manufacturing, trade, transportation of goods, and tourism. Its metro area is home to major corporations, including Anheuser-Busch, Express Scripts, Centene, Boeing Defense, Emerson, Energizer, Panera, Enterprise, Peabody Energy, Ameren, Post Holdings, Monsanto, Scottrade, Edward Jones, Go Jet, Purina and Sigma-Aldrich. Nine of the ten Fortune 500 companies based in Missouri are located within the St. Louis metropolitan area. This city has also become known for its growing medical, pharmaceutical and research presence. St. Louis has 2 professional sports teams: the St. Louis Cardinals of Major League Baseball and the St. Louis Blues of the National Hockey League. The city is commonly identified with the 630-foot (192 m) tall Gateway Arch in the city's downtown.", "St. Louis. In the 21st century, the city of St. Louis contains only 11% of its total metropolitan population, while among the top 20 metro areas in the United States, the central cities contain an average of 24% of total metropolitan area population. Although small increases in population have taken place in St. Louis during the early 2000s, overall the city lost population from 2000 to 2010. Immigration has continued, with the city attracting Vietnamese, Latinos from Mexico and Central America, and Bosnians, the latter forming the largest Bosnian community outside of Bosnia.", "St. Louis. At the federal level, St. Louis is the heart of Missouri's 1st congressional district, which also includes part of northern St. Louis County.[94] A Republican has not represented a significant portion of St. Louis in the U.S. House since 1953.", "Sports in St. Louis. St. Louis is represented in Major League Baseball by the Cardinals, founded in 1882 and playing in the league since 1892. The team won its first World Series in 1926, winning its 11th and most recent in 2011. The team plays at the 43,795-seat Busch Stadium (the third ground to bear that name), and has a view of the city's Gateway Arch.", "St. Louis. During the early 21st century, St. Louis has 16 sister cities.[118]", "East St. Louis, Illinois. East St. Louis is a city in St. Clair County, Illinois, across the Mississippi River from St. Louis, Missouri, in the Metro-East region of Southern Illinois. Once a bustling industrial center like many cities in the Rust Belt, East St. Louis has been severely affected by loss of jobs due to deindustrialization during the second half of the 20th century. In 1950, East St. Louis was the fourth largest city in Illinois when population peaked at 82,366. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 27,006, less than one-third of the 1950 census.", "East St. Louis, Illinois. East St. Louis lies within the American Bottom area of the present day Metro-East area of St. Louis, Missouri. This name was given after the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, and European Americans began to settle in the area. The village was first named \"Illinoistown\".", "St. Louis. The area that would become St. Louis was a center of the Native American Mississippian culture, which built numerous temple and residential earthwork mounds on both sides of the Mississippi River. Their major regional center was at Cahokia Mounds, active from 900 AD to 1500 AD. Due to numerous major earthworks within St. Louis boundaries, the city was nicknamed as the \"Mound City.\" These mounds were mostly demolished during the city's development. Historic Native American tribes in the area included the Siouan-speaking Osage people, whose territory extended west, and the Illiniwek.", "List of cities in Missouri. St. Louis, the second largest city in Missouri", "St. Louis. The St. Louis metro area is served by Metrolink (known as Metro) and is the 11th-largest light rail system in the country with 46 mi (74 km) of double track light rail. The Red Line and The Blue Line both serve all the stations in the inner city, and branch to different destinations beyond in the suburban areas. Both lines enter the city north of Forest Park on the western edge of the city or on the Eads Bridge in downtown St. Louis to Illinois. All of the system track is in independent right of way, with both surface level and underground subways track in the city. All stations are independent entry, while all platforms are flush-level with trains. Rail service is provided by the Bi-State Development Agency (also known as Metro), which is funded by a sales taxes levied in the city and other counties in the region.[108] The Gateway Multimodal Transportation Center acts as the hub station in the city of St. Louis, linking the city's light rail system, local bus system, passenger rail service, and national bus service. It is located just east of the historic grand St. Louis Union Station.", "St. Louis. According to the 2010 United States Census, St. Louis had 319,294 people living in 142,057 households, of which 67,488 households were families. The population density was 5,158.2 people per square mile (1,990.6/km²). About 24% of the population was 19 or younger, 9% were 20 to 24, 31% were 25 to 44, 25% were 45 to 64, and 11% were 65 or older. The median age was about 34 years.", "St. Louis Cathedral (New Orleans). Saint Louis Cathedral is in the French Quarter of New Orleans, Louisiana, United States, on the Place John Paul II (French: Place Jean-Paul II), a promenaded section of Chartres Street (rue de Chartres) that runs for one block between St. Peter Street (rue Saint-Pierre) on the upriver boundary and St. Ann Street (rue Sainte-Anne) on the downriver boundary. It is located next to Jackson Square and facing the Mississippi River in the heart of New Orleans, situated between the historic buildings of the Cabildo and the Presbytère.", "St. Louis. The 563-mile Avenue of the Saints links St. Louis with St. Paul, Minnesota." ]

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[ "A Song of Ice and Fire. A Song of Ice and Fire is a series of epic fantasy novels by the American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. He began the first volume of the series, A Game of Thrones, in 1991 and had it published in 1996. Martin, who initially envisioned the series as a trilogy, has published five out of a planned seven volumes. The fifth and most recent volume of the series published in 2011, A Dance with Dragons, took Martin six years to write. He is still writing the sixth novel, The Winds of Winter.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. George R. R. Martin was already a successful fantasy and sci-fi author and TV writer before writing his A Song of Ice and Fire book series.[23] Martin had published his first short story in 1971 and his first novel in 1977.[24] By the mid-1990s, he had won three Hugo Awards, two Nebula Awards, and other awards for his short fiction.[25] Although his early books were well received within the fantasy fiction community, his readership remained relatively small and Martin took on jobs as a writer in Hollywood in the mid-1980s.[25] He worked principally on the revival of The Twilight Zone throughout 1986 and on Beauty and the Beast until 1990, but he also developed his own TV pilots and wrote feature film scripts. He grew frustrated that his pilots and screenplays were not getting made[25] and that TV-related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes.[26] This pushed Martin back towards writing books, where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination.[25] Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood, he wanted to write an epic fantasy, though he did not have any specific ideas.[27]", "George R. R. Martin. George Raymond Richard Martin[1] (born George Raymond Martin; September 20, 1948),[2] also known as GRRM,[3] is an American novelist and short-story writer in the fantasy, horror, and science fiction genres, screenwriter, and television producer. He is best known for his series of epic fantasy novels, A Song of Ice and Fire, which was later adapted into the HBO series Game of Thrones (2011–present).", "Game of Thrones. A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons. Martin did not write an episode for the later seasons, since he wanted to focus on completing the sixth novel (The Winds of Winter).[60] Jane Espenson co-wrote one first-season episode as a freelance writer.[61]", "A Storm of Swords. A Storm of Swords is the third of seven planned novels in A Song of Ice and Fire, a fantasy series by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 8, 2000, in the United Kingdom,[1] with a United States edition following in November 2000. Its publication was preceded by a novella called Path of the Dragon, which collects some of the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel into a single book.", "The Winds of Winter. The Winds of Winter[10] was originally intended, in the very early stages of the series, to be the final installment of A Song of Ice and Fire (then conceived as a trilogy).[31] Following his expansion of the series, Martin eventually concluded it would be succeeded by one final novel, A Dream of Spring.[32] By June 2010, Martin had finished four chapters for The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, and Arianne Martell.[10] In July 2010, he added an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that had been moved from A Dance with Dragons to The Winds of Winter, accumulating around 100 completed manuscript pages.[17] Following the publication of A Dance with Dragons in the summer of 2011, Martin announced his return to writing the series in January 2012,[3] having spent the intervening time on his U.S. and overseas book publicity tours and attending various conventions. He continued to work, with his two co-authors Elio Garcia and Linda Antonsson, on the planned illustrated series companion guide The World of Ice & Fire concordance and Westeros history, which at one time he wanted to have completed by the end of 2011. He also worked on a Westeros story, the fourth Tales of Dunk and Egg novella, that will eventually find anthology publication elsewhere. A year after that eventual publication, the story and the three previously published Dunk and Egg tales will be collected and published in the U.S. by Bantam Spectra as a stand-alone fix-up novel.[33]", "George R. R. Martin. In 1991, Martin briefly returned to writing novels. He had grown frustrated that his TV pilots and screenplays were not getting made[41] and that TV-related production limitations like budgets and episode lengths were forcing him to cut characters and trim battle scenes.[42] This pushed Martin back towards writing books, where he did not have to worry about compromising the size of his imagination.[41] Admiring the works of J. R. R. Tolkien in his childhood, he wanted to write an epic fantasy, though he did not have any specific ideas.[43]", "George R. R. Martin. This would eventually turn into his epic fantasy series: A Song of Ice and Fire, which was inspired by the Wars of the Roses, The Accursed Kings[44] and Ivanhoe. Martin originally conceptualised it as being three volumes.[45] It is currently intended to comprise seven volumes. The first, A Game of Thrones, was published in 1996, followed by A Clash of Kings in 1998 and A Storm of Swords in 2000. In November 2005, A Feast for Crows, the fourth novel in this series, became The New York Times No. 1 Bestseller[46] and also achieved No. 1 ranking on The Wall Street Journal bestseller list.[citation needed] In addition, in September 2006, A Feast for Crows was nominated for both a Quill Award and the British Fantasy Award.[47][not in citation given] The fifth book, A Dance with Dragons, was published July 12, 2011, and quickly became an international bestseller, including achieving a No. 1 spot on the New York Times Bestseller List[48] and many others; it remained on the New York Times list for 88 weeks. The series has received praise from authors, readers, and critics alike. In 2012, A Dance With Dragons made the final ballot for science fiction and fantasy's Hugo Award,[49] World Fantasy Award,[50] Locus Poll Award, and the British Fantasy Award;[51] the novel went on to win the Locus Poll Award for Best Fantasy Novel.[52] Two more novels are planned and still being written in the series: The Winds of Winter and the final volume A Dream of Spring. On April 25, 2018, Martin announced the release date of his new book, Fire & Blood, dealing with the history of House Targaryen, which will be available on November 20, 2018.[53]", "A Feast for Crows. A Feast for Crows is the fourth of seven planned novels in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by American author George R. R. Martin. The novel was first published on October 17, 2005, in the United Kingdom,[1] with a United States edition following on 8 November 2005.[2]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. When Martin was between Hollywood projects in the summer of 1991, he started writing a new science fiction novel called Avalon. After three chapters, he had a vivid idea of a boy seeing a man's beheading and finding direwolves in the snow, which would eventually become the first non-prologue chapter of A Game of Thrones.[28] Putting Avalon aside, Martin finished this chapter in a few days and grew certain that it was part of a longer story.[29] After a few more chapters, Martin perceived his new book as a fantasy story[29] and started making maps and genealogies.[23] However, the writing of this book was interrupted for a few years when Martin returned to Hollywood to produce his TV series Doorways that ABC had ordered but ultimately never aired.[26]", "George R. R. Martin. Martin has been criticized by some of his readers for the long periods between books in the Ice and Fire series, notably the six-year gap between the fourth volume, A Feast for Crows (2005), and the fifth volume, A Dance with Dragons (2011).[96][97] The previous year, in 2010, Martin had responded to fan criticisms by saying he was unwilling to write only his Ice and Fire series, noting that working on other prose and compiling and editing different book projects have always been part of his working process.[98] Writer Neil Gaiman famously wrote on his blog in 2009 to a critic of Martin's pace, \"George R. R. Martin is not your bitch.\" Gaiman later went on to state that writers are not machines and that they have every right to work on other projects if they want to.[99]", "The Winds of Winter. The Winds of Winter is the planned sixth novel in the epic fantasy series A Song of Ice and Fire by George R. R. Martin.", "George R. R. Martin. In 1987, Martin published a collection of short horror stories in Portraits of His Children. During this same period, Martin continued working in print media as a book-series editor, this time overseeing the development of the multi-author Wild Cards book series, which takes place in a shared universe in which a small slice of post–World War II humanity gains superpowers after the release of an alien-engineered virus; new titles are still being published in the ongoing series from Tor Books. In Second Person, Martin \"gives a personal account of the close-knit role-playing game (RPG) culture that gave rise to his Wild Cards shared-world anthologies\".[35] An important element in the creation of the multiple author series was a campaign of Chaosium's role-playing game Superworld (1983) that Martin ran in Albuquerque.[36] Admitting he became completely obsessed with the game, he stopped writing literature for most of 1983, which he refers to as his \"lost year\", but his shrinking bank accounts made him realize he had to come up with something, and got the idea that perhaps the stories and characters created in Superworld could somehow become profitable.[37] Martin's own contributions to Wild Cards have included Thomas Tudbury, \"The Great and Powerful Turtle\", a powerful psychokinetic whose flying \"shell\" consisted of an armored VW Beetle. As of June 2011, 21 Wild Cards volumes had been published in the series; earlier that same year, Martin signed the contract for the 22nd volume, Low Ball (2014), published by Tor Books. In early 2012, Martin signed another Tor contract for the 23rd Wild Cards volume, High Stakes, which was released in August 2016.[38]", "George R. R. Martin. In the early 1970s, Martin was in a relationship with fellow science-fiction/fantasy author Lisa Tuttle,[102] with whom he co-wrote Windhaven.", "The Winds of Winter. In early January 2016, Martin confirmed on his Live Journal that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season of the HBO show. He added that there was \"a lot still left to write\" and that completion of the book was \"months away still... if the writing goes well\". Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones[58] but one of the showrunners, David Benioff, claimed that while certain key elements would be the same, the show would diverge from the book in many respects.[59] In February 2016, Martin stated that he had dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[60]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. In 2015 there were indications that the book would be published before the sixth season of the HBO show[61][62][63][64][65][66] but in early January 2016 Martin confirmed that he had not met an end-of-year deadline that he had established with his publisher for release of the book before the sixth season. He added that there was \"a lot still left to write\" and that completion of the book was \"months away still...if the writing goes well.\" Martin also revealed there had been a previous deadline of October 2015 that he had considered achievable in May 2015, and that in September 2015 he had still considered the end-of-year deadline achievable. He further confirmed that some of the plot of the book might be revealed in the upcoming season of Game of Thrones.[67] In February 2016, Martin stated that he dropped all his editing projects except for Wild Cards, and that he would not be writing any teleplays, screenplays, short stories, introductions or forewords before delivering The Winds of Winter.[68]", "A Game of Thrones. A Game of Thrones is the first novel in A Song of Ice and Fire, a series of fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin. It was first published on August 1, 1996. The novel won the 1997 Locus Award[2] and was nominated for both the 1997 Nebula Award[2] and the 1997 World Fantasy Award.[3] The novella Blood of the Dragon, comprising the Daenerys Targaryen chapters from the novel, won the 1997 Hugo Award for Best Novella. In January 2011 the novel became a New York Times bestseller[4] and reached #1 on the list in July 2011.[5]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. In 1994, Martin gave to his agent, Kirby McCauley, the first 200 pages and a two-page story projection as part of a planned trilogy with the novels A Dance with Dragons and The Winds of Winter intended to follow. When Martin had still not reached the novel's end at 1400 manuscript pages, he felt that the series needed to be four and eventually six books long,[26][31] which he imagined as two linked trilogies of one long story.[32] Martin chose A Song of Ice and Fire as the overall series title: Martin saw the struggle of the cold Others and the fiery dragons as one possible meaning for \"Ice and Fire\", whereas the word \"song\" had previously appeared in Martin's book titles A Song for Lya and Songs the Dead Men Sing, stemming from his obsessions with songs.[33] Martin also named Robert Frost's 1920 poem \"Fire and Ice\" and cultural associations such as passion versus betrayal as possible influences for the series' title.[34]", "Themes in A Song of Ice and Fire. A Song of Ice and Fire is an ongoing series of epic fantasy novels by American novelist and screenwriter George R. R. Martin. The first installment of the series, A Game of Thrones, which was originally planned as a trilogy, was published in 1996. The series now consists of five published volumes, and two more volumes are planned. The series is told in the third-person through the eyes of a number of point of view characters. A television series adaptation, Game of Thrones, premiered on HBO in 2011.", "George R. R. Martin. HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled Game of Thrones, it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long.[54] Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books. Martin's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series. The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired.", "The Winds of Winter. In September 2014, Walt Hickey of FiveThirtyEight and Christopher Ingraham of the Washington Post estimated the release date sometime between 2015 and 2018, based on extrapolation of Martin's writing pace.[4][5] In 2017, Goodreads advertised its expected publication in 2020.[61]", "Blackwater (Game of Thrones). The episode was written by George R. R. Martin, the author of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels on which the series is based. For this episode Martin adapted material from chapters 58 to 63 (Sansa V, Davos III, Tyrion XIII, Sansa VI, Tyrion XIV, and Sansa VII) of his novel A Clash of Kings.[3] Martin said that \"Blackwater\" was much harder to write than the episode he wrote for the show's first season, \"The Pointy End\", because he was forced to weigh budget restrictions against the huge scope of the battle he described in the novels.[4][5]", "George R. R. Martin. In 1982, Martin published a vampire novel titled Fevre Dream set in the 19th century on the Mississippi River. Unlike traditional vampire novels, in Fevre Dream vampires are not supernatural creatures, but are rather a different species related to humans created by evolution with superhuman powers. Critic Don D'Amassa has praised Fevre Dream for its strong 19th century atmosphere and wrote: \"This is without question one of the greatest vampire novels of all time\".[32] Martin followed up Fevre Dream with another horror novel, The Armageddon Rag. The unexpected commercial failure of The Armageddon Rag (1983), \"essentially destroyed my career as a novelist at the time\", he recalled. In 1984 the new editor of Baen Books, Betsy Mitchell, called Martin to ask him if he had considered doing a collection of Haviland Tuf adventures. Martin, which had several favorite series characters like Solomon Kane, Elric, Nicholas van Rijn and Magnus Ridolph, had made an attempt to create such a character on his own in the 1970s with his Tuf stories. He was interested, but was too occupied with the writing of his next book, the never completed novel Black and White and Red All Over, which occupied most of his writing time the same year. But after the failure of The Armageddon Rag, all editors rejected his upcoming novel, and being desperate for money, he accepted Mitchell's offer and wrote some more Tuf stories which were collected in Tuf Voyaging, which sold well enough for Mitchell to suggest a sequel. Martin was willing and agreed to do it, but before he got started he got an offer from Hollywood, where producer Philip DeGuere Jr. wanted to adapt The Armageddon Rag into a movie. The movie never happened, but they stayed in touch, and when he became the producer for the revival of the Twilight Zone, Martin was offered a job as a writer. Working for television paid a lot better than writing literature, so he decided to move to Hollywood to seek a new career.[12][33][34] At first he worked a staff writer for the show, and then as an Executive Story Consultant. After the CBS series was cancelled, Martin migrated over to the already-underway satirical science fiction series Max Headroom. He worked on scripts and created the show's \"Ped Xing\" character. However, before his scripts could go into production, the ABC show was cancelled in the middle of its second season. Martin was then hired as a writer-producer on the new dramatic fantasy series Beauty and the Beast; in 1989, he became the show's co-supervising producer and wrote 14 of its episodes.", "George R. R. Martin. Martin is a member of the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA), and he became the organization's Southwest Regional Director from 1977 to 1979; he served as its vice-president from 1996 to 1998.[citation needed] In 1976, for Kansas City's MidAmeriCon, the 34th World Science Fiction Convention (Worldcon), Martin and his friend and fellow writer-editor Gardner Dozois conceived of and organized the first Hugo Losers' Party for the benefit of all past and present Hugo-losing writers on the evening following the convention's Hugo Awards ceremony. Martin was nominated for two Hugos that year but lost both awards, for the novelette \"...and Seven Times Never Kill Man\" and the novella The Storms of Windhaven, co-written with Lisa Tuttle.[27] The Hugo Losers' Party became an annual Worldcon event thereafter, and its formal title later changed.[citation needed]", "Winter Is Coming. In March 2006, a few weeks after meeting Martin, Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to Showtime and Carolyn Strauss of HBO, who accepted their proposal.[4][6] HBO acquired the rights to the novels to turn them into a television series,[7] with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series. The series went into development in January 2007.[8] The series would begin with the 1996 first book of A Song of Ice and Fire, \"A Game of Thrones\", with the intention that each novel in the series would form the basis for a season's worth of episodes.[8] However, Benioff and Weiss had to resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008.[9] The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively.[10] While HBO found both drafts to their liking, a pilot was not ordered until November 2008.[11]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. While Martin calls the majority of his fans \"great\", and enjoys interacting with them,[27] some of them turned against him because of the six years it took to release A Dance with Dragons.[49] A movement of disaffected fans called GRRuMblers formed in 2009, creating sites such as Finish the Book, George and Is Winter Coming?.[49][51] When fans' vocal impatience for A Dance with Dragons peaked shortly after, Martin issued a statement called \"To My Detractors\"[136] on his blog that received media attention.[49][121][137] The New York Times noted that it was not uncommon for Martin to be mobbed at book signings either.[134] The New Yorker called this \"an astonishing amount of effort to devote to denouncing the author of books one professes to love. Few contemporary authors can claim to have inspired such passion.\"[49]", "The Winds of Winter. Martin believes the last two volumes of the series will be massive works of 1,500+ manuscript pages each.[1] He does not intend to separate characters by geography again, as he was forced to do because of the unpublishable length of A Feast for Crows' original manuscript. But, as Martin stated in a 2011 interview, \"Three years from now when I'm sitting on 1,800 pages of manuscript with no end in sight, who the hell knows\".[41] In April 2011, shortly before the publication of A Dance with Dragons which took him six years to write, Martin hoped that \"the last two books will go a little quicker than this one has\" and estimated that it would take \"three years to finish the next one at a good pace\".[42][43] By October 2012, 400 pages of the sixth novel had been written, although Martin considered only the first 200 as \"really finished\", the rest still needing revisions.[44] In April 2013, Martin estimated that he had a quarter of the book.[45] In the past, Martin has angered some of his fan base for repeatedly estimating his publication dates too optimistically; therefore, he has refrained from making hard estimates for The Winds of Winter's final release date.[3] Ultimately the book \"will be done when it's done\".[31] In 2012, Martin had acknowledged his concerns about the final novel, A Dream of Spring, not being completed by the time the TV series Game of Thrones catches up in its storyline to the novels.[46]", "Game of Thrones. The series began development in January 2007.[2] HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers, and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes.[2] Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes.[2][37] Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season.[4]", "The Winds of Winter. In December 2011, Martin posted a Theon Greyjoy viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter; he also announced that another sample chapter would be included at the end of the North American paperback version of A Dance with Dragons,[2][34] which was originally expected to be released in summer 2012,[2] but was released on October 29, 2013.[35] (International paperback editions of A Dance with Dragons published a year earlier did not include a new, as yet unpublished sample chapter.)[36] In the first quarter of 2012, Martin read new chapters of other characters at public events, including the chapters of Victarion Greyjoy and Tyrion Lannister.[21] Martin continued work editing anthologies and completing a large, highly detailed series atlas The Lands of Ice and Fire, which was published in October 2012.[37][38] Martin published another sample chapter from Arianne Martell's POV on his website in January 2013.[8] On March 27, ten days before the Game of Thrones season four premiere, Martin posted a chapter on his website, titled Mercy. Martin said the new chapter is actually an old one, though never published nor publicly read.[12] In April 2015, Martin posted a Sansa Stark viewpoint chapter from The Winds of Winter titled Alayne.[11] In May 2016, Martin replaced this chapter with an Arianne Martell chapter he had read from at Mysticon,[16] and an Aeron Greyjoy chapter that was removed from A Dance with Dragons was read at Balticon.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. The Winds of Winter will resolve the Dance with Dragons cliffhangers early on and \"will open with the two big battles that [the fifth book] was building up to, the battle in the ice and the battle [...] of Slaver's Bay. And then take it from there.\"[56] By the middle of 2010, Martin had already finished five chapters of The Winds of Winter from the viewpoints of Sansa Stark, Arya Stark, Arianne Martell, and Aeron Greyjoy, accumulating to around 100 completed pages.[55][57] After the publication of A Dance with Dragons in 2011, Martin announced he would return to writing in January 2012.[23] He spent the meantime on book tours, conventions, and continued working on his The World of Ice & Fire companion guide and a new Tales of Dunk and Egg novella.[58][59]", "The Winds of Winter. On January 10, 2017, Martin announced on his blog in a response to a comment that he believed that The Winds of Winter will be released \"this year\", referring to 2017. However, he also noted that he had believed the same thing would occur the previous year.[62][63][39] He confirmed on his blog that he was still working on The Winds of Winter as of July 22, 2017, being \"still months away\" from finishing the book. He also indicated that it may not be published until 2018 or later, with Fire and Blood, the book on the history of House Targaryen, possibly preceding it.[64] In April 2018, Martin confirmed on his blog that Fire and Blood would be published November 20, 2018, and The Winds of Winter would not be published in 2018.[6]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. In December 2011, Martin posted a chapter from The Winds of Winter from the viewpoint of Theon Greyjoy;[60] several other chapters have been made public since. Four hundred pages of the sixth novel have been written as of October 2012, although Martin considers only 200 as \"really finished\"; the rest needs revising.[34] In 2011, Martin gave three years as a realistic estimate for finishing the sixth book at a good pace,[1] but said ultimately the book \"will be done when it's done\",[21] acknowledging that his publication estimates had been too optimistic in the past.[23] Martin did not intend to separate the characters geographically again.[27]" ]

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[ "B53 nuclear bomb. With its retirement, the largest bomb currently in service in the U.S. nuclear arsenal is the B83, with a maximum yield of 1.2 megatons.[6] The B53 was replaced in the bunker-busting role by a variant of the two-stage B61 nuclear bomb.", "Tsar Bomba. The Tsar Bomba is the single most physically powerful device ever deployed.[29] For comparison, the largest weapon ever produced by the U.S., the now-decommissioned B41, had a predicted maximum yield of 25 megatons of TNT (100 PJ). The largest nuclear device ever tested by the U.S. (Castle Bravo) yielded 15 megatons of TNT (63 PJ) because of an unexpectedly high involvement of lithium-7 in the fusion reaction; the preliminary prediction for the yield was from 4 to 6 megatons of TNT (17 to 25 PJ). The largest weapons deployed by the Soviet Union were also around 25 megatons of TNT (100 PJ) (e.g., the SS-18 Mod. 3 warhead).[citation needed]", "B53 nuclear bomb. The Mk/B53 was a high-yield bunker buster thermonuclear weapon developed by the United States during the Cold War. Deployed on Strategic Air Command bombers, the B53, with a yield of 9 megatons, was the most powerful weapon in the U.S. nuclear arsenal after the last B41 nuclear bombs were retired in 1976.", "Nuclear triad. It is estimated that the US currently has around 475 B-61 and B-83 bombs. The B61-7 is carried by the B-2, whereas the B61-3, 4, and 10 are lighter and can be carried by the F-16, F-35, and other light aircraft. These smaller bombs also yield smaller payloads due to their decreased size. The B61-11 is a more hardened bomb that can be used to destroy hardened targets such as bunkers, however it is unlikely that it can penetrate steel or concrete. The B83 is currently the largest bomb in the US arsenal. The US plans to retire it by the year 2025 after the new B61 LEP is completed.[49]", "Thermonuclear weapon. The liquid deuterium fuel of Ivy Mike was impractical for a deployable weapon, and the next advance was to use a solid lithium deuteride fusion fuel instead. In 1954 this was tested in the \"Castle Bravo\" shot (the device was code-named the Shrimp), which had a yield of 15 megatons (2.5 times expected) and is the largest U.S. bomb ever tested.", "Nuclear testing at Bikini Atoll. The 15 megaton (Mt) nuclear explosion far exceeded the expected yield of 4 to 8 Mt (6 Mt predicted),[5] and was about 1,000 times more powerful than each of the atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. The nuclear weapon was the most powerful device ever detonated by the United States (and just under one-third the energy of the Tsar Bomba, the largest ever tested). The scientists and military authorities were shocked by the size of the explosion and many of the instruments they had put in place to evaluate the effectiveness of the device were destroyed.[3]", "Nuclear arms race. On March 1, 1954, the U.S. conducted the Castle Bravo test, which tested another hydrogen bomb on Bikini Atoll.[14] Scientists significantly underestimated the size of the bomb, thinking it would yield 5 megatons. However, it yielded 14.8 megatons, which is the largest nuclear explosion tested by the U.S. The explosion was so large the nuclear fallout exposed residents up to 300 miles away to significant amounts of radiation. They were eventually evacuated, but most of them experienced radiation poisoning and resulted in one death from a crew member of a fishing boat 90 miles from the explosion.", "Bomb. The power of large bombs is typically measured in kilotons (kt) or megatons of TNT (Mt). The most powerful bombs ever used in combat were the two atomic bombs dropped by the United States to attack Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the most powerful ever tested was the Tsar Bomba. The most powerful non-nuclear bomb is Russian \"Father of All Bombs\" (officially Aviation Thermobaric Bomb of Increased Power (ATBIP))[13] followed by the United States Air Force's MOAB (officially Massive Ordnance Air Blast, or more commonly known as the \"Mother of All Bombs\").", "Soviet atomic bomb project. The Tsar Bomba (Царь-бомба) was the largest, most powerful nuclear weapon ever detonated. It was a three-stage hydrogen bomb with a yield of about 50 megatons.[49] This is equivalent to ten times the amount of all the explosives used in World War II combined.[50] It was detonated on October 30, 1961, in the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, and was capable of approximately 100 megatons, but was purposely reduced shortly before the launch. Although weaponized, it was not entered into service; it was simply a demonstrative testing of the capabilities of the Soviet Union's military technology at that time. The heat of the explosion was estimated to potentially inflict third degree burns at 100 km distance of clear air.[51]", "Iowa-class battleship. In the 1950s, the W23, an adaptation of the W19 nuclear artillery shell was developed specifically for the 16-inch guns. The shell weighed 1,900 pounds (862 kg) had an estimated yield of 15 to 20 kilotons of TNT (63,000 to 84,000 GJ),[41] and its introduction made the Iowa-class battleship's 16-inch guns the world's largest nuclear artillery,[42] and made these four battleships the only US Navy ships ever to have nuclear shells for naval guns.[42] Although developed for exclusive use by the battleship's guns it is not known if any of the Iowas actually carried these shells while in active service due to the United States Navy's policy of refusing to confirm or deny the presence of nuclear weaponry aboard its ships.[41][N 6] In 1991 the United States unilaterally withdrew all of its nuclear artillery shells from service, and dismantling of the US nuclear artillery inventory is said to have been completed in 2004.[44]", "Nuclear weapons testing. The first nuclear device was detonated as a test by the United States at the Trinity site on July 16, 1945, with a yield approximately equivalent to 20 kilotons of TNT. The first thermonuclear weapon technology test of engineer device, codenamed \"Ivy Mike\", was tested at the Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands on November 1, 1952 (local date), also by the United States. The largest nuclear weapon ever tested was the \"Tsar Bomba\" of the Soviet Union at Novaya Zemlya on October 30, 1961, with the largest yield ever seen, an estimated 50–58 megatons.", "Tsar Bomba. The Soviet RDS-220 hydrogen bomb (code name Ivan[3] or Vanya), known by Western nations as Tsar Bomba (Russian: Царь-бо́мба, tr. Tsar'-bómba, IPA: [t͡sarʲ ˈbombə], lit. Tsar bomb/Emperor Bomb), was the most powerful nuclear weapon ever created. Tested on 30 October 1961, it also remains the most powerful explosive ever detonated. It was also referred to as Kuzma's mother (Russian: Ку́зькина ма́ть, tr. Kúz'kina mát', IPA: [ˈkusʲkʲɪnə ˈmatʲ]),[4] possibly referring to First secretary Nikita Khrushchev's promise to \"show the United States a Kuzma's mother\" (an idiom roughly translating to \"We'll show you\") at a 1960 session of United Nations General Assembly.[5][6]", "Pacific Proving Grounds. Six very large nuclear tests were conducted at the Bikini Atoll and the Enewetak Atoll as part of Operation Castle in 1954. The most notable was Castle Bravo, which was the first deployable (dry fuel) hydrogen bomb developed by the United States. Its yield, at 15 Mt, was over twice as powerful as was predicted, and was the largest weapon ever detonated by the United States. It spread nuclear fallout over a wide area, including the Enewetak Atoll, Rongerik Atoll, Ailinginae Atoll, and Rongelap Atoll. The U.S. Navy evacuated the islanders within the next few days, but many of the natives exposed suffered from cancers and a high incidence of birth defects in the years following the event. The fishermen aboard the Japanese fishing vessel, the Daigo Fukuryu Maru, were additionally exposed and one man died soon after from complications of radiation sickness, resulting in considerable international controversy.", "Nuclear weapon. Virtually all thermonuclear weapons deployed today use the \"two-stage\" design described above, but it is possible to add additional fusion stages—each stage igniting a larger amount of fusion fuel in the next stage. This technique can be used to construct thermonuclear weapons of arbitrarily large yield, in contrast to fission bombs, which are limited in their explosive force. The largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, the Tsar Bomba of the USSR, which released an energy equivalent of over 50 megatons of TNT (210 PJ), was a three-stage weapon. Most thermonuclear weapons are considerably smaller than this, due to practical constraints from missile warhead space and weight requirements.[16]", "Nevada Test Site. In Area 9, the 74 kt (310 TJ) \"Hood\" test on 5 July 1957, part of Operation Plumbbob, was the largest atmospheric test ever conducted within the continental United States; nearly five times larger in yield than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. A balloon carried Hood up to 460 meters above the ground where it was detonated. Over 2,000 troops took part in the test in order to train them in conducting operations on the nuclear battlefield. 11 megacuries (410 PBq) of iodine-131 (131I) were released into the air.[38]", "Thermonuclear weapon. The Soviets demonstrated the power of the \"staging\" concept in October 1961, when they detonated the massive and unwieldy Tsar Bomba, a 50 megaton hydrogen bomb that derived almost 97% of its energy from fusion. It was the largest nuclear weapon developed and tested by any country.", "History of nuclear weapons. As a show of political strength, the Soviet Union tested the largest-ever nuclear weapon in October 1961, the massive Tsar Bomba, which was tested in a reduced state with a yield of around 50 megatons—in its full state it was estimated to have been around 100 Mt. The weapon was largely impractical for actual military use, but was hot enough to induce third-degree burns at a distance of 62 mi (100 km) away. In its full, dirty, design it would have increased the amount of worldwide fallout since 1945 by 25%.", "Thermonuclear weapon. The U.S. tested three-stage bombs in several explosions (see Operation Redwing) but is thought to have fielded only one such tertiary model, i.e., a bomb in which a fission stage, followed by a fusion stage, finally compresses yet another fusion stage. This U.S. design was the heavy but highly efficient (i.e., nuclear weapon yield per unit bomb weight) 25 Mt B41 nuclear bomb.[20] The Soviet Union is thought to have used multiple stages (including more than one tertiary fusion stages) in their 50 megaton (100 Mt in intended use) Tsar Bomba (however, as with other bombs, the fissionable jacket could be replaced with lead in such a bomb, and in this one, for demonstration, it was). If any hydrogen bombs have been made from configurations other than those based on the Teller–Ulam design, the fact of it is not publicly known. (A possible exception to this is the Soviet early Sloika design).", "History of nuclear weapons. On March 1, 1954, the U.S. detonated its first practical thermonuclear weapon (which used isotopes of lithium as its fusion fuel), known as the \"Shrimp\" device of the Castle Bravo test, at Bikini Atoll, Marshall Islands. The device yielded 15 megatons, more than twice its expected yield, and became the worst radiological disaster in U.S. history. The combination of the unexpectedly large blast and poor weather conditions caused a cloud of radioactive nuclear fallout to contaminate over 7,000 square miles (18,000 km2). 239 Marshall Island natives and 28 Americans were exposed to significant amounts of radiation, resulting in elevated levels of cancer and birth defects in the years to come.[25]", "Tsar Bomba. The Tsar Bomba was the culmination of a series of high-yield thermonuclear weapons designed by the Soviet Union and the United States during the 1950s (e.g., the Mark 17[32] and B41 nuclear bombs).[1]", "A. O. Smith. In the past, A. O. Smith has had numerous other product lines. Among them, it was the largest bomb maker in the United States by the end of World War I. Smith ranked 74th among United States corporations in the value of World War II military production contracts.[5]", "War in Afghanistan (2001–present). On April 13, 2017, the United States dropped[482] the largest non-nuclear bomb, known as the GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) Mother of All Bombs, at 34.073336, 70.631215 (latitude and longitude coordinates) near Momand village[483] upon a Nangahar’s Achin District village in eastern Afghanistan to destroy tunnel complexes used by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant – Khorasan Province (ISIL-KP or ISIS-K).[484][485][486] The Guardian reported that following the strike, US and Afghan forces conducted clearing operations and airstrikes in the area and assessed the damage.[487]", "Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted only four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949.[308] The United States responded with the development of the hydrogen bomb, a nuclear weapon a thousand times as powerful as the bombs that devastated Hiroshima and Nagasaki.[309] Such ordinary fission bombs would henceforth be regarded as small tactical nuclear weapons.[310] By 1986, the United States would have 23,317 nuclear weapons, while the Soviet Union had 40,159. By 2017, nine nations had nuclear weapons,[311] but Japan was not one of them. Japan reluctantly signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in February 1970,[312] but it still sheltered under the American nuclear umbrella. American nuclear weapons were stored on Okinawa, and sometimes in Japan itself, albeit in contravention of agreements between the two nations.[313] Lacking the resources to fight the Soviet Union using conventional forces, the Western Alliance came to depend on the use of nuclear weapons to defend itself during the Cold War, a policy that became known in the 1950s as the New Look.[314] In the decades after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the United States would threaten to use its nuclear weapons many times.[315]", "Aleutian Islands. The U.S. conducted underground tests of nuclear weapons on Amchitka Island from 1965 to 1971 as part of the Vela Uniform program. The final detonation, the Cannikin, was the largest underground nuclear explosion by the U.S.", "Thermonuclear weapon. In 1957 the Operation Grapple tests were carried out. The first test, Green Granite was a prototype fusion bomb, but failed to produce equivalent yields compared to the Americans and Soviets, achieving only approximately 300 kilotons. The second test Orange Herald was the modified fission bomb and produced 720 kilotons—making it the largest fission explosion ever. At the time almost everyone (including the pilots of the plane that dropped it) thought that this was a fusion bomb. This bomb was put into service in 1958. A second prototype fusion bomb Purple Granite was used in the third test, but only produced approximately 150 kilotons.[32]", "B53 nuclear bomb. The W53 warhead of the Titan II ICBM used the same physics package as the B53, without the air drop-specific components like the parachute system and crushable structures in the nose and sides needed for lay-down delivery, reducing its mass to about 6,200 lb (2,800 kg).[13] The 8,140-pound (3,690 kg) Mark-6 re-entry vehicle containing the W53 warhead was about 123 inches (10.3 ft; 3.1 m) long, 7.5 feet (2.3 m) in diameter and was mounted atop a spacer which was 8.3 feet (2.5 m) in diameter at the missile interface (compared to the missile's core diameter of 10 feet [3.0 m]). With a yield of 9 megatons, it was the highest yield warhead ever deployed on a US missile. About 65 W53 warheads were constructed between December 1962 and December 1963.[13]", "Father of All Bombs. The bomb is reportedly similar to the US military's GBU-43/B Massive Ordnance Air Blast which is often unofficially called \"Mother of All Bombs\" derived from its official military acronym \"MOAB\". This weapon would therefore be the most powerful conventional (non-nuclear) weapon in the world.[3] However, the veracity of Russia's claims concerning the weapon's size and power have been questioned by US defense analysts.[4]", "Thermonuclear weapon. On November 1, 1952, the Teller–Ulam configuration was tested at full scale in the \"Ivy Mike\" shot at an island in the Enewetak Atoll, with a yield of 10.4 megatons (over 450 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Nagasaki during World War II). The device, dubbed the Sausage, used an extra-large fission bomb as a \"trigger\" and liquid deuterium—kept in its liquid state by 20 short tons (18 metric tons) of cryogenic equipment—as its fusion fuel,[citation needed] and weighed around 80 short tons (70 metric tons) altogether.", "Nuclear weapons testing. A tacit moratorium on testing was in effect from 1958 to 1961, and ended with a series of Soviet tests in late 1961, including the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear weapon ever tested. The United States responded in 1962 with Operation Dominic, involving dozens of tests, including the explosion of a missile launched from a submarine.", "Nuclear weapons of the United States. The original Little Boy and Fat Man weapons, developed by the United States during the Manhattan Project, were relatively large (Fat Man had a diameter of 5 feet (1.5 m)) and heavy (around 5 tons each) and required specially modified bomber planes to be adapted for their bombing missions against Japan. Each modified bomber could only carry one such weapon and only within a limited range. After these initial weapons were developed, a considerable amount of money and research was conducted towards the goal of standardizing nuclear warheads so that they did not require highly specialized experts to assemble them before use, as in the case with the idiosyncratic wartime devices, and miniaturization of the warheads for use in more variable delivery systems.", "Nuclear weapons and the United States. By investing heavily in breeding plutonium in early nuclear reactors and in the electromagnetic and gaseous diffusion enrichment processes for the production of uranium-235, the United States was able to develop three usable weapons by mid-1945. The Trinity test was a plutonium implosion-design weapon tested on 16 July 1945, with around a 20 kiloton yield. Faced with an imminent invasion of the Japanese home islands and with Japan not surrendering, President Harry S. Truman ordered the atomic raids on enemy cities. On 6 August, a uranium-gun design bomb, Little Boy, was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima with an energy of about 15 kilotons of TNT, destroying nearly 50,000 buildings (including the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division headquarters) and killing approximately 70,000 people, among them 20,000 Japanese combatants and 20,000 Korean slave laborers. On 9 August, a plutonium implosion-design bomb, Fat Man, was used against the Japanese city of Nagasaki with the explosion equivalent to about 20 kilotons of TNT, destroying 60% of the city and killing approximately 35,000 people, among them 23,200–28,200 Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 Korean slave laborers, and 150 Japanese combatants.[12]", "Underground nuclear weapons testing. Cannikin, the last test at the Amchitka facility, was detonated on 6 November 1971. At approximately 5 megatons, it was the largest underground test in US history.[24]" ]

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[ "See You Again. \"See You Again\" was written by DJ Frank E, Charlie Puth, Wiz Khalifa, and Andrew Cedar. It was produced by DJ Frank E, Charlie Puth, and Andrew Cedar.[4] Frank E and Puth were approached by their publishing company, Artist Publishing Group, to develop a melody that could pay tribute to the late Paul Walker for the film Furious 7 (2015). His publishing company's president Ben Maddahi then set up a first-time studio session for Puth with DJ Frank E at a studio in Los Angeles.[5]", "See You Again. \"See You Again\" is a song recorded by American rapper Wiz Khalifa, featuring American singer Charlie Puth. The track was commissioned for the soundtrack of the 2015 action film Furious 7 as a tribute to the late actor Paul Walker, who died in a single-vehicle accident on November 30, 2013 in Valencia, California. Later on, the song was included as a bonus track on the international release of Puth's debut album, Nine Track Mind. The artists co-wrote the song with its co-producers, DJ Frank E and Andrew Cedar, with additional production from Puth and mixing provided by Manny Marroquin. \"See You Again\" was released on March 10, 2015, as the soundtrack's lead single in the United States.", "See You Again (Carrie Underwood song). See You Again is a power ballad song released by American country music recording artist Carrie Underwood. It was written by Underwood, Hillary Lindsey, and David Hodges. It was released as the fourth and final single from Underwood's fourth studio album, Blown Away, on April 15, 2013. Underwood announced the single on her official Twitter account.[1]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). \"See You Again\" is the debut single by American recording artist Miley Cyrus. It was recorded for Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007), the second soundtrack album from the Disney Channel original series Hannah Montana and the debut studio album of Cyrus. It was written by Cyrus (credited as Destiny Hope Cyrus) with the song's producers Antonina Armato and Tim James. It was released as the lead single from the album by Hollywood Records. Later, it was remixed by Rock Mafia and released on August 25, 2008 by Hollywood Records, as the second single from Cyrus' second studio album, Breakout (2008). Musically, the track is a pop rock number that contains influences from various musical genres, including electronic music. Lyrically, the track speaks of teenage romance.", "See You Again (Carrie Underwood song). \"See You Again\" tells the story of moving onwards after experiencing the death of a loved one in life. The lyrics provide hope and promise through Underwood's belief that one will reunite with every fallen loved one in the afterlife. The song's opening consists of a solo piano, followed by a backing chorus and band kicking in shortly after.", "See You Again. Puth became emotionally attached while writing the track, recalling Vail Cerullo, a friend of Puth's time at Berklee College of Music, who perished in a motorcycle accident in 2012.[6][7] He was at first reluctant that the film's soundtrack label, Atlantic Records, would choose his vocal for the song. In an interview with the Los Angeles Times, Puth recalled, \"It just seemed to occur from out of nowhere. And basically 10 minutes later Justin and I wrote it, we sent it off, and I thought we'd never hear about it again\".[8] Puth and DJ Frank E's output from the session was well received by Furious 7 filmmakers, Universal Pictures, and Atlantic. As a result, the track was further commissioned to include rapped verses by Khalifa based on the subject of family, combined with Puth's vocals and a piano melody. The song then went through an extensive note-giving and production process.[8] Puth opined that his vocal was chosen by Atlantic because of his emotional attachment to the subject matter.[5]", "See You Again (Carrie Underwood song). \"See You Again\" was originally one of three songs written for the 2010 feature film The Chronicles of Narnia: The Voyage of the Dawn Treader. Of the three songs that Underwood, Hodges, and Lindsey co-wrote for the film, the workers behind the project opted to choose \"There's a Place For Us.\" Underwood pushed to include \"See You Again\" on her fourth studio album, Blown Away, during the writing process of the album.", "When Will I See You Again. Sheila Ferguson recalled that \"the song was played to me by Kenny Gamble at the piano in 1973 and I threw a tantrum. I screamed and yelled and said I would never sing it. I thought it was ridiculously insulting to be given such a simple song and that it took no talent to sing it. We did do it and several million copies later, I realized that he knew more than me.\"[4] She would later have a #60 hit with a solo remake of the track in 1994.[5] The song is unique in that every sentence is a question, heightening the overall effect and emotion. In the film Kill Bill: Volume 2, Bill cites this song as his \"favorite soul song of the 70s\".", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). Chuck Taylor of Billboard felt that, by offering meaningful airplay to \"See You Again\", mainstream radio stations were getting with the program. Taylor described the song \"a sassy, uptempo stinger that adds appealing youthful buzz to the airwaves\" and complimented Cyrus' vocals with comparisons with Hilary Duff and Avril Lavigne. \"Cyrus [...] at last adds the missing link to TV and movie acclaim. Alas, FM, better late than never\", he concluded.[11] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine said, \"The Hannah Montana star's 2007 single 'See You Again' managed to click with non-tween listeners thanks [to being] gustier than anything her fellow Disney Channel superstar Hilary Duff has ever put to digital.[7]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). \"See You Again\" is a pop rock song with a length of three minutes and ten seconds.[6] The songs contains numerous influences from electronic, new wave, and techno music.[7][8] The song is set in the time signature of common time and has a fast tempo of 138 beats per minute. It is written in the key of A minor and Cyrus' vocals span one octave, from G3 to A4.[9] Throughout the song, Cyrus' edgy and sultry[8] vocal performance maintains in the contralto range.[10] The lyrics of \"See You Again\" are about a teenage romance.[10][11] In verses, Cyrus discusses her sentiments and perceptions about her love interest, such as believing the couple had previously encountered in a previous incarnation.[11] \"See You Again\"'s refrains detail previous scenes of an encounter between the couple: \"The last time I freaked out / I just kept looking down / I st-st-stuttered when you asked me what I’m thinking ‘bout.\"[10] Towards the conclusion of the refrains, Cyrus vows to redeem herself.[10]", "When Will I See You Again. \"When Will I See You Again\" is a song released in 1974 by American soul group The Three Degrees, from their third album The Three Degrees. The song was written and produced by Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff. Sheila Ferguson sang the lead, accompanied by Fayette Pinkney and Valerie Holiday.", "See You Again. \"See You Again\" is a hip hop and pop-rap ballad.[9][10] It was written in the key of B â™­ major with a time signature of 4\n4 and has a tempo of 80 beats per minute (Andante/Andantino).[11]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). When Cyrus starred as Miley Stewart, a girl with a secret double life as the popstar Hannah Montana, on the Disney Channel television series Hannah Montana, she developed fame as a teen idol and released the series' first soundtrack while being credited to Hannah Montana.[1] In late 2006, Cyrus began execution for her debut album.[2] Cyrus' debut studio album Meet Miley Cyrus was attached to the series' second soundtrack, Hannah Montana 2, and released as the second disc of the Hannah Montana 2: Meet Miley Cyrus (2007) double-disc album.[3] \"See You Again\" was written by Cyrus, who was credited to her birth name Destiny Hope Cyrus, Antonina Armato, and Tim James.[4] The writing group has executed numerous songs recorded by Cyrus, contributing to a large part of all three of her studio albums.[5]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). When composing tracks for Meet Miley Cyrus, Cyrus was originally very apprehensive in regards to adding \"See You Again\" to the album. \"I'm not sure about this song. I don't think I want to put it on the album. I don't really like it that much. It's just O.K.\", she said.[5] However, she was convinced to record it and, once she listened to the finished product, she changed her mind. She thought it was odd, but in a positive light, and decided to include it on her debut album.[5] Cyrus says \"See You Again\" is a dance song with a special meaning to her.[5] The song was remixed by Rock Mafia for the release of Cyrus' second studio album Breakout (2008).[citation needed]", "Charlie Puth. In early 2015, Puth signed with Atlantic and his previous records were removed from iTunes.[32] In February 2015, Puth released his debut single \"Marvin Gaye\", which features guest vocals from Meghan Trainor.[33] The single has been certified 2× Platinum in Australia, topped the charts in New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 21 on the US Billboard Hot 100.[34][35] Puth wrote, co-produced, and was featured on a song with Wiz Khalifa, \"See You Again\", a tribute to the late Paul Walker, included in the Furious 7 soundtrack. While Khalifa wrote the rap lyrics, the rest of the song has been credited to Puth. The song peaked at number one on the Hot 100 chart for 12 non-consecutive weeks.[36][37] \"See You Again\" was nominated for three Grammy Awards: Song of the Year, Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Best Song Written for Visual Media. It was also shortlisted for the Song of the Year for the BBC Music Awards and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song at the 73rd Golden Globe Awards.[38] He produced the song \"Slow Motion\" for Trey Songz and has arranged sessions with Jason Derulo and Lil Wayne.[39]", "Charlie Puth. \"See You Again\" was released as Puth's debut single in 2015, which he co-wrote, co-produced, and performed with Wiz Khalifa for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Paul Walker, it peaked at number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 for 12 non-consecutive weeks. After the success of \"See You Again\", he subsequently gained worldwide recognition for multiple subsequent releases, including his debut single \"Marvin Gaye\", which featured vocals from Meghan Trainor. The song topped charts in New Zealand, Ireland, and the United Kingdom.", "Paul Walker. Walker died on November 30, 2013, at the age of 40 as a passenger in a single-car crash alongside friend and driver Roger Rodas. Walker was working on three films at the time of his death which were released posthumously: Hours (2013), Brick Mansions (2014), and Furious 7 (2015). The Wiz Khalifa song \"See You Again\", featuring Charlie Puth, was commissioned for the Furious 7 soundtrack as a tribute to Walker. It was nominated for the Golden Globe for Best Original Song in 2015 and was the number-one song in the United States for 12 weeks.[8]", "See You Again (Carrie Underwood song). See You Again is written in the key of A-flat major, with a vocal range from F3 to Dâ™­5.[5]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). \"See You Again\" was a critical success, with contemporary critics praising its musical composition and vocal delivery. To follow, it also became Cyrus' first commercially successful single. The song introduced her to new audiences and new countries, paving the way for future hits. \"See You Again\" became Cyrus' best-charting single at the time by peaking at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. Its highest peak internationally was at number four on the Canadian Hot 100. Although an official music video for the song was never filmed, it was given a promotional music video, taken from a performance at the 2007 Disney Channel Games. The song was promoted through a multitude of live television performances. It was included on the set list of Cyrus' headlining tours, the Best of Both Worlds Tour (2007–08), the Wonder World Tour (2009) and the Gypsy Heart Tour (2011). \"See You Again\" has been covered by various notable artists, including Little Boots and Breathe Carolina. Even without a music video, the song managed to peak at 10 in the US and sold 2.5 million copies.", "The More I See You. \"The More I See You\" is a popular song composed by Harry Warren, with lyrics by Mack Gordon, and was originally sung by Dick Haymes in the 1945 film Diamond Horseshoe.", "Joseph Brooks (songwriter). Brooks attempted to follow up his success with a similar romantic drama, If Ever I See You Again (1978), for which Brooks not only co-wrote, produced, directed and scored, but also played the leading role (a successful composer of TV commercial jingles, much like himself in real life), despite having no significant prior acting experience.[3][4][9] Although the title song became a moderate hit for Roberta Flack, peaking at #24 on the Hot 100 chart, the movie received sharply negative reviews and was a box-office bomb.[10] Brooks was subsequently involved in several other films, including directing and scoring Invitation to the Wedding (1983) in which Ralph Richardson and John Gielgud appeared,[2] and co-producing Eddie and the Cruisers (1983) (which Brooks did not score).[4] In the late 1990s, he and his then-wife Christina Bone began developing a film entitled Sara's Life Before It Became a Movie,[19] which was never released.[7]", "I Saw Her Again. \"I Saw Her Again\" is a pop song recorded by the U.S. vocal group The Mamas & the Papas in 1966. Co-written by band members John Phillips and Denny Doherty, it was released as a single in June 1966 (WLS played it most of that month[1]) and peaked at number one on the RPM Canadian Singles Chart, number 11 on the UK Singles Chart, and number five on the Billboard Hot 100 pop singles chart the week of July 30, 1966.[2] It appeared on their eponymous second album in September 1966.", "See You Again (Carrie Underwood song). The song has received positive reviews from music critics. Billboard.com described the song to be \"truly a taste of heaven.\"[2] Kevin John Coyne of Country Universe included the song in his personal favorite tracks from the Blown Away studio album in the website's 2012 year-end countdown of editors' favorite Country albums of the year,[6] as did Matt Bjorke of Roughstock for their album countdown.[7] Liv Carter of Urban Country News gave the song a \"thumbs up\", adding \"what pulls it over the line however, and presumably why it has become a fan-favorite, is its sincerity in wishing to bring comfort and Underwood’s confident performance.\"[8] Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine was less favorable, saying that \"the chorus of power ballad \"See You Again\" is marred by dated, campy arena-rock clichés.\"[9]", "Like You'll Never See Me Again. \"Like You'll Never See Me Again\" was written and produced by Keys and Kerry Brothers, Jr.. Keys explained to MTV News that the song is \"about living every moment as if it's your last. Because if it's our last time to say, 'I love you,' then let it be that we didn't forget that.\"[3]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). On the week ending December 22, 2007, \"See You Again\" debuted at number 94 on the Billboard Hot 100.[15] In the succeeding week, the song ascended to number 78 and, on the week ending February 16, 2008, it charted at its newfound peak of number 17, therefore becoming Cyrus' best-charting effort on the Billboard Hot 100, surpassing the Hannah Montana-credited \"Life's What You Make It\", which peaked at number 25 in August 2007.[16] On the week ending May 3, 2008, \"See You Again\" became Cyrus' first top ten single by reaching its peak at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100.[17] \"See You Again\" spent a total of 27 weeks upon the chart.[18] It also peaked at number four on Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Songs) and number twenty-one on Adult Pop Songs in the United States.[18] The song entered at number 86 and peaked at number four on the Canadian Hot 100, its highest peak internationally.[18] As of August 2013, \"See You Again\" has sold 2,456,000 copies in the United States.[19]", "Rose Garden (Lynn Anderson song). \"Rose Garden\" was originally an album cut by the song's writer, Joe South, in 1969. Several other male vocalists recorded it on albums including Freddy Weller, Billy Joe Royal, and Dobie Gray and Third Avenue Blues Band, but it was never a hit until Anderson's version. A recording by the girl group The Three Degrees, best known for their 1974 hit \"When Will I See You Again\", also predated Lynn Anderson's hit version.", "When I See You Again. When I See You Again (Chinese: 他看她的第2眼; pinyin: tā kàn tā de dì èr yǎn ) is a 2015 Taiwanese romantic comedy television series produced by Sanlih E-Television, starring Jasper Liu, Mandy Wei, Jet Chao and Ivy Shao as the main cast.[1] The Chinese title literally translates to \"He Saw Her A 2nd Time\". Filming began on May 12, 2015 and will be filmed as it airs.[2] First original broadcast began May 31, 2015 on TTV channel airing on Sunday nights from 10:00–11:30 pm.", "When I See You Again. Ten years later, work forces You Qian to go back to Pu Lang Village when the CEO of Ocean Private Equity has plans to develop in the village and sends him there in advance to scout the land. With his changed outer appearance and confidence demeanor, none of the village residents recognizes the ex-villager. He re-encounters An Xi and misinterprets that she has become a gold digger when she goes to the same hotel he is staying at to meet her creditor who holds the loan debt of her hostel inn. After getting acquainted with the village locals he realize that An Xi is still the kind selfless person he remembers her to be. He decides to help her get out of debt from the creditor who is trying to force her into marrying him. After getting her land title back from her creditor, You Qian then decides to hold on to the inn's deed. He feels that An Xi does not even feel sorry for causing him the harm that she did so many years back, and takes to her to be a cold hearted individual. Hurt from her cold attitude when talking about his old self (the \"guy who confessed to her\"), he decides to attempt to get revenge on her. Yet his plans don't quite go as he wishes.[3]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). Mikael Wood of The Los Angeles Times believed the song was \"no shortage of crafty tween-rock gems\".[12] Ash Dosanjh of Yahoo! Music believed the Rock Mafia remix of the song was a so \"glorious\" that it signaled Breakout would do exactly that.[8] Josh Timmermann of PopMatters referred to the remix as the best song on Breakout, describing it as a \"marvelous slice of teenaged life set to club rock beats.\" Timmermann continued to praise the track, saying it felt \"infinitely more genuine and thoughtful than\" any other track on Breakout and that the small-time teen drama fit Cyrus' voice. \"It sounds far less ludicrously melodramatic than it might have delivered by less forceful pipes\", he concluded.[10] George Lang of The Oklahoman thought the inclusion of the song's remix on Breakout was used to cover more musical genres in order to appeal to a wider fanbase.[13] In 2008, the track was listed as a \"Winning Song\" by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI).[14]", "Ann Hampton Callaway. In September 2005, Callaway performed her song \"Let the Saints Come Marching\" on a national TV broadcast on the Fox News Channel. She wrote the song in honor of victims of Hurricane Katrina. Her song \"Who Can See the Blue the Same Again?\" was released earlier in 2005 to raise money for survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami.", "I Saw Her Again. One of three songs co-written by the two male members of the group (the others being \"Got a Feelin'\" and \"For the Love of Ivy\"), \"I Saw Her Again\" was inspired by Doherty's brief affair with Michelle Phillips, then married to John Phillips, which, combined with an affair between Michelle Phillips and Gene Clark of The Byrds,[3][4] resulted in the brief expulsion of Michelle from the group.[5] While mixing the record, engineer Bones Howe punched in the coda vocals too early, inadvertently including Denny's false start on the third chorus (\"I saw her...\"). Despite attempting to correct the error, the miscued vocal could still be heard on playback. Producer Lou Adler liked the effect and told Howe to leave it in the final mix.[6]", "See You Again (Miley Cyrus song). English electropop singer Little Boots recorded a cover version of \"See You Again\" that surfaced the Internet in December 2008. In an interview with Digital Spy, Little Boots said, \"That's a wicked song! The line 'My best friend Lesley said, \"Oh she's just being Miley\"' is awesome. Me and my friend have been obsessing over that lyrics for ages now, it's getting ridiculous!\"[49] Breathe Carolina's act consisted of a balance of pop punk and rock music, which stood out to their record label, Fearless Records. Because of it, Fearless Records decided to reserve a spot for them on their upcoming compilation Punk Goes Pop 2 (2009), where they performed a cover version of \"See You Again\", produced by Mike Green.[50] Breathe Carolina included their version of \"See You Again\" in their set list for the Warped Tour 2009.[50] The cover later appeared on the deluxe edition of the band's second studio album Hello Fascination (2010).[51]" ]

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[ "Phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus occurs most abundantly in nature as part of the orthophosphate ion (PO4)3−, consisting of a P atom and 4 oxygen atoms. On land most phosphorus is found in rocks and minerals. Phosphorus rich deposits have generally formed in the ocean or from guano, and over time, geologic processes bring ocean sediments to land. Weathering of rocks and minerals release phosphorus in a soluble form where it is taken up by plants, and it is transformed into organic compounds. The plants may then be consumed by herbivores and the phosphorus is either incorporated into their tissues or excreted. After death, the animal or plant decays, and phosphorus is returned to the soil where a large part of the phosphorus is transformed into insoluble compounds. Runoff may carry a small part of the phosphorus back to the ocean. Generally with time (thousands of years) soils become deficient in phosphorus leading to ecosystem retrogression.[4]", "Period 3 element. Phosphorus is essential for life. As phosphate, it is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and also the phospholipids that form all cell membranes. Demonstrating the link between phosphorus and life, elemental phosphorus was historically first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate minerals are fossils. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some aquatic systems. Today, the most important commercial use of phosphorus-based chemicals is the production of fertilizers, to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil.", "Phosphorus. Phosphorus is essential for life. Phosphates (compounds containing the phosphate ion, PO43−) are a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids. Elemental phosphorus was first isolated from human urine, and bone ash was an important early phosphate source. Phosphate mines contain fossils because phosphate is present in the fossilized deposits of animal remains and excreta. Low phosphate levels are an important limit to growth in some aquatic systems. The vast majority of phosphorus compounds produced are consumed as fertilisers. Phosphate is needed to replace the phosphorus that plants remove from the soil, and its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. Other applications include organophosphorus compounds in detergents, pesticides, and nerve agents.", "Phosphorus cycle. Low-molecular-weight (LMW) organic acids are found in soils. They originate from the activities of various microorganisms in soils or may be exuded from the roots of living plants. Several of those organic acids are capable of forming stable organo-metal complexes with various metal ions found in soil solutions. As a result, these processes may lead to the release of inorganic phosphorus associated with aluminium, iron, and calcium in soil minerals. The production and release of oxalic acid by mycorrhizal fungi explain their importance in maintaining and supplying phosphorus to plants.[2][9]", "Phosphorus. In 1769, Johan Gottlieb Gahn and Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that calcium phosphate (Ca\n3(PO\n4)\n2) is found in bones, and they obtained elemental phosphorus from bone ash. Antoine Lavoisier recognised phosphorus as an element in 1777.[46] Bone ash was the major source of phosphorus until the 1840s. The method started by roasting bones, then employed the use of clay retorts encased in a very hot brick furnace to distill out the highly toxic elemental phosphorus product.[47] Alternately, precipitated phosphates could be made from ground-up bones that had been de-greased and treated with strong acids. White phosphorus could then be made by heating the precipitated phosphates, mixed with ground coal or charcoal in an iron pot, and distilling off phosphorus vapour in a retort.[48] Carbon monoxide and other flammable gases produced during the reduction process were burnt off in a flare stack.", "Phosphorus cycle. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Phosphorus is a limiting nutrient for aquatic organisms. Phosphorus forms parts of important life-sustaining molecules that are very common in the biosphere. Phosphorus does not enter the atmosphere, remaining mostly on land and in rock and soil minerals. Eighty percent of the mined phosphorus is used to make fertilizers. Phosphates from fertilizers, sewage and detergents can cause pollution in lakes and streams. Overenrichment of phosphate in both fresh and inshore marine waters can lead to massive algae blooms which, when they die and decay, leads to eutrophication of fresh waters only. An example of this is the Canadian Experimental Lakes Area. These freshwater algal blooms should not be confused with those in saltwater environments. Recent research suggests that the predominant pollutant responsible for algal blooms in salt water estuaries and coastal marine habitats is Nitrogen.[3]", "Phosphorus cycle. The primary biological importance of phosphates is as a component of nucleotides, which serve as energy storage within cells (ATP) or when linked together, form the nucleic acids DNA and RNA. The double helix of our DNA is only possible because of the phosphate ester bridge that binds the helix. Besides making biomolecules, phosphorus is also found in bone and the enamel of mammalian teeth, whose strength is derived from calcium phosphate in the form of Hydroxylapatite. It is also found in the exoskeleton of insects, and phospholipids (found in all biological membranes).[5] It also functions as a buffering agent in maintaining acid base homeostasis in the human body.[6]", "Phosphate. Phosphates are the naturally occurring form of the element phosphorus, found in many phosphate minerals. In mineralogy and geology, phosphate refers to a rock or ore containing phosphate ions. Inorganic phosphates are mined to obtain phosphorus for use in agriculture and industry.[2]", "Phosphorus. Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15. As an element, phosphorus exists in two major forms, white phosphorus and red phosphorus, but because it is highly reactive, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth. With a concentration of 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth's crust. Other than a few exceptions, minerals containing phosphorus are in the maximally oxidized state as inorganic phosphate rocks.", "Phosphorus. An average adult human contains about 0.7 kg of phosphorus, about 85–90% in bones and teeth in the form of apatite, and the remainder in soft tissues and extracellular fluids (~1%). The phosphorus content increases from about 0.5 weight% in infancy to 0.65–1.1 weight% in adults. Average phosphorus concentration in the blood is about 0.4 g/L, about 70% of that is organic and 30% inorganic phosphates.[82] An adult with healthy diet consumes and excretes about 1–3 grams of phosphorus per day, with consumption in the form of inorganic phosphate and phosphorus-containing biomolecules such as nucleic acids and phospholipids; and excretion almost exclusively in the form of phosphate ions such as H\n2PO−\n4 and HPO2−\n4. Only about 0.1% of body phosphate circulates in the blood, paralleling the amount of phosphate available to soft tissue cells.", "Nonpoint source pollution. Phosphorus is a nutrient that occurs in many forms that are bioavailable. It is notoriously over-abundant in human sewage sludge. It is a main ingredient in many fertilizers used for agriculture as well as on residential and commercial properties, and may become a limiting nutrient in freshwater systems and some estuaries. Phosphorus is most often transported to water bodies via soil erosion because many forms of phosphorus tend to be adsorbed on to soil particles. Excess amounts of phosphorus in aquatic systems (particularly freshwater lakes, reservoirs, and ponds) leads to proliferation of microscopic algae called phytoplankton. The increase of organic matter supply due to the excessive growth of the phytoplankton is called eutrophication. A common symptom of eutrophication is algae blooms that can produce unsightly surface scums, shade out beneficial types of plants, produce taste-and-odor-causing compounds, and poison the water due to toxins produced by the algae. These toxins are a particular problem in systems used for drinking water because some toxins can cause human illness and removal of the toxins is difficult and expensive. Bacterial decomposition of algal blooms consumes dissolved oxygen in the water, generating hypoxia with detrimental consequences for fish and aquatic invertebrates.", "Phosphorus cycle. Little of this released phosphorus is taken up by biota (organic form), whereas a larger proportion reacts with other soil minerals. This leads to precipitation into unavailable forms in the later stage of weathering and soil development. Available phosphorus is found in a biogeochemical cycle in the upper soil profile, while phosphorus found at lower depths is primarily involved in geochemical reactions with secondary minerals. Plant growth depends on the rapid root uptake of phosphorus released from dead organic matter in the biochemical cycle. Phosphorus is limited in supply for plant growth. Phosphates move quickly through plants and animals; however, the processes that move them through the soil or ocean are very slow, making the phosphorus cycle overall one of the slowest biogeochemical cycles.[2][7]", "Phosphorus. At 0.099%, phosphorus is the most abundant pnictogen in the Earth's crust but it is not found free in nature; it is widely distributed in many minerals, mainly phosphates.[7] Inorganic phosphate rock, which is partially made of apatite (a group of minerals being, generally, pentacalcium triorthophosphate fluoride (hydroxide)), is today the chief commercial source of this element. According to the US Geological Survey (USGS), about 50 percent of the global phosphorus reserves are in the Arab nations.[30] Large deposits of apatite are located in China, Russia, Morocco,[31] Florida, Idaho, Tennessee, Utah, and elsewhere.[32] Albright and Wilson in the UK and their Niagara Falls plant, for instance, were using phosphate rock in the 1890s and 1900s from Tennessee, Florida, and the Îles du Connétable (guano island sources of phosphate); by 1950, they were using phosphate rock mainly from Tennessee and North Africa.[33]", "Phosphorus. The main food sources for phosphorus are the same as those containing protein, although proteins do not contain phosphorus. For example, milk, meat, and soya typically also have phosphorus. As a rule, if a diet has sufficient protein and calcium, the amount of phosphorus is probably sufficient.[90]", "Phosphorus. Phosphides arise by reaction of metals with red phosphorus. The alkali metals (group 1) and alkaline earth metals can form ionic compounds containing the phosphide ion, P3−. These compounds react with water to form phosphine. Other phosphides, for example Na3P7, are known for these reactive metals. With the transition metals as well as the monophosphides there are metal rich phosphides, which are generally hard refractory compounds with a metallic lustre, and phosphorus rich phosphides which are less stable and include semiconductors.[37] Schreibersite is a naturally occurring metal rich phosphide found in meteorites. The structures of the metal rich and phosphorus rich phosphides can be structurally complex.", "Lake ecosystem. Phosphorus is important for all organisms because it is a component of DNA and RNA and is involved in cell metabolism as a component of ATP and ADP. Also, phosphorus is not found in large quantities in freshwater systems, limiting photosynthesis in primary producers, making it the main determinant of lentic system production. The phosphorus cycle is complex, but the model outlined below describes the basic pathways. Phosphorus mainly enters a pond or lake through runoff from the watershed or by atmospheric deposition. Upon entering the system, a reactive form of phosphorus is usually taken up by algae and macrophytes, which release a non-reactive phosphorus compound as a byproduct of photosynthesis. This phosphorus can drift downwards and become part of the benthic or profundal sediment, or it can be remineralized to the reactive form by microbes in the water column. Similarly, non-reactive phosphorus in the sediment can be remineralized into the reactive form.[2] Sediments are generally richer in phosphorus than lake water, however, indicating that this nutrient may have a long residency time there before it is remineralized and re-introduced to the system.[3]", "Phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential macromineral for plants, which is studied extensively in edaphology to understand plant uptake from soil systems. Phosphorus is a limiting factor in many ecosystems; that is, the scarcity of phosphorus limits the rate of organism growth. An excess of phosphorus can also be problematic, especially in aquatic systems where eutrophication sometimes leads to algal blooms.[31]", "Phosphorus. Phosphorus is an essential plant nutrient (often the limiting nutrient), and the bulk of all phosphorus production is in concentrated phosphoric acids for agriculture fertilisers, containing as much as 70% to 75% P2O5. Its annual demand is rising nearly twice as fast as the growth of the human population. That led to large increase in phosphate (PO43−) production in the second half of the 20th century.[31] Artificial phosphate fertilisation is necessary because phosphorus is essential to all life organisms, natural phosphorus-bearing compounds are mostly insoluble and inaccessible to plants, and the natural cycle of phosphorus is very slow. Fertiliser is often in the form of superphosphate of lime, a mixture of calcium dihydrogen phosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2), and calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4·2H2O) produced reacting sulfuric acid and water with calcium phosphate.", "Phosphorus. The discovery of phosphorus, the first element to be discovered that was not known since ancient times,[40] is credited to the German alchemist Hennig Brand in 1669, although other chemists might have discovered phosphorus around the same time.[41] Brand experimented with urine, which contains considerable quantities of dissolved phosphates from normal metabolism.[13] Working in Hamburg, Brand attempted to create the fabled philosopher's stone through the distillation of some salts by evaporating urine, and in the process produced a white material that glowed in the dark and burned brilliantly. It was named phosphorus mirabilis (\"miraculous bearer of light\").[42]", "Phosphate. In biological systems, phosphorus is found as a free phosphate ion[when defined as?] in solution and is called inorganic phosphate, to distinguish it from phosphates bound in various phosphate esters. Inorganic phosphate is generally denoted Pi and at physiological (homeostatic) pH primarily consists of a mixture of HPO2−\n4 and H\n2PO−\n4 ions.", "Phosphine. Phosphine is a constituent of the atmosphere at very low and highly variable concentrations.[14] It may contribute significantly to the global phosphorus biochemical cycle. The most likely source is reduction of phosphate in decaying organic matter, possibly via partial reductions and disproportionations, since environmental systems do not have known reducing agents of sufficient strength to directly convert phosphate to phosphine.[15]", "Period 3 element. Phosphorus (symbol P) is a multivalent nonmetal of the nitrogen group, phosphorus as a mineral is almost always present in its maximally oxidized state, as inorganic phosphate rocks. Elemental phosphorus exists in two major forms—white phosphorus and red phosphorus—but due to its high reactivity, phosphorus is never found as a free element on Earth.", "Phosphorus. Every living cell is encased in a membrane that separates it from its surroundings. Cellular membranes are composed of a phospholipid matrix and proteins, typically in the form of a bilayer. Phospholipids are derived from glycerol with two of the glycerol hydroxyl (OH) protons replaced by fatty acids as an ester, and the third hydroxyl proton has been replaced with phosphate bonded to another alcohol.[81]", "Phosphorus. The first form of elemental phosphorus that was produced (white phosphorus, in 1669) emits a faint glow when exposed to oxygen – hence the name, taken from Greek mythology, Φωσφόρος meaning \"light-bearer\" (Latin Lucifer), referring to the \"Morning Star\", the planet Venus (or Mercury). The term \"phosphorescence\", meaning glow after illumination, originally derives from this property of phosphorus, although this word has since been used for a different physical process that produces a glow. The glow of phosphorus itself originates from oxidation of the white (but not red) phosphorus — a process now termed chemiluminescence. Together with nitrogen, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth, phosphorus is classified as a pnictogen.", "Phosphorus cycle. Unlike other cycles, P is not normally found in the air as a gas; it only occurs under highly reducing conditions as the gas phosphine PH3.[citation needed]", "Phosphorus. Two radioactive isotopes of phosphorus have half-lives suitable for biological scientific experiments. These are:", "Phosphorus cycle. Initially, phosphate weathers from rocks and minerals, the most common mineral being apatite. Overall small losses occur in terrestrial environments by leaching and erosion, through the action of rain. In soil, phosphate is adsorbed on iron oxides, aluminium hydroxides, clay surfaces, and organic matter particles, and becomes incorporated (immobilized or fixed). Plants and fungi can also be active in making P soluble.[citation needed]", "Phosphorus cycle. The availability of organic phosphorus to support microbial, plant and animal growth depends on the rate of their degradation to generate free phosphate. There are various enzymes such as phosphatases, nucleases and phytase involved for the degradation. Some of the abiotic pathways in the environment studied are hydrolytic reactions and photolytic reactions. Enzymatic hydrolysis of organic phosphorus is an essential step in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle, including the phosphorus nutrition of plants and microorganisms and the transfer of organic phosphorus from soil to bodies of water.[1] Many organisms rely on the soil derived phosphorus for their phosphorus nutrition.[citation needed]", "Phosphorus cycle. On the land, phosphorus gradually becomes less available to plants over thousands of years, because it is slowly lost in runoff. Low concentration of phosphorus in soils reduces plant growth, and slows soil microbial growth - as shown in studies of soil microbial biomass. Soil microorganisms act as both sinks and sources of available phosphorus in the biogeochemical cycle.[1] Locally, transformations of phosphorus are chemical, biological and microbiological: the major long-term transfers in the global cycle, however, are driven by tectonic movements in geologic time.[2]", "Phosphorus. Violet phosphorus is a form of phosphorus that can be produced by day-long annealing of red phosphorus above 550 °C. In 1865, Hittorf discovered that when phosphorus was recrystallised from molten lead, a red/purple form is obtained. Therefore, this form is sometimes known as \"Hittorf's phosphorus\" (or violet or α-metallic phosphorus).[17]", "Phosphate. Phosphate can form many polymeric ions such as pyrophosphate), P\n2O4−\n7, and triphosphate, P\n3O5−\n10. The various metaphosphate ions (which are usually long linear polymers) have an empirical formula of PO−\n3 and are found in many compounds.", "Phosphorus. Organic sources, namely urine, bone ash and (in the latter 19th century) guano, were historically of importance but had only limited commercial success.[34] As urine contains phosphorus, it has fertilising qualities which are still harnessed today in some countries, including Sweden, using methods for reuse of excreta. To this end, urine can be used as a fertiliser in its pure form or part of being mixed with water in the form of sewage or sewage sludge." ]

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[ "John Carpenter (game show contestant). On the November 19, 1999, episode of Millionaire, Carpenter proceeded to advance to the million-dollar question without using any lifelines. He then used his Phone-A-Friend to call his father not for help, but rather to tell him he was going to win the game. Carpenter answered the question correctly and became the show's first millionaire. His win gave him national recognition and led to multiple talk show appearances, as well as reappearances on Millionaire itself.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Nigerian game show). On September 11, 2009, a contestant called Aroma Ufodike became the first person to win the ₦10,000,000, and currently[when?], he is the only one who won the top prize of this game show.[1][2] One of the questions related to celebrated Nigerian football referee Linus Mbah. Just like in Slumdog Millionaire Mr. Ufodike was able to answer the question from his personal experience. Ironically Mr. Mbah lived in the apartment above him or, as Mr. Ufodike put it - \"He lives on top of me!\"[3]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Out of all contestants that have played the game, few have been able to win the top prize on any international version of the show. The first was John Carpenter, who won the top prize on the U.S. version on 19 November 1999. Carpenter did not use a lifeline until the final question, using his Phone-a-Friend not for help but to call his father to tell him he had won the million.[15]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Many parodies of Millionaire have capitalised on the \"final answer\" catchphrase. In the United States, the phrase was popularised by Philbin during his tenure as the host of that country's version,[37] to the extent that TV Land listed it in its special 100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catchphrases, which aired in 2006.[70]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show). The U.S. Millionaire also made catchphrases out of various lines used on the show. In particular, \"Is that your final answer?\", asked by Millionaire's hosts whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified, was popularized by Philbin during his tenure as host,[79] and was also included on TV Land's special \"100 Greatest TV Quotes and Catch Phrases\", which aired in 2006.[106] Meanwhile, during his tenure as host, Cedric signed off shows with a catchphrase of his own, \"Watch yo' wallet!\"[49]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show). The third ₱2,000,000 winner was Eduardo Gaeilo Pajinag, Jr. on October 20, 2013.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Only Fools and Horses). Later that night, Albert suggests to Del that he should go to Australia and become a millionaire while he has the chance, which means that Rodney will have to learn to grow up. With his mind made up, Del phones Jumbo to confirm what time he will be arriving. But instead, Del turns down Jumbo's offer, reluctantly admitting that he cannot leave his family behind. As Albert goes to bed, Rodney returns home to apologise to Del for the row they had earlier, and to tell his older brother that he needs to go to Australia. But Del tells Rodney that he's already turned down the offer. The Trotter brothers then talk about how Rodney was right when he told Del during their earlier argument, \"The real opportunity lies here.\" Britain is in a bad way, people want a good bargain, and they turn to men like the Trotters, who will be there, and that this time next year, they will be millionaires. The Trotter brothers make up, Rodney goes to bed happy, and Del secretly laments his lost opportunity for wealth by singing \"Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?\".", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The explanation on the ITV website (http://millionaire.itv.com/millionaire/howtoplaywalkaway.php) makes no mention that I can see of these supplementary questions, and I have never heard this mentioned on the show either. I have never played the text game myself; can anyone confirm that it does actually work as the article describes? Matt 21:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC).", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. On the Australian versions, McGuire replaces the phrase with \"Lock it in?\"; likewise, the Indian version's hosts have used varying \"lock\" catchphrases. There are also a number of other non-English versions of Millionaire where the host does not ask \"[Is that your] final answer?\" or a literal translation thereof.[71] Besides the \"final answer\" question, other catchphrases used on the show include the contestants' requests to use lifelines, such as \"I'd like to phone a friend\"; and a line that Tarrant spoke whenever a contestant was struggling with a particular question, \"Some questions are only easy if you know the answer.\"[69]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). ↑ Would have won $1,000,000 had they chosen to answer the question.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Oi, Tokerboy! The official website of the programme calls it Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?. Doesn't that mean that that is its official name? -- Oliver P. 18:43 Feb 5, 2003 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (disambiguation). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire may also refer to:", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. I don't know why would someone put Thailand on the list. I doubt that because the \"Thai version\" doesn't look like Millionaire at all; just a simple set with sponsors' logos on the background. It doesn't even resemble Millionaire. - 上村七美 | talk 18:43, 22 June 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (also known as WW2BAM) is a Filipino game show based on the original British format of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The main goal of the game is to win 2 million Philippine pesos (earlier 1 million) by answering 12 multiple-choice (previously 15) questions correctly. There are four lifelines: 50:50 (fifty-fifty), Phone A Friend, and Switch and Double Dip. The latter two replaced Ask the Audience, which was used until the 2010 season and of Phone-a-Friend until the 2012 season and reused for the 5th Incarnation replacing the People's Pick lifeline instead.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Of all the international versions, the Japanese version has produced the most number (38) of top prize winners, including juniors. The most recent Millionaire winner is Yevgeny Malischuk from the Kazakh version, winning 10,000,000 tenge in the episode broadcast on 24 March 2018.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Is there any way anyone can verify that there was actually an audience member who leaked the news of this guy's million-dollar win on radio? They've recently released some official articles stating that a 35-year old graduate-student named Ogi Ogas (NOT a 19-year old student named Dan Weisman) will get to see the million-dollar question this November. I mean, it's definitely possible for two contestants to win the jackpot on the same month, with Buena Vista deciding not to release the second winner's identity. Of course, it could very well be the case that Ogi Ogas IS Dan Weisman, and the person who edited this article (or the audience member himself/herself) simply misheard the contestant's name. In any case, an official citation regarding Dan Weisman's win being leaked on radio (assuming that he is NOT the same as Ogi Ogas) would be a great addition to this article, and to the Dan Weisman article itself.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show). On September 18, 2011, the Philippine version gained its second top prize winner in the person of IT specialist Karl Jonathan Aguilar.[9][10] The final question involved the name of the Index Librorum Prohibitorum with the other options being made-up but similarly-sounding names. Of note, he did not use his lifelines up to the ₱600,000 question. When his last lifeline, Phone-A-Friend, was used during the final question, he was given one of the wrong answers. Also, the first fourteen were asked in the previous episode aired a week before. The translation of the ₱2 million question that Aguilar answered correctly can be seen at the right.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). On 11 February 2006, celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children's Hospice. Having reached the final question of the quiz, they were asked \"Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?\", to which the Bowens answered with \"In God, We Trust\", only to learn that the question's correct answer was \"One Out of Many\" - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum.[38] However, Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de facto motto of the United States, it was never legally declared as such; In God, We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956, although it is not translated from any form of Latin. Following this revelation, the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question, with their original winnings reinstated; the couple chose not to risk the new question, and left with £500,000 for their charity.[38]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple-choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version) was one million pounds. Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Needs discussion of Regis Philben's shirts, the fast fingers, the call-in process, etc.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). Serisier chose not to answer, winning $250,000, but had he been brave enough, could have played for the million.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). He was later the subject of an article in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo. The article stated that a syndicate, understood to have been run by quiz buff Paddy Spooner, aimed to exploit the selection procedure and increase the chances of beating 100,000 others in the race to appear on the show. The Chronicle & Echo had learned the syndicate accused of fast-tracking contestants on to the show managed to get hold of tie-breaker style questions likely to be used on phone lines rung by members of the public. Potential contestants were then told possible answers in return for a percentage of any future cash winnings.[18]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. 2. Tarrant gives the impression when he calls the phone-a-friend that is the first call they have had from the show... but since they always pick up the phone after exactly three rings I suspect maybe it isn't. Does anyone know how this works?", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show). The Philippine version show produced its third top-prize winner in the person of IT auditor Eduardo \"Gaeilo\" Pajinag, Jr. on October 20, 2013. According to him, he auditioned seven times before being accepted on his 8th audition.[11] He is the first winner of the new money tree, the High-Risk money tree. The final question was about Jabberwocky, the poem written by Lewis Carroll where he used nonsense words. The other options were synonyms to \"nonsense\". After carefully deducing on his answer, to the extent that he mentioned where the dance group Jabbawockeez got their name, he ultimately went on to win the ₱2 million peso top-prize.", "American game show winnings records. During the second season of Millionaire in the United States, the show crowned its first million-dollar winner. On November 19, 1999, John Carpenter won the show's top prize without using any lifelines, save for a phone call on the final question to tell his father he was going to win the million dollars. After Carpenter answered the final question, which concerned Richard Nixon's appearance on Laugh-In in 1968,[13] host Regis Philbin proclaimed Carpenter the show's (and worldwide format's) first top prize winner.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). Tony and John Koutsonikolas' $125,000 question, 6 March 2010 (used the 50:50 lifeline on the question)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Philippine game show). Once in the Hot Seat, the contestant is asked increasingly difficult general knowledge questions by the host. Questions are multiple choice: four possible answers are given (labeled A, B, C, and D), and the contestant must choose the correct one. Upon answering a question correctly, the contestant wins a certain amount of money. After questions, the host will ask the contestant \"is that your final answer?\" When a contestant says \"final\" in conjunction with one of the answers, it is official, and cannot be changed. For the first few questions, there is a possibility for the contestant to leave with no money if they fail to reach the guaranteed amounts.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The ITV website calls it \"Walk Away\".", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). In April 2003, a British episode in which Charles Ingram cheated all the way to the top prize was aired on the Nine Network, featuring Ingram's run in its entirety, and watched by over two million Australians.[3] At the time, the Australian version did not yet have a top prize winner. In 2001, an episode featuring Survivor winner Richard Hatch incorrectly answering his fourth question (see below) was also shown in the United States.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. I'm not sure what to put as the source for all this, except that I watched the show and observed it while I was waiting for the contestant to actually answer the question. (Especially with Youtube and everything.) ZtObOr 18:23, 9 February 2008 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). On 23 October 2004 the show included a new feature called the \"Walkaway Text Game\". The competition was offered to viewers at home to play the text game where they had to answer the question, if a contestant decided to walk home with the cash prize they have got, by choosing the letters 'A, B, C or D' within 30 seconds to a specific mobile number. The viewer who answered the question won £1,000 by having their entries selected randomly.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Millionaire has made catchphrases out of several lines used on the show. The most well-known of these catchphrases is the host's question \"Is that your final answer?\", asked whenever a contestant's answer needs to be verified.[69] The question is asked because the rules require that the contestants must clearly indicate their choices before they are made official, the nature of the game allowing them to ponder the options before committing to an answer. Regularly on tier-three questions, a dramatic pause occurs between the contestant's statement of their answer and the host's acknowledgement of whether or not it is correct." ]

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[ "List of Jessica Jones characters. Dorothy Walker (portrayed by Rebecca De Mornay) is Trish Walker's abusive mother and talent agent who becomes Jessica's foster mother when she was young.[47]", "Rebecca De Mornay. In 2012, De Mornay played the role of Finch's mom in the movie American Reunion where she portrayed an attractive older woman and a love interest of Stifler. In 2015, she appeared in Marvel's Jessica Jones as Trish Walker's abusive mother.[15]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Patricia \"Trish\" Walker (portrayed by Rachael Taylor) is a former model and child star known as \"Patsy\" who is Jones' adoptive sister and best friend. She now works as a radio host.[19]", "Rachael Taylor. For the 2012-13 American television season Taylor starred in the new drama 666 Park Avenue.[17] She was next cast in the 2014 NBC series Crisis, which ran for one season.[18] In January 2015, Taylor was cast as Patricia \"Trish\" Walker in Marvel and Netflix's series Jessica Jones, which has since premiered on Netflix as of November 20, 2015.[19]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Louise Thompson (portrayed by Lisa Emery) is Kilgrave's mother. She is later forced to commit suicide by Kilgrave.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. To prepare for the role, Taylor \"looked into a bunch of child stars\" and determined \"that the main source of [their] damage comes from feeling that they’re loved for what they do and not who they are. The maternal/paternal or familial love or any kind of love is dependent on them being successful, making money, being sparkly, being famous, whatever the thing is.\" On the multiple alias Trish wields in the series, Taylor said, \"Trish has a number of them. I think there is a part of her that is alpha that actually, if she had the kind of abilities that Jessica had, she would probably be President of the United States in that world or the equivalent. She would take it as far as she could because she has that in her.\"[22]", "Jessica Jones. On November 20, 2015, Jessica Jones was released on Netflix, with the title character portrayed by Krysten Ritter as an adult[39][40] and by Elizabeth Cappuccino as a teenager. As a child, she was in a car accident that killed her parents and put her in a coma. After she regained consciousness, Jessica was legally adopted by talent agent Dorothy Walker, therefore becoming the adopted sister of Trish Walker. As an adult, Jessica crosses paths with Kilgrave and spends a year under his control, snapping out of it after she kills Luke Cage's wife Reva Connors on Kilgrave's orders. She experiences post-traumatic stress disorder as a result of what Kilgrave did to her, and drinks to excess to numb her pain and guilt. Her Jewel costume from the comics appears briefly in the fifth episode of season 1, \"AKA: The Sandwich Saved Me\", although she refuses to wear it and rejects Trish's suggestion of Jewel as an alias, saying \"Jewel is a stripper's name, a really slutty stripper. And if I wear that thing you're going to have to call me Camel Toe.\"[41] In the eighth episode of Iron Fist, Joy Meachum indirectly mentions to her brother Ward that she hired Jessica in the past to take compromising pictures of members on the Rand Enterprises board of directors. Ritter reprised her role in The Defenders, a 2017 crossover miniseries.[42] A second season of Jessica Jones was released on Netflix on March 8, 2018[43], on International Women's Day.", "Rachael Taylor. She has also starred as Dr. Lucy Fields on Grey's Anatomy (2011), as one of the Angels on the short-lived reboot Charlie's Angels (2011), as the main character on the ABC show 666 Park Avenue (2012–2013), and in the NBC action/thriller series Crisis (2014). She currently stars as Trish Walker in the Netflix exclusive Marvel Cinematic Universe streaming television shows Jessica Jones and The Defenders.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Griffin Sinclair (portrayed by Hal Ozsan) is Trish's new boyfriend and a news anchor.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Alisa Jones (portrayed by Miriam Shor in season one,[40] Janet McTeer in season two) is Jessica's mother who was seemingly killed in a car crash when she was young. It was later revealed that Karl Malus of IGH saved her life and has been going around targeting anyone involved with IGH.[41]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Nicole (portrayed by Nichole Yannetty)[45] is an intern on Trish Walker's talk show.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Taylor was cast in January 2015.[19] The role of Jones' best friend was intended for the character of Carol Danvers when Rosenberg was developing the series at ABC,[20][21] but was changed to Walker due to the changing nature of the MCU and that Danvers would appear in her own film. Rosenberg ultimately found this to be \"much more appropriate...it was better that [Jessica's] best friend was not someone with powers. It actually ends up being a really great mirror for her.\"[21] Speaking about the character, Loeb said, \"what’s most important is the relationship between her and Jessica, and how these two women who are, in some ways, sisters, in terms of their friendship, could be that different, and yet believe in the same kinds of things. That question of, what is it to be a hero and the responsibilities that you have when you have abilities, is something that brings them together, but also continually pushes them apart. I think we’re very lucky to have Melissa as a writer because she really grasps the insight of what it is to have a friendship with a woman, and the way that two women can actually be competitive and friendly, and love each other and hate each other, and have a history with each other.\"[11] Taylor added that Jessica \"was the first person to not care about the exterior parts of Patsy Walker or Trish Walker. She was the first person to see her for who she really was\".[22] Catherine Blades portrayed a young Trish.", "Jessica Jones (TV series). In August 2014, Sarandos said the series was beginning to look \"at casting Jessica.\"[53] By November, Krysten Ritter, Alexandra Daddario, Teresa Palmer, Jessica De Gouw, and Marin Ireland were being tested for the role of Jessica Jones,[5] with Ritter having been auditioning since October.[8] Additionally, Lance Gross, Mike Colter, and Cleo Anthony were in contention for the role of Luke Cage, which was envisioned as a recurring role in the series before headlining Luke Cage.[5] The next month, Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones. Ritter and Palmer had been the final candidates for the role, with both auditioning opposite Colter to test chemistry.[6] Colter was confirmed as Luke Cage later in December.[12] In January 2015, David Tennant was cast as Kilgrave,[29] and Rachael Taylor was cast as Patricia \"Trish\" Walker.[16] The latter character was added to the series as a replacement for Danvers, as she was set to feature in her own film.[18] A month later, Carrie-Ann Moss joined the cast,[25] with her role revealed that October to be a female version of male comic book character Jeryn Hogarth.[27] Also in February, Eka Darville, Erin Moriarty, and Wil Traval were cast as Malcolm Ducasse,[7] Hope Shlottman,[7][23] and Will Simpson, respectively.[7][23]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Jessica Jones (portrayed by Krysten Ritter) is a former superhero with the abilities of superhuman strength and flight, suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who opens her own detective agency,[1][2] Alias Investigations.[3]", "Carolyn Jones. In 1964, using a long coal-black wig, the brunette Jones began playing Morticia Addams on the television series The Addams Family, a role which brought her success as a comedian and a Golden Globe Award nomination. She guest-starred on the 1960s TV series Batman, playing Marsha, the Queen of Diamonds,[12] and in 1976 appeared as the title character's mother, Hippolyta, on the Wonder Woman TV series. In 1977 she played a madam running a rural whorehouse in Tobe Hooper's follow-up movie after The Texas Chain Saw Massacre which was Eaten Alive, and featured Neville Brand, Roberta Collins, and Robert Englund. Her last role was that of Myrna, the scheming matriarch of the Clegg clan, on the soap opera Capitol from the first episode in March 1982 until March 1983, though she already knew that she was dying of cancer. During her occasional absences, veteran actress Marla Adams subbed for her.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Ruth Sunday (portrayed by Lisa Tharps) is Eddie Costa's detective partner.", "Jessica Walter. In 1974, Walter co-starred in an episode of Columbo, \"Mind Over Mayhem\". She starred on the short-lived series Amy Prentiss, a spinoff of Ironside and had a recurring role on Trapper John, M.D. as Melanie McIntyre, Trapper John's former wife. In 1983, she had a role on the short-lived NBC primetime soap opera Bare Essence as Ava Marshall. Since then, she has worked most frequently in television and theater, though she did appear in some films including The Flamingo Kid (1984) and the film PCU (1994). In the 1990s, she voiced Fran Sinclair on the ABC comedy Dinosaurs, and appeared on Just Shoot Me! as Eve Gallo, the mother of Maya and the ex-wife of magazine publisher Jack Gallo.", "Annabeth Gish. In 2012, Gish co-starred on the ABC drama pilot Americana as the mother of Ashley Greene's character. However, the pilot was not picked up.[5]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Ritter was nominated for the 6th Critics' Choice Television Awards' Best Actress in a Drama Series for her role as Jones.[12]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Moss reprised her role in the second season of Daredevil and in Iron Fist. Comparing those experiences to her much larger role on Jessica Jones, Moss said, \"You want to come in and have something powerful. For Jessica Jones, that's where I get to have that experience. With the other shows, I'm having fun.\"[31]", "Jessica Jones (season 1). The main cast for the season includes Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones,[2] Mike Colter as Luke Cage,[3] Rachael Taylor as Patricia \"Trish\" Walker,[4] Wil Traval as Will Simpson,[5][6] Erin Moriarty as Hope Shlottman,[5][6] Eka Darville as Malcolm Ducasse,[5] Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth,[7][8] and David Tennant as Kilgrave.[9]", "List of Skins characters. Family: Mother, Celia Jones (Juliet Cowan); father, Edward Jones (Douglas Hodge)", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Emma (portrayed by Gillian Glasco) is an actress and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones.", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Wendy Ross-Hogarth (portrayed by Robin Weigert) is a doctor and Jeri Hogarth's wife, whom Hogarth is divorcing.[44]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Clair (portrayed by Danielle Ferland) is a cellist and a victim of Kilgrave who becomes a member of a support group established by Jones.", "Pamela Reed. Reed played Janice Pasetti in the quirky NBC sitcom Grand, and then played a judge and single mother in the short-lived NBC sitcom The Home Court. She has provided the voice for the character Ruth Powers in 3 episodes of the animated TV series The Simpsons and guest-voiced in an episode of the 1994-1995 animated series The Critic. She played a main role in Jericho and has appeared as the mother of main character Leslie Knope (Amy Poehler) on Parks and Recreation.[3]", "Jennifer Ehle. In 2012, Ehle played CIA officer Jessica in Zero Dark Thirty. In 2014, Ehle played Liz Kline in the remake, Robocop, also starring alongside James Spader as Madeline Pratt in the American TV series The Blacklist. She played Anastasia Steele's mother in the 2015 Fifty Shades of Grey film,[3] and also appeared in Spooks: The Greater Good.[18]", "Jessica Stroup. In April 2016, Stroup was cast in Marvel's Iron Fist as Joy Meachum – the daughter of Harold and childhood acquaintance of Danny Rand's, whose work building up Rand Enterprises with her brother Ward is threatened to be undone with Rand's return.[4]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Moss was announced as cast in early February 2015,[27] with her character revealed in October to be a gender-swapped (changed from male to female) version of the comics character Jeryn Hogarth.[29] The character was also made a lesbian.[29] Moss signed on to the series after reading the first two scripts, having been pitched the character by Loeb and Rosenberg. Moss described the character by saying that \"she’s fierce, she’s strong, she’s powerful, and she likes that power.\" She worked \"a few days every episode\", which allowed her to grow the character throughout the series, while not knowing what the character would become as she played each moment, which she noted was how real-life is.[30]", "Jessica Jones (season 2). After the season was ordered, several main cast members revealed that they would return for the second season, including Ritter as Jessica Jones,[1] Rachael Taylor as Patricia \"Trish\" Walker,[26][2] and Carrie-Anne Moss as Jeri Hogarth.[27][3] Eka Darville also reprises his role as Malcolm Ducasse.[4] In March 2017, J.R. Ramirez was cast as Oscar, which was revealed in July after the airing of his character's death on Power.[6][28] By that month, Leah Gibson had also joined the cast, in the role of Ingrid.[5]", "Jessica Jones. By the time Bendis was actively developing the title, Jones was his central character, one with a distinct background and voice from Drew's.[4]", "List of Jessica Jones characters. Jeri Hogarth (portrayed by Carrie-Anne Moss) is an attorney and potentially powerful ally to Jones, who hires Jones for cases.[27][28]" ]

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[ "The Cell. The Cell is a 2000 American science fiction horror film directed by Tarsem Singh in his directorial debut, and starring Jennifer Lopez, Vince Vaughn, and Vincent D'Onofrio. It received mixed reviews upon its release, with critics praising its visuals, direction, make-up, costumes and D'Onofrio's performance, while criticizing its Silence of the Lambs-inspired plot, an emphasis on style rather than substance, and masochistic imagery.", "The Cell. Serial killer Carl Rudolph Stargher (Vincent D'Onofrio) traps his victims in a cell in the form of a glass enclosure that slowly fills with water by means of an automatic timer, then uses a hoist in his basement to suspend himself above their bodies while watching the recorded video of their deaths. He succumbs to the same schizophrenic illness and falls into a coma just as the FBI identifies him, leaving them without any leads as to the location of his latest victim, Julia Hickson (Tara Subkoff). After learning of this experimental technology, Agent Peter Novak (Vince Vaughn) persuades Deane to enter Stargher's mind and discover Hickson's location.", "Jason Statham. He also played supporting roles in Mean Machine (2002), The Italian Job (2003) (in which he played Handsome Rob), and Cellular (2004) in which he played the lead villain. In 2005, Statham was once again cast by Ritchie to star in his new project, Revolver, which was a critical and box office failure.[22] He played a dramatic role in the independent film London in 2006. That same year he played the lead role in the action film Crank which spawned the sequel Crank: High Voltage (2009).", "The Cell. One of the most positive reviews came from Roger Ebert, who awarded the film four stars out of four, writing: \"For all of its visual pyrotechnics, it's also a story where we care about the characters; there's a lot at stake at the end, and we're involved. I know people who hate it, finding it pretentious or unrestrained; I think it's one of the best films of the year.\"[5] Ebert later placed the film on his list of \"The Best 10 Movies of 2000\", writing: \"Tarsem, the director, is a visual virtuoso who juggles his storylines effortlessly; it's dazzling, the way he blends so many notes, styles and genres into a film so original.\"[6] James Berardinelli gave the film three stars out of four, writing: \"The Cell becomes the first serial killer feature in a long time to take the genre in a new direction. Not only does it defy formulaic expectations, but it challenges the viewer to think and consider the horrors that can turn an ordinary child into an inhuman monster. There are no easy answers, and The Cell doesn't pretend to offer any. Instead, Singh presents audiences with the opportunity to go on a harrowing journey. For those who are up to the challenge, it's worth spending time in The Cell.\"[7] Peter Travers from Rolling Stone wrote that \"Tarsem uses the dramatically shallow plot to create a dream world densely packed with images of beauty and terror that cling to the memory even if you don't want them to.\"", "The Cell (The Vampire Diaries). Damon (Ian Somerhalder) is still locked up by Wes (Rick Cosnett) who wants him to be his next object of investigation since he has lost his last one. Elena (Nina Dobrev) worries that Damon did not show up and she goes to find Aaron (Shaun Sipos) in hope that he knows where Wes is. She finds him mourning about Jesse's (Kendrick Sampson) death and he tells Elena that everyone around him die, friends and family, including his last family member few months ago, his aunt Sarah.", "Eli Roth. In March 2006, Ain't It Cool News announced that Dimension Films had bought the rights to the Cell by Stephen King and would produce a film to be directed by Roth. In 2009, King finished the screenplay, and actors John Cusack and Samuel L. Jackson have since joined the project.", "Cell (Dragon Ball). Michael Zupan assessed Cell as the Dragon Ball villain with the most buildup, writing, \"The Z Fighters throw everything they have at this character, and just when you think he's beat... he transforms into something more powerful.\"[59] Dennis Amith of J!-ENT described Cell as \"the toughest enemy that the team has fought yet\" and liked how the efforts of the other characters trying to stop Cell is the main focus of that part of the series.[60] J. Steiff and T. D. Tamplin used Cell as an example of the concept of \"leveling up\" in anime and believed Cell follows this concept well.[61]", "Vincent D'Onofrio. D'Onofrio continued to play a wide variety of minor or supporting roles, including the father of a saint in Nancy Savoca's Household Saints (1993), director Orson Welles in Tim Burton's Ed Wood (1994), farmer Edgar and the evil \"Bug\" that possesses him from Men in Black (1997), Yippie founder Abbie Hoffman in Steal This Movie! (2000), a man who claims to be from the future in Happy Accidents (2000), and the serial killer Carl Stargher, opposite Jennifer Lopez's character in The Cell (2000).", "The Cell. A sequel was released direct to DVD on June 16, 2009. The story centers on The Cusp, a serial killer who murders his victims, and then brings them back to life, over and over again until they beg to die. Maya (Tessie Santiago) is a psychic investigator and surviving victim of The Cusp, whose abilities developed after spending a year in a coma. Maya must use her powers to travel into the mind of the killer unprotected, in order to save his latest victim.", "Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25. Dr. Hatch is the main antagonist of the book. He recruits (or kidnaps) the Glows to the Elgen Academy and gives them whatever they want (no matter the cost) at first; later, however, he guilt trips them into using their gifts for his own personal pleasure (using manipulation). He is an evil genius and attempts to capture and kill Michael and his friends several times throughout the book.", "Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25. Tanner is a very regretful person. He has the ability to interfere with an aircraft's navigation and electrical systems, making it crash. He murdered thousands under Dr Hatch's bidding.", "Vince Vaughn. Other than his dramatic role in The Cell (2000), in the 2000s he acted in several comedies, including Old School (2003), Dodgeball: A True Underdog Story (2004), Wedding Crashers (2005), The Break-Up (2006), Fred Claus (2007), and Four Christmases (2008). He continued his comedic roles in the 2010s with The Dilemma (2011), The Watch (2012), and The Internship (2013). In 2015, he starred as Frank Semyon in the second season of the HBO anthology crime drama television series True Detective alongside Colin Farrell, Taylor Kitsch and Rachel McAdams.", "Cell (Dragon Ball). In the English Funimation dub, Cell is voiced by Dameon Clarke.[48] Clarke considers Cell one of his more \"fun and entertaining\" characters.[49] Sometime around the release of Resurrection 'F', in which Frieza returned, Clarke said he began receiving questions about a film featuring Cell's return, which he himself supported.[50]", "The Cell. Conversely, Stephen Hunter of The Washington Post called it \"contrived\", \"arbitrary\", and \"overdrawn\".[8] Slate's David Edelstein panned the film as well, writing: \"When I go to a serial-killer flick, I don't want to see the serial killer (or even his inner child) coddled and empathized with and forgiven. I want to see him shot, stabbed, impaled, eviscerated, and finally engulfed—shrieking—in flames. The Cell serves up some of the most gruesomely misogynistic imagery in years, then ends with a bid for understanding.\"[9] Jonathan Rosenbaum of the Chicago Reader remarked, \"There's almost no plot here and even less character—just a lot of pretexts for S&M imagery, Catholic decor, gobs of gore, and the usual designer schizophrenia.\"[10] Empire Magazine gave the film two stars out of five, stating that \"at times beautiful and always disturbing, this is strangely devoid of meaning.\"", "Forest Whitaker. In 2001, Whitaker had a small, uncredited role in the Wong Kar-wai-directed The Follow, one of five short films produced by BMW that year to promote its cars.[21] He co-starred in Joel Schumacher's 2002 thriller, Phone Booth, with Kiefer Sutherland and Colin Farrell. That year, he also co-starred with Jodie Foster in Panic Room. His performance as the film's \"bad guy\" was described as \"a subtle chemistry of aggression and empathy.\"[7]", "Brawl in Cell Block 99. During the night, Lauren is kidnapped by men under orders of Eleazar. On the second day of his incarceration, Bradley is visited by the Placid Man (Udo Kier), who informs Bradley that he works for Eleazar. He tells Bradley that, unless Bradley assassinates an inmate named Christopher Bridge, located in Redleaf Correctional Facility, a separate maximum-security prison, the limbs of his unborn child will be surgically removed by a Korean abortionist and sent to him. Bradley reluctantly accepts.", "Blade Runner 2049. Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post put emphasis on the depiction of the villain-aspects of the industrialist played by Jared Leto stating: \"In the world of 2049, there are now two kinds of replicants, in addition to people: the old, rogue versions, and a newer, more subservient variety designed by a godlike industrialist (Jared Leto portraying Wallace), who refers to his products, tellingly, as good and bad 'angels.'\"[108]", "Brawl in Cell Block 99. Brawl in Cell Block 99 is a 2017 American action thriller film written, directed and scored by S. Craig Zahler. It stars Vince Vaughn, Jennifer Carpenter, Don Johnson, Udo Kier, Marc Blucas and Tom Guiry. It was screened out of competition at the 74th Venice International Film Festival.[3] The film was released in theaters on October 6, 2017, and on digital HD and video on demand on October 13, 2017, by RLJE Films.", "Brawl in Cell Block 99. Warden Tuggs explains that cell block 99 is where he devises special punishments for society's most despised criminals. Bradley is forced to wear a belt that gives him electric shocks at a push of a button, as a punishment for the fight. His cell in block 99 is lined with broken glass and only contains a crude squat toilet hole. Bradley speaks to a man in an adjacent cell, who informs him that Christopher Bridge does not exist at all. During the night, a young guard named Wilson (Tom Guiry) escorts Bradley to another, larger cell in block 99, where Eleazar, Roman, and two other gangsters are located. The gang torture Bradley with the electric belt, and taunt him by threatening to call the abortionist. He is shocked so badly that he needs to be dragged back to the cell unconscious.", "Brawl in Cell Block 99. Former boxer and drug mule Bradley Thomas (Vince Vaughn) is laid off from his job at an auto-repair shop. As he arrives home, he sees his wife, Lauren (Jennifer Carpenter), sitting in her car talking to someone on her cellphone. Bradley approaches her and sees a lovebite on her neck. Lauren confesses that she has been seeing somebody else. Bradley orders her inside the house before he violently dismantles her car with his bare hands. When calm, he enters the house to discuss with Lauren their failing relationship. Bradley decides to forgive Lauren and returns to work as a drug mule.", "Cell (Dragon Ball). Norio Wakamoto is the Japanese voice of Cell and revealed that when he voiced the forms of Cell, the first form is monster-like, he used a raspy voice which he said was a pain. He toned it down for the second, and by the final form he was able to perform comfortably.[47]", "Alexander Mahone. Mahone's anxiety is evident when he reaches for the varatril pills hidden inside his pen. When Mahone runs out of pills, he is tense and easily agitated.[50] Fichtner notes the erratic behavior of his character, commenting, \"The more twisted the better! Who wants to play a straight-away FBI guy?\"[51] He says that the actions that Mahone takes are affected by \"some of the things that Mahone has in the back of his closet—and in the back of his mind, the voices he is hearing about his own life.\"[51] Andy Dehnart of MSNBC observes that Mahone, \"as played by William Fichtner, always seemed to be on the edge of a nervous breakdown.\"[43]", "Eric McCormack. In 2008, McCormack co-starred in the A&E television miniseries The Andromeda Strain, a remake of the 1971 movie based on the novel by Michael Crichton.[44] In the miniseries, he played Jack Nash, a television reporter who battles an addiction to cocaine. The Andromeda Strain received mixed reviews,[45] and McCormack's performance was criticized. Joanna Weiss of the Boston Globe wrote, \"The presence of Eric McCormack, as an intrepid TV reporter, is especially extraneous (no disrespect to intrepid reporters).\"[46] Robert Bianco of USA Today commented, \"The central cast is completed by ... poor Eric McCormack as a crusading, coke-addicted journalist who spends the second half of the movie playing Rambo in the desert. Let's just say McCormack does the best he can with what he's given, and leave it at that.\"[47] On September 5, 2008, McCormack made a guest appearance in the seventh season and 100th episode of the television series Monk, where he played an unctuous host of a television crime docudrama.[48][49]", "Brawl in Cell Block 99. Eighteen months later, Bradley and a now pregnant Lauren have relocated to a larger, more expensive home. Bradley's boss, Gil (Marc Blucas), introduces him to Eleazar (Dion Mucciacito), a new business associate, and gives him a new task. Bradley is to sail off the coast with two of Eleazar's men to pick up a package of crystal meth. Bradley does not trust the larger of the two men, Roman (Geno Segers), but accepts the job when Gil offers him three months paternity leave. As they arrive at the pier, Bradley senses they are walking into a police trap and dumps his bag into the water. Bradley instructs the other two men to do the same, but they ignore his order and confront the police in a firefight, wounding three officers. Bradley intervenes by knocking out Roman in order to assist the police. The third drug trafficker dies in the shootout. Bradley is taken into custody and sentenced to seven years in a medium-security prison.", "Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25. [ref]", "Jared Leto. In August 2016, Thirty Seconds to Mars revealed they had signed to Interscope Records and confirmed that a new album will be released in 2017.[106] That same month Leto was cast as the villain Niander Wallace in the 2017 film Blade Runner 2049, the sequel to Blade Runner.[107] Leto later also appeared in 2036: Nexus Dawn, a promotional short film that takes place before Blade Runner 2049 directed by Luke Scott and co-starring Benedict Wong.[108]", "James Earl Jones. In 2009, Jones guest starred in the Fox medical drama House, M.D., in season 6, episode 4, entitled \"The Tyrant\", as a brutal African dictator named Dibala who has fallen ill. The dictator had made threats of ethnic cleansing against an ethnic minority, the Sitibi, and the team deals with ethical issues of treating a potential mass murderer. In 2013-14, he appeared alongside Malcolm McDowell in a series of commercials for Sprint in which the two recited mundane phone and text-message conversations in a dramatic way.[43][44] Jones appeared as himself on the season 7 episode of The Big Bang Theory entitled \"The Convention Conundrum\".", "The Cell. Director Tarsem Singh asked Tara Subkoff, during her interview, if she could swim, to which she responded that she could and that she had been a lifeguard. It turned out that she could not go underwater without holding her nose. Singh would have switched her role with Catherine Sutherland, but it was too late and there was not enough money or time to re-shoot.[3]", "Simon Bar Sinister. In the 2007 live-action film adaptation, he is portrayed by Peter Dinklage. In the movie, Bar Sinister was originally a geneticist for a company in Capital City, using dogs as test subjects for the betterment of mankind. But after being laughed at by the mayor after attempting to have his research expanded to law enforcement, Bar Sinister began his work to create a super-power formula to get revenge and he took away Underdog's superpowers and put them in little blue pills and fed them to German shepherds and was sent to jail for his crimes. However, the incident resulted in the destruction of his lab that not only caused scarring of his forehead, the loss of some of his hair, and a limp in his right leg, but created Underdog.", "The Cell. Deane enters the dark dreamscape of Stargher's twisted psyche, filled with doll-like replicas of his victims. Stargher's innocent side manifests as Young Stargher (Jake Thomas) and leads Deane through his memories of abuse he suffered at the hands of his sadistic father. Deane nurtures Young Stargher in hopes of getting Hickson's location but she is thwarted by another manifestation: King Stargher, a demonic idealization of his murderous side that dominates the dreamscape. King Stargher torments Deane until she is mentally at his mercy, making her forget the world is not real. Dr. West discovers this while monitoring Deane's vitals. He warns that what happens to Deane while she is integrated into Stargher's mindscape will inflict neurological damage on her real body. Novak volunteers to enter Stargher's mind to make Deane remember herself.", "The Cell. The scene where the Special Agents are trying to convince Dr. Catherine Deane to enter the killer's mind was recorded at the Barcelona Pavilion in Barcelona, Spain.", "The Cell. Critical reaction to The Cell has been mixed, with a score of 46% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 146 reviews with the site's consensus reporting that \"The Cell offers disturbing, stunning eye candy, but it is undermined by a weak and shallow plotline that offers nothing new.\"[4]" ]

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[ "Part of the Union. Recorded by The Hindle Strikers with T.B.E. in 1984 on the Catch 22 label (CTT001A) - originally they recorded it on cassette unaware that DJs required it on vinyl to play it on the radio.[4]", "Part of the Union. Although it was believed that the song was intended to ridicule the powerful British trades unions of the time, the song (especially its chorus \"You don't get me I'm part of the Union\") quickly became popular as an unofficial anthem of the trades union movement.[1] Subsequently, however, the Strawbs have stated that the song was written with genuine celebratory intent.[2]", "Part of the Union. \"Part of the Union\" is a song by English band Strawbs featured on their 1973 album Bursting at the Seams and was the band's most successful single, peaking at number 2 in the UK Singles Chart. It also reached number 10 in the Irish Singles Chart.", "Part of the Union. The song was included on the album Bursting at the Seams but is not considered typical of the songs on that album. Indeed, the track was originally recorded without a contribution by band leader Dave Cousins and was to be released under the name of \"The Brothers\". It demonstrates the different, more commercial direction the writing partnership of Hudson and Ford was taking within the band.", "Part of the Union. The song resurfaced on the UK television advertisement for insurance company Norwich Union in 1998.", "See You in September. In the UK, where the Happenings' single was released on Fontana Records in August 1966 and fell short of UK Singles Chart, \"See You in September\" was recorded the same month by The Symbols, a male quartet from East London signed by Edward Kassner of President Records specifically to cover the Happenings' hit. Featuring Keith Mansfield on orchestral arrangement/conducting duties, the Symbols' version reached #19 on the Radio London Fab 40, without ranking on the UK Singles Chart. Distribution problems reportedly also factoring into its lack of chart impact, although the Symbols remained with President providing the label with successful covers of older American hits \"Bye Bye Baby\" and \"The Best Part of Breaking Up\"; and their guitarist, Mick Clarke, would be a founding member of The Rubettes. \"See You in September\" was also recorded by Gerry and the Pacemakers.", "Part of the Union. The writing credits are given to Richard Hudson and John Ford, but the song may be an adaptation of the Woody Guthrie/Almanac Singers' song \"Union Maid\". The lyrical resemblance is striking although the tune is different.", "Supertramp. In 1969 Stanley 'Sam' August Miesegaes, a Dutch millionaire, ceased financial support to a band called The Joint as he was disappointed with them. He offered Swindon-born keyboardist Rick Davies, whose talent he felt had been \"bogged down\" by the group,[7] an opportunity to form his own band, again with Miesegaes's financial backing.[8] Davies assembled Roger Hodgson (bass and vocals), Richard Palmer (guitars and vocals), and Keith Baker (percussion) after placing an advertisement in the weekly music newspaper, Melody Maker.", "Don't You Want Me. British band The Farm released a cover of The Human League version of Don't You Want Me in October 1992 which got to no. 18 in the UK charts, making it their third most successful single after 1990's All Together Now and Groovy Train.", "Part of the Union. Since 2007 the song whas been included as a standard part of the Strawbs' live set[5] and was included in their live DVD The Strawbs - Lay Down With The Strawbs, filmed and recorded live at The Robin 2 in Bilston, UK on 5 March 2006.[6]", "General Johnson (musician). Johnson attempted an abortive solo career before joining the then new Invictus label in Detroit, Michigan. Steered by Holland-Dozier-Holland, Johnson recruited Danny Woods (ex-The Showmen), Harrison Kennedy, and Eddie Curtis and created Chairmen of the Board. Their debut single, \"Give Me Just a Little More Time\", rose to #3 in the US Billboard R&B chart in 1970. Further hits included \"(You've Got Me) Dangling on a String\" and \"Everything's Tuesday.\"[2]", "...And No One Else Wanted to Play. SNFU formed in November 1981, but recorded only demo and compilation material in their first three years together. They first became associated with BYO Records in July 1983 when they shared a short Canadian tour with Youth Brigade, the American punk band whose members ran the label.[3] BYO offered SNFU a spot on their forthcoming compilation album Something to Believe In, due for release in early 1984. SNFU recorded the song \"Victims of the Womanizer\" at Mid Ocean Studios in Winnipeg in November 1983 for the compilation.[4] When the track received much positive attention, BYO signed SNFU to a record deal.[5]", "Just You 'n' Me. \"Just You 'n' Me\" is a song written by James Pankow for the group Chicago and recorded for their album Chicago VI (1973). The lead vocals are sung by bassist Peter Cetera.", "Edward Bear. The band signed with Capitol Records in 1969 with a lineup of Evoy, guitarist/vocalist Danny Marks and keyboardist/vocalist Paul Weldon.[1] Their sound moved toward blues and pop.[2] They released an album, Bearings that year.[4] Their single, \"You, Me and Mexico\", was a Top 5 hit in Canada and charted well in the United States.[5][6] Follow-up songs, \"You Can't Deny It\" [7]and \"Spirit Song\" did not prove popular. Marks left the band the following year and was succeeded by guitarist/vocalist Roger Ellis.[6]", "Kiki Dee. In the days before BBC Radio 1, Dee was a regular performer of cover versions on BBC Radio, and she starred with a group of session singers in the BBC Two singalong series, One More Time. She also appeared in an early episode of The Benny Hill Show in January 1971, performing the Blood, Sweat and Tears hit, \"You've Made Me So Very Happy\". Nevertheless, it was only after she signed with Elton John's label named The Rocket Record Company that she became a household name in the UK. Her first major solo hits were \"Amoureuse\" (written by Véronique Sanson, with English lyrics by Gary Osborne) (1973) and \"I've Got the Music in Me\" (written by Tobias Stephen Boshell), the latter credited to the Kiki Dee Band (1974).[4] In addition to her burgeoning career as a lead vocalist, she could sometimes be heard singing backing vocals on various Elton John recordings, such as \"All the Girls Love Alice\" on \"Goodbye Yellow Brick Road\" and various tracks on Rock of the Westies. Her biggest hit came in 1976 when she replaced an ailing Dusty Springfield for the recording of a duet with John, \"Don't Go Breaking My Heart\" (pseudonymously written by John and lyricist Bernie Taupin). The single reached No. 1 in both the UK and US, remaining at the top for six weeks in the UK.[7]", "The Members. In 1978/79 The Members continued to play the London pub and club circuit, became a feature in the music press and were championed byJohn Peel. They signed to Virgin Records in 1978, for which label they recorded \"The Sound of the Suburbs\", again produced by Steve Lillywhite. This became The Members' biggest chart success and their best-known song in the UK. The follow-up single, \"Offshore Banking Business\", a reggae tune written by Carroll, did not achieve the same popularity. A version of \"Offshore Banking Business\" was recorded for the early 1980s film Urgh! A Music War, produced by Michael White, distributed by Filmways and Lorimar Productions.[3]", "I'm Gonna Get You (Bizarre Inc song). The song was also performed on Top of the Pops in 1992.[4] Previously, in 1991, they had performed \"Playing with Knives\" and \"Such a Good Feeling\" on the show and the following year they performed \"Took My Love\".", "I Only Want to Be with You. 1999 Argema (cs) on their album Milion Snů as \"Žába\"Czech", "Colin Blunstone. Rod Argent, Paul Atkinson, and Hugh Grundy first played together at a jam on Easter 1961 in St Albans, Hertfordshire. Rod Argent wanted to form a band and initially asked his cousin Jim Rodford to join as a bass guitarist. Rodford was playing in local band called the Bluetones at the time, so declined. Blunstone and Paul Arnold joined in early 1961, while all five members were still at school. After they won a local contest, they recorded a demo as their prize. Rod Argent's song \"She's Not There\" got them a recording contract with Decca.[2]", "I Can't Get You Off of My Mind. It was recorded on November 6, 1947 at Castle Studio in Nashville. Williams was supported by a group that producer Fred Rose assembled from two Grand Ole Opry bands: Zeke Turner (lead guitar), Jerry Byrd (steel guitar), and Louis Ennis (rhythm guitar) were from Red Foley's band while Chubby Wise (fiddle) was a member of Bill Monroe's band.[1][full citation needed] The song is an up-tempo number in which the narrator describes his infatuation with an unfaithful woman.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). In 1978 a re-formed version of Badfinger re-recorded \"Come and Get It\" for K-tel Records, with Evans again singing lead. This served to provide a demo recording to give to Elektra Records, and resulted in the Airwaves album in 1979.", "The Animals. Many of the Animals' hits had come from Brill Building songwriters recruited by Mickie Most; the group, and Burdon in particular, felt this too creatively restrictive. As 1965 ended, the group ended its association with Most, signed a new deal with their American label MGM Records for the US and Canada, and switched to Decca Records for the rest of the world and MGM Records producer Tom Wilson, who gave them more artistic freedom.[10] In early 1966 MGM collected their hits on The Best of the Animals; it became their best-selling album in the US. In February 1966, Steel left and was replaced by Barry Jenkins. A leftover rendition of Goffin–King's \"Don't Bring Me Down\" was the last hit as the Animals. For the single \"See See Rider\" the band changed its name to Eric Burdon & the Animals. By September 1966, this lineup of the group had dissipated.", "There Is Power in a Union. Punk band Street Dogs recorded Billy Bragg's version (with altered lyrics) on their album Fading American Dream.", "Come and Get It (Badfinger song). This song was also recorded by the Vic Lewis Orchestra and Singers, as a promotional single, and released in the UK on NEMS Records in 1969, and in the US on Epic Records in 1970.[12]", "Otis Williams. Becoming interested in music as a teenager, Otis Miles, Jr. adopted his mother's maiden name for his stage name, and as Otis Williams put together a number of singing groups. These groups included Otis Williams and the Siberians, the El Domingoes and the Distants. In 1959, The Distants scored a local hit, co-written by Williams and their manager/producer Johnnie Mae Matthews, called \"Come On\", with lead vocals by Richard Street. Future Distants recordings were not as successful, and after an offer from Berry Gordy of Motown Records, Williams and his friends/bandmates Elbridge \"Al\" Bryant and Melvin Franklin quit the Distants. Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams from The Primes later joined Williams, Bryant, and Franklin to create the Elgins, who signed to Motown in March 1961 as \"The Temptations\".", "Working Class Man. Lacy J. Dalton released a version in 1986 that reached number 16 in the US Country charts. Barnes said of this version, \"She was managed by a guy who used to manage Split Enz, a Kiwi guy, who took the song to her. She did a great version, but it's got a real twang.\"[3]", "Part of the Union. The B-side track \"Will You Go\" is an arrangement of the Irish folk song \"Wild Mountain Thyme\" written by Belfast musician Francis McPeake, dating back to the repertoire of The Strawberry Hill Boys (the original name of Strawbs)", "The Globe and Mail. Southern Ontario Newspaper Guild (SONG) employees took their first ever strike vote at The Globe in 1982, also marking a new era in relations with the company. Those negotiations ended without a strike, and the Globe unit of SONG still has a strike-free record. SONG members voted in 1994 to sever ties with the American-focused Newspaper Guild. Shortly afterwards, SONG affiliated with the Communications, Energy and Paperworkers Union of Canada (CEP).[9]", "Part of the Union. The original \"Brothers\" recording can be found on the box set A Taste of Strawbs. Cockerel Chorus (of \"Nice One Cyril\" fame) also recorded the song for inclusion on their 1973 Party Sing-a-long album.[3]", "Punk rock. From England in 1964, largely under the grip of the mod youth movement and beat group explosion, came the Kinks' hit singles, \"You Really Got Me\" and \"All Day and All of the Night,\" both influenced by \"Louie, Louie\".[63][nb 2] In 1965, the Who released the mod anthem, \"My Generation\", which according to John Reed, anticipated the kind of \"cerebral mix of musical ferocity and rebellious posture\" that would characterize much of the later British punk rock of the 1970s.[65][nb 3] The garage and beat phenomenon extended beyond North America and Britain.[67] \"Wild About You\" (1965) by Australia's the Missing Links, was covered a decade later by Australia's the Saints.[68][69] In 1965 Peru's Los Saicos recorded \"Demolicion\", a prominent example of prototypical punk.[70]", "Kevin Johnson (singer). He had become dissatisfied with his US record label, Dial Records, in Nashville, Tennessee and told them he was about to leave.[13] However he was informed that other artists had already recorded his song, so he quickly recorded and released his own version on the Australian-based Good Thyme label through Festival.[13] Kruger noted that \"[the song] reflected his frustration with his own stagnation, and the futile attempts of Australian artists trying to break into America or England\".[14] In the US Johnson's single was issued on Mainstream Records,[15] it went to No. 73 on the Billboard singles chart in 1973. It was picked up by producer Jonathan King and released in the United Kingdom on his UK Records label in 1974 when it reached No. 23 on the UK Singles Chart the following year.[13][15] The song reached number 8 in the Irish charts on its original release in 1974, returning to number 18 under the UK Records release in January 1975.", "Blue Mink. The members continued with their session work despite the success of the band.[1] In March 1970, Cook, Bell, Parker and Morgan appeared on Elton John's eponymous first solo album; Elton John covered \"Good Morning Freedom\" (written by Albert Hammond) anonymously on the Deacon Records budget compilation album Pick of the Pops.[1] In April, Cook and Greenaway played briefly in Currant Kraze, and together they continued to write songs such as \"You've Got Your Troubles\", \"I've Got You on My Mind\" and \"I'd Like To Teach the World To Sing\".[1] Other side projects included: involvement with Parker's band The Congregation; Herbie Flowers' contributions to Lou Reed's Transformer album;[1] and the involvement of Flowers, Morgan and Parker in sessions with Pete Atkin in March 1971, that later appeared on his Driving Through Mythical America album." ]

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[ "History of El Salvador. The history of El Salvador begins with several Mesoamerican nations, especially the Cuzcatlecs, as well as the Lenca and Maya. In the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. In 1821, the country achieved independence from Spain as part of the First Mexican Empire, only to further secede as part of the Federal Republic of Central America in 1823. Upon the republic's dissolution in 1841, El Salvador became sovereign until forming a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1895 to 1898.[1][2][3]", "History of El Salvador. In the early 19th century, Napoleon's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. In New Spain, all of the fighting by those seeking independence was done in the center of that area from 1810 to 1821, what today is central Mexico. Once the Viceroy was defeated in the capital city –today Mexico City- in 1821, the news of the independence were sent to all the territories of New Spain including the Intendencies of the former Captaincy of Guatemala. Accepting this as a fact, El Salvador joined the other Central American Intendencies in a joint declaration of independence from Spain.", "El Salvador. In 1821 in light of unrest in Guatemala, Spanish authorities capitulated and signed the Act of Independence of Central America, which released all of the Captaincy of Guatemala (comprising current territories of Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica and the Mexican state of Chiapas) from Spanish rule and declared its independence. In 1821, El Salvador joined Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua in a union named the Federal Republic of Central America.", "History of El Salvador. The public proclamation was done through the Act of Independence in 1821. After the declaration of independence it was the intention of the New Spain parliament to establish a commonwealth whereby the King of Spain, Ferdinand VII, would also be Emperor of New Spain, but in which both countries were to be governed by separate laws and with their own legislative offices. Should the king refuse the position, the law provided for a member of the House of Bourbon to accede to the New Spain throne. Ferdinand VII, however, did not recognize the independence and said that Spain would not allow any other European prince to take the throne of New Spain.", "El Salvador. El Salvador was for centuries inhabited by several Mesoamerican nations, especially the Cuzcatlecs, as well as the Lenca and Maya. In the early 16th century, the Spanish Empire conquered the territory, incorporating it into the Viceroyalty of New Spain ruled from Mexico City. However the Viceroyalty of Mexico had little or no influence in the daily affairs of the Central American isthmus, which would be colonized in 1524. In 1609 the area became the Captaincy General of Guatemala, from which El Salvador was part of until its independence from Spain, which took place in 1821, as part of the First Mexican Empire, then further seceded, as part of the Federal Republic of Central America, in 1823. When the Republic dissolved in 1841, El Salvador became a sovereign nation, then formed a short-lived union with Honduras and Nicaragua called the Greater Republic of Central America, which lasted from 1895 to 1898.[8][9][10]", "History of El Salvador. The Central American federation was dissolved in 1838 and El Salvador became an independent republic.", "El Salvador. In 1524, after participating in the conquest of Mexico, Spanish conquistadors led by Pedro de Alvarado and his brother Gonzalo crossed the Rio Paz (Peace River) from the area comprising the present Republic of Guatemala into what is now the Republic of El Salvador. The Spaniards were disappointed to discover that the indigenous Pipil people had no gold or jewels like those they had found in Guatemala or Mexico, but recognized the richness of the land's volcanic soil.", "History of El Salvador. El Salvador, fearing incorporation into Mexico, petitioned the United States government for statehood. But in 1823, a revolution in Mexico ousted Emperor Agustín de Iturbide, and a new Mexican congress voted to allow the Central American Intendencies to decide their own fate. That year, the United Provinces of Central America was formed of the five Central American Intendencies under General Manuel José Arce. The Intendencies took the new name of States.", "El Salvador. In early 1822, the authorities of the newly independent Central American provinces, meeting in Guatemala City, voted to join the newly constituted First Mexican Empire under Agustín de Iturbide. El Salvador resisted, insisting on autonomy for the Central American countries. A Mexican military detachment marched to San Salvador and suppressed dissent, but with the fall of Iturbide on 19 March 1823, the army decamped back to Mexico. Shortly thereafter, the authorities of the provinces revoked the vote to join Mexico, deciding instead to form a federal union of the five remaining provinces. (Chiapas permanently joined Mexico at this juncture.)", "History of El Salvador. Before the Spanish conquest, the area that is known as El Salvador was composed of three indigenous states and several principalities. In central El Salvador were the indigenous inhabitants, the Pipils, or the Pipiles, a tribe of the nomadic people of Nahua that were settled there for a long time. \"The Pipil were a determined people who stoutly resisted Spanish efforts to extend their dominion southward.\"[8]", "El Salvador. During the colonial period, El Salvador was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish: Reino de Guatemala), created in 1609 as an administrative division of New Spain. The Salvadoran territory was administered by the Mayor of Sonsonate, with San Salvador being established as an intendancia in 1786.", "El Salvador. Towards the end of 1811, a combination of internal and external factors motivated Central American elites to attempt to gain independence from the Spanish Crown. The most important internal factors were the desire of local elites to control the country's affairs free of involvement from Spanish authorities, and the long-standing Creole aspiration for independence. The main external factors motivating the independence movement were the success of the French and American revolutions in the 18th century, and the weakening of the Spanish Crown's military power as a result of the Napoleonic Wars, with the resulting inability to control its colonies effectively.", "El Salvador. When the Federal Republic of Central America dissolved in 1841, El Salvador maintained its own government until it joined Honduras and Nicaragua in 1896 to form the Greater Republic of Central America, which dissolved in 1898.", "El Salvador. In November 1811 Salvadoran priest José Matías Delgado rang the bells of Iglesia La Merced in San Salvador, calling for insurrection and launching the 1811 Independence Movement. This insurrection was suppressed and many of its leaders were arrested and served sentences in jail. Another insurrection was launched in 1814, and again this insurrection was also suppressed.", "El Salvador. In October 1979, a coup d'état brought the Revolutionary Government Junta of El Salvador to power. It nationalized many private companies and took over much privately owned land. The purpose of this new junta was to stop the revolutionary movement already underway in response to Duarte's stolen election. Nevertheless, the oligarchy opposed agrarian reform, and a junta formed with young liberal elements from the army such as Gen. Majano and Gen. Gutierrez,[36][37] as well as with progressives such as Guillermo Ungo and Alvarez.", "El Salvador national football team. Although El Salvador played a few games in the early part of the 20th century, they did not form an official national team until 1921 when players such as José Pablo Huezo, Carlos Escobar Leiva or Santiago Barrachina revolutionized football in the country.[3] In September 1921, El Salvador were invited to Guatemala to take part in the Independence Centenary Games, to celebrate 100 years of Central American Independence.[4][5] The tournament was between Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, and El Salvador. The Guatemalans and Costa Ricans had more experience with football than the Salvadorans and Hondurans.[6] It was a single-elimination tournament with Guatemala playing Honduras and El Salvador playing Costa Rica. El Salvador, which were dressed with white shorts and black shirt, utilized the classic 2–3–5 scheme with Carlos Escobar Leyva; Spanish resident Santiago Barrachina, José Pablo Huezo; Benjamín Sandoval, Emilio Dawson, and Frenchman Emilio Detruit; Víctor Recinos, brothers Guillermo and José E. Alcaine, Guillermo Sandoval and Enrique Lindo. By halftime Costa Rica was up 3–0, and at the final whistle after 80 minutes (40 minutes for each half) won 7–0.[7] Despite the loss, this tournament was the starting point of the official El Salvador national team.", "History of Central America. In 1811, independence movements broke out in El Salvador in reaction to events in the Peninsular War, and again in 1814 after the restoration of Ferdinand VII. Both revolts were easily suppressed and the political unrest was subsumed into the general political process in the Spanish world that led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Between 1810 and 1814, the Captaincy General elected seven representatives to the Cádiz Cortes, in addition to forming a locally-elected Provincial Deputation.[2] In 1821 a congress of Central American Criollos in Guatemala City composed the Act of Independence of Central America to declare the region's independence from Spain, effective on 15 September of that year.[3] That date is still marked as independence day by most Central American nations. The Spanish Captain General, Gabino Gaínza, sympathized with the rebels and it was decided that he should stay on as interim leader until a new government could be formed. Independence was short-lived, for the conservative leaders in Guatemala welcomed annexation by the First Mexican Empire of Agustín de Iturbide on 5 January 1822. Central American liberals objected to this, but an army from Mexico under General Vicente Filisola occupied Guatemala City and quelled dissent.", "Act of Independence of Central America. The various provincial and municipal governments of Guatemala were consulted and votes taken, with the five provinces excepting El Salvador voting in favor and with El Salvador opposing.[6][7][8] On 5 January 1822,[1] Gaínza sent a letter to Iturbide accepting Central America's annexation, and all the territories of Central America were incorporated into the Mexican Empire. They would remain united with Mexico for less than two years before seceding to form the Federal Republic of Central America as the Mexican Empire fell.[9]", "History of El Salvador. In the last 35 years, the men of economic power in El Salvador have transformed themselves: landowning agricultural exporters converted into powerful financiers.[16]", "Act of Independence of Central America. The Province of San Salvador (El Salvador) accepted the decision of the Guatemalan Council on 21 September,[6] and the Act was seconded by the provincial councils of Comayagua (Honduras) on 28 September and of Nicaragua and Costa Rica on 11 October. However, the other provinces were reluctant to accept the primacy of Guatemala in a new Central American state, and the form of the new polity that would succeed the Captaincy General was not at all clear.", "History of El Salvador. From the 1930s to the 1970s, authoritarian governments employed political repression and limited reform to maintain power, despite the trappings of democracy. The National Conciliation Party was in power from the early 1960s until 1979. Gen Fidel Sánchez Hernández was president from 1967 to 1972, Col Arturo A. Molina from 1972 to 1977, and the last one was Gen Carlos Humberto Romero from 1977 to 1979.", "Federal Republic of Central America. From the 16th century through 1821, Central America, apart from Panama, formed the Captaincy General of Guatemala within the Spanish Empire. In 1821 a congress of Central American Criollos in Guatemala City composed the Act of Independence of Central America to declare the region's independence from Spain, effective on September 15 of that year.[3] The process was bloodless with no resistance from the Spanish authorities as the Governor General Brigadier Gabino Gaínza, along with all the royal governors of the five provinces, were retained in office as executive powers pending a full transition to local rule. That date is still marked as independence day by most Central American nations.", "El Salvador. Centuries later they themselves were replaced by the Pipil people, Nahua speaking groups[17] who migrated from Mexico in the centuries before the European conquest and occupied the central and western regions. The Pipil were the last indigenous people to arrive in El Salvador.[18] They called their territory Kuskatan, a Pipil word[19] meaning The Place of Precious Jewels, backformed into Classical Nahuatl Cōzcatlān, and Hispanicized as Cuzcatlán.[20][21] The people of El Salvador today are referred to as Salvadoran, while the term Cuzcatleco is commonly used to identify someone of Salvadoran heritage.", "Act of Independence of Central America. The events of the Peninsular War—in particular the removal of Ferdinand VII from the Spanish throne—inspired and facilitated a series of revolts in El Salvador and Nicaragua aimed at winning for Central America greater political autonomy. Though quickly suppressed, these uprisings formed part of the general political upheaval in the Spanish world that led to the Spanish Constitution of 1812. Between 1810 and 1814, the Captaincy General of Guatemala elected seven representatives to the new Cádiz Cortes, and formed locally elected provincial governing councils.[2]", "Spanish American wars of independence. Central America gained its independence along with New Spain. On September 15, 1821, an Act of Independence was signed in Guatemala City which declared Central America (Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) independent from Spain. The regional elites supported the terms of the Plan of Iguala and orchestrated the union of Central America with the Mexican Empire in 1821. Two years later, following Iturbide's downfall, the region, with the exception of Chiapas, peacefully seceded from Mexico on July 1, 1823, establishing the Federal Republic of Central America. The new state existed for seventeen years, centrifugal forces pulling the individual provinces apart by 1840.[47]", "El Salvador. The Spanish efforts were firmly resisted by the indigenous people, including the Pipil and their Mayan-speaking neighbors. They defeated the Spaniards and what was left of their Mexican Tlaxcala Indian allies, forcing them to withdraw to Guatemala. After being wounded, Alvarado abandoned the war and appointed his brother, Gonzalo de Alvarado, to continue the task. Two subsequent expeditions (the first in 1525, followed by a smaller group in 1528) brought the Pipil under Spanish control, since the Pipil also were weakened by a regional epidemic of smallpox. In 1525, the conquest of Cuzcatlán was completed and the city of San Salvador was established. The Spanish faced much resistance from the Pipil and were not able to reach eastern El Salvador, the area of the Lencas.", "El Salvador. As with other former colonies, El Salvador was considered a mono-export economy (an economy that depended heavily on one type of export) for many years. During colonial times, El Salvador was a thriving exporter of indigo, but after the invention of synthetic dyes in the 19th century, the newly created modern state turned to coffee as the main export.", "History of El Salvador. More than 35,000 eligible beneficiaries from among the former guerrillas and soldiers who fought in the war but not all received land under the peace accord-mandated land transfer program, which ended in January 1997. The majority of them also received agricultural credits.[20]", "El Salvador. The Indigenous peoples of El Salvador did not see the Spanish as gods, but as foreign invaders. Alvarado saw that the Cuzcatan force outnumbered his Spanish soldiers and Mexican Indian allies. The Spanish withdrew and the Cuzcatlec army attacked, running behind them with war chants and shooting bow arrows. Alvarado had no choice but to fight to survive.[citation needed]", "History of El Salvador. By request of Parliament, the president of the regency Agustín de Iturbide was proclaimed emperor of New Spain but the Parliament also decided to rename New Spain as Mexico. The Mexican Empire was the official name given to this monarchical regime from 1821 to 1823. The territory of the Mexican Empire included the continental intendencies and provinces of New Spain proper (including those of the former Captaincy General of Guatemala).", "Central America. The Captaincy General of Guatemala lasted for more than two centuries, but began to fray after a rebellion in 1811 which began in the intendancy of San Salvador. The Captaincy General formally ended on 15 September 1821, with the signing of the Act of Independence of Central America. Mexican independence was achieved at virtually the same time with the signing of the Treaty of Córdoba and the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire, and the entire region was finally independent from Spanish authority by 28 September 1821.", "History of El Salvador. The lands that had once been dependent for the product (indigo) were suddenly quite valuable. The elite-controlled legislature and president passed vagrancy laws that removed people from their land and the great majority of Salvadorans became landless. Their former lands were absorbed into the coffee plantations (fincas).[11]" ]

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[ "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). \"Thunder\" is a song by American rock band Imagine Dragons. The song was released on April 27, 2017 through Interscope Records, as the second single from their third studio album, Evolve.[2] \"Thunder\" has peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming their fourth top ten hit. It became the ninth best-selling song of 2017 in the United States. The official remix features American singer K.Flay.", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). Imagine Dragons performed the song at the 2017 American Music Awards, in a mash-up with singer Khalid's song, \"Young Dumb & Broke\", who joined them for the performance.[5] A little over a month later, on December 20, a studio version of the mash-up was released.[6]", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). The music video was released on May 2, 2017.[3] It features Dan Reynolds singing and dancing among extraterrestrials in a futuristic city. It was directed by Joseph Kahn[4] and was shot in Dubai.", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). \"Thunder\" peaked at number four on the US Billboard Hot 100.[7][8] The single has also reached number one in Belarus, the Czech Republic and Latvia and the top ten in Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Paraguay, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, and Switzerland. It topped the Billboard Hot Rock Songs (sixteen weeks so far),[7][9] Alternative Songs (three weeks so far),[10] Adult Top 40 (four weeks so far), and the Mainstream Top 40 (for one week) charts.[11]", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). Billboard critics listed it as the No. 84 best song of 2017.[13]", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). The song became the ninth best-selling song in the United States, with 1,189,000 copies sold in the year.[12]", "Imagine Dragons. On April 27, 2017, Imagine Dragons released \"Thunder\" as the second single from their third album.[70]", "Evolve (Imagine Dragons album). On April 27, 2017, \"Thunder\" was released as the second single. It has so far peaked at number four on the Hot 100.[8] The music video was filmed in Dubai and directed by Joseph Kahn, and was released on May 2, 2017.[10]", "Imagine Dragons. Imagine Dragons appeared on the first episode of the 2015 series The Muppets, to perform part of the song \"Roots\".[99] They returned twice to The Ellen DeGeneres Show in 2017: the first time they performed \"Believer\", and the second time they performed \"Thunder\". They also performed the song on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.", "Young Dumb & Broke. American rock band Imagine Dragons performed their song \"Thunder\" at the 2017 American Music Awards in a mash-up with \"Young Dumb & Broke\", with Khalid joining them for the performance.[5] A little over a month later, on December 20, a studio version of the mash-up was released.[6]", "Dan Reynolds (singer). Imagine Dragons released their third album Evolve on June 23, 2017. Evolve debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 and number one on the Canadian Albums Chart. Singles \"Believer\", \"Thunder\", and \"Whatever It Takes\", each of which have charted at number 4, number 4, and number 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, respectively.[39] Believer topped the Billboard Hot Rock Songs (29 weeks), Alternative Songs (13 weeks), and Adult Top 40 charts. Thunder also topped the Billboard Hot Rock Songs (21 weeks so far) and Alternative Songs chart (3 weeks so far), as well as the Mainstream Top 40 chart. Whatever It Takes topped the Billboard Rock Songs chart (8 weeks so far) and Alternative Songs chart (3 weeks).[40][41] In 2018, the band was nominated for two more Grammy Awards and received the iHeartRadio Music Award for Alternative Rock Artists of the Year.[42]", "Thunder (Imagine Dragons song). *sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone\nsales+streaming figures based on certification alone", "Can't Blame a Girl for Trying (song). Carpenter first performed at the 2014 Radio Disney Music Awards along with \"The Middle of Starting Over\" [11] and a few time later she performed at Disney Playlist Sessions along with the other songs of her EP and a cover of \"Radiocative\".[12] A few time later, she performed at the All American Concert. She performed the song on City at BT Studio where she was wearing a blue dress.[13] She performed an acoustic version of the song on Perez TV along with \"The Middle of Starting Over\".[14] She performed the song at D23 Expo in 2015 along with \"Take on the World\", \"We'll Be the Stars\", a cover of \"FourFiveSeconds\", \"The Middle of Starting Over\" and \"Eyes Wide Open\".[15] In 2016, Sabrina performed the song on the Honda Stage at the iHeartRadio Theater LA along with some covers and songs from his first and second album.[16] The song was part of her debut headline tour, being the sixth song to be performed.[17] The song was included on The De-Tour being the eleventh song to be performed.", "Dove Cameron. On August 27, 2013, Cameron released a cover of \"On Top of the World\" by Imagine Dragons as a promotional single.[16] Her cover peaked on the Billboard Kid Digital Songs chart at seventeen and spent three weeks on the chart.[17] On October 15, 2013, \"Better In Stereo\" was released as a single under Walt Disney Records.[18] \"Better In Stereo\" made its debut on the Billboard Kid Digital Songs chart at No. 21 before peaking at No. 1, becoming Cameron's first No. 1 hit.[17] In February 2014, Cameron confirmed reports that recording had begun for her debut studio album.[19] Her next single, \"Count Me In\", was released on June 3, 2014.[20] The song peaked at number one on the Billboard Kids Digital Songs chart.[17] Cameron played Liz Larson in her first non-Disney film, Barely Lethal, which was theatrically released by A24 Films in 2015.", "Grace VanderWaal. VanderWaal released Just the Beginning on November 3, 2017.[85] She sang \"Moonlight\" on Megyn Kelly Today on the release date.[86] The album debuted on the Billboard 200 albums chart at No. 22.[87] She began her first solo concert tour, the Just the Beginning Tour, on November 5, 2017, which ran through February 2018.[88] By September 2017, the tour had sold out.[70] VanderWaal returned to Japan in late November to promote the album.[89] In December, she appeared on the Today show.[90] In March 2018, VanderWaal travelled to Kenya with the Starkey Hearing Foundation to help hearing-impaired youth there.[91] In April, she is scheduled to perform on The Late Show with Stephen Colbert.[92] She is set to join Imagine Dragons as the opening act of the North American leg of their Evolve World Tour in the summer of 2018.[93]", "The Great Gig in the Sky. On the Delicate Sound of Thunder video, the vocals are shared by Rachel Fury, Durga McBroom and Margret Taylor. Clare Torry returned for the Knebworth '90 concert. The 1994 live album P•U•L•S•E features a version sung by Sam Brown, Durga McBroom and Claudia Fontaine. When the Floyd's manager, Steve O'Rourke, died in 2003, Gilmour, Wright, and Mason played \"Fat Old Sun\" and \"The Great Gig in the Sky\" at O'Rourke's funeral.[20]", "Martha Plimpton. In 2010, she sang another Springsteen song, Thunder Road, on the public radio program Studio 360 with Kurt Andersen, accompanied by whistler Eric Gilliland.[68] She has appeared multiple times as a guest on public radio's The Leonard Lopate Show, and performed in a roast of Lopate celebrating the 25th anniversary of his radio program.[69]", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song). As one of Taylor Swift's many guest appearances on her 1989 World Tour, the band performed the song with Swift herself in Detroit, Michigan.", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song). Independent American singer Madilyn Bailey recorded an acoustic cover that reached number 36 on SNEP, the official French singles chart, in June 2015.[153] Kelly Clarkson covered the song as part of her \"Fan Requests\" on July 12, 2015, during her Piece by Piece Tour.[154]", "Imagine Dragons. Theresa Flaminio departed from Imagine Dragons in early 2012, leaving them as a four-piece. The band worked closely with Alex da Kid, with whom they recorded their first major label release at Westlake Recording Studios in West Hollywood, California. An EP entitled Continued Silence was released on Valentine's Day (February 14, 2012) digitally and peaked at number 40 on the Billboard 200. The band also released an EP titled Hear Me in 2012.", "Demons (Imagine Dragons song). Latvian-born American singer Masha covered \"Demons\" on her YouTube channel. Ryan Seacrest's official website described her cover as \"a soulful ballad by replacing the studio version's heavy rock beats with the soft, resonating sound of a piano — showcasing her powerful vocals and truly capturing the powerful meaning behind the cryptic lyrics.\"", "Radioactive (Imagine Dragons song). The music video debuted on December 10, 2012.[45] It was directed by Syndrome and features actors Lou Diamond Phillips and Alexandra Daddario and puppeteers from Puppet Heap. The video revolves around a mysterious female drifter (Daddario) on a quest to save her friends (Imagine Dragons) from the perils of a sinister, underground puppet-fighting ring. The \"Champion\" of the fight, a large purple beast, beats and kills innocent stuffed animals and puppets forced to fight. After one puppet, \"Screaming Richard\", is killed, the woman's pink teddy bear puppet enters the ring and fights \"Champion\", initially being beaten up. After rising from the ground, the teddy bear knocks out \"Champion\" with a single superpower punch. The ringleader (Phillips) sends two human body guards to subdue the teddy, but both are disintegrated by the teddy's laser vision. The remaining spectators flee, leaving the drifter with the stunned ringleader. The drifter takes a key off the chain around the ringleader's neck and unlocks the dungeon holding the band. They walk out, leaving the ringleader in the dungeon; he is soon surrounded and attacked by the earlier defeated puppets and stuffed animals.", "Imagine Dragons. Imagine Dragons is an American rock band from Las Vegas, Nevada, consisting of lead vocalist Dan Reynolds, lead guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist and keyboardist Ben McKee, and drummer Daniel Platzman.[1] The band first gained exposure with the release of single \"It's Time\", followed by their award-winning debut studio album Night Visions (2012), which resulted in the chart topping singles \"Radioactive\" and \"Demons\". Billboard placed them at the top of their \"Year In Rock\" rankings for 2013[2] and 2017[3] and named them their \"Breakthrough Band of 2013\". and \"Biggest Band of 2017.\"[4] Rolling Stone named their single \"Radioactive\", which holds the record for most weeks on the Hot 100, from Night Visions the \"biggest rock hit of the year\",[1][5][6] and MTV called them \"the year's biggest breakout band\".[7] The band's second studio album Smoke + Mirrors (2015) reached number one in the US, Canada and the UK.[8][9] After a brief hiatus, the band released their third studio album, Evolve (2017) which resulted in the chart-topping singles, \"Believer\" and \"Thunder\". While all three albums were commercially successful, critical reception was mixed.[10]", "Chandelier (song). In October 2014, the dance moves on the music video for \"Chandelier\" were parodied on Saturday Night Live by Jim Carrey, Kate McKinnon and Iggy Azalea in a sketch.[94] Other parodies include Miranda Sings' parody video, which has accumulated more than 9 million views.[95] Derek Hough lip-synced the song while performing a parody of Ziegler's routine on the eighth episode of Lip Sync Battle. \"Chandelier\" was played as the background music in the closing scene of the episode \"Truth\" on the TV show UnREAL.[96] Jordan Smith covered it in his audition for The Voice in September 2015. Trent Harmon covered it in his Top 4 performance for the American Idol in March 2016. Also in March, English close harmony trio The Puppini Sisters covered the song in a mash up with Rappers Delight for their 5th studio album The High Life (The Puppini Sisters album).The song was covered by Pentatonix on the May 19, 2016 episode of Bones entitled \"The Strike in the Chord\". Kim Yewon from Pledis Entertainment trainee group Pledis Girlz sang a cover of this song. Also in 2016, Finnish singer Saara Aalto covered the song twice during the 13th series of the UK version of The X Factor, first as her initial audition piece and later in the live semi-final round. In March 2017, Elha Nympha covered it in the season 2 premiere of Little Big Shots.[97]", "Imagine Dragons. In 2013, along with the family of Tyler Robinson, Imagine Dragons started a charity called the Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer. Beginning in 2014, the first annual Tyler Robinson Foundation Gala was held in Las Vegas.[100] Imagine Dragons performed for \"Playing It Forward\" (S1 E2) to raise $100k for school music programs.[101] In 2013, the band partnered with mtvU to help choose four Fulbright-mtvU Fellowship recipients.[102] In 2013, Imagine Dragons partnered with Do the Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence for a fundraising event.[103] Imagine Dragons performed as part of Amnesty International's \"Bringing Human Rights Home\" concert in Brooklyn on February 5, 2014.[104] In 2015, Imagine Dragons released the track \"I Was Me\" for the One4 project with all proceeds going to the UN Refugee Agency to support fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.[105] Imagine Dragons also released cover track \"I Love You All The Time\" to benefit the victims of the terrorist attacks in Paris.[106] In 2017 the band helped organize the LoveLoud Fest to benefit LGBTQ organizations.[107]", "Dan Reynolds (singer). Imagine Dragons released their debut studio album Night Visions on September 4, 2012. The album was preceded by their first single \"It's Time\", released on August 18, 2012. Night Visions charted in the top ten albums in the U.S. in 2012, 2013, and 2014.[26] It won a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album and was nominated for a Juno Award for International Album of the Year.[27] The album's second single, \"Radioactive\", reached #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. \"Radioactive\" set the all-time record for the longest reign at the top of the Billboard Rock Songs chart, with 23 consecutive weeks and the all-time record for longest run on the Billboard Hot 100, with 87 weeks.[28] Rolling Stone called it \"the biggest rock hit of the year\".[29][30] It is the best-selling rock song in digital history, with sales of more than 7.5 million copies in the United States, and was certified diamond by the RIAA.[31][32] The third single, \"Demons\", reached #6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and is the eighth best-selling rock song in digital history with sales in excess of 5 million copies in the United States. Imagine Dragons were nominated for two Grammy Awards, Record of the Year and Best Rock Performance, the latter of which they won. They also won two AMAs for Favorite Alternative Artist, a Teen Choice Award for Choice Rock Group, a World Music Award for World's Best Rock Act, and a Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Artist. The band made their major festival headlining debut at the Made In America Music Festival in 2014 and also drew large crowds and positive reviews at festivals such as Lollapalooza Brazil in 2014.[33][34]", "Dan Reynolds (singer). Since 2013, Imagine Dragons along with the family of Tyler Robinson have supported The Tyler Robinson Foundation, helping young people battling cancer.[70][71] Imagine Dragons have also partnered with Do The Write Thing: National Campaign to Stop Violence,[72] Amnesty International's \"Bringing Human Rights Home\",[73] OneOrlando Fund's \"All Is One Orlando Unity Concert\",[74] and Crackle's \"Playing It Forward\" (S1 E2).[75] In 2015, Imagine Dragons released track \"I Was Me\" with all proceeds going to the One4 project to help fleeing refugees, particularly in the Middle East.[76] He also helped organize the LoveLoud Fest to benefit LGBTQ organizations.[77]", "Imagine Dragons. The band collaborated with Khalid at the 2017 American Music Awards. They also performed \"Believer\" and \"Thunder\" at the New Years Eve party 2018 in New Orleans, which was broadcast live on Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve.", "Tessanne Chin. On May 17, 2014, she performed at the Sony Centre for the Performing Arts in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.[42] There, she performed a medley of songs from \"In Between Words,\" songs she performed on The Voice, and her two singles \"Tumbling Down and \"Everything Reminds Me of You\" from her album \"Count On My Love.\" Guest performers at the concert were vocal super group The Tenors, with whom she did a cover of \"Hallelujah\" with[43][44]", "Diana Nyad. Nyad appeared in the Macy Gray music video for the song “Bang, Bang” in 2014.[44]", "On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons song). The song is featured in the Liv and Maddie episode \"Twin-a-Rooney\", performed by Dove Cameron in the title role of Liv Rooney. Dove Cameron's version appears on the compilation album Disney Channel Play It Loud.", "Grace VanderWaal. In November 2017, VanderWaal released a full-length album, Just the Beginning, and then she conducted her first concert tour. She is set to tour with Imagine Dragons in mid-2018." ]

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[ "Prime Minister of the Bahamas. The Prime Minister of The Bahamas is the head of government of the Bahamas, currently Hubert Minnis. Minnis, as leader of the governing Free National Movement party (FNM), He was sworn in as Prime Minister on 11 May 2017, succeeding Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) leader Perry Christie. This was a result of the FNM's victory in the Bahamas general election of May 10, 2017. The Prime Minister is formally appointed into office by the Governor General of the Bahamas, who represents Elizabeth II, the Queen of the Bahamas (The Bahamian Head of State).", "Prime Minister of the Bahamas. The Prime Minister of the Bahamas is the head of the Government of the Bahamas. Duties of the Prime Minister include:", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. Sen.Hon. J. Kwasi Thompson, Minister State for Grand Bahama in the Office of the Prime Minister", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. As of May 15, 2017 the Cabinet of Prime Minister Dr. Hubert Minnis consists of the following members: All taken from: [2]", "Prime Minister of the Bahamas. Agencies under the prime minister include:", "The Bahamas. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling, and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P..", "Prime Minister of the Bahamas. The following article contains a list of Prime Ministers of The Bahamas, from the establishment of the position of Chief Minister of The Bahama Islands in 1955 to the present day.", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. Hon. Ellsworth Johnson MP, Minister of State for Legal Affairs in the Attorney General Office", "The Bahamas. The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system. The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm, retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General).", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It consists of 39 members (known as Members of Parliament), elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party controlling the majority of the House of Assembly seats. Dewitt Halson Moultrie was elected the new speaker of the House of Assembly on May 24, 2017.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Her Majesty's Government", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Her Majesty's Government", "Governor-General of the Bahamas. The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of the Bahamas is the representative of the Bahamian monarch (currently Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II). As The Queen cannot reside in all her realms, she appoints representatives to carry out her duties as Queen of the Bahamas. Governors-General serve their term at Her Majesty's pleasure, usually five years. They are responsible for appointing the Prime Minister as well as other government Ministers after consultations with the Prime Minister.", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. Hon. Brensil Rolle MP, Minister of State for the Public Service and National Insurance", "Elections in the Bahamas. Elections in the Bahamas take place in the framework of a parliamentary democracy. Since independence voter turnout has been generally high in national elections, with a low of 87.9% in 1987 and a high of 98.5% in 1997. The current Prime Minister is the Hon Hubert Minnis.", "The Bahamas. Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[51]", "Bahamian general election, 2012. The opposition Progressive Liberal Party (PLP) won a majority in a landslide election victory, taking 30 of the 38 seats in parliament.[3] PLP leader Perry Christie, who had previously served as Prime Minister, was sworn into office on 8 May 2012, at approximately 4 pm.[3]", "Janet Bostwick. Janet G. Bostwick (born 30 October 1939) is a Bahamian lawyer and politician. She entered politics in 1977 with an appointment to the Senate. She was the first woman to serve as acting Prime Minister, first female Attorney General and the first female Member of Parliament in the Bahamas.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. HM Loyal Opposition", "Parliament of the Bahamas. HM Loyal Opposition", "Governor-General of the Bahamas. Government House in Nassau is the official residence of governors-general. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Bahamian general election, 2017:", "List of prime ministers of Elizabeth II. The Bahamas became independent on 10 July 1973 with Lynden Pindling as the first prime minister. Pindling had previously been the prime minister of the self-governing Commonwealth of the Bahama Islands.", "Bahamian general election, 2012. Hubert Ingraham\nFNM", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The Parliament of The Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of Commonwealth of The Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up by the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.", "Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II. Prince Harry toured The Bahamas. There, he attended a reception for youth leaders and met with Governor-General of the Bahamas Sir Arthur Foulkes. The Prince attended an outdoor ceremony where children's schools, clubs, and associations presented themselves and delivered a speech at Government House,[40] where he stated \"I stand before you with a deep sense of pride at being asked to convey to you a message of good wishes from The Queen on the occasion of her Diamond Jubilee.\" He also took part in maritime exercises organised by the Royal Bahamas Defence Force and toured Harbour Island.[41]", "Lynden Pindling International Airport. The name of the airport was officially changed on 6 July 2006 in honour of The Right Honourable Sir Lynden Oscar Pindling (22 March 1929 – 25 August 2000), first Prime Minister of Bahamas (1967 – 1992). Sir Lynden is recognized as the Father of the Nation, having led the Bahamas to Majority rule in 1967 as well as full Independence from the United Kingdom within the British Commonwealth six years later.", "State funeral. On September 4, 2000, a state funeral was held in Nassau for former Bahamian Prime Minister Sir Lynden Pindling.[15] On January 5, 2012, a state funeral was held in Nassau for former Bahamian Governor-General Sir Clifford Darling.[16]", "Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand. The Deputy Prime Minister of New Zealand (Māori: Te Pirimia Tuarua o Aotearoa) is the second-most senior minister in the Government of New Zealand, although this seniority does not necessarily translate into power. The office was created as a ministerial portfolio in 1954. The officeholder usually deputises for the Prime Minister at official functions. The current Deputy Prime Minister is Winston Peters, the Leader of New Zealand First.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. K. Forbes Smith was elected the new President of the Senate on May 24, 2017.", "The Bahamas. The Bahamas has strong bilateral relationships with the United States and the United Kingdom, represented by an ambassador in Washington and High Commissioner in London. The Bahamas also associates closely with other nations of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM).", "Prime Minister of Dominica. According to Chapter 59 of the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Dominica;" ]

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[ "Olfactory receptor neuron. Humans have about 10 million olfactory receptor neurons.[3] In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity. The cell bodies of the ORNs are distributed among all three of the stratified layers of the olfactory epithelium.[4]", "Olfactory nerve. The specialized olfactory receptor neurons of the olfactory nerve are located in the olfactory mucosa of the upper parts of the nasal cavity. The olfactory nerves consist of a collection of many sensory nerve fibers that extend from the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb, passing through the many openings of the cribriform plate, a sieve-like structure of the ethmoid bone.", "Olfactory receptor neuron. An olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a transduction cell within the olfactory system.[2]", "Olfactory receptor neuron. Many tiny hair-like cilia protrude from the olfactory receptor cell's dendrite into the mucus covering the surface of the olfactory epithelium. The surface of these cilia is covered with olfactory receptors, a type of G protein-coupled receptor. Each olfactory receptor cell expresses only one type of olfactory receptor (OR), but many separate olfactory receptor cells express ORs which bind the same set of odors. The axons of olfactory receptor cells which express the same OR converge to form glomeruli in the olfactory bulb.[5]", "Sensory nervous system. Located in the temporal lobe, the primary olfactory cortex is the primary receptive area for olfaction, or smell. Unique to the olfactory and gustatory systems, at least in mammals, is the implementation of both peripheral and central mechanisms of action. The peripheral mechanisms involve olfactory receptor neurons which transduce a chemical signal along the olfactory nerve, which terminates in the olfactory bulb. The chemo-receptors involved in olfactory nervous cascade involve using G-protein receptors to send their chemical signals down said cascade. The central mechanisms include the convergence of olfactory nerve axons into glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, where the signal is then transmitted to the anterior olfactory nucleus, the piriform cortex, the medial amygdala, and the entorhinal cortex, all of which make up the primary olfactory cortex.", "Olfactory system. Olfactory neurons are receptor cells in the epithelium that detect odor molecules dissolved in the mucus and transmit information about the odor to the brain in a process called sensory transduction.[4][5] Olfactory neurons have cilia (tiny hairs) containing proteins that bind to odor molecules, causing an electrical response that spreads through the receptor cells to the olfactory nerve fibers at the back of the nasal cavity.[2]", "Olfaction. The sensory receptors of the accessory olfactory system are located in the vomeronasal organ. As in the main olfactory system, the axons of these sensory neurons project from the vomeronasal organ to the accessory olfactory bulb, which in the mouse is located on the dorsal-posterior portion of the main olfactory bulb. Unlike in the main olfactory system, the axons that leave the accessory olfactory bulb do not project to the brain's cortex but rather to targets in the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and from there to the hypothalamus, where they may influence aggression and mating behavior.", "Sensory neuron. The sensory neurons involved in smell are called olfactory receptor neurons. These receptor neurons contain receptors, called olfactory receptors, that are activated by the odor molecules in the air. The perception of these odor molecules is called a scent.", "Olfactory receptor. In vertebrates, the olfactory receptors are located in both the cilia and synapses of the olfactory sensory neurons[4] and in the epithelium of the human airway.[5] In insects, olfactory receptors are located on the antennae and other chemosensory organs.[6] Sperm cells also express odor receptors, which are thought to be involved in chemotaxis to find the egg cell.[7]", "Olfaction. Olfactory sensory neurons project axons to the brain within the olfactory nerve, (cranial nerve I). These nerve fibers, lacking myelin sheaths, pass to the olfactory bulb of the brain through perforations in the cribriform plate, which in turn projects olfactory information to the olfactory cortex and other areas.[7] The axons from the olfactory receptors converge in the outer layer of the olfactory bulb within small (≈50 micrometers in diameter) structures called glomeruli. Mitral cells, located in the inner layer of the olfactory bulb, form synapses with the axons of the sensory neurons within glomeruli and send the information about the odor to other parts of the olfactory system, where multiple signals may be processed to form a synthesized olfactory perception. A large degree of convergence occurs, with 25,000 axons synapsing on 25 or so mitral cells, and with each of these mitral cells projecting to multiple glomeruli. Mitral cells also project to periglomerular cells and granular cells that inhibit the mitral cells surrounding it (lateral inhibition). Granular cells also mediate inhibition and excitation of mitral cells through pathways from centrifugal fibers and the anterior olfactory nuclei. Neuromodulators like acetylcholine, serotonin and norepinephrine all send axons to the olfactory bulb and have been implicated in gain modulation,[8] pattern separation,[9] and memory functions,[10] respectively.", "Olfactory bulb. Vomeronasal sensory neurons provide direct excitatory inputs to AOB principle neurons called mitral cells[12] which are transmitted to the amygdala and hypothalamus and therefore are directly involved in sex hormone activity and may influence aggressiveness and mating behavior.[13] Axons of the vomeronasal sensory neurons express a given receptor type which, differently from what occurs in the main olfactory bulb, diverge between 6 and 30 AOB glomeruli. Mitral cell dendritic endings go through a dramatic period of targeting and clustering just after presynaptic unification of the sensory neuron axons. The connectivity of the vomernasal sensorglomery neurons to mitral cells is precise, with mitral cell dendrites targeting the glomeruli.[12] There is evidence against the presence of a functional accessory olfactory bulb in humans and other higher primates.[14]", "Olfactory receptor neuron. ORs, which are located on the membranes of the cilia have been classified as a complex type of ligand-gated metabotropic channels.[6] There are approximately 1000 different genes that code for the ORs, making them the largest gene family. An odorant will dissolve into the mucus of the olfactory epithelium and then bind to an OR. ORs can bind to a variety of odor molecules, with varying affinities. The difference in affinities causes differences in activation patterns resulting in unique odorant profiles.[7][8] The activated OR in turn activates the intracellular G-protein, GOLF (GNAL), adenylate cyclase and production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) opens ion channels in the cell membrane, resulting in an influx of sodium and calcium ions into the cell, and an efflux of chloride ions. This influx of positive ions and efflux of negative ions causes the neuron to depolarize, generating an action potential.", "Olfactory receptor. Olfactory receptors (ORs), also known as odorant receptors, are expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons and are responsible for the detection of odorants (i.e., compounds that have an odor) which give rise to the sense of smell. Activated olfactory receptors trigger nerve impulses which transmit information about odor to the brain. These receptors are members of the class A rhodopsin-like family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).[1][2] The olfactory receptors form a multigene family consisting of around 800 genes in humans and 1400 genes in mice.[3]", "Olfactory nerve. The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons, transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived by the sense of smell (olfaction).", "Olfactory bulb. The spatial map of the glomeruli layer may be used for perception of odor in the olfactory cortex.[2] The next level of synaptic processing in the olfactory bulb occurs in the external plexiform layer, between the glomerular layer and the mitral cell layer. The external plexiform layer contains astrocytes, interneurons and some mitral cells. It does not contain many cell bodies, rather mostly dendrites of mitral cells and GABAergic granule cells [3] are also permeated by dendrites from neurons called mitral cells, which in turn output to the olfactory cortex. Numerous interneuron types exist in the olfactory bulb including periglomerular cells which synapse within and between glomeruli, and granule cells which synapse with mitral cells. The granule cell layer is the deepest layer in the olfactory bulb. It is made up of dendrodendritic granule cells that synapse to the mitral cell layer.[4]", "Olfaction. The mitral cells leave the olfactory bulb in the lateral olfactory tract, which synapses on five major regions of the cerebrum: the anterior olfactory nucleus, the olfactory tubercle, the amygdala, the piriform cortex, and the entorhinal cortex. The anterior olfactory nucleus projects, via the anterior commissure, to the contralateral olfactory bulb, inhibiting it. The piriform cortex has two major divisions with anatomically distinct organizations and functions. The anterior piriform cortex (APC) appears to be better at determining the chemical structure of the odorant molecules, and the posterior piriform cortex (PPC) has a strong role in categorizing odors and assessing similarities between odors (e.g. minty, woody, and citrus are odors that can, despite being highly variant chemicals, be distinguished via the PPC in a concentration-independent manner).[11] The piriform cortex projects to the medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus, which then projects to the orbitofrontal cortex. The orbitofrontal cortex mediates conscious perception of the odor. The three-layered piriform cortex projects to a number of thalamic and hypothalamic nuclei, the hippocampus and amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex, but its function is largely unknown. The entorhinal cortex projects to the amygdala and is involved in emotional and autonomic responses to odor. It also projects to the hippocampus and is involved in motivation and memory. Odor information is stored in long-term memory and has strong connections to emotional memory. This is possibly due to the olfactory system's close anatomical ties to the limbic system and hippocampus, areas of the brain that have long been known to be involved in emotion and place memory, respectively.", "Olfactory bulb. The AOB is divided into two main subregions, anterior and posterior, which receive segregated synaptic inputs from two main categories of vomeronasal sensory neurons, V1R and V2R, respectively. This appears as a clear functional specialization, given the differential role of the two populations of sensory neurons in detecting chemical stimuli of different type and molecular weight. Although it doesn't seem to be maintained centrally, where mitral cell projections from both sides of the AOB converge. A clear difference of the AOB circuitry, compared to the rest of the bulb, is its heterogeneous connectivity between mitral cells and vomeronasal sensory afferents within neuropil glomeruli. AOB mitral cells indeed contact through apical dendritic processes glomeruli formed by afferents of different receptor neurons, thus breaking the one-receptor-one-neuron rule which generally holds for the main olfactory system. This implies that stimuli sensed through the VNO and elaborated in the AOB are subjected to a different and probably more complex level of elaboration. Accordingly, AOB mitral cells show clearly different firing patterns compared to other bulbar projection neurons.[15] Additionally, top down input to the olfactory bulb differentially affects olfactory outputs.[16]", "Olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb is, along with both the subventricular zone and the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, one of only three structures in the brain observed to undergo continuing neurogenesis in adult mammals.[citation needed] In most mammals, new neurons are born from neural stem cells in the sub-ventricular zone and migrate rostrally towards the main [24] and accessory[25] olfactory bulbs. Within the olfactory bulb these immature neuroblasts develop into fully functional granule cell interneurons and periglomerular cell interneurons that reside in the granule cell layer and glomerular layers, respectively. The olfactory sensory neuron axons that form synapses in olfactory bulb glomeruli are also capable of regeneration following regrowth of an olfactory sensory neuron residing in the olfactory epithelium. Despite dynamic turnover of sensory axons and interneurons, the projection neurons (mitral and tufted neurons) that form synapses with these axons are not structurally plastic.[citation needed]", "Olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb transmits smell information from the nose to the brain, and is thus necessary for a proper sense of smell. As a neural circuit, the glomerular layer receives direct input from afferent nerves, made up of the axons from approximately ten million olfactory receptor neurons in the olfactory mucosa, a region of the nasal cavity. The ends of the axons cluster in spherical structures known as glomeruli such that each glomerulus receives input primarily from olfactory receptor neurons that express the same olfactory receptor.The glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb is the first level of synaptic processing.[1] The glomeruli layer represents a spatial odor map organized by chemical structure of odorants like functional group and carbon chain length. This spatial map is divided into zones and clusters, which represent similar glomeruli and therefore similar odors. One cluster in particular is associated with rank, spoiled smells which are represented by certain chemical characteristics. This classification may be evolutionary to help identify food that is no longer good to eat.", "Olfactory bulb. While all of these functions could theoretically arise from the olfactory bulb's circuit layout, it is unclear which, if any, of these functions are performed exclusively by the olfactory bulb. By analogy to similar parts of the brain such as the retina, many researchers have focused on how the olfactory bulb filters incoming information from receptor neurons in space, or how it filters incoming information in time. At the core of these proposed filters are the two classes of interneurons; the periglomerular cells, and the granule cells. Processing occurs at each level of the main olfactory bulb, beginning with the spatial maps that categorize odors in the glomeruli layer.[2]", "Glomerulus (olfaction). Glomeruli are important waystations in the pathway from the nose to the olfactory cortex and have been found to be critical for odorant signal transduction. The olfactory receptor neurons (ORN), which originate in the nasal epithelium express only one type of olfactory receptor (OR). These ORNs then project their axons to the olfactory bulb. In the olfactory bulb, the ORNs synapse with termination in the glomeruli.[6] Each glomerulus receives input from olfactory receptor neurons expressing only one type of olfactory receptor. The glomerular activation patterns within the olfactory bulb are thought to represent the quality of the odor being detected. These activation patterns of glomeruli can change due to changes in airflow rate and odor concentration in the mucus layer of the nasal cavity.[7][8] A certain odorant can activate a glomeruli strongly whilst affecting others with less efficiency to very little at all. Linda Buck and Richard Axel were awarded a Nobel prize in 2004 for heavily influencing the working out of the genetic basis for this Olfactory coding.", "Olfactory nerve. The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons, transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived by the sense of smell (olfaction). Derived from the embryonic nasal placode, the olfactory nerve is somewhat unusual among cranial nerves because it is capable of some regeneration if damaged. The olfactory nerve is sensory in nature and originates on the olfactory mucosa in the upper part of the nasal cavity.[1] From the olfactory mucosa, the nerve (actually many small nerve fascicles) travels up through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the surface of the brain. Here the fascicles enter the olfactory bulb and synapse there; from the bulbs (one on each side) the olfactory information is transmitted into the brain via the olfactory tract.[2] The fascicles of the olfactory nerve are not visible on a cadaver brain because they are severed upon removal.[3] :548", "Olfactory receptor. In 2004 Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work[45] on olfactory receptors.[46] In 2006, it was shown that another class of odorant receptors – known as trace amine-associated receptors (TAARs) – exist for detecting volatile amines.[47] Except for TAAR1, all functional TAARs in humans are expressed in the olfactory epithelium.[48] A third class of olfactory receptors known as vomeronasal receptors has also been identified; vomeronasal receptors putatively function as pheromone receptors.", "Crista galli. The olfactory bulbs of the olfactory nerve lie on either side of the crista galli on top of the cribriform plate.", "Glomerulus (olfaction). All glomeruli are located near the surface of the olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb also includes a portion of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the cells of which contribute fibers to the olfactory tract.[4] They are the initial sites for synaptic processing of odor information coming from the nose. A glomerulus is made up of a globular tangle of axons from the olfactory receptor neurons, and dendrites from the mitral and tufted cells, as well as, from cells that surround the glomerulus such as the external tufted cells, periglomerular cells, short axon cells, and astrocytes. In mammals, glomeruli typically range between 50-120 µm in diameter and number between 1100 and 2400 depending on the species, with roughly between 1100 and 1200 in humans.[1][2] The number of glomeruli in a human decreases with age; in humans that are over 80 they are nearly absent.[5] Each glomerulus is composed of two compartments, the olfactory nerve zone and the non-olfactory nerve zone. The olfactory nerve zone is composed of preterminals and terminals of the olfactory nerve and is where the olfactory receptor cells make synapses on their targets.[2] The non-olfactory nerve zone is composed of the dendritic processes of intrinsic neurons and is where dendrodendritic interactions between intrinsic neurons occur.[2]", "Olfactory bulb. In most vertebrates, the olfactory bulb is the most rostral (forward) part of the brain, as seen in rats. In humans, however, the olfactory bulb is on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone, which in mammals separates it from the olfactory epithelium, and which is perforated by olfactory nerve axons. The bulb is divided into two distinct structures: the main olfactory bulb and the accessory olfactory bulb.", "Olfactory nerve. The sense of smell arises from the stimulation of receptors by small molecules in inspired air of varying spatial, chemical, and electrical properties that reach the nasal epithelium in the nasal cavity during inhalation. These stimulants are transduced into electrical activity in the olfactory neurons, which then transmit these impulses to the olfactory bulb and from there to the rest of the central nervous system via the olfactory tract.", "Antenna (biology). Olfactory receptors on the antennae bind to free-floating molecules, such as water vapour, and odours including pheromones. The neurons that possess these receptors signal this binding by sending action potentials down their axons to the antennal lobe in the brain. From there, neurons in the antennal lobes connect to mushroom bodies that identify the odour. The sum of the electrical potentials of the antennae to a given odour can be measured using an electroantennogram.[12]", "Olfactory receptor. Two major classes of olfactory receptors have been identified in humans:[33]", "Olfactory bulb. Olfactory information is sent to the primary olfactory cortex, where projections are sent to the orbitofrontal cortex. The OFC contributes to this odor-reward association as well as it assesses the value of a reward, i.e. the nutritional value of a food. The OFC receives projections from the piriform cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal cortices.[18] Neurons in the OFC that encode food reward information activate the reward system when stimulated, associating the act of eating with reward. The OFC further projects to the anterior cingulate cortex where it plays a role in appetite.[23] The OFC also associates odors with other stimuli, such as taste.[18] Odor perception and discrimination also involve the OFC. The spatial odor map in the glomeruli layer of the olfactory bulb may contribute to these functions. The odor map begins processing of olfactory information by spatially organizing the glomeruli. This organizing aids the olfactory cortices in its functions of perceiving and discriminating odors.[2]", "Cerebrum. The olfactory bulb, responsible for the sense of smell, takes up a large area of the cerebrum in most vertebrates. However, in humans, this part of the brain is much smaller and lies underneath the frontal lobe. The olfactory sensory system is unique since the neurons in the olfactory bulb send their axons directly to the olfactory cortex, rather than to the thalamus first. Damage to the olfactory bulb results in a loss of olfaction (the sense of smell).", "Olfactory bulb. The olfactory bulb sends olfactory information to be further processed in the amygdala, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the hippocampus where it plays a role in emotion, memory and learning. The main olfactory bulb connects to the amygdala via the piriform cortex of the primary olfactory cortex and directly projects from the main olfactory bulb to specific amygdala areas.[17] The amygdala passes olfactory information on to the hippocampus. The orbitofrontal cortex, amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, and olfactory bulb have many interconnections directly and indirectly through the cortices of the primary olfactory cortex. These connections are indicative of the association between the olfactory bulb and higher areas of processing, specifically those related to emotion and memory.[17]" ]

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[ "Pee-wee's Big Adventure. Michael Varhol who co-wrote the script with Reubens and Hartman cameos as a photographer. Director Tim Burton has an uncredited cameo[citation needed] as the street thug who confronts Pee-wee in a rainy back-alley. Other minor roles include Ed Herlihy as Mr. Buxton and Cassandra Peterson (a.k.a. Elvira, Mistress of the Dark) as the Biker Mama of Satan's Helpers. James Brolin portrays \"P.W. Herman\" and Morgan Fairchild is Dottie in the in-movie production about Pee-wee's life. Heavy metal band Twisted Sister, and veteran comedy star Milton Berle cameo as themselves.", "Pee-wee's Big Adventure. Pee-wee's Big Adventure is a 1985 American adventure comedy film directed by Tim Burton in his full-length film directing debut and starring Paul Reubens as Pee-wee Herman with supporting roles provided by Elizabeth Daily, Mark Holton, Diane Salinger, and Judd Omen. Reubens also co-wrote the script with Phil Hartman and Michael Varhol. Described as a \"parody\" or \"farce version\" of the 1948 Italian classic The Bicycle Thief,[3][4] it is the tale of Pee-wee Herman embarking on a nationwide adventure in search for his stolen bicycle.", "Lynne Marie Stewart. Stewart has also played roles on Pee-wee's Big Adventure, Big Top Pee-wee, Night Stand with Dick Dietrick and Son of the Beach. She has recently guest-starred on the Disney shows Austin and Ally and Good Luck Charlie in 2011.", "Dottie West. In 1995, actress Michele Lee, with the help of West's daughter, Shelly, produced and starred in the made-for-TV biopic Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story that premiered on CBS. Lee starred with Kenny Rogers; wore all of West's original clothes, including her famed Bob Mackie outfits; and even sang West's hits for the movie. It proved to be one of the most successful TV movies in CBS history. That same year, a biography called Country Sunshine: The Dottie West Story was released, written by Judy Berryhill and Francis Meeker.", "Pee-wee's Big Adventure. Later at a drive-in theater, Pee-wee and Dottie attend the premiere of his biopic, an action movie starring James Brolin as \"P.W. Herman\" and Morgan Fairchild as Dottie. The two must retrieve a sport bike called the X-1, which contains an important microfilm and has been stolen by the Soviets. Pee-wee has a cameo appearance as a hotel bellhop, though his voice has been dubbed. At the drive-in, Pee-wee gives refreshments to all the people he met along his journey. Pee-wee also encounters Francis, who tells reporters that he is Pee-wee's best friend who taught him how to ride. Francis claims to be knowledgeable about Pee-wee's bike, but accidentally catapults himself into the air using one of the bicycle's gadgets. As Pee-wee leaves the drive-in, Dottie asks why he is not staying for the rest of the movie. Pee-wee answers, \"I don't have to see it, Dottie. I lived it.\" He and Dottie then ride off together at the movie screen in silhouette.", "Dottie West. In 1982, she was asked to play the lead role in the stage production of The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas. That summer, she toured for four weeks in the stage production, performing across the country. She had her own float in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade that year. She also posed for a revealing photo in the men's magazine Oui. In 1983, she married her sound man, Al Winters, 22 years her junior. In 1984, she appeared in the play Bring It On Home. In 1986, she made her screen debut in the science fiction film The Aurora Encounter. In 1984, West released her final studio album, Just Dottie. This album was not very successful; all three of the singles that it contained failed to chart in the Top 40. Her last chart hit, \"We Know Better Now\", reached only number 53 in 1985.[4]", "Elizabeth Daily. Besides doing voice-overs, Daily has acted in film and on TV. She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981. In 1985, she starred as Dottie in Pee-wee's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead. She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley, CHiPs, Fame and Friends. She was also in the video for Rod Stewart's song \"Young Turks\" as Patti, one of the runaway teens.[2] She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films, most recently in 2015 as Sex-Head in Rob Zombie's 31, [3] the woman on the side of Torsten Voges, who plays Death-Head.[4]", "E.G. Daily. Besides doing voice-overs, Daily has acted in film and on TV. She played Sandy Burns on the PBS series The Righteous Apples from 1980 to 1981. In 1985, she starred as Dottie in Pee-wee's Big Adventure as well as Loryn in Valley Girl and as a singer in the comedy Better Off Dead. She also appeared on such shows as Laverne & Shirley, CHiPs, Fame and Friends. She was also in the video for Rod Stewart's song \"Young Turks\" as Patti, one of the runaway teens.[2] She has been cast in several Rob Zombie films, most recently in 2015 as Sex-Head in Rob Zombie's 31,[3] the woman on the side of Torsten Voges, who plays Death-Head.[4]", "Dottie West. As the 1980s progressed, West's popularity began to slip.[4] However, she did introduce herself to younger audiences as she lent her voice to Melissa Raccoon in the film The Raccoons and the Lost Star (1983), a precursor to the later series produced by Kevin Gillis, The Raccoons.[12] West's 1982 album High Time spawned her last Top 20 hit, \"It's High Time\", which reached No. 16. The album's other single, \"You're Not Easy to Forget\", only peaked at No. 26. West's next two albums under Liberty Records, Full Circle and New Horizons, were both commercial failures. West's last Top 40 hit was \"Tulsa Ballroom\" (1983) In 1984, West departed from her label and switched to the independent label Permian.[citation needed]", "Mircea Monroe. Mircea Monroe (born March 11, 1982)[1] is an American model and actress, known for her roles on the TV series Episodes as Morning Randolph (2011–2017), Hart of Dixie as Tansy Truitt (2011–2015), Impastor as Alexa Cummings (2015–2016) and Sing It! as Stacey Needles (2016–present). She has also starred in films including Cellular (2004), House of the Dead II (2005), Just Friends (2005), The Change-Up (2011) and Magic Mike (2012).", "Paul Reubens. Reubens approached Pee-wee's Big Adventure director Tim Burton with one of the scripts and talked to Johnny Depp about the possibility of having him portray Pee-wee, but Burton was too busy, and Depp said he would have to think about it.[96]", "Paul Reubens. Paul Reubens (né Rubenfeld; born August 27, 1952)[1] is an American actor, writer, film producer, game show host, and comedian, best known for his character Pee-wee Herman. Reubens joined the Los Angeles troupe The Groundlings in the 1970s and started his career as an improvisational comedian and stage actor. In 1982, Reubens put up a show about a character he had been developing for years. The show was called The Pee-wee Herman Show and it ran for five sold-out months with HBO producing a successful special about it. Pee-wee became an instant cult figure and for the next decade, Reubens would be completely committed to his character, doing all of his public appearances and interviews as Pee-wee. In 1985 Pee-wee's Big Adventure, directed by the then-unknown Tim Burton, was a financial and critical success, and soon developed into a cult film. Big Top Pee-wee, 1988's sequel, was less successful than its predecessor. Between 1986 and 1990, Reubens starred as Pee-wee in the CBS Saturday-morning children's program Pee-wee's Playhouse.", "E.G. Daily. Daily is also well known for her roles in a variety of live action films such as Valley Girl, Dogfight, No Small Affair, Fandango, Streets of Fire, The Devil's Rejects, My Sister's Keeper, and most famously Pee-wee's Big Adventure.", "Maggie Smith. Smith won the Academy Award for Best Actress for her performance in the title role of the 1969 film The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie. Vanessa Redgrave had originated the role on stage in London[24] and Zoe Caldwell won the Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play, when she played the role in New York. The role also won Smith her first BAFTA Award. In 1970, she played the title role in Ingmar Bergman's London production of the Ibsen play Hedda Gabler, winning her second Evening Standard award for Best Actress. She received her third Academy Award nomination for the 1972 film Travels with My Aunt. She also appeared in the film Love and Pain and the Whole Damn Thing (1973). In the mid 1970s, she made several guest appearances on The Carol Burnett Show.", "Hee Haw. Other cast members over the years included, but were not limited to: Roy Acuff, Cathy Baker (as the show's emcee), Billy Jim Baker, Barbi Benton, Kelly Billingsley, Vicki Bird, Jennifer Bishop, Archie Campbell, Phil Campbell, Harry Cole (Weeping Willie), Mackenzie Colt, John Henry Faulk, Tennessee Ernie Ford, Marianne Gordon (Rogers), Jim and Jon Hager, Victoria Hallman, Diana Goodman, Gunilla Hutton, Linda Johnson, Grandpa Jones, Zella Lehr (the \"unicycle girl\"), George Lindsey (reprising his \"Goober\" character from The Andy Griffith Show), Jimmy Little, Irlene Mandrell, Charlie McCoy, Dawn McKinley, Patricia McKinnon, Sherry Miles, Rev. Grady Nutt, Minnie Pearl, Claude \"Jackie\" Phelps, Slim Pickens, Kenny Price, Anne Randall, Chase Randolph, Susan Raye, Jimmie Riddle, Jeannine Riley, Alice Ripley, Lulu Roman, Misty Rowe, Junior Samples, Ray Sanders, Terry Sanders, Gailard Sartain, Diana Scott, Gerald Smith (the \"Georgia Quacker\"), Jeff Smith, Donna Stokes, Dennis Stone, Roni Stoneman, Mary Taylor, Nancy Taylor, Linda Thompson, Lisa Todd, Pedro Tomas, Nancy Traylor, Buck Trent, Jackie Waddell, Pat Woodell, and Jonathan Winters, among many others.", "Kate Micucci. Kate Micucci /mɪˈkuːtʃi/ mi-KOO-chee; born March 31, 1980) is an American actress, voice actress, comedian, singer, songwriter and artist that is one half of the musical comedy duo Garfunkel and Oates. Some of her well known roles include Stephanie Gooch in Scrubs, Shelley in Raising Hope, Lucy in The Big Bang Theory, Sadie in Steven Universe, Sara Murphy in Milo Murphy's Law, Daisy in Nature Cat, Clayface in The Lego Batman Movie, Velma Dinkley in Scooby-Doo, Webby Vanderquack in DuckTales, and Dr. Fox in Unikitty!.", "Hattie McDaniel. She made her last film appearances in Mickey (1948) and Family Honeymoon (1949), where that same year, she appeared on the live CBS television program The Ed Wynn Show. She remained active on radio and television in her final years, becoming the first black American to star in her own radio show with the comedy series Beulah. She also starred in the ABC television version of the show, replacing Ethel Waters after the first season. (Waters had apparently expressed concerns over stereotypes in the role.) Beulah was a hit, however, and earned McDaniel $2,000 a week. But the show was controversial. In 1951, the United States Army ceased broadcasting Beulah in Asia because troops complained that the show perpetuated negative stereotypes of black men as shiftless and lazy and interfered with the ability of black troops to perform their mission.[31] After filming a handful of episodes, however, McDaniel learned she had breast cancer. By the spring of 1952, she was too ill to work and was replaced by Louise Beavers.[32]", "Dottie West. After graduation, Dottie West moved with her family to Cleveland, Ohio, where she began appearing on the television program Landmark Jamboree as one half of a country pop vocal duo called the \"Kay-Dots\" alongside partner Kathy Dee. At the same time, West made numerous trips to Nashville in the hopes of landing a recording deal. In 1959, she and Bill auditioned for producer Don Pierce at Starday, and were immediately offered a contract. The singles West cut for the label proved unsuccessful, but she moved to Nashville two years later, where she and her husband fell in with aspiring songwriters, including Willie Nelson, Roger Miller, Hank Cochran and Harlan Howard. West often played hostess to these struggling songwriters, offering them a place to stay and eat. In return, they taught West about the structure of songwriting. During this time, she also became a close friend of groundbreaking female country singer Patsy Cline and her husband Charlie Dick.[7]", "Geena Davis. After roles in Fletch, The Fly, Beetlejuice, and several other movies Davis received an Oscar as Best Supporting Actress for her appearance in The Accidental Tourist (1988), and a Best Actress nomination for her role in Thelma & Louise (1991).[12] Davis replaced Debra Winger in the role of Dottie Hinson in A League of Their Own (1992), and received a Best Actress Golden Globe Award nomination for her performance.[16] She then co-starred in Hero alongside Dustin Hoffman and Andy Garcia.", "Charlotte Rae. Charlotte Rae Lubotsky (known professionally as Charlotte Rae; born April 22, 1926) is an American character actress of stage, comedian, singer and dancer whose career spans six decades.", "Hope Floats. Birdee Pruitt (Sandra Bullock) is a Chicago housewife who is invited onto the Toni Post talk show under the pretense of getting a free makeover but instead is ambushed with the revelation that her husband Bill has been having an affair with her best friend Connie (Rosanna Arquette). Humiliated on national television, Birdee and her precocious only daughter Bernice (Mae Whitman) move back to Birdee's hometown of Smithville, Texas, with Birdee's eccentric mother Ramona (Gena Rowlands) and her young, imaginative nephew Travis (Cameron Finley), to make a fresh start. As Birdee and Bernice leave Chicago, Birdee gives Bernice a letter from her father, telling Bernice how much he misses her.", "Kath Soucie. Katherine Ellen Soucie (/ˈsuːsi/) is an American voice actress. She is known for playing Linka in Captain Planet and the Planeteers, Lola Bunny in Space Jam, Fifi La Fume in Tiny Toon Adventures, Maddie Fenton in Danny Phantom , and Phil, Lil, and Mrs. DeVille in Rugrats.[1]", "Patsy Cline. Ten years after Sweet Dreams, Patsy was portrayed again in Big Dreams and Broken Hearts: The Dottie West Story, a 1995 CBS made-for-TV movie featuring Tere Myers as Patsy and Michelle Lee as Dottie. In 2007, a biopic entitled Crazy, about the life of Hank Garland, lead guitarist on many of Patsy's records, featured Mandy Barnett of Always ... Patsy Cline fame as Patsy.", "Dottie Rambo. In 2007, she performed nationwide and appeared in concert at country singer Dolly Parton's Tennessee theme park, Dollywood.", "Alberta Nelson. After her successful girl-next-door stint as Flora on The Andy Griffith Show and her comedic career as biker girl Puss, Nelson starred in 1970s The Wild Scene as Dr. Virginia Grant, a female psychiatrist who talks graphically about her tawdriest cases. This and a 1970 appearance on Love, American Style would be Nelson's last credited roles.[citation needed]", "Dee Dee Davis. Dee Dee Davis (born April 17, 1996) is an American actress and comedian, best known for her role as Bryana Thomkins on The Bernie Mac Show, for which she won a Young Artist Award in 2004.[3] She guest-starred in Strong Medicine, House, and The Game. Davis took a break from acting in 2007 to focus on school. In February of 2017, Davis announced that she is pregnant with her first child.", "Paul Reubens. Right after the success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure Reubens began working with Paramount Pictures on a sequel entitled Big Top Pee-wee. Reubens and George McGrath's script was directed by Grease director Randal Kleiser. The film was not as successful as its predecessor, receiving mild reviews and doing just over one third as well in the box office,[36][37] earning only $15 million.[38]", "Debby Ryan. Deborah Ann Ryan[2][3] (born May 13, 1993)[4] is an American actress and singer.[5] Ryan started acting in professional theatres at the age of seven; in 2007 she appeared in the Barney & Friends straight-to-DVD film Barney: Let's Go to the Firehouse and then was discovered in a nationwide search by Disney. She is also known for appearing in the 2008 feature film The Longshots as Edith. In 2009, she guest starred in an episode of Wizards of Waverly Place in \"Wizards on Deck with Hannah Montana\" as Bailey Pickett along with her other cast mates from The Suite Life on Deck. Then, in 2010, she starred in the film 16 Wishes, which was the most watched cable program on the day of its premiere on the Disney Channel. 16 Wishes introduced Ryan to new audiences; the movie received high viewership in the adults demographic (18–34).[6][7][8] Soon after that, Ryan starred in the independent theatrical film, What If..., which premiered on August 20, 2010.", "Della Reese. In 1969, Reese began a transition into acting work which would eventually lead to her highest profile. Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series, Della, which was cancelled after 197 episodes (June 9, 1969 – March 13, 1970).[8] In 1970, Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson. She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries, was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B. A. Baracus in The A-Team episode \"Lease with an Option to Die\". In 1991, she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom, The Royal Family, but his death halted production of the series for several months. Reese also did voice-over for the late 1980s Hanna-Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby-Doo on ABC. In 1989, she starred alongside Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights, in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy. Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the popular television game show Match Game.", "Debra Jo Rupp. Rupp has often returned to Massachusetts and New York to appear in regional and off-Broadway stage productions. In 2004, she played Dotty Otley in Michael Frayn's Noises Off at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts.[14] In 2006, she appeared on stage in Pittsfield, Massachusetts as a kooky mother in French playwright Jean Anouilh's comedy Ring Round the Moon at Barrington Stage Company.[15]", "Pee-wee's Big Holiday. Pee-wee's Big Holiday is a 2016 American adventure comedy film directed by John Lee and written by Paul Reubens and Paul Rust. The film stars Reubens as Pee-wee Herman. The film was released on March 18, 2016, on Netflix.[3][4]", "Paul Reubens. Reubens, who for years would not give interviews or appear on talk shows,[56][58] did make a subsequent public appearance as Pee-wee at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards on September 5,[61] where he asked the audience, \"Heard any good jokes lately?\" He received a standing ovation. Reubens then appeared as Pee-wee once in 1992, when he participated in a Grand Ole Opry tribute to Minnie Pearl.[20][24]" ]

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[ "Practical Magic. Practical Magic was partially filmed on an artificial set in California. The film's producers said the house was a big part of the depiction of the Owens' culture, so they knew they had to build a house to accurately depict this. They built it in Coupeville, Washington.[2] They brought much of the set from California and placed it inside the house, but it still took almost a year to perfect the image of the house and the interior.[3] The house used is owned by the Sundstrom Family and is located on San Juan Valley Road, San Juan Island. They built a replica of the outside of the house on the west side of San Juan Island so that it looked like the house was on the waterfront, but in actuality it is in the valley. They built the house in San Juan County Park but since the house was built only for this filming, it was torn down after the movie was released. Many of the small town scenes were filmed in downtown Coupeville, Washington, located on Whidbey Island.", "Practical Magic. According to Sandra Bullock in the DVD commentary, in the scene where the Owens women are drunk and slinging insults, the actresses actually got drunk on very bad tequila brought by Kidman. The cast also thinks that the supernatural elements of the house started to affect them; the cast and crew say that they have heard ghost noises while filming the coven scene at the end of the film. For the final scene with all of the townspeople at the Owens' home, the entire population of the town where filming took place was invited to show up in costume and appear as townsfolk.", "Practical Magic. Practical Magic opened at #1 with $13.1 million in ticket sales. The film went on to gross $68.1 million worldwide, less than its $75 million production budget.[1]", "Practical Magic. Practical Magic is a 1998 American romantic comedy film based on the 1995 novel of the same name by Alice Hoffman. The film was directed by Griffin Dunne and stars Sandra Bullock, Nicole Kidman, Stockard Channing, Dianne Wiest, Aidan Quinn, and Goran Visnjic. The film score was composed by Alan Silvestri.", "Bless This House (film). External shots of the houses used were made in Bolton Avenue, numbers 7&9, Windsor, UK http://www.reelstreets.com/index.php/component/films/?task=view&id=86&film_ref=bless_this_house", "Practical Magic. In 2004, Warner Bros. and CBS produced Sudbury, a television pilot written by Becky Hartman Edwards, starring Kim Delaney in the role played by Bullock in the film, and Jeri Ryan in the role played by Kidman.[8] The series, named for the Sudbury, Massachusetts location of the novel and film, was not picked up.", "Blood Sugar Sex Magik. The band sought to record the album in an unconventional setting, believing it would enhance their creative output. Rubin suggested the mansion magician Harry Houdini once lived in, to which they agreed. A crew was hired to set up a recording studio and other equipment required for production in the house. The band decided that they would remain inside the mansion for the duration of recording, though according to Kiedis Smith was convinced the location was haunted, and refused to stay.[12] He would, instead, come each day by motorcycle.[12][13] Smith himself disputes this account, and instead claims the real reason he did not stay at The Mansion was because he wanted to be with his wife.[14] Frusciante, however, disagreed with Smith, and said \"There are definitely ghosts in the house,\" and Frusciante felt they were \"very friendly. We [the band] have nothing but warm vibes and happiness everywhere we go in this house.\"[15]", "Desperately Seeking Susan. The interior/exterior shots of The Magic Club were filmed at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.[9] Some scenes were filmed at Danceteria, a club that Madonna frequented and which gave her a start in the music business.", "Practical Magic. The sisters cast an oath to each other using blood from both of their hands and Gillian leaves for Los Angeles. Sally meets and marries Michael, a local apple salesman. Years later, the two open their botanical shop Verbena and have two young daughters, Kylie and Antonia. Michael is killed after being hit by a truck. Sally and her daughters return to the Owens home to live with the aunts, and realize that the aunts cast a spell so she could fall in love. Sally decides that she and her daughters will not perform magic. As Gillian begins a relationship with Jimmy Angelov in Orlando, Sally is devastated by her husband's death. Gillian feels that Sally needs her, and drugs Jimmy to return to Massachusetts.", "The Ghost and Mr. Chicken. The \"Simmons Mansion\", a three-story Second-Empire Victorian house, stands on Colonial Street on the Universal Studios lot in California and was built for the film So Goes My Love (1946). It appeared as the Dowd house in the film Harvey (1950), and, with several alterations to the architecture, served as the home of Gabrielle Solis in Desperate Housewives (2004-2012).[4] But according to horror movie host Svengoolie (aka Rich Koz, who featured The Ghost and Mr. Chicken in his 2012-2013 season on the ME TV broadcast network), the mansion was also the home of the Munsters. The popular but short-lived 1964-66 sitcom, and the related movie, Munster, Go Home! (1966), were both produced by Universal Studios.", "The Golden Girls. The house's address was mentioned as being 6151 Richmond Street, Miami.[26] The outside model used in the shots of the house beginning in the third season and lasting through the end of the series was part of the backstage studio tour ride at Disney's Hollywood Studios. This façade—along with the Empty Nest house—was among those destroyed in mid-2003, as Disney bulldozed the houses of \"Residential Street\" to make room for its \"Lights, Motors, Action!\" attraction. A hurricane that damaged the sets earlier also contributed to this decision. The façade was based on a real house at 245 N. Saltair Avenue in Brentwood, California. This residence was used for outside shots during the first two seasons.[27]", "Red Hot Chili Peppers. The band spent six months recording a new album, with long periods of rehearsal, songwriting, and incubating ideas. However, Rubin was dissatisfied with a regular recording studio, thinking the band would work better in a less orthodox setting, believing it would enhance their creative output. Rubin suggested the mansion magician Harry Houdini once lived in, to which they agreed. A crew was hired to set up a recording studio and other equipment required for production in the house. The band decided that they would remain inside the mansion for the duration of recording, though according to Kiedis, Smith was convinced the location was haunted, and refused to stay.[55] He would, instead, come each day by motorcycle.[55][56] Smith himself disputes this account, and instead claims the real reason he did not stay at The Mansion was because he wanted to be with his wife.[57] Frusciante, however, disagreed with Smith, and said \"There are definitely ghosts in the house,\" and Frusciante felt they were \"very friendly. We [the band] have nothing but warm vibes and happiness everywhere we go in this house.\"[58] Rubin is the current owner of the studio known as The Mansion. During production, the band agreed to let Flea's brother-in-law document the creative process on film.[59] When the album's recording was complete, the Chili Peppers released the film, titled Funky Monks. The band was unable to decide on the title of the album, but to Rubin, one particular song title stuck out: \"Blood Sugar Sex Magik\". Although it was not a featured song, Rubin believed it to be \"clearly the best title\".[60]", "Fibber McGee and Molly. The \"corner of 14th and Oak\" in downtown Wistful Vista was routinely given as a location for various homes, places of business and government buildings throughout the show's run.", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1996 TV series). The actual house photographed and filmed to depict Spellman Manor is a Victorian mansion located at 64 E. Main St. in Freehold, New Jersey.[7] The exteriors for Westbridge High School, which Sabrina attended, were Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, New Jersey.", "Practical Magic. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly gave Practical Magic a negative review, calling it \"a witch comedy so slapdash, plodding, and muddled it seems to have had a hex put on it.\"[6] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said that the film \"doesn't seem sure what tone to adopt, veering uncertainly from horror to laughs to romance.\"[7]", "Sabrina the Teenage Witch (TV series). The actual house photographed and filmed to depict Spellman Manor is a Victorian mansion located at 64 E. Main St. in Freehold, New Jersey.[7] The exteriors for Westbridge High School, which Sabrina attended, were Dwight Morrow High School in Englewood, New Jersey.", "Practical Magic. Bullock and Kidman play sisters Sally and Gillian Owens, who have always known they were different from each other. Raised by their aunts after their parents' death, the sisters grew up in a household that was anything but typical—their aunts fed them chocolate cake for breakfast and taught them the uses of practical magic. But the invocation of the Owens' sorcery also carries a price—some call it a curse: the men they fall in love with are doomed to an untimely death. Now adult women with very different personalities, the quiet Sally and the fiery Gillian must use all of their powers to fight the family curse and a swarm of supernatural forces that could take away all the Owens' lives.", "Silver Spoons. The brick Tudor period mansion shown in the opening credits is actually a private residence located in Warwickshire, England. The elaborate home, named Compton Wynyates, was built in 1481. Before Silver Spoons, it was used in the 1977 Disney film Candleshoe, starring Helen Hayes, Jodie Foster and David Niven.[4]", "The Real World: San Francisco. The cast lived in a house at 949[6] Lombard Street in San Francisco, California from February 12 to June 19, 1994.[7] The house is located between Leavenworth Street and Jones Street, one block east of the eight sharp turns that have earned the street the distinction of being \"the crookedest street in the United States\". Production renovated the third and fourth floors of the building for filming. A June 8, 2000, fire caused approximately $2 million in damage to the house. Several years after the fire, the building was completely renovated, and bears only a slight resemblance to its appearance in 1994.[8] The renovations include a second garage on the east side of the house, atop of which sits a patio.[9][10]", "Matilda (1996 film). The Crank House, in Altadena, California, stood in for Miss Trunchbull's house.[5] The house would later be used as the Omega Beta Zeta sorority house in Scream 2 (1997) and in Catch Me If You Can (2002). The exterior of Matilda's house is located on Youngwood Drive in Whittier, California,[6] and the library she visits is the Pasadena Public Library on East Walnut Street in Pasadena, CA.[7]", "Practical Magic. Practical Magic received negative reviews from film critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a 20% approval rating, based on 55 reviews, with an average rating of 4.4/10 and the site's consensus states: \"Comedy, romance and horror mix with unsatisfying results.\"[4] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 1–100 reviews from film critics, calculated an average rating score of 46 based on 22 reviews.[5]", "Upper Middle Bogan. The house featured as the Wheeler's House is located at Saratoga Crescent in Keilor Downs, Victoria, which can be confirmed by comparing the opening scenes with Google maps earth view (see solar panels on neighbor's house). Amber's new house is at Copernicus Way. The Driving Office scenes were filmed in Gisborne, Victoria, as were the motel scenes.", "Casa Loma. Due to its unique architectural character in Toronto, Casa Loma has been a popular filming location for movies and television. It is also a popular venue for wedding ceremonies,[3] and Casa Loma can be rented in the evenings after the museum closes to the public.", "Private Practice (TV series). Private Practice films a lot of their exterior shots (as well as some of their outdoor storylines) in Santa Monica, California. The Oceanside Group building can be found at the corner of 4th and Wilshire in Santa Monica, California. Addison Montgomery and Sam Bennett live in rare Malibu beachfront houses right on the sand, which in reality would cost upwards of $4 million each.[citation needed]", "Upper Middle Bogan. The town house featured as Margaret Denyar's house in Upper Middle Bogan is located at Summerhill Road in Brighton East, Victoria.[3] It is used to shoot both interior and exterior scenes for the series.[3] The house was sold for $1,905,000 at an auction held on 24 May 2014.[3][4]", "Wisteria Lane. In addition, although the camera briefly passes by 4358 Wisteria Lane - the house that (starting with episode 14, \"Love is in the Air\") would be known as Karen McCluskey's home - it turns away before any names are shown.", "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Most of the scenes were filmed on location in Brighton and Eastbourne.[2] Others, such as the gig scene and some interiors and exteriors for Georgia's house, were filmed in and around Ealing Studios, London. Areas in nearby west London like Bishopshalt school in Hillingdon and the Liquid nightclub in Uxbridge were used as well.[3] Other sites include locations in Teddington and Twickenham. Costumes included green blazers and kilts borrowed from St. Bede's Prep School in Eastbourne, and props included Eastbourne's signature blue bins to add to the effect and continuity when filming in multiple locations.", "Tinker Tailor Soldier Spy (film). Principal photography took place between 7 October and 22 December 2010.[13] Studio scenes were shot at a former army barracks in Mill Hill, North London.[6] Blythe House in Kensington Olympia, West London, was used as the exterior for \"The Circus.\"[14] The interior hall of Budapest's Párizsi Udvar served as the location for the café scene, in which Jim Prideaux is shot.[15] Empress Coach Works in Haggerston was used as the location for the Merlin safe house. Other scenes were filmed on Hampstead Heath and in Hampstead Ponds, where Smiley is shown swimming, and in the physics department of Imperial College London. The exterior shots of the Islay Hotel, a run-down hotel described in the film as being near Liverpool Street station, which Smiley uses as a base, were shot in Wilkin Street, London NW5.[citation needed]", "Desperate Housewives. Interior sets were built on sound stages at Universal Studios Hollywood, some of which were duplicated in some form on the Wisteria Lane back lot for filming when conditions required it.[35]", "Practical Magic. Sally discovers that Jimmy's spirit has possessed Gillian's body and Gary sees Jimmy's spirit emerge. Jimmy attempts to possess Gary, only to be hurt by his silver star-shaped badge and is temporarily exiled. Later, Sally tells Gary that he is there because of her spell and the feelings they have for each other are not real. Gary replies that curses are only true if one believes in them and reveals that he also wished for her, before returning to Tucson.", "Animal House. The actual house depicted as the Delta House was originally a residence in Eugene, the Dr. A.W. Patterson House. Around 1959, it was acquired by the Psi Deuteron chapter of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity and was their chapter house until 1967, when the chapter was closed due to low membership. The house was sold and slid into disrepair, with the spacious porch removed and the lawn graveled over. At the time of the shooting, the Phi Kappa Psi and Sigma Nu fraternity houses sat next to the old Phi Sigma Kappa house, on the 700 block of East 11th Avenue.[18] The interior of the Phi Kappa Psi house and the Sigma Nu house were used for many of the interior scenes, but the individual rooms were filmed on a soundstage. The Patterson house was demolished in 1986,[19] and the site (44°02′53″N 123°04′52″W / 44.048°N 123.081°W / 44.048; -123.081) is now occupied by Northwest Christian University's school of Education and Counseling. A large boulder placed to the west of the parking entrance displays a bronze plaque commemorating the Delta House location. The concluding parade scene was filmed on Main Street in downtown Cottage Grove, about twenty miles (30 km) south of Eugene via Interstate 5.", "The Munsters. The Munster family's multi-level Victorian home had the fictional address of 1313 Mockingbird Lane in Mockingbird Heights. (The town's location is not specified in the series, but in later incarnations, it is described as a small town outside Los Angeles. Leo Durocher, who was then coaching with the Los Angeles Dodgers, guest-starred as himself in one episode, further hinting that the show was set in, or near, Los Angeles.) The exterior shots were filmed on the Universal Studios backlot. In the 1950s, it was assembled with other homes on the backlot. Until production of The Munsters in 1964, the house could be seen as a backdrop on many shows, including Leave It to Beaver.[14] It was also the home of the family in Shirley (ABC, 1979–80) and has appeared in other TV shows such as Coach and (after a remodel) Desperate Housewives. The interiors for the Munsters's mansion were filmed entirely on an enclosed sound stage." ]

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[ "Toto (Oz). In The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Baum did not specifically state Toto's breed, but describes him as \"a little black dog (male although he was played by a female dog in the 1939 MGM movie) with long silky hair and small black eyes that twinkled merrily on either side of his funny, wee nose\". However, from the illustrations in the first book many have concluded that he is a Cairn Terrier while others believe he is a Yorkshire Terrier as this breed was very popular at the time and it fits the illustration quite well. In subsequent books he becomes a Boston Terrier for reasons that are never explained, but then resumes the earlier look in later books.", "Cairn Terrier. Terry, the dog that played Toto in the 1939 screen adaptation of The Wizard of Oz, was a brindle Cairn terrier. Due to the identification of the State of Kansas with the original story The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, a resident of Wichita has begun a drive to make the Cairn terrier the official dog of Kansas.[10] Terry also had a role in the Shirley Temple film Bright Eyes, and 12 other films.", "Toto (Oz). Toto is a fictional dog in L. Frank Baum's Oz series of children's books, and works derived from them. The name is pronounced with a long \"O\", a homophone of \"toe toe\". The dog was originally a small terrier drawn by W. W. Denslow for the first edition of the Wizard of Oz (1900). He reappears in numerous adaptations, such as The Wizard of Oz (1939), The Wiz (1978) and Return to Oz (1985).", "List of Oz characters. Toto is Dorothy's pet scruffy dog, and appears in most of the books she does, beginning with The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Due to his appearance in the 1939 film, he has often been ranked near the top of list of on-screen canine characters.", "The Wizard of Oz (1939 film). The film begins in Kansas, which is depicted in a sepia tone. Dorothy Gale lives with her dog, Toto, on her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry's farm. Toto gets in trouble with a mean neighbor, Miss Almira Gulch, when he bites her. However, Dorothy's family and the farmhands are all too busy to listen to her troubles. Miss Gulch arrives with an order from the sheriff allowing her to take Toto, but he escapes and returns to Dorothy who, fearing that Miss Gulch will return, decides to run away from home.", "Terry (dog). Terry (November 17, 1933 – September 1, 1945) was a female Cairn Terrier performer who appeared in 16 different movies, most famously as Toto in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz. It was her only credited role, though she was credited not as Terry but as Toto.[1] She was owned and trained by Carl Spitz.", "Wizard of Oz (character). In The Wizard of Oz, The Wizard's character is similar to that found in the earlier books: a bumbling \"humbug.\" He was played by actor Frank Morgan who also played several other roles in the movie including Professor Marvel (the mysterious traveling fortune-teller who Dorothy meets in Kansas with a horse named Sylvester), the Doorman at the Emerald City, the Guard at the Gates to the Wizard's Castle, and the Coachman whose transport is drawn by \"The Horse of a Different Color\". His face was also presumably used as the projected image of the Wizard. Like Dorothy, the Wizard himself hails from Kansas, proudly stating that he is \"an old Kansas man myself, born and bred in the heart of the Western Wilderness.\" In the film, the Wizard is seen only as a floating head and as a human, not in any of the other shapes that he appears in the book.", "Wire Fox Terrier. Although it is said Queen Victoria owned one, and her son and heir, King Edward VII, did own a wire fox terrier named Caesar, the breed was not popular as a family pet until the 1930s, when The Thin Man series of feature films was created. Asta, the canine member of the Charles family, was a wire fox terrier, and the popularity of the breed soared. Milou (Snowy) from The Adventures of Tintin comic strip is also a wire fox terrier.", "Griffon Bruxellois. The breed has never been numerous or popular, but had a brief vogue in the late 1950s, and now is generally an uncommon breed. There has been a recent increase in interest in the United States due to the appearance of a Griffon in the movie, As Good as It Gets, and also because of a general increase in interest in toy dogs.", "Terry (dog). Terry, born in the midst of the Great Depression, was trained and owned by Carl Spitz.[2] Her first film appearance was in Ready For Love which was released on November 30, 1934 roughly one month before her first major film appearance, with Shirley Temple, in 1934's Bright Eyes as Rags.[3] She, who did her own stunts, almost lost her life during the filming of The Wizard of Oz when one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on her, breaking her foot. She spent two weeks recuperating at Judy Garland's residence, and Garland developed a close attachment to her. Garland wanted to adopt her, but Spitz refused. Her salary, $125 per week, was more than that of many human actors in the film, and also more than many working Americans at the time.[4] She attended the premiere of The Wizard of Oz at Grauman's Chinese Theater; because of the popularity of the film, her name was changed to Toto in 1942. She had 16 total film appearances, three of which were playing in theaters at the same time in the fall of 1939: The Wizard of Oz, The Women and Bad Little Angel. Her last film was Tortilla Flat (1942), in which she was reunited with Oz director Victor Fleming and Frank Morgan, who played the Wizard.", "Spike (dog). Spike was a lop-eared yellow Mastador (Mastiff/Labrador Retriever mix) and a dog actor best known for his performance as Old Yeller in the 1957 Disney film of the same name co-starring Tommy Kirk, Dorothy McGuire, Fess Parker, and Kevin Corcoran. Spike was rescued as a pup from a shelter in Van Nuys, California and became the pet and pupil of animal trainer Frank Weatherwax.[1]", "Lost In Oz (TV series). After being transported from Kansas to Oz on a magical tornado, twelve-year-old Dorothy Gale finds herself lost in a strange new land with her trusty dog Toto. With the help of some new Ozian friends, Dorothy and Toto begin their search for the magic they need to get back home.", "Dorothy Gale. Dorothy has several other pets, including her white/pink/purple kitten, Eureka. Popular in crossword puzzles is Dorothy's cow, Imogene, from the 1902 stage version, and is implied, though unnamed, in the 1910 film. Eric Shanower's novel, The Giant Garden of Oz, features a cow named Imogene.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The story chronicles the adventures of a young farm girl named Dorothy in the magical Land of Oz, after she and her pet dog Toto are swept away from their Kansas home by a cyclone.[nb 1] The novel is one of the best-known stories in American literature and has been widely translated. The Library of Congress has declared it \"America's greatest and best-loved homegrown fairytale\". Its groundbreaking success and the success of the Broadway musical adapted from the novel led Baum to write thirteen additional Oz books that serve as official sequels to the first story.", "Land of Oz. The treatment of non-native animals was inconsistent. In the first book, the dog Toto never speaks, although brought to Oz; in The Patchwork Girl of Oz, Dorothy specifies that he cannot speak because he is not a fairy dog. However, in Ozma of Oz, the chicken Billina acquires speech merely by being swept to the lands near Oz, and in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz, the same is true of the kitten Eureka and the cab horse Jim when reaching the land of Mangaboos, a similarly magical land. In Tik-Tok of Oz, Baum restored the continuity: Toto can speak, and always could, but never bothered to, because it was unnecessary.", "Toto (Oz). In the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz, Toto was played by a female brindle Cairn Terrier whose real name was Terry. She was paid a $125 salary each week, which was more than some of the human actors (the Singer Midgets who played the Munchkins reportedly received $50 to $100 a week).", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. In 1890, Baum lived in Aberdeen, which was experiencing a drought, and he wrote a witty story in his \"Our Landlady\" column in Aberdeen's The Saturday Pioneer[24] about a farmer who gave green goggles to his horses, causing them to believe that the wood chips that they were eating were pieces of grass. Similarly, the Wizard made the people in the Emerald City wear green goggles so that they would believe that their city was built from emeralds.[25]", "Dorothy Gale. Upon returning to Kansas, Dorothy tells her family about her experiences in Oz. However, her family doesn't believe her, and attempts to get her admitted into an asylum. Her aunt, Emily Brown (Gina Stockdale) is the only person who believes her, and refuses to let her be admitted. However, Aunt Em dies, gifting Dorothy a puppy named Toto before she does. Years pass, and Dorothy returns to Oz. Learning from the munchkins that Zelena is still alive and no longer fearing the witch, Dorothy storms the palace in time to stop Zelena from stealing the Scarecrow's (Paul Scheer) brain for a time spell. Dorothy taunts Zelena about having one thing she'll never obtain, the love of the people, as Zelena prepares a fireball to destroy her. Toto, hopping out of the bag, trots up to the palace curtains, while Dorothy ducks to avoid Zelena's fireball, which hits an approaching guard. Toto then tugs a string, causing the curtains to fall on Zelena, who fumbles to get free. While she is occupied, Dorothy escapes the palace with the Scarecrow and her dog. Later, she and her companions hide out in a cottage, but Zelena eventually finds them, after putting a tracking spell on Dorothy's old bicycle. Dorothy does her best to protect the Scarecrow, but Zelena ends up ripping out his brain. Fearlessly standing up to the witch, Dorothy dares Zelena to do her worst, while boasting that she'll never be afraid of her again. Zelena expresses brief interest in her brave attitude, wondering what made her change. In the end, Zelena leaves Dorothy unharmed to let the people of Oz see that, for once, their great hero has failed them.", "Dorothy Gale. In the Oz books, Dorothy is an orphan raised by her aunt and uncle in the bleak landscape of a Kansas farm. Whether Aunt Em or Uncle Henry is Dorothy's blood relative remains unclear. Uncle Henry makes reference to Dorothy's mother in The Emerald City of Oz, possibly an indication that Henry is Dorothy's blood relative. (It is also possible that \"Aunt\" and \"Uncle\" are affectionate terms of a foster family and that Dorothy is not related to either of them, although Zeb in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz claims to be Dorothy's second cousin, related through Aunt Em. Little mention is made of what happened to Dorothy's birth parents, other than a passing reference to her mother being dead.) Along with her small black dog, Toto, Dorothy is swept away by a tornado to the Land of Oz and, much like Alice of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, they enter an alternative world filled with talking creatures. In many of the Oz books, Dorothy is the main heroine of the story. She is often seen with her best friend and the ruler of Oz, Princess Ozma. Her trademark blue and white gingham dress is admired by the Munchkins because blue is their favorite color and white is worn only by good witches and sorceresses, which indicates to them that Dorothy is a good witch.", "Land of Oz. There are different kinds of animals living in Oz. According to Baum, all animals in Oz have the ability to speak because it is a \"fairy\" kingdom. When asked by his readers why Dorothy's dog Toto did not speak, Baum insisted that he had the ability to, but did not choose to speak, but he finally does so in Tik-Tok of Oz.", "Newfoundland dog. When Napoleon the Wonder Dog died, as a result of a circus accident at the age of 11 years old, his passing was announced in a number of British newspapers, including the Sheffield Daily Telegraph, which mentioned the loss on May 5, 1868, as follows: \"DEATH OF A CELEBRATED FOUR-FOOTED ARTISTE. -- Mr. Van Hare's renowned dog, Napoleon, designated 'The Wizard Dog,' died on 24th ult., aged twelve years. He was a noble specimen of the Newfoundland breed (weighing near 200 lbs.) for which he took the prize at the first Agricultural Hall Dog Show. Besides his magnificent appearance and symmetry, he was the most extraordinary sagacious and highly-trained animal ever known. He is now being preserved and beautifully mounted by the celebrated naturalist, Mr. Edwin Ward. -- Era.\"[16]", "Airedale Terrier. Lingo simply wasn't satisfied with the average strain of Airedale, and after an incredible series of breedings, for which he brought in great Airedales from all over the world, he created the \"King Oorang.\" At the time, Field and Stream magazine called it, \"the greatest utility dog in the history of the world.\" The Oorang Kennel Company continued until Walter Lingo's death in 1969. To help promote the King Oorang, as well as his kennels, Lingo created the Oorang Indians football team headed up by Jim Thorpe. The team played in National Football League from 1922–1923.[14] Jerry Siebert, an Airedale breeder in Buckeye Lake, Ohio, followed in Lingo's footsteps, and bred \"Jerang Airedales.\" There is a kennel in Tennessee that claims to have original Oorang Airedales.[2]", "Lost In Oz (TV series). Dorothy Gale is a precocious child who, with her dog Toto, is swept up to the Land of Oz without a clear way home. To travel back, Dorothy must collect all the different types of magical elements with her new found friends, the streetwise witch West and friendly Munchkin Ojo, while a sinister plot unfolds around them.", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz has become an established part of multiple cultures, spreading from its early young American readership to becoming known throughout the world. It has been translated or adapted into well over fifty languages, at times being modified in local variations. For instance, in some abridged Indian editions, the Tin Woodman was replaced with a horse.[40] In Russia, a translation by Alexander Melentyevich Volkov produced six books, The Wizard of the Emerald City series, which became progressively distanced from the Baum version, as Ellie and her dog Totoshka travel throughout the Magic Land. The 1939 film adaptation has become a classic of popular culture, shown annually on American television from 1959 to 1991 and then several times a year every year beginning in 1999.[41] More recently, the story has become an American stage production with an all-black cast, set in the context of modern African-American culture.[42][43]", "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dorothy is a young girl who lives with her Aunt Em and Uncle Henry and her little dog Toto on a farm in the Kansas prairie. One day, Dorothy and Toto are caught up in a cyclone that deposits her farmhouse into Munchkin Country in the magical Land of Oz. The falling house has killed the Wicked Witch of the East, the evil ruler of the Munchkins. The Good Witch of the North arrives with three grateful Munchkins and gives Dorothy the magical Silver Shoes that once belonged to the Wicked Witch. The Good Witch tells Dorothy that the only way she can return home is to go to the Emerald City and ask the great and powerful Wizard of Oz to help her. As Dorothy embarks on her journey, the Good Witch of the North kisses her on the forehead, giving her magical protection from harm.", "Dorothy Gale. When Zelena gets banished to Oz once again in a later episode, she steals Dorothy's dog Toto. When Dorothy tries to rescue Toto, Zelena puts her under a sleeping curse and she can only be awoken by true love's kiss. At the end of the episode Ruby/Red Ridding Hood wakes Dorothy up by giving Dorothy true loves kiss, making them the show's first LGBT couple.", "List of Oz characters. The Kalidahs are a fictitious species of animal in The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[15] They are mentioned and featured in the first half of the story when Dorothy Gale and her companions are traveling through the dark forest. A Kalidah is characterized as a ferocious monster having the head of a tiger and the body of a bear.", "American Eskimo Dog. The American Eskimo Dog is a breed of companion dog originating in Germany. The American Eskimo is a member of the Spitz family. The breed's progenitors were German Spitz, but due to anti-German prejudice during the First World War, it was renamed \"American Eskimo Dog\". Although modern American Eskimos have been exported as German Spitz Gross (or Mittel, depending on the dog's height), the breeds have diverged and the standards are significantly different. In addition to serving as a watchdog and companion, the American Eskimo dog also achieved a high degree of popularity in the United States in the 1930s and 1940s as a circus performer.", "Jack Russell Terrier. Following World War II, the requirement for hunting dogs drastically declined, and with it the numbers of Jack Russell terriers. The dogs were increasingly used as family and companion dogs. Further crossbreeding occurred, with Welsh corgis, Chihuahuas, and other smaller breeds of terrier. The offspring of these crosses became known as \"Puddin' Dogs\", \"Shortie Jacks\", or \"Russell Terriers\".[16]", "New Guinea singing dog. Specimens. — Male holotype, female allotype, in possession of Sir Edward Hallstrom at Taronga Zoological Park, Sydney, for eventual lodgment in the collection of the Australian Museum. General characters:Muzzle or rostral region short and narrow in contrast with the remarkable facial or bi-zygomatic width, imparting the strikingly vulpine or fox-like appearance. This comparison is sustained in the narrow body and very short bushy tail which measures little more than one third of the combined head-and-body length, with the width of the brush a fraction under 4 inches (10 cm). The fleshy, softlyfurred, triangulate ears remain erect, though rounded and curved forward in conch-like fashion. Colour (Ridgway) of the head a clear tawny brown; the back a darker russet-brown owing to the admixture of blackish-brown hairs, the darker hairs enclosing a yellowish \"saddlemark\" somewhat more conspicuous in the female. Outer shoulders and hips clear ochraceous-tawny; tail about tawny-olive brindled above with blackish-brown, tip white; four paws whitish. Underparts a light buffy, a dark mark across the jaw separating the light chin-spot from the pale undersurface. Dimensions of Holotype: Head and body approximately 650 millimetres (26 in); tail exactly 245 millimetres (9.6 in), less brush; heel to longest toe, less nail, 145 millimetres (5.7 in); dew-claw from base to ground, 25 millimetres (0.98 in); ear, length from outer base to tip 75 millimetres (3.0 in), midwidth 40 millimetres (1.6 in); longest vibrissa 52 millimetres (2.0 in); length of head to extremity of sagittal crest 180 millimetres (7.1 in) (approx.) and bi-zygomatic width 100 millimetres (3.9 in); rear molar to incisor 90 millimetres (3.5 in); width across incisors 23 millimetres (0.91 in); height of upper canine 16 millimetres (0.63 in).[3]", "Toto (Oz). During production, Terry's foot was broken when one of the Winkie guards accidentally stepped on it. A second dog had to be used while she healed. Due to the popularity of the movie, and because that role was the one she was most remembered for, her owner and trainer changed her official name to Toto. She actually appeared in 13 films.[1] She died at age 11. Willard Carroll wrote her \"autobiography,\" I, Toto (2001).", "Snowy (character). Terriers were popular domestic dogs during the late 1920s and early 1930s. They were known for their intelligence and character, two traits which are also reflected in Snowy. Snowy was inspired by various breeds of terrier, especially the Wire Fox Terrier. A pure white Fox Terrier is highly unusual.[6] Hergé always draws Snowy at particular angles, usually three-quarters-on, to align his expressions with the panel. Snowy's size relative to humans varies between strips.[7]" ]

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[ "Women's basketball. Most high school games are played with four 8-minute quarters, while NCAA, WNBA, and FIBA games are played in four 10 minute quarters. In 2015-2016 the NCAA changed the rules to 10 minute quarters from 20 minute halves.[4]", "College basketball. Prior to the 2015–16 season, NCAA men's basketball used a 35-second shot clock, while NCAA women's basketball was played with the same 20-minute halves as the men's game.", "College basketball. As of the most recent 2017–18 season, NCAA men's games are divided into two halves, each 20 minutes long; NBA games are played in four quarters of 12 minutes each; and WNBA and NCAA women's games are played in 10-minute quarters. The NCAA shot clock gives teams of both sexes 30 seconds to shoot, while the shot clock used in both the NBA and WNBA gives teams 24 seconds. Also, NCAA teams are allowed 10 seconds to move the ball past the halfcourt line (with this rule only having been added to the women's college game in the 2013–14 season), while NBA and WNBA rules allow only 8 seconds. However, like the NBA and WNBA (and high school basketball), during the last minute of each period, the game clock keeps time remaining in the period measured in tenths of a second, rather than full seconds.", "Women's National Basketball Association. Games are divided into four 10-minute quarters as opposed to the league's original two 20-minute halves of play, similar to FIBA and NCAA women's college rules (many WNBA players play in European, Chinese, or Australian leagues, which all use the FIBA rule set).", "Women's basketball. The WNBA shot clock was changed from 30 to 24 seconds, which has been in FIBA play since 2000, and has been used by the NBA since the shot clock was first introduced. Both men's and women’s NCAA college basketball use a 30-second shot clock; men used a 35-second shot clock until the 2015–16 season, when they switched to 30 seconds as well.", "Shot clock. In the 1969–70 season, women's collegiate basketball (at the time sanctioned by the Commission on Intercollegiate Athletics for Women) used a 30-second shot clock on an experimental basis, officially adopting it for the 1970–71 season.[15] Unlike the women's side, there was initial resistance to the implementation of a shot clock for men's NCAA basketball, due to fears that smaller colleges would be unable to compete with powerhouses in a running game. However, after extreme results like an 11–6 Tennessee win over Temple in 1973, support for a men's shot clock began to build.[16] The NCAA introduced a 45-second shot clock for the men's game in the 1985–86 season, reducing it to 35 seconds in the 1993–94 season[17] and 30 seconds in the 2015–16 season.[18]", "Women's basketball. Women's basketball is one of the few[citation needed] women's sports that developed in tandem with its men's counterpart. It became popular, spreading from the east coast of the United States to the west coast, in large part via women's colleges. From 1895 until 1970, the term \"women's basketball\" was also used to refer to netball, which evolved in parallel with modern women's basketball.", "Basketball. Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went to Naismith to learn more about the game.[26] Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the first women's collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another.[27] However, the first women's interinstitutional game was played in 1892 between the University of California and Miss Head's School.[28] Berenson's rules were first published in 1899, and two years later she became the editor of A. G. Spalding's first Women's Basketball Guide.[27] Berenson's freshmen played the sophomore class in the first women's intercollegiate basketball game at Smith College, March 21, 1893.[29] The same year, Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College (coached by Clara Gregory Baer) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar, and Bryn Mawr. The first intercollegiate women's game was on April 4, 1896. Stanford women played Berkeley, 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1 Stanford victory.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament is an annual college basketball tournament for women. Held each March, the Women's Championship was inaugurated in the 1981–82 season. The NCAA tournament was preceded by the AIAW Women's Basketball Tournament, which was held annually from 1972 to 1982. Basketball was one of 12 women's sports added to the NCAA championship program for the 1981–82 school year, as the NCAA engaged in battle with the Association for Intercollegiate Athletics for Women for sole governance of women's collegiate sports. The AIAW continued to conduct its established championship program in the same 12 (and other) sports; however, after a year of dual women's championships, the NCAA prevailed, while the AIAW disbanded.", "Women's basketball. Berenson's freshmen played the sophomore class in the first women's collegiate basketball game held on 22 March 1893. University of California and Miss Head's School, had played the first women's extramural game in 1892. Also in 1893, Mount Holyoke and Sophie Newcomb College, coached by Clara Gregory Baer, the inventor of Newcomb ball) women began playing basketball. By 1895, the game had spread to colleges across the country, including Wellesley, Vassar and Bryn Mawr. The first intercollegiate women's game was on 4 April 1896. Stanford women played California, 9-on-9, ending in a 2–1 Stanford victory. Clara Gregory Baer published the first book of rules for women's basketball in 1895 she first called the game 'Basquette', a name later dropped in her first revision of rules called Newcomb College Basketball Rules published in 1908.[6] In 1971 five player, full court game was adopted followed by women's sports foundation which was formed in 1974.[7]", "Volleyball. The final year of side-out scoring at the NCAA Division I Women's Volleyball Championship was 2000. Rally point scoring debuted in 2001,[16] and games were played to 30 points through 2007. For the 2008 season, games were renamed \"sets\" and reduced to 25 points to win. Most high schools in the U.S. changed to rally scoring in 2003,[17][18][19] and several states implemented it the previous year on an experimental basis.[20]", "Women's basketball. The first intercollegiate women's basketball game was played between teams from Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley, in 1896.[2]", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Attendance and interest in the Women's Division I Championship have grown over the years, especially from 2003 to 2016, when the final championship game was moved to the Tuesday following the Monday men's championship game.[1] The women's championship game is the penultimate overall game of the college basketball season since 2017. From 1982 to 1990, 1996 to 2002, and since 2017 the Women's Final Four is usually played on the Friday before the Men's Final Four or the hours before the men played on the final Saturday of the tournament. The final was usually played the Sunday afternoon following the Men's Final Four; since 2017, Sunday evening.", "Women's basketball. Women's basketball began in the winter of 1892 at Smith College. Senda Berenson, an instructor at Smith, taught basketball to her students, hoping the activity would improve their physical health.[1] Basketball's early adherents were affiliated with YMCAs and colleges throughout the United States, and the game quickly spread throughout the country.[citation needed]", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The championship consisted of 32 teams from 1982–1985 (in 1983, 36), 40 teams from 1986–1988, and 48 teams from 1989–1993. Since 1994, 64 teams compete in each tournament.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Prior to 1996, seeding was conducted on a regional basis. The top teams (eight in the 32-, 40-, and 48-team formats, and 16 in the 64-team format) were ranked and seeded on a national basis. The remaining teams were then seeded based on their geographic region. Teams were moved outside of its geographic region only if it was necessary to balance the bracket, or if the proximity of an opponent outside of its region would be comparable and a more competitive game would result. In 1993, all teams except for the top four were explicitly unseeded. The regional seeding resumed in 1994. In 1996, seeds were assigned on a national basis using an \"S-Curve\" format[clarification needed] similar to the process used in selecting the field for the men's tournament.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, the following results have occurred for each pairing:", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Since the expansion to 64 teams in 1994, each seed-pairing has played 100 first-round games with these results:", "2017 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002; the top sixteen teams, as chosen in the bracket selection process, hosted the first two rounds on campus.", "Women's National Basketball Association. The 2007 WNBA season brought changes that included:[29]", "Bonus (basketball). Women's college basketball followed men's bonus rules until the 2015–16 season, when it adopted FIBA bonus rules: four fouls per period; two free throws on every team foul over four; team fouls accrue from the fourth period on, as all overtimes are extensions of it.[6]", "Basketball. Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[33] or 12 minutes (NBA).[34] College men's games use two 20-minute halves,[35] college women's games use 10-minute quarters,[36] and United States high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters.[37] 15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules[35][38][39] and 10 minutes in United States high schools.[37] Overtime periods are five minutes in length[35][40][41] except for high school, which is four minutes in length.[37] Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours.", "Women's basketball. However, Berenson was taking risks simply in teaching the game to women. She worried a little about the women suffering from \"nervous fatigue\" if games were too strenuous for them. And, in order to keep it \"acceptable\" for women to play at all, she taught modified rules. These included a court divided into three areas and nine players per team. Three players were assigned to each area (guard, center, forward) and could not cross the line into another area. The ball was moved from section to section by passing or dribbling. Players were limited to three dribbles and could hold the ball for three seconds. No snatching or batting the ball away from a player was allowed. A center jump was required after each score. Peach baskets and the soccer ball were the equipment. Uniforms consisted of attire similar to school uniforms, including long baggy shorts. Meanwhile current women's basketball uniforms consist of a jersey and gym shorts. Variations of Berenson’s rules spread across the country via YMCAs and colleges.[citation needed]", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. 267 teams have appeared in the NCAA Tournament in at least a year, since 1982 (the initial year that the post-season tournament was under the auspices of the NCAA). The results for all years are shown in this table below.[9]", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. † Some exceptions. Due to venue availability, in some cases, the lower seed hosted, or the game was played at a neutral site.\n‡ From 2003–2014, sixteen predetermined sites were selected for first and second-round games. Teams were allowed to play at home, if hosting.\nBetween 2005 and 2008, eight sites were used for first-round games.", "Women's basketball. One of the major important events in the development of women's basketball in the United States was Title IX.", "2016 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. This was the last Women's Final Four to be played on the then-current Sunday/Tuesday schedule. Starting in 2017, the Final Four will change to a Friday/Sunday schedule, which it was from its inception in 1982 through 1990, then again from 1996 through 2002.[3]", "Women's basketball. The popularity of women's basketball grew steadily around the world for decades. By the 1970s the sport had attracted the notice the International Olympic Committee, which added women's basketball as an official sport of the Olympic Games in 1976, the men debuted in 1936. Throughout the 1970s, funding for (and interest in) women's basketball began to dramatically increase as schools receiving federal funding began to come into compliance with new laws mandating a lack of discrimination based on sex. The sport was also gaining attention at the collegiate level, under the auspices of the Association of Intercollegiate Athletics for Women (AIAW). A major development in women's basketball occurred in 1982 when the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) began to sponsor the sport.[citation needed]. After several failed attempts at women's professional leagues in the U.S., the NBA founded the WNBA in 1996.", "2018–19 NCAA Division I women's basketball season. Several teams changed coaches during and after the season.", "2018 NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. The basis for the subregionals returned to the approach used between 1982 and 2002; the top sixteen teams, as chosen in the bracket selection process, hosted the first two rounds on campus.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. All 63 games have been broadcast on television since 2003 on ESPN and ESPN2.[2] Similar to the pre-2011 men's tournament coverage on CBS, local teams are shown on each channel when available, with \"whip-around\" coverage designed to showcase the most competitive contests in the rest of the country.", "NCAA Division I Women's Basketball Tournament. Since 1982, at least one #1 seed has made the Final Four every year." ]

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[ "Constitution of Virginia. Article III has one section, confirming the principle of separation of powers between the legislative, executive and judicial branches of government. Unlike the U.S. federal Constitution, the Virginia Constitution explicitly provides that no branch may exercise powers that properly belong to the others.[37] Separation between the branches of government is also listed as a right of the people in ยง5 of Article I.", "Constitution of Virginia. The fifth Article similarly defines the structure and powers of the executive branch. The Governor of Virginia is invested as the chief executive, though ยง1 of Article V, provides that the governor may not run for successive terms. The offices of lieutenant governor and attorney general are established as supporting elected constitutional positions.", "Government of Virginia. Many executive branch agencies have the authority to promulgate regulations. Proposals to create or amend state regulations are often subject to review by the executive branch.", "Constitution of Virginia. Article IV establishes the basic structure and authority of the Virginia legislature. The legislative power of the state is vested in the Virginia General Assembly, which consists of the Virginia Senate and the Virginia House of Delegates. ยง17 of Article IV gives the legislature the power to impeach members of the executive and judicial branches.", "Virginia Plan. Terms of office were not specified, but the executive and members of the popularly elected legislative chamber could not be elected for an undetermined time afterward. The legislative branch would have the power to negate state laws if they were deemed incompatible with the articles of union. The concept of checks and balances was embodied in a provision that legislative acts could be vetoed by a council composed of the executive and selected members of the judicial branch; their veto could be overridden by an unspecified legislative majority.", "Constitution of Virginia. The constitutional powers of the governor include the ability to sign legislation, veto bills (which veto may then be overridden by a two-thirds majority of both houses of the assembly), and issue pardons.", "Virginia. Since 1971, the government has functioned under the seventh Constitution of Virginia, which provides for a strong legislature and a unified judicial system. Similar to the federal structure, the government is divided in three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. The legislature is the General Assembly, a bicameral body whose 100-member House of Delegates and 40-member Senate write the laws for the Commonwealth. The Assembly is stronger than the executive, as it selects judges and justices. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor are elected every four years in separate elections. Incumbent governors cannot run for re-election, however the Lieutenant Governor and Attorney General can, and governors may serve non-consecutive terms.[286] The judicial system, the oldest in America, consists of a hierarchy from the Supreme Court of Virginia and the Court of Appeals of Virginia to the Circuit Courts, the trial courts of general jurisdiction, and the lower General District Courts and Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Courts.[287]", "Government of Virginia. The governor serves as chief executive officer of the Commonwealth and as commander-in-chief of its militia. The Constitution does not allow a governor to succeed himself in office (though a governor is allowed to serve multiple non-consecutive terms). The Lieutenant Governor, who is not elected on the same ticket as the governor, serves as president of the Senate of Virginia and is first in the line of succession to the governor. The Lieutenant Governor is allowed to run for reelection. The Attorney General is chief legal advisor to the governor and the General Assembly, chief lawyer of the Commonwealth and the head of the Department of Law. The attorney general is second in the line of succession to the governor. Whenever there is a vacancy in all three executive offices of governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general, then the Speaker of the House of the Virginia House of Delegates becomes governor.", "Government of Virginia. The government of Virginia combines the three branches of authority in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The current Governor of Virginia is Ralph Northam. The State Capitol building in Richmond was designed by Thomas Jefferson, and the cornerstone was laid by Governor Patrick Henry in 1785. Virginia currently functions under the 1971 Constitution of Virginia. It is the Commonwealth's seventh constitution. Under the Constitution, the government is composed of three branches, the legislative, the executive and the judicial.", "Virginia Declaration of Rights. Section 5. That the legislative and executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the judiciary; and that the members of the two first may be restrained from oppression, by feeling and participating the burdens of the people, they should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken, and the vacancies be supplied by frequent, certain, and regular elections, in which all, or any part, of the former members, to be again eligible, or ineligible, as the laws shall direct.", "Constitution of Virginia. The Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia is the document that defines and limits the powers of the state government and the basic rights of the citizens of the U.S. Commonwealth of Virginia. Like all other state constitutions, it is supreme over Virginia's laws and acts of government, though it may be superseded by the United States Constitution and U.S. federal law as per the Supremacy Clause.", "Virginia Plan. In addition to dealing with legislative representation, the Virginia Plan addressed other issues as well, with many provisions that did not make it into the Constitution that emerged. It called for a national government of three branches: legislative, executive, and judicial. Members of one of the two legislative chambers would be elected by the people; members of that chamber would then elect the second chamber from nominations submitted by state legislatures. The executive would be chosen by the legislative branch.", "Government of Virginia. The Virginia Governor's Cabinet is a body of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch, responsible for advising the Governor. It is composed of the following offices,[1] nominated by the Governor and then presented to the Virginia General Assembly for confirmation:", "Constitution of Virginia. Article VII of the Constitution sets up the basic framework for the structure and function of local government in Virginia. Local government may be established at the town (population over 1000), city (population over 5000), county or regional government level. Article VII gives the General Assembly the power to create general laws for the organization and governing of these political subdivisions, except that regional governments cannot be created without the consent of the majority of the voters who vote on the issue in the region.", "Government of Virginia. Like many other states, by the 1850s Virginia featured a state legislature, several executive officers, and an independent judiciary. By the time of the Constitution of 1901, which lasted longer than any other state constitution, the General Assembly continued as the legislature, the Supreme Court of Appeals acted as the judiciary, and the eight executive officers were elected: the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Attorney General, Secretary of the Commonwealth, State Treasurer, Auditor of Public Accounts, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Commissioner of Agriculture and Immigration. The Constitution of 1901 was amended many times, notably in the 1930s and 1950s, before it was abandoned in favor of more modern government, with fewer elected officials, reformed local governments and a more streamlined judiciary.", "Virginia Declaration of Rights. Articles 5 and 6 recommend the principles of separation of powers and free elections, \"frequent, certain, and regular\"[12] of executives and legislators: \"That the legislative and executive powers of the state should be separate and distinct from the judicative; and, that the members of the two first...should, at fixed periods, be reduced to a private station, return into that body from which they were originally taken...by frequent, certain, and regular elections.\"[12]", "Governor of Virginia. The governor is the head of government in Virginia. At the beginning of every regular session, he or she must report the state of the Commonwealth to the Virginia General Assembly (both the House of Delegates and the Senate). He or she must convene the legislature when two-thirds of each house calls for a special session. The governor must ensure that the laws of the Commonwealth are faithfully executed by either signing, or allowing it to come into law, or vetoing, not allowing it to become law. They are responsible for the safety of the state, as they serve as commander-in-chief of the Virginia Militia.", "Government of Virginia. The legislative branch or state legislature is the General Assembly. The General Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of a lower house, the Virginia House of Delegates, with 100 members, and an upper house, the Senate of Virginia, with 40 members. Combined together, the General Assembly consists of 140 elected representatives from an equal number of constituent districts across the commonwealth. The General Assembly holds sessions in the Virginia State Capitol in Richmond.", "Powers of the President of the United States. Within the executive branch itself, the president has broad powers to manage national affairs and the priorities of the government. The president can issue rules, regulations, and instructions called executive orders, which have the binding force of law upon federal agencies but do not require approval of the United States Congress. Executive orders are subject to judicial review and interpretation.", "Government of Virginia. The judiciary of Virginia is defined under the Constitution and law of Virginia and is composed of the Supreme Court of Virginia and subordinate courts, including the Court of Appeals, the Circuit Courts, and the General District Courts. Its administration is headed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Judicial Council, the Committee on District Courts, the Judicial Conferences, and various other officers.", "Government of Virginia. The political subdivisions of Virginia are the areas into which the state is divided for political and administrative purposes. In Virginia, the political subdivisions have only the legal powers specifically granted to them by the General Assembly and set forth under the Code of Virginia.", "Virginia Plan. The scope of the resolutions, going well beyond tinkering with the Articles of Confederation, succeeded in broadening the debate to encompass fundamental revisions to the structure and powers of the national government. The resolutions proposed, for example, a new form of national government having three branches (legislative, executive and judicial). One contentious issue facing the convention was the manner in which large and small states would be represented in the legislature: proportionate to population, with larger states having more votes than less-populous states, or by equal representation for each state, regardless of its size and population. The latter system more closely resembled that of the Articles of Confederation, under which each state was represented by one vote in a unicameral legislature.[citation needed]", "Government of Virginia. The statewide elected officials are governor, lieutenant governor, and attorney general.", "Government of Virginia. Local government consists of city and county officers, as well as people who are known as constitutional officers. The positions of these constitutional officers are provided for by the Virginia Constitution. Article 7, Section 4 of the Virginia constitution provides, \"There shall be elected by the qualified voters of each county and city a treasurer, a sheriff, an attorney for the Commonwealth, a clerk, who shall be clerk of the court in the office of which deeds are recorded, and a commissioner of revenue.\" The local constitutional offices are not appointed by the city or county. The Judges of the Circuit Court, the General District Court and the Juvenile and Domestic Relations District Court are appointed by the State legislature. The constitutional officers have salaries set by the state through its compensation board,[7] although the locality may supplement the salaries.[8] This structure allows those officers a measure of independence within the local government setting.", "Constitution of Virginia. The 1776 Constitution declared the dissolution of the rule of Great Britain over Virginia and accused England's King George III of establishing a \"detestable and insupportable tyranny\". It also established separation of governmental powers, with the creation of the bicameral Virginia General Assembly as the legislative body of the state and the Governor of Virginia as the \"chief magistrate\" or executive. The accompanying Virginia Declaration of Rights, written primarily by Mason, focuses on guarantees of basic human rights and freedoms and the fundamental purpose of government. It, in turn, served as a model for a number of other historic documents, including the United States Bill of Rights.", "Constitution of Virginia. Article VI vests judicial power in the Supreme Court of Virginia, along with the subordinate courts created by the General Assembly. Judges are appointed by a majority vote in the General Assembly to terms of 12 years for Supreme Court Justices and 8 years for other judges. The Supreme Court, pursuant to ยง5, has the authority to make rules governing the practice of law and procedures in the courts of the commonwealth (see rules), and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court is established as the administrative head of the Virginia judicial system.", "Administrative divisions of Virginia. One of the powers granted by the state to political subdivisions is the power to enact local regulations regarding matters covered by the local charter, called ordinances. In order to pass an ordinance, a locality must provide published notice of the proposed ordinance prior to its enactment, including the text of the ordinance or a reasonable summary thereof, and particularly directed to the attention of residents likely to be affected by it and advising such residents of their ability to object to the proposal. The ordinance must be debated in a public meeting, and passed by a majority vote of the governing body of that subdivision.", "Government of Virginia. The House of Delegates is presided over by the Speaker of the House, while the Senate is presided over by the Lieutenant Governor of Virginia. The House and Senate each elect a clerk and sergeant-at-arms. The Senate of Virginia's clerk is known as the \"Clerk of the Senate\" (instead of as the \"Secretary of the Senate,\" the title used in the United States Senate). The General Assembly also selects the Commonwealth's Auditor of Public Accounts. The statutory law enacted by the General Assembly is codified in the Code of Virginia.", "Administrative divisions of Virginia. Some limitations exist on the power to enact ordinances. The Supreme Court of the United States has held that the United States Constitution requires that laws, including municipal ordinances, may not be arbitrary or discriminatory, and may not be unreasonably vague, so that a resident may be reasonably certain that their conduct conforms to the law. Furthermore, local governments can not delegate the power to enact ordinances to other bodies. However, they may establish fixed and certain standards for carrying out certain activities (such as home building or operating restaurants), and then delegate to subordinate bodies the power to make rules governing how residents can demonstrate compliance with these standards.", "Constitution of Virginia. The primary purpose of Article IX is to create the Virginia State Corporation Commission, which is charged with administering the laws that regulate corporations. The State Corporation Commission also issues charters for Virginia corporations and licenses to do business for “foreign” (non-Virginia) corporations. Section 5 of Article IX prohibits such foreign corporations from doing anything in Virginia that a Virginia corporation could not do.", "Virginia Declaration of Rights. Section 7. That all power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws, by any authority, without consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their rights and ought not to be exercised.", "Virginia. The Virginia General Assembly is the oldest continuous law-making body in the New World.[10] The state government was ranked most effective by the Pew Center on the States in both 2005 and 2008.[11] It is unique in how it treats cities and counties equally, manages local roads, and prohibits its governors from serving consecutive terms. Virginia's economy has many sectors: agriculture in the Shenandoah Valley; federal agencies in Northern Virginia, including the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Defense and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); and military facilities in Hampton Roads, the site of the region's main seaport." ]

[ 1.4736328125, 3.017578125, 3.970703125, 1.7509765625, -1.0654296875, 1.1494140625, 0.23388671875, 2.046875, 0.453125, 0.576171875, -0.58642578125, -0.90478515625, 1.267578125, -1.5859375, 1.28515625, 0.335205078125, -1.4384765625, -0.46728515625, -1.5107421875, -1.3037109375, -1.1845703125, -2.9375, -1.0322265625, -0.4072265625, -1.3974609375, -1.9150390625, -1.3681640625, 1.62890625, -2.09765625, -3.86328125, -2.619140625, -2.15625 ]

[ "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for identifying and eliminating border, economic, transportation, and infrastructure security vulnerabilities. There is an estimate of about more than 20,000 ICE employees in approximately over 400 offices within the United States including 46 other countries.[8]", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) is a U.S. federal government law enforcement agency under the jurisdiction of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS). ICE has two primary components: Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) and Enforcement and Removal Operations (ERO). Headquartered in Washington, D.C., ICE is charged with the investigation and enforcement of over 400 federal statutes within the United States, and maintains attachés at major U.S. embassies overseas.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement was formed pursuant to the Homeland Security Act of 2002, following the events of September 11, 2001. With the establishment of the Department of Homeland Security, the functions and jurisdictions of several border and revenue enforcement agencies were combined and consolidated into U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Consequently, ICE is the largest investigative arm of the Department of Homeland Security, and the second largest contributor to the nation's Joint Terrorism Task Force.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The organization is composed of two law enforcement directorates and several support divisions each headed by a director who reports to an Executive Associate Director.[9] The divisions of ICE provide investigation, interdiction and security services to the public and other law enforcement partners in the federal and local sectors.", "Illegal immigration to the United States. Federal law enforcement agencies, specifically U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the United States Border Patrol (USBP), and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), enforce the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 (INA), and to some extent, the United States Armed Forces, state and local law enforcement agencies, and civilians and civilian groups guard the border.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The National Security Division monitors the conduct of field enforcement operations in the investigation, detection, interdiction, prosecution, and removal of foreign-born terrorists, terrorist supporters, and hostile foreign intelligence agents located within the United States. This branch also has operational oversight of all HSI special agents assigned to the 103 Joint Terrorism Task Forces (JTTF), provides continuous support to all counter-terrorism investigations and HSI field offices supporting those counter-terrorism efforts and provides actionable proactive counter-terrorism lead information, in furtherance of preventing and disrupting terrorist cells made up of foreigners domestically and abroad.[18]", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Originally a part of the U.S. Customs Service's Office of Investigations, the Office of Air and Marine (then called the Air and Marine Interdiction Division) was transferred to ICE in 2003 during the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, becoming the Office of Air and Marine Operations. Due in part to a 500 million dollar budgetary dispute between CBP and ICE, in 2004 ICE Air and Marine Operations was transferred to U.S. Customs and Border Protection. CBP Air and Marine still works closely with ICE to support the agency's domestic and international law enforcement operations.[13][14][15][16]", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g) allows ICE to establish increased cooperation and communication with state, and local law enforcement agencies. Section 287(g) authorizes the Secretary of Homeland Security to enter into agreements with state and local law enforcement agencies, permitting designated officers to perform immigration law enforcement functions, pursuant to a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), provided that the local law enforcement officers receive appropriate training and function under the supervision of sworn U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement officers. Under 287(g), ICE provides state and local law enforcement with the training and subsequent authorization to identify, process, and when appropriate, detain immigration offenders they encounter during their regular, daily law-enforcement activity.[25]", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. HSI was formerly known as the ICE Office of Investigations (OI). HSI agents have the statutory authority to enforce the Immigration and Nationality Act (Title 8), U.S. customs laws (Title 19), general federal crimes (Title 18), the Controlled Substances Act (Title 21), as well as Titles 5, 6, 12, 22, 26, 28, 31, 46, 49, and 50 of the U.S. Code. HSI has more than 6,500 special agents, making it the largest investigative entity in the Department of Homeland Security and the second largest in the federal government.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. ERO is responsible for enforcing the nation's immigration laws and ensuring the departure of removable immigrants from the United States. ERO uses its deportation officers to identify, arrest, and remove immigrants who violate U.S. immigration law. Deportation officers are responsible for the transportation and detention of immigrants in ICE custody to include the removal of immigrants to their country of origin. Deportation officers prosecute immigrants for violations of U.S. immigration and criminal law, monitor cases during deportation proceedings, supervise released immigrants, and remove immigrants from the United States.[12] Deportation officers operate strategically placed Fugitive Operations Teams whose function is to locate, apprehend, and remove immigrants who have absconded from immigration proceedings and remain in the United States with outstanding warrants for deportation. ERO manages the Secure Communities program which identifies removable immigrants located in jails and prisons. Fingerprints submitted as part of the normal criminal arrest and booking process will automatically check both the Integrated Automatic Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS) of the FBI’s Criminal Justice Information Services (CJIS) Division and the Automated Biometric Identification System (IDENT) of the Department of Homeland Security’s US-VISIT Program.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. ICE has played a key role in investigating and arresting citizens suspected of possessing and distributing child pornography.[29] Because the vast majority of child pornography is produced outside the United States, HSI special agents utilize their authority to investigate persons and groups that traffic in this type of contraband, the importation of which via traditional mail or internet channels constitute violations of customs laws.[citation needed]", "Illegal entry. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection is responsible for apprehending individuals attempting to enter the United States illegally. The United States Border Patrol is its mobile uniformed law enforcement arm, responsible for deterrence, detection and apprehension of those who enter the United States without authorization from the government or outside the designated ports of entry.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. OPLA provides legal advice, training and services to support the ICE mission and defends the interests of the United States in the administrative and federal courts, including representing the government of foreign nationals for the purpose of removal (previously known as \"deportation\") process.", "Immigration to the United States. Some scholars focus on the organization of \"crimmigration\" as it relates to the mass removal of certain immigrants. Jennifer Chacón finds that immigration law enforcement is being decentralized.[283] Customs and Border Patrol (CBP), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) are the central law enforcement agencies in control of enforcing immigration law. However, other federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, such as sheriff’s offices, municipal police departments, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), and the Drug and Enforcement Agency (DEA), aid in immigrant removal.[283] In 1996, Congress expanded power to state and local law enforcement agencies to enforce federal immigration law. These agencies keep people locked up in jails or prison when they receive an \"immigration detainer\" from ICE,[282] and therefore aid in interior enforcement.[283] In addition, some agencies participate in the State Criminal Alien Assistance Program (“SCAAP”), which gives these agencies financial incentives to cooperate with ICE in identifying immigrants in their custody.[282] These are direct example of how \"crimmigration\" works within the U.S. immigration system. With immigration enforcement reaching all levels of enforcement agencies, the Immigration Industrial Complex (which is similar to the Prison Industrial Complex) and concept of \"crimmigration\" thrives.", "Counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism organizations. The investigative and enforcement functions (including investigations, deportation, and intelligence) were combined with U.S. Customs investigators, the Federal Protective Service, and the Federal Air Marshal Service, to create U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE).", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The agencies that were either moved entirely or merged in part into ICE included the investigative and intelligence resources of the United States Customs Service, the criminal investigative, detention and deportation resources of the Immigration and Naturalization Service, and the Federal Protective Service. The Federal Protective Service was later transferred from ICE to the National Protection and Programs Directorate effective October 28, 2009. In 2003, Asa Hutchinson moved the Federal Air Marshals Service from the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) to ICE,[6] but Chertoff moved them back to the TSA in 2005.[7]", "Law enforcement in the United States. The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is another branch with numerous federal law enforcement agencies reporting to it. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Federal Air Marshal Service (FAMS), United States Secret Service (USSS), United States Coast Guard (USCG), Homeland Security Investigations (HSI), and the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are some of the agencies that report to DHS. It should be noted that the United States Coast Guard is assigned to the United States Department of Defense in the event of war.", "Tariffs in United States history. The U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is a federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting customs (import duties or tariffs approved by the U.S. Congress), and enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs and immigration. They man most border crossing stations and ports. When shipments of goods arrive at a border crossing or port, customs officers inspect the contents and charge a tax according to the tariff formula for that product. Usually the goods cannot continue on their way until the custom duty is paid. Custom duties are one of the easiest taxes to collect, and the cost of collection is small.", "United States Department of Homeland Security. Whereas the Department of Defense is charged with military actions abroad, the Department of Homeland Security works in the civilian sphere to protect the United States within, at, and outside its borders. Its stated goal is to prepare for, prevent, and respond to domestic emergencies, particularly terrorism.[7] On March 1, 2003, DHS absorbed the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) and assumed its duties. In doing so, it divided the enforcement and services functions into two separate and new agencies: Immigration and Customs Enforcement and Citizenship and Immigration Services. The investigative divisions and intelligence gathering units of the INS and Customs Service were merged forming Homeland Security Investigations. Additionally, the border enforcement functions of the INS, including the U.S. Border Patrol, the U.S. Customs Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service were consolidated into a new agency under DHS: U.S. Customs and Border Protection. The Federal Protective Service falls under the National Protection and Programs Directorate.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. HSI special agents investigate a range of issues that threaten the national security of the United States such as human rights violations, human smuggling, art theft, human trafficking, drug trafficking, arms trafficking, document and benefit fraud, the manufacturing and sale of counterfeit immigration and identity documents, transnational gangs, financial crimes including money laundering and bulk cash smuggling, trade-based money laundering (including trade finance and Kimberley Process investigations), computer crimes, including the production and transportation of child pornography via the Internet, import/export enforcement, trafficking of counterfeit pharmaceuticals and other merchandise, and international Cultural Property and Antiquities crimes. HSI agents can be requested to provide security for VIPs, and also augment the U.S. Secret Service during overtaxed times such as special security events and elections.", "Taxation in the United States. U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP), an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, collects customs duties and regulates international trade. It has a workforce of over 58,000 employees covering over 300 official ports of entry to the United States. CBP has authority to seize and dispose of cargo in the case of certain violations of customs rules.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The CCS is responsible for developing and coordinating investigations where the Internet is used to facilitate the criminal act. These investigations include fraud, theft of intellectual property rights, money laundering, identity and benefit fraud, the sale and distribution of narcotics and other controlled substances, illegal arms trafficking and the illegal export of strategic/controlled commodities and the smuggling and sale of other prohibited items such as art and cultural property. The CCS is involved in the development of Internet undercover law enforcement investigative methodology, and new laws and regulations to strengthen U.S. Cyber-Border Security. C3 supports the ICE Office of Investigation’s (OI) domestic field offices, along with ICE foreign attachés offices with cyber technical, and covert online investigative support.[20]", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. OSLTC is ICE's primary outreach and communications component for state, local and tribal stakeholders. It is responsible for building and improving relationships, and coordinating activities with state, local, territorial, and tribal law enforcement agencies and through public engagement. It also fosters and sustains relationships with federal, state and local government officials and coordinates ICE ACCESS programs (Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security).", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. OPR is responsible for investigating allegations of misconduct involving employees of ICE. OPR preserves the organizational integrity of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement by impartially, independently and thoroughly investigating allegations of criminal or serious administrative misconduct by ICE employees worldwide. Additionally, OPR inspects and reviews ICE offices, operations and processes so as to provide executive management with independent reviews of the agency's organizational health. In this role, OPR assesses the effectiveness and efficiency of ICE in carrying out its mission.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. ICE operates detention centers throughout the United States that detain undocumented immigrants who are apprehended and placed into removal proceedings. About 34,000 people are held in immigration detention on any given day,[30] in over 200 detention centers, jails, and prisons nationwide.[31] Due to the United States detention bed quota, mandated by congress, that number will increase rather than decrease. The quota mandates at least 34,000 immigrants be held in detention each night. This is the ONLY law enforcement agency in the US with a minimum quota. (https://www.immigrantjustice.org/eliminate-detention-bed-quota)", "Immigration and Naturalization Service. In 2003 the administration of immigration services, including permanent residence, naturalization, asylum, and other functions, became the responsibility of the Bureau of Citizenship and Immigration Services (BCIS), which existed under that name only for a short time before changing to its current name, U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). The investigative and enforcement functions of the INS (including investigations, deportation, and intelligence) were combined with the U.S. Customs investigators to create U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). The border functions of the INS, which included the Border Patrol and INS Inspectors, were combined with U.S. Customs Inspectors to create U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP).", "Federal Bureau of Investigation. The FBI often works in conjunction with other federal agencies, including the U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) and U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) in seaport and airport security,[57] and the National Transportation Safety Board in investigating airplane crashes and other critical incidents. Immigration and Customs Enforcement Homeland Security Investigations (ICE-HSI) has nearly the same amount of investigative manpower as the FBI, and investigates the largest range of crimes. In the wake of the September 11 attacks, then-Attorney General Ashcroft assigned the FBI as the designated lead organization in terrorism investigations after the creation of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. ICE-HSI and the FBI are both integral members of the Joint Terrorism Task Force.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. The 287(g) program is one of several ICE ACCESS (ICE \"Agreements of Cooperation in Communities to Enhance Safety and Security\") programs that increase collaboration between local law enforcement and immigration enforcement agents.[27]", "Borders of the United States. U.S. Customs and Border Protection is responsible for policing the borders and inspecting people and goods being imported.", "U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. As the primary U.S. agency in export/import investigations, HSI combats illegal trafficking of firearms, ammunition and explosives that fuels violence both domestically and internationally. HSI arms trafficking investigations often focus on preventing the procurement of munitions by drug cartels, terrorists, human rights violators, foreign adversaries, and other transnational criminal organizations. HSI’s investigative strategy includes the identification and prosecution of criminal networks and individuals responsible for the acquisition and movement of firearms and other dangerous weapons from the United States, as well as the seizure and forfeiture of money and valuable property derived from or used to facilitate this criminal activity.", "Embassy of the United States, Tel Aviv. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) has a Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) Office located within the U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv. As the largest investigative arm of the United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS), HSI enhances U.S. national security by conducting international law enforcement operations. The HSI Office in Tel Aviv partners with their Israeli counterparts to combat criminal organizations and prevent terrorist activities. They are charged with enforcing a wide array of laws, including those related to financial crime, trade fraud, and narcotics and cash smuggling. Aside from Tel Aviv, HSI works with 69 offices in 47 countries around the world.[23]", "Drug Enforcement Administration. The Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) is a United States federal law enforcement agency under the U.S. Department of Justice, tasked with combating drug smuggling and use within the United States. The DEA is the lead agency for domestic enforcement of the Controlled Substances Act, sharing concurrent jurisdiction with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Homeland Security, and the U.S. Border Patrol. It has sole responsibility for coordinating and pursuing US drug investigations both domestic and abroad." ]

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[ "Peyton Place (film). The novel never mentioned the state explicitly, but it made several references strongly suggesting that Peyton Place was located within the state of New Hampshire, whereas the film makes no clear references to any particular New England state. The film was shot primarily in Maine, mostly in the town of Camden, with additional exteriors filmed in Belfast, Rockland and Thomaston,[5] as well as Lake Placid in New York.", "Peyton Place (film). On the film's 40th anniversary in 1998, celebrations were held in some of the Maine towns in which the film was shot, attended by Hope Lange.", "Peyton Place (film). The film premiered in Camden one day before opening in 24 cities across the US on December 12, 1957.[1][2]", "Peyton Place (film). Less than a month after the novel's release in 1956, producer Jerry Wald bought the rights from author Grace Metalious for $250,000 and hired her as a story consultant on the film, although he had no intention of actually allowing her to contribute anything to the production.[citation needed] Her presence in Hollywood ensured the project additional publicity, but Metalious soon felt out of place in the film capital. Horrified by the sanitized adaptation of her book by screenwriter John Michael Hayes, who was forced to contend with the Hays Code, and his suggestion Pat Boone be cast as Norman Page, she returned to her home in Gilmanton, New Hampshire. She hated the film, but she eventually earned a total of $400,000 in exhibition profits from it.[6]", "Peyton Place (film). In April 1941, in the New England town of Peyton Place, drunkard Lucas Cross (Arthur Kennedy) stumbles out of his house, just as his step-son Paul, fed up with Lucas's alcoholism, leaves town. Lucas's downtrodden wife, Nellie (Betty Field), goes to work as the housekeeper for Constance \"Connie\" MacKenzie (Lana Turner), a prim local dress shop owner. The daughters of both families, Allison MacKenzie (Diane Varsi) and Selena Cross (Hope Lange), are best friends and are about to graduate high school.", "Peyton Place (TV series). When the series premiered in late 1964, it marked the birth of the primetime American soap opera.[2] The early stories were adapted from the 1956 book and 1957 film of the same name, although some principal character names, backstories and occupations were changed or simply eliminated. The time setting was changed from the early 1940s (of the novel and film) to the present day, and the town's location, which had previously been unidentified, was established as being in the commonwealth of Massachusetts in the fourth episode. Some sensational plot lines from the novel (like incest) were replaced with less controversial themes (like teen pregnancy).[1] The series, nevertheless, immediately was criticized for the sexual themes with which it dealt.[3]", "Peyton Place (film). Peyton Place is a 1957 American film drama in color by De Luxe and CinemaScope from 20th Century Fox, produced by Jerry Wald, directed by Mark Robson, that stars Lana Turner and Hope Lange. In co-starring and supporting roles are Lee Philips, Lloyd Nolan, Diane Varsi, Arthur Kennedy, Russ Tamblyn, and Terry Moore. The film is based on the bestselling 1956 novel of the same name by Grace Metalious.", "Peyton Place (film). The film's storyline follows the residents of a small fictional New England mill town in the years surrounding World War II, where scandal, homicide, suicide, incest, and moral hypocrisy belie its tranquil façade.", "Peyton Place (film). Peyton Place was the second-highest-grossing film of 1958, although in the first few months of its release it did not do well at the box office, until a real-life tragedy gave it an unexpected boost. On April 4, 1958, star Lana Turner's daughter Cheryl killed her mother's abusive lover, mobster Johnny Stompanato, and was placed in Juvenile Hall. The press coverage of the subsequent investigation boosted ticket sales by 32%, and the film eventually grossed $25,600,000 in the U.S. A coroner's inquest ruled the murder justifiable homicide, and the district attorney chose not to charge Cheryl with the crime, although he declared her a ward of the state and placed her in the custody of her grandmother. Turner feared the negative publicity would end her career, but it led producer Ross Hunter to cast her in the 1959 film Imitation of Life.[6] According to Wald, Peyton Place earned $10.1 million in 4,185 theatres.[4]", "Peyton Place (film). The film is recognized by the American Film Institute:", "Return to Peyton Place (film). The film was shot in CinemaScope on location in Fitchburg, Massachusetts. Shooting began in the Winter of 1960. Tuesday Weld replaced Lois Smith as Selena Cross at the last minute in December 1960, while Luciana Paluzzi took over Barbara Steele's role as Ted's wife.[16] By this time, Crawford also pulled out as Mrs. Roberta Carter, and Davis was unsuccessfully searched as her replacement.[16] Mary Astor was eventually cast in the role. However some of her scenes were cut before the final release. After failing to have Michael Rossi discharged, she goes home and burns her house down in order to kill Ted and his wife. In the trailer for the film we see the fire but not in the movie itself. There is even reference to a fire as one of the characters refers to it.", "Peyton Place (TV series). Two television movies followed. The first; Murder in Peyton Place was broadcast on NBC in the fall of 1977. Billed as a reunion movie it focused on the mysterious deaths of Rodney Harrington and Allison MacKenzie, as well as a diabolical plot of a powerful person to ruin the community. It reunited original cast members Dorothy Malone, Ed Nelson, Tim O'Connor, Joyce Jillson, and Christopher Connelly. The second; Peyton Place: The Next Generation which aired in the spring of 1985 on NBC, was conceived as a one-shot sequel, that would hopefully revive the popular series and was therefore also promoted as a television pilot. Although a new series of the show never came to fruition; the film did reunite original cast members Dorothy Malone, Ed Nelson, Tim O'Connor, James Douglas, Christopher Connelly, Ruth Warwick and Barbara Parkins, who had declined to appear in Murder in Peyton Place.", "Peyton Place (film). While Peyton Place was a commercial hit, most critics noted that the most salacious elements of the Metalious novel had been whitewashed or eliminated completely. In The New York Times, Bosley Crowther remarked, \"There is no sense of massive corruption here.\"[8] However, he did generally like the film, praising Hope Lang for a \"gentle and sensitive performance\" and finding Lloyd Nolan \"excellent.\"[9] Variety wrote that the film was \"impressively acted by an excellent cast,\" but noted that \"in leaning backwards not to offend, Wald and Hayes have gone acrobatic ... On the screen is not the unpleasant sex-secret little town against which Grace Metalious set her story. These aren't the gossiping, spiteful, immoral people she portrayed. There are hints of this in the film, but only hints.\" [10] Richard L. Coe of The Washington Post wrote, \"While the four-letter words of the Grace Metalious novel have been adroitly erased, it's easy for one of the apparent few who didn't read the book to see why so many did. There are several strong stories and the characters are sharply drawn. Without these two characteristics the best written novels remain unread.\"[11] Edwin Schallert of the Los Angeles Times declared the film \"probably the most powerful small-town picture ever produced,\"[12] and Harrison's Reports praised it as \"an absorbing adult drama\" that \"grips one's attention the whole time it is on the screen, thanks to the sensitive direction and the effective acting of the capable cast.\"[13] John McCarten of The New Yorker was negative, writing that the film \"makes no attempt to exploit the sensational aspects of the tale it has to tell; on the contrary, it is woefully diffuse, and before it's over—roughly, three hours—boredom has set in like the grippe.\"[14] The Monthly Film Bulletin wrote, \"Slick and passionless, the film is an expensive and heavily bowdlerised adaptation of Grace Metalious' best-seller,\" adding that \"the film never quite makes up its mind whether to extol small-town America or castigate it.\"[15]", "Peyton Place (film). Peyton Place was also a popular prime time television series that aired from September 1964 until June 1969.", "Peyton Place (TV series). Norman Harrington (Christopher Connelly, 1964–1969, 1-514)", "Peyton Place (film). At a picnic later that year, Rodney and Betty reunite and go skinny dipping, while nearby, Allison and Norman go swimming in proper suits. Marion, the town gossip, sees the naked couple and falsely makes an assumption, telling Connie it was Allison and Norman. Connie and Allison fight; in a fit of anger, Connie admits that Allison's father was married to another woman when Connie became pregnant. Upset, Allison runs upstairs and discovers Nellie Cross has committed suicide. Allison goes into a state of shock, and is confined to bed. Sometime after, Rodney and Betty elope, infuriating Rodney's father Leslie. After recovering, Allison leaves for New York City.", "Peyton Place (film). World War II erupts in 1941, and Peyton Place's men go off to war. When Rodney is killed in action, his father offers to take care of his widow, Betty, and she is finally welcomed into the family. During Christmas of 1942, Connie visits Rossi to apologize for being dismissive of him, and when she confesses that she was a married man's mistress, Rossi decides to stay in Peyton Place, promising her that his marriage proposal is still open. During this time, a drunken Lucas returns from the Navy and tries to rape Selena again, but this time she bludgeons him to death in self-defense.", "Peyton Place (film). A stranger, Michael Rossi (Lee Philips), is hired to be the new high school principal by the school board president, Leslie Harrington (Leon Ames), the local woolen mill owner; the students' choice for the position is long-time teacher Miss Elsie Thornton (Mildred Dunnock). Rossi wins over Ms. Thornton by saying that he wants to work with her.", "Return to Peyton Place (film). Return to Peyton Place is a 1961 drama film produced by Jerry Wald and directed by José Ferrer. The screenplay by Ronald Alexander is based on the 1959 novel Return to Peyton Place by Grace Metalious. The film is a sequel to Peyton Place.", "Peyton Place (TV series). Peyton Place is an American prime-time soap opera which aired on ABC in half-hour episodes from September 15, 1964, to June 2, 1969.", "Peyton Sawyer. Burton said that portraying a younger age (16 at 21) was not a problem, except for one aspect: \"My only concern was when I had to put on my cheerleading uniform again. You forget how nerve-racking that is – the vulnerability of wearing bloomers.\"[3] She said she reread some of her journals from high school to get \"into that place\" as a high school student again, and that Peyton being similar to how she was in high school helped. \"It also helped that the town where we film, Wilmington, isn't too different from the hometown where I grew up in Virginia. Both [are] small towns where high school sports played a big part,\" she stated.[11]", "Peyton Place (TV series). Hannah Cord (Ruth Warrick, 1965–1967, episodes 90–302, 435-436; 476; 480; 505-506)", "Peyton Place (TV series). Paul Hanley (Richard Evans, 1965, episodes 38–68)", "Peyton Place (TV series). The series opens with a shot of a church's steeple, and the words \"Peyton Place\" superimposed, with a tolling of church bells. Announcer Dick Tufeld announces \"This is the continuing story of Peyton Place.\" The scene changes to scenes of the town square, a rolling brook, and a panoramic view of Peyton Place. It dissolves to cast members, and then narration of previous episode events by Warner Anderson, who also played Matthew Swain. In 1966 the message was changed to \"In color, the continuing story of Peyton Place.\" Warner Anderson left the series after the first season, but continued as narrator to the series until the final episode.", "Peyton Place (TV series). Catherine Harrington (Mary Anderson, 1964, episodes 2–20)", "Peyton Place (TV series). Joe Rossi (Michael Christian, 1968, episodes 411–473)", "Peyton Place (TV series). Maggie Riggs (Florida Friebus, 1968-1969.)", "Peyton Place (TV series). With Peyton Place, ABC hoped to bring the success of the British soap opera Coronation Street to America. Inspired by that soap opera, it was decided that it should be aired in prime time.[1] Producer Paul Monash wanted to launch a revival of Grace Metalious' novel of the same name. He refused to acknowledge it as a soap opera, calling it a 'high-class anthology drama'.[1] An hour-long pilot was shot in 1962. Originally, the Cross family from the novel was included, but when Irna Phillips was contacted to change the pilot, she decided to scrap it. Various disagreements between the makers ensued, and the official pilot was not aired until September 15, 1964.[1]", "Peyton Place (TV series). Julie Anderson (Kasey Rogers, 1964–1966, episodes 1–252; 435-436)", "Peyton Place (TV series). Posing as Elliot, now-returned Chandler picks Rachel up at night school, kidnaps her, and forces her away, where we learn Rachel accidentally killed her aunt Lucy, which Allison witnessed, and refused to speak of Allison because it meant admitting involuntary manslaughter. Chandler also tries to pin the death of Rachel's parents in a fire on her. Rachel kidnaps baby Matthew after she's released from the hospital following her own fresh escape from Chandler. Meanwhile, Chandler is arrested by the police and Rachel leaves Matthew at the hospital. Rachel escapes but loses her mind, thinking she’s Allison. Michael finally decides to send her to a clinic in Boston. Connie now wants every trace of Allison and Rachel both out of her house. Leslie continues his criminal actions by slipping a gun to Chandler to help Chandler escape jail. Norman sees it and blackmails his father into giving him a job, so he can support Rita, who now is pregnant.", "Peyton Place (TV series). Calvin Hanley (Whit Bissell, 1965, episodes 38-48)", "Peyton Place (TV series). Dr. Michael Rossi (Ed Nelson, 1964–1969, entire run)" ]

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[ "Canada. Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary from region to region. Winters can be harsh in many parts of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie provinces, which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near −15 °C (5 °F), but can drop below −40 °C (−40 °F) with severe wind chills.[120] In noncoastal regions, snow can cover the ground for almost six months of the year, while in parts of the north snow can persist year-round. Coastal British Columbia has a temperate climate, with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coasts, average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s °C (70s °F), while between the coasts, the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), with temperatures in some interior locations occasionally exceeding 40 °C (104 °F).[121]", "Temperature in Canada. Central Canada and northern Canada experiences subarctic and Arctic climates, much of them arid. Those areas are not heavily populated due to the severe climate, where it drops below −20 °C (−4 °F) on most winter days and has a very brief summer season.", "Montreal. Winter brings cold, snowy, windy, and, at times, icy weather, with a daily average ranging from −9 to −10.5 °C (16 to 13 °F) in January. However, some winter days rise above freezing, allowing for rain on an average of 4 days in January and February each. Usually, snow covering some or all bare ground lasts on average from the first or second week of December until the last week of March.[82] While the air temperature does not fall below −30 °C (−22 °F) every year,[83] the wind chill often makes the temperature feel this low to exposed skin.", "Temperature in Canada. The major Canadian city that falls outside the continental climate schema is Vancouver, which experiences an oceanic climate with a marked summer dry season. Of the eight largest Canadian cities, Ottawa, Montreal and Toronto have the warmest summers, Winnipeg the coldest winters, while Vancouver's winters are far milder than any other large city in Canada.", "Western Canada. The coast of British Columbia enjoys a moderate oceanic climate because of the influence of the Pacific Ocean, with temperatures similar to those of the British Isles (though Vancouver receives more precipitation than London and most of the Coast is much wetter).[citation needed] Winters are typically wet and summers relatively dry. These areas enjoy the mildest winter weather in all of Canada, as temperatures rarely fall much below the freezing mark. The mountainous Interior of the province is drier and has colder winters, but experiences hotter summers than the more moderate coastal areas. Lytton, British Columbia, a small town that sits at the confluence of the Thompson River and Fraser River recorded the second-hottest temperature in Canada at 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) observed on July 16 and 17 1941,[11] and is regularly referred as Canada's hot spot in summer with temperatures easily reaching the mid to high 30 °C 's (upper 90s to low 100s °F) in July and August and sometimes top 40 °C (104 °F).", "Winter. The manifestation of the meteorological winter (freezing temperatures) in the northerly snow–prone parallels is highly variable depending on elevation, position versus marine winds and the amount of precipitation. A case in point is Canada, a country normally associated with tough winters. Winnipeg on the Great Plains at a relative distance from large bodies of water has a January high of −11.3 °C (11.7 °F) and a low of −21.4 °C (−6.5 °F).[2] In comparison, Vancouver on the coast with a marine influence from moderating Pacific winds has a January low of 1.4 °C (34.5 °F) with days well above freezing at 6.9 °C (44.4 °F).[3] Both areas are on the 49th parallel north and in the same western half of the continent. A similar effect, although with less extreme differentials, is found in Europe where in spite of the northerly latitude of the islands, the British Isles has not a single non-mountain weather station with a below-freezing mean temperature.[4]", "Toronto. Winters are cold with frequent snow.[74] During the winter months, temperatures are usually below 0 °C (32 °F).[74] Toronto winters sometimes feature cold snaps when maximum temperatures remain below −10 °C (14 °F), often made to feel colder by wind chill. Occasionally, they can drop below −25 °C (−13 °F).[74] Snowstorms, sometimes mixed with ice and rain, can disrupt work and travel schedules, while accumulating snow can fall anytime from November until mid-April. However, mild stretches also occur in most winters, melting accumulated snow. The summer months are characterized by very warm temperatures.[74] Daytime temperatures are usually above 20 °C (68 °F), and often rise above 30 °C (86 °F).[74] However, they can occasionally surpass 35 °C (95 °F) accompanied by high humidity. Spring and autumn are transitional seasons with generally mild or cool temperatures with alternating dry and wet periods.[73] Daytime temperatures average around 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) during these seasons.[74]", "Geography of Canada. Canada has a diverse climate. The climate varies from temperate on the west coast of British Columbia[4] to a subarctic climate in the north.[5] Extreme northern Canada can have snow for most of the year with a Polar climate.[6] Landlocked areas tend to have a warm summer continental climate zone[7] with the exception of Southwestern Ontario which has a hot summer humid continental climate.[7] Parts of Western Canada have a semi-arid climate, and parts of Vancouver Island can even be classified as cool summer Mediterranean climate.[6] Temperature extremes in Canada range from 45.0 °C (113 °F) in Midale and Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan on July 5, 1937 to −63.0 °C (−81.4 °F) in Snag, Yukon on Monday, February 3, 1947.[8]", "Western Canada. Alberta has a dry continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold Arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. Winters are generally quite cold, though some areas can experience a phenomenon known as the \"Chinook wind,\" wherein warm winds raise the winter temperatures temporarily. In contrast, summers can fluctuate from cool to hot and are generally wetter.", "British Columbia. During winter, on the coast, rainfall, sometimes relentless heavy rain, dominates because of consistent barrages of cyclonic low-pressure systems from the North Pacific. Average snowfall on the coast during an average winter is between 25 and 50 cm (9.8 and 19.7 in), but on occasion (and not every winter) heavy snowfalls with more than 20 cm (7.9 in) and well below freezing temperatures arrive when modified arctic air reaches coastal areas, typically for short periods, and can take temperatures below −10 °C (14 °F) even at sea level and arctic outflow winds can make wind chill temperatures at or even below −17.8 °C (0.0 °F) for a couple of mornings. While winters are very wet, coastal areas are generally milder and dry during summer under the influence of stable anti-cyclonic high pressure. Southern Interior valleys are hot in summer; for example in Osoyoos the July maximum temperature averages 31.7 °C (89 °F) the hottest month of any place in Canada, this hot weather sometimes spreads towards the coast or to the far north of the province. Temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) in the lower elevations of valleys in the Interior during mid-summer, with the record high of 44.4 °C (111.9 °F) being held in Lytton on July 16, 1941.[22]", "Northern Canada. Under the Köppen climate classification, much of Northern Canada has a subarctic climate, a tundra climate in most of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and an Ice cap climate in Arctic Cordillera.[5][6] For more than half of the year, much of Northern Canada is snow and ice-covered, with some limited moderation by the relatively warmer waters in coastal areas with temperatures generally remaining below the freezing mark from October to May.[6] During the coldest 3 months, mean monthly temperatures range from −20 °F (−29 °C) in the southern sections to −30 °F (−34 °C) in the northern sections although temperatures can go down to −55 to −60 °F (−48 to −51 °C).[6] Owing to the dry cold air prevalent throughout most of the region, snowfall is often light in nature.[6] During the short summers, much of Northern Canada is snow free, except for the Arctic Cordillera which remains covered with snow and ice throughout the year.[6] In the summer months, temperatures average below 45 °F (7.2 °C) and may occasionally exceed 65 °F (18.3 °C).[6] Most of the rainfall accumulated occurs in the summer months, ranging from 1 to 2 inches (3 to 5 cm) in the northernmost islands to 7 inches (18 cm) at the southern end of Baffin Island.[6]", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. As of February 27, Winnipeg was experiencing the second-coldest winter in 75 years, the coldest in 35 years and with snowfall total being 50 per cent more than normal. Saskatoon was experiencing the coldest winter in 18 years; Windsor, Ontario, the coldest winter in 35 years and snowiest winter on record; Toronto, the coldest winter in 20 years; St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, the coldest winter in 20 years, the snowiest winter in seven years and a record number of stormy days. Vancouver, which is known for its milder weather, was realizing one of its coldest and snowiest Februarys in 25 years.[113]", "Temperature in Canada. The following tables show the average maximum and minimum temperatures of Canada of various cities across Canada, based on the climate period from 1981-2010 for the months of January and July (generally the lowest and highest average temperature months, but not in every case).", "Vancouver. Vancouver is one of Canada's warmest cities in the winter. Vancouver's climate is temperate by Canadian standards and is classified as oceanic or marine west coast, which under the Köppen climate classification system is classified as Cfb that borders on a warm summer Mediterranean Climate Csb. While during summer months the inland temperatures are significantly higher, Vancouver has the coolest summer average high of all major Canadian metropolitan areas. The summer months are typically dry, with an average of only one in five days during July and August receiving precipitation. In contrast, there is some precipitation during nearly half the days from November through March.[67]", "Western Canada. Saskatchewan and Manitoba have a continental climate and experience extremes in weather. Winters in both provinces can be classified as harsh with Arctic winds and −40 °C (−40 °F) temperatures possible. Winter temperatures in both provinces average between −10 and −15 °C (14 and 5 °F). In contrast, summers can be hot with temperatures exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) at least once per year in most locations. The hottest temperature ever recorded in Canada was 45 °C (113 °F), observed in 1943 at the weather stations of Yellow Grass, Saskatchewan and neighbouring Cedoux.", "British Columbia. The valleys of the Southern Interior have short winters with only brief bouts of cold or infrequent heavy snow, while those in the Cariboo, in the Central Interior, are colder because of increased altitude and latitude, but without the intensity or duration experienced at similar latitudes elsewhere in Canada. For example, the average daily low in Prince George (roughly located in the middle of the province) in January is −12 °C (10 °F).[20] Heavy snowfall occurs in all elevated mountainous terrain providing bases for skiers in both south and central British Columbia.", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. In 2010 the U.S. winter period December – February had experienced its coldest in 25 years, while Canada had its warmest winter on record.[114]", "List of extreme temperatures in Canada. The coldest place in Canada based on average yearly temperature is Eureka, Nunavut, where the temperature averages at −19.7 °C or −3.5 °F for the year. However, the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada was −63 °C or −81.4 °F in Snag, Yukon.", "Vancouver Island. The climate is the mildest in Canada, with temperatures on the coast even in January being usually above 0 °C (32 °F).", "St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador. Despite this maritime moderation, average January maximum temperatures are slightly lower in St. John's than in Kelowna, British Columbia, an inland city that is near the more marine air of the Pacific, demonstrating the cold nature of Eastern Canada. Mean temperatures range from −4.9 °C (23.2 °F) in February to 16.1 °C (61.0 °F) in August, showing somewhat of a seasonal lag in the climate. The city is also one of the areas of the country most prone to tropical cyclone activity, as it is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, where tropical storms (and sometimes hurricanes) travel from the United States. The city is one of the rainiest in Canada outside of coastal British Columbia. This is partly due to its propensity for tropical storm activity as well as moist, Atlantic air frequently blowing ashore and creating precipitation.", "Alberta. Alberta has a humid continental climate with warm summers and cold winters. The province is open to cold arctic weather systems from the north, which often produce extremely cold conditions in winter. As the fronts between the air masses shift north and south across Alberta, the temperature can change rapidly. Arctic air masses in the winter produce extreme minimum temperatures varying from −54 °C (−65 °F) in northern Alberta to −46 °C (−51 °F) in southern Alberta, although temperatures at these extremes are rare.", "La Niña. In Canada, La Niña will, in general, cause a cooler, snowier winter, such as the near-record-breaking amounts of snow recorded in La Niña winter of 2007/2008 in Eastern Canada.[30][31]", "British Columbia. The exception to British Columbia's wet and cloudy winters is El Niño. During this phase, the jet stream is much further south across North America, therefore winters are milder and drier than normal. Winters are much wetter and cooler under the opposite phase, La Niña.", "Prince Edward Island. Winters are moderately cold and long but are milder than inland locations, with clashes of cold Arctic air and milder Atlantic air causing frequent temperature swings.[9] The climate is considered to be more continental than oceanic since the Gulf of St. Lawrence freezes over, thus eliminating any moderation.[9] The mean temperature is −7 °C (19 °F) in January.[10] During the winter months, the island usually has many storms (which may produce rain as well as snow) and blizzards since during this time, storms originating from the North Atlantic or the Gulf of Mexico frequently pass through.[9] Springtime temperatures typically remain cool until the sea ice has melted, usually in late April or early May. Summers are moderately warm, but rarely uncomfortable, with the daily maximum temperature only occasionally reaching as high as 30 °C (86 °F). Autumn is a pleasant season, as the moderating Gulf waters delay the onset of frost, although storm activity increases compared to the summer. There is ample precipitation throughout the year, although it is heaviest in the late autumn, early winter and mid spring.", "Ottawa. Snow and ice are dominant during the winter season. On average Ottawa receives 224 centimetres (88 in) of snowfall annually but maintains an average 22 centimetres (9 in) of snowpack throughout the three winter months. An average 16 days of the three winter months experience temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F), or 41 days if the wind chill is considered.[88]", "Halifax, Nova Scotia. Precipitation is high year-round. Winter features a mix of rain, freezing rain and snow with frequent freeze-thaw cycles. Snowfall is heavy in winter, but snow cover is usually patchy owing to the frequent freeze-thaw cycles, which melt accumulated snow. Some winters feature colder temperatures and fewer freeze-thaw cycles; the most recent of which being the winter of 2014–2015, which was the coldest, snowiest and stormiest in about a century. Spring is often wet and cool and arrives much later than in areas of Canada at similar latitudes, due to cooler sea temperatures. Summers are mild and pleasant, with hot and humid conditions very infrequent. Warm, pleasant conditions often extend well into September, sometimes into mid-October. Average monthly precipitation is highest from November to February due to intense late-fall to winter storms migrating from the Northeastern U.S., and lowest in summer, with August being the year's warmest and driest month on average. Halifax can sometimes receive hurricanes, mostly between August and October. An example is when Hurricane Juan, a category 2 storm, hit in September 2003 and caused considerable damage to the region. Hurricane Earl grazed the coast as a category 1 storm in 2010. Atlantic sea surface temperatures have risen in recent years, making Halifax and the coast of Nova Scotia somewhat more susceptible to hurricanes than the area had been in the past.", "Calgary. Winters are cold and the air temperature can drop to or below −20 °C (−4 °F) on average of 22 days of the year and −30 °C (−22 °F) on average of 3.7 days of the year, and are often broken up by warm, dry Chinook winds that blow into Alberta over the mountains. These winds can raise the winter temperature by 20 °C (36 °F), and as much as 30 °C (54 °F) in just a few hours, and may last several days.[54] As well, Calgary's proximity to the Rocky Mountains affects winter temperature average mean temperature with a mixture of lows and highs, and tends to result in a mild winter for a city in the Prairie Provinces. Temperatures are also affected by the wind chill factor, Calgary's average wind speed is 14.2 km/h, one of the highest in Canadian cities.[55]", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. The coldest parts of Canada were the eastern prairie provinces, Ontario, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories. However, only southern Ontario set temperature records.", "Toronto. The city experiences four distinct seasons, with considerable variance in length.[72] Some parts of the north and east of the city such as Scarborough and the suburbs, have a climate classified as humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb). As a result of the rapid passage of weather systems (such as high- and low-pressure systems), the weather is variable from day to day in all seasons.[72] Owing to urbanization and its proximity to water, Toronto has a fairly low diurnal temperature range. The denser urban scape makes for warmer nights year around; the average nighttime temperature is about 3.0 °C (5.40 °F) warmer in the city than in rural areas in all months.[73] However, it can be noticeably cooler on many spring and early summer afternoons under the influence of a lake breeze since Lake Ontario is cool, relative to the air during these seasons.[73] These lake breezes mostly occur in summer, bringing relief on hot days.[73] Other low-scale maritime effects on the climate include lake-effect snow, fog, and delaying of spring- and fall-like conditions, known as seasonal lag.[73]", "Climate of Nova Scotia. Due to the ocean's moderating effect, Nova Scotia, on average, is the warmest of the provinces in Canada, owing primarily to the milder winter temperatures experienced in Nova Scotia compared to the rest of Canada.[12]", "Weather. The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at Eureka, Nunavut, in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).[52]", "Early 2014 North American cold wave. In Canada, the front brought rain and snow events to most of Canada on January 5 and 6, which became the second nor'easter in less than a week in Nova Scotia and Newfoundland.[39] This weather event ended when the front pushed through, bringing the bitterly cold temperatures with it. Southwestern Ontario experienced a second round of heavy snow in the wake of the front throughout January 6 and 7 and part of January 8 due to lake-effect snow.[40] The Northwest Territories and Nunavut did not experience record-breaking cold, but had a record-breaking blizzard on January 8, when the freeze further south was coming to an end.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Electoral College (United States). If no candidate for president receives a majority of electoral votes for president, the Twelfth Amendment provides that the House of Representatives will select the president, with each of the fifty state delegations casting one vote. If no candidate for vice president receives a majority of electoral votes for vice president, then the Senate will select the vice president, with each of the 100 senators having one vote.[14][15]", "Electoral College (United States). A candidate must receive an absolute majority of electoral votes (currently 270) to win the presidency or the vice presidency. If no candidate receives a majority in the election for president or vice president, the election is determined via a contingency procedure established by the Twelfth Amendment. In such a situation, the House chooses one of the top three presidential electoral vote-winners as the president, while the Senate chooses one of the top two vice presidential electoral vote-winners as vice president.", "United States presidential election. If no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (at least 270), the President is determined by the rules outlined by the 12th Amendment. Specifically, the selection of President would then be decided by a contingent election in a ballot of the House of Representatives. For the purposes of electing the President, each state has only one vote. A ballot of the Senate is held to choose the Vice President. In this ballot, each senator has one vote. The House of Representatives has chosen the victor of the presidential race only twice, in 1800 and 1824; the Senate has chosen the victor of the vice-presidential race only once, in 1836.", "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. If no candidate for President has a majority of the total votes, the House of Representatives, voting by states and with the same quorum requirements as under the original procedure, chooses the President. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three highest receivers of electoral votes, compared to five under the original procedure.", "Electoral College (United States). If no candidate for vice president receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, then the Senate must go into session to elect a vice president. The Senate is limited to choosing from the two candidates who received the most electoral votes for vice president. Normally this would mean two candidates, one less than the number of candidates available in the House vote. However, the text is written in such a way that all candidates with the most and second most electoral votes are eligible for the Senate election – this number could theoretically be larger than two. The Senate votes in the normal manner in this case (i.e., ballots are individually cast by each senator, not by state delegations). However, two-thirds of the senators must be present for voting to take place.", "United States presidential elections in which the winner lost the popular vote. In the U.S. presidential election system, instead of the nationwide popular vote determining the outcome of the election, the President of the United States is determined by votes cast by electors of the Electoral College. Alternatively, if no candidate receives an absolute majority of electoral votes, the election is determined by the House of Representatives. These procedures are governed by the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.", "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin. The Constitution provides that if the candidate with the most votes does not receive a simple majority of the electors voting, the House of Representatives chooses the president. So, the margin of victory is the number of electoral votes over both the runner-up and half the electoral votes cast. For elections after the passage of the 12th Amendment, the runner-up will always have less than half of the electoral votes cast, so the absolute margin of victory will be the difference of the winner's electoral votes and half the electoral votes cast. To express this in mathematical formulae:", "United States presidential election. The election of President and Vice President of the United States is an indirect election in which citizens of the United States who are registered to vote in one of the 50 U.S. states or Washington, D.C. cast ballots for members of the U.S. Electoral College, known as electors. These electors then in turn cast direct votes, known as electoral votes, for President and Vice President. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of electoral votes for President or Vice President (currently, at least 270 out of a total of 538) is then elected to that office. If no candidate receives an absolute majority for President, the House of Representatives chooses the President; if no one receives a majority for Vice President, then the Senate chooses the Vice President.", "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The person having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President.[Note 1]", "List of United States presidential elections by Electoral College margin. The exception would occur if no candidate receives a majority of the electoral vote (this includes a tie). In that case, the House of Representatives, voting as state delegations, would choose from up to three candidates who received the most electoral votes. Thus the winner could be an initially third-place candidate who received one electoral vote.", "United States House of Representatives. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the House has the power to elect the President if no presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the House to choose from the three candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. The Constitution provides that \"the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote.\" It is rare for no presidential candidate to receive a majority of electoral votes. In the history of the United States, the House has only had to choose a President twice. In 1800, which was before the adoption of the Twelfth Amendment, it elected Thomas Jefferson over Aaron Burr. In 1824, it elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson and William H. Crawford. (If no vice-presidential candidate receives a majority of the electoral votes, the Senate elects the Vice President from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes.)", "Electoral College (United States). In this event, the House of Representatives is limited to choosing from among the three candidates who received the most electoral votes for president. Each state delegation votes en bloc—each delegation having a single vote; the District of Columbia does not receive a vote. A candidate must receive an absolute majority of state delegation votes (i.e., at present, a minimum of 26 votes) in order for that candidate to become the president-elect. Additionally, delegations from at least two thirds of all the states must be present for voting to take place. The House continues balloting until it elects a president.", "President of Austria. The President is elected under the two-round system. This means that if no candidate receives an absolute majority (i.e. more than 50%) of votes cast in the first round, then a second ballot occurs in which only those two candidates who received the greatest number of votes in the first round may stand. However the constitution also provides that the group that nominates one of these two candidates may instead nominate an alternative candidate in the second round. If there is only one candidate standing in a presidential election then the electorate is granted the opportunity to either accept or reject the candidate in a referendum.", "President-elect of the United States. Scholars have noted that the national committees of the Democratic and Republican parties have adopted rules for selecting replacement candidates in the event of a nominee's death, either before or after the general election. If the apparent winner of the general election dies before the Electoral College votes in December the electors probably would endorse whatever new nominee their national party selects as a replacement (although they may be prevented from doing so in many states, because those states have laws requiring electors to vote for the person to which they are pledged, and some states invalidate votes that were cast for anyone else). If the apparent winner dies between the College's December vote and its counting in Congress in January, the Twelfth Amendment stipulates that all electoral ballots cast shall be counted, presumably even those for a dead candidate. The U.S. House committee reporting on the proposed Twentieth Amendment said the \"Congress would have 'no discretion' [and] 'would declare that the deceased candidate had received a majority of the votes.'\"[4]", "Electoral system. Some elections feature an indirect electoral system, whereby there is either no popular vote, or the popular vote is only one stage of the election; in these systems the final vote is usually taken by an electoral college. In several countries, such as Mauritius or Trinidad and Tobago, the post of President is elected by the legislature. In others like India, the vote is taken by an electoral college consisting of the national legislature and state legislatures. In the United States, the president is indirectly elected using a two-stage process; a popular vote in each state elects members to the electoral college that in turn elects the President. This can result in a situation where a candidate who receives the most votes nationwide does not win the electoral college vote, as most recently happened in 2000 and 2016.", "United States presidential election. If the President is not chosen by Inauguration Day, the Vice President-elect acts as President. If neither are chosen by then, Congress by law determines who shall act as President, pursuant to the 20th Amendment.", "President-elect of the United States. If the Vice President-elect dies or resigns before the meeting of the Electoral College in December, the National Committee of the winning party would, in consultation with the president-elect, choose a new Vice President-elect. If such a vacancy were to occur after the electoral votes had been cast in the states, most authorities maintain that no replacement would be chosen and the new President (after taking office) would nominate a Vice President, per the provisions of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution.[19]", "Presidential system. In most presidential systems, the president is elected by popular vote, although some such as the United States use an electoral college (which is itself directly elected) or some other method.[1] By this method, the president receives a personal mandate to lead the country, whereas in a parliamentary system a candidate might only receive a personal mandate to represent a constituency. That means a president can only be elected independently of the legislative branch.", "President-elect of the United States. It will be noted that the committee uses the term \"president elect\" in its generally accepted sense, as meaning the person who has received the majority of electoral votes, or the person who has been chosen by the House of Representatives in the event that the election is thrown into the House. It is immaterial whether or not the votes have been counted, for the person becomes the president-elect as soon as the votes are cast.[3]", "Electoral College (United States). The United States is the only country that elects a politically powerful president via an electoral college and the only one in which a candidate can become president without having obtained the highest number of votes in the sole or final round of popular voting.", "President. In the United States, the President is indirectly elected by the Electoral College made up of electors chosen by voters in the presidential election. In most states of the United States, each elector is committed to voting for a specified candidate determined by the popular vote in each state, so that the people, in voting for each elector, are in effect voting for the candidate. However, for various reasons the numbers of electors in favour of each candidate are unlikely to be proportional to the popular vote. Thus, in five close United States elections (1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016), the candidate with the most popular votes still lost the election.", "Electoral College (United States). Another consideration was the decision would be made without \"tumult and disorder,\" as it would be a broad-based one made simultaneously in various locales where the decision-makers could deliberate reasonably, not in one place where decision-makers could be threatened or intimidated. If the Electoral College did not achieve a decisive majority, then the House of Representatives was to choose the president from among the top five candidates,[25] ensuring selection of a presiding officer administering the laws would have both ability and good character. Hamilton was also concerned about somebody unqualified, but with a talent for \"low intrigue, and the little arts of popularity,\" attaining high office.[24]", "United States presidential election. However, candidates can fail to get the most votes in the nationwide popular vote in a Presidential election and still win that election. In the 1824 election, Jackson won the popular vote, but no one received the majority of electoral votes. According to the 12th Amendment in the Constitution, the House of Representatives must choose the president out of the top 3 people in the election. Clay had come fourth, so he threw his support to Adams, who then won. Because Adams later named Clay his Secretary of State, Jackson's supporters claimed that Adams gained the presidency by making a deal with Clay. Charges of a \"corrupt bargain\" followed Adams through his term.", "Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution. If there were more than one individual who received the same number of votes, and such number equaled a majority of the electors, the House of Representatives would choose one of them to be President. If no individual had a majority, then the House of Representatives would choose from the five individuals with the greatest number of electoral votes. In either case, a majority of state delegations in the House was necessary for a candidate to be chosen to be President.", "President of the United States. The president is elected indirectly. A number of electors, collectively known as the Electoral College, officially select the president. On Election Day, voters in each of the states and the District of Columbia cast ballots for these electors. Each state is allocated a number of electors, equal to the size of its combined delegation in both Houses of Congress. Generally, the ticket that wins the most votes in a state wins all of that state's electoral votes and thus has its slate of electors chosen to vote in the Electoral College.", "United States Senate. Under the Twelfth Amendment, the Senate has the power to elect the vice president if no vice presidential candidate receives a majority of votes in the Electoral College. The Twelfth Amendment requires the Senate to choose from the two candidates with the highest numbers of electoral votes. Electoral College deadlocks are rare. The Senate has only broken a deadlock once; in 1837, it elected Richard Mentor Johnson. The House elects the president if the Electoral College deadlocks on that choice.", "President of Germany. In the first two rounds of the election, the candidate who achieves an absolute majority is elected. If, after two votes, no single candidate has received this level of support, in the third and final vote the candidate who wins a plurality of votes cast is elected.", "Nevada. Nevada is the only U.S. state to have a none of the above option available on its ballots. Officially called None of These Candidates, the option was first added to the ballot in 1975 and is used in all statewide elections, including president, US Senate and all state constitutional positions. In the event none of These Candidates \"wins\" the election, the candidate with the next-highest total is still elected.", "Presidency. The United States holds their presidential election every four years. At the national convention, major and minor political parties nominate candidates for the president and vice president. Citizens then vote on the presidential and vice presidential candidate of their choice. However, these votes do not elect a candidate directly. Instead, the votes are sent to the Electoral College, and cast ballots for presidential electors. The candidate with a majority in the Electoral College will win the presidential or vice presidential election.[1]", "Chancellor of Germany (1949–Present). If the nominee of the President is not elected, the Bundestag may elect its own nominee within fourteen days. If no one is elected within this period, the Bundestag will attempt an election. If the person with the highest number of votes has a majority, the President must appoint him or her. If the person with the greatest number of votes does not have a majority, the President may either appoint them or call new elections for the Bundestag. As all chancellors have been elected on the first vote, as yet (1949–2012) neither of these constitutional provisions has been applied.", "President-elect of the United States. Currently, in every state, an election by the people is the method employed for the choice of the members of the Electoral College; however, any state remains free to change its manner of appointing its slate of members of the Electoral College, so that the law of a state could, for instance, prescribe election by the state legislature, or even choice by the state's governor, as the manner of appointment of the electors representing the state. In spite of that theoretical possibility, a popular election in each state is the established method of selection of the members of the Electoral College, and given that all the statewide elections happen on the same date, the simultaneous elections resemble a national general election.", "United States presidential election. The 12th Amendment also established rules when no candidate wins a majority vote in the Electoral College. In the presidential election of 1824, Andrew Jackson received a plurality, but not a majority, of electoral votes cast. The election was thrown to the House of Representatives, and John Quincy Adams was elected to the presidency. A deep rivalry resulted between Andrew Jackson and House Speaker Henry Clay, who had also been a candidate in the election." ]

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[ "Analyze This. Psychiatrist Ben Sobel is dealing with his own problems: his son from his first marriage listens to his sessions, his patients are not challenging enough, and his wedding to Laura MacNamara is coming soon. Sobel rear-ends a car belonging to Vitti and the trunk opens, revealing a man bound and gagged inside, which Sobel and his son do not notice. Jelly, one of Vitti's men, takes the blame, but Sobel gives Jelly his business card in case he changes his mind about compensation.", "The Physician's Tale. Virginius- the father of the fourteen-year-old Virginia and a knight, kills his only daughter rather than give her up to the corrupt judge Appius. Virginia- the daughter of Virginius; not wishing to give herself to Appius, consents to her father’s plan. Appius- a corrupt judge and the main antagonist of the tale. Lusts after Virginia and concocts a plan in order to acquire her through legal means. Claudius- A \"churl\" under Appius's employ; instructed to claim in court that Virginia is actually a slave that Virginius abducted. Unnamed but mentioned characters include Virginia’s mother and the citizens who rise up against Appius.", "The Pardoner's Tale. In the order of The Canterbury Tales, the Pardoner's Prologue and Tale are preceded by The Physician's Tale. The Physician's Tale is a harrowing tale about a judge who plots with a \"churl [low fellow]\" to abduct a beautiful young woman; rather than allow her to be raped, her father beheads her. The invitation for the Pardoner to tell a tale comes after the Host declares his dissatisfaction with the depressing tale, and declares:", "The Physician's Tale. The tale is a version of a story related both by the Roman historian Livy and in the 13th-century Roman de la Rose (Merriam Webster). The story opens with a description of the noble Virginius and the beautiful, virtuous Virginia. One day, Virginia accompanies her mother to the city on an errand and is spotted by a judge, whose name is later revealed to be Appius, who decides he must have her to himself. It is then that Appius concocts a scheme to take her legally: he contacts a local peasant, named Claudius, who has a reputation for being both bold and cunning and asks for assistance in the matter. Claudius accepts and is rewarded handsomely. Some time later, Claudius appears before Appius in court to file a complaint against Virginius, saying he has witnesses of his misdeeds. Appius declares that he can not try Virginius without him being present. Virginius is called to the court and Claudius begins his accusation: Virginius stole one of Claudius’ servants one night while she was young and raised her as his daughter. He then implores Appius to return his slave to him to which Appius agrees, refusing to listen Virginius’ defense. Following the sentence, Virginius returned home with a “deathlike” face and called his daughter into the hall. He then informed Virginia of the events that transpired and offered her two choices: to be shamed by Appius or to die at her father’s hand. Virginia laments her position for a moment before consenting to death by her father’s blade. Virginius then beheads Virginia and brings her head to Appius in court. Upon seeing Virginia’s severed head, Appius ordered that Virginius be hanged immediately. However, at the moment a thousand people burst into the room and defended Virginius. They had heard of Claudius’ false charges and reasoned that Appius had put him up to it based on the judge’s lecherous reputation. The crowd arrested Appius and threw him prison where he committed suicide. Claudius was set to be hanged with the others who had helped Appius in his scheme but Virginius, in a moment of clemency, asked that the peasant be exiled instead. The tale then ends with the Physician warning of sin and repercussions.", "Reversal of Fortune. The story is narrated by Sunny von Bülow, who is in a coma after falling into diabetic shock after a Christmas party. Her husband, the dissolute European aristocrat Claus von Bülow, is charged with attempting to murder the hypoglycemic Sunny by giving her an overdose of insulin. Claus' strained relationship with his wife and his cold and haughty personal demeanor led most people to conclude that he is guilty. In need of an innovative defense, Claus turns to law professor Alan Dershowitz. Dershowitz is initially convinced of Claus' guilt, but takes the case because von Bülow agrees to fund Dershowitz' defense of two poor black teenagers accused of capital murder. Employing his law students as workers, Dershowitz proceeds to defend Claus, wrestling with his client's unnerving personal style and questions of von Bülow's guilt or innocence.", "The Meyerowitz Stories. Harold has been living with an undiagnosed brain injury. He enters hospital, where as the days pass his children learn to manage his care themselves, after first leaning on Harold's doctor and nurse to take that responsibility. Outside the hospital Jean tells her brothers that the family friend who happens to be visiting Harold at the moment sexually assaulted her when she was a child. Matthew and Danny let her walk away from them, then attack the friend's car with mounting exhilaration. At Bard to represent their father at the faculty group show, Matthew and Danny get into a fight, of sorts, on the quad; later, bloody and crying, each makes remarks in Harold's place, mostly about themselves. As Harold convalesces at Maureen's place in the country (the townhouse has been sold, despite Matthew's change of heart), it dawns on Matthew and Harold that Harold's favorite sculpture \"Matthew\", a lifelong object of resentment for Danny and Jean, was probably based on his feelings for Danny. Danny, who up to now has been solicitous toward his father, refuses to care for him while Maureen is away and accepts his brother's offer of a trip to California. On the way to the plane he meets Loretta, now single, and she suggests they go together to the screening of a film Eliza has made. In the basement of the Whitney Eliza uncovers the sculpture lent by her grandfather, long believed to have been lost.", "The Physician's Tale. The story is considered one of the moral tales, along with the Parson's tale and the Knight's tale. However, the fate of Virginius renders questionable the moral assertion at the story's end. The Host enjoys the tale and feels for the daughter but asks the Pardoner for a more merry tale. The Pardoner obliges and his tale has a similar but contrasting moral message.", "Appointment in Samarra. The second event occurs at a roadhouse, where Julian goes with his wife and some friends. Julian gets drunk and invites a provocatively clad woman to go out to his car with him. The woman is, in fact, a gangster's girlfriend, and one of the gangster's men is present, sent to watch her. Both Julian's wife and the gangster's aide see the couple leave. What actually happens in the car is left ambiguous but is unimportant, since all observers assume that a sexual encounter has occurred. There is not any assumption that violence will ensue. However, the gangster is a valued automobile customer who in the past has recommended Julian's dealership to his acquaintances. As Julian is driven home, pretending to be asleep, he \"felt the tremendous excitement, the great thrilling lump in the chest and abdomen that comes before the administering of an unknown, well-deserved punishment. He knew he was in for it.\"", "Joseph Andrews. On seeing Joseph arrive back in the parish, a jealous Lady Booby meanders through emotions as diverse as rage, pity, hatred, pride and love. The next morning Joseph and Fanny's banns are published and the Lady turns her anger onto Parson Adams, who is accommodating Fanny at his house. Finding herself powerless either to stop the marriage or to expel them from the parish, she enlists the help of Lawyer Scout, who brings a spurious charge of larceny against Joseph and Fanny to prevent, or at least postpone, the wedding.", "The Merchant of Venice. The climax of the play takes place in the court of the Duke of Venice. Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer of 6,000 ducats, twice the amount of the loan. He demands his pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke, wishing to save Antonio but unable to nullify a contract, refers the case to a visitor. He identifies himself as Balthazar, a young male \"doctor of the law\", bearing a letter of recommendation to the Duke from the learned lawyer Bellario. The doctor is Portia in disguise, and the law clerk who accompanies her is Nerissa, also disguised as a man. As Balthazar, Portia repeatedly asks Shylock to show mercy in a famous speech, advising him that mercy \"is twice blest: It blesseth him that gives and him that takes\" (IV, i, 185). However, Shylock adamantly refuses any compensations and insists on the pound of flesh.", "The Coquette. The story is about Eliza Wharton, the daughter of a clergyman. At the beginning of the novel she has just been released from an unwanted marriage by the death of her betrothed, the Rev. Haly, also a clergyman, whom Eliza nursed during his final days in her own home. After this experience, she decides she wants friendship and independence. After a short period of time living with friends, she is courted by two men. One, Boyer, is a respected but rather boring clergyman, whom all of her friends and her mother recommend she accept in marriage. The other, Sanford, is an aristocratic libertine, who has no intention to marry but determines not to let another man have Eliza. Because of her indecision and her apparent preference for the libertine Sanford, Boyer eventually gives up on her, deciding that she will not make a suitable wife. Sanford also disappears from her life and marries another woman, Nancy, for her fortune. Eliza eventually decides that she really loved Boyer and wants him back. Unfortunately for Eliza, Boyer has already decided to marry Maria Selby, a relation of Boyer's friend. Sanford later reappears married, but is able to seduce the depressed Eliza. They have a hidden affair for some time until, overcome by guilt and unwilling to face her family and friends, Eliza arranges to escape from her home. Like the real-life Elizabeth Whitman, she dies due to childbirth complications and is buried by strangers. Mrs. Wharton (Eliza's mother) and all of Eliza's friends are deeply saddened by her death. Sanford, too, is devastated by her death. In a letter to his friend, Charles Deighton, he expresses his regret at his wretched behavior.", "Field of Dreams. Ray and Mann then travel to Chisholm, Minnesota where they learn that Graham had become a doctor and had died sixteen years earlier. During a late night walk, Ray finds himself back in 1972 and encounters the then-living Graham, who states that he had moved on from his baseball career. He also says that the greater disappointment would have been not having a medical career. He declines Ray's invitation to fulfill his dream; however, during the drive back home, Ray picks up a young hitchhiker who introduces himself as Archie Graham. While Archie sleeps, Ray reveals to Mann that John had wanted him to live out his dream of being a baseball star. He stopped playing catch with him after reading one of Mann's books at 14. At 17, he had denounced Shoeless Joe as a criminal to John and that was the reason for the rift between them. Ray expresses regret that he didn't get a chance to make things right before John died. When they arrive back at Ray's farm, they find that enough players have arrived to field two teams. A game is played and Archie finally gets his turn at bat.", "Battles of Saratoga. The Battles of Saratoga (September 19 and October 7, 1777) marked the climax of the Saratoga campaign, giving a decisive victory to the Americans over the British in the American Revolutionary War. British General John Burgoyne led a large invasion army southward from Canada in the Champlain Valley, hoping to meet a similar British force marching northward from New York City and another British force marching eastward from Lake Ontario; the southern and western forces never arrived, and Burgoyne was surrounded by American forces in upstate New York. He fought two small battles to break out which took place 18 days apart on the same ground, 9 miles (14 km) south of Saratoga, New York. They both failed.", "An Echo in the Bone. In the past, Lord William Ellesmere (actually Jamie's son but raised as Lord John Grey's stepson) is involved in the American Revolution as a Redcoat, but is repeatedly embarrassed until the battle of Saratoga, wherein he distinguishes himself. Arch and Murdina Bug go after the gold on Fraser's Ridge, during a confused confrontation Mrs. Bug shoots Jamie when he tells her to stop, and Ian shoots her. Ian feels guilty for killing Mrs. Bug; Arch vows to take his revenge when Ian has 'someone worth losing'. Claire, Jamie, and Ian leave their mountain home for Scotland to see Jenny, Ian, and their children, and also to recover Jamie's printing press. Before they can leave America, they become involved in the Revolutionary war; Jamie accidentally shoots the hat off William's head at Saratoga. A kinsman of Jamie's on the British side, Simon Fraser of Balnain, is killed, and Jamie and Claire are asked to take his body back to Scotland. Before they leave a stranger tries to blackmail Jamie, but Ian kills him. Claire, Jamie and Ian leave for Scotland to bury Jamie's relative and Ian leaves his dog Rollo with a Quaker woman named Rachel Hunter. Jamie, Claire, and Ian reach Scotland, where Ian the elder, husband to Jamie's sister Jenny, and Jamie's best childhood friend, is dying of consumption when they arrive. Ian and Jenny are ecstatic that young Ian has returned; but Jenny is hostile to Claire who is unable to cure Ian. Jamie apologizes to Laoghaire (his second wife) for their separation. Laoghaire's daughter (and Jamie's adopted daughter) Joan requires Laoghaire to marry her lover, a crippled servant, so that she (Joan) can become a nun. A letter from Laoghaire's daughter Marsali reveals that her son Henri-Christian is very ill. In this missive Marsali beseeches Claire's help in treating her son, Henri-Christian. Claire agrees to return to America to treat Henri-Christian stipulating that Laoghaire marry her lover, stop taking alimony from Jamie, and help Joan become a nun.", "A Doll's House. Dr. Rank, the family friend, arrives. Nora asks him for a favor, but Rank responds by revealing that he has entered the terminal stage of tuberculosis of the spine and that he has always been secretly in love with her. Nora tries to deny the first revelation and make light of it, but is more disturbed by his declaration of love. She tries clumsily to tell him that she is not in love with him, but that she loves him dearly as a friend.", "The Masque of Mandragora. In the catacombs, Giuliano and the Doctor find Sarah, who cannot remember anything after her capture by the cult. They make their way into the palace dungeons through a secret passage. The Doctor goes to confront Hieronymous, whom he has deduced is the leader of the Brethren, in his rooms. Sarah secretly follows, trying to carry out her post-hypnotic orders. When the Doctor speaks to Hieronymous, Sarah sneaks up behind him with the needle, but the Doctor snaps her out of the trance, just as the guards come for Hieronymous. The astrologer escapes, but the guards capture the Doctor, Sarah, and Giuliano.", "Tea with Mussolini. When the United States enters the war in 1941, Elsa and Georgie are interned with the British women. Elsa falls for Vittorio's scheme to embezzle her art collection and money, which would deliver her to the German Gestapo in a phony escape to Switzerland. Luca is aware of the deception but does not tell anyone out of jealous spite against Elsa. Mary learns of it from Elsa's art dealer, (Mino Bellei), and scolds Luca. His attitude changes and he gives his trust fund money to members of the Italian resistance movement, which Wilfred has joined. Elsa still refuses to believe Vittorio's betrayal and is ultimately convinced only when Lady Hester, informed by Mary and Luca of what Elsa has secretly done for all of them, repents of her contempt for Elsa and offers her gratitude and help. Elsa consents to an escape plan hatched by Mary, Luca and Wilfred. Before she departs, Elsa tells Luca how she once helped his young mother choose to go through with her pregnancy, thus allowing him to be there for her.", "Battles of Saratoga. The battle then went through phases alternating between intense fighting and breaks in the action. Morgan's men had regrouped in the woods, and picked off officers and artillerymen. They were so effective at reducing the latter that the Americans several times gained brief control of British field pieces, only to lose them in the next British charge. At one point it was believed that Burgoyne himself had been taken down by a sharpshooter; it was instead one of Burgoyne's aides, riding a richly dressed horse, who was the victim. The center of the British line was very nearly broken at one point, and only the intervention of General Phillips, leading the 20th, made it possible for the 62nd to reform.[39] In Roger Lamb's memoir, (a British soldier present at the battle), he wrote ''In this battle an unusual number of officers fell, as our army abounded with young men of respectability at this time, who after several years of general peace anterior to the American revolution, were attracted to the profession of arms. Three sulbalterns (officers) of the 20th regiment on this occasion, the oldest of whom did not exceed the age of seventeen years, were buried together''[40]", "Splendor in the Grass. While Deanie is in the institution, she meets another patient, Johnny Masterson (Charles Robinson), who has anger issues targeted at his parents, who want him to be a surgeon. The two patients form a bond. Meanwhile, Bud is sent to Yale, where he fails practically all his subjects. While at school, he meets Angelina (Zohra Lampert), the daughter of Italian immigrants who run a local restaurant in New Haven. In October 1929, Bud's father travels to New Haven in an attempt to persuade the dean not to expel Bud from school; Bud tells the dean he only aspires to own a ranch. While Ace is in New Haven, the stock market crashes, and he loses everything. He takes Bud to New York for a weekend, including to a cabaret nightclub, after which he commits suicide. Bud has to identify the body.", "One Thousand and One Nights. Another Nights tale with crime fiction elements was \"The Hunchback's Tale\" story cycle which, unlike \"The Three Apples\", was more of a suspenseful comedy and courtroom drama rather than a murder mystery or detective fiction. The story is set in a fictional China and begins with a hunchback, the emperor's favourite comedian, being invited to dinner by a tailor couple. The hunchback accidentally chokes on his food from laughing too hard and the couple, fearful that the emperor will be furious, take his body to a Jewish doctor's clinic and leave him there. This leads to the next tale in the cycle, the \"Tale of the Jewish Doctor\", where the doctor accidentally trips over the hunchback's body, falls down the stairs with him, and finds him dead, leading him to believe that the fall had killed him. The doctor then dumps his body down a chimney, and this leads to yet another tale in the cycle, which continues with twelve tales in total, leading to all the people involved in this incident finding themselves in a courtroom, all making different claims over how the hunchback had died.[68] Crime fiction elements are also present near the end of \"The Tale of Attaf\" (see Foreshadowing above).", "Battles of Saratoga. The American Revolutionary War was approaching the two-year point, and the British changed their plans. They decided to split the Thirteen Colonies and isolate New England from what they believed to be the more Loyalist middle and southern colonies. The British command devised a plan to divide the colonies with a three-way pincer movement in 1777.[10] The western pincer under the command of Barry St. Leger was to progress from Ontario through western New York, following the Mohawk River,[11] and the southern pincer was to progress up the Hudson River valley from New York City.[12] The northern pincer was to proceed southward from Montreal, and the three forces were to meet in the vicinity of Albany, New York, severing New England from the other colonies.[13]", "Back to School. As a student, even though Diane is inspiring a deeper appreciation of literature, Thornton prefers partying to studying. He hires a team of professionals to complete his assignments, including author Kurt Vonnegut, to write a paper on Kurt Vonnegut for literature class. To Thornton's surprise, a disappointed Diane, recognizing the fraud, gives Thornton an F on his paper, telling him that she will not accept work from him that was written by someone else, and adding that whoever did write the paper doesn't know the first thing about Kurt Vonnegut. Meanwhile, Jason is fed up with his father, his school, his status and his own failures. At his dad's big party, he gets drunk, punches Chas and disappears.", "The Long, Hot Summer. Ben aggressively pursues Clara. She finally asks Alan what his intentions are, and does not like what she hears. A defeated Jody finds his father alone in their barn. Jody bolts the entrance and sets the barn on fire, but he cannot go through with it and releases Will. The incident leads to a reconciliation between father and son. Men from town assume Ben is the culprit and start toward him, but Will claims he accidentally started the fire by dropping his cigar.", "The Coquette. Eliza Wharton sins and dies. Her death can convey the conservative moral that many critics of the time demanded. Yet the circumstances of that death seem designed to tease the reader into thought. It is in precisely these interstices—the distjunctions between the conventional and the radical readings of the plot – that the early American sentimental novel flourishes. It is in the irresolution of Eliza Wharton’s dilemma that the novel, as a genre, differentiates itself from the tract stories of Elizabeth Whitman in which the novel is grounded and which it ultimately transcends.[9]", "Garage Sale Mystery. Jennifer finds an old but expensive wedding dress in a box of clothes purchased at an estate sale. She finds a blood stain on a pocket and investigation turns up Helen Carter, the bride, together with the story that the groom disappeared between the wedding and the reception after the wedding. Jennifer doggedly pursues the mystery and, using Luminol, determines that there were still blood stains inside a closet in the storage room of the church. She persuades Ted to confess to murder, but then Helen confesses her role in the murder. Helen's actions are ruled justified and she is not charged. Helen and Ted renew their romance after a gap of 35 years.", "The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down. The book is written in a unique style, with every other chapter returning to Lia's story and the chapters in-between discussing broader themes of Hmong culture, customs, and history; American involvement in and responsibility for the war in Laos; and the many problems of immigration, especially assimilation and discrimination. While particularly sympathetic to the Hmong, Fadiman presents the situation from the perspectives of both the doctors and the family. An example of medical anthropology, the book has been cited by medical journals and lecturers as an argument for greater cultural competence, and often assigned to medical, pharmaceutic, and anthropological students in the US. In 1997, it won the National Book Critics Circle Award for General Nonfiction.[3]", "Borobudur. Gandavyuha is the story told in the final chapter of the Avatamsaka Sutra about Sudhana's tireless wandering in search of the Highest Perfect Wisdom. It covers two galleries (third and fourth) and also half of the second gallery, comprising in total of 460 panels.[93] The principal figure of the story, the youth Sudhana, son of an extremely rich merchant, appears on the 16th panel. The preceding 15 panels form a prologue to the story of the miracles during Buddha's", "Joseph Andrews. Wilson had found himself at the mercy of many of the social ills that Fielding had written about in his journalism: the over-saturated and abused literary market, the exploitative state lottery, and regressive laws which sanctioned imprisonment for small debts. Having seen the corrupting influence of wealth and the town, he retires with his new wife to the rural solitude in which Adams, Fanny and Joseph now find them. The only break in his contentment, and one which will turn out to be significant to the plot, was the kidnapping of his eldest son, whom he has not seen since.", "Joseph Andrews. The impetus for the novel, as Fielding claims in the preface, is the establishment of a genre of writing \"which I do not remember to have been hitherto attempted in our language\", defined as the \"comic epic-poem in prose\": a work of prose fiction, epic in length and variety of incident and character, in the hypothetical spirit of Homer's lost (and possibly apocryphal) comic poem Margites. He dissociates his fiction from the scandal-memoir and the contemporary novel. Book III describes the work as biography.", "The Physician's Tale. There are a few recurring themes in Chaucer’s “the Physician’s Tale” such as consent and sacrifice. On the subject of consent, many critics have noted that, in the original versions of the story, Virginia was not given the choice of whether she could live or not. For example, Lianna Farber in her essay “the Creation of Consent in the Physician’s Tale” the detail of Virginia’s consent to death “appears neither in Chaucer’s stated source, Livy’s history, which Chaucer may or may not have known, nor in his unstated source, Jean de Meun’s Roman de la Rose, which Chaucer most certainly did know” (151) meaning that Chaucer added the detail to the story himself. Chaucer’s goal in giving Virginia a choice in his version of the tale is unclear. In fact, some even wonder if Virginia truly had a choice to begin with. Once again, Lianna Farber in “The Creation of Consent in the Physician’s Tale” points out a flaw in Virginius’s ultimatum of death or dishonor: “These alternatives are problematic because there would presumably be many other ways to deal with the situation: Virginia could run away; she could go into hiding; Virginius could stall for time while he called together all their friends who were pointedly mentioned when we were introduced to Virginius; and on and on” (158). Even further still, some argue that the purpose of Virginia’s death is to highlight Virginius’s ineptitude as a father. Once again, Farber states that Virginius’s ultimatum to his daughter would have been seen as bad parenting saying:“It turns out, audiences of the story other than the Host tend to agree, that this is bad governance” (159). However, Farber also argues in the other direction saying that “the responsibility does not lie entirely with Virginius: Virginia embraces her father’s logic as well as his power and, voicing both, consents to her own death” (159).", "History of New York (state). In October 1777, American General Horatio Gates won the Battle of Saratoga, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.[22]", "The Bag or the Bat. In Massachusetts, following his release from prison, Irish gangster Mickey Donovan is driven to a church and murders a priest. In California, Mickey's son Ray works as a fixer for the high-powered Los Angeles law firm of Goldman & Drexler. Ray and his associate Avi are summoned to a hotel room, where Deonte Frasier has woken up next to a dead girl after a night of partying. Ray's employer, Lee Drexler, sends him to rectify a situation involving Tommy Wheeler, a young movie star and closeted homosexual who is rumored to have picked up a transvestite hooker. Ray decides to merge the two cases and replace Deonte with Tommy, clearing Deonte of any involvement with the dead girl and drawing attention away from the rumors about Tommy. With Lena acting as Tommy's publicist, the swap is successful, and Tommy is taken to rehab to complete the ruse." ]

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[ "Standing committee (United States Congress). In the United States Congress, standing committees are permanent legislative panels established by the United States House of Representatives and United States Senate rules. (House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV.) Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by their respective chambers. They also have oversight responsibility to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas that cut across committee jurisdictions. Due to their permanent nature, these committees exist beyond the adjournment of each two-year meeting of Congress.", "List of current United States Senate committees. Standing committees are permanent bodies with specific responsibilities spelled out in the Senate's rules. Twelve of the sixteen current standing committees are Class A panels. They are Agriculture; Appropriations; Armed Services; Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs; Commerce, Science, and Transportation; Energy and Natural Resources; Environment and Public Works; Finance; Foreign Relations; Governmental Affairs; Judiciary; and Health, Education, Labor and Pensions.[citation needed]", "Standing committee (United States Congress). As of June 17, 2017, the Senate had[update] 16 standing committees and the House had 20 standing committees.[4] (The count is for standing committees only and does not include select or special committees or joint committees. See those articles for that information.)", "United States House of Representatives. Most committee work is performed by twenty standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a specific set of issues, such as Agriculture or Foreign Affairs. Each standing committee considers, amends, and reports bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Committees have extensive powers with regard to bills; they may block legislation from reaching the floor of the House. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.", "United States Senate. Most committee work is performed by 16 standing committees, each of which has jurisdiction over a field such as finance or foreign relations. Each standing committee may consider, amend, and report bills that fall under its jurisdiction. Furthermore, each standing committee considers presidential nominations to offices related to its jurisdiction. (For instance, the Judiciary Committee considers nominees for judgeships, and the Foreign Relations Committee considers nominees for positions in the Department of State.) Committees may block nominees and impede bills from reaching the floor of the Senate. Standing committees also oversee the departments and agencies of the executive branch. In discharging their duties, standing committees have the power to hold hearings and to subpoena witnesses and evidence.", "Committee. Under the laws of the United States of America, a standing committee is a Congressional committee permanently authorized by United States House of Representatives and United States Senate rules. The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 greatly reduced the number of committees, and set up the legislative committee structure still in use today, as modified by authorized changes via the orderly mechanism of rules changes.", "List of current United States Senate committees. Standing committees in the Senate have their jurisdiction set by three primary sources: Senate Rules, ad hoc Senate Resolutions, and Senate Resolutions related to committee funding. To see an overview of the jurisdictions of standing committees in the Senate, see Standing Rules of the United States Senate, Rule XXV.", "United States congressional committee. Today the Senate operates with 20 standing and select committees. These select committees, however, are permanent in nature and are treated as standing committees under Senate rules.", "United States congressional committee. Standing committees are permanent panels identified as such in chamber rules (House Rule X, Senate Rule XXV).", "United States Senate. The Senate also has several committees that are not considered standing committees. Such bodies are generally known as select or special committees; examples include the Select Committee on Ethics and the Special Committee on Aging. Legislation is referred to some of these committees, although the bulk of legislative work is performed by the standing committees. Committees may be established on an ad hoc basis for specific purposes; for instance, the Senate Watergate Committee was a special committee created to investigate the Watergate scandal. Such temporary committees cease to exist after fulfilling their tasks.", "List of current United States Senate committees. There are four Class B standing committees: Budget; Rules and Administration; Small Business; and Veterans' Affairs. There are currently no Class C standing committees.[citation needed]", "List of current United States Senate committees. There are five non-standing, select, or special committees, which are treated similarly to standing committees.[1]", "Standing committee (United States Congress). Most standing committees recommend funding levels—authorizations—for government operations and for new and existing programs. A few have other functions. For example, the Appropriations Committees recommend legislation to provide budget authority for federal agencies and programs. The Budget Committees establish aggregate levels for total spending and revenue that serve as guidelines for the work of the authorizing and appropriating panels. Committees also provide oversight of federal agencies and programs.", "List of current United States Senate committees. As of 2017[update], there are 88 subsidiary bodies of the US Senate: 16 standing committees with 67 subcommittees, and five non-standing committees.", "List of current United States Senate committees. This is a complete list of U.S. congressional committees (standing committees and select or special committees) that are currently operating in the United States Senate. Senators can be a member of more than one committee.", "State legislature (United States). Standing committees are charged with the important responsibility of examining bills and recommending action to the Senate or House. Often on days when a legislature is not in session, the committees of each house meet and consider the bills that have been referred to them to decide if the assigned bills should be reported for further action.", "Standing committee (United States Congress). Committee sizes range from 6 to 50 members per committee. In the House, one person may not serve on more than two standing committees and four subcommittees at one time, though waivers can be granted to serve on additional committees. Also in the House, the House Republican Steering Committee assigns Republican representatives to their committee(s),[1][2] while the Steering and Policy Committee is in charge of assigning Democratic representatives to committees.[3] The Senate follows similar procedures, with senators being limited to no more than three full committees and five sub-committees.", "United States congressional committee. Because they have legislative jurisdiction, standing committees consider bills and issues and recommend measures for consideration by their respective chambers. They also have oversight responsibility to monitor agencies, programs, and activities within their jurisdictions, and in some cases in areas that cut across committee jurisdictions.", "United States congressional committee. This system proved ineffective, so in 1816 the Senate adopted a formal system of 11 standing committees with five members each. Three of those committees, the Finance, Foreign Relations and the Judiciary Committees exist largely unchanged today, while the duties of the others have evolved into successor committees. With the advent of this new system, committees are able to handle long-term studies and investigations, in addition to regular legislative duties. According to the Senate Historical Office, \"the significance of the change from temporary to permanent committees was perhaps little realized at the time.\" With the growing responsibilities of the Senate, the committees gradually grew to be the key policy-making bodies of the Senate, instead of merely technical aids to the chamber.", "List of current United States House of Representatives committees. The United States House of Representatives currently has 21 congressional committees; 20 standing committees and one select committee. All but three committees, the Budget Committee, the Ethics Committee, and the House Administration Committee, are subdivided into subcommittees of which there are a total of 95, each with its own leadership.", "Standing committee (United States Congress). The Legislative Reorganization Act of 1946 greatly reduced the number of committees. The membership of each committee is adopted at the beginning of each Congress, usually by adoption of a formal resolution. Each committee is assigned its own staff to assist with its legislative, investigative, and research functions. Several committees divide their work into sub units called subcommittees.", "United States Congress. Each bill goes through several stages in each house including consideration by a committee and advice from the Government Accountability Office.[1] Most legislation is considered by standing committees which have jurisdiction over a particular subject such as Agriculture or Appropriations. The House has twenty standing committees; the Senate has sixteen. Standing committees meet at least once each month.[1] Almost all standing committee meetings for transacting business must be open to the public unless the committee votes, publicly, to close the meeting.[1] A committee might call for public hearings on important bills.[1] Each committee is led by a chair who belongs to the majority party and a ranking member of the minority party. Witnesses and experts can present their case for or against a bill.[107] Then, a bill may go to what's called a mark-up session where committee members debate the bill's merits and may offer amendments or revisions.[107] Committees may also amend the bill, but the full house holds the power to accept or reject committee amendments. After debate, the committee votes whether it wishes to report the measure to the full house. If a bill is tabled then it is rejected. If amendments are extensive, sometimes a new bill with amendments built in will be submitted as a so-called clean bill with a new number.[107] Both houses have procedures under which committees can be bypassed or overruled but they are rarely used. Generally, members who have been in Congress longer have greater seniority and therefore greater power.[120]", "Committee. Examples of standing committees in organizations are an audit committee, an elections committee, a finance committee, a fundraising committee, a governance committee, and a program committee. Typically, the standing committees perform their work throughout the year and present their reports at an annual meeting of the organization.[22] These committees continue to exist after presenting their reports, although the membership in the committees may change.", "Australian House of Representatives. Standing Committees, which are established on a permanent basis and are responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them by the chamber; examining the government's budget and activities and for examining departmental annual reports and activities.", "Committee. A standing committee is a subunit of a political or deliberative body established in a permanent fashion to aid the parent assembly in accomplishing its duties. A standing committee is granted its scope and powers over a particular area of business by the governing documents.[21] Standing committees meet on a regular or irregular basis depending on their function, and retain any power or oversight originally given them until subsequent official actions of the governing body (through changes to law or by-laws) disbands the committee.", "United States congressional committee. There are three main types of committees—standing, select or special, and joint.[3]", "Procedures of the United States House of Representatives. Standing committees are established at the time that the rules of the House are adopted or by amending the House Rules. The jurisdiction of each standing committee is specified in the House Rules. Under the House Rules the chairman and members of standing committees are selected through a two-step procedure where the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference recommends members to serve on Committees, the majority party recommends a Chairman, and the Minority Party recommends a Ranking Member and finally the full House can approve the recommendation of the Party Caucuses. It is important to note that the Rules of the Democratic Caucus and the Republican Conference determines the nomination procedure of its own members. Rules of party nominations may therefore differ but approval by the House of these nominations is conducted according to House Rules. Seniority on a Standing Committee is based on the order of the members on the election resolution as approved by the House. The number of members who serve on a committee along with the party ratio of a committee is determined by the Majority and Minority Leaders of the House with the exception of the Committee on Ethics which is limited by the Rules to 5 majority members and 5 minority members.", "Senate of Canada. The Senate also has several standing committees, each of which has responsibility for a particular area of government (for example, finance or transport). These committees consider legislation and conduct special studies on issues referred to them by the Senate and may hold hearings, collect evidence, and report their findings to the Senate. Standing committees consist of between nine and fifteen members each and elect their own chairmen.", "List of current United States Senate committees. Other (i.e., Indian Affairs), select and special committees are ranked as Class B or Class C committees. They are created for clearly specified purposes. There are currently two Class B committees: the Select Committee on Intelligence and the Special Committee on Aging, and two Class C committees: the Committee on Indian Affairs and the Select Committee on Ethics.[citation needed]", "United States House of Representatives. The House also has one permanent committee that is not a standing committee, the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, and from time to time may establish committees that are temporary and advisory in nature, such as the Select Committee on Energy Independence and Global Warming. This latter committee, created in the 110th Congress and reauthorized for the 111th, has no jurisdiction over legislation and must be chartered anew at the start of every Congress. The House also appoints members to serve on joint committees, which include members of the Senate and House. Some joint committees oversee independent government bodies; for instance, the Joint Committee on the Library oversees the Library of Congress. Other joint committees serve to make advisory reports; for example, there exists a Joint Committee on Taxation. Bills and nominees are not referred to joint committees. Hence, the power of joint committees is considerably lower than those of standing committees.", "Parliament of Australia. Standing Committees, which are established on a permanent basis and are responsible for scrutinising bills and topics referred to them by the chamber; examining the government's budget and activities (in what is called the budget estimates process); and for examining departmental annual reports and activities.", "Standing committee (India). Standing Committees play a part in passing a Bill. The process may start in either House of Parliament. A member of the Parliament puts forward a proposal for a new law. In the Senate, the proposed law goes to the presiding officer; in the House of Representatives, the draft bill is given to the clerk of the House. The bill is then sent to the appropriate Standing Committee." ]

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[ "QI. On 14 December 2015 Network Distributing a video publishing company made an announcement on its website that it had made a deal with FremantleMedia so previously unreleased shows could be made available on DVD sometime in 2016; among the list was QI.[134] The DVD sets, released on 8 May 2017, were split into two initial volumes of series A-D and E-G, containing additional features including a 'Making of' feature, interviews and bloopers. Two additional sets, series H-J and K-M are scheduled for release on 23 October 2017.", "List of QI episodes. As of 16 February 2018, 217 episodes of QI have aired, concluding \"Series O\". This count does not include the unbroadcast pilot, the 2011 Comic Relief live special, the 2012 Sport Relief special and 18 compilation episodes. On 1 March 2018, it was announced that the show will return for \"Series P\" in late 2018.[6][7]", "QI. A Swedish version of QI started airing on SVT1 8 September 2012, and is called Intresseklubben. Comedian Johan Wester hosts Intresseklubben, and Anders Jansson is featured as the regular panellist.[59] A second series covering the letter B started airing in September 2013;[60] Series C was recorded in June 2014 and aired in late 2014,[61] while season D was recorded in June 2015 and started airing in August 2015.", "QI. In QI, every series takes its theme from a different letter of the alphabet, starting with the letter \"A\". Series are referred to by letter rather than number. The first series started on 11 September 2003, and consisted of topics beginning with A. The second series consisted of topics beginning with \"B\" and also saw the first attempts to pay attention to a particular theme throughout one episode, e.g. \"Birds\" (the overriding theme did not necessarily begin with \"B\", although the questions always contained an element that did). The only exceptions to the alphabet system have been the Christmas specials, where the topics are often Christmas-based and do not necessarily correspond to that series' letter (although greater attempts have been made to do so since Series D.[citation needed])", "List of QI episodes. QI was given a full series after BBC executives responded well to a nonbroadcast pilot[3] and the first episode, \"Adam\" premiered on BBC Two on 11 September 2003.[4] From the second to the fifth series, episodes aired each week on BBC Two; the second and subsequent episodes were shown first on BBC Four in the time-slot after the previous episode's BBC Two broadcast. When the sixth series of QI began in 2008, the show moved to BBC One and the broadcasting of episodes on BBC Four was replaced in favour of an extended repeat broadcast on BBC Two the following day, titled QI XL. From the ninth series, QI returned to BBC Two on Friday at 10 pm with the XL edition on Saturdays. Lloyd acted as the producer for the first five series. Piers Fletcher became producer starting from Series F.[5]", "QI. In March 2010, QI began a run in New Zealand on Prime.[49] On 27 May 2011, Series A of QI was broadcast in South Africa on BBC Entertainment.[50] QI series A-J has also aired on BBC Entertainment in the Nordic countries.[51]", "QI. A box set of series 1–3 (Series A-C) was released in September 2011.[135] Additionally, a single DVD titled \"The Best Bits\" containing clips from Series G was released 3 June 2010.[136] Two years later a three DVD set labelled as \"Series 9\" was released in August 2012, containing the Series H episodes.[137] The Series 9 DVD title was later changed to \"The H Series\"[138] and The Series J was released also on 5 March 2014.[139]", "QI. Recordings usually take place over a few weeks in May or June at The London Studios; three episodes are typically filmed per week and sixteen are filmed for each series.[29]", "List of QI episodes. QI (short for Quite Interesting) is a BBC comedy panel game television show that began in 2003. It was created by John Lloyd, and was hosted by Stephen Fry until the end of Series 13 [M] after which Sandi Toksvig took over, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. Each series covers topics that begin with a different letter of the alphabet; for example, the first series covered topics whose word began with \"A\". Thus it is referred to as \"Series A\" instead of \"Series One\".[1][2]", "QI. QI (Quite Interesting) is a British comedy panel game television quiz show created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panelist Alan Davies. Stephen Fry was host of the show from its initial pilot, before departing after the final episode of the M series in 2016,[2] with frequent QI panelist Sandi Toksvig replacing him prior to the beginning of the N series in 2016.[3] The format of the show focuses on Davies and three other guest panelists answering questions that are extremely obscure, making it unlikely that the correct answer will be given. To compensate, the panelists are awarded points not only for the right answer, but also for interesting ones, regardless of whether they are right or even relate to the original question, while points are deducted for \"answers which are not only wrong, but pathetically obvious\"[4] – typically answers that are generally believed to be true but in fact are misconceptions. These answers, referred to as \"forfeits\", are usually indicated by a loud klaxon and alarm bell, flashing lights, and the incorrect answer being flashed on the video screens behind the panelists. Bonus points are sometimes awarded or deducted for challenges or incorrect references, varying from show to show. QI has a philosophy that \"everything is interesting if looked at in the right way\";[5] many factual errors in the show have been corrected in later episodes or on the show's blog.", "QI. A DVD release for the first series was the direct result of an internet petition signed by 1,821 people, which persuaded the BBC of the interest in such a move.[128] Series A, was therefore released by BBC Worldwide's DVD venture, 2 entertain Ltd. on 6 November 2006 (as \"QI: The Complete First Series\").[129] It contains a number of outtakes as well as the unbroadcast pilot.[129] Sales over the Christmas period, however (in stark contrast to The Book of General Ignorance, which topped the Amazon.co.uk best-seller list), were not as strong as hoped.[109] A lack of adequate advertising is thought to be to blame (and subsequent episodes of QI have since trailed the DVD), and may have factored in the label change for Series B.[109][130][131] Series B was released on 17 March 2008,[130][131] followed by Series C on 1 September.[132] In 2014 a message on the QI site read \"Due to a number of copyright issues there are difficulties releasing further series of QI on DVD\".[133]", "QI. In Australia, QI is broadcast on the ABC. The programme was first broadcast on 20 October 2009 after the surprise ratings success of Stephen Fry in America. The ABC aired QI Series F first, but subsequently, in July 2010, ABC1 began broadcasting QI from the very beginning with Series A.[45][46] The show was regularly repeated and screened every day at 6:30 pm at one point. In 2013, the ABC was criticised in Federal Parliament for showing QI repeats and other shows featuring Stephen Fry too frequently, so much so that at a parliamentary enquiry one speaker asked \"how viewers would know they were actually in Australia\" and not Britain.[47] QI has also been broadcast on the pay TV channel UKTV.[48]", "QI. 8 May 2017[140]", "QI. 23 October 2017[144]", "QI. In October 2015, it was announced that Fry would be stepping down as host after Series M and would be replaced by Sandi Toksvig.[24] Fry described his position on QI as \"one of the best jobs on television\",[25] but that \"it was time to move on\". Toksvig said that \"QI is my favourite television programme both to watch and to be on\".[26] Lloyd said that Toksvig will be \"the first female host of a mainstream comedy panel show on British television\",[27] and that although she is very different to Fry, she \"will bring to the show the same kind of wonderful thing that Stephen does, the mixture of real brains and a hinterland of knowledge, plus this naughty sense of humour.\" He also said it will give the show a chance to \"do things in a slightly different way\".[28]", "QI. QI has entered a number of different media, and has seen an increasing number of tie-in DVDs, books and newspaper columns released since 2005.", "QI. 23 October 2017[145]", "QI. 8 May 2017[142]", "QI. The first QI book was 2006's The Book of General Ignorance, published in hardback on 5 October by Faber and Faber. (ISBN 9780571233687)[108] Written by producer and series-creator John Lloyd and QI's head of research, John Mitchinson, it includes a foreword by Fry and \"Four words\" by Davies (\"Will this do, Stephen?\"). Most of the book's facts and clarifications have appeared on the programme, including its list of 200 popular misconceptions, many of which featured during the \"General Ignorance\" rounds. On 8 December 2006, the book \"became a surprise bestseller over the Christmas period, becoming Amazon's number one Global bestseller for Christmas 2006.\"[109] By the end of January 2007, it had sold more than 300,000 copies (and subsequently over half a million[110]), paving the way for subsequent (projected) annual book releases to capitalise on the UK Christmas book market.[109] The Official QI website notes that it will soon be published in 23 countries.[110]", "QI. Since 10 February 2007, a weekly QI column has run in The Daily Telegraph newspaper. Fifty-two columns were planned, originally alphabetically themed like the TV series and running from A to Z twice, but the feature is ongoing and was recently re-launched in the newspaper's Saturday magazine and online.[153] A QI feature has appeared in BBC MindGames magazine since its fifth issue, and revolves around facts and questions in the General Ignorance-mould. There is also a weekly QI linked multiple choice question featured in the Radio Times, with the solution printed in the feedback section. QI also has an official website, QI.com, which features facts, forums and other information. It also links to QI's internet show QI News, a parody news show which broadcasts \"News\" items about things which are \"quite interesting\".[154] QI News stars Glenn Wrage and Katherine Jakeways as the newsreaders, Bob Squire and Sophie Langton.[154]", "QI. QI's first annual, The QI \"E\" Annual or The QI Annual 2008 was published by Faber and Faber on 1 November 2007, to coincide with the initial airing of the TV show's E series (ISBN 978-0-571-23779-1).[119] Succeeding years have seen the publication of F, G and H annuals, concurrent with the BBC show's chronology, though retrospective annuals on the first four letters of the alphabet have yet to be published. The covers, which feature various cartoon scenes starring caricatures of Fry and regular QI panellists, are produced by David Stoten (one of Roger Law's Spitting Image team), who also contributed to the annuals' contents. Many of said cover stars are also credited with contributing content to the annuals, which also provide a showcase for Rowan Atkinson's talents as a 'rubber-faced' comic, as well as the comic stylings of Newman and Husband from Private Eye, Viz's Chris Donald, Geoff Dunbar, Ted Dewan and The Daily Telegraph's Matt Pritchett.[120]", "The Rise of Phoenixes. The Rise of Phoenixes (Chinese: 天盛长歌; pinyin: Tiānshèng Cháng Gē) is a 2018 Chinese television series that is loosely based on the novel Huang Quan (Chinese: 凰权) by Tianxia Guiyuan. It stars Chen Kun and Ni Ni. The series premiered on Hunan Television starting August 14, 2018.[1]", "QI. Writer and former BBC producer John Lloyd devised the format of the show, and it is produced by Quite Interesting Limited, an organisation set up by Lloyd. QI was originally seen as being an \"Annotated Encyclopædia Britannica ... the world's first non-boring encyclopaedia.\"[14] As a panel game, it was conceived as a radio show, with Lloyd as chairman.[22] While developing the show with Peter Fincham and Alan Yentob, Lloyd decided that it would work better on television. The three pitched it to Lorraine Heggessey, controller of BBC One at the time. Heggessey passed on the format, opting to commission a similar panel game called Class War (which was never made). When Fincham became controller of BBC One, Lloyd pitched it to him, only to be turned down by his former collaborator. Eventually, he pitched it to Jane Root, then controller of BBC Two, who agreed to develop it.[23] When it was decided that the show would air on television, Michael Palin was offered the job of chairman with Fry and Davies as captains of the \"cleverclogs\" and \"dunderheads\" teams, respectively.[22] However, when Palin decided not to take the job, the producers opted to change the format; Fry became the host, with Davies as the only regular panelist.[22][24] Root commissioned a pilot and a further 16 episodes after that, although budget limitations reduced the first series to 12 episodes.[23]", "QI. For its first five series shown between 2003 and 2007, which corresponded to the first five letters of the alphabet, episodes premiered on BBC Four before receiving their first analogue airing on BBC Two a week later. From 2008 and 2011, the show was moved to BBC One, with an extended-length edition of each episode often broadcast on BBC Two a day or two after the regular show's broadcast under the title of QI XL.[6] Series G and H saw the regular show broadcast in a pre-watershed slot with the extended edition remaining within a post-watershed slot. Beginning with the I series, the regular show returned to a post-watershed slot on BBC Two. Syndicated episodes of previous series are regularly shown on UKTV G2/Dave.", "QI. A number of DVDs related to QI have also been released, including interactive quizzes, and complete series releases.", "QI. The Czech version of QI was first broadcast on TV Prima on 14 August 2013. The programme is hosted by Leoš Mareš, with Patrik Hezucký appearing as a guest in every episode.[62][63]", "QI. Points may be given to (or taken from) the audience, and five episodes have the distinction of being won by the audience: \"Death\", the 5th episode in Series D; \"England\", the 10th episode in Series E; \"Flora & Fauna\", the 10th episode in Series F; \"Greeks\", the 14th episode in Series G; and \"Next\", the 15th episode in Series N. The audience's win in \"Greeks\" was only announced during the XL broadcast as their contribution was cut out of the main broadcast. In contrast, the audience lost the 5th episode of Series E, \"Europe\", receiving a forfeit of -100 when they incorrectly sang the first stanza of the German national anthem.", "QI. On 14 November 2005 an interactive QI DVD game, called QI: A Quite Interesting Game, was released by Warner Home Video. A second interactive game, QI: Strictly Come Duncing followed on the 26 November 2007, from Warner's Music division.[127] Both games feature Fry asking questions, and then explaining the answers in full QI-mode.", "QI. The sixth QI book, 1,227 QI Facts To Blow Your Socks Off, a list of facts, was published on 1 November 2012. James Harkin, QI's chief researcher, co-wrote the book with Lloyd and Mitchinson.[118]", "Stephen Fry. In 2003, Fry began hosting QI (Quite Interesting), a comedy panel game television quiz show. QI was created and co-produced by John Lloyd, and features permanent panellist Alan Davies. QI has the highest viewing figures for any show on BBC Four and Dave (formerly UKTV G2).[50][51] In 2006, Fry won the Rose d'Or award for \"Best Game Show Host\" for his work on the series. In October 2015, it was announced that Fry would retire as the host of QI after the \"M\" series.[52]", "QI. For earlier series, warm-up comedians were used before recording began, frequently Stephen Grant, credited as the \"audience wrangler\".[32] However, there have been no warm-ups for recent series. Fry records and tweets audience AudioBoos and introduces the guests before the show.[30] Recordings start at either 4:30 pm or 7:30 pm and last up to two hours, although only 30 minutes of footage is used for normal episodes and 45 minutes for \"XL\" episodes. By 10:00 pm, recording has usually finished and the set has been disassembled.[30] Roughly 16 questions are asked and about half of those make it into the show;[30] 20% of material researched is used in a QI episode, while other facts may appear in the XL versions, a QI book, on QI's Twitter feed or on their website.[31]", "QI. As of 2011, QI is distributed by FremantleMedia.[1]" ]

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[ "Natural gas. Natural gas is found in deep underground rock formations or associated with other hydrocarbon reservoirs in coal beds and as methane clathrates. Petroleum is another resource and fossil fuel found in close proximity to and with natural gas. Most natural gas was created over time by two mechanisms: biogenic and thermogenic. Biogenic gas is created by methanogenic organisms in marshes, bogs, landfills, and shallow sediments. Deeper in the earth, at greater temperature and pressure, thermogenic gas is created from buried organic material.[4][5]", "Natural gas field. In general, organic sediments buried in depths of 1,000 m to 6,000 m (at temperatures of 60 °C to 150 °C) generate oil, while sediments buried deeper and at higher temperatures generate natural gas. The deeper the source, the \"drier\" the gas (that is, the smaller the proportion of condensates in the gas). Because both oil and natural gas are lighter than water, they tend to rise from their sources until they either seep to the surface or are trapped by a non-permeable stratigraphic trap. They can be extracted from the trap by drilling.", "Natural gas field. Natural gas originates by the same geological thermal cracking process that converts kerogen to petroleum. As a consequence, oil and natural gas are often found together. In common usage, deposits rich in oil are known as oil fields, and deposits rich in natural gas are called natural gas fields.", "Natural gas. Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but commonly including varying amounts of other higher alkanes, and sometimes a small percentage of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, or helium.[2] It is formed when layers of decomposing plant and animal matter are exposed to intense heat and pressure under the surface of the Earth over millions of years. The energy that the plants originally obtained from the sun is stored in the form of chemical bonds in the gas.[3]", "Natural gas. Natural gas is often stored underground inside depleted gas reservoirs from previous gas wells, salt domes, or in tanks as liquefied natural gas. The gas is injected in a time of low demand and extracted when demand picks up. Storage nearby end users helps to meet volatile demands, but such storage may not always be practicable.", "Natural gas. Huge quantities of natural gas (primarily methane) exist in the form of hydrates under sediment on offshore continental shelves and on land in arctic regions that experience permafrost, such as those in Siberia. Hydrates require a combination of high pressure and low temperature to form.", "Natural gas. Natural gas extracted from oil wells is called casinghead gas (whether or not truly produced up the annulus and through a casinghead outlet) or associated gas. The natural gas industry is extracting an increasing quantity of gas from challenging resource types: sour gas, tight gas, shale gas, and coalbed methane.", "Methane. Methane was discovered and isolated by Alessandro Volta between 1776 and 1778 when studying marsh gas from Lake Maggiore. It is the major component of natural gas, about 87% by volume. The major source of methane is extraction from geological deposits known as natural gas fields, with coal seam gas extraction becoming a major source (see Coal bed methane extraction, a method for extracting methane from a coal deposit, while enhanced coal bed methane recovery is a method of recovering methane from non-mineable coal seams). It is associated with other hydrocarbon fuels, and sometimes accompanied by helium and nitrogen. Methane is produced at shallow levels (low pressure) by anaerobic decay of organic matter and reworked methane from deep under the Earth's surface. In general, the sediments that generate natural gas are buried deeper and at higher temperatures than those that contain oil.", "Offshore oil and gas in the Gulf of Mexico (United States). Natural gas hydrates have long been known to exist in sediments beneath the Gulf of Mexico. In May 2009 the US Geological Survey announced the discovery of thick natural gas hydrate deposits beneath the Gulf of Mexico that are recoverable by current technology.[30] To date, natural gas from hydrates has not been produced from the Gulf of Mexico.", "Natural gas field. Like oil, natural gas is often found underwater in offshore gas fields such as the North Sea, Corrib Gas Field off Ireland, and the Sable Offshore Energy Project in the Scotian Shelf near Sable Island. The technology utilized to extract and transport offshore natural gas is different from land-based fields in that a few, very large rigs are usually used, due to the cost and logistical difficulties in working over water. Rising gas prices in the early 21st century encouraged drillers to revisit fields that previously were not considered economically viable. For example, in 2008 McMoran Exploration passed a drilling depth of over 32,000 feet (9754 m) (the deepest test well in the history of gas production) at the Blackbeard site in the Gulf of Mexico.[1] Exxon Mobil's drill rig there had reached 30,000 feet by 2006 without finding gas, before it abandoned the site.", "Fuel gas. In the 20th century, natural gas, composed primarily of methane, became the dominant source of fuel gas, as instead of having to be manufactured in various processes, it could be extracted from deposits in the earth. Natural gas may be combined with hydrogen to form a mixture known as HCNG.", "Natural gas. Natural gas can be \"associated\" (found in oil fields), or \"non-associated\" (isolated in natural gas fields), and is also found in coal beds (as coalbed methane).[15] It sometimes contains a significant amount of ethane, propane, butane, and pentane—heavier hydrocarbons removed for commercial use prior to the methane being sold as a consumer fuel or chemical plant feedstock. Non-hydrocarbons such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, helium (rarely), and hydrogen sulfide must also be removed before the natural gas can be transported.[16]", "Natural-gas condensate. Drip gas, so named because it can be drawn off the bottom of small chambers (called drips) sometimes installed in pipelines from gas wells, is another name for natural-gas condensate, a naturally occurring form of gasoline obtained as a byproduct of natural gas extraction. It is also known as \"condensate\", \"natural gasoline\", \"casing head gas\", \"raw gas\", \"white gas\" and \"liquid gold\".[9][10] Drip gas is defined in the United States Code of Federal Regulations as consisting of butane, pentane, and hexane hydrocarbons. Within set ranges of distillation, drip gas may be extracted and used to denature fuel alcohol.[11] Drip gas is also used as a cleaner and solvent as well as a lantern and stove fuel.", "Natural gas in the United States. Natural gas is composed primarily of methane, but often contains longer-chain hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbon compounds from hexane (each molecule of which is a simple chain containing six carbon atoms, hence called C6) and heavier generally separate out (\"condense\") from the gas at the wellhead; this mixture is called condensate, and is usually reported as oil production, and sold to refineries the same as oil. The C2 through C5 hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane, and pentane) are known as natural gas liquids (NGLs), and remain in gaseous form until they are extracted at a gas processing plant.[17] The division between the two classes is not perfect: some hexane, and heptane remain in the gas to be separated out as NGLs, while some butane and pentane, may separate out with the condensate.", "Petroleum. An oil well produces predominantly crude oil, with some natural gas dissolved in it. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of solution and be recovered (or burned) as associated gas or solution gas. A gas well produces predominantly natural gas. However, because the underground temperature and pressure are higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, and heptane in the gaseous state. At surface conditions these will condense out of the gas to form \"natural gas condensate\", often shortened to condensate. Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some volatile light crude oils.[citation needed]", "Natural-gas condensate. The natural gas condensate is also called condensate, or gas condensate, or sometimes natural gasoline because it contains hydrocarbons within the gasoline boiling range. Raw natural gas may come from any one of three types of gas wells:[1][2]", "Earth. Large deposits of fossil fuels are obtained from Earth's crust, consisting of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. These deposits are used by humans both for energy production and as feedstock for chemical production. Mineral ore bodies have also been formed within the crust through a process of ore genesis, resulting from actions of magmatism, erosion, and plate tectonics.[198] These bodies form concentrated sources for many metals and other useful elements.", "Natural gas. Natural gas extraction also produces radioactive isotopes of polonium (Po-210), lead (Pb-210) and radon (Rn-220). Radon is a gas with initial activity from 5 to 200,000 becquerels per cubic meter of gas. It decays rapidly to Pb-210 which can build up as a thin film in gas extraction equipment.[92]", "Natural-gas condensate. Woody Guthrie's autobiographical novel Seeds of Man begins with Woody and his uncle Jeff tapping a natural gas pipeline for drip gas. The gas also has a mention in Badlands, the Terrence Malick movie.[14]", "Natural gas. Releasing natural gas from subsurface porous rock formations may be accomplished by a process called hydraulic fracturing or \"fracking\". It's estimated that hydraulic fracturing will eventually account for nearly 70% of natural gas development in North America.[94] Since the first commercial hydraulic fracturing operation in 1949, approximately one million wells have been hydraulically fractured in the United States.[95] The production of natural gas from hydraulically fractured wells has utilized the technological developments of directional and horizontal drilling, which improved access to natural gas in tight rock formations.[96] Strong growth in the production of unconventional gas from hydraulically fractured wells occurred between 2000-2012.[97]", "Marcellus Formation. The Marcellus natural gas trend, which encompasses 104,000 square miles and stretches across Pennsylvania and West Virginia, and into southeast Ohio and upstate New York, is the largest source of natural gas in the United States, and production was still growing rapidly in 2013. The Marcellus is an example of shale gas, natural gas trapped in low-permeability shale, and requires the well completion method of hydraulic fracturing to allow the gas to flow to the well bore. The surge in drilling activity in the Marcellus Shale since 2008 has generated both economic benefits and environmental concerns—and thus, considerable controversy.", "Rocky Mountains. The Rocky Mountains contain several sedimentary basins that are rich in coalbed methane. Coalbed methane is natural gas that arises from coal, either through bacterial action, or through exposure to high temperature. Coalbed methane supplies 7 percent of the natural gas used in the United States. The largest coalbed methane sources in the Rocky Mountains are in the San Juan Basin in New Mexico and Colorado and the Powder River Basin in Wyoming. These two basins are estimated to contain 38 trillion cubic feet of gas. Coalbed methane can be recovered by dewatering the coal bed, and separating the gas from the water; or injecting water to fracture the coal to release the gas (so-called hydraulic fracturing).[33]", "Alternative fuel. Conventional CNG is produced from the many underground natural gas reserves are in widespread production worldwide today. New technologies such as horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to economically access unconventional gas resources, appear to have increased the supply of natural gas in a fundamental way.[44]", "History of the petroleum industry in the United States. The US natural gas industry started in 1821 at Fredonia, Chautauqua County, New York, when William Hart dug a well to a depth of 27 feet (8.2 m) into gas-bearing shale, then drilled a borehole 43 feet (13 m) further, and piped the natural gas to a nearby inn where it was burned for illumination. Soon many gas wells were drilled in the area, and the gas-lit streets of Fredonia became a tourist attraction.", "Alkane. The most important commercial sources for alkanes are natural gas and oil.[13] Natural gas contains primarily methane and ethane, with some propane and butane: oil is a mixture of liquid alkanes and other hydrocarbons. These hydrocarbons were formed when marine animals and plants (zooplankton and phytoplankton) died and sank to the bottom of ancient seas and were covered with sediments in an anoxic environment and converted over many millions of years at high temperatures and high pressure to their current form. Natural gas resulted thereby for example from the following reaction:", "Sugar Land, Texas. Underpinning the area's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly-cemented sands extending to depths of several miles. The region's geology developed from stream deposits from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic matter that, over time, were transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath these tiers is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into dome shapes, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands.", "Natural gas in the United States. In 1956, M King Hubbert used an estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of 850 trillion cubic feet (24,000 km3) (an amount postulated by geologist Wallace Pratt) to predict a US production peak of about 14 trillion cubic feet (400 km3) per year to occur \"approximately 1970\".[37] Pratt, in his EUR estimate (p. 96), explicitly included what he called the \"phenomenal discovery rate\" that the industry was then experiencing in the offshore Gulf of Mexico.[38]", "Hydrocarbon. Extracted hydrocarbons in a liquid form are referred to as petroleum (literally \"rock oil\") or mineral oil, whereas hydrocarbons in a gaseous form are referred to as natural gas. Petroleum and natural gas are found in the Earth's subsurface with the tools of petroleum geology and are a significant source of fuel and raw materials for the production of organic chemicals.", "Han dynasty. Underground mine shafts, some reaching depths over 100 metres (330 ft), were created for the extraction of metal ores.[257] Borehole drilling and derricks were used to lift brine to iron pans where it was distilled into salt. The distillation furnaces were heated by natural gas funneled to the surface through bamboo pipelines.[258] Dangerous amounts of additional gas were siphoned off via carburetor chambers and exhaust pipes.[259]", "Fossil fuel. Natural gas, once flared-off as an unneeded byproduct of petroleum production, is now considered a very valuable resource.[15] Natural gas deposits are also the main source of the element helium.", "Natural gas in the United States. Natural gas which contains NGLs is called \"wet gas.\" Gas which naturally contains no NGLs, or gas from which the NGLs have been removed, is called \"dry gas.\"", "Desert. Oil and gas form on the bottom of shallow seas when micro-organisms decompose under anoxic conditions and later become covered with sediment. Many deserts were at one time the sites of shallow seas and others have had underlying hydrocarbon deposits transported to them by the movement of tectonic plates.[111] Some major oilfields such as Ghawar are found under the sands of Saudi Arabia.[100] Geologists believe that other oil deposits were formed by aeolian processes in ancient deserts as may be the case with some of the major American oil fields.[100]" ]

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[ "The Flash (1990 TV series). Warner Bros. Television and CBS began its promotion of the series in July 1990 during the 1990 NBA All-Star Game. It also had ad campaigns on radio and cable television during \"wrestling matches on USA Cable and during [Batman airings] on the Family Channel\", as well as ads in The Flash comic book and posters for the series in malls and Kmarts across the country. Four-minute promos of the series aired at all Six Flags amusement parks and a few weeks before the pilot's debut, Warner Bros. flew banners over beaches on both coasts. Describing the marketing, George Schweitzer, senior vice president of communications at the CBS Broadcast Group said, \"It's not being sold as a comic book. It's being sold like Batman [the 1989 film] – dark and mysterious and exciting. The promos have a theatrical quality.\" The pilot debuted on July 15, 1990 at a \"big bash\" at the Warner Bros. Burbank lot.[1]", "The Flash (1990 TV series). The Flash was originally scheduled to debut on CBS in the 8 pm (EST) slot on Thursday, to go against The Cosby Show on NBC, in an attempt to attract younger viewers, before Fox moved The Simpsons from Sunday to the Thursday 8 pm slot for the same reason. After debuting on September 20, 1990, at 8 pm, CBS moved the series to 8:30 pm with its second episode, in an attempt to broadcast opposite less formidable competition in Fox's Babes, NBC's A Different World and the second half-hour of ABC's Father Dowling Mysteries.[1] Eventually, CBS moved the series off Thursdays entirely, moving the show to Saturday nights.[3] Had the show continued, it was revealed the second season would have opened with the Flash's rogues teaming up to take down the hero.[3][7]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). The Flash was screened at the Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment panel at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2014.[57] The series officially premiered on The CW on October 7, 2014, during the 2014–15 television season[58] and also premiered in Canada on the same night.[59] The second episode was screened at New York Comic Con on October 9, 2014, as a way to repay the viewers that watched the series' premiere episode.[60] The series premiered in the United Kingdom and Ireland on October 28, 2014,[61] and in Australia on December 3, 2014.[62]", "The Flash (1990 TV series). The Flash was released on DVD in January 2006.[3]", "Flash (comics). Due to the Infinite Crisis miniseries and the \"One Year Later\" jump in time in the DC Universe, DC canceled The Flash (vol. 2) in January 2006 at #230. A new series, The Flash: The Fastest Man Alive, began on June 21, 2006. The initial story arc of this series, written by Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo with art by Ken Lashley, focused on Bart Allen's acceptance of the role of the Flash.", "The Flash (1990 TV series). A comic book tie-in special based on the TV series was published by DC Comics in 1991 titled The Flash TV Special #1, running at 76 pages. It features two stories, one written by John Byrne with art by Javier Saltares, and the second written by then-writer of the ongoing Flash (vol. 2) title, Mark Waid featuring a thief Kid Flash; plus a behind-the-scenes look on the making of the TV series with photos.", "List of The Flash episodes. The Flash is an American action television series developed by Greg Berlanti, Andrew Kreisberg, and Geoff Johns, airing on The CW. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed crimefighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. It is a spin-off from Arrow, existing in the same fictional universe. The series follows Barry Allen, portrayed by Grant Gustin, a crime scene investigator who gains superhuman speed, which he uses to fight criminals, including others who have also gained superhuman abilities. The Flash was renewed in March 2016 for a third season,[1] which premiered on October 4, 2016.[2] On January 8, 2017, The CW renewed the series for a fourth season,[3] which premiered on October 10, 2017.[4] As of November 14, 2017,[update] 75 episodes of The Flash have aired.", "Flash (comics). The Flash first appeared in the Golden Age Flash Comics #1 (January 1940), from All-American Publications, one of three companies that would eventually merge to form DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, this Flash was Jay Garrick, a college student who gained his speed through the inhalation of hard water vapors. When re-introduced in the 1960s Garrick's origin was modified slightly, gaining his powers through exposure to heavy water.", "Flash (comics). The Flash (or simply Flash) is the name of several superheroes appearing in comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Harry Lampert, the original Flash first appeared in Flash Comics #1 (cover date January 1940/release month November 1939).[1] Nicknamed the \"Scarlet Speedster\", all incarnations of the Flash possess \"super speed\", which includes the ability to run, move, and think extremely fast, use superhuman reflexes, and seemingly violate certain laws of physics.", "Flash animation. The first prominent use of the Flash animation format was by Ren & Stimpy creator John Kricfalusi. On October 15, 1997, he launched The Goddamn George Liquor Program, the first cartoon series produced specifically for the Internet.[1] The series starred George Liquor (a fictional character rumored to have ended Kricfalusi's employment on Ren & Stimpy) and his dim-witted nephew Jimmy The Hapless Idiot Boy. Later, Kricfalusi produced more animated projects with Flash including several online shorts for Icebox.com, television commercials, and a music video. Soon after that, web cartoons began appearing on the Internet with more regularity.", "The Flash (1990 TV series). The Flash is a 1990 American television series developed by the writing team of Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo that aired on CBS. It is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash, a costumed superhero crime-fighter with the power to move at superhuman speeds. The Flash starred John Wesley Shipp as Allen, along with Amanda Pays, and Alex Désert.", "The Flash (1990 TV series). Development for the series began in 1988 when Warner Bros. Television tried to develop television films based on some DC Comics characters for CBS. Danny Bilson and Paul De Meo conceived one that featured several superheroes, including the Flash, though their project was not made. In January 1990, new CBS Entertainment president Jeff Sagansky expressed interest in creating a series featuring the Flash, and The Flash was announced a few months after.[1]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). Barry ultimately appeared twice in Arrow's second season, with the planned backdoor pilot cancelled in favor of a traditional pilot by The CW executives, who had been impressed by early cuts of Barry's first two episodes on Arrow. This allowed the creative team to flesh out Barry's story and his world on a bigger budget, as opposed to a backdoor pilot's constraint of incorporating characters from the parent show. The pilot was officially ordered on January 29, 2014, and was written by Berlanti, Kreisberg, and Johns, and directed by Nutter.[33][34] On May 8, 2014, The Flash was officially picked up as a series, with an initial order of 13 episodes.[35] Three more scripts were ordered in September 2014 following a positive response to newly completed episodes by executives,[36] while a back ten was ordered the next month for a full 23-episode season.[37]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). The Flash premiered in North America on October 7, 2014, where the pilot became the second-most watched premiere in the history of The CW, after The Vampire Diaries in 2009. It has been well received by critics and audiences, and won the People's Choice Award for \"Favorite New TV Drama\" in 2014. The series, together with Arrow, has spun characters out to their own show, Legends of Tomorrow, which premiered on January 21, 2016. On April 2, 2018, The CW renewed the series for a fifth season, which is set to premiere on October 9, 2018.[1][2]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). The first episode of The Flash was watched by 4.8 million viewers and had a 1.9 18–49 demographic rating, making it The CW's most watched and highest rated series premiere since The Vampire Diaries in 2009. It also became The CW's second-most watched series premiere ever, behind 90210, and the third-highest rated in the 18–49 demographic.[79] Factoring Live + 7 day ratings, the pilot was watched by a total of 6.8 million viewers, becoming The CW's most-watched telecast and the highest-rated premiere among men 18–34 (2.5 rating). It broke the previous record for the most-watched telecast held by the cycle 8 finale of America's Next Top Model in 2007 (6.69 million). Additionally, across all platforms, including initiated streams on digital platforms and total unduplicated viewers on-air over two airings the week of October 7, 2014, the premiere was seen more than 13 million times.[80]", "Flash (Barry Allen). The Flash (Barry Allen) is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Barry Allen is the second character to be known as the Flash. The character first appeared in Showcase #4 (October 1956), created by writer Robert Kanigher and penciler Carmine Infantino.[1] His name combines talk show hosts Barry Gray and Steve Allen.[2] Barry Allen is a reinvention of a previous character called the Flash that had appeared in 1940s comic books as the character Jay Garrick.", "Flash vs. Arrow. The first part of the crossover, The Flash, was broadcast on December 2, 2014, followed by part two on Arrow on December 3, both on The CW.[30] The crossover was simulcast with the US broadcast in Canada on CTV.[31] It first aired in the United Kingdom on Channel 5 on December 16 and December 18, 2014.[32] In Australia, the episodes aired back-to-back on January 28, 2015, on Fox8, after Nine Network, which broadcasts Arrow, allowed Fox8 to air the Arrow episode of the crossover.[33]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). The Flash: Season Zero, written by Kreisberg, Brooke Eikmeier and Katherine Walczak, with art by Phil Hester and Eric Gapstur, is intended to take place between the pilot episode and episode 2. Kreisberg stated, \"Barry will [already] be the Flash, he will have his team, everyone will be in that world, and we'll [sic] introducing a new set of villains that we won't be seeing on the TV show. It'll feel like the same heart, humor and spectacle that you get watching Flash.\" The comic will showcase the entire TV cast, plus new rogues, a group of circus performers who gained super powers as a result of the S.T.A.R. Labs particle accelerator explosion. The group is led by Mr. Bliss, a character who first appeared in Starman. The comic launched digitally biweekly on September 8, 2014, with its first physical release featuring a collection of the digital releases, releasing on October 1.[141]", "Flash animation. On February 26, 1999, in a major milestone for Flash animation, the popular web series WhirlGirl became the first regularly scheduled Flash animated web series when it premiered on the premium cable channel Showtime in an unprecedented telecast and simultaneous release on the Showtime website.[2][3] Created by David B. Williams and produced by Visionary Media, the studio he founded, WhirlGirl follows the adventures of a young super-heroine fighting for freedom in a future ruled by an all-powerful \"mediatech empire\". The series originally launched in the spring of 1997 as a web comic with limited animation and sound.[4] After gaining online syndication partners including Lycos.com and WebTV, the series first adopted Flash animation in July 1998.[5] Following her Showtime debut, the titular heroine appeared in over 50 Flash webisodes on the Showtime website[6] and starred in a million-dollar multimedia Showtime marketing campaign.[7]", "The Flash (1990 TV series). Bilson and De Meo were tapped to write the pilot episode, which they completed in January 1990. Filming for the episode took six weeks, from May through June 1990.[1][3] The final effects for the pilot were completed a week before airing in September 1990. Bilson said, \"There are 125 special effects. It's done on a grand scale.\"[1] The 2-hour pilot cost $6 million, and each subsequent episode of The Flash cost around $1.6 million to produce.[1][5]", "Flash (comics). A staple of the comic book DC Universe, the Flash has been adapted to numerous DC films, video games, animated series, and live-action television shows. In live action, Barry Allen has been portrayed by Rod Haase for the 1979 television special Legends of the Superheroes, John Wesley Shipp and Grant Gustin in the 1990 The Flash series and the 2014 The Flash series, respectively, as well as by Ezra Miller in the DC Extended Universe series of films, beginning with Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Shipp also portrays a version of Jay Garrick in the 2014 The Flash series. The various incarnations of the Flash also feature in animated series such as Superman: The Animated Series, Justice League, Batman: The Brave and the Bold and Young Justice, as well as the DC Universe Animated Original Movies series.", "Flash (comics). In 1956, DC Comics successfully revived superheroes, ushering in what became known as the Silver Age of comic books. Rather than bringing back the same Golden Age heroes, DC rethought them as new characters for the modern age. The Flash was the first revival, in the aptly named tryout comic book Showcase #4 (Oct. 1956).", "The Flash (season 4). The season began airing on October 10, 2017, on The CW in the United States,[95] and on CTV in Canada.[96] Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland, airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows. The season premiered October 17.[97][98]", "Flash animation. The Internet also saw the proliferation of many adult-only Flash cartoon sites. Some of the shows from that period made the transition to traditional media, including Queer Duck, Gary the Rat, Happy Tree Friends, and the politically minded JibJab shorts. Occasionally, the trend has been reversed: after being canceled from both ABC and Fox, Atom Films and Flinch Studio created net-only episodes of The Critic in 2000–2001. In another instance, Flash almost made the transition to the big screen. In 2001, production began on what would have been the first Flash-animated feature film, the ill-fated Lil' Pimp, which also began life as an Internet series. As potentially controversial as its subject matter was,[citation needed] it had a relatively large budget, a number of well-known actors (including William Shatner, Bernie Mac, and Lil' Kim), a full crew, and a running time of nearly 80 minutes. Although Sony Pictures decided not to release the film, it was eventually released on DVD by Lion's Gate.", "Flash (comics). The Flash is one of DC Comics' most popular characters and has been integral to the publisher's many reality-changing \"crisis\" storylines over the years. The original meeting of the Golden Age Flash Jay Garrick and Silver Age Flash Barry Allen in \"Flash of Two Worlds\" (1961) introduced the Multiverse storytelling concept to DC readers, which would become the basis for many DC stories in the years to come.", "Flash (Barry Allen). DC Comics relaunched The Flash with issue #1 in September 2011, with writing and art chores handled by Francis Manapul and Brian Buccellato as part of DC's company-wide title relaunch, The New 52.[42][43] As with all of the books associated with the DC relaunch, Barry Allen appears to be about five years younger than the previous incarnation of the character. He gains his powers after getting frustrated and throwing a small machine at the window of his lab. The machine broke through the window, leaving a hole big enough for a bolt of lightning to charge through the hole and strike him.", "Invasion! (Arrowverse). After beginning in the ending scene of the November 28, 2016 episode of Supergirl, the first part on The Flash aired on November 29, followed by part two on Arrow on November 30, and concluding with part three on Legends of Tomorrow on December 1, all on The CW.[28]", "Flash vs. Arrow. The episodes, along with the rest of The Flash's first season and Arrow's third season, were released separately on Blu-ray and DVD on September 22, 2015. Bonus features include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, and a blooper reel.[34][35] The episodes became available for streaming on Netflix on October 6 and October 7, 2015, respectively.[36][37]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). On July 30, 2013, it was announced that Arrow co-creators Greg Berlanti and Andrew Kreisberg, Arrow pilot director David Nutter, and DC Comics CCO Geoff Johns would develop a television series based on the Flash for The CW, and it would detail Barry Allen's origin.[31] Kreisberg revealed after the announcement that Allen would first appear as a recurring character on Arrow in three episodes of season two—all written by Berlanti, Kreisberg and Johns—and the last of the episodes would act as a backdoor pilot for the new show. Kreisberg added that Allen would be a forensic scientist and the introduction of his superpowers, as well as the reactions to this, will be very human and grounded. Johns stated that the character of the Flash in the show would resemble his comic book counterpart, complete with his trademark red costume, and not be a poor imitation. Kreisberg elaborated: \"No sweat suits or strange code names; he will be The Flash.\" While researching the best way to depict the Flash's lightning speed, Johns stated it would not just be the standard \"blurring around\".[32]", "Flash (comics). This new Flash was (Barry Allen), a police scientist who gained super-speed when bathed by chemicals after a shelf of them was struck by lightning. He adopted the name The Scarlet Speedster after reading a comic book featuring the Golden Age Flash.[1] After several more appearances in Showcase, Allen's character was given his own title, The Flash, the first issue of which was #105 (resuming where Flash Comics had left off). Barry Allen and the new Flash were created by writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome and cartoonist Carmine Infantino.", "List of The Flash episodes. Barry investigates a meteor crash outside Central City that turns out to be a spaceship from which aliens emerge. Lyla tells the team that the \"Dominators\" landed previously in the 1950s, but then mysteriously departed. Needing help, Barry assembles the original Team Arrow, Thea, the Legends, and Supergirl of Earth-38. The team begins training at a S.T.A.R. Labs facility, sparring against Supergirl to prepare for combat against the aliens. Cisco reveals a message to Rip Hunter from Barry's future self, which exposes Barry's manipulation of the timeline and how it affected other team members. Oliver, Supergirl, Felicity, Martin, and Jefferson are left as the only ones who still trust Barry. The Dominators abduct the President. Supergirl leads most of the others in a rescue effort, but the Dominators kill the President and ensnare everyone with a mind control device. The controlled heroes return and attack S.T.A.R. Labs. While Oliver holds them off, Barry lures Supergirl to the device and manipulates her into destroying it, freeing everyone. The team decides to trust Barry again. Suddenly, Sara, Ray, Diggle, Thea, and Oliver are teleported away before Barry can intervene.", "DC Comics. In the mid-1950s, editorial director Irwin Donenfeld and publisher Liebowitz directed editor Julius Schwartz (whose roots lay in the science-fiction book market) to produce a one-shot Flash story in the try-out title Showcase. Instead of reviving the old character, Schwartz had writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome, penciler Carmine Infantino, and inker Joe Kubert create an entirely new super-speedster, updating and modernizing the Flash's civilian identity, costume, and origin with a science-fiction bent. The Flash's reimagining in Showcase #4 (October 1956) proved sufficiently popular that it soon led to a similar revamping of the Green Lantern character, the introduction of the modern all-star team Justice League of America (JLA), and many more superheroes, heralding what historians and fans call the Silver Age of comic books." ]

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[ "Engagement ring. In North America and the United Kingdom, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger. Similar traditions purportedly date to classical times, dating back from an early usage reportedly referring to the fourth finger of the left hand as containing the vena amoris or \"vein of love\". This custom may have its origins in an ancient Egyptian myth that the finger contained a vein leading directly to the heart, or it may simply be because the heart lies slightly to the left side of the body. In Germany the ring is worn on the left hand while engaged, but moved to the right hand when married. In Poland and Turkey, the engagement ring and wedding band are traditionally worn on the right hand but modern practice varies considerably.", "Engagement ring. In Western countries, it is customarily worn on the left hand ring finger, though customs vary across the world.", "Engagement ring. In some countries it is common for both men and women to wear engagement rings. The rings are often in the form of a plain band of a precious metal. Sometimes, the engagement ring eventually serves as the wedding ring for the man. In Brazil, for example, the groom and bride-to-be usually wear a plain wedding band on the right hand during the course of their engagement.[44] After the wedding, the band is moved to the left hand. In Argentina, it is also known for the groom and bride-to-be to wear a plain silver band on the left hand while engaged. Then, after the wedding the silver band is either replaced with the wedding ring or moved to the right hand.[citation needed]", "Engagement. Romantic rings from the time of the Roman Empire sometimes bore clasped hands symbolizing contract,[13] from which the later Celtic Claddagh symbol (two hands clasping a heart) may have evolved as a symbol of love and commitment between two people. Romans believed the circle was a bond between the two people who were to be married and signified eternity, but was first practiced on the fourth finger/ring finger by the Romans, who believed this finger to be the beginning of the vena amoris (\"vein of love\"), the vein that leads to the heart.[14] In cultures with European origin, and many other countries, an engagement ring is worn following the practice of the Romans who \"...wore the ring either on the right middle finger or the left ring [4th] finger, from which, according to ancient Egyptian physicians, a nerve led directly to the heart.\"[14] The custom in Continental Europe and other countries is to wear it on the right hand. One historical exception arose in monarchical regimes, in which a nobleman entering into morganatic marriage, a marriage in which the person, usually the woman, of lower rank stayed at the same rank instead of rising ranks, would present their left hand to receive the ring, hence the alternative term 'marriage with the left hand' (Ger. Ehe zur linken Hand), the offspring of such marriages considered to be disinherited from birth.[15]", "Ring finger. Rings are not traditional in an Indian wedding. However, in modern society it is becoming a practice to wear rings for engagements and not for actual marriage. Though the left hand is considered inauspicious for religious activities, a ring (not to be called wedding ring) is still worn on the left hand. Men generally wear the rings on the right hand and the women on the left hands. If a wedding ring is worn, the ring is worn on the left ring finger mostly for men.", "Engagement. In other countries like Argentina, men and women each wear a ring similar to wedding bands. They are made of silver (\"alianza de plata\") when manifesting an informal \"boyfriend-girlfriend\" relationship, though this first step might not always happen; howbeit depending on finances, this may be the only ring given at all. The gold band (\"anillo de compromiso\" or \"alianza de oro\") is given to the bride when the commitment is formal and the [optional] diamond ring (\"cintillo\") is reserved for the wedding ceremony when the groom gives it to the bride. The gold band that the groom wore during the engagement – or a new one, as some men choose not to wear them during engagement – is then given to the groom by the bride; and the bride receives both the original gold band and the new diamond at the ceremony. The bride's diamond ring is worn on top of the engagement band at the wedding and thereafter, especially at formal occasions or parties; otherwise the engagement band suffices for daily wear for both parties. At the wedding, the rings are swapped from the right to the left hand. In Brazil, they are always made of gold, and there is no tradition for the engagement ring. Both men and women wear the wedding band on their right hand while engaged, and, after they marry, they shift the rings to their left hands. In Nordic countries such as Finland and Norway, both men and women wear an engagement ring.", "Vena amoris. The choice of finger is also less than settled until recent times; during the 17th century in England it was not unusual to wear the wedding ring on the thumb.[1] Gauls and Britons wore their rings on the middle finger,[2] and the choice of right or left hand appears relatively dependent on culture; though cultures that use either the right or left ring finger both claim a historical connection to the vena amoris. The use of wedding and betrothal rings was not commonplace in the Roman Empire until the 2nd century; which also contradicts versions of the story which claim that this tradition was brought to Rome in the 3rd century BC.", "Engagement. In the modern era, some women's wedding rings are made into two separate pieces. One part is given to her to wear as an engagement ring when she accepts the marriage proposal and the other during the wedding ceremony. When worn together, the two rings look like one piece of jewelry.[citation needed] The engagement ring is not worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride, and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring.", "Engagement ring. In many countries, engagement rings are placed on the ring finger of the left hand. At one time it was believed that this finger contained a vein (the vena amoris) that led to the heart. This idea was popularized by Henry Swinburne in A treatise of Spousals, or Matrimonial Contracts (1686).[7] The story seems to have its origin in the ancient Roman book Attic Nights by Aulus Gellius quoting Apion's Aegyptiacorum, where the alleged vein was originally a nervus (a word that can be translated either as \"nerve\" or \"sinew\").[8]", "Wedding ring. Modernly, after marriage the wedding ring is worn on the hand on which it had been placed during the ceremony. By wearing rings on their fourth fingers, married spouses symbolically declare their life-long love for and fidelity to each other. This symbol has public utility, and is presently expected as a matter of tradition and etiquette, so much so that its absence is often interpreted as meaning that the person is single. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night. When needed because of hygiene or to avoid damage, they commonly wear their rings on a necklace.", "Engagement ring. A couple in a committed relationship may give each other and wear pre-engagement rings, also called friendship or promise rings. Neither the engagement nor any other ring is worn during the wedding ceremony, when the wedding ring is put by the groom on the finger of the bride as part of the ceremony,[1] and sometimes by the bride onto the groom's finger. After the wedding, the engagement ring is usually put back on, and is usually worn on the outside of the wedding ring. Some brides have their engagement and wedding rings permanently soldered together after the wedding.", "Engagement ring. An engagement ring is a ring indicating that the person wearing it is engaged to be married, especially in Western cultures. In Western countries, engagement rings are worn mostly by women, and rings can feature diamonds or other gemstones. In some other cultures men and women wear matching rings. In some cultures, engagement rings may also be used as wedding rings.", "Ring (jewellery). The fourth digit or ring finger of the left hand has become the customary place to wear a wedding ring in much of the world, though in certain countries the right hand finger is used.[10] This custom was practically established as the norm during World War II.[11]", "Ring finger. Based upon this name, their contemporaries, purported experts in the field of matrimonial etiquette, wrote that it would only be fitting that the wedding ring be worn on this finger.[citation needed] By wearing the ring on the fourth finger of the left hand, a married couple symbolically declares their eternal love for each other.", "Husband. As an external symbol of the fact that they are married, each spouse commonly wears a wedding ring on the ring finger; whether this is on the left or right hand depends on the country's tradition.", "Ring finger. The ring finger is the finger on which it is the custom in a particular culture for a wedding ring to be placed during a wedding ceremony and on which the wedding ring is subsequently worn to indicate the status of the wearer as a married person. It is commonly the finger between the middle finger and the little finger, and is so named because in some cultures it is the finger on which one usually wears a wedding ring after marriage. In some cultures the wedding ring is worn on the ring finger of the left hand, while in others it is on the right hand. Traditionally, a wedding ring was worn by the bride/wife on the ring finger, but in recent times more men also wear a wedding ring on the ring finger. It is also the custom in some cultures not to wear a ring on the ring finger unless one is married, though an engagement ring is usually also worn on the ring finger.", "Ring finger. The ring is worn on the right hand until the actual wedding day, when it is moved to the left hand in Turkey, Lebanon, and Syria as well as in Brazil.", "Ring finger. In Western cultures, a wedding ring is traditionally worn on the ring finger. This developed from the Roman \"anulus pronubis\" when a man would give a ring to the woman at their betrothal ceremony. Blessing the wedding ring and putting it on the bride's finger dates from the 11th century. In medieval Europe, during the Christian wedding ceremony the ring was placed in sequence on the thumb, index, middle, and ring fingers of the left hand. The ring was then left on the ring finger. In a few European countries, the ring is worn on the left hand prior to marriage, then transferred to the right during the ceremony. For example, a Greek Orthodox bride wears the ring on the left hand prior to the ceremony, then moves it to the right hand after the wedding. In England, the 1549 Prayer Book declared \"the ring shall be placed on the left hand\". By the 17th and 18th centuries the ring could be found on any finger after the ceremony — even on the thumb.", "Ring finger. The wedding ring is generally worn on the ring finger of the left hand in the former British Empire, certain parts of Western Europe, certain parts of Catholic Central and Eastern Europe (and some not so), Mexico and Bolivia. These include: Australia, Botswana, Canada, Egypt, Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa, the UK, and the US; France, Italy, Portugal, Sweden, and Finland; Czech Republic, Slovakia, Switzerland, Romania, Croatia, and Slovenia.", "Pinky ring. Some British men wear a signet ring on the little finger of the left hand, which is considered to be the correct place for it.[16]", "Little finger. In Australia and the United Kingdom the signet ring is traditionally worn on the little finger of a gentleman's left hand. In recent years this has relaxed with men and women wearing them on various different fingers; little fingers still tend to be dominant however.", "Pinky ring. Wedding bands (always a gift from wife to husband) were usually worn by Western men in the Victorian age on the left hand pinky finger,[19] although few British men wore wedding rings until World War II.[16] Because of masculine limitations, men were encouraged to wear a second ring if they desired, but it was to be worn on top of the wedding band so as to keep both rings confined to one finger.[20] It appears the custom for men to wear their two rings on the left pinky was purely British and German; in America, men either followed the British tradition or wore no ring at all until much later.[21]", "Engagement ring. In Nordic countries, engagement rings are worn by both men and women. Traditionally they are plain gold bands, although more ornate designs and other materials are gaining popularity. The engagement rings resemble the wedding bands sold in the United States, whereas women's wedding rings may resemble US engagement rings.", "Engagement ring. In the United States, where engagement rings are worn by women, diamonds have been widely featured in engagement rings since the middle of the 20th century.[41] Solitaire rings have one single diamond. The most common setting for engagement rings is the solitaire prong setting, which was popularized by Tiffany & Co. in 1886 and its six-claw prong setting design sold under the \"Tiffany setting\" trademark.[42] The modern favorite cut for an engagement ring is the brilliant cut, which provides the maximum amount of sparkle to the gemstone.[43] The traditional engagement rings may have different prong settings and bands. Another major category is engagement rings with side stones. Rings with a larger diamond set in the middle and smaller diamonds on the side fit under this category. Three-stone diamond engagement rings, sometimes called trinity rings or trilogy rings, are rings with three matching diamonds set horizontally in a row with the bigger stone placed in the center. The three diamonds on the ring are typically said to represent the couple's past, present, and future, but other people give religious significance to the arrangement.", "Engagement ring. In the 20th century, if he could afford it, the typical Western groom privately selected and purchased an engagement ring, which he then presented to his desired bride when he proposed marriage. In countries where both partners wear engagement rings, matching rings may be selected and purchased together.[30] In the United States and Canada, where only women traditionally wear engagement rings, women also occasionally present their partners with an engagement gift.[31]", "Ring (jewellery). The use of the fourth finger of the left hand (the 'ring finger') is associated with an old belief that the left hand's ring finger is connected by a vein directly to the heart: the vena amoris or vein of love. This idea was known in 16th and 17th century England, when Henry Swinburne referred to it in his book about marriage.[12] It can be traced back to ancient Rome, when Aulus Gellius cited Appianus as saying the ancient Egyptians had found a fine nerve linking that particular finger to the heart.[13]", "Engagement ring. Traditionally, women in the British Isles may propose marriage to men during a leap year. Women proposing has become more common in recent years, to the point that some jewelry companies have started manufacturing men's engagement rings. They resemble typical men's rings, often with a diamond centrepiece. In the countries where both sexes have traditionally worn engagement rings, the rings tend to be plainer bands, and there is no real difference between men's and women's engagement ring designs.", "Wedding ring. Depending on culture, a wedding ring is typically worn on the base of the left or right ring finger. Many spouses wear their wedding rings day and night, causing an indentation in the skin that is visible even when the ring is removed. Another indication of their cultural importance is that wedding rings are among the few items that prison inmates and visitors are permitted to wear[where?].[3][4]", "Wedding ring. The double-ring ceremony describes the exchange of wedding rings by and for both spouses. In several European nations such as the Nordic countries, it is common to exchange plain engagement rings of the same form for both sexes, and typically, an additional, more precious, and bejeweled wedding ring is given to the bride. In the nuptials, the groom's ring becomes a wedding ring also, and can be bestowed anew by the bride as a part of the wedding ceremony. The engagement is commonly a matter of agreement between the two, and the wedding rings are chosen together. Both engagement and wedding rings are worn on the left hand, the bride having both rings together. Occasionally, the groom receives a separate wedding ring. In Germany and Austria, both parties use engagement rings worn on the left hand. At the nuptials, a wedding ring is placed on the right hand, as in several east European nations, including Bulgaria, Poland, and Russia. This can be a new ring for the bride or both, or reusing the engagement rings. Any engagement rings can then remain on the left hand or be transferred to the right hand. In Germany, in has been customary for both the bride and the groom to wear a wedding ring since at least the 1870s[9] and mentions of couples exchange rings during the wedding ceremony in the Netherlands can be found at least as far back as 1815.[10] In Brazil, Mexico and Spain both sexes also wear engagement rings, and the groom's ring often becomes a wedding ring in the nuptial exchange ceremony. In The Netherlands plain bands can be worn on either hand, left for Catholics and right for Protestants. When engaged, both bride and groom wear what will be the wedding band on the opposite hand and switch hands after the wedding.", "Engagement ring. Engagement rings, like any other kind of jewelry, come in many different styles.", "Engagement ring. A ring is presented as an engagement gift by a partner to their prospective spouse when they propose marriage or directly after a marriage proposal is accepted. It represents a formal agreement to future marriage.", "Ring finger. In Sinhala and Tamil culture, the groom wears the wedding ring on his right hand and bride wears it on her left hand ring finger. This can be seen in countries like Sri Lanka where there is a rich Sinhala and Tamil cultural influence in the society.[6]" ]

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[ "Farm-to-market road. Signs designating a Farm to Market or Ranch to Market road are a black square background containing a white shape of the state of Texas, with the words \"FARM ROAD\" or \"RANCH ROAD\" appearing in white text on the background and the route number in black text within the shape of Texas. Guide signs (the large green signs usually found along highways in the United States) designating these roads use a simple white rectangle with the abbreviation \"F.M.\" or \"R.M.\" and the route number appearing below the abbreviation in black text.[10]", "Farm-to-market road. As a result of population growth and the expansion of urban areas, many Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads that originally served rural areas now serve urban areas, sometimes exclusively. An effort was made to rename such roads \"Urban Roads\" in 1995, but residents opposed the effort, arguing that removing the \"Farm\" and \"Ranch\" from the designations was \"un-Texan,\" and that the cost of changing signage was not justified. Other than a few route markers, such as on FM 1315 near Victoria, most signs were not changed, and TxDOT abandoned the idea to do so.[11] However, though the Farm to Market and Ranch to Market designations remain in place on route signage, the state does continue to track these urban roads separately in its highway designation files. For example, the mileage of FM 544 in the Plano area was transferred from FM 544 to UR 544 in 1995.[12][13] As part of the state highway system, Urban Roads are eligible for state maintenance; however, unlike rural Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads, they do not receive state funding for expansion.[14]", "Farm-to-market road. These roads are signed with route markers that contain the words FARM ROAD or RANCH ROAD, but the formal name is Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road (hence the abbreviation \"FM\" and \"RM\" on signs). The only road that explicitly uses the name Ranch Road is Ranch Road 1, which runs near the former ranch home of former President Lyndon B. Johnson.[1]", "Farm-to-market road. As with other state-maintained highways in Texas, all Farm or Ranch to Market roads are paved. Speed limits along these roads vary, but may be as high as 75 mph in rural areas, such as in Andrews and Pecos counties (for example, along FM 1788, FM 1776, and FM 1053).", "Sugar Land, Texas. Texas F.M. 1876, widely known as Eldridge Road, is a north-south state highway in north Sugar Land. It traverses through many established areas and acts as the western border of the Sugar Land Business Park.", "Farm-to-market road. Texas currently has three signed business routes of Farm to Market Roads: Business FM 1187 in Tarrant County, Business RM 1431 in Burnet County, and Business FM 1960 in Harris County.[16][17][18] These routes are former alignments that have been bypassed by newer routings.", "Texas state highway system. Farm to market roads generally exist in rural areas. After the city or county acquires right-of-way, TxDOT builds and maintains the road.[12] A number of these roads, generally west of US 281,[13] are designated ranch to market roads, and one—Ranch Road 1—is simply a ranch road, serving the LBJ Ranch. Farm to market roads were first designated in 1941 and ranch to market roads in 1942. A number of farm to market roads in urban areas were re-designated in 1995 as urban roads but, amid much controversy, the markers were not changed.", "Farm-to-market road. Farm to Market and Ranch to Market roads are numbered as a single set of roads. There is not an FM and an RM with the same route number. Urban Roads are designated with the same route number as the FM or RM from which the mileage was transferred.[15]", "Farm-to-market road. Specifically, in the state of Texas, the terms Farm to Market Road and Ranch to Market Road indicate roadways that are part of the state's system of secondary and connecting routes, built and maintained by the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT). Texas established this system in 1949 to improve access to rural areas. The system consists primarily of paved two-lane roads, though some segments have more lanes and some are even considered freeways.", "Texas state highway system. One characteristic of the highways in Texas are its frontage roads; most freeways have continuous frontage roads, one-way in urban areas and two-way in rural areas. Several toll roads have one-way frontage roads—not necessarily continuous—with state highway numbers. Most toll roads are marked with special logos, but TxDOT has adopted a new marker as of 2006 for numbered toll roads.", "The Eyes of Texas. Highway rest stops through the state feature road signs stating that \"The Eyes of Texas are upon You!\" These signs feature a silhouette of a Texas Ranger, encouraging motorists to call 9-1-1 to report criminal activity.", "Farm-to-market road. The first highway officially designated as FM 1 was authorized in 1941, connecting US 96 near Pineland to a sawmill belonging to the Temple Lumber Company.[2][3]", "Texas State Highway Beltway 8. The frontage roads are generally continuous, and allow for slower free travel along the tolled segments. Only one break exists in the frontage roads; there are also several locations where one must turn to stay on them:", "Farm-to-market road. Route marker: FM 544 (or more precisely, UR 544) route marker at the Denton–Collin county line. The white sign below the shield indicates State Maintenance Ends, as the segment of FM 544 within Collin County was removed from the state highway system in 2000. This sign has since been removed.[13]", "Level of service. F: forced or breakdown flow. Every vehicle moves in lockstep with the vehicle in front of it, with frequent slowing required. Travel time cannot be predicted, with generally more demand than capacity. A road in a constant traffic jam is at this LOS, because LOS is an average or typical service rather than a constant state. For example, a highway might be at LOS D for the AM peak hour, but have traffic consistent with LOS C some days, LOS E or F others, and come to a halt once every few weeks.", "Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction. Texas is the only state that does not prescribe a different speed limit for each road type in its state or federal highway system. Texas law generally prescribes a statutory speed limit of 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) for any rural road that is numbered by the state or federal government (United States Numbered Highways and Interstate Highways)—whether two lane, four lane, freeway, or otherwise—60 miles per hour (97 km/h) for roads outside an urban district that are not federal or state highways, and 30 miles per hour (48 km/h) for streets in an urban district.[164]", "Texas Motor Speedway. Texas Motor Speedway is a speedway located in the northernmost portion of the U.S. city of Fort Worth, Texas – the portion located in Denton County, Texas. The reconfigurated track measures 1.44 miles (2.32 km) with banked 20° in turns 1 and 2 and banked 24° in turns 3 and 4. Texas Motor Speedway is a quad-oval design, where the front straightaway juts outward slightly. The track layout is similar to Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway. The track is owned by Speedway Motorsports, Inc., the same company that owns Atlanta and Charlotte Motor Speedways, as well as the short-track Bristol Motor Speedway.", "Speed limits in the United States by jurisdiction. Effective September 1, 1999, Texas repealed truck speed limits on all roads except farm to market and ranch to market roads.[170][171]", "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards. Other FMVSS include:[1]", "Ann Richards. She signed into law the amendment of the Texas Financial Responsibility Law where renewal of a motor vehicle's registration (also covers initial registration of a motor vehicle), safety inspection sticker, driver's license, and/or obtaining new license plates require that a motorist must have a valid auto insurance policy. The law, which passed on September 1, 1991, broadens the 1982 law where a police officer will request a driver's license and proof of insurance during a traffic stop.[citation needed]", "Road signs in the United States. Texas emergency vehicle sign, Texas", "Interstate 40 in Texas. I-40 in Texas is one of a few Interstate Highways with at-grade intersections. The westernmost part of I-40 in Texas, near the New Mexico border, lacks the frontage roads typical to Texas freeways, and several driveways for ranches directly intersect the main lanes of I-40, in violation of Interstate standards. The entirety of Interstate 40 in Texas is located in the panhandle.", "Fort Worth, Texas. Fort Worth is home to Texas Motor Speedway, also known as \"The Great American Speedway\". Texas Motor Speedway is a 1.5-mile quad-oval track located in the far northern part of the city in Denton County. The speedway opened in 1997, and currently hosts an IndyCar event and six NASCAR events among three major race weekends a year.[63][64]", "2017 O'Reilly Auto Parts 500. Texas Motor Speedway is a speedway located in the northernmost portion of the U.S. city of Fort Worth, Texas – the portion located in Denton County, Texas. The track measures 1.5 miles (2.4 km) around and is banked 24 degrees in the turns, and is of the oval design, where the front straightaway juts outward slightly. The track layout is similar to Atlanta Motor Speedway and Charlotte Motor Speedway (formerly Lowe's Motor Speedway). The track is owned by Speedway Motorsports, Inc., the same company that owns Atlanta and Charlotte Motor Speedways, as well as the short-track Bristol Motor Speedway.", "Interstate 40 in Texas. Business Interstate Highway 40-F (formerly Loop 554) is a Business Loop through Groom. The road was bypassed c. 1980 by I-40,[3] and carried US 66 until its 1985 decommissioning.[9]", "Speed limits in the United States. Freeway: Interstate Highway or other state- or federally numbered road built to Interstate standards.", "Road signs in the United States. Farm-to-market road shield, Texas", "Fort Worth, Texas. Interstate highways 30, 20, 35W, and 820 all pass through the city limits.", "Road signs in the United States. Obey warning signs state law, Texas", "Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration. In carrying out its safety mandate to reduce crashes, injuries, and fatalities involving large trucks and buses, FMCSA:", "Harris County Toll Road Authority. The Fort Bend Toll Road is a 7.5-mile (12.1 km) tollway that follows the route of the formerly-cancelled State Highway 122. The toll road currently begins with direct connectors at US 90A, just north of the Sam Houston Tollway, and travels southward to its terminus at SH 6. As with the Westpark Tollway, the Fort Bend Toll Road is jointly operated with the FBCTRA.", "Fleming's left-hand rule for motors. Van de Graaff's translation of Fleming's rules is the FBI rule, easily remembered because these are the initials of the Federal Bureau of Investigation." ]

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[ "Benicio del Toro. Del Toro played The Collector in a mid-credits scene of Marvel Studios' superhero film Thor: The Dark World (2013) and later reprised his role in Guardians of the Galaxy (2014).[22]", "Thor: The Dark World. Additionally, Alice Krige portrays Eir, an Asgardian physician.[47] Chris O'Dowd was cast as Richard,[48][49] a suitor of Jane Foster's. Benicio del Toro, who plays the Collector in Marvel Studios' Guardians of the Galaxy, appears in a mid-credits scene with Ophelia Lovibond, who plays his aide Carina.[50][51][52][53] Jonathan Howard plays Ian Boothby,[54] Darcy's intern. Tony Curran plays Bor, Odin's father, based on the deity of the same name.[55][56] Clive Russell plays Tyr, based on the deity of the same name.[57] Richard Brake portrays a captain in the Einherjar.[57] Chris Evans makes an uncredited cameo appearance[58] as Loki masquerading as Captain America, while Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance[59] as a patient in a mental ward.", "Collector (comics). The Collector appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, portrayed by Benicio del Toro, in a cameo in the mid-credits scene of 2013's Thor: The Dark World, and in 2014's Guardians of the Galaxy and 2018's Avengers: Infinity War.", "Thor: The Dark World. Thor: The Dark World was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment for digital download on February 4, 2014, and on Blu-ray Disc and DVD on February 25, 2014. The physical media release includes deleted scenes, extended scenes, a gag reel, audio commentary by the cast and crew, and a Marvel One-Shot short film entitled All Hail the King,[131] featuring Ben Kingsley reprising his role as Trevor Slattery from Iron Man 3.[132]", "Thor: The Dark World. Thor: The Dark World is a 2013 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character Thor, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2011's Thor and the eighth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. The film was directed by Alan Taylor, with a screenplay by Christopher Yost and Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely.[4] It stars Chris Hemsworth, Natalie Portman, Tom Hiddleston, Anthony Hopkins, Stellan Skarsgård, Idris Elba, Christopher Eccleston, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Kat Dennings, Ray Stevenson, Zachary Levi, Tadanobu Asano, Jaimie Alexander, and Rene Russo. In Thor: The Dark World, Thor teams up with Loki to save the Nine Realms from the Dark Elves led by the vengeful Malekith, who intends to plunge the universe into darkness.", "Thor (film). A sequel, Thor: The Dark World, directed by Alan Taylor, was released on November 8, 2013.[161][162] Hemsworth and Hiddleston reprised their roles as Thor and Loki, respectively, along with others from the first film.[163] Christopher Eccleston joined the cast as the Dark Elf Maletkith.[164]", "Thor: The Dark World. Kramer Morgenthau, who worked with Taylor on Game of Thrones, was brought in as the director of photography. Morgenthau said, \"We wanted a grittier, boots-on-the-ground feeling, inspired by what Alan and I had done on Game of Thrones. We wanted the realms to feel grounded, like a real place, while at the same time respecting the magical 'planet of the Gods' feeling and theme.\" Thor: The Dark World was Morgenthau's first time shooting a feature film digitally. For the film, Morgenthau chose the Arri Alexa Plus, although he tested with the Sony F65 but found the Alexa to be more pleasing. In addition to the Alexa, Red Epic and Canon EOS 5D Mark II cameras were used for second unit filming. With the Alexa, Morgenthau used Panavision anamorphic lenses. Morgenthau said, \"The lenses brought some of the magic and mystery of photochemical back to digital, that big-movie look.\" Morgenthau also stated that Thor: The Dark World was easily the most technically complex project that he has worked but said, \"It's all the same concept and the same principles as in a smaller film. You just scale it up. You do a lot more prep. We had three months of prep and loads of time to pre-rig stages. Part of it is having a really good crew—it's definitely not a one-man show.\"[98]", "Thor: The Dark World. In a mid-credits scene, Volstagg and Sif visit the Collector and entrust the Aether to his care, commenting that with the Tesseract already in Asgard, having two Infinity Stones so close together would be unwise. As they leave, the Collector states his desire to acquire the other five Stones. In a post-credits scene, Jane and Thor reunite on Earth while somewhere in London a frost monster from Jotunheim, accidentally transported to Earth during the final battle, continues to run amok.", "Thor (Marvel Comics). The character was first portrayed in live action by Eric Allan Kramer in the 1988 television movie The Incredible Hulk Returns. Chris Hemsworth portrays Thor Odinson in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films Thor, The Avengers, Thor: The Dark World, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Doctor Strange, Thor: Ragnarok, Avengers: Infinity War, and will reprise his role in its untitled sequel. Additionally, archival footage of Hemsworth as Thor were used in the episodes \"Pilot\" and \"The Well\" of Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.[1][2] Thor placed 14th on IGN's list of \"Top 100 Comic Book Heroes of All Time\" in 2011,[3] and first in their list of \"The Top 50 Avengers\" in 2012.[4]", "Collector (comics). When the hammer of the Ultimate Thor fell to Asgard after Battleworld had been erased, the Collector took all of the currently-abandoned Asgard into his possession when he found that he was unable to lift the hammer himself. When Thor came to investigate rumors of the hammer's existence, the Collector took Thor prisoner, threatening to kill other aliens in his collection unless Thor would tell him the 'secret' of how to bypass the worthiness enchantment.[22] He then encounters Proxima Midnight and Black Swan, who were sent by Thanos to retrieve the hammer. After Odinson, Beta Ray Bill, Odinson's pet goat Toothgnasher and the Helhound Thori escape and battle his army, the Collector tries to recapture Odinson, only for him to break free and grab the hammer.[23] Odinson chooses not to claim the hammer, but he and Bill are able to channel its power to return Asgard to its true place, simultaneously decimating the Collector's forces, prompting him to kill his last soldier so that he can have the pleasure of destroying something unique.[24]", "Thor: The Dark World. In August 2012, Patrick Doyle said that he had discussions with the director about potentially returning to score the film.[107] By April 2013, Carter Burwell had been hired to compose the score,[108] but by the following month he left the film over creative differences.[109] In June 2013, Marvel hired Brian Tyler, who scored Iron Man 3, to replace Burwell.[110] Tyler said the previous film had an \"attitude and [was] grounded in limitations\" whereas the Thor film allowed for \"all-out regal themes that could be as epic as I could make them.\" The composer described The Dark World as \"science fiction meeting classic medieval war\", leading to a score that drew from works of both genres such as Star Wars and The Lord of the Rings.[111] Azam Ali is a featured vocalist on the score.[112] The soundtrack was released digitally on October 28, 2013.[113]", "Thor: The Dark World. The film was also collected in a 13-disc box set, titled \"Marvel Cinematic Universe: Phase Two Collection\", which includes all of the Phase Two films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe. It was released on December 8, 2015.[133]", "Thor: The Dark World. Development of Thor: The Dark World began in April 2011, when producer Kevin Feige announced plans for a sequel to follow the crossover film The Avengers. In July 2011, Kenneth Branagh, the director of Thor, withdrew from the project. Brian Kirk and Patty Jenkins were considered to direct the film before Taylor was hired in January 2012. The supporting cast filled out in August 2012, with the hiring of Eccleston, Dennings, and Akinnuoye-Agbaje. Principal photography began in September 2012 in Surrey, England with filming continuing in Iceland and London, before wrapping up in December 2012. Thor: The Dark World was converted to 3D in post-production.", "Thor: The Dark World. In May 2012, Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and Anthony Hopkins, who played Odin in the first film, committed to returning in the sequel.[23][80] At the end of the month, Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8, 2013.[81] By June 2012, much of the first film's supporting cast was confirmed to return, including Idris Elba,[26] Jaimie Alexander,[42] Ray Stevenson[36] and Stellan Skarsg책rd.[24] Also in June, Joshua Dallas announced that he would not be reprising the role of Fandral.[82] Dallas had initially intended to return,[83] but had to bow out due to his commitment on the television show, Once Upon a Time,[82] and Zachary Levi was cast in his place.[38] Levi was originally up for the role in the first film but scheduling conflicts with Chuck forced him to drop out.[39]", "Thor: The Dark World. Thor: Ragnarok was released on November 3, 2017,[167] directed by Taika Waititi.[168] Eric Pearson and Craig Kyle & Christopher Yost wrote the screenplay,[169] with Kevin Feige again producing.[170] Hemsworth, Hiddleston, Hopkins, Elba, Asano, Levi, and Stevenson reprise their roles as Thor, Loki, Odin, Heimdall, Hogun, Fandral, and Volstagg, respectively,[171][172][168][173][174] while Mark Ruffalo and Benedict Cumberbatch appear as Bruce Banner / Hulk and Doctor Strange respectively, reprising their roles from previous MCU films.[175][176] Cate Blanchett, Tessa Thompson, Jeff Goldblum and Karl Urban join the cast as Hela, Valkyrie, Grandmaster, and Skurge, respectively.[168]", "Production of Avengers: Infinity War and the untitled Avengers sequel. Additional actors reprising their roles in Infinity War from the various MCU franchises include Benedict Cumberbatch as Stephen Strange from Doctor Strange, with Benedict Wong as Wong;[82] Tom Holland as Peter Parker / Spider-Man from Spider-Man: Homecoming, with Jacob Batalon as Ned,[83] Isabella Amara as Sally,[84] Tiffany Espensen as Cindy,[85] and Ethan Dizon as Tiny;[86] and Chadwick Boseman as T'Challa / Black Panther from Black Panther,[77] with Danai Gurira as Okoye, Letitia Wright as Shuri,[77] Winston Duke as M'Baku, and Florence Kasumba as Ayo;[87] as well as Sebastian Stan as Bucky Barnes / Winter Soldier from the Captain America films;[88] Tom Hiddleston as Loki and Idris Elba as Heimdall from Thor and Avengers films;[77][89] Iron Man supporting actress Gwyneth Paltrow as Pepper Potts,;[90] Benicio del Toro as Taneleer Tivan / The Collector from Guardians of the Galaxy;[91] William Hurt as Thaddeus Ross, who first appeared in The Incredible Hulk;[92] and Kerry Condon as the voice of Iron Man's A.I. assistant F.R.I.D.A.Y.[93] Samuel L. Jackson and Cobie Smulders make uncredited cameos in the post-credits scene as Nick Fury and Maria Hill, who they respectively portrayed in several previous films.[94] Jon Favreau was to reprise his role as Harold \"Happy\" Hogan, but his scene did not make the theatrical cut of the film.[95]", "Thor: The Dark World. Ben Child of The Guardian said, \"Thanks to Hiddleston and Hemsworth's impressive collective charisma, Thor: The Dark World is far from a franchise killer.\"[148] Justin Chang of Variety wrote, \"This robust, impersonal visual-effects showpiece proves buoyant and unpretentious enough to offset its stew of otherwise derivative fantasy/action elements.\"[149] Alonso Duralde of The Wrap said, \"Thor: The Dark World delivers the goods—action, otherworldly grandiosity, romance, humor—above and beyond its predecessor\".[150] Simon Abrams, writing for RogerEbert.com said, \"There's just enough tension and humor in Thor: The Dark World to make the film's otherwise listless proceedings worth watching, but only just.\"[151] Echoing other critics' sentiments, Frank Lovece of Film Journal International wrote, \"Is it wrong that the best relationship in Thor: The Dark World is between the titular Norse-god superhero and his adoptive brother Loki? To take nothing away from Oscar-winner Natalie Portman, ... it's the complicated love-hate between Thor and the trickster god Loki that you can't turn your eyes from.\"[152]", "Thor: The Dark World. Principal photography began on September 10, 2012, in Bourne Wood, Surrey, England,[90] under the working title Thursday Mourning.[86][87] A few weeks later, Clive Russell was cast as Tyr, and Richard Brake was cast as an Einherjar captain.[57] At the end of the month, Jaimie Alexander was injured on the London film set, after she slipped while walking in the rain.[91] On October 12, 2012, production moved to Iceland with filming taking place in Dómadalur, Skógafoss, Fjaðrárgljúfur and Skeiðarársandur. Iceland Review described the shoot as being among the most extensive film projects to have ever taken place in Iceland.[92] Three days later, Disney announced that the film would be released in 3D.[93] In late October, filming commenced at the Old Royal Naval College in Greenwich, London.[94] Filming also took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios in Surrey between October and December 2012.[16][95] Other filming locations included Wembley, Borough Market, Hayes and Stonehenge.[16] Alexander tweeted that principal photography wrapped on December 14, 2012.[96] Disney spent $237.6 million on Thor: The Dark World but $37 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority.[97] A report on actual production costs for films from FilmL.A. Inc., indicated a gross budget of $170 million, with a net of $152.7 million for Thor: The Dark World.[2]", "Thor: Ragnarok. Additionally, Tadanobu Asano, Ray Stevenson, and Zachary Levi reprise their roles as Hogun, Volstagg, and Fandral, respectively, members of the Warriors Three.[40][23] They are all killed early in the film, which Feige called \"noble ends\" that served to establish the threat of Hela and the danger she poses to the main characters.[41] Benedict Cumberbatch reprises his role as Stephen Strange from the film Doctor Strange.[42] Rachel House, who has appeared in several of Waititi's films, plays Topaz, the Grandmaster's bodyguard,[43][20] while Waititi portrays Korg, a gladiator who befriends Thor. Waititi provided a motion-capture performance for the character, who is made of rocks, and wanted to do something different by having the character be soft-spoken,[44][45] ultimately basing Korg's voice on that of Polynesian bouncers.[46] Waititi also provided the motion-capture performance for the fire demon Surtur, based on the mythological being Surtr, with Clancy Brown providing the voice for that character.[47] Thor co-creator Stan Lee makes a cameo appearance as a man on Sakaar who cuts Thor's hair.[48] There are also several cameos in a sequence where Asgardian actors perform a play based on the events of The Dark World: Sam Neill, with whom Waititi previously worked on Hunt for the Wilderpeople, plays the Odin actor;[49][50] Luke Hemsworth, brother of Chris, plays the Thor actor;[50] and Matt Damon plays the Loki actor.[50]", "Thor: The Dark World. In September 2011, Tom Hiddleston confirmed he would return in the sequel, speculating that in the film, \"[Loki will] have to take responsibility for what he's done\".[18] Patty Jenkins, the director of Monster and the pilot episode of AMC's The Killing, entered early negotiations with Marvel Studios and Disney to direct the film, after Kirk had passed due to contractual sticking points that arose during negotiations.[68] Later in the month, Feige stated the sequel would \"take Thor literally to other worlds\" and would \"primarily be the journey of that character, of he and Jane Foster and how the new dynamic with his father is working out, as well as what are the broader stakes for The Nine Worlds\".[69] On October 13, 2011, Marvel confirmed that Jenkins would direct the sequel and Natalie Portman would return to star.[12] Disney also moved the release date for the film to November 15, 2013.[70]", "Josh Stewart. Stewart made his mainstream feature film debut in 2008's Curious Case of Benjamin Button playing the character of Benjamin's crewmate, Pleasant Curtis. Also that year, he appeared in The Haunting of Molly Hartley in the role of Mary Hartley's teacher, Mr. Draper. In 2009, he had his first feature film starring role, in the horror movie The Collector, playing the part of Arkin, a man attempting to rob a house to make enough money to pay off his wife's debts to loan sharks. In 2010, he starred, alongside Jamie-Lynn Sigler in the movie Beneath the Dark, (originally titled Wake)[14] inspired by the novel The Shining.[15] He appeared in Christopher Nolan's final film in his Batman Saga, The Dark Knight Rises as Bane's right-hand man, Barsad.[16][17][18] He appeared as the main protagonist in the 2012 webisodes, The Walking Dead: Cold Storage, which are based on the popular television show The Walking Dead. In 2013, Josh finished filming his directorial debut, The Hunted, in which he also stars. Stewart reunited in 2014 with Director Christopher Nolan as the voice of CASE in the sci-fi epic Interstellar. The same year Stewart was cast in the Disney film The Finest Hours.[18]", "Collector (comics). In the modern era, the Collector eventually traveled to Earth. He captured the Wasp and sought to \"collect\" the other Avengers with help from the Beetle, but was defeated by them.[1] He later enslaved Thor, then captured the Wasp and the other Avengers. He restored Goliath's size-change powers, but was then defeated by the Avengers again.[2] He next compelled Iron Man to serve as his pawn against the warrior Val-Larr.[3] He attempted to \"collect\" the Avengers once more, in Rutland, Vermont.[4]", "Thor: The Dark World. In March 2013, Marvel announced the release of a two-issue comic book prelude by writers Craig Kyle and Christopher Yost and artist Scot Eaton in June 2013.[118] In April 2013, Marvel released the first trailer for Thor: The Dark World. Forbes said, \"This trailer fits nicely into that larger marketing push for Marvel's brand. It puts all of the recognizable characters from the first film front and center, presents the action as a team event reminiscent of the Avengers, and once again Loki—who was quite popular with audiences—makes an appearance.\"[119] The Los Angeles Times said, \"Evident throughout the trailer is director Alan Taylor's influence; the Game of Thrones director's hand can be seen in the battle sequences, and Asgard—a bright and shiny kingdom under Thor director Kenneth Branagh—seems grittier in the sequel.\"[120] In July at the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Hiddleston introduced footage from the film to audiences in character as Loki.[121] Also in July, Gameloft announced that a mobile video game titled, Thor the Dark World: The Official Game, would be released in conjunction with the release of the film in November.[122]", "Thor: The Dark World. On its midweek opening day of Wednesday, October 30, 2013, Thor: The Dark World earned $8.2 million from 33 territories,[142] including the UK and France, where it opened higher than its predecessor.[143] During its first three days, the film earned $45.2 million,[144] and by the end of the weekend, after expanding into three more territories, it totaled $109.4 million over five days, finishing in first place in all 36 countries.[144] Its largest openings were recorded in China ($21.0 million), the UK, Ireland and Malta ($13.8 million) and France and the Maghreb region ($9.94 million). It topped the box office outside North America on its first three weekends of release.[140] In total earnings, its largest markets are China ($55.3 million), Russia and the CIS ($35.4 million) and the UK, Ireland and Malta ($31.4 million).[145]", "Chris Hemsworth. He is best known for his role as the Marvel Comics superhero Thor in the 2011 Marvel Studios film Thor. He and castmate Tom Hiddleston, who ultimately played Loki, had each auditioned for the role, for which Hemsworth said he put on 20 pounds of muscle.[15] Hemsworth reprised the role in the 2012 film The Avengers as one of the six superheroes sent to defend Earth from his adopted brother, Loki,[16] and in Thor: The Dark World, the 2013 sequel to Thor.[17]", "Thor: The Dark World. In July 2012, Mikkelsen stated he would not be appearing in the sequel due to prior commitments, \"That's not happening unfortunately. I had a meeting with [the filmmakers], but it was a bit too late and then Hannibal came in...It's just not happening\".[84] At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con International, it was announced that the film would be titled Thor: The Dark World.[85] At the end of the month, residents near Bourne Wood in Surrey, England were notified that a film going by the working title, Thursday Mourning would be filming in the area.[86][87] In August of that year, Christopher Eccleston entered final negotiations to play Malekith,[28] and the film was scheduled to shoot in Iceland, where Taylor shot parts of Game of Thrones.[88] By August 22, Kat Dennings was hired to reprise her role as Darcy Lewis and Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje was cast as Algrim.[31][35] At the end of the month, film crews for Thursday Mourning began set construction at Stonehenge near Amesbury, England.[89]", "Benicio del Toro. His noteworthy body of work also include portrayals of the Collector in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, infamous drug lord Pablo Escobar in Escobar: Paradise Lost, and Lawrence Talbot in the 2010 remake of The Wolfman. Del Toro also appeared in Star Wars: Episode VIII - The Last Jedi as mysterious codebreaker DJ.", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). In November 2013, Gunn stated that he attempted to use as many practical effects as possible while filming to aid the use of CGI and motion capture during post-production, saying, \"Our sets are enormous. We have a prison that is 350,000 pounds of steel. Anybody who knows me knows I love the mix of practical and CGI effects… I can't wait for people to see it, because it's astonishingly beautiful.\"[133] After the release of Thor: The Dark World, Feige stated that the Infinity Stones would be a focus in the film, as well as going forward into the Phase Three slate of films within the MCU.[134] In a separate interview for The Dark World in November, Feige added that a third, unknown Infinity Stone would be seen in the film,[135] referred to as the \"Power Stone\" by the Collector.[136][137] The mid-credits scene in The Dark World revealed Lovibond's role as the Collector's aide, later named Carina.[69] In December 2013, Marvel confirmed that Diesel would voice Groot.[138]", "Jaimie Alexander. In September 2009, it was reported that Alexander would portray Sif in the live-action superhero film, Thor, directed by Kenneth Branagh and released in May 2011.[6] She reprised the role in the sequel Thor: The Dark World, released in November 2013. She reprised the role twice in special crossover guest appearances on the TV series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on March 11, 2014 and again on March 10, 2015.", "Clive Russell. He played Inspector Frederick Abberline in BBC One's Ripper Street. He played Tyr in the live-action film Thor: The Dark World (2013).[10]", "Thor: The Dark World. Thor: The Dark World premiered at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on October 22, 2013. It was released internationally on October 30, 2013, and on November 8, 2013, in the United States. The film received mixed reviews,[5][6] but was a commercial success, grossing over $644 million worldwide and making it the 10th highest-grossing film of 2013. A third film, Thor: Ragnarok, was released on November 3, 2017.", "Zachary Levi. BuddyTV ranked him #97 on its list of \"TV's Sexiest Men of 2011\".[18] Levi landed the male lead in the 2012 TV pilot Let It Go, which would have aired on Fox, but was not picked up.[19] Levi hosted the web documentaries Tomb Raider The Final Hours, going behind the scenes of the new Tomb Raider game. He was originally to portray Fandral in Thor, but had to drop out due to scheduling conflicts with Chuck.[20] He did play the role in the sequel, Thor: The Dark World (2013), after original actor Josh Dallas had scheduling conflicts of his own. Levi made his Broadway debut in a production of the musical comedy First Date in August 2013.[21]" ]

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[ "Lana Del Rey. At her first performance in 2006 for the Williamsburg Live Songwriting Competition, Del Rey met Van Wilson, an A&R representative for 5 Points Records,[40][41] an independent label owned by David Nichtern.[41] In 2007, while a senior in college, Del Rey submitted a demo tape of acoustic tracks titled No Kung Fu to 5 Points Records,[34] who subsequently offered her a recording contract for $10,000.[34] Del Rey used the money to relocate to Manhattan Mobile Home Park, a trailer park in North Bergen, New Jersey,[8][22] and subsequently began working with producer David Kahne,[41] with whom she released a three-track EP titled Kill Kill in October 2008 as Lizzy Grant.[42] She explained that \"David asked to work with me only a day after he got my demo. He is known as a producer with a lot of integrity and who had an interest in making music that wasn't just pop.\"[43] Her album, however, was shelved, causing her to shift her focus. Instead, she began to work in community service. \"Homeless outreach, drug, and alcohol rehabilitation—that's been my life for the past five years\", she told Vogue UK in 2012.[8] Her debut full-length album, titled Lana Del Ray, was released in January 2010.[44] Her father, Robert Grant, helped with the marketing of the album,[44] which was available for purchase on iTunes for a brief period before being withdrawn.", "Lana Del Rey. Raised in northern New York state, Del Rey embarked on a music career in 2005 after moving to New York City, and first received widespread attention in 2011, when the music video for her single \"Video Games\" became a viral Internet sensation.[4] Del Rey received further recognition after her major-label debut Born to Die peaked at number two on the United States charts and was the fifth best-selling album of 2012. A remix of its single \"Summertime Sadness\", produced by Cedric Gervais, peaked at number six in the United States, and her extended play Paradise followed that November, garnering Del Rey her first Grammy nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album. Three of the EP's tracks were featured in her short film Tropico (2013).[5]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey. Grant, who by this point had adopted her current stage name Lana Del Rey, signed a recording contract with Stranger Records in 2011; she released her debut single \"Video Games\", which she co-wrote with Justin Parker, that year.[3] After the commercial success of the track, Del Rey signed a recording contract with Interscope Records and Polydor Records for the release of her major-label debut Born to Die (2012).[4] The album reached number one in eleven countries and was certified Platinum in eighteen.[5][6] The songs on Born to Die were written by Del Rey in collaboration with Justin Parker, Tim Larcombe, Emile Haynie, Dan Heath, Mike Daly, The Nexus, Rick Nowels, Chris Braide, Jim Irvin, Sacha Skarbek, Liam Howe, and Hannah Robinson.", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey. American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey has recorded songs for five studio albums, three extended plays (EPs), as well as guest features. Her debut EP Kill Kill (2008) was released by 5 Points Records under her birth name Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" Grant; its tracks \"Kill Kill\" and \"Yayo\" were written solely by Grant, while the remaining song \"Gramma (Blue Ribbon Sparkler Trailer Heaven)\" was co-written by Grant and David Kahne.[1] She assumed the stage name Lana Del Ray for her debut studio album Lana Del Ray (2010) and wrote the majority of the record by herself, although Kahne is credited with co-writing four tracks on the project.[2]", "Lana Del Rey. Elizabeth Woolridge Grant (born June 21, 1985),[1] known professionally as Lana Del Rey, is an American singer, songwriter, record producer, and model. Her music has been noted by critics for its stylized cinematic quality, its preoccupation with themes of tragic romance, glamour, and melancholia, and its references to pop culture, particularly 1950s and 1960s Americana.[2][3]", "Lana Del Rey. After graduating, Del Rey was accepted to the State University of New York at Geneseo, but she decided not to attend and instead spent a year living on Long Island with her aunt and uncle while working as a waitress.[9] During this time, Del Rey's uncle taught her how to play guitar, and she \"realized [that she] could probably write a million songs with those six chords.\"[27] Shortly after, she began writing songs and performing in nightclubs around the city under various names such as \"Sparkle Jump Rope Queen\" and \"Lizzy Grant and the Phenomena.\"[27] \"I was always singing, but didn't plan on pursuing it seriously\", Del Rey said. \"When I got to New York City when I was eighteen, I started playing in clubs in Brooklyn—I have good friends and devoted fans on the underground scene, but we were playing for each other at that point—and that was it.\"[8]", "List of songs recorded by Lana Del Rey. Del Rey's third studio album, Ultraviolence, was released in the summer of 2014. Debuting at number one in twelve countries, as of June 2014, it has been certified Gold in Canada, and Silver in the United Kingdom.[7][8][9] The album featured a cover of the song \"The Other Woman\", written by Jessie Mae Robinson. The other songs on the album were written by Del Rey in collaboration with Blake Stranathan, Dan Heath, Rick Nowels, Barrie O’Neill, Greg Kurstin, Robbie Fitzsimmons, Dan Auerbach, and Harmony Korine. In the same year, she also contributed the songs \"Big Eyes\" and \"I Can Fly\" to the soundtrack of Tim Burton's biographical film Big Eyes, which focuses on the American artist Margaret Keane. The songs were co-written by Dan Heath and Rick Nowels, respectively. Del Rey collaborated with Emile Haynie on the song \"Wait for Life\" for his debut album We Fall in 2015.", "Lana Del Rey. On February 9, 2016, Del Rey hosted a premiere for the music video of her song \"Freak\". It was located at The Wiltern, in Los Angeles. The video debuted via Del Rey's VEVO on the same date. In December 2015, Del Rey started announcing festival dates for Europe and North America to promote Honeymoon.[133] She performed at these festivals from June 2016 to November 2016.", "Lana Del Rey. Del Rey's subsequent releases would introduce variant styles, particularly Ultraviolence, which employed a guitar-based sound akin to psychedelic and desert rock.[184] Kenneth Partridge of Billboard noted this shift in style, writing: \"She sings about drugs, cars, money, and the bad boys she's always falling for, and while there remains a sepia-toned mid-century flavor to many of these songs, [Del Rey] is no longer fronting like a thugged-out Bette Davis.\"[185] Upon the release of Honeymoon, one reviewer characterized Del Rey's body of work as being \"about music as a time warp, with her languorous croons over molasses-like arrangements meant to make clock hands seem to move so slowly that it feels possible, at times, they might go backwards.\"[186]", "Lana Del Rey. In college, Del Rey did volunteer work at homeless youth and drug and alcohol outreach programs, as well as helping paint and rebuild houses on an Indian reservation in Utah.[15] She would cite this trip as integral in her decision to become a songwriter: \"I remember exactly when I decided that I wanted to be a singer. I was in college, [and] we went to the Indian reservation. That day I realized that I had only two options: either making music or volunteering for a good cause. I chose the first option. If it [had] not [worked], I would [have] probably [done] social work in any small town.\"[32]", "Born to Die. In 2007, Elizabeth \"Lizzy\" Grant signed a recording contract with the independent record label 5 Point Records, and began planning for her debut studio album. However, after hiring new management services, taking an interest in adopting the stage name Lana Del Ray, and a perceived lack of motivation during production, she found herself in conflict with the record label and her producer David Kahne. The final product Lana Del Ray was digitally released in January 2010, although her stage name was respelled Lana Del Rey shortly after its launch. Grant was successfully bought out of her recording contract upon the request of her manager; consequently, Lana Del Ray was pulled out of circulation before physical versions were produced.[6]", "Lana Del Rey. Prior to coming to prominence under the stage name Lana Del Rey, she performed under the names Lizzy Grant, Lana Rey Del Mar,[188] Sparkle Jump Rope Queen,[189] and May Jailer.[190] Under the stage name Lizzy Grant, she referred to her music as \"Hawaiian glam metal\",[191] while the work of her May Jailer project was acoustic.[190][192][193]", "Lana Del Rey. In December 2014, Del Rey announced she would be headlining a tour in Summer 2015, deemed \"The Endless Summer Tour\". Eight of the shows featured Courtney Love,[111] and ten of the shows featured Grimes. Also in December 2014, in an interview with Galore Magazine, Del Rey revealed she began working on a new album, which she said would be released sometime in 2015.[112] She told Grazia Magazine about how she wanted to introduce orchestrations with monumental choruses with a touch of subdued grunge for the album, \"I played Mark Ronson ten songs that I have composed for this next album. It explores a sound close to the golden age of jazz\", she said.[113] Earlier that month, Del Rey also mentioned to Galore Magazine that she is already at the recording stage for the album and that \"[she's] also always writing small pieces for independent films etc. Dan Heath and Rick Nowels are two of my dearest friends and producers and we are always up to something.\"[114] In January 2015, Del Rey stated in an interview with the LA Times that a song on her new record would be titled \"Music to Watch Boys To\".[115] The same month, a song she recorded for Emile Haynie's album titled Wait for Life was released.[116] She also recorded \"Life is Beautiful\", a song featured in the trailer for the movie The Age of Adaline.", "Lana Del Rey. Del Rey met her current managers, Ben Mawson and Ed Millett, three months after Lana Del Ray and they helped her to get out of her contract with 5 Points Records, where, in her opinion, \"nothing was happening.\" Shortly after, she moved to London, England and moved in with Mawson \"for a few years.\"[15] When choosing her stage name, she said: \"I wanted a name I could shape the music towards. I was going to Miami quite a lot at the time, speaking a lot of Spanish with my friends from Cuba – Lana Del Rey reminded us of the glamour of the seaside. It sounded gorgeous coming off the tip of the tongue.\"[47] She has said her lawyers and managers made up the name Lana Del Rey and persuaded her to adopt the stage name.[48] On September 1, 2010, Del Rey was featured by Mando Diao in their MTV Unplugged concert at Union Film-Studios in Berlin.[49]", "Born to Die. In regards to the use of her lower vocals on the tracks, she stated that \"people weren't taking me very seriously, so I lowered my voice, believing that it would help me stand out. Now I sing quite low... well, for a female anyway\".[14] The singer's first singles, \"Video Games\" and \"Born to Die\" were described variously as \"quasi-cabaret balladry\",[15] \"woozy and sometimes soporific soundtrack soul\",[16] and \"pop\".[17] Her own description of her music is \"Hollywood sadcore\".[18] Tim Lee of musicOMH noted the songs are extremely similar, commenting that \"her (alleged) agents clearly having stumbled upon a formula with which they can (allegedly) print money and (allegedly) further consign Lana's secretive, (allegedly) real debut LP to the annals of history. You didn't hear it from us, right?\".[19] Del Rey has once been described as a \"gangsta Nancy Sinatra\",[20] though she cites Britney Spears, Elvis Presley and Antony and the Johnsons as her musical influences.[21] When asked about her musical style, the singer stated:", "Lana Del Rey. On July 14, 2015, Del Rey released \"Honeymoon\", the first and title track from the album.[120][121] She revealed that the album would contain fourteen tracks, describing the songs with \"a muddy trap energy and some inspired by late-night Miles Davis drives\".[122]", "Lana Del Rey. After uploading them to her YouTube channel in 2011, Del Rey's videos for the songs \"Video Games\" and \"Blue Jeans\" became viral internet sensations,[2] and she was signed by Stranger Records to release \"Video Games\" as her debut single.[50] She told The Observer, \"I just put that song online a few months ago because it was my favorite. To be honest, it wasn't going to be the single but people have really responded to it.\"[8] The song earned her a Q award for \"Next Big Thing\" in October 2011[51] and an Ivor Novello for \"Best Contemporary Song\" in 2012.[52] The same month, she signed a joint deal with Interscope Records and Polydor to work on her second studio album Born to Die.[27][53][54][55]", "Lana Del Rey. The first single off Ultraviolence, \"West Coast\", was released on April 14.[101]", "Lana Del Rey. She was in a relationship with Kassidy member Barrie-James O'Neill from August 2011 until June 2014.[237][238][239] Previously, she was in a relationship with alternative rock and antifolk musician Steven Mertens, who produced her debut album, Lana Del Ray, before it was re-recorded by David Kahne.[15]", "Lana Del Rey. Associated with several styles, Del Rey's music has been tagged broadly as dream pop[168][169] or baroque pop[170][171][172] linked to various forms of rock,[173][174] indie music,[175] and trip hop,[176][177][178][179] and often touching on styles such as hip hop,[180] trap music,[181] and psychedelic rock on particular releases.[182] Of Born to Die, indie music journal Drowned in Sound wrote, \"She likes that whole hip hop thing though, has this whole swagger thing going that not many girls like her got\", adding that it sounded like a poppier Bond soundtrack.[183]", "Born to Die. Born to Die is the second studio album and major label debut by American singer-songwriter Lana Del Rey. It was released on January 27, 2012 by Interscope Records, Polydor Records and Stranger Records. Del Rey collaborated with producers including Patrik Berger, Jeff Bhasker, Chris Braide, Emile Haynie, Justin Parker, Rick Nowels, Robopop and Al Shux to achieve her desired sound. Their efforts resulted in a primarily baroque pop record, which sees additional influences from alternative hip hop, indie pop and trip hop music.", "Lana Del Rey. Del Rey's musical sound has been dubbed \"Hollywood sadcore\" by music critics.[158][159] Her music has been repeatedly noted for its cinematic sound and its references to various aspects of pop culture, particularly that of 1950s and 1960s Americana.[c] Del Rey elaborated on this in an interview with Artistdirect, saying \"I wasn't even born in the '50s but I feel like I was there.\"[167]", "Lana Del Rey. Prior to the release of her debut major label album Born to Die in 2012, Del Rey was the subject of several articles discussing her image and career trajectory.[d] One article by Paul Harris published by The Guardian just a week before the album's release noted the differences between Del Rey's perceived persona in 2008, when she performed under the stage name Lizzy Grant, and in the present, as Lana Del Rey.[229] Harris wrote:", "Lana Del Rey. In 2014, Del Rey released her third studio album, Ultraviolence, which became her first album to reach number one in the United States. In 2015, following a North American tour with Courtney Love and Grimes, Del Rey released her fourth studio album, Honeymoon. Both albums received positive critical response. Her fifth studio album, Lust for Life, was released in 2017. It received critical acclaim, and also became Del Rey's second album to reach number one in the United States, while also reaching the top ten in almost every other country in which it charted.[6] Lust for Life also earned a Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.[7]", "Lana Del Rey. After the release of Paradise, Del Rey penned the original song \"Young and Beautiful\" for the soundtrack of the 2013 film adaptation of The Great Gatsby with director, co-writer, and co-producer Baz Luhrmann.[87]", "Lana Del Rey. On April 25, 2005, a seven-track extended play was registered under Elizabeth Woolridge Grant with the United States Copyright Office. The application title was Rock Me Stable with another title Young Like Me also listed.[33] A second extended play, titled From the End, was also recorded under Del Rey's stage name at the time, May Jailer.[34] Between 2005 and 2006, she recorded an acoustic album titled Sirens under the May Jailer project,[34] which later leaked on the internet in mid-2012.[b]", "Ultraviolence (album). Ultraviolence is the third studio album and second major-label record by American singer and songwriter Lana Del Rey, released on June 13, 2014 by UMG Recordings. Despite originally dismissing the possibility of releasing another record after her major-label debut Born to Die (2012), Del Rey began planning its follow-up in 2013. Production continued into 2014, at which time she heavily collaborated with Dan Auerbach to revamp what she initially considered to be the completed record. The project saw additional contributions from producers including Paul Epworth, Greg Kurstin, Daniel Heath, and Rick Nowels, and features a more guitar-based sound than Del Rey's previous releases.[a]", "Lana Del Rey. Del Rey's seventh single, \"Dark Paradise\", was released as a single in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland on March 1, 2013. Del Rey won the ECHO Awards for Best International Newcomer and Best International Pop/Rock Artist on March 21, 2013.[84] A music video for Del Rey's cover of Leonard Cohen's \"Chelsea Hotel#2\" was released on March 27, 2013.[85] The following month, in April 2013, another self-produced video was released; it showed Del Rey and her boyfriend, Barrie-James O'Neil, covering \"Summer Wine\", by Lee Hazlewood. \"Burning Desire\" became available for purchase as a stand-alone download on March 19, 2013 as the second promotional single from Paradise; its music video was premiered the previous month on Valentine's Day of 2013.[86]", "Lana Del Rey. Born to Die was officially released on January 31, 2012 worldwide, and reached number one in 11 countries, though critical reaction was divided.[63][64] The same week, she announced she had bought back the rights to her 2010 debut album, and had plans to re-release it in the summer of 2012 under Interscope Records and Polydor.[65] Contrary to Del Rey's press statement, her previous record label and producer David Kahne have both stated that she bought the rights to the album when she and the label parted company, due to the offer of a new deal, in April 2010.[53][66] Born to Die sold 3.4 million copies in 2012, making it the fifth-best-selling album of 2012.[67][68][69] In the United States, Born to Die charted on the Billboard 200 album chart well into 2012, lingering at number 76, after 36 weeks on the chart.[70] In an interview with RTVE on June 15, 2012, she announced her new album would be out in November.[71] Mid-September saw the official announcement of Paradise's lead single, \"Ride\".[72][73]", "Lana Del Rey. In October 2015, Del Rey announced that she planned writing material for her new record.[134] She stated that her last two albums had a \"Californian\" sound, but if she were to make an album with a \"New York\" sound it would be a little harder, faster, more upbeat, and less dreamy.[135] In January 2016, Del Rey was nominated with the \"Favorite Female Artist\" award at the People's Choice Awards, and she also received a Brit Award nomination for International Female Solo Artist, her third nomination in the category and fourth overall.[136][137] In February and March 2016, Del Rey and her managers, respectively, officially revealed that she began working on her fifth studio album, just months after releasing her fourth.[138][139]", "Lana Del Rey. In June 2014, she said \"I have this idea for this record called Music to Watch Boys To, so I'm just kind of thinking about that and what that would mean.\"[117] Del Rey later confirmed in an interview with Billboard that her new record would be entitled Honeymoon.[118]", "Born to Die. Business Insider's Kevin Lincoln commented that Lana was manufactured by her label and used \"Video Games\" as a form of advertising.[102] In defense of the singer, Jaime Gill from BBC Music wrote: \"If you want an explanation for the unlikely rise of Lana Del Rey, it isn't that hard to find. Ignore accusations of cynical marketing and inauthenticity, or speculation about surgery and daddy's money – that's not important. And don't get distracted by YouTube statistics or the hyperbole, this isn't about new media. It's about something older and more mysterious than that; the extraordinary, resilient power of pop music\".[105] Sasha Frere Jones of The New Yorker came out in defense of the artist as well, writing: \"The weirder strain of criticism concerns authenticity [...] Detractors cite a variety of presumed conspiracies, some involving the influence of her father, Rob Grant [...] The rumor of manipulative managers guiding her; the reality of professional songwriters working for her [...] and how Grant's top lip got so big so fast [...] Surely no equivalent male star would be subject of the same level of examination.\"[100] Sharing a similar view, Ann Lee wrote in Metro: \"I know it's fun to slate [Lana] but she's got a great voice – that's a fact\".[106] Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine also proved to be in favor of Del Rey, declaring: \"I was initially puzzled by the accusations of inauthenticity that were hurled with such vehemence and frequency at Lana Del Rey in the wake of her meteoric rise to it girl status last year [...] And I guess we're supposed to lament the fact that, unlike Amy Winehouse, she doesn't appear to have a predilection for dope or booze to back up her supposed bad-girl bona fides. But since when exactly has 'authenticity' ever been a criterion in pop music?\".[107]" ]

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[ "Zuko. Prince Zuko (祖寇, Zǔ Kòu) is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, the character is voiced by Dante Basco and is portrayed by Dev Patel in M. Night Shyamalan's 2010 film The Last Airbender.", "Zuko. Dante Basco voices Zuko in The Last Airbender as a Teenager while Elijah Runcorn voices him as a child and Dev Patel in the video game adaptation of the movie. Bruce Davison voices Zuko in The Legend of Korra as Fire Lord of the Fire Nation, now in his 80's.", "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 3). All of the central characters generally remained the same: Zach Tyler Eisen voices Aang, Mae Whitman voices Katara, Jack DeSena voices Sokka, Jessie Flower voices Toph, Dante Basco voices Zuko, Dee Bradley Baker voices Appa and Momo,[3] and Grey DeLisle voices Azula.", "Azula. She appears as an antagonist in the video games Avatar: The Last Airbender – The Burning Earth[25] and Avatar: The Last Airbender – Into the Inferno[26] again voiced by Grey DeLisle. Azula also appears in the live action feature film The Last Airbender in a flashback where Zuko gets his scar and before the end credits roll, she is played by Summer Bishil.", "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 2). Most of the main characters from the first season remained the same: Zach Tyler Eisen voices Aang, Mae Whitman voices Katara, Jack DeSena voices Sokka,[2] Dee Bradley Baker voices both Appa and Momo, and Dante Basco voices Zuko.[9]", "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters. Prince Zuko, later Fire Lord Zuko (Chinese: 祖寇; pinyin: Zǔ Kòu) (voiced by Dante Basco in the original animated series,[22] voiced by Bruce Davison in the sequel series, and portrayed by Dev Patel in the live-action film[23]) is a central character.", "The Last Airbender. Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone; Katara to Nicola Peltz; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney.[22] In an interview with People, Shyamalan claimed that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without Nicola Peltz, \"I said that only once before in my career, and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions.\"[23]\nIn February 2009, Dev Patel replaced Jesse McCartney, whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts.[24][25] Katharine Houghton played \"Gran Gran\", the grandmother of Katara and Sokka, and Seychelle Gabriel portrayed Princess Yue, another of Sokka's love interests and princess of the Northern Water Tribe.[26] Isaac Jin Solstein played an earthbending boy.[27] Comedian Aasif Mandvi played Commander Zhao, Cliff Curtis played Fire Lord Ozai, and Keong Sim was cast in the role of an Earthbender.[28]", "Avatar: The Last Airbender. The series' first season was the basis of the 2010 live-action film The Last Airbender, which was written and directed by M. Night Shyamalan. It was intended as the first of a trilogy of films, each of which would be based upon one of the three television seasons. The film's reception from critics and fans of the television series was overwhelmingly negative; it had a six-percent approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes and received five Razzies at the 31st Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Picture.[29][30][31] Although the film originally shared the title of the television series, the title The Last Airbender was used because producers feared it would be confused with James Cameron's film Avatar.[32] The Last Airbender stars Noah Ringer as Aang, Nicola Peltz as Katara, Jackson Rathbone as Sokka, Dev Patel as Zuko, and Shaun Toub as Iroh.[29]", "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 1). Most of the show's main characters made their debut within most, if not all, of the first episodes: Zach Tyler Eisen provided Aang's voice, Mae Whitman as Katara's voice, Jack DeSena as Sokka's voice,[3] Dante Basco as Zuko's voice, Mako as Iroh's voice,[3][15] and Dee Bradley Baker as the voices of both Appa and Momo.[10] Additional supporting characters include Admiral Zhao voiced by Jason Isaacs,[10][16] and Jet voiced by Crawford Wilson.[10][17]", "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters. M. Night Shyamalan originally offered the roles of Aang to Noah Ringer; Sokka to Jackson Rathbone; Katara to Nicola Peltz; and Zuko to Jesse McCartney.[179] In selecting Nicola Peltz, Shyamalan commented that he did not want to make The Last Airbender without her, saying that \"I said that only once before in my career, and that was when I met Haley in The Sixth Sense auditions.\"[180] In February 2009, Dev Patel replaced McCartney, whose tour dates conflicted with a boot camp scheduled for the cast to train in martial arts.[181][182]", "Zuko. Bruce Davison (The Legend of Korra)\nDev Patel (The Last Airbender video game) \nElijah Runcorn (Young Zuko)", "The Last Airbender. The Last Airbender is a 2010 American action fantasy adventure film written, co-produced, and directed by M. Night Shyamalan.[7] It is based on the first season of the Nickelodeon animated series\nAvatar: The Last Airbender (or Avatar: The Legend of Aang in some regions). The film stars Noah Ringer as Aang,[8] with Dev Patel as Prince Zuko, Nicola Peltz as Katara, and Jackson Rathbone as Sokka. Development for the film began in 2007. It was produced by Nickelodeon Movies and distributed by Paramount Pictures.[9] Premiering in New York City on June 30, 2010, it opened the following day in the rest of the US, grossing an estimated $16 million.[10][11]", "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters. Princess Azula (Chinese: 阿祖拉; pinyin: Ā Zǔ Lā) (voiced by Grey DeLisle in the animated series and played by Summer Bishil in the live-action movie) is Zuko's sister who is a major antagonist in Book Two and Book Three.[63] She is a gifted Firebending master. After Zhao's death, Azula is sent by Ozai to capture the Avatar, Zuko, and Iroh. Her amorality and ability to act without hesitation or remorse also accounts for her ability to create lightning, a skill that requires peace of mind.[20] Despite her cruel temperament, she becomes distraught when abandoned by her friends Mai and Ty Lee,[64] and collapses mentally when her father leaves her the now-worthless position of Fire Lord,[33] in which she becomes increasingly irrational, paranoid, and mentally unstable,[30] and ultimately suffers a full psychotic breakdown, in which she is overcome by Zuko and Katara.[59]", "Olivia d'Abo. In animation, D'Abo is the voices of Sonya Blade in Mortal Kombat: Defenders of the Realm (1996); Melanie Walker/Ten in Batman Beyond (1999–2000); Star Sapphire in Justice League (2001); and Morgaine le Fey in Justice League Unlimited (2004); Tak in Invader Zim (2001–2002); Jane Porter in The Legend of Tarzan; Jedi Master Luminara Unduli in Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008); Carol Ferris in Green Lantern: First Flight (2009); and Natalia Romanoff in Ultimate Avengers and Ultimate Avengers 2: Rise of the Black Panther (both 2006).", "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters. Katara (Chinese: 卡塔拉; pinyin: Kǎ Tǎlā) (voiced by Mae Whitman in the original series,[22] voiced by Eva Marie Saint in the sequel series, and portrayed by Nicola Peltz in the live-action film[23]) is Aang's best friend, later becoming his girlfriend and ultimately, his wife.", "Mako (actor). During the Avatar: The Last Airbender episode \"The Tales of Ba Sing Se\", the segment titled \"The Tale of Iroh\" features a dedication to Mako, the voice actor for Iroh for seasons one and two. In the sequel series The Legend of Korra, a lead male character was named after him (voiced by David Faustino).[10]", "Dante Basco. Basco has done voice acting for many animated productions, including Zuko in Avatar: The Last Airbender and Jake Long in American Dragon: Jake Long. He also voice acted Quoc Wong from The Proud Family[6] He voiced Matt Martin/Kewl Breeze in the short-lived animated series Zevo-3, several voices in the video game Saints Row and Shingo in the video games Skate, Skate 2, and Skate 3. He also voiced Seeing Farther in the video game Call of Juarez: Bound in Blood, the male youth voice for the MMORPG game Aion: Tower of Eternity, and Iroh II in The Legend of Korra.[7]", "The Last Airbender. Before Slumdog Millionaire was released, Patel auditioned for the role of Zuko by submitting a tape to the studio.[31] Shyamalan called Patel personally to inform him that he got the part.[31] Training for the film was intense, as he had to learn Wushu and different martial arts.[31] Patel recalls fighting, punching, and throwing and said the experience was \"truly amazing.\"[31] While he was filming Slumdog in India, he would finish a take and turn one of the channels over to the animated series.[31] Even though it is based on a cartoon, he wanted to bring as much of himself as possible to the character he was portraying.[31] Shaun Toub, who was cast as Iroh, describes his character in the first film as \"loose\" and \"free\".[32] He compares Zuko's \"obsession\" to his childhood memories and how kids are always looking for their parents' approval, saying that Zuko just wants his father's. \"He isn't necessarily bad, he just has a great deal of built up anger and forgets to consider others. I think people will understand that he's not bad, he's just angry and hurting because he really wants his father to love him, but his father is too busy with other things.\"[32] He says that Patel is an \"18 year old with all this energy,\" and that Patel was able to influence him into appreciating the business of filmmaking more.[32] While comparing the animated series to the film, he says the film is much more serious.[32] He attributed this change to the director trying to relate to every age group, rather than just kids.[32]", "The Last Airbender. In a Reddit AmA thread by Dante Basco, the original voice of Prince Zuko, when he was asked what he thought of the Last Airbender film, he responded by saying that Konietzko and DiMartino told him not to see it.[101]", "The Last Airbender. Ringer began practicing Taekwondo – the martial art and national sport of Korea – at the age of 10.[29] His skills later garnered accolades, including the title of American Taekwondo Association Texas State Champion.[29] He began shaving his head during his martial arts training to help cool off, which gave him the nickname \"Avatar\" due to his resemblance to Aang from the animated series.[29] When he heard about the film adaptation, he made an audition tape with his instructor and sent it to the filmmakers. He hadn't worked on a film before, but his resemblance to Aang – enhanced by painting a blue arrow on his already shaved head, swung him the role.[29] Having not acted before, Ringer was required to attend acting school a month before filming commenced.[29] Peltz was familiar with the character before submitting for the part of Katara, having faithfully watched Avatar: The Last Airbender, the animated series on which the film is based, with her younger twin brothers.[29] She describes her character as being a big role model with young girls and women, \"She's really mentally and physically strong, strong-willed and -minded, but she's also caring and compassionate... The movie has a lot of values, but it's also fun. It's fantasy, but it's also a really cool battle between good and evil.\"[29] She explained that she initially didn't know about Rathbone starring in the Twilight films until after she met him and said that working with Shyamalan was an amazing experience.[29] Rathbone, who originally auditioned for the role of Zuko, was approached by Shyamalan to audition for the film.[30] After waiting for six months, he received a call informing him that he was cast as Sokka.[30] Rathbone stated that his favorite scenes were the fight sequences, which he prepared for by stickfighting.[30]", "Nika Futterman. Futterman has provided her voice in many cartoons, including CatDog, Hey Arnold!, Mike, Lu & Og, Xyber 9, The Zula Patrol, ChalkZone, Kim Possible, Avatar: The Last Airbender, My Gym Partner's a Monkey, Handy Manny, Fanboy & Chum Chum, Bubble Guppies, Teen Titans Go!, Sanjay and Craig, Tenkai Knights, The Loud House, and Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh.[3] She has performed recurring roles on animated adventure and superhero series such as G.I. Joe: Renegades, Batman: The Brave and the Bold, and The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes.", "Iroh. Shaun Toub plays Iroh in the feature film The Last Airbender. This version of the character is not as comedic as his cartoon counterpart, but retains his role as mentor to Zuko. Unlike other Firebenders in the movie, who require a source of fire to bend, Iroh can generate fire merely by using his chi.", "Zuko. Due to his banishment, he is hot-tempered, impatient, and at times also depressive. He is shown to be caring and thoughtful, though his judgement was heavily clouded by his jealousy towards Azula and his desire to live up to his father's expectations. He has a close bond with his mother Ursa and his Uncle Iroh. He strives to regain honor and attention in his father's eyes by trying to capture the Avatar in his name. But after returning to the Fire Nation from his years of banishment, he realized his father's ill feelings towards him couldn't be fixed even by capturing the Avatar. After the battle with his father during Sozin's Comet, Zuko leaves to join Aang and his friends on their mission to defeat the Fire Nation. Zuko decided that trying to regain honor, as a substitute for love, was worthless and a waste of time. He understood that he played an important role in helping the Avatar end the 100-year war, and often displayed aggression towards Aang when training him in firebending, because of the fact that it was imperative Aang learn it before Sozin's Comet arrived at the end of the summer. He is shown to have a sarcastic side on several occasions. Due to his scar, he also has an inferiority complex about his appearance, stating angrily that: \"Normal teenagers worry about bad skin! I don't have that luxury! My father decided to teach me a permanent lesson -- on my face!\"", "The Legend of Korra. The other main characters are the airbending master Tenzin, one of Aang's grown children (J. K. Simmons), Republic City police chief Lin Beifong (Mindy Sterling), and Korra's animal friends Naga and Pabu (both Dee Bradley Baker, the voice of a number of animals including Appa and Momo in the original series). Pabu was inspired by Futa, a famous standing Japanese red panda.[12] Tenzin's family include his wife Pema (Maria Bamford) and their children Jinora (Kiernan Shipka), Ikki (Darcy Rose Byrnes), Meelo (Logan Wells), and Rohan. Jinora is calm and an avid reader;[13][14] Ikki is described as \"fun, crazy, and a fast talker\";[14] Meelo is hyperactive; and Rohan is born during the third-to-last episode of Book One.", "Azula. Princess Azula (阿祖拉, Ā Zǔ Lā) is a fictional character and one of the two main antagonists, alongside her father, Ozai, in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender. Created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, the character is voiced by veteran voice actress Grey DeLisle.", "Zuko. Zuko makes a final non-speaking appearance in Book Four: Balance, attending the coronation of Prince Wu with his daughter, Izumi, and the other world leaders.", "Mako (actor). After Mako's death, some of his roles, particularly Aku from Samurai Jack and Iroh in Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra, were taken over by American voice actor Greg Baldwin.", "List of Avatar: The Last Airbender characters. Tenzin (Chinese: 丹增 pinyin: dān zēng) (voiced by J. K. Simmons) is the youngest child of Avatar Aang and Katara, and the couple's only airbending child. Tenzin is a traditionalist who works hard to protect and pass on Air Nomad teachings and culture. He embodies the peaceful, calm, spiritual nature of the Air Nomads.[65] At the start of the series, he was the only airbending master in the world[84] and thus served as Avatar Korra's airbending teacher and spiritual guide.[65] Tenzin however, had to undergo a lot of spiritual growth himself, facing his insecurities of living in father's shadow.[66] Tenzin and his wife Pema have four children: Jinora, Ikki, Meelo and Rohan.", "Katara (Avatar: The Last Airbender). Katara (卡塔拉, Kǎ Tǎlā) is a fictional character in Nickelodeon's animated television series Avatar: The Last Airbender and The Legend of Korra. The character, created by Michael Dante DiMartino and Bryan Konietzko, is voiced by Mae Whitman in the original series and Eva Marie Saint in the sequel series. In addition to this, she was played by Nicola Peltz in the 2010 live action film The Last Airbender.", "The Last Airbender. Zuko is the scarred 16-year-old exiled prince of the Fire Nation on a quest to find the Avatar and bring him to his father, Fire Lord Ozai, so he can regain his honor. Seeing the light that appeared from Aang's release, Zuko and some Fire Nation soldiers arrive at the Southern Water Tribe to demand the villagers hand over the Avatar. Aang reveals himself and surrenders to Zuko on the condition that he agrees to leave the village alone. On the ship, Aang is tested by Zuko's paternal uncle Iroh to confirm he is the Avatar. After being informed that he is to be their prisoner for passing the test, Aang escapes using his glider and flies to his flying bison brought by Katara and Sokka. Aang and his new friends visit the Southern Air Temple where they meet a winged lemur, who Aang later names Momo. Aang also learns that he was in the ice for a whole century and that the Fire Nation wiped out all of the Air Nomads, including his guardian, Monk Gyatso. In despair, he enters the Avatar State and finds himself in the Spirit World where he encounters a Dragon Spirit. Katara's pleas bring Aang back out of the Avatar State.", "The Last Airbender Prequel: Zuko's Story. The Last Airbender Prequel: Zuko's Story is a graphic novel written by Dave Roman and Alison Wilgus and illustrated by Nina Matsumoto. It is a prequel to The Last Airbender film, directed by M. Night Shyamalan, and was released on May 18, 2010. It is set before the events of The Last Airbender and centers around the character of Zuko immediately following his banishment. The characters were drawn to look as they do in the film, but characters who weren't in the film—such as Mai and Ty Lee—were drawn according to their original designs from the Avatar: The Last Airbender animated series.", "Avatar: The Last Airbender (season 2). Mako Iwamatsu, who voiced Iroh, died from throat cancer after production was completed; he was replaced by Greg Baldwin for the following season and The Legend of Korra.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Ewan McGregor. Ewan Gordon McGregor OBE (born 31 March 1971)[1] is a Scottish actor, known internationally for his various film roles, including independent dramas, science-fiction epics, and musicals.", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor's first professional role was in 1993, when he won a leading role in the British Channel 4 series Lipstick on Your Collar.[2] Some of his best known roles include heroin addict Mark Renton in the drama films Trainspotting (1996) and T2 Trainspotting (2017), Jedi Obi-Wan Kenobi in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005), poet Christian in the musical film Moulin Rouge! (2001), young Edward Bloom in Big Fish (2003), Rodney Copperbottom in Robots (2005), Camerlengo Father Patrick McKenna in Angels and Demons (2009), \"the ghost\" in Roman Polanski's political thriller The Ghost Writer (2010), Dr. Alfred Jones in the romantic comedy-drama Salmon Fishing in the Yemen (2011), Lumière in a live-action adaptation of the musical romantic fantasy Beauty and the Beast (2017), and the adult version of the titular character in the fantasy comedy-drama Christopher Robin (2018).", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor played the male romantic lead role in the British film Little Voice (1998). He was cast as the young Obi-Wan Kenobi in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace (1999); the character was originally played by Sir Alec Guinness in the first Star Wars trilogy.[2] While the prequels received criticism from Star Wars fans, McGregor's performance was well received.[21] He reprised the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi for the subsequent prequels Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones (2002) and Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith (2005).[22] His uncle, Denis Lawson, had played Wedge Antilles in the original trilogy.[23]", "Star Wars. In August 2016, Ewan McGregor stated he would be open to return to the role of Obi-Wan Kenobi, albeit for a spin-off film on the character, should he be approached, wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV.[120] Fans showed interest in the idea; a fan-trailer for an Obi-Wan film, with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert (which starred McGregor) became viral and widely praised by fans.[121] The film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a poll by The Hollywood Reporter despite there being only rumors of the film's production.[122] Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film, despite fans' continued interest and rumors. Days before the airing of the Star Wars Rebels episode \"Twin Suns\" (where Obi-Wan appeared), McGregor again stated his interest in starring in a solo film, if Lucasfilm wanted him to.[123] Joel Edgerton, who played Luke Skywalker's step-uncle Owen in the prequel trilogy, said he would like to reprise his role in an Obi-Wan standalone film, if it were to be made. Edgerton also expressed interest in playing Boba Fett without taking off the mask, in the rumored Boba Fett film.[124]", "Ewan McGregor. He narrated the Fulldome production Astronaut (2006), created for the National Space Centre.[31] Around the same time, he also narrated the STV show JetSet (also 2006), a six-part series following the lives of trainee pilots and navigators at RAF Lossiemouth as they undergo a gruelling six-month course learning to fly the Tornado GR4, the RAF's primary attack aircraft.[32] McGregor starred opposite Colin Farrell in the Woody Allen film Cassandra's Dream (2007),[19][33] and he co-starred with Jim Carrey in I Love You Phillip Morris and appeared in Amelia (both 2009) alongside Hilary Swank. He played \"the ghost\" — the unnamed main character — in Roman Polanski's political thriller The Ghost Writer (2010). He portrayed Camerlengo Patrick McKenna in Angels & Demons (also 2009), the film adaptation of Dan Brown's novel of the same name. At the 2011 Seattle International Film Festival, he was awarded with the SIFF Golden Space Needle Award for Outstanding Achievement in Acting.[34]", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. Obi-Wan \"Ben\" Kenobi is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise, within the original trilogy he is portrayed by Alec Guinness, while in the prequel trilogy a younger version of the character is portrayed by Ewan McGregor. In the original trilogy, he is a mentor to Luke Skywalker, to whom he introduces the ways of the Jedi. In the prequel trilogy, he is a master and friend to Anakin Skywalker. He is frequently featured as a main character in various other Star Wars media.", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. The behind the scenes animation team revealed on Rebels-Recon that the face was shaped as a mix of Alec Guinness and Ewan McGregor, and that both faces had the same shape. Kenobi also appears using his Jedi robes from A New Hope. The voice was done by Stephen Stanton, who replaced James Arnold Taylor, because he could imitate the voice of Guinness.[10][11] Rebels creator and director of the episode Dave Filoni who worked with the character during the full duration of Star Wars: The Clone Wars, also said he considered McGregor to reprise and voice the role.[12]", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor was born in Perth and raised in Crieff.[7][8][9] His mother, Carol Diane (née Lawson), is a retired teacher at Crieff High School and latterly deputy head teacher at Kingspark School in Dundee.[10][11] His father, James Charles Stewart \"Jim\" McGregor, is a retired physical education teacher and careers master at Morrison's Academy in Crieff.[12][13][14] He has an older brother, Colin (born 1969), a former Tornado GR4 pilot in the Royal Air Force.[citation needed][15] His uncle is actor Denis Lawson[2] and his aunt by marriage was actress Sheila Gish, which makes him a step-cousin of Gish's actress daughters, Kay Curram and Lou Gish.[16]", "John Boyega. John Adedayo B. Adegboyega (born 17 March 1992), known professionally as John Boyega, is an English actor best known for playing Finn in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, the seventh film of the Star Wars series, and its 2017 sequel Star Wars: The Last Jedi. Boyega rose to prominence in his native United Kingdom for his role as Moses in the 2011 sci-fi comedy film Attack the Block.", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor has been involved in charity work and has served as an ambassador for UNICEF UK since 2004. In 2013, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to drama and charity. In 2016, he received the BAFTA Britannia Humanitarian Award.[6]", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor voiced two successful animated features; he played the robot Rodney Copperbottom in Robots, which also featured the voices of Halle Berry and Robin Williams,[27] and he voiced the lead character in Gary Chapman's Valiant (both 2005), alongside Jim Broadbent, John Cleese and Ricky Gervais.[28] Also around this time, McGregor played two roles — one a clone of the other — opposite Scarlett Johansson in Michael Bay's science fiction action thriller film The Island. He also headlined Marc Forster's 2005 film Stay (both 2005), a psychological thriller co-starring Naomi Watts and Ryan Gosling.[29][30]", "Ewan McGregor. In 2018, McGregor won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his performance as brothers in the third season of FX anthology series Fargo, and received Golden Globe nominations for Best Actor – Musical or Comedy for both Moulin Rouge! and Salmon Fishing in the Yemen. McGregor has also starred in theatre productions of Guys and Dolls (2005–07) and Othello (2007–08). He was ranked number 36 on Empire magazine's \"The Top 100 Movie Stars of All Time\" list in 1997.[3] In a 2004 poll for the BBC, McGregor was named the fourth most influential person in British culture.[4][5]", "Obi-Wan Kenobi. Since the announcement of the sequel trilogy, Ewan McGregor has also expressed interest in returning to the role, albeit for an Obi-Wan spin-off film, should he be approached; wanting to tell a story between Episode III and IV.[29] A fan-trailer for an Obi-Wan film, with footage from the film Last Days in the Desert, has been widely praised by fans.[30] Lucasfilm and McGregor have denied the development of such film, despite fans' continued interest, and rumors. Despite being nothing but rumors, the film was voted as the most wanted anthology film in a pool by The Hollywood Reporter.[31] Days before the Star Wars Rebels episode \"Twin Suns\" aired, McGregor said he would like to do it, if Lucasfilm wanted him to.[32]", "Stormtrooper (Star Wars). In The Force Awakens (2015), John Boyega stars as Finn, the former Stormtrooper FN-2187 who defects from the First Order and joins the Resistance,[22] and Gwendoline Christie portrays Captain Phasma, commander of the First Order's stormtroopers.[23] Daniel Craig has a small uncredited role as a stormtrooper whom Rey compels using the Jedi mind trick to let her escape from captivity,[24][25][26] and director J. J. Abrams also cast Alias and Lost composer Michael Giacchino as FN-3181, and Radiohead producer Nigel Godrich as FN-9330.[24] A riot control stormtrooper who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana, portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord, is identified as FN-2199 in the anthology book Star Wars: Before the Awakening (2015) by Greg Rucka.[16][17] The trooper, armed with a \"Z6 baton\" and dubbed \"TR-8R\" by fans, quickly inspired multiple memes and fan art.[16][27][28] Actor/director Kevin Smith also voiced a stormtrooper in the Takodana sequence.[29]", "Ewan McGregor. From June 2005 to April 2007, McGregor starred alongside Jane Krakowski, Douglas Hodge and Jenna Russell in the Donmar Warehouse revival of Guys and Dolls after it transferred to the Piccadilly Theatre in London.[46] He played the leading role of Sky Masterson. McGregor received the LastMinute.com award for Best Actor for his performance in 2005,[47] and he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2007.[48]", "Finn (Star Wars). Finn, designation number FN-2187, is a fictional character in the Star Wars franchise. He first appeared in the 2015 film Star Wars: The Force Awakens in which he is a stormtrooper for the First Order who flees and turns against it after being shocked by their cruelty in his first combat mission. He is played by British actor John Boyega, who reprises the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi.", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor married Eve Mavrakis,[1] a French-Greek Jewish production designer whom he met on the set of Kavanagh QC, in 1995.[56][57][58][59][2] Together they have four daughters, one of them adopted from Mongolia.[1][60][61][62] McGregor has a heart and dagger tattoo of the names of his wife and daughters on his right arm.[24][63] The family lived in Los Angeles, California, having relocated from North London.[64] With his children raised in Mavrakis' Jewish faith, McGregor has said, \"My involvement in religion has more to do with the Jewish faith now and not the Christian faith, which I was very vaguely brought up in\".[65] As of May 2017, he was estranged from his wife and dating actress Mary Elizabeth Winstead, whom he met on the set of season 3 of Fargo in which they starred together.[66] On 19 January 2018, McGregor filed for divorce from his wife, citing irreconcilable differences.[67][68]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Tim Rose and Mike Quinn reprise their respective roles as Admiral Ackbar and Nien Nunb, both from Return of the Jedi.[32][33] Kipsang Rotich returns as the voice of Nien Nunb[34] and Erik Bauersfeld returns to voice Ackbar. This was Bauersfeld's final film role before his death in April 2016.[35] Kenny Baker, originally announced as part of the cast, was credited as \"consultant\" for R2-D2,[36][37] with Jimmy Vee performing some of the work for R2-D2.[38] Ewan McGregor has an uncredited vocal cameo as Obi-Wan Kenobi in Rey's vision sequence, while archival audio of Frank Oz and Alec Guinness as Yoda and Kenobi, respectively, are also used in the same scene; Oz recorded new dialogue for the film, but it was replaced with pre-existing audio from The Empire Strikes Back.[39]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Daniel Craig, Michael Giacchino and Nigel Godrich cameo as stormtroopers.[68][69] Abrams' assistant, Morgan Dameron, appears as a Resistance officer,[70] while his father, Gerald W. Abrams, appears as Captain Cypress.[71] The film's dialect coach, Andrew Jack, appears as Major Ematt of the Resistance.[72] Additionally, Crystal Clarke, Pip Andersen,[73] Christina Chong,[74] Miltos Yerolemou,[75] Amybeth Hargreaves,[76] Leanne Best,[77] Judah Friedlander,[78] and Kevin Smith[79] were cast in minor roles. Abrams has a vocal cameo,[80] singing with Lin-Manuel Miranda on two songs, \"Jabba Flow\" and \"Dobra Doompa\", performed by Shag Kava, consisting of Abrams, Miranda and musicians.[81][82] Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Star Wars Rebels cast members Dee Bradley Baker, Matt Lanter, Tom Kane, Catherine Taber, Matthew Wood, Sam Witwer, Meredith Salenger, James Arnold Taylor, show runner Dave Filoni, Michael Donovan, Devon Libran, Elle Newlands, Terri Douglas, Robert Stambler, Verona Blue, TJ Falls, Michelle Rejwan, Eugene Byrd, Fred Tatasciore, David Collins, Amanda Foreman, Christopher Scarabosio, Patrick Correll, Karen Huie, Orly Schuchmacher, Emily Towers, Jonathan Dixon, Kat Sheridan, Salacious Crumb actor Mark Dodson, and Gavyn Sykes actor Christian Simpson were the additional voices used in the film.[66][83] Riot control stormtrooper FN-2199, who calls Finn a traitor during the battle on Takodana, was portrayed by stunt performer Liang Yang and voiced by sound editor David Acord.[84]", "Jesse Plemons. In January 2014, it was reported that Plemons was in strong consideration to be one of the new stars of the upcoming Star Wars Episode VII (Star Wars: The Force Awakens).[20][21] In March 2014, it was further reported that Plemons, along with four other actors, were being considered for the lead role in Episode VII.[22] The role, however, went to John Boyega.[citation needed] Plemons had a starring role in the Boston-set mob film Black Mass, starring Johnny Depp, which opened in theaters in September 2015. Also that year, he appeared in the Stephen Frears film about Lance Armstrong, The Program, and the Steven Spielberg film Bridge of Spies.[citation needed]", "Ewan McGregor. In 2010, McGregor was appointed by the French government as a Chevalier dans l'Ordre des Arts et Lettres (Knight of the Order of the Arts and Letters).[72][73] McGregor was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to drama and charity.[1][74][75]", "Star Wars: The Force Awakens. Star Wars: The Force Awakens (also known as Star Wars: Episode VII – The Force Awakens) is a 2015 American epic space opera film produced, co-written and directed by J. J. Abrams. It is the first installment of the Star Wars sequel trilogy and the seventh main installment of the Star Wars franchise, following Return of the Jedi (1983). The film stars Harrison Ford, Mark Hamill, Carrie Fisher, Adam Driver, Daisy Ridley, John Boyega, Oscar Isaac, Lupita Nyong'o, Andy Serkis, Domhnall Gleeson, Anthony Daniels, Peter Mayhew, and Max von Sydow, and was produced by Lucasfilm Ltd. and Abrams' production company Bad Robot Productions. The Force Awakens is the first Star Wars film to not involve franchise creator George Lucas. Set 30 years after Return of the Jedi, the film follows Rey, Finn, and Poe Dameron's search for Luke Skywalker and their fight alongside the Resistance, led by veterans of the Rebel Alliance, against Kylo Ren and the First Order, a successor to the Galactic Empire.", "Finn (Star Wars). For the roles of Finn and other new Star Wars characters for The Force Awakens, director J. J. Abrams intentionally looked for unknown actors, as he wanted audiences “to meet these characters [in the film] and not feel like it’s him from that thing, it’s her from that thing.”[7] Boyega, who had impressed Abrams in his debut role in British sci-fi film Attack the Block (2011), was invited to audition for the role of Finn,[8] a process which lasted seven months before he was finally cast.[9] Kathleen Kennedy, one of the producers of The Force Awakens, stated:", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor starred in the action comedy film Mortdecai (2015), alongside Johnny Depp and Paul Bettany. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph felt the film was \"psychotically unfunny\".[38] He made his directorial debut with American Pastoral (2016), in which he also starred.", "Ewan McGregor. McGregor attended the independent Morrison's Academy in Crieff. After leaving school at the age of 16, he worked as a stagehand at Perth Theatre and studied a foundation course in drama at Kirkcaldy College of Technology,[17][18] before moving to London to study drama at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama when he was 18 years old.[2]", "Ewan McGregor. He reprised his role as Mark Renton in T2: Trainspotting 2 (2017).[39] McGregor played Lumiere in the live action version of Disney's Beauty and the Beast (also 2017), directed by Bill Condon with an ensemble cast featuring Emma Watson in a leading role alongside Dan Stevens, Luke Evans, Kevin Kline, Josh Gad, Stanley Tucci, Ian McKellen, and Emma Thompson. Filming began in May 2015 at Shepperton Studios in London, and the movie was released in March 2017.[40] He then starred in FX anthology series in the third season of Fargo (both 2017), which garnered him a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film for his dual performance of Emmit Stussy and Ray Stussy at the 75th Golden Globe Awards.[41] In 2018, McGregor starred as the adult version of the titular character in Christopher Robin, a live-action adaptation of Disney's Winnie the Pooh franchise directed by Marc Forster and starred alongside Hayley Atwell.[42] He has also committed to star as the older Danny Torrance in the film adaptation of Stephen King's novel Doctor Sleep.[43]", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace is a 1999 American epic space opera film written and directed by George Lucas, produced by Lucasfilm and distributed by 20th Century Fox. It is the first installment in the Star Wars prequel trilogy and stars Liam Neeson, Ewan McGregor, Natalie Portman, Jake Lloyd, Ian McDiarmid, Anthony Daniels, Kenny Baker, Pernilla August, and Frank Oz. The film is set 32 years before the original film, and follows Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn and his apprentice Obi-Wan Kenobi as they protect Queen Amidala, in hopes of securing a peaceful end to a large-scale interplanetary trade dispute. Joined by Anakin Skywalker—a young slave with unusually strong natural powers of the Force—they simultaneously contend with the mysterious return of the Sith.", "Star Wars sequel trilogy. In March 2015, Oscar Isaac confirmed he would reprise his The Force Awakens role of Poe Dameron in Episode VIII.[68][69][70] In July 2015, it was reported that Benicio del Toro was being considered for a villain;[71][72] del Toro later confirmed that he had been cast.[73] In September 2015, it was reported that Gugu Mbatha-Raw, Tatiana Maslany, Gina Rodriguez, Olivia Cooke, and Bel Powley were on the shortlist for two separate parts.[74][75] Jimmy Vee was cast as R2-D2, succeeding Kenny Baker, who died in August 2016.[76][77]", "John Boyega. Boyega was chosen by Fionnuala Halligan of Screen International as one of the \"UK Stars of Tomorrow 2011\" and appeared alongside two other actors on the front cover of that magazine in its July 2011 edition.[18] In March 2012, Boyega was cast in the film adaptation of Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's book Half of a Yellow Sun.[19] On 29 April 2014, it was confirmed that Boyega had been cast as a lead character in Star Wars: The Force Awakens.[20] It was later revealed Boyega would play Finn, a stormtrooper for the First Order, who leaves the military power after witnessing their cruelty in his first combat mission before joining the fight against them. The film was released on 18 December 2015. Both the film and Boyega's performance received acclaim from both audiences and critics.[21][22]", "Wedge Antilles. Wedge first appears in Star Wars during the Rebels' Death Star attack briefing. In this scene Wedge is portrayed by Colin Higgins and voiced by David Ankrum, who dubs the character throughout the film. Denis Lawson plays the character for the remaining scenes filmed in the X-wing cockpit.[1] Lawson also portrays Antilles in The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi. In the former, Lawson's voice was dubbed over by an unidentified actor, while Lawson used his own voice in the latter, masking his natural Scottish accent with an imitation of an American accent. David Ankrum reprises his role as the voice of Wedge in Rogue One. Coincidentally, Denis Lawson is the maternal uncle of Ewan McGregor, who played Obi-Wan Kenobi in the prequel trilogy.[2]", "Star Wars: Episode IX. Additionally, Jimmy Vee and Greg Grunberg reprise their roles as R2-D2 and Snap Wexley,[7][8] respectively, from previous films, while Brian Herring returns to puppeteer BB-8.[9] Dominic Monaghan and Matt Smith have been cast in undisclosed roles.[10][11]", "Oscar Isaac. Isaac co-starred in the epic space opera film Star Wars: The Force Awakens, released on December 18, 2015.[41] playing Poe Dameron, an X-wing pilot. He reprised the role in Star Wars: The Last Jedi, released on December 15, 2017.[42] He is set to reprise his role for the last time in Star Wars: Episode IX, the last film in the sequel trilogy.[43]" ]

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[ "Balamory. Balamory is a Scottish live action television series on British television (BBC One, BBC Two and CBeebies) for pre school children, about a fictional small island community called Balamory in Scotland. It was produced between 10 February 2002 and 14 April 2005 by BBC Scotland, with 254 episodes made (including a DVD exclusive Christmas episode). The series was created by Brian Jameson.", "Balamory. The programme was aimed at pre schoolers. The programme's creator had intended it as a \"soap opera for children\".[1] The show can also be seen in a humorous light. The characters in Balamory are somewhat naive and light hearted, often appearing to be children trapped in adult bodies with adult roles. The storyline revolves around simple problems designed to challenge pre schoolers' minds.", "Balamory. Balamory was filmed mostly in Tobermory on the Isle of Mull, with the exception of scenes at Archie's castle filmed at Fenton Tower in North Berwick, and other scenes, such as Camden and the nursery filmed in Glasgow.", "Balamory. A select series of episodes was shown for two brief seasons in the United States on the Discovery Kids channel. It was also shown on TLC. In Ireland, episodes were shown until recently on weekdays on RTÉ Two's The Den and continue to be shown on The Den's replacement, RTÉjr.", "Balamory. The opening credits show the town of \"Balamory\" with its brightly coloured houses. Miss Hoolie opens the nursery school, greets the nursery children, and talks about that day's weather.", "Balamory. Occasionally, the shots of children entering the nursery are cut down for repeats for time reasons.", "Balamory. The nursery teacher Miss Hoolie is the framing character and narrator for each episode. She introduces the programme and the problem which needs to be solved, provides a recap in the middle, and summarises the story at the end of the episode.", "Balamory. A typical episode follows this general plan:", "Me Too! (UK TV series). Me Too! is a live-action television series on BBC Two and CBeebies for preschool children based around the large (fictional) community of Riverseafingal in Scotland. In reality the programme is filmed in Gourock, Edinburgh, London and Newcastle upon Tyne, with some exterior shots of Manchester Metrolink trams also being used. The round school in the programme is a real school situated in Gourock, called Gourock Primary School.", "Balamory. There are eight central characters in Balamory. Each character wears a distinctive colour of clothing like pink or yellow, and lives in a house of the same colour like Archie lives in a pink castle, with the exception of Penny Pocket (who shares the red house/shop with Suzie Sweet, and wears blue) and PC Plum (who lives in the white house but wears a police uniform). Each character also has one or more individual songs.", "Balamory. Josie Jump is the fitness instructor at the primary school next door to Miss Hoolie's nursery school. She plays and coaches all types of gymnastics, sports, and dance, and encourages the young viewers to exercise. She is also talented at storytelling through expressive movement and dance.", "Balamory. For example, in one episode Josie Jump has been asked to look after a neighbour's rabbit, but does not know what it needs. She is advised to visit PC Plum, who advises her to feed it vegetables. She then goes to the shop run by Pocket and Sweet to buy rabbit food, and finally brings the rabbit to Miss Hoolie's nursery for the children to feed and pat it.", "Balamory. Each episode of Balamory contains at least five songs:", "Balamory. One of the other characters (who will be the main character of that episode) tells Miss Hoolie about a problem. This character then sings \"Which Coloured House Are We Going To?\", asking the young viewers to guess which of the Balamory characters will be most helpful in solving the problem. The main character then proceeds to visit several other characters until the problem is solved. Miss Hoolie and the main character provide a summary of the story at each point, and a final recap at the end of the episode.", "Balamory. I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)\nSuzie's Cooking (Series 3–4)", "Balamory. Climbing Up My Musical Ladder (Series 1–4)\nIf You Need a Little Rhythm (Series 3–4)", "Balamory. Nursery Song:Everybody everyone\nDay off song:What do you want to do today (Series 1–2)\nStrike up the band (Series 3–4)", "Balamory. I'm PC Plum (Series 1–4)\nFollow the Clue (Series 3–4)", "Balamory. On 30 April 2005, the BBC announced that it would not order another season of the series, citing they wanted to experiment and create more new programme ideas. In that year, all the cast (except for two of them) performed a farewell touring show called \"Balamory Live: Strike up the Band\", a follow up to the \"Balamory Live: What's The Story\" tour from 2004.", "Balamory. Police officer PC Plum aspires to be a master detective, but Balamory is a crime free village. He spends most of his time watching wildlife and using his detective skills, to figure out what the animals have been doing. He is also particularly interested in rules, regulations, and safety.", "Balamory. Edie McCredie drives the nursery school bus. She has travelled all over the world, and has a variety of photographs and souvenirs to talk about. She is also an expert driver and motor mechanic, and occasionally gets exasperated with other road users.", "Balamory. When I Honk My Horn (Series 1-4)\nLet Me Take You on a Journey (Series 3–4)", "Balamory. There are many songs in Balamory, mainly sung by the actors. These songs are used consistently throughout the series, when corresponding characters or circumstances are introduced. In the run starting from September 2004, new songs were introduced. These songs are longer and take up more time in the episode, so the old versions were still often used.", "Iceland. Iceland is home to LazyTown (Icelandic: Latibær), a children's educational musical comedy program created by Magnús Scheving. It has become a very popular programme for children and adults and is shown in over 100 countries, including the Americas, the UK and Sweden.[230] The LazyTown studios are located in Garðabær. The 2015 television crime series Trapped aired in the UK on BBC4 in February and March 2016, to critical acclaim and according to the Guardian \"the unlikeliest TV hit of the year\".[231]", "Balamory. I'm Suzie Sweet, I'm Penny Pocket (Series 1–4)\nSort It (Series 3–4)", "Nach Baliye. Wizcraft\nBalaji Telefilms\nFrames Production Company\nBBC Worldwide Productions", "Here We Go Round the Mulberry Bush (film). The sailing scenes at the \"Botel\" were filmed on Grafham Water, Cambridgeshire.[9]", "Channel 5 (UK). Every day, children's programmes begin at 6 am with Milkshake! showing: Olly the Little White Van, Thomas and Friends, Lily's Driftwood Bay, The Beeps, The WotWots, Peppa Pig, Castle Farm, Little Princess, Ben and Holly's Little Kingdom, The Mr. Men Show, Noddy in Toyland, Fifi and the Flowertots, Roary the Racing Car, Bert and Ernie's Great Adventures, Tickety Toc and Bananas in Pyjamas.[72]", "India's Best Dramebaaz. Sonali Bendre has also favoured the show, saying that a competition among kids is important as it helps bringing out the best in an individual. She said, it just had to be healthy in nature. While promoting the show in Mumbai, she said \"I feel very strongly about overt competitiveness. The word competition has a narrow frame... it has to be healthy. The line is very thin. At the same time, I feel competition is necessary because children do revel and excel in it sometimes when they are put in adverse situations. But that does not mean parents need to put pressure[on children].\" When Bendre was questioned about the feasibility of the programme and the negative side effects of shooting schedules, she said \"as long as the parents are not putting the pressure, and the child is not feeling the pressure and enjoying the experience, the reality shows are a platform which gives [children] confidence.\"[11]", "Balamory. Very few episodes feature actors other than the main characters and the nursery children. Terry Wogan made a guest appearance in one episode (The Game Show) as a television director. This episode also featured Greg Hemphill (Julie Wilson Nimmo's husband in real life) and John Altman, who plays Nick Cotton in the BBC soap opera EastEnders. Celebrity chef Keith Floyd appeared in Suzie Sweet's song \"Suzie's Cookin'\".", "Balamory. Spencer is officially responsible for painting the coloured houses of Balamory, but also paints pictures and creates music. His painter's ladder is musical, each rung sounding a different note. Spencer is also the only American to reside in Balamory and he is black.", "Blue Peter. Blue Peter is a British children's television programme, currently shown live on the CBBC television channel. A significant part of British culture, it first aired in 1958 and is the longest-running children's TV show in the world.[2] Although the show has a nautical title and theme, it is a magazine/entertainment show containing viewer and presenter challenges, as well as the famous arts and crafts \"makes\"." ]

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[ "Lens (anatomy). The lens is part of the anterior segment of the human eye. In front of the lens is the iris, which regulates the amount of light entering into the eye. The lens is suspended in place by the suspensory ligament of the lens, a ring of fibrous tissue that attaches to the lens at its equator[1][2] and connects it to the ciliary body. Posterior to the lens is the vitreous body, which, along with the aqueous humor on the anterior surface, bathes the lens. The lens has an ellipsoid, biconvex shape. The anterior surface is less curved than the posterior. In the adult, the lens is typically circa 10 mm in diameter and has an axial length of about 4 mm, though it is important to note that the size and shape can change due to accommodation and because the lens continues to grow throughout a person's lifetime.[3]", "Lens (anatomy). The lens has three main parts: the lens capsule, the lens epithelium, and the lens fibers. The lens capsule forms the outermost layer of the lens and the lens fibers form the bulk of the interior of the lens. The cells of the lens epithelium, located between the lens capsule and the outermost layer of lens fibers, are found only on the anterior side of the lens. The lens itself lacks nerves, blood vessels, or connective tissue.[4]", "Lens (anatomy). The lens is a transparent, biconvex structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina. The lens, by changing shape, functions to change the focal distance of the eye so that it can focus on objects at various distances, thus allowing a sharp real image of the object of interest to be formed on the retina. This adjustment of the lens is known as accommodation (see also below). Accommodation is similar to the focusing of a photographic camera via movement of its lenses. The lens is more flat on its anterior side than on its posterior side.", "Lens (anatomy). The structures of the eye labeled", "Lens (anatomy). Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labeled", "Lens (anatomy). Interior of anterior chamber of eye.", "Lens (anatomy). Section through the margin of the lens, showing the transition of the epithelium into the lens fibers.", "Eyepiece. An eyepiece, or ocular lens, is a type of lens that is attached to a variety of optical devices such as telescopes and microscopes. It is so named because it is usually the lens that is closest to the eye when someone looks through the device. The objective lens or mirror collects light and brings it to focus creating an image. The eyepiece is placed near the focal point of the objective to magnify this image. The amount of magnification depends on the focal length of the eyepiece.", "Lens (anatomy). In reptiles and birds, the ciliary body touches the lens with a number of pads on its inner surface, in addition to the zonular fibres. These pads compress and release the lens to modify its shape while focusing on objects at different distances; the zonular fibres perform this function in mammals. In fish and amphibians, the lens is fixed in shape, and focusing is instead achieved by moving the lens forwards or backwards within the eye.[11]", "Lens (anatomy). In the most primitive vertebrates, the lampreys and hagfish, the lens is not attached to the outer surface of the eyeball at all. There is no aqueous humor in these fish, and the vitreous body simply presses the lens against the surface of the cornea. To focus its eyes, a lamprey flattens the cornea using muscles outside of the eye and pushes the lens backwards.[11]", "Lens (anatomy). The lens is split into regions depending on the age of the lens fibers of a particular layer. Moving outwards from the central, oldest layer, the lens is split into an embryonic nucleus, the fetal nucleus, the adult nucleus, and the outer cortex. New lens fibers, generated from the lens epithelium, are added to the outer cortex. Mature lens fibers have no organelles or nuclei.", "Lens (anatomy). The crystalline lens, hardened and divided.", "Lens (anatomy). The lens continues to grow after birth, with the new secondary fibers being added as outer layers. New lens fibers are generated from the equatorial cells of the lens epithelium, in a region referred to as the germinative zone. The lens epithelial cells elongate, lose contact with the capsule and epithelium, synthesize crystallin, and then finally lose their nuclei (enucleate) as they become mature lens fibers. From development through early adulthood, the addition of secondary lens fibers results in the lens growing more ellipsoid in shape; after about age 20, however, the lens grows rounder with time and the iris is very important for this development[3]", "Cornea. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.[1][2] In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres.[3] While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. The curvature of the lens, on the other hand, can be adjusted to \"tune\" the focus depending upon the object's distance. Medical terms related to the cornea often start with the prefix \"kerat-\" from the Greek word κέρας, horn.", "Lens (anatomy). The lens is also known as the aquula (Latin, a little stream, dim. of aqua, water) or crystalline lens. In humans, the refractive power of the lens in its natural environment is approximately 18 dioptres, roughly one-third of the eye's total power.", "Bird vision. The lens is a transparent convex or 'lens' shaped body with a harder outer layer and a softer inner layer. It focuses the light on the retina. The shape of the lens can be altered by ciliary muscles which are directly attached to lens capsule by means of the zonular fibres. In addition to these muscles, some birds also have a second set, Crampton’s muscles, that can change the shape of the cornea, thus giving birds a greater range of accommodation than is possible for mammals. This accommodation can be rapid in some diving water birds such as in the mergansers. The iris is a coloured muscularly operated diaphragm in front of the lens which controls the amount of light entering the eye. At the centre of the iris is the pupil, the variable circular area through which the light passes into the eye.[2][14]", "Evolution of the eye. In a lensless eye, the light emanating from a distant point hits the back of the eye with about the same size as the eye's aperture. With the addition of a lens this incoming light is concentrated on a smaller surface area, without reducing the overall intensity of the stimulus.[8] The focal length of an early lobopod with lens-containing simple eyes focused the image behind the retina, so while no part of the image could be brought into focus, the intensity of light allowed the organism to see in deeper (and therefore darker) waters.[29] A subsequent increase of the lens's refractive index probably resulted in an in-focus image being formed.[29]", "Lens (anatomy). MRI scan of human eye showing lens.", "Human eye. The eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit, composed of the anterior segment and the posterior segment. The anterior segment is made up of the cornea, iris and lens. The cornea is transparent and more curved, and is linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter, and 1/2 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its center. The posterior chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its diameter is typically about 24 mm. The cornea and sclera are connected by an area termed the limbus. The iris is the pigmented circular structure concentrically surrounding the center of the eye, the pupil, which appears to be black. The size of the pupil, which controls the amount of light entering the eye, is adjusted by the iris' dilator and sphincter muscles.", "Lens (optics). Most lenses are spherical lenses: their two surfaces are parts of the surfaces of spheres. Each surface can be convex (bulging outwards from the lens), concave (depressed into the lens), or planar (flat). The line joining the centres of the spheres making up the lens surfaces is called the axis of the lens. Typically the lens axis passes through the physical centre of the lens, because of the way they are manufactured. Lenses may be cut or ground after manufacturing to give them a different shape or size. The lens axis may then not pass through the physical centre of the lens.", "Cardinal point (optics). In anatomy, the surface vertices of the eye's lens are called the anterior and posterior poles of the lens.[8]", "Lens (anatomy). The lens fibers form the bulk of the lens. They are long, thin, transparent cells, firmly packed, with diameters typically 4–7 micrometres and lengths of up to 12 mm long.[3] The lens fibers stretch lengthwise from the posterior to the anterior poles and, when cut horizontally, are arranged in concentric layers rather like the layers of an onion. If cut along the equator, it appears as a honeycomb. The middle of each fiber lies on the equator.[6] These tightly packed layers of lens fibers are referred to as laminae. The lens fibers are linked together via gap junctions and interdigitations of the cells that resemble \"ball and socket\" forms.", "Visual system. Light entering the eye is refracted as it passes through the cornea. It then passes through the pupil (controlled by the iris) and is further refracted by the lens. The cornea and lens act together as a compound lens to project an inverted image onto the retina.", "Camera lens. From the front of the camera, the small hole (the aperture), would be seen. The virtual image of the aperture as seen from the world is known as the lens's entrance pupil; ideally, all rays of light leaving a point on the object that enter the entrance pupil will be focused to the same point on the image sensor/film (provided the object point is in the field of view). If one were inside the camera, one would see the lens acting as a projector. The virtual image of the aperture from inside the camera is the lens's exit pupil. In this simple case, the aperture, entrance pupil, and exit pupil are all in the same place because the only optical element is in the plane of the aperture, but in general these three will be in different places. Practical photographic lenses include more lens elements. The additional elements allow lens designers to reduce various aberrations, but the principle of operation remains the same: pencils of rays are collected at the entrance pupil and focused down from the exit pupil onto the image plane.", "Lens (anatomy). The lens is metabolically active and requires nourishment in order to maintain its growth and transparency. Compared to other tissues in the eye, however, the lens has considerably lower energy demands.[19]", "Lens (anatomy). Additional secondary fibers are derived from lens epithelial cells located toward the equatorial region of the lens. These cells lengthen anteriorly and posteriorly to encircle the primary fibers. The new fibers grow longer than those of the primary layer, but as the lens gets larger, the ends of the newer fibers cannot reach the posterior or anterior poles of the lens. The lens fibers that do not reach the poles form tight, interdigitating seams with neighboring fibers. These seams are readily visible and are termed sutures. The suture patterns become more complex as more layers of lens fibers are added to the outer portion of the lens.", "Evolution of the eye. Vertebrate lenses are composed of adapted epithelial cells which have high concentrations of the protein crystallin. These crystallins belong to two major families, the α-crystallins and the βγ-crystallins. Both were categories of proteins originally used for other functions in organisms, but eventually were adapted for the sole purpose of vision in animal eyes.[34] In the embryo, the lens is living tissue, but the cellular machinery is not transparent so must be removed before the organism can see. Removing the machinery means the lens is composed of dead cells, packed with crystallins. These crystallins are special because they have the unique characteristics required for transparency and function in the lens such as tight packing, resistance to crystallization, and extreme longevity, as they must survive for the entirety of the organism’s life.[34] The refractive index gradient which makes the lens useful is caused by the radial shift in crystallin concentration in different parts of the lens, rather than by the specific type of protein: it is not the presence of crystallin, but the relative distribution of it, that renders the lens useful.[35]", "Contact lens. Contact lenses are typically inserted into the eye by placing them on the pad of the index or middle finger with the concave side upward and then using that finger to place the lens on the eye. Rigid lenses should be placed directly on the cornea. Soft lenses may be placed on the sclera (white of the eye) and then slid into place. Another finger of the same hand, or a finger of the other hand, is used to keep the eye wide open. Alternatively, the user may close their eyes and then look towards their nose, sliding the lens into place over the cornea. Problems may arise if the lens folds, turns inside-out, slides off the finger prematurely, or adheres more tightly to the finger than the eye surface. A drop of solution may help the lens adhere to the eye.", "Eyepiece. Huygens eyepieces consist of two plano-convex lenses with the plane sides towards the eye separated by an air gap. The lenses are called the eye lens and the field lens. The focal plane is located between the two lenses. It was invented by Christiaan Huygens in the late 1660s and was the first compound (multi-lens) eyepiece.[2] Huygens discovered that two air spaced lenses can be used to make an eyepiece with zero transverse chromatic aberration. If the lenses are made of glass of the same refractive index, to be used with a relaxed eye and a telescope with an infinitely distant objective then the separation is given by:", "Ciliary body. The ciliary body is attached to the lens by connective tissue called the zonular fibers (fibers of Zinn). Relaxation of the ciliary muscle puts tension on these fibers and changes the shape of the lens in order to focus light on the retina.", "Lens (anatomy). The lens epithelium, located in the anterior portion of the lens between the lens capsule and the lens fibers, is a simple cuboidal epithelium.[3] The cells of the lens epithelium regulate most of the homeostatic functions of the lens.[5] As ions, nutrients, and liquid enter the lens from the aqueous humor, Na+/K+-ATPase pumps in the lens epithelial cells pump ions out of the lens to maintain appropriate lens osmotic concentration and volume, with equatorially positioned lens epithelium cells contributing most to this current. The activity of the Na+/K+-ATPases keeps water and current flowing through the lens from the poles and exiting through the equatorial regions.", "Lens (anatomy). Development of the human lens begins at the 4 mm embryonic stage. Unlike the rest of the eye, which is derived mostly from the neural ectoderm, the lens is derived from the surface ectoderm. The first stage of lens differentiation takes place when the optic vesicle, which is formed from outpocketings in the neural ectoderm, comes in proximity to the surface ectoderm. The optic vesicle induces nearby surface ectoderm to form the lens placode. At the 4 mm stage, the lens placode is a single monolayer of columnar cells." ]

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[ "Bianca (Othello). Bianca is a fictional character in William Shakespeare's Othello (c. 1601–1604). She is Cassio's jealous lover. Despite her brief appearance on stage, Bianca plays a significant role in the progress of Iago's scheme to incite Othello's jealousy of Cassio. Bianca is traditionally regarded as a courtesan, although this occupation is not specifically designated in the drama. The character was occasionally cut from performances in the 19th century on moral grounds.[1] Bianca is not to be confused with Bianca Minola in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew.", "Bianca (Othello). In 5.1, Bianca arrives just after Cassio has been stabbed by Iago. She reacts with horror and concern. Iago, pretending to have just entered the scene, accuses Bianca of having been part of the group that attacked Cassio. Iago claims her emotional reaction is due to her being caught rather than concern for Cassio and gets her to admit that Cassio ate at her home earlier that evening. Both Iago and Emilia call her a prostitute, but Bianca replies \"I am no strumpet; but of life as honest / as you that doth abuse me\" (5.1.122-3). She is led off at the end of the scene to be questioned about the attack and is not mentioned again in the play.", "Bianca Minola. Bianca Minola is a character in Shakespeare's The Taming of the Shrew (c.1590–1594). She is the younger daughter of Baptista Minola and the sister of Kate, the \"shrew\" of the title. The lovely Bianca has several admirers in the play, but Baptista has refused to allow her to marry until his shrewish daughter Kate has found a husband. When Kate marries, Bianca is united with her lover, Lucentio. Theatrically, Bianca is the ingenue in Shrew and the female lead in the play's subplot.", "Bianca (Othello). Midway through 4.1., and prior to Bianca's entrance, Othello has been secretly observing a bawdy discussion between Iago and Cassio about the latter's sexual exploits with a young woman. Thanks to Iago's impeccable planning (and some bad luck), neither speaker mentions the name of the woman in question; it is in fact Bianca, but Othello tragically assumes it to be his wife, Desdemona. Bianca suddenly enters, and her suspicions of Cassio are even greater than before. She is convinced that the handkerchief belongs to another woman, and throws it contemptuously at Cassio's feet. In Othello's eyes, her apparent jealousy confirms his wife's infidelity. This \"evidence\" completes Iago's manufactured case against Desdemona, and thereafter Othello is determined to murder both her and Cassio.", "Bianca Minola. Bianca Minola is the younger daughter of Baptista Minola and sister to Katherina (Kate) Minola. Unlike Kate, Bianca is very obedient and sweet-tempered, causing her to have a good number of suitors. Her father however declares that none may marry Bianca until Kate is wed. Desperate to win Bianca's hand in marriage, one of her suitors Hortensio gets his friend Petruchio, who is willing enough, to marry Kate so that Bianca would be allowed to marry. Hortensio then attempts to woo her in the disguise of a tutor named Litio. Bianca however falls in love with another suitor, Lucentio (also in the guise of a tutor 'Cambio'). The pair are married and at the wedding feast, Petruchio suggests a contest between himself, Lucentio, and Hortensio: They each send for their wives, and whoever's wife responds the most obediently wins. Despite Lucentio's faith in her obedience, Bianca does not come when summoned, saying that she is too busy. When she is forcefully brought to Lucentio by Kate, Bianca insists that her husband was a fool to set store by her obedience.", "Bianca (Othello). Bianca is based upon a character in Cinthio's tale who, apparently of her own volition, copies the work in the handkerchief after finding it in the Cassio counterpart's house. While the woman sits with the handkerchief at a window, the ensign makes certain the Moor sees her with it. The Moor then believes he is confirmed in his suspicions of Desdemona's adultery. It is unclear if Cinthio's character is a courtesan, wife, or other.", "Bianca (Othello). In 3.3, Iago reveals to the audience that, having surreptitiously obtained the handkerchief that Othello had originally given Desdemona as a lover's token, he will lose it in Cassio's lodging. Upon discovering the handkerchief in the following scene, Cassio admires its craftsmanship and asks Bianca to copy it for him. Bianca, already furious with Cassio for his apparent disregard of their relationship, suggests that the handkerchief is a gift from another woman, but eventually agrees to his request.", "Othello. Roderigo, having been manipulated by Iago, attacks Cassio in the street after Cassio leaves Bianca's lodgings. Cassio wounds Roderigo. During the scuffle, Iago comes from behind Cassio and badly cuts his leg. In the darkness, Iago manages to hide his identity, and when Lodovico and Gratiano hear Cassio's cries for help, Iago joins them. When Cassio identifies Roderigo as one of his attackers, Iago secretly stabs Roderigo to stop him revealing the plot. Iago then accuses Bianca of the failed conspiracy to kill Cassio.", "Bianca Minola. In the modern movie version 10 Things I Hate About You, Bianca is played by Larisa Oleynik.[4] In the ABC Family television series 10 Things I Hate About You, Bianca is played by Meaghan Jette Martin.[5]", "Bianca Lawson. Bianca Jasmine Lawson (born March 20, 1979) is an American film and television actress. She is perhaps best known for her regular roles in the television series Saved by the Bell: The New Class, Goode Behavior, Pretty Little Liars, and Rogue. She has also had recurring roles in the series Sister, Sister, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, The Steve Harvey Show, Dawson's Creek, The Secret Life of the American Teenager, The Vampire Diaries, Teen Wolf, and Witches of East End. In 2016, Lawson began starring in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Queen Sugar.", "Bianca (Othello). In film, Doris Dowling played the character in Orson Welles's troubled but critically acclaimed 1952 adaptation. In 1965, Sheila Reid portrayed Bianca in Laurence Olivier's 1965 version, and Indra Ové played the character in the 1995 feature film starring Laurence Fishburne. Bianca was renamed \"Brandy\" and played by Rachel Shumate in O, a retelling of the story set in a contemporary high school. In the 2006 Hindi film adaptation Omkara, the character was renamed \"Billo Chamanbahar\" and played by Bipasha Basu. In this variation, the Bianca character is not given a handkerchief, but a jewelled belt called a kamarbandh.", "Bianca (Othello). On television, Betsy Blair played the character in a 1955 BBC adaptation with Gordon Heath as Othello and Rosemary Harris as Desdemona. Wendy Morgan played Bianca in 1981 in the critically acclaimed BBC complete Shakespeare series. The character was renamed \"Lulu\" and played by Rachael Stirling in an award winning modern English telemovie first broadcast on ITV on 23 December 2001.", "BBC Television Shakespeare. During production, Miller based the visual design on the work of El Greco.[141] The interior design of the production was based on the interiors of the Palazzo Ducale, Urbino, whilst the street set was based on a real street in Cyprus.[142] For the scene where Iago asks Cassio about Bianca, Othello stands behind the open door. Most of the scene is shot from behind him, so the audience sees what he sees. However, not all the dialogue between Iago and Cassio is audible. Although this led to criticism when the episode was screened in the US, where it was assumed that the sound people simply had not done their job very well, it was actually done so as to increase subjectivity; if Othello is having difficulty hearing what they are saying, so too is the audience.[143] Bob Hoskins played Iago as a Rumpelstiltskin type, an impish troublemaker who delights in petty mischief and mocks people behind their backs.[144]", "Iago (Disney). His name is a reference to Shakespeare's play Othello. In the play, the main character Othello has a sidekick named Iago he believes to be trustworthy. All Shakespeare's Iago cares about is getting himself ahead and his own selfish wants. He ends up creating a devious scheme to find a way to get what he wants and ends up surprising Othello when he betrays him.", "Othello. Iago plants the handkerchief in Cassio's lodgings, then tells Othello to watch Cassio's reactions while Iago questions him. Iago goads Cassio on to talk about his affair with Bianca, a local courtesan, but whispers her name so quietly that Othello believes the two men are talking about Desdemona. Later, Bianca accuses Cassio of giving her a second-hand gift which he had received from another lover. Othello sees this, and Iago convinces him that Cassio received the handkerchief from Desdemona.", "The Adventures of Tintin. Bianca Castafiore is an opera singer of whom Haddock is terrified. She was first introduced in King Ottokar's Sceptre and seems to appear wherever the protagonists travel, along with her maid Irma and pianist Igor Wagner. She is comically foolish, whimsical, absent-minded, and talkative, and seems unaware that her voice is shrill and appallingly loud. Her speciality is the Jewel Song (Ah! Je ris de me voir si belle en ce miroir / Ah! My beauty past compare, these jewels bright I wear) from Gounod's opera, Faust, which she sings at the least provocation, much to Haddock's dismay. She is often maternal toward Haddock, of whose dislike she remains ignorant. She often confuses words, especially names, with other words that rhyme with them or of which they remind her; \"Haddock\" is frequently replaced by malapropisms such as \"Paddock\", \"Stopcock\", or \"Hopscotch\", while Nestor, Haddock's butler, is confused with \"Chestor\" and \"Hector\". Her own name means \"white and chaste flower\": a meaning to which Professor Calculus once refers when he breeds a white rose and names it for the singer. She was based upon opera divas in general (according to Hergé's perception), Hergé's Aunt Ninie (who was known for her \"shrill\" singing of opera), and, in the post-war comics, on Maria Callas.[44]", "Bianca Minola. The basic elements of the play are present in Don Juan Manuel's 14th-century Castilian tale of the \"young man who married a very strong and fiery woman\".[1] The play's subplot, involving the characters Bianca and Lucentio, derives from Ludovico Ariosto's I Suppositi, either directly or through George Gascoigne's English version Supposes (performed 1566, printed 1573).[2]", "Gisele Yashar. In Fast & Furious (2009), Gisele Yashar (Gal Gadot) is introduced as a liaison for drug trafficker Auturo Braga (John Ortiz). She develops romantic feelings for Dominic Toretto (Vin Diesel), but he rejects her advances. She advises him about the dangers involved in smuggling heroin across the Mexico–United States border to complete a deal with Braga. The drug exchange results in an ambush instigated by Braga, with Toretto protecting Yashar. She helps Toretto by providing him with the location of Braga's hideout in Mexico.[2]", "Bianca Lawson. In 2009, Lawson was cast as Shawna in The Secret Life of the American Teenager. That same year, she was cast in the CW television series The Vampire Diaries, as witch Emily Bennett. In December 2009, she was cast as Maya St. Germain in the ABC Family series Pretty Little Liars, based on the book series by Sara Shepard.[5] She appeared in that show from June 2010 through August 2012. Since 2012, she has had a recurring role as Ms. Morell in the MTV television series Teen Wolf, based on the original film from 1985. In 2014, Lawson had a recurring role as Eva in Witches of East End. In 2015, she was cast as series regular Talia Freeman in season three of Rogue.", "Bianca Minola. Throughout the play, there is evidence of sibling rivalry between Bianca and Kate as Kate accuses Bianca of being their father's \"treasure\" and the one that he wishes to have married first. In one scene, Kate ties Bianca's hands and whips her, in an attempt to discover which of her suitors Bianca likes the best (Bianca however insists that she has yet to meet a suitor that she truly loves).", "Sheila Reid. Sheila Reid (born 21 December 1937) is a Scottish actress, known for playing Madge Harvey in the ITV sitcom Benidorm (2007–16). An original member of the Royal National Theatre in 1963, she played Bianca in the National's 1965 film version of Othello, with Laurence Olivier in the title role. Her other film appearances include Brazil (1985), The Winter Guest (1997) and Containment (2015).", "Bianca Lawson. Lawson has made appearances in two different television miniseries. In 1998, she appeared in The Temptations as Diana Ross (whom Lawson is related to through Ross's daughter Rhonda Ross Kendrick); and in 2001, she was cast as Anna Bella Monroe in Anne Rice's The Feast of All Saints.", "Bianca Lawson. In 2016, Lawson was cast in the Oprah Winfrey Network drama series, Queen Sugar created by Ava DuVernay.[6]", "Hurricane Bianca. Hurricane Bianca is an American independent comedy and LGBT film, directed and written by Matt Kugelman. The film's title derives from the starring actor, Bianca Del Rio (Roy Haylock), an American costumer and drag queen, best known for winning the sixth season of RuPaul's Drag Race.[2] As well as being marketed as a comedy, the film touches on serious social issues, such as the fact that it is legal in 29 U.S states for somebody to be fired from their place of work for being gay.", "Othello. Although its title suggests that the tragedy belongs primarily to Othello, Iago plays an important role in the plot. He reflects the archetypal villain, and has the biggest share of the dialogue. In Othello, it is Iago who manipulates all other characters at will, controlling their movements and trapping them in an intricate net of lies. He achieves this by getting close to all characters and playing on their weaknesses while they refer to him as \"honest\" Iago, thus furthering his control over the characters. A. C. Bradley, and more recently Harold Bloom, have been major advocates of this interpretation.[15] Other critics, most notably in the later twentieth century (after F. R. Leavis), have focused on Othello.", "The Taming of the Shrew. In the play performed for Sly, the \"shrew\" is Katherina, the eldest daughter of Baptista Minola, a lord in Padua. Numerous men, including Gremio and Tranio, deem Katherina an unworthy option for marriage because of her notorious assertiveness and willfulness. On the other hand, men such as Hortensio and Gremio are eager to marry her younger sister Bianca. However, Baptista has sworn Bianca is not allowed to marry until Katherina is wed; this motivates Bianca's suitors to work together to find Katherina a husband so that they may compete for Bianca. The plot thickens when Lucentio, who has recently come to Padua to attend university, falls in love with Bianca. Overhearing Baptista say that he is on the lookout for tutors for his daughters, Lucentio devises a plan in which he disguises himself as a Latin tutor named Cambio in order to woo Bianca behind Baptista's back and meanwhile has his servant Tranio pretend to be him.", "Bianca Minola. Linda Arvidson plays Bianca in the first screen version of the play directed by D.W. Griffith (1908). Dorothy Jordan plays Bianca in the first \"talkie\" film version of the play with Mary Pickford as Kate and Douglas Fairbanks as Petruchio. Natasha Pyne renders the role in the 1967 film starring Elizabeth Taylor as Kate and her then-husband Richard Burton as Petruchio. Susan Penhaligon appears as Bianca in the 1980 BBC television production directed by Jonathan Miller. Laura Boccanera plays Bianca in the most recent film version of the play, Kate - La bisbetica domata (2004) which was billed as the first-ever stop-animation movie made in Italy.[3]", "Janus. In Act I Scene 2 of Shakespeare's Othello, Iago invokes the name of Janus after the failure of his premiere plot to undo the titular character. As the story's primary agent of change, it's fitting that Iago align himself with Janus. His schemes prompt the beginning of each of the main characters' ends: in his absence, Othello and Desdemona would likely have remained married and Cassio would have remained in his respected position of power. Iago guides (if not forces) the story through inception, climax, and finale. Furthermore, Janus' common two-faced depiction is the perfect visual metaphor for Iago's character. Othello's characters believe him to have only the best of intentions, even going as far as to call him \"honest Iago,\" completely unaware that he spends every unwatched second plotting their undoing. He appears selfless and compassionate but, in truth, is power-hungry, amoral, and without regard for the well-being of others.[citation needed]", "Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends. Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends is an Italian live-action sitcom which premiered on Rai Gulp on August 29, 2016. The series was created by Iginio Straffi and stars Emanuela Rei and Giorgia Boni.[2]", "Larisa Oleynik. After The Secret World of Alex Mack ended its run, Oleynik had a starring role in the film 10 Things I Hate About You as Bianca. The film was released in April 1999 and did fairly well at the box office, grossing a total of $38 million domestically.[12] From 1998 to 2000, Oleynik appeared in twenty-one episodes of the NBC series 3rd Rock from the Sun as Alissa Strudwick. During 2000, she also appeared in two independent films: 100 Girls (opposite Emmanuelle Chriqui, Katherine Heigl and Jonathan Tucker) and A Time for Dancing (opposite Shiri Appleby); neither film received a theatrical release in the United States. She has appeared in Malcolm in the Middle as Reese Wilkerson's lesbian army buddy who develops a crush on Lois Wilkerson.", "My Body Is a Cage. In Ballroom Dance class Adam (Jordan Todosey) finds himself developing a crush on dance partner Bianca (Alicia Josipovic). After class he collides with Clare (Aislinn Paul) in the hall, dropping a pack of tampons which, when Fitz and Owen notice them, he forces on Clare as if they were hers. The next day Adam comes out as transgender to Clare and Eli (Munro Chambers). Later Adam and Bianca flirt until Bianca discovers that Adam is biologically female and begins spreading the story. Her friends Fitz and Owen assault him in the boys' bathroom. Adam's brother Drew (Luke Bilyk) tries to fight them after school but is beaten. Fitz and Owen get suspended and Principal Simpson (Stefan Brogren) assigns teachers to escort Adam to and from classes.", "Maggie & Bianca: Fashion Friends. Maggie is an eccentric American girl from Portland who wins a scholarship to the Fashion Academy of Milan, a prestigious fashion school, on her sixteenth birthday. Bianca is the stylish and chic daughter of a powerful Italian fashion mogul. The two girls meet and are thrown together as roommates at the Fashion Academy, but get off to a rocky start as they have very different personalities and conflicting points of view. However, as they clash over time, they come to understand one another. Together with three of their classmates, they form a band called the MoodBoards in order to pursue their musical dreams, while simultaneously continuing their study of fashion at the Academy. At the end of the first season Maggie and Bianca discover that they are half-sisters, with same father but different mothers.[3][4] In the second season, Maggie's mother, who is a songwriter, comes to the Academy to teach, while members of the MoodBoards' rival band, CoolGhost, attend the Academy as new students." ]

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[ "Ravi Shankar. On 1 July 2010, at the Southbank Centre's Royal Festival Hall, London, England, Anoushka Shankar, on sitar, performed with the London Philharmonic Orchestra, conducted by David Murphy what was billed the first Symphony by Ravi Shankar.[g]", "Ilaiyaraaja. Singers S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, K. S. Chithra and S. Janaki have sung more of his songs than any other singers. He integrated folk—in Tamil—and introduced western musical sensibilities into the South Indian musical mainstream. Ilaiyaraja is also known for creating music by fusing symphonic orchestration with traditional Indian instrumentation, often performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra. In 1993, he organised a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra in London and thus became the First Indian to compose a full symphony,[4] with Ravi Shankar being the only other Indian to do so. He is also the first Asian to compose a full symphony performed by the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra.[5] He has won five Indian National Film Awards (the highest film honor in India); three for Best Music Direction and two for Best Background Score.[6] In 2010 he has received the Padma Bhushan, awarded by the Government of India.", "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven). The London Philharmonic Choir debuted on 15 May 1947 performing the Ninth Symphony with the London Philharmonic Orchestra under the baton of Victor de Sabata at the Royal Albert Hall.[46] In 1951, Wilhelm Furtwängler and the Bayreuth Festival Orchestra reopened the Bayreuth Festival with a performance of the symphony, after the Allies temporarily suspended the Festival following the Second World War.[47][48]", "Symphony No. 94 (Haydn). Haydn wrote the symphony in 1791 in London for a concert series he gave during the first of his visits to England (1791–1792). The premiere took place at the Hanover Square Rooms in London on March 23, 1792, with Haydn leading the orchestra seated at a fortepiano.", "Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma. On hearing of Mountbatten's death, the then Master of the Queen's Music, Malcolm Williamson, was moved to write the Lament in Memory of Lord Mountbatten of Burma for violin and string orchestra. The 11 minute work was given its first performance on 5 May 1980 by the Scottish Baroque Ensemble, conducted by Leonard Friedman.[126]", "Conducting. While Mexico has produced several major international conductors, Alondra de la Parra has become the first Mexican-born woman to attain distinction in the profession. Similarly, Asian origin has become unremarkable, because of the international successes of conductors from the Far East such as Seiji Ozawa, who was the Boston Symphony Orchestra's music director from 1973 until 2002 after holding similar posts in San Francisco and Toronto, and Myung-Whun Chung, who has held major posts in Germany and France and now is bringing the Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra to international attention. There is still under-representation of artists of black origin in the conducting profession, but there have been notable exceptions, such as Henry Lewis, Dean Dixon, James DePreist, Paul Freeman, and Michael Morgan. For more information on black conductors, see Black conductors. According to a 2004 article in The Guardian, \"black conductors are rare in the classical music world and even in symphony orchestras it is unusual to see more than one or two black musicians.\"[14]", "Gilbert and Sullivan. Sullivan was born in London on 13 May 1842. His father was a military bandmaster, and by the time Arthur had reached the age of eight, he was proficient with all the instruments in the band. In school he began to compose anthems and songs. In 1856, he received the first Mendelssohn Scholarship and studied at the Royal Academy of Music and then at Leipzig, where he also took up conducting. His graduation piece, completed in 1861, was a suite of incidental music to Shakespeare's The Tempest. Revised and expanded, it was performed at the Crystal Palace in 1862 and was an immediate sensation. He began building a reputation as England's most promising young composer, composing a symphony, a concerto, and several overtures, among them the Overture di Ballo, in 1870.[15]", "Adnan Sami. He was born in London to Arshad Sami Khan, a Pakistani diplomat of Pashtun origin, and Naureen, who was originally from Jammu and Kashmir state in North India.[3][8][10] The Times of India has called him the \"Sultan of Music\".[10][11][12][13]", "Symphony No. 9 (Beethoven). The British premiere was presented on 21 March 1825 by its commissioners, the Philharmonic Society of London, at its Argyll Rooms conducted by Sir George Smart and with the choral part sung in Italian. The American premiere was presented on 20 May 1846 by the newly formed New York Philharmonic at Castle Garden (in an attempt to raise funds for a new concert hall), conducted by the English-born George Loder with the choral part translated into English for the first time.", "Yiruma. Lee Ru-ma was born and raised in South Korea and educated in England. Yiruma began playing the piano at the age of five and subsequently moved to London at the age of 10 (1988), for the purpose of studying at the Purcell School of Music. In December 1996 he participated in the album The Musicians of Purcell (Decca). Graduating from Purcell School of Music in July 1997, Yiruma continued his musical aspirations and completed a Composition major from King's College, London in June 2000.[1] While studying at King's College, the pianist released his first album, Love Scene, through DECCA records. His love for the romantic music of Paris led him to inspire composers to Stomp Music in 2000.", "Marin Alsop. Other highlights of Alsop’s recording collaboration with Naxos include a Johannes Brahms symphony cycle with the London Philharmonic Orchestra (the first commercially recorded Brahms symphony cycle by a female conductor) and an ongoing series of Bournemouth SO recordings, which include Bartók’s The Miraculous Mandarin, Bernstein’s Chichester Psalms and the symphonies of Kurt Weill.[33]", "John Philip Sousa. Sousa was decorated with the palms of the Order of Public Instruction of Portugal. He also received the Royal Victorian Medal from King Edward VII of the United Kingdom in December 1901 for conducting a private birthday concert for Queen Alexandra.[22][23]", "Annie Dillard. To celebrate its city's centennial in 1984, the Boston Symphony commissioned Sir Michael Tippett to compose a symphony. He based part of its text on Pilgrim at Tinker Creek.[16]", "Concert for George. The concert opened with a traditional Sanskrit invocation, the Sarvesham chant, followed by Indian music when Anoushka Shankar, daughter of Ravi Shankar, played \"Your Eyes\". Next, Anoushka Shankar, Dhani Harrison and Jeff Lynne performed \"The Inner Light\", followed by a Ravi Shankar composition \"Arpan\" (Sanskrit for 'to give'), specially written for the occasion.", "Symphony. Beginning in the 20th century, more symphonies have been written for concert band than in past centuries. Although examples exist from as early as 1932, the first such symphony of importance since Hector Berlioz wrote the Grande symphonie funèbre et triomphale in 1840 is Nikolai Miaskovsky’s Symphony No. 19, Op. 46, composed in 1939 (Battisti 2002, 42). Some further examples are Paul Hindemith's Symphony in B-flat for Band, composed in 1951[citation needed]; Morton Gould's Symphony No. 4 \"West Point\", composed in 1952; Vincent Persichetti's Symphony No. 6, Op. 69, composed in 1956; Vittorio Giannini's Symphony No.3, composed in 1959[citation needed]; Alan Hovhaness's Symphonies No. 4, op. 165, No. 7, \"Nanga Parvat\", op. 175, No. 14, \"Ararat\", op. 194, and No. 23, \"Ani\", op. 249, composed in 1958, 1959, 1961, and 1972 respectively[citation needed]; Alfred Reed's 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th symphonies, composed in 1979, 1988, 1992, and 1994 respectively[citation needed]; and Johan de Meij's Symphony No. 1 \"The Lord of the Rings\", composed in 1988, and his Symphony No. 2 \"The Big Apple\", composed in 1993[citation needed].", "Swathi Thirunal Rama Varma. Svāti Tirunāḷ‍ Rāma Varma (Malayalam: സ്വാതി തിരുനാള്‍ രാമവർമ്മ) (16 April 1813 – 26 December 1846) was the Maharaja of the Kingdom of Travancore, British India. He is also considered as a brilliant music composer and is credited with over 400 classical compositions in both Carnatic and Hindustani style.[1]", "Malcolm Sargent. Sir Harold Malcolm Watts Sargent (29 April 1895 – 3 October 1967) was an English conductor, organist and composer widely regarded as Britain's leading conductor of choral works. The musical ensembles with which he was associated included the Ballets Russes, the Huddersfield Choral Society, the Royal Choral Society, the D'Oyly Carte Opera Company, and the London Philharmonic, Hallé, Liverpool Philharmonic, BBC Symphony and Royal Philharmonic orchestras. Sargent was held in high esteem by choirs and instrumental soloists, but because of his high standards and a statement that he made in a 1936 interview disputing musicians' rights to tenure, his relationship with orchestral players was often uneasy. Despite this, he was co-founder of the London Philharmonic, was the first conductor of the Liverpool Philharmonic as a full-time ensemble, and played an important part in saving the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra from disbandment in the 1960s.", "Ravi Shankar. Shankar heard about the positive response Khan received and resigned from AIR in 1956 to tour the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States.[24] He played for smaller audiences and educated them about Indian music, incorporating ragas from the South Indian Carnatic music in his performances, and recorded his first LP album Three Ragas in London, released in 1956.[24] In 1958, Shankar participated in the celebrations of the tenth anniversary of the United Nations and UNESCO music festival in Paris.[14] From 1961, he toured Europe, the United States, and Australia, and became the first Indian to compose music for non-Indian films.[14][b] Shankar founded the Kinnara School of Music in Mumbai in 1962.[25]", "Classical music of the United Kingdom. The works of Handel, Mendelssohn and Spohr continued to be a major part of the British musical repertoire but there was an increasing emphasis on religious drama. The Italian-born Sir Michael Costa's Eli (1855) and Naaman (1864)[21] set the pace for the later development in the works of Sullivan, including The Martyr of Antioch (1880) The Light of the World (1873), and The Golden Legend (1886), John Liptrot Hatton's Hezekiah (1877), Joseph Barnby's Rebekah (1870), William Cusins's Gideon (1871), Alfred R. Gaul's The Holy City (1882), Charles Gounod's Redemption (1882) and Mors et Vita (1885) (produced expressly for the British public), and Sir John Stainer's The Crucifixion (1887).[37] Arguably the last of the great English Victorian composers to emerge was Edward Elgar (1857–1934), who during the 1890s produced his Caractacus and King Olaf cantatas, the Enigma Variations in 1899, and the revolutionary Dream of Gerontius in 1900.[38]", "History of India. Rabindranath Tagore is Asia's first Nobel laureate, composer of India's national anthem and Bangladesh's national anthem, while inspired Sri Lankan national anthem.", "Pictures at an Exhibition. Many other orchestrations and arrangements of Pictures have been made. Most show debts to Ravel; the original piano composition is, of course, frequently performed and recorded. A version for chamber orchestra exists, made by Taiwanese composer Chao Ching-Wen. Elgar Howarth arranged it for the Philip Jones Brass Ensemble in 1977, subsequently recasting it for Grimethorpe Colliery Band. Kazuhito Yamashita wrote an adaptation for solo classical guitar. Excerpts have also been recorded, including a 78 rpm disc of \"The Old Castle\" and \"Catacombs\" orchestrated by Sir Granville Bantock, and a spectacular version of \"The Great Gate of Kiev\" was scored by Douglas Gamley for full symphony orchestra, male voice choir and organ. The Amadeus Orchestra (UK), taking a page from Leonard Slatkin's 'compendium' approach, commissioned ten composers to orchestrate one movement each to make a version first performed complete in 2012. Movements were provided by Alastair King, Roger May, Tolib Shakhidi, David Butterworth, Philip Mackenzie, Simon Whiteside, Daryl Griffiths, Natalia Villanueva, James McWilliam and Julian Kershaw.[24]", "Felix Mendelssohn. Mendelssohn's travels in Italy inspired him to compose the Symphony No. 4 in A major, known as the Italian Symphony. He conducted the premiere in 1833, but did not allow the score to be published during his lifetime, as he continually sought to rewrite it.[128] He wrote the symphony-cantata Lobgesang (Hymn of Praise) in B-flat major, posthumously named Symphony No. 2, to mark the celebrations in Leipzig of the supposed 400th anniversary of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg; the first performance took place on 25 June 1840.[129]", "James Horner. In 2014, Horner wrote Pas de Deux, a double concerto for violin and cello. Commissioned to mark 175th season of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic Orchestra, the work was premiered on November 12, 2014 by Mari and Håkon Samuelsen, with the orchestra conducted by Vasily Petrenko.[38] Horner also composed Collage, a concerto for four horns, premiered on March 27, 2015 at London's Royal Festival Hall by the London Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Jaime Martín, with soloists David Pyatt, John Ryan, James Thatcher and Richard Watkins.[39]", "Adnan Sami. In April 2017, Sami created history by becoming the first South Asian to have sold out London's iconic Wembley Stadium for a record 8 times.[93] The Mayor of London, Mr. Sadiq Khan honoured Adnan & attended the concert.[94]", "Ravi Shankar. In October 1970 Shankar became chair of the department of Indian music of the California Institute of the Arts after previously teaching at the City College of New York, the University of California, Los Angeles, and being guest lecturer at other colleges and universities, including the Ali Akbar College of Music.[14][40][41] In late 1970, the London Symphony Orchestra invited Shankar to compose a concerto with sitar. Concerto for Sitar & Orchestra was performed with André Previn as conductor and Shankar playing the sitar.[5][42][c] Shankar performed at the Concert for Bangladesh in August 1971, held at Madison Square Garden in New York. After the musicians had tuned up on stage for over a minute, the crowd of rock-music fans broke into applause, to which the amused Shankar responded: \"If you like our tuning so much, I hope you will enjoy the playing more.\"[44] Although interest in Indian music had decreased in the early 1970s, the live album from the concert became one of the best-selling recordings to feature the genre and won Shankar a second Grammy Award.[36][41]", "The Malay Chronicles: Bloodlines. The film's music score was initially composed by Reza Ramsey and Yudi Ashadi before they undergo re-arrangements to be played by the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra under the direction of Claus Peter Flor.[5]", "Messiah (Handel). The composer George Frideric Handel, born in Halle, Germany in 1685, took up permanent residence in London in 1712, and became a naturalised British subject in 1727.[3] By 1741 his pre-eminence in British music was evident from the honours he had accumulated, including a pension from the court of King George II, the office of Composer of Musick for the Chapel Royal, and—most unusually for a living person—a statue erected in his honour in Vauxhall Gardens.[4] Within a large and varied musical output, Handel was a vigorous champion of Italian opera, which he had introduced to London in 1711 with Rinaldo. He subsequently wrote and presented more than 40 such operas in London's theatres.[3]", "Pictures at an Exhibition. The next orchestration was undertaken by the British conductor Henry Wood in 1915. He recorded a few sections of his arrangement on a pair of acoustic Columbia 78rpm discs in 1920. However, he withdrew his version when Maurice Ravel's orchestration was published and banned every public performance in the 1930s in deference to Ravel's work. Wood's arrangement has also been recorded by the London Philharmonic Orchestra under Nicholas Braithwaite and issued on the Lyrita label. All but the first of the Promenade movements were omitted and other passages extensively re-composed. Wood's orchestration was once described by Gordon Jacob as \"superior in picturesqueness to the Ravel\", with its off-stage camel-bells in \"Cattle\" and grand organ in \"The Great Gate of Kiev\".", "Yiruma. He began playing the piano at the age of five and moved to London when he was 10, in 1988, to study at the Purcell School of Music. He held dual citizenship, South Korean and British, until 2006, when he gave up his British citizenship to serve in the South Korean Navy.", "Western canon. Since the early twentieth century non-Western music has begun to influence Western composers. In particular, direct homages to Javanese gamelan music are found in works for western instruments by Claude Debussy, Béla Bartók, Francis Poulenc, Olivier Messiaen, Pierre Boulez, Benjamin Britten, John Cage, Steve Reich, and Philip Glass.[86] Debussy was immensely interested in non-Western music and its approaches to composition. Specifically, he was drawn to the Javanese Gamelan,[87] which he first heard at the 1889 Paris Exposition. He was not interested in directly quoting his non-Western influences, but instead allowed this non-Western aesthetic to generally influence his own musical work, for example, by frequently using quiet, unresolved dissonances, coupled with the damper pedal, to emulate the \"shimmering\" effect created by a gamelan ensemble. American composer Philip Glass was not only influenced by the eminent French composition teacher Nadia Boulanger,[88] but also by the Indian musicians Ravi Shankar and Alla Rakha, His distinctive style arose from his work with Shankar and Rakha and their perception of rhythm in Indian music as being entirely additive.[89]", "Ravi Shankar. Shankar was born to a Bengali family in India,[3] and spent his youth touring India and Europe with the dance group of his brother Uday Shankar. He gave up dancing in 1938 to study sitar playing under court musician Allauddin Khan. After finishing his studies in 1944, Shankar worked as a composer, creating the music for the Apu Trilogy by Satyajit Ray, and was music director of All India Radio, New Delhi, from 1949 to 1956.", "Malcolm Sargent. Subsequently, in the recording studio, Sargent was most in demand to record English music, choral works and concertos. He recorded prolifically and worked with many orchestras, but made the most recordings (several dozen major pieces) with the BBC Symphony Orchestra (BBC), the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO), the New Symphony Orchestra of London, the Philharmonia Orchestra and the Royal Philharmonic Orchestra (RPO).[66]" ]

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[ "A Wrinkle in Time. The three characters of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are beings who have the ability to travel at will across large stretches of time and space by dematerializing and rematerializing. They are capable of changing form, but spend most of their time on Earth as elderly women. All three are billions of years old, having once been stars that had each sacrificed themselves as a nova or supernova to destroy the parts of the Black Thing nearest them.", "A Wrinkle in Time. Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which turn out to be supernatural beings who transport Meg, Charles Wallace, and Calvin O'Keefe through the universe by means of tesseract, a fifth-dimensional phenomenon explained as being similar to folding the fabric of space and time. Their first stop is the planet Uriel, a Utopian world filled with Centaur-like beings who live in a state of light and love. Mrs Whatsit herself shows that she, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which are all these centaur-like creatures in disguise as humans. There the \"Mrs Ws\" reveal to the children that the universe is under attack from an evil being who appears as a large dark cloud called The Black Thing, which is essentially the personification of evil. The children are then taken elsewhere to visit a woman who is a medium (the \"Happy Medium\") with a crystal ball. In it, they see that Earth is partially covered by the darkness, although great religious figures, philosophers, and artists have been fighting against it. Mrs Whatsit is revealed to be a former star who exploded in an act of self-sacrifice to fight the darkness.", "A Wrinkle in Time. Mrs Whatsit is first described as a very old woman wrapped in layers of clothes with a jacket and first appears in chapter one. Charles Wallace finds her in a 'haunted house' in the woods, where she has been living with her two friends, Mrs Who and Mrs Which. Mrs Whatsit is the youngest of the Mrs Ws (despite being 2,379,152,497 years, 8 months, and 3 days old), and the best of the three at interacting with the children.", "Time Quintet. The mysterious Mrs. Whatsit, Mrs. Who and Mrs. Which are unearthly creatures that act their part as humans and are willing to help the Murrys. They send Meg and Charles Wallace through time and space to rescue their father on the planet Camazotz, accompanied by their new friend Calvin. Along the way, the three children learn about the \"Dark Thing\", a cloud of evil that shadows many planets, including Earth. They encounter a brain named IT, which controls the minds of people including Charles Wallace.", "A Wrinkle in Time. Then the trio of Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who, and Mrs Which arrive. They charge Meg with rescuing Charles Wallace from IT, because only Meg has a strong enough bond with him. Their father had last seen Charles Wallace when he was a baby and Calvin had only just met him. They each give her a gift. Mrs Whatsit gives Meg her love. Mrs Who quotes to Meg a passage from the Bible about God choosing the foolish of the world to confound the wise, and the weak to defeat the strong (1 Corinthians 1:27-29). Mrs Which tells Meg that she has one thing that IT does not have but doesn't specify what it is. Upon arriving at the building where IT is housed, Charles Wallace is still there under IT's influence. Meg realizes that the one thing she has that IT does not is love. She focuses all her love at Charles Wallace and is able to free him from IT's control. Mrs Who, Mrs Which and Mrs Whatsit tesser the Murrys and Calvin back to Earth. In the vegetable garden they are all reunited with Katherine and the twins. Mrs Whatsit says that although she and the others like the spectacle of the family reuniting, they have to go somewhere. Before Mrs Whatsit finishes her sentence, she and the others disappear.", "A Wrinkle in Time. Mrs Who is described as a plump woman with spectacles. She communicates in Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, French, Portuguese and Greek, notably quoting William Shakespeare, Pascal, Dante Alighieri, Seneca, A. Perez, Horace, Miguel de Cervantes, Delille, Euripides, the Bible and Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. Mrs Whatsit explains that Mrs Who finds it \"difficult to verbalize\" in her own words.", "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film). When Calvin joins Meg and Charles Wallace in their backyard, Mrs. Whatsit appears with Mrs. Who and another woman, Mrs. Which, who is the oldest and appears as a giant. The three reveal themselves as astral travelers, and lead Meg, Calvin, and Charles Wallace through a tesseract taking them to a distant planet named Uriel.", "A Wrinkle in Time (2003 film). Into this unhappy situation comes a stranger, the mysterious, weirdly dressed Mrs. Whatsit (Alfre Woodard), and her friends Mrs. Who (Alison Elliott) and Mrs. Which (Kate Nelligan). They take Meg, Charles Wallace, and their new friend Calvin O'Keefe (Gregory Smith) via tesseract to other planets, preparing the children for a mission to rescue Dr. Murry from the malevolent \"IT\" on the planet Camazotz. Along the way they ride on the back of a beautiful winged creature (the transformed Mrs. Whatsit), learn about the shadow of tangible evil known as the Black Thing, and visit the Happy Medium (Seán Cullen).", "A Wrinkle in Time. The next morning, Meg discovers that the term refers to a scientific concept her father was working on before his mysterious disappearance. The following afternoon, Meg and Charles Wallace encounter Meg's schoolmate, Calvin O'Keefe, a high-school junior who, although he is a \"big man on campus\", considers himself a misfit as well. They then go to visit an old haunted house near town which Charles Wallace already knows is the home of Mrs Whatsit. There they encounter two companions of Mrs Whatsit's, the equally strange Mrs Who and the unseen voice of Mrs Which. She promises that she and her friends will help Meg find and rescue her father. A budding love interest develops between Meg and Calvin. In the evening, Charles Wallace declares it is time for them to go on their mission to save their father. This is accompanied by the appearance of the third member of the \"Mrs Ws\", Mrs Which, who appears to materialize out of nothing.", "Charles Wallace Murry. In A Wrinkle in Time, Charles Wallace befriends the mysterious Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who and Mrs Which, who send him, along with his sister Meg and Calvin O'Keefe, to rescue his father from the planet Camazotz. Trusting too much in his own abilities, Charles Wallace allows himself to join with the mind of IT, pure evil incarnated as a disembodied brain, and must himself be rescued by Meg.", "A Wrinkle in Time. In Chapter Four, the group (Charles Wallace, Calvin, and Meg) witnesses the physical transformation of Mrs. Whatsit into a centaur-like winged being on the planet Uriel. After explaining the self-sacrificial stars to the children, Mrs Whatsit admits to Meg that she had once been one of them, and to Mrs Which that it hadn't been very long (from their perspective) since it happened.", "A Wind in the Door. The novel grew out of a short story, \"Intergalactic P.S. 3\", first published as a pamphlet for Children's Book Week in 1970. In this early version of the narrative, Mrs Whatsit, Mrs Who and Mrs Which from A Wrinkle in Time send Charles Wallace, Meg and Calvin to a school on another planet, where Proginoskes and a conifer seed version of Sporos are among their classmates. As in the novel, Meg must identify the real Mr. Jenkins among his two impostors. If she fails, it will be \"a victory for the Dark Shadow\" (i.e. the Black Thing).[4]", "English grammar. The interrogative pronouns are who, what, and which (all of them can take the suffix -ever for emphasis). The pronoun who refers to a person or people; it has an oblique form whom (though in informal contexts this is usually replaced by who), and a possessive form (pronoun or determiner) whose. The pronoun what refers to things or abstracts. The word which is used to ask about alternatives from what is seen as a closed set: which (of the books) do you like best? (It can also be an interrogative determiner: which book?; this can form the alternative pronominal expressions which one and which ones.) Which, who, and what can be either singular or plural, although who and what often take a singular verb regardless of any supposed number. For more information see who.", "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film). Mrs. Whatsit transforms into a beautiful green creature, and takes the children up into the atmosphere, where they see a dark shadow known as The IT. Mrs. Which tells Meg her father's experiments resulted in his being captured by The IT, a malevolent entity plotting to take over the universe. Gaining the women's trust, Meg and the others tesser to another planet where a seer known as the Happy Medium resides.", "A Wrinkle in Time. Mrs Which's physical appearance is not set; she appears as a shimmering light most of the time. However, she does once take on the appearance of a traditional witch, complete with black hat and broom. She does not stay long in this form, though, as corporeal appearance is quite difficult for her to maintain. She first appears at the end of Chapter 3. She is the clear leader of the three women and the wisest, and upon appearing, immediately demonstrates her vast knowledge of understanding in tesseract travel. Her distinguishing quirk is her long, drawn-out method of speech, symbolized by doubled and tripled consonants in her words (as in; \"Nnoww, cchilldrenn, yyou musstt nott bee frrightennedd att whatt iss ggoingg tto hhappenn,\"). She is the one who usually provides the group, most especially Meg, with the clues the children need to solve the problems encountered during their travels.", "Whoville. Many different characters, known as Whos, live within the speck of dust. The Whos are whimsical, animal-like creatures who live in pumpkin-shaped houses, known for their warm hearts and welcoming spirits. They are furry humanoids with canine snouts and twelve toes. In the live-action film, the fur was missing from the Whos. Just north of Whoville, atop a high mountain, Mount Crumpit, a bitter, cave-dwelling creature named the Grinch lives with his dog Max.", "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film). During the night, Meg's younger brother Charles Wallace welcomes a stranger in a large white dress named Mrs. Whatsit into the Murry family house. She mentions the tesseract, a type of space-travel Alex was working on, is real, and leaves soon after. The next day, one of Meg's classmates, Calvin O'Keefe, joins them to go to the house of Mrs. Who, another strange woman who only speaks in quotes and seems to know Charles Wallace.", "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film). Upon arriving on Camazotz, Mrs. Which, Mrs. Whatsit, and Mrs. Who are unable to stay because Camazotz's evil is stronger than their light. Before they depart, they bestow gifts upon Meg; these include Mrs. Who's glasses, the knowledge of Meg's faults, and the command to never separate.", "Oh Dear! What Can the Matter Be?. Oh, dear, what can the matter be,\nSix old maids were stuck in the lavat'ry,\nThey were there from Sunday till Saturday,\nNobody knew they were there\nThe first one in was fat lady Humphreys - squeezed herself down and she said \"it's quite comfy\"\nbut when she was through she could not get her bum free – and nobody knew she was there.\nRefrain\nThe next one there was old lady Grayson – she couldn't get in so she peed in the basin\nit was the same water the next washed her face in – and nobody knew they were there.", "My Favorite Martian. An animated series, My Favorite Martians, was made by Filmation and was broadcast as part of the Saturday morning programming on CBS from September 8, 1973 to December 22, 1973 for a total of sixteen episodes. The series features Tim, Martin, Mrs. Brown and Detective Brennan (Brennan is considerably different). To appeal to a younger audience, Uncle Martin is joined by his Martian nephew named Andromeda, nicknamed \"Andy\", who only has one antenna and thus lesser powers than Uncle Martin and did appear in one episode of the television series. The pair also have a Martian pet named Okey, a sort of bouncing sheepdog with antennae. Tim also had a niece of his own, named Katy, living with them. None of the characters were voiced by the original actors; Bixby was at the time committed to his latest project, The Magician, and Walston tried to distance himself from the role. As a result, Jonathan Harris voiced Martin and Jane Webb voiced Mrs. Brown.[11]", "English plurals. The interrogative pronouns who and what generally take singular agreement,[25] e.g.", "Wallace and Gromit. Wallace has had three love interests. The first was Wendolene Ramsbottom,[12] which ended quickly when Wendolene told Wallace that she had a calcium allergy. The second was Lady Tottington in The Curse of the Were-Rabbit, whom Wallace fondly calls \"Totty\". In A Matter of Loaf and Death, Wallace becomes engaged to Piella Bakewell,[13] but this ended when she turned out to be a murderess who hated bakers, and was eaten by crocodiles upon trying to escape justice. In Musical Marvels, after the montage of his three love interests, he refers to them as \"the ones that got away\".", "List of Are You Being Served? characters. Other (silent and uncredited) cleaners were called Doris Poland, Ivy Plunkett, Hillary, Deirdre, Daphne, Beatrice, Ethel, Betty, Noreen and Mrs Wadonga.", "The Addams Family. An animated television homage was produced by Hanna-Barbera Productions. Mr. & Mrs. J. Evil Scientist, a family of fictional characters inspired by The Addams Family appeared on the Snagglepuss and Snooper and Blabber animated television series beginning in 1959 and starred in their own comic book. Comedian Melissa Hunter wrote the Webseries Adult Wednesday Addams, which is a comedy adaption of the franchise.[25] Hunter was forced to remove the series due to legal action.", "QI. The research for the show is mostly carried out by seven people called the \"QI Elves\", a team which has included Justin Pollard, Vitali Vitaliev,[37] and Molly Oldfield (daughter of Mike Oldfield). The \"elves\" devise the questions for the show, and one is on set during filming who is able to communicate with the host during the show to provide and correct information.[37] Other people involved in researching questions and compiling the scripts are John Mitchinson and Piers Fletcher, known (along with Justin Pollard, Molly Oldfield and James Harkin) as the Question Wranglers,[37] whose research uses both Encyclopædia Britannica and Wikipedia.[38] The QI website also has a forum.[39]", "Talk:Trick-or-treating. I came to this article to try to understand the meaning of the child's question \"trick or treat\". The article is excellent on the social history of the custom but does not address this basic question. What are the alternatives being offered to the adult who opens the door? Who tricks whom or gives whom a treat? Please revise the start of the article to explain. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 85.210.189.17 (talk) 08:22, 26 October 2007 (UTC)", "Jean Stapleton. She recreated her parts in the film musicals of Damn Yankees (1958) and Bells Are Ringing (1960). Stapleton's early work on television included roles in Starlight Theatre, Robert Montgomery Presents, Lux Video Theater, Woman with a Past, The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse, The Patty Duke Show, Dr. Kildare,[3] My Three Sons,[3] Car 54, Where Are You?,[3] Dennis the Menace, and Naked City. On the episode \"The Hidden Jungle\" of The Defenders broadcast on December 1, 1962, Jean Stapleton guest-starred as Mrs. Larsen with future television husband Carroll O'Connor.[3] In 1979, Stapleton appeared in the original Canadian production of the musical Something's Afoot, which was later broadcast on Showtime. At the same time, she played the title role in the Hallmark Hall of Fame television movie, Aunt Mary, which was the true story of Baltimore children's advocate Mary Dobkin.[4] In 1982, Stapleton portrayed Eleanor Roosevelt in a television production of the First Lady's later life. In 1998, and for a few years afterward, Stapleton took her \"Eleanor\" characterization to live theaters, now adapted as a one-woman show.[5] She co-starred with Whoopi Goldberg in Bagdad Cafe, the television series based on the movie of the same name and made a guest appearance September 30, 1978, on the sixth episode of the third season of The Muppet Show.", "Freaks. Among the characters featured as \"freaks\" were Peter Robinson (\"The Human Skeleton\"); Olga Roderick (\"The Bearded Lady\"); Frances O'Connor and Martha Morris (\"armless wonders\"); and the conjoined twins Daisy and Violet Hilton. Among the microcephalics who appear in the film (and are referred to as \"pinheads\") were Zip and Pip (Elvira and Jenny Lee Snow) and Schlitzie, a male named Simon Metz who wore a dress, mainly due to incontinence, it has been claimed, though this is disputed. Also featured were the intersex Josephine Joseph, with her left-right divided gender; Johnny Eck, the legless man; the completely limbless Prince Randian (also known as The Human Torso and miscredited as \"Rardion\"); Elizabeth Green the Stork Woman; and Koo-Koo the Bird Girl, who had Virchow-Seckel syndrome or bird-headed dwarfism and is most remembered for the scene wherein she dances on the table.[citation needed]", "A Wrinkle in Time (2018 film). On July 26, 2016, Variety reported that Oprah Winfrey had began final negotiations to join the film, to play Mrs. Which, the eldest of the three Mrs. Ws, celestial beings who help guide the children along their journey.[18] On September 7, 2016, Reese Witherspoon and Mindy Kaling were reported as being in talks to join the film, with Witherspoon to play Mrs. Whatsit, who presents as a chatty, grandmotherly hobo, and Kaling set for the quotation-reciting Mrs. Who.[19] On September 13, 2016, Storm Reid was cast in the lead role of Meg Murry, a young girl traumatized by the disappearance of her scientist father years before.[20] In October 2016, Gugu Mbatha-Raw and Chris Pine were cast as the parents of Meg, Dr. Kate Murry and Dr. Alex Murry, respectively.[21][22] On November 1, 2016, more cast were announced, including Zach Galifianakis as the Happy Medium, André Holland as Principal Jenkins, Levi Miller as Calvin, and Deric McCabe as Charles Wallace, along with Bellamy Young, Rowan Blanchard and Will McCormack.[23] Michael Peña later also joined the cast to play the character Red.[24] The producers on the film are James Whitaker and Catherine Hand.[23]", "Who Dat?. Staged minstrel skits featured frightened African-American characters saying \"who dat\" when they encountered a ghost, or someone imitating a ghost. Then, the \"who dat\"-\"who dat say who dat\" skit would play itself out. This skit was done frequently in short reels from the 1930s to 1950s and in some early TV shows too. Even the Marx Brothers had a \"who dat\" routine, which they included in their film A Day at the Races. \"Who Dat Man? Why It's Gabriel!\"[6] Often, a ghost was called a \"who dat\". MGM's animated character Bosko once had such an encounter in a 1938 toon called \"Lil Ol Bosko in Bagdad\".", "List of Drawn Together characters. A sharp-tongued parody of Valerie Brown from Josie and the Pussycats, she is a promiscuous, mystery-solving musician. Most of her humor revolves around her sexual habits and her unsophisticated or uneducated manner of speech; she is often used to poke fun at black stereotypes, but is the wisest and most far-sighted of all the housemates. Her name is an amalgam of blaxploitation characters Foxy Brown and Christie Love. She has at least two children, Qualmella and Timmy (the circumstances of Timmy's missing status change from episode to episode), as well as a teenage grandson named Ray-Ray. All were mentioned in a few episodes and were then taken away from her. She was also a member of an all-girl band, The Foxxy 5, which consisted of various other female versions of black cartoon characters and is a reference to The Jackson 5 and the \"mystery solving\" cliche in cartoons. Among reality show archetypes, she represents the sassy black woman, often acting as the voice of reason among the cast members (or as Wooldoor puts it, \"the only one in the house who isn't completely retarded\"), though she does have certain issues that spark her fiery temper, such as people taking her Funyuns. Foxxy also has father issues; he left for cigarettes when she was three years old. Her tail is the result of her father having sex with a fox.", "What the Health. The following individuals were featured in the film, in order of appearance:[15]" ]

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[ "Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'. \"Oh, What a Beautiful Mornin'\" is the opening song from the musical Oklahoma!, which premiered on Broadway in 1943. It was written by composer Richard Rodgers and lyricist/librettist Oscar Hammerstein II. The leading male character in Oklahoma!, Curly McLain, sings the song at the beginning of the first scene of the musical. The refrain runs: \"Oh, what a beautiful mornin'! / Oh, what a beautiful day! / I've got a beautiful feelin' / Ev'rythin's goin' my way.\" Curly's \"brimming optimism is perfectly captured by Rodgers' ebullient music and Hammerstein's buoyant pastoral lyrics.\"[1]", "It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song). The video shows Bublé arriving at a home to find his on-screen girlfriend, played by Jaime Pressly, enjoying a kiss with Jesse Heiman. As he enters the house and sees them kissing, he asks: \"What's going on?\". His girlfriend quickly responds, \"have you met my yoga instructor?\", while Jesse, puts his hands together and says \"Namaste\". Looking bemused, Bublé shakes his head saying \"It's awesome, it's all good, it's all good\" before walking out the house. He walks out into the street where he passes a number of women doing various things, some of whom stop and look back at him. As the chorus kicks in he's joined by women in ring master costumes who do a routine with him, while confetti falls around them. The video also features an animated bird which lands on his hand, a rainbow and a unicorn shaped cloud. The video continues with Bublé sitting in kissing booth, with a long line of women waiting to share a kiss with him before he passes a woman who is paddling her feet in a large martini glass, as a paper Chinese Dragon weaves around him. Finally he finds himself back at his house where his girlfriend is leaning out the window. As he sings to her she falls out but an unconcerned Bublé just shrugs and walks on. As he hits the road once again, walking toward the viewer, the video ends rather dramatically with explosions and fire erupting behind him.[6]", "A Beautiful Morning. \"A Beautiful Morning\" is a song written by Felix Cavaliere and Eddie Brigati and recorded by the Rascals. Coming out in early 1968, it was the group's first single released under that name rather than the Young Rascals. The song continued the theme of carefree optimism that had distinguished the previous year's \"Groovin'\". The song was a big hit in the United States, reaching number 3 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, and also reaching number 36 on the Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles chart.[1] It was RIAA-certified as a Million Seller on June 28, 1968. The first album on which the song appeared was Time Peace: The Rascals' Greatest Hits.", "Good Morning Beautiful (song). The narrator talks to his lover in the morning and says \"Good morning, beautiful\" and asks how her night was. He then states that he had a good night because she was with him, and says that since he is awake it's a \"good morning beautiful day\".", "What a Wonderful World. The song gradually became something of a standard and reached a new level of popularity. In 1978, Armstrong's 1967 recording was featured in the closing scenes of the first series of BBC radio's cult hit, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy, and was repeated for BBC's 1981 TV adaptation of the series. In 1988, Armstrong's recording appeared in the film Good Morning, Vietnam (despite the film being set in 1965 — two years before it was recorded) and was re-released as a single, hitting No. 32 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in February 1988. The single charted at number one for the fortnight ending June 27, 1988 on the Australian chart. It is also the closing song for the 1995 movie 12 Monkeys.", "It's a Lovely Day Today. Alberto Semprini, on piano with rhythm accompaniment, recorded it in London on January 25, 1952 as the third song of the medley \"Part 2. Hit Medley of Foxtrots from 'Call Me Madam'\" along with \"You're Just in Love\" and \"The Best Thing for You\". The medley was released by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10231.", "It's a Lovely Day Today. A recording by Perry Como and The Fontaine Sisters with Mitchell Ayres and his orchestra was made in New York City on July 26, 1950. It was released by RCA Victor Records as catalog number 20-3945 (in USA)[1] and by EMI on the His Master's Voice label as catalog number B 10221.", "Beautiful Day. \"Beautiful Day\" on YouTube", "It's a Great Feeling. Doris Day solos for \"At the Cafe Rendezvous\", \"That Was a Big Fat Lie\", and \"Blame My Absent-Minded Heart\" while Jack Carson sings \"Fiddle Dee Dee\" and Dennis Morgan renders \"Give Me a Song with a Beautiful Melody\". The three join vocal forces for \"There's Nothing Rougher than Love\". Other tunes include the title number, \"It's a Great Feeling\".", "It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song). *sales figures based on certification alone\n^shipments figures based on certification alone", "It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song). Music blog POP! Goes the Charts described the song as \"surprisingly cheerful\", noting its full arrangement and descriptive lyrics, and concluding that it would be a \"huge seller\".[4]", "It's a Beautiful Day (Michael Bublé song). \"It's a Beautiful Day\" is a song by Canadian singer Michael Bublé, released as the first single from his eighth studio album, To Be Loved. The single was released on iTunes on February 25, 2013.[2] It peaked at number ten on the UK Singles Chart and it was certified gold by the Federation of the Italian Music Industry.[3] The song also charted to top five in Belgium, Finland, Indonesia and Japan.", "It's a Lovely Day Today. \"It's a Lovely Day Today\" is a popular song written by Irving Berlin and was published in 1950. It is from the successful musical Call Me Madam, which was later adapted as a movie. Perry Como and Doris Day had single records of the song that made pop charts of the day, and Ethel Merman recorded it as well.", "There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow. \"There's a great big beautiful tomorrow, shining at the end of every day.\"", "It's a Lovely Day Today. The song was later recorded by Ella Fitzgerald 1958 Rosemary Clooney 1984 and Astrud Gilberto 1967, among others.", "It's a Fine Day. \"It's a Fine Day\" is a song written by English poet and musician Edward Barton. It was originally recorded a cappella in 1983 by Jane, and later by Opus III for whom it was a major international hit in 1992.", "Beautiful Day. It is featured on the live films Elevation 2001: Live from Boston, U2 Go Home: Live from Slane Castle, and Vertigo 2005: Live From Chicago. The song was also performed on stage during U2's set at the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park in London. with slightly different lyrics in the bridge that mentioned the different cities where the Live 8 concerts took place.", "Good Morning, Vietnam. The soundtrack album was certified platinum in the US.[14] Louis Armstrong's \"What A Wonderful World\" was released as a single because of the film and reached position 32 on the US Top 40, 20 years after its original release.[15]", "Beautiful Day. \"Beautiful Day\" was the first single released from the album All That You Can't Leave Behind. The song reached number one on the singles charts in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and Ireland, and also boosted sales of All That You Can't Leave Behind.[citation needed] \"Beautiful Day\" is included on the compilations The Best of 1990-2000 and U218 Singles. A version of the song known as the Quincy and Sonance Mix appears on U2's EP 7.", "Good Morning Beautiful (song). \"Good Morning Beautiful\" is a song written by Zack Lyle and Todd Cerney, and recorded by American country music artist Steve Holy. It was released in July 2001 as the fourth single from the album Blue Moon. The song slowly became a major hit, reaching No. 1 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart on February 2, 2002. The song's five-week reign atop the chart was part of a 41-week chart run.[1]", "Somewhere Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World. The song was originally recorded in a spur-of-the-moment demo session in 1988, and was done in a single take. At the time, copies of the recording were only made for KamakawiwoÊ»ole himself and recording engineer Milan Bertosa. Five years later, in 1993, Bertosa played the song for producer Jon de Mello while the two were completing work on Facing Future, and de Mello decided to include it in the album as \"Over the Rainbow/What a Wonderful World\".[1]", "It's a Fine Day. Barton wrote the lyrics as a poem when living in the Hulme area of Manchester.[1] It was originally sung unaccompanied by, and credited to, Jane – that is, Jane Lancaster, Barton's girlfriend.[2][3] They recorded and released it independently, and it was played by radio DJ John Peel. It was then heard by Iain McNay of Cherry Red Records, who obtained the rights to the record and released it more widely on his label in 1983.[4] It reached number 5 on the UK Indie Chart, and later appeared, credited to Jane and Barton, on their eponymous mini-album Jane and Barton. This version of the song appeared on the 2013 indie-pop compilation album Scared to Get Happy: A Story of Indie-Pop 1980-1989.", "Beautiful Day. \"Beautiful Day\" finished in fourth place on the \"Best Singles\" list from The Village Voice's 2000 Pazz & Jop critics' poll.[19] The song won three Grammy Awards in 2001—Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal.[20] In 2003, a special edition issue of Q, titled \"1001 Best Songs Ever\", placed \"Beautiful Day\" at number 747 on its list of the greatest songs.[21] In 2005, Blender ranked the song at number 63 on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born\".[3] The Labour Party subsequently made extensive use of the song during its successful re election campaign in 2005, though an unresolved dispute with and within the band prevented it being used in party political broadcasts.[22] In 2009, in an end of decade rankings list, Rolling Stone listed \"Beautiful Day\" as the ninth-best song and readers ranked it as the third-best single for the decade of the 2000s.[23] In 2010, Rolling Stone updated its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\" and placed \"Beautiful Day\" at number 345, making it one of eight U2 songs on the list.[24] In 2011, VH1 listed \"Beautiful Day\" at number 15 on its list of The 100 Greatest Songs of '00s.[25]", "Good Morning Good Morning. For the Beatles' 2006 remix album Love, the horse sounds were mixed into \"Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite!\"[citation needed]", "My Sweet Lord. Using as his inspiration the Edwin Hawkins Singers' rendition of an eighteenth-century Christian hymn, \"Oh Happy Day\",[3][19] Harrison continued working on the theme.[20] He completed the song, with some help from Preston, once they had returned to London.[16][17]", "I've Seen All Good People. In the studio recording on The Yes Album, the song opens with Jon Anderson, Chris Squire and Steve Howe singing the sentence \"I've seen all good people turn their heads each day so satisfied I'm on my way\" twice a cappella, in three-part harmony. This is followed by a solo intro by Steve Howe on a Portuguese 12-string guitar. Howe also sometimes plays the solo on a standard acoustic guitar. As the 12-string begins a repeated four-bar phrase, it is joined by bass drum as Anderson resumes singing the lyrics, solo and in three-part harmony. Dual recorders enter on the third verse. Finally, a Hammond organ joins them, playing the same chords as the laúd until the first part of the song ends on a loudly sustained and unresolved organ chord.", "Early in the Morning (Sonny Boy Williamson I song). And I woke up this mornin' just about the break of day\nAnd I woke up this mornin' just about the break of day\nAnd I did not have no sweet woman just to drive my blues away", "Beautiful: The Carole King Musical. They get an office at 1650. While there, Carole meets a new lyricist Cynthia Weil (\"Happy Days Are Here Again\"), who is looking for a composer to work with. Gerry and Carole sing their new song \"Take Good Care of My Baby\", during which Barry Mann, the composer with the office next door, enters. Barry meets Cynthia and they decide to collaborate. As they begin to work, sparks fly. Donnie tells them he needs a song for the Shirelles. The couples compete for the job. In Donnie's office the next morning, Carole and Gerry present \"Will You Love Me Tomorrow\". Cynthia and Barry perform \"He's Sure the Boy I Love\". Donnie picks Carole and Gerry's song for The Shirelles and it goes to no. 1. And so, on either side of the same wall, a competition is born. The two teams turn out an amazing parade of songs: \"Up on the Roof\", \"On Broadway\", \"The Loco-Motion\" and \"You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin'\".", "What a Beautiful Name. \"What a Beautiful Name\" is a song by Australian praise and worship group Hillsong Worship. It was released on 6 January 2017, as the lead single from their 25th live album, Let There Be Light (2016).[1] The song was led and written by Brooke Ligertwood, and was co-written with Ben Fielding.[2][3]", "Best Day of My Life. Adapted from Oh, What a Life liner notes.[20]", "Reflections of My Life. The original recording can be found on \"Fine Cuts - The Best Of Marmalade\" Salvo MDCD26, 2 CD compilation, and on various earlier releases on Sanctuary Records compilations, including Marmalade: The Ultimate Collection,[6] and Rainbow - The Decca Years.[7] It is also available on Rhino Records', Super Hits of the '70s: Have a Nice Day, Vol. 2.[8]", "What a Wonderful World. \"What a Wonderful World\" is a pop ballad written by Bob Thiele (as \"George Douglas\") and George David Weiss. It was first recorded by Louis Armstrong and released in 1967 as a single, which topped the pop charts in the United Kingdom.[1] Thiele and Weiss were both prominent in the music world (Thiele as a producer and Weiss as a composer/performer).[2] Armstrong's recording was inducted in the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999. The publishing for this song is controlled by Memory Lane Music Group, Carlin Music Corp. and BMG Rights Management." ]

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[ "Joe Montana. When Montana arrived at Notre Dame in the fall of 1974, the football program was coached by Ara Parseghian. Under Parseghian's tenure, Notre Dame had won the NCAA national championship in 1966 and 1973. Parseghian's success as a coach helped him recruit highly talented players. Though Montana was a talented player, under Notre Dame policy in 1974 freshmen were not permitted to practice with or play on the varsity team, and consequently Montana played only in a few freshman team games.[13] Montana's first significant contributions to the Notre Dame football team came during his sophomore year.", "University of Notre Dame. Football Coach Knute Rockne (1914)", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. In 1964, Ara Parseghian left his job as the Northwestern head football coach when he was hired to take over the coaching duties at Notre Dame.[179] He immediately brought the team back to a level of success in Irish football history that was comparable only to Rockne and Leahy. These three coaches have an 80% or greater winning percentage while at Notre Dame – Rockne at .881, Leahy at .864, and Parseghian at .836. Parseghian's teams never won fewer than seven nor lost more than three games during the ten game regular seasons of the era.[180]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. In 1894, James L. Morison was hired as Notre Dame's first head football coach.[17] Notre Dame took a significant step toward respectability, prominence, and stability when they hired Morison.[18] He wrote an acquaintance after his first day on the job: “I arrived here [Notre Dame] this morning and found about as green a set of football players that ever donned a uniform… They want to smoke, and when I told them that they would have to run and get up some wind, they thought I was rubbing it in on them. “One big, strong cuss remarked that it was too much like work. Well, maybe you think I didn’t give him hell! I bet you a hundred no one ever makes a remark like that again.”[18] Morrison had been hired for $40 plus expenses for two weeks.[19]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Boston College head coach Frank Leahy was hired by Notre Dame to take over for Layden in 1941, and was another former Irish player who played during the Rockne era.[135] After graduating from Notre Dame, Leahy held several coaching positions, including line coach of the \"Seven Blocks of Granite\" of Fordham University that helped that team win all but two of their games between 1935 and 1937.[135] He then coached the Boston College Eagles to a win in the 1941 Sugar Bowl and a share of the national championship.[136][137][138] His move to Notre Dame began a new period of gridiron success for the Irish, and ensured Leahy's place among the winningest coaches in the history of college football.[139]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. In 1913, Notre Dame burst into the national consciousness and helped to transform the collegiate game in a single contest. In an effort to gain respect for a regionally successful but small-time Midwestern football program, Harper scheduled games in his first season with national powerhouses Texas, Penn State, and Army.[26] On November 1, 1913, the Notre Dame squad stunned the Black Knights of the Hudson 35–13 in a game played at West Point.[27] Led by quarterback Gus Dorais and end Knute Rockne—who was soon to be legendary coach—the Notre Dame team attacked the Cadets with an offense that featured both the expected powerful running game but also long and accurate downfield forward passes from Dorais to Rockne.[28][27] This game has been miscredited as the invention of the forward pass.[28] Prior to this contest, receivers would come to a full-stop and wait on the ball to come to them, but in this contest, Dorais threw to Rockne in stride, changing the forward pass from a seldom-used play into the dominant ball-moving strategy that it is today.[28][27]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Layden's 1935 squad posted one of the greatest wins in school history by rallying to defeat Ohio State by a score of 18–13.[122][123] His 1938 team finished 8–1,[124] losing only to USC in the season finale.[125] This loss cost them a possible consensus national championship, but the team was named national champion by the Dickinson System.[126] Like Rockne before him, Layden was a goodwill ambassador for Notre Dame during his time as head coach.[127][128] He was able to schedule a home-and-home series with Michigan after meeting with Fielding H. Yost, healing a rift between the two schools.[129] The two teams had not met since 1909, when, after eight straight losses to the Wolverines, the Irish posted their first win.[130][131] They were scheduled to meet again in 1910, but Michigan canceled the game and refused to play the Irish again.[131] By the time they met again in 1943, Layden had left Notre Dame and Frank Leahy had taken his place.[131] Unlike the easygoing Layden, Leahy was intense, and after the Irish had thrashed Michigan by a score of 35–12 in 1943,[132][133][134] Wolverine coach and athletic director Fritz Crisler never scheduled the Irish again.[131]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. The 1926 team beat Army and was led by Christie Flanagan.[63][64] For all his success, Rockne also made what an Associated Press writer called \"one of the greatest coaching blunders in history.\"[65] Instead of coaching his team against Carnegie Tech, Rockne traveled to Chicago for the Army–Navy Game to \"write newspaper articles about it, as well as select an All-America football team.\"[65] Carnegie Tech used the coach's absence as motivation for a 19–0 win; the upset likely cost the Irish a chance for a national title.[65]", "College football. Knute Rockne rose to prominence in 1913 as an end for the University of Notre Dame, then a largely unknown Midwestern Catholic school. When Army scheduled Notre Dame as a warm-up game, they thought little of the small school. Rockne and quarterback Gus Dorais made innovative use of the forward pass, still at that point a relatively unused weapon, to defeat Army 35–13 and helped establish the school as a national power. Rockne returned to coach the team in 1918, and devised the powerful Notre Dame Box offense, based on Warner's single wing. He is credited with being the first major coach to emphasize offense over defense. Rockne is also credited with popularizing and perfecting the forward pass, a seldom used play at the time.[124] The 1924 team featured the Four Horsemen backfield. In 1927, his complex shifts led directly to a rule change whereby all offensive players had to stop for a full second before the ball could be snapped. Rather than simply a regional team, Rockne's \"Fighting Irish\" became famous for barnstorming and played any team at any location. It was during Rockne's tenure that the annual Notre Dame-University of Southern California rivalry began. He led his team to an impressive 105–12–5 record before his premature death in a plane crash in 1931. He was so famous at that point that his funeral was broadcast nationally on radio.[120][125]", "University of Notre Dame. George Gipp was the school's legendary football player during 1916–20. He played semiprofessional baseball and smoked, drank, and gambled when not playing sports. He was also humble, generous to the needy, and a man of integrity.[254] It was in 1928 that famed coach Knute Rockne used his final conversation with the dying Gipp to inspire the Notre Dame team to beat the Army team and \"win one for the Gipper.\" The 1940 film, Knute Rockne, All American, starred Pat O'Brien as Knute Rockne and Ronald Reagan as Gipp. The team competes in Notre Dame Stadium, an 80,795-seat stadium on campus.[255] The current head coach is Brian Kelly, hired from the University of Cincinnati on December 11, 2009.[256] Kelly's record in midway through his sixth season at Notre Dame is 52–21. In 2012, Kelly's Fighting Irish squad went undefeated and played in the BCS National Championship Game. Kelly succeeded Charlie Weis, who was fired in November 2009 after five seasons.[257][258] Although Weis led his team to two Bowl Championship Series bowl games,[259] his overall record was 35–27,[260] mediocre by Notre Dame standards, and the 2007 team had the most losses in school history.[261] The football team generates enough revenue to operate independently while $22.1 million is retained from the team's profits for academic use. Forbes named the team as the most valuable in college football, worth a total of $101 million in 2007.[262]", "University of Notre Dame. One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish.[citation needed] Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties.[42] During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme.[43] The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930, when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.[44]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Through game broadcasts during the Golden Age of Radio, Notre Dame football gained a nationwide following of \"subway alumni\", Catholics who became fans whether or not they attended the university.[89] Former Saint Louis head coach Heartley \"Hunk\" Anderson was promoted from assistant coach and took the helm of the Irish after Knute Rockne's death, leading them to a record of 16 wins, nine losses, and two ties.[90] Anderson was a former Irish player under Rockne and was serving as an assistant coach at the time of Rockne's death. Anderson resigned as Irish head coach after the 1933 season to accept the position of head football coach at NC State.[91]", "2007 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. The 2007 Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team represented the University of Notre Dame in the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team was coached by Charlie Weis and played its home games at Notre Dame Stadium in South Bend, Indiana. For the first time in school history, Notre Dame opened the season with five losses (Notre Dame's worst opening prior to 2007 was 0–3).[1] Their nine-loss season was also a school record.[2]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Irish assistant Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918.[29][30][31] Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties.[32] The 105 wins account for 12.3% of all wins in Notre Dame football history.[33] During his 13 years, the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925,[34] and produced players such as George Gipp and the \"Four Horsemen\". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history.[33] Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme.[35][36]", "List of Notre Dame Fighting Irish head football coaches. This is a list of Notre Dame Fighting Irish football head coaches. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the football team of the University of Notre Dame, located in South Bend, Indiana, United States. The team competes as an Independent at the NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision level. Notre Dame has produced more All-Americans than any other Football Bowl Subdivision school. Additionally, seven Fighting Irish football players have won the Heisman Trophy. Notre Dame is one of only two Catholic universities that field a team in the Football Bowl Subdivision, the other being Boston College, and one of a handful of programs independent of a football conference. The team plays its home games on Notre Dame's campus at Notre Dame Stadium, also known as the \"House that Rockne Built,\" which has a capacity of 80,795. The current head coach is Brian Kelly.", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. In contrast to Faust, Holtz was well known as a master motivator and a strict disciplinarian.[239][240] The tone was set with Holtz's first meeting with his team as Irish head coach in 1986, immediately demanding his players sit up straight in their chairs and look him in the eye as he spoke.[241] He displayed the latter trait in spades when two of his top contributing players showed up late for dinner right before the then top-ranked Irish played second-ranked USC in the final regular season game of 1988.[242] In a controversial move, coach Lou Holtz took his 10–0 Irish squad to Los Angeles without stars Ricky Watters and Tony Brooks, who he suspended for disciplinary reasons.[243] This was not the first time these players had gotten into trouble and the players had been warned there would be serious consequences if it happened again.[244] His move was vindicated when the Irish defeated USC anyway.[243] Holtz was named national coach of the year (Paul \"Bear\" Bryant Award) in 1988,[220] the same season he took Notre Dame to an upset of No. 1 Miami in the Catholics vs. Convicts series[245] and a win over No. 3 West Virginia in the Fiesta Bowl, thus capturing the national championship.[246] The Irish finished a perfect 12–0 in 1988, its last undefeated season and national championship to date.[247][248]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Leahy coached the team for 11 seasons, from 1941 to 1943 and 1946 to 1953.[135] He has the second highest winning percentage (.864) of any college coach in history.[139] He led the Irish to a record of 87 wins, 11 losses, and nine ties including 39 consecutive games without a loss (37–0–2),[140][139] four national championships,[139] and six undefeated seasons.[140] A fifth national championship was lost because of a 1953 tie against Iowa,[141] in a game that featured 1953 Heisman Trophy winner Johnny Lattner[142] that caused a minor scandal at the time, when it appeared that some Irish players had faked injuries to stop the clock, leading some to nickname those players the \"Fainting Irish\".[141][143][144] From 1944 to 1945, Leahy served in the U.S. Navy during World War II and was honorably discharged as a Captain.[145] Edward McKeever, Leahy's assistant coach, became interim head coach when Leahy left for the Navy.[146] During his one year at the helm (1944) the Irish managed 8 wins and 2 losses.[147] McKeever left Notre Dame in 1945 to take over as head coach of Cornell.[148] He was replaced by Hugh Devore for the 1945 season who led the Irish to a 7–2–1 record.[149]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Anderson was replaced by Elmer Layden, who was one of Rockne's \"Four Horsemen\" in the 1920s.[119][120] After graduating, Layden played professional football for one year and then began a coaching career.[119][120] The Irish posted a record of 47 wins, 13 losses, and three ties in seven years under Layden,[121] the most successful record of a Notre Dame coach not to win a national championship.[120] He left Notre Dame after the 1940 season to become Commissioner of the National Football League.[120][119]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. On December 17, 1999, Notre Dame was placed on probation by the NCAA for the only time in its history.[391][392] The association's Committee on Infractions found two series of violations.[392] The New York Times reported \"the main one involved the actions of a booster, Kimberly Dunbar, who lavished gifts on football players with money she later pleaded guilty to embezzling.\"[391][392] In the second series of events, a football player was accused of trying to sell several complimentary game tickets and of using others as repayment of a loan.[391][392] The player was also said \"to have been romantically involved with a woman (not Dunbar), a part-time tutor at the university, who wrote a term paper for another player for a small fee and provided players with meals, lodging and gifts.\"[391] The Dunbar violation began while Lou Holtz was head coach: \"According to the NCAA committee report, Dunbar, the woman at the center of the more serious violations, had become romantically involved with several Notre Dame football players from June 1995 to January 1998 and had a child with one, Jarvis Edison.\"[391] Notre Dame was placed on probation for two years and lost one of its 85 football scholarships each year in what the Times termed \"minor\" penalties.[393][392]", "Forward pass. On the other hand, Hall of Fame coach Gus Dorais told the United Press that \"Eddie Cochems of the St. Louis University team of 1906–07–08 deserves the full credit.\"[14] Writing in Collier's more than 20 years earlier, Dorais' Notre Dame teammate Knute Rockne acknowledged Cochems as the early leader in the use of the pass, observing, \"One would have thought that so effective a play would have been instantly copied and become the vogue. The East, however, had not learned much or cared much about Midwest and Western football. Indeed, the East scarcely realized that football existed beyond the Alleghanies ...\"[15]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Former San Francisco, Chicago Cardinals and Washington Redskins head coach Joe Kuharich took the head coaching position at Notre Dame in 1959, realizing a longtime ambition to return to his alma mater.[167][168] He had earlier been courted by Notre Dame after the 1956 season, after the Irish finished 2–8,[169] but before he had a chance to accept an offer, Terry Brennan was given a reprieve.[170] He brought a professional touch to Irish football, putting shamrocks on the players' helmets and shoulder stripes on their jerseys.[170] Kuharich compiled a 17–23 record over four non-winning seasons and remains to this day the only coach ever to have an overall losing record at Notre Dame.[171] Included was a school-record eight-game losing streak in 1960, a year in which the Irish finished 2–8.[172] It was one of the worst stretches in program history. The consensus opinion was that Kuharich never made the adjustment from pro football to college football, attempting to use complicated pro coaching techniques with collegiate players, and never adapted to the limited substitution rules in effect at the time, having big, immobile linemen playing both ways in an era where smaller, quicker players were preferred.[173] He often said, \"You win some and you lose some\", and seemed perfectly content finishing 5–5 every year.[173] This did not sit well with the Irish faithful, who expected Notre Dame to beat everybody.[173] When the pressure of winning became too much to bear, Kuharich resigned in the spring of 1963 and assumed the post of supervisor of NFL officials.[170] Because it was so late in the spring, Hugh Devore was named head coach for the 1963 season while the search for a permanent replacement was being conducted.[174] The players that he recruited came to within 93 seconds of an undefeated season and a national championship in 1964 under first-year coach Ara Parseghian.[175] Despite his unsuccessful Notre Dame tenure, Kuharich remains the only Irish coach to post back-to-back shutouts over their greatest rival, the University of Southern California Trojans in 1960 (17–0) and 1961 (30–0).[176]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. After Willingham's firing, Notre Dame initially pursued Utah head coach Urban Meyer, who had been an Irish assistant from 1996–2000.[418] After Meyer accepted the Florida head coaching position and turned down the Irish,[419] Charlie Weis left the NFL's New England Patriots, where he won three Super Bowls as offensive coordinator,[420] to become head football coach for the Irish beginning with the 2005 season.[421] Weis' hiring as the Irish's 30th head football coach made him the first Notre Dame graduate to hold the football head coaching position on a full-fledged basis since Joe Kuharich (a 1938 Notre Dame graduate).[422]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. The 1929 and 1930 teams both went undefeated,[72][73] winning national championships,[74][75] and the 1930 team was led by the likes of Frank Carideo, Joe Savoldi, Marchy Schwartz and Marty Brill.[75] It featured the first and only example of all four members of a backfield being named to an All-American team during the same season. The 1929 team played all of its games on the road while the new Notre Dame Stadium was being built.[76] In 1930, \"Jumping Joe\" Savoldi scored the first Notre Dame touchdown in the new stadium on a 98-yard kickoff return.[77] Savoldi is also known as \"the first hero in the lore of Notre Dame's Stadium\" based on scoring three touchdowns in the official stadium dedication game against Navy the following week.[78] Rockne coached his last game on December 14, 1930, when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City.[79][80] The game[81] raised funds for the Mayor's Relief Committee for the unemployed and needy of the city. 50,000 fans turned out to see the reunited \"Four Horsemen\" along with players from Rockne's other championship teams take the field against the pros.[82]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Brian Kelly became the 31st head coach of the Fighting Irish on December 10, 2009, after coaching Cincinnati to a 12–0 record and BCS bowl-game berth, but he left the team before the bowl game.[473] In his first season, Kelly led the Fighting Irish to an 8–5 record.[474] Tragedy struck early in the season when Declan Sullivan, a junior working for the athletic department, died while filming a practice on a scissor lift in dangerously high winds.[475] Dayne Crist started the season at quarterback but was injured for a second consecutive year, this time in the Tulsa game, which the Irish lost.[476] Kelly turned to freshman quarterback Tommy Rees, who led the Irish to victories in the last three games against No. 14 Utah,[477] Army in Yankee Stadium,[478] and breaking an eight-year losing streak to USC in the LA Coliseum.[479] Kelly guided the Irish to a 33–17 win over Miami (FL) in the 2010 Sun Bowl to finish 2010 with an 8–5 record.[480][481] With senior wide out Michael Floyd returning for his senior season and an outstanding recruiting class that included several highly touted defensive linemen,[482]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. The Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team is the intercollegiate football team representing the University of Notre Dame in Notre Dame, Indiana. The team is currently coached by Brian Kelly and plays its home games at the campus's Notre Dame Stadium, which has a capacity of 77,622.[4] Notre Dame is one of four schools that competes as an Independent at the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Football Bowl Subdivision level; however, they play five games a year against opponents from the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), which Notre Dame is a member of in all other sports except ice hockey.[5]", "Brian Kelly (American football coach). Notre Dame opened their 2012 season with a special season opener in Dublin, Ireland. There they beat Navy 50–10, as the new starting QB, Everett Golson, passed for 188 yards, 1 TD and 1 INT. Notre Dame won their week 2 game against Purdue at home, winning 20–17, on a field goal by sophomore Kyle Brindza. In week 3, Notre Dame defeated #10 Michigan State by a score of 20–3. In week 4, #11 Notre Dame defeated #18 Michigan by a score of 13–6, recovering 6 turnovers in the process. The Irish would go on to defeat Miami, #17 Stanford, and BYU before playing Oklahoma. At 7–0, Notre Dame traveled to Norman and defeated #8 Oklahoma 30–13, only the fifth home loss for the Sooners under Bob Stoops. On November 3, the Irish narrowly avoided an upset by beating Pittsburgh 29–26 in three overtimes. Notre Dame had rallied from a fourth quarter deficit of 14 points to tie the game late in regulation time. On November 10, 4 ranked Notre Dame traveled to Boston College and faced a team known for spoiling Notre Dame perfect seasons. Notre Dame won 21–6, not allowing Boston College to score a touchdown and improving to 10–0. On November 17, Notre Dame went undefeated at home for the first time since 1998 with a 38–0 victory over Wake Forest. On November 18, following the losses of #1 Kansas State and #2 Oregon, Notre Dame was voted the #1 team in the nation for the first time since 1993 and was #1 in the BCS rankings for the first time ever. With a 22–13 defeat of USC, Notre Dame finished the regular season 12–0. On December 5, 2012, Kelly was named coach of the year for a second time, the first since guiding Cincinnati to a 12–0 record back in 2009.[10] On Monday, January 7, 2013, Kelly and the Fighting Irish lost, 42–14, to the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 2013 BCS National Championship Game.[11] Kelly's Irish finished the season ranked #3 in the USA Today Coaches poll and #4 in the Associated Press Top 25 poll.[12] Due to academic violations, Notre Dame was forced to forfeit all of their 2012 games, finishing the season with an adjusted record of 0–0.[13]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Jesse Harper became head coach in 1913 and remained so until he retired in 1917.[22] During his tenure the Irish began playing only intercollegiate games and posted a record of 34 wins, five losses, and one tie.[23] This period would also mark the beginning of the rivalry with Army and the continuation of rivalry with Michigan State.[24][25]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. In his first year, the Irish improved their record to 9–1, but they lost the national championship in the last game of the season at USC when Craig Fertig connected with a touchdown pass to Rod Sherman.[181] Parseghian earned coach of the year honors from the American Football Coaches Association, the Football Writers Association, and The Sporting News, as well as several others, and a cover story in Time magazine.[182][183] Parseghian was also named coach of the year by several selectors in his national championship years of 1966 and 1973 and was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1980.[184][185] It was under Parseghian as well that Notre Dame lifted its 40-plus year-old \"no bowl games\" policy,[186] beginning with the season of 1969, after which the Irish played the No. 1 Texas Longhorns in the Cotton Bowl Classic, losing in the final minutes in a closely contested game.[187] The following year, Parseghian's 9–1 squad[188] ended Texas' Southwest Conference record 30-game winning streak in the 1971 Cotton Bowl.[187]", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Rockne took over in the war-torn season of 1918 and posted a 3–1–2 record;[37] he lost only to the Michigan Agricultural Aggies.[38] He made his coaching debut on September 28, 1918, against Case Tech in Cleveland, Ohio and earned a 26–6 victory.[39] Leonard Bahan, George Gipp, and Curly Lambeau were in the backfield.[40][41] With Gipp, Rockne had an ideal handler of the forward pass.[42][43] The 1919 team had Rockne handle the line and Gus Dorais handle the backfield.[44] The team went undefeated and won the national championship.[45][46][47]", "Brian Kelly (American football coach). In 2014 Notre Dame defeated the Michigan Wolverines by a score of 31-0. This was the high point of new defensive coordinator Brian VanGorder's term at Notre Dame[citation needed] and brought Notre Dame to a #11 ranking. The team improved its record to 6-0, but the Irish closed the season with 2 wins against 5 losses for an overall 8-5 record, including an upset bowl win over LSU.[18]", "Brian Kelly (American football coach). Brian Keith Kelly (born October 25, 1961) is an American football coach and former player. He is currently the head football coach at the University of Notre Dame, a position he has held since December 2009. Kelly was previously head coach at Grand Valley State University (1991–2003), Central Michigan University (2004–2006), and University of Cincinnati (2006–2009).", "Notre Dame Fighting Irish football. Gerry Faust was hired to replace Devine in 1981.[210] Prior to Notre Dame, Faust had been one of the more successful high school football coaches in the country.[211] As coach of Moeller High School in Cincinnati he amassed a 174–17–2 record over 19 seasons.[211] Many of his players had gone on to play for Notre Dame; indeed, when he arrived in South Bend, he was reunited with nine of his former players from Moeller." ]

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[ "Maple syrup. Maple products are considered emblematic of Canada, in particular Quebec, and are frequently sold in tourist shops and airports as souvenirs from Canada. The sugar maple's leaf has come to symbolize Canada, and is depicted on the country's flag.[85] Several US states, including New York, Vermont and Wisconsin, have the sugar maple as their state tree.[86] A scene of sap collection is depicted on the Vermont state quarter, issued in 2001.[87]", "Maple. A maple leaf is on the coat of arms of Canada, and is on the Canadian flag. The maple is a common symbol of strength and endurance and has been chosen as the national tree of Canada. Maple leaves are traditionally an important part of Canadian Forces military regalia, for example the military rank insignia for generals use maple leaf symbols. There are 10 species naturally growing in the country, with at least one in each province. Although the idea of the tree as a national symbol originally hailed from the province of Quebec[11] where the sugar maple is significant, today's arboreal emblem of Canada rather refers to a generic maple.[12] The design on the flag is an eleven-point stylization modeled after a sugar maple leaf (which normally bears 23 points).[13]", "Maple syrup. The Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan produce maple syrup using the sap of the box elder or Manitoba maple (Acer negundo).[9] A Manitoba maple tree's yield is usually less than half that of a similar sugar maple tree.[50] Manitoba maple syrup has a slightly different flavour from sugar-maple syrup, because it contains less sugar and the tree's sap flows more slowly. British Columbia is home to a growing maple sugar industry using sap from the bigleaf maple, which is native to the West Coast of the United States and Canada.[51]", "Maple leaf. The Italian city of Campobasso was known as \"Canada City\" or in a minor way \"Maple Leaf City\", since during the Second World War, Canadian troops invaded the city and freed it from the Germans. Moreover, the city has a huge variety of maples which can be found even in the streets.", "Maple syrup. Until the 1930s, the United States produced most of the world's maple syrup.[45] Today, after rapid growth in the 1990s, Canada produces more than 80 percent of the world's maple syrup, producing about 73,000,000 litres (19,000,000 US gal) in 2016.[1] The vast majority of this comes from the province of Quebec, which is the world's largest producer, with about 70 percent of global production.[1][2]", "Acer saccharum. Although many people think a red sugar maple leaf is featured on the flag of Canada, the official maple leaf does not belong to any particular maple species; although it perhaps most closely resembles a sugar maple leaf of all the maple species in Canada, the leaf on the flag was specially designed to be as identifiable as possible on a flag waving in the wind without regard to whether it resembled a particular species' foliage.[8]", "Maple. Acer /ˈeɪsər/ is a genus of trees or shrubs commonly known as maple. The genus is placed in the Sapindaceae family.[1] There are approximately 128 species, most of which are native to Asia,[2] with a number also appearing in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Only one species, Acer laurinum, extends to the Southern Hemisphere.[3] The type species of the genus is the sycamore maple, Acer pseudoplatanus, the most common maple species in Europe.[4]", "Acer saccharum. Acer saccharum, the sugar maple or rock maple, is a species of maple native to the hardwood forests of eastern Canada, from Nova Scotia west through Quebec and southern Ontario to southeastern Manitoba around Lake of the Woods, and the northern parts of the Central and Eastern United States, from Minnesota eastward to the highlands of the eastern states.[2] Sugar maple is best known for its bright fall foliage and for being the primary source of maple syrup.[3]", "Agriculture in Canada. Hazelnuts are harvested in Eastern Canada and British Columbia.[39] Maple syrup and maple sugar, maple butter, and maple taffy are products of Quebec along the St. Lawrence River. The main market for Canadian maple syrup and sugar is the United States.[40] Potatoes are an abundant harvest of the Maritime provinces.[41] Sugar beets and beet root sugar are harvested in Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and Alberta.[42]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup production is centred in northeastern North America; however, given the correct weather conditions, it can be made wherever suitable species of maple trees grow.", "Canadian cuisine. Maple syrup was first collected and used by aboriginal people of Eastern Canada and North Eastern US. Canada is the world's largest producer of maple syrup.[4] The origins of maple syrup production are not clear though the first syrups were made by repeatedly freezing the collected maple sap and removing the ice to concentrate the sugar in the remaining sap.[5] Maple syrup is one of the most commonly consumed Canadian foods of Aboriginal origins.", "Maple. Some species of maple are extensively planted as ornamental trees by homeowners, businesses and municipalities due to their fall colour, relatively fast growth, ease of transplanting, and lack of hard seeds that would pose a problem for mowing lawns. Particularly popular are Norway Maple (although it is considered invasive in North America), Silver Maple, Japanese Maple, and Red Maple. Other maples, especially smaller or more unusual species, are popular as specimen trees.[4]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup was first collected and used by the indigenous peoples of North America, and the practice was adopted by European settlers, who gradually refined production methods. Technological improvements in the 1970s further refined syrup processing. The Canadian province of Quebec is by far the largest producer, responsible for 70 percent of the world's output; Canadian exports of maple syrup in 2016 were C$ 487 million (about US$ 360 million), with Quebec accounting for some 90 percent of this total.[1][2] Vermont is the largest producer in the United States, generating about six percent of the global supply.", "Acer saccharum. The sugar maple is one of the most important Canadian trees, being, with the black maple, the major source of sap for making maple syrup.[11] Other maple species can be used as a sap source for maple syrup, but some have lower sugar contents and/or produce more cloudy syrup than these two.[11] Some other trees (birch, ash, etc.) can yield a useful syrup as well, though with different flavors.[12] In maple syrup production from Acer saccharum, the sap is extracted from the trees using a tap placed into a hole drilled through the phloem, just inside the bark. The collected sap is then boiled. As the sap boils, the water is evaporated off and the syrup left behind. 40 litres of maple sap are required to be boiled to produce only 1 litre of pure syrup. This is the reason for the high cost of pure maple syrup.", "Maple syrup. In Canada, maple syrup was classified prior to December 31, 2014, by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) as one of three grades, each with several colour classes:[56]", "Maple leaf. The maple leaf finally became the central national symbol with the introduction of the Canadian flag (suggested by George F. G. Stanley and sponsored by M.P. John Matheson) in 1965, which uses a highly stylized eleven-pointed maple leaf, referring to no specific species of maple. Earlier official uses of a maple leaf design often used more than 30 points and a short stem. The one chosen is a generic maple leaf representing the ten species of maple tree native to Canada—at least one of these species grows natively in every province.[4] The maple leaf is currently used on the Canadian flag, logos of various Canadian-based companies (including Canadian subsidiaries of foreign companies and small businesses with only local operations) and the logos of Canadian sports teams. Examples include Air Canada, McDonald's Canada, General Motors Canada, the Toronto Maple Leafs NHL franchise, the Toronto FC soccer club, and Wendy's Canada (using the maple leaf in place of the normal apostrophe found at U.S. locations). It is also used by the Federal Government as a personification and identifier on its websites, as part of the government's wordmark.", "Canada. Canada is a federal parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level. It is one of the world's most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the tenth-largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources and well-developed international trade networks. Canada's long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture.", "Maple. Most maples are trees growing to a height of 10–45 m (33–148 ft). Others are shrubs less than 10 meters tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level. Most species are deciduous, and many are renowned for their autumn leaf colour, but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen. Most are shade-tolerant when young and are often riparian, understory, or pioneer species rather than climax overstory trees with a few exceptions such as Sugar Maple. Many of the root systems are typically dense and fibrous, inhibiting the growth of other vegetation underneath them. A few species, notably Acer cappadocicum, frequently produce root sprouts, which can develop into clonal colonies.[4]", "Maple syrup. As of December 31, 2014, the CFIA[56] and as of March 2, 2015, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Marketing Service[57] issued revised standards intended to harmonize Canada-United States regulations on the classification of maple syrup as follows:", "Forestry in Canada. Government legislation protects about 8 percent of the forested area, of which less than 1 percent is logged annually; this latter portion is required to be reforested after being harvested.[1] It is one of the five countries with the largest amount of forest, along with Russia, Brazil, China and the US; together, these countries control more than half of the world's forested land area.[2]", "Canada. Canada (/ˈkænədə/ ( listen) KAN-ə-də; French: [kanadɑ]) is a country located in the northern part of North America. Its ten provinces and three territories extend from the Atlantic to the Pacific and northward into the Arctic Ocean, covering 9.98 million square kilometres (3.85 million square miles), making it the world's second-largest country by total area. Canada's southern border with the United States is the world's longest bi-national land border. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its land territory being dominated by forest and tundra and the Rocky Mountains. It is highly urbanized, with 82 percent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, many near the southern border. Its capital is Ottawa, and its three largest metropolitan areas are Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver. Canada's climate varies widely across its vast area, ranging from arctic weather in the north, to hot summers in the southern regions, with four distinct seasons.", "Maple syrup. As of 2016, Quebec had some 7,300 producers working with 13,500 farmers, collectively making over 8,090,000 US gallons (30,600,000 L) of syrup.[1][46] Production in Quebec is controlled through a supply management system, with producers receiving quota allotments from the Federation of Quebec Maple Syrup Producers (Fédération des producteurs acéricoles du Québec, FPAQ), which also maintains reserves of syrup,[1][47] although there is a black-market trade in Quebec product.[1][48][49] In 2017, the FPAQ mandated increased output of maple syrup production, attempting to establish Quebec's dominance in the world market.[1][2] Canada exported more than C$362 million of maple syrup in 2016.[2] The provinces of Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island produce smaller amounts of syrup.[46]", "Canada. Canada's post-war economic growth, combined with the policies of successive Liberal governments, led to the emergence of a new Canadian identity, marked by the adoption of the Maple Leaf Flag in 1965,[83] the implementation of official bilingualism (English and French) in 1969,[84] and the institution of official multiculturalism in 1971.[85] Socially democratic programs were also instituted, such as Medicare, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans, though provincial governments, particularly Quebec and Alberta, opposed many of these as incursions into their jurisdictions.[86]", "Maple syrup. Maple syrup is graded according to the Canada, United States, or Vermont scales based on its density and translucency. Sucrose is the most prevalent sugar in maple syrup. In Canada, syrups must be made exclusively from maple sap to qualify as maple syrup and must also be at least 66 percent sugar.[3] In the United States, a syrup must be made almost entirely from maple sap to be labelled as \"maple\", though states such as Vermont and New York have more restrictive definitions (see below).", "Maple syrup. Following an effort from the International Maple Syrup Institute (IMSI) and many maple syrup producer associations, both Canada and the United States have altered their laws regarding the classification of maple syrup to be uniform. Whereas in the past each state or province had their own laws on the classification of maple syrup, now those laws define a unified grading system. This had been a work in progress for several years, and most of the finalization of the new grading system was made in 2014. The Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) announced in the Canada Gazette on 28 June 2014 that rules for the sale of maple syrup would be amended to include new descriptors, at the request of the IMSI.[56]", "Maple leaf. Its popularity with French Canadians continued and was reinforced when, at the inaugural meeting of the Société Saint-Jean-Baptiste in 1834,[2] the maple leaf was one of numerous emblems proposed to represent the society. Speaking in its favour, Jacques Viger, the first mayor of Montreal, described the maple as \"the king of our forest; ... the symbol of the Canadian people.\"", "English Canadians. The maple leaf itself, as a symbol, was used as early as 1834 in what is now Quebec as a symbol of the Société St. Jean Baptiste but was adopted for use shortly afterwards by the English-speaking community in Canada. The Maple Leaf Forever, penned in 1867 at the time of Confederation was at one time regarded as an informal anthem for English Canadians,[27] but reaction by English-speaking Canadians to a decision of a New Brunswick school to stop the singing of the anthem are attached to the official national anthem, O Canada, by Calixa Lavallée suggests that the official anthem enjoys considerable support.[28]", "Acer rubrum. Red maple is far more abundant today than when Europeans first arrived in North America, where along with its cousin Silver Maple, it may have comprised a mere 5% of forest area and was confined mostly to riparian zones.[6] The density of the tree in many of these areas has increased 6 to 7 fold and this trend seems to be continuing, much of it due to human factors, especially suppression of wildfires which would kill shallow-rooted pioneer species like red maple, but leave mainline forest trees like oaks and hickories untouched.", "Acer saccharum. The sugar maple is the state tree of the US states of New York, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.", "Maple syrup. In 2015, 64 percent of Canadian maple syrup exports went to the United States (a value of C$229 million), 8 percent to Germany (C$31 million), 6 percent to Japan (C$26 million), and 5 percent to the United Kingdom (C$16 million).[46]", "Canadian cuisine. According to an informal survey by the Globe and Mail conducted through Facebook from collected comments, users considered the following to be the Canadian national dish, with maple syrup likely above all the other foods if it were considered:[13]", "Maple syrup. Producers in Ontario or Quebec may have followed either federal or provincial grading guidelines.[56] Quebec's and Ontario's guidelines differed slightly from the federal:" ]

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[ "Northern Hemisphere. For the same reason, flows of air down toward the northern surface of the Earth tend to spread across the surface in a clockwise pattern. Thus, clockwise air circulation is characteristic of high pressure weather cells in the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, air rising from the northern surface of the Earth (creating a region of low pressure) tends to draw air toward it in a counterclockwise pattern. Hurricanes and tropical storms (massive low-pressure systems) spin counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere.", "High-pressure area. A simple rule is that for high-pressure areas, where generally air flows from the center outward, the coriolis force given by the earth's rotation to the air circulation is in the opposite direction of earth's apparent rotation if viewed from above the hemisphere's pole. So, both the earth and winds around a low-pressure area rotate counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern. The opposite to these two cases occurs in the case of a high. These results derive from the Coriolis effect; that article explains in detail the physics, and provides an animation of a model to aid understanding.", "Coriolis force. Air within high-pressure systems rotates in a direction such that the Coriolis force is directed radially inwards, and nearly balanced by the outwardly radial pressure gradient. As a result, air travels clockwise around high pressure in the Northern Hemisphere and anticlockwise in the Southern Hemisphere. Air around low-pressure rotates in the opposite direction, so that the Coriolis force is directed radially outward and nearly balances an inwardly radial pressure gradient.[37][citation needed]", "High-pressure area. The direction of wind flow around an atmospheric high-pressure area and a low-pressure area, as seen from above, depends on the hemisphere. High-pressure systems rotate clockwise in the northern Hemisphere; low-pressure systems rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere.", "Coriolis force. This pattern of deflection, and the direction of movement, is called Buys-Ballot's law. In the atmosphere, the pattern of flow is called a cyclone. In the Northern Hemisphere the direction of movement around a low-pressure area is anticlockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, the direction of movement is clockwise because the rotational dynamics is a mirror image there.[39] At high altitudes, outward-spreading air rotates in the opposite direction.[40] Cyclones rarely form along the equator due to the weak Coriolis effect present in this region.[41]", "Anticyclone. In the absence of rotation, the wind tends to blow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.[6] The stronger the pressure difference (pressure gradient) between a high-pressure system and a low-pressure system, the stronger the wind. The coriolis force caused by Earth's rotation gives winds within high-pressure systems their clockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and anticlockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure). Friction with land slows down the wind flowing out of high-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more outward (more ageostrophically) from the center.[7]", "Low-pressure area. The Coriolis force caused by the Earth's rotation is what gives winds around low-pressure areas (such as in hurricanes, cyclones, and typhoons) their counter-clockwise (anticlockwise) circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and clockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves inward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure).[45] A cyclone differs from a hurricane or typhoon only on the basis of location.[46] A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, and a cyclone occurs in the south Pacific or Indian Ocean.[46] Friction with land slows down the wind flowing into low-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more inward, or flowing more ageostrophically, toward their centers.[44] A low-pressure area is commonly associated with inclement weather,[47] while a high-pressure area is associated with light winds and fair skies.[48] Tornados are often too small, and of too short duration, to be influenced by the Coriolis force, but may be so-influenced when arising from a low-pressure system.[49][50]", "High-pressure area. Wind flows from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure.[26] This is due to density differences between the two air masses. Since stronger high-pressure systems contain cooler or drier air, the air mass is more dense and flows towards areas that are warm or moist, which are in the vicinity of low pressure areas in advance of their associated cold fronts. The stronger the pressure difference, or pressure gradient, between a high-pressure system and a low-pressure system, the stronger the wind. The coriolis force caused by the Earth's rotation is what gives winds within high-pressure systems their clockwise circulation in the northern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected right from the center of high pressure) and counterclockwise circulation in the southern hemisphere (as the wind moves outward and is deflected left from the center of high pressure). Friction with land slows down the wind flowing out of high-pressure systems and causes wind to flow more outward than would be the case in the absence of friction. This is known as a geostrophic wind.[27]", "Low-pressure area. Elongated areas of low pressure form at the monsoon trough or intertropical convergence zone as part of the Hadley cell circulation.[35] Monsoon troughing in the western Pacific reaches its zenith in latitude during the late summer when the wintertime surface ridge in the opposite hemisphere is the strongest. It can reach as far as the 40th parallel in East Asia during August and 20th parallel in Australia during February. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure over the warmest part of the various continents.[36][37] The large-scale thermal lows over continents help create pressure gradients which drive monsoon circulations.[38] In the southern hemisphere, the monsoon trough associated with the Australian monsoon reaches its most southerly latitude in February,[39] oriented along a west-northwest/east-southeast axis. Many of the world's rainforests are associated with these climatological low-pressure systems.[40]", "Cyclone. Because of the Coriolis effect, the wind flow around a large cyclone is counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere.[19] In the Northern Hemisphere, the fastest winds relative to the surface of the Earth therefore occur on the eastern side of a northward-moving cyclone and on the northern side of a westward-moving one; the opposite occurs in the Southern Hemisphere.[20] In contrast to low pressure systems, the wind flow around high pressure systems are clockwise (anticyclonic) in the northern hemisphere, and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere.", "Trough (meteorology). Most troughs of low pressure in the mid-latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere are characterized by decreasing atmospheric pressure from south to north while inverted troughs are characterized by decreasing pressure from north to south. The situation is opposite in the Southern Hemisphere. Inverted troughs in both hemispheres move to the west from the east, while mid-latitude troughs generally move with the westerlies toward the east.", "Polar easterlies. The polar easterlies (also Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes.[1] Cold air subsides at the poles creating the high pressure, forcing an equatorward outflow of air; that outflow is then deflected westward by the Coriolis effect. Unlike the westerlies in the middle latitudes, the polar easterlies are often weak and irregular. These prevailing winds blow from the polar easterlies are one of the five primary wind zones, known as wind belts, that make up our atmosphere's circulatory system. This particular belt of wind begins at approximately 60 degrees north and south latitude and reaches to the poles. When air moves near the poles, cold temperatures shrink the air. This promotes air from warmer latitudes to flow into the area, causing a polar high-pressure zone. Air from this high-pressure zone then rushes toward the low-pressure zone surrounding the sub-polar region. The flow of air is altered by the Earth's rotation and deflected west, hence the name, between high- and low-pressure zones. Temperature and air pressure differentials and the earth's rotation combine to form global currents.", "Westerlies. If the Earth were a non-rotating planet, solar heating would cause winds across the mid-latitudes to blow in a poleward direction, away from the subtropical ridge. However, the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of Earth causes winds to steer to the right of what would otherwise be expected across the Northern Hemisphere, and left of what would be expected in the Southern Hemisphere.[3] This is why winds across the Northern Hemisphere tend to blow from the southwest, but they tend to be from the northwest in the Southern Hemisphere.[4] When pressures are lower over the poles, the strength of the westerlies increases, which has the effect of warming the mid-latitudes. This occurs when the Arctic oscillation is positive, and during winter low pressure near the poles is stronger than it would be during the summer. When it is negative and pressures are higher over the poles, the flow is more meridional, blowing from the direction of the pole towards the equator, which brings cold air into the mid-latitudes.[5]", "Atmospheric circulation. The Polar cell, likewise, is a simple system. Though cool and dry relative to equatorial air, the air masses at the 60th parallel are still sufficiently warm and moist to undergo convection and drive a thermal loop. At the 60th parallel, the air rises to the tropopause (about 8 km at this latitude) and moves poleward. As it does so, the upper level air mass deviates toward the east. When the air reaches the polar areas, it has cooled and is considerably denser than the underlying air. It descends, creating a cold, dry high-pressure area. At the polar surface level, the mass of air is driven toward the 60th parallel, replacing the air that rose there, and the polar circulation cell is complete. As the air at the surface moves toward the equator, it deviates toward the west. Again, the deviations of the air masses are the result of the Coriolis effect. The air flows at the surface are called the polar easterlies.", "Trade winds. The surface air that flows from these subtropical high-pressure belts toward the Equator is deflected toward the west in both hemispheres by the Coriolis effect.[12] These winds blow predominantly from the northeast in the Northern Hemisphere and from the southeast in the Southern Hemisphere.[13] Because winds are named for the direction from which the wind is blowing,[14] these winds are called the northeasterly trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere and the southeasterly trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. The trade winds of both hemispheres meet at the doldrums.[7]", "Trade winds. As part of the Hadley cell, surface air flows toward the equator while the flow aloft is towards the poles. A low-pressure area of calm, light variable winds near the equator is known as the doldrums,[7] near-equatorial trough,[8] intertropical front, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone.[9] When located within a monsoon region, this zone of low pressure and wind convergence is also known as the monsoon trough.[10] Around 30° in both hemispheres, air begins to descend toward the surface in subtropical high-pressure belts known as subtropical ridges. The subsident (sinking) air is relatively dry because as it descends, the temperature increases, but the absolute humidity remains constant, which lowers the relative humidity of the air mass. This warm, dry air is known as a superior air mass and normally resides above a maritime tropical (warm and moist) air mass. An increase of temperature with height is known as a temperature inversion. When it occurs within a trade wind regime, it is known as a trade wind inversion.[11]", "Coriolis force. If a low-pressure area forms in the atmosphere, air tends to flow in towards it, but is deflected perpendicular to its velocity by the Coriolis force. A system of equilibrium can then establish itself creating circular movement, or a cyclonic flow. Because the Rossby number is low, the force balance is largely between the pressure-gradient force acting towards the low-pressure area and the Coriolis force acting away from the center of the low pressure.", "Global wind patterns. Coriolis force, Hadley cell and other things: In the northern hemisphere, the Coriolis effect causes wind and water currents to bend to the right (clockwise). Cold heavy air flows south from the north pole and is bent west, forming the polar easterlies. Warm air rises at the equator drawing air from the north which bends to the west, contributing to the trade winds. The Coriolis effect bends the westerlies and trade winds slightly clockwise in the northern hemisphere.", "Southern Hemisphere. Cyclones and tropical storms spin clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere (as opposed to anticlockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) due to the Coriolis effect.[4]", "Atmospheric circulation. The atmospheric circulation pattern that George Hadley described was an attempt to explain the trade winds. The Hadley cell is a closed circulation loop which begins at the equator. There, moist air is warmed by the Earth's surface, decreases in density and rises. A similar air mass rising on the other side of the equator forces those rising air masses to move poleward. The rising air creates a low pressure zone near the equator. As the air moves poleward, it cools, becomes more dense, and descends at about the 30th parallel, creating a high-pressure area. The descended air then travels toward the equator along the surface, replacing the air that rose from the equatorial zone, closing the loop of the Hadley cell. The poleward movement of the air in the upper part of the troposphere deviates toward the east, caused by the coriolis acceleration (a manifestation of conservation of angular momentum). At the ground level however, the movement of the air toward the equator in the lower troposphere deviates toward the west, producing a wind from the east. The winds that flow to the west (from the east, easterly wind) at the ground level in the Hadley cell are called the Trade Winds.", "Low-pressure area. Thermal lows form due to localized heating caused by greater sunshine over deserts and other land masses. Since localized areas of warm air are less dense than their surroundings, this warmer air rises, which lowers atmospheric pressure near that portion of the Earth's surface. Large-scale thermal lows over continents help drive monsoon circulations. Low-pressure areas can also form due to organized thunderstorm activity over warm water. When this occurs over the tropics in concert with the Intertropical Convergence Zone, it is known as a monsoon trough. Monsoon troughs reach their northerly extent in August and their southerly extent in February. When a convective low acquires a well-hot circulation in the tropics it is termed a tropical cyclone. Tropical cyclones can form during any month of the year globally, but can occur in either the northern or southern hemisphere during November.", "Snow. Mid-latitude cyclones are low pressure areas which are capable of producing anything from cloudiness and mild snow storms to heavy blizzards.[5] During a hemisphere's fall, winter, and spring, the atmosphere over continents can be cold enough through the depth of the troposphere to cause snowfall. In the Northern Hemisphere, the northern side of the low pressure area produces the most snow.[6] For the southern mid-latitudes, the side of a cyclone that produces the most snow is the southern side.", "Low-pressure area. Cyclogenesis is the development and strengthening of cyclonic circulations, or low-pressure areas, within the atmosphere.[1] Cyclogenesis is the opposite of cyclolysis, and has an anticyclonic (high-pressure system) equivalent which deals with the formation of high-pressure areas—anticyclogenesis.[2] Cyclogenesis is an umbrella term for several different processes, all of which result in the development of some sort of cyclone. Meteorologists use the term \"cyclone\" where circular pressure systems flow in the direction of the Earth's rotation,[3][4] which normally coincides with areas of low pressure.[5][6] The largest low-pressure systems are cold-core polar cyclones and extratropical cyclones which lie on the synoptic scale. Warm-core cyclones such as tropical cyclones, mesocyclones, and polar lows lie within the smaller mesoscale. Subtropical cyclones are of intermediate size.[7][8] Cyclogenesis can occur at various scales, from the microscale to the synoptic scale. Larger-scale troughs, also called Rossby waves, are synoptic in scale.[9] Shortwave troughs embedded within the flow around larger scale troughs are smaller in scale, or mesoscale in nature.[10] Both Rossby waves and shortwaves embedded within the flow around Rossby waves migrate equatorward of the polar cyclones located in both the Northern and Southern hemispheres.[11] All share one important aspect, that of upward vertical motion within the troposphere. Such upward motions decrease the mass of local atmospheric columns of air, which lowers surface pressure.[12]", "Prevailing winds. The polar easterlies (also known as Polar Hadley cells) are the dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the North and South Poles towards the low-pressure areas within the westerlies at high latitudes. Like trade winds and unlike the westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular.[15] Due to the low sun angle, cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high-pressure areas, forcing an outflow of air toward the equator;[16] that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect.", "Wind. The polar easterlies, also known as Polar Hadley cells, are dry, cold prevailing winds that blow from the high-pressure areas of the polar highs at the north and south poles towards the low-pressure areas within the Westerlies at high latitudes. Unlike the Westerlies, these prevailing winds blow from the east to the west, and are often weak and irregular.[42] Because of the low sun angle, cold air builds up and subsides at the pole creating surface high-pressure areas, forcing an equatorward outflow of air;[43] that outflow is deflected westward by the Coriolis effect.", "Cyclone. A polar, sub-polar, or Arctic cyclone (also known as a polar vortex)[46] is a vast area of low pressure that strengthens in the winter and weakens in the summer.[47] A polar cyclone is a low-pressure weather system, usually spanning 1,000 kilometres (620 mi) to 2,000 kilometres (1,200 mi), in which the air circulates in a counterclockwise direction in the northern hemisphere, and a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis acceleration acting on the air masses moving poleward at high altitude, causes a counterclockwise circulation at high altitude. The poleward movement of air originates from the air circulation of the Polar cell. The polar low is not driven by convection as are tropical cyclones, nor the cold and warm air mass interactions as are extratropical cyclones, but is an artifact of the global air movement of the Polar cell. The base of the polar low is in the mid to upper troposphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, the polar cyclone has two centers on average. One center lies near Baffin Island and the other over northeast Siberia.[46] In the southern hemisphere, it tends to be located near the edge of the Ross ice shelf near 160 west longitude.[48] When the polar vortex is strong, its effect can be felt at the surface as a westerly wind (toward the east). When the polar cyclone is weak, significant cold outbreaks occur.[49]", "Low-pressure area. A low-pressure area, low, or depression is a region on the topographic map where the atmospheric pressure is lower than that of surrounding locations. Low-pressure systems form under areas of wind divergence that occur in the upper levels of the troposphere. The formation process of a low-pressure area is known as cyclogenesis. Within the field of meteorology, atmospheric divergence aloft occurs in two areas. The first area is on the east side of upper troughs, which form half of a Rossby wave within the Westerlies (a trough with large wavelength that extends through the troposphere). A second area of wind divergence aloft occurs ahead of embedded shortwave troughs, which are of smaller wavelength. Diverging winds aloft ahead of these troughs cause atmospheric lift within the troposphere below, which lowers surface pressures as upward motion partially counteracts the force of gravity.", "Low-pressure area. In deserts, lack of ground and plant moisture that would normally provide evaporative cooling can lead to intense, rapid solar heating of the lower layers of air. The hot air is less dense than surrounding cooler air. This, combined with the rising of the hot air, results in a low-pressure area called a thermal low.[23] Monsoon circulations are caused by thermal lows which form over large areas of land and their strength is driven by how land heats more quickly than the surrounding nearby ocean. This generates a steady wind blowing toward the land, bringing the moist near-surface air over the oceans with it.[24] Similar rainfall is caused by the moist ocean-air being lifted upwards by mountains,[25] surface heating,[26] convergence at the surface,[27] divergence aloft, or from storm-produced outflows at the surface.[28] However the lifting occurs, the air cools due to expansion in lower pressure, which in turn produces condensation. In winter, the land cools off quickly, but the ocean keeps the heat longer due to its higher specific heat. The hot air over the ocean rises, creating a low-pressure area and a breeze from land to ocean while a large area of drying high pressure is formed over the land, increased by wintertime cooling.[24] Monsoons resemble sea and land breezes, terms usually referring to the localized, diurnal (daily) cycle of circulation near coastlines everywhere, but they are much larger in scale - also stronger and seasonal.[29]", "Atmospheric circulation. While the Hadley and polar cells are truly closed loops, the Ferrel cell is not, and the telling point is in the Westerlies, which are more formally known as \"the Prevailing Westerlies.\" The easterly Trade Winds and the polar easterlies have nothing over which to prevail, as their parent circulation cells are strong enough and face few obstacles either in the form of massive terrain features or high pressure zones. The weaker Westerlies of the Ferrel cell, however, can be disrupted. The local passage of a cold front may change that in a matter of minutes, and frequently does. As a result, at the surface, winds can vary abruptly in direction. But the winds above the surface, where they are less disrupted by terrain, are essentially westerly. A low pressure zone at 60° latitude that moves toward the equator, or a high pressure zone at 30° latitude that moves poleward, will accelerate the Westerlies of the Ferrel cell. A strong high, moving polewards may bring westerly winds for days.", "Global wind patterns. Southern hemisphere: In the southern hemisphere the belts are reversed. The southeast trade winds blow from the southeast toward the equator. The southern equivalent of the horse latitudes (or Variables of Cancer) is called the Variables of Capricorn. The southern westerlies start somewhat south of South Africa. They tend to be stronger than the northern westerlies because they are mostly over water (roaring forties). The southern polar easterlies are mostly over Antarctica.", "Intertropical Convergence Zone. The ITCZ appears as a band of clouds, usually thunderstorms, that encircle the globe near the Equator. In the Northern Hemisphere, the trade winds move in a southwestward direction from the northeast, while in the Southern Hemisphere, they move northwestward from the southeast. When the ITCZ is positioned north or south of the Equator, these directions change according to the Coriolis effect imparted by Earth's rotation. For instance, when the ITCZ is situated north of the Equator, the southeast trade wind changes to a southwest wind as it crosses the Equator. The ITCZ is formed by vertical motion largely appearing as convective activity of thunderstorms driven by solar heating, which effectively draw air in; these are the trade winds.[2] The ITCZ is effectively a tracer of the ascending branch of the Hadley cell and is wet. The dry descending branch is the horse latitudes.", "High-pressure area. Strong, vertically shallow high-pressure systems moving from higher latitudes to lower latitudes in the northern hemisphere are associated with continental arctic air masses.[12] Once arctic air moves over an unfrozen ocean, the air mass modifies greatly over the warmer water and takes on the character of a maritime air mass, which reduces the strength of the high-pressure system.[13] When extremely cold air moves over relatively warm oceans, polar lows can develop.[14] However, warm and moist (or maritime tropical) air masses that move poleward from tropical sources are slower to modify than arctic air masses.[15]" ]

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[ "Judicial independence. The Constitution provides that federal judges, including judges of the Supreme Court of the United States, are appointed by the President \"by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.\" Once appointed, federal judges:", "United States constitutional law. Article II, Section 2 grants the President the power, with the \"advice and consent of the Senate,\" to appoint \"ambassadors,... judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States, whose appointments are not otherwise provided for\" in the Constitution. This includes members of the cabinet, top-level agency officials, Article III judges, US Attorneys, and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs, among many other positions. Under the modern interpretation of \"advice and consent,\" a presidential appointment must be confirmed by majority vote in the Senate in order to take effect. Thus, in practice, the President holds the power to nominate, while the Senate holds the power to confirm.", "United States Senate. The president can make certain appointments only with the advice and consent of the Senate. Officials whose appointments require the Senate's approval include members of the Cabinet, heads of most federal executive agencies, ambassadors, Justices of the Supreme Court, and other federal judges. Under Article II, Section 2 of the Constitution, a large number of government appointments are subject to potential confirmation; however, Congress has passed legislation to authorize the appointment of many officials without the Senate's consent (usually, confirmation requirements are reserved for those officials with the most significant final decision-making authority). Typically, a nominee is first subject to a hearing before a Senate committee. Thereafter, the nomination is considered by the full Senate. The majority of nominees are confirmed, but in a small number of cases each year, Senate committees purposely fail to act on a nomination to block it. In addition, the president sometimes withdraws nominations when they appear unlikely to be confirmed. Because of this, outright rejections of nominees on the Senate floor are infrequent (there have been only nine Cabinet nominees rejected outright in United States history).[citation needed]", "Powers of the President of the United States. The president also nominates persons to fill federal judicial vacancies, including federal judges, such as members of the United States Courts of Appeals and the U.S. Supreme Court. These nominations require Senate confirmation, and this can provide a major stumbling block for presidents who wish to shape the federal judiciary in a particular ideological stance.", "Federal judiciary of the United States. The federal judiciary of the United States is one of the three co-equal branches of the federal government of the United States organized under the United States Constitution and laws of the federal government. Article III of the Constitution requires the establishment of a Supreme Court and permits the Congress to create other federal courts, and place limitations on their jurisdiction. Article III federal judges are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.", "United States federal judge. In the United States, the title of federal judge means a judge (Article Three of the United States Constitution) appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the United States Senate pursuant to the Appointments Clause in Article II of the United States Constitution.", "Federal government of the United States. Article III section I of the Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of the United States and authorizes the United States Congress to establish inferior courts as their need shall arise. Section I also establishes a lifetime tenure for all federal judges and states that their compensation may not be diminished during their time in office. Article II section II establishes that all federal judges are to be appointed by the president and confirmed by the United States Senate.", "U.S. Congress in relation to the president and Supreme Court. The Constitution entrusts certain powers to the Senate alone. The President may only nominate for appointment Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers \"by and with the advice and consent\" of the Senate. The Senate confirms most presidential nominees, but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010.[10] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than filling vacancies in the office of Vice-President; a vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination for vice-president if a vacancy happens.[11]", "Federal judiciary of the United States. Federal judges, like Supreme Court Justices, are appointed by the President with the consent of the Senate to serve until they resign, are impeached and convicted, retire, or die.", "Judicial independence. The President is free to appoint any person to the federal bench, yet typically he consults with the American Bar Association, whose Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary rates each nominee \"Well Qualified,\" \"Qualified\" or \"Not Qualified.\"", "Appointments Clause. In the federal government of the United States, \"advice and consent\" is a power of the United States Senate — in this instance, the power to approve appointments by the President of the United States to public positions, including Cabinet secretaries, federal judges, and ambassadors. The term \"advice and consent\" first appears in the United States Constitution in Article II, Section 2, Clause 2, referring to the Senate's role in the signing and ratification of treaties. This term is then used again, to describe the Senate's role in the appointment of public officials, immediately after describing the President's duty to nominate such officials.", "Federalist No. 69. The President of the United States is given the power to appoint public ministers, Supreme Court judges, and all officers established by law. However, the president needs the approval of the Senate in order to appoint any of the listed individuals above. On the other hand, the King of England has the same role of appointing public ministers but is not bounded by any other section of government. Hamilton explains not only is he not bounded by other branches of government, but the King of England is able to appoint public ministers to all offices as well as create offices. The King of England is also enabled to give titles of nobility at his own discretion.[4]", "United States federal judge. Other judges serving in the federal courts, including magistrate judges and bankruptcy judges, are also sometimes referred to as \"federal judges\"; however, they are neither appointed by the President nor confirmed by the Senate, and their power derives from Article I instead. See Article I and Article III tribunals.", "Supreme Court of the United States. The U.S. Constitution states that the President \"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court.\"[74] Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views, although a justice's decisions may end up being contrary to a president's expectations. Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, a president may nominate anyone to serve, subject to Senate confirmation.", "Federal judiciary of the United States. Under Article I of the federal Constitution, Congress also has the power to establish other tribunals, which are usually quite specialized, within the executive branch to assist the President in the execution of his or her powers. Judges who staff them normally serve terms of fixed duration, as do magistrate judges who assist Article III judges. Judges in Article I tribunals attached to executive branch agencies are referred to as administrative law judges (ALJs) and are generally considered to be part of the executive branch even though they exercise quasi-judicial powers. With limited exceptions, they cannot render final judgments in cases involving life, liberty, and private property rights, but may make preliminary rulings subject to review by an Article III judge.", "Constitution Act, 1867. Section 96 authorizes the federal government to appoint judges for \"the Superior, District, and County Courts in each Province\". No provinces have district or county courts anymore, but all provinces have superior courts. Although the provinces pay for these courts and determine their jurisdiction and procedural rules, the federal government appoints and pays their judges.", "Federalist Era. The Constitution had established the basic layout of the federal government, but much of the structure of the government was established during the Federalist Era. The Constitution empowers the president to appoint the heads of the federal executive departments with the advice and consent of the Senate. President Washington and the Senate established a precedent whereby the president alone would make executive and judicial nominations, but these nominees would not hold their positions in a permanent capacity until they won Senate confirmation. President Washington organized his principal officers into the Cabinet of the United States, which served as a major advisory body to the president. The heads of the Department of War, the Department of State, and the Department of the Treasury each served in the Cabinet. After the passage of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the Attorney General also served in the Cabinet as the president's chief legal adviser.", "Federal government of the United States. The U.S. Constitution safeguards judicial independence by providing that federal judges shall hold office \"during good behavior\"; in practice, this usually means they serve until they die, retire, or resign. A judge who commits an offense while in office may be impeached in the same way as the president or other officials of the federal government. U.S. judges are appointed by the president, subject to confirmation by the Senate. Another Constitutional provision prohibits Congress from reducing the pay of any Article III judge (Congress is able to set a lower salary for all future judges that take office after the reduction, but may not decrease the rate of pay for judges already in office).", "United States Congress. The Senate has an important check on the executive power by confirming Cabinet officials, judges, and other high officers \"by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate.\" It confirms most presidential nominees but rejections are not uncommon. Furthermore, treaties negotiated by the President must be ratified by a two-thirds majority vote in the Senate to take effect. As a result, presidential arm-twisting of senators can happen before a key vote; for example, President Obama's secretary of state, Hillary Clinton, urged her former senate colleagues to approve a nuclear arms treaty with Russia in 2010.[101] The House of Representatives has no formal role in either the ratification of treaties or the appointment of federal officials, other than in filling a vacancy in the office of the vice president; in such a case, a majority vote in each House is required to confirm a president's nomination of a vice president.[1]", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges of the supreme Court...", "Federal judiciary of the United States. When the Constitution came into force in 1789, Congress gained the authority to establish the federal judicial system as a whole. Only the Supreme Court was established by the Constitution itself. The Judiciary Act of 1789 created the first inferior (i.e., lower) federal courts established pursuant to the Constitution and provided for the first Article III judges.", "List of federal judges appointed by Donald Trump. This is a comprehensive list of all Article III and Article IV United States federal judges appointed by Donald Trump during his presidency, as well as a partial list of Article I federal judicial appointments, excluding appointments to the District of Columbia judiciary.[1]", "Commission on Appointments. \"The President shall nominate and, with the consent of the Commission on Appointments, appoint the heads of the executive departments, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, or officers of the armed forces from the rank of colonel or naval captain, and other officers whose appointments are vested in him in this Constitution. He shall also appoint all other officers of the Government whose appointments are not otherwise provided for by law, and those whom he may be authorized by law to appoint. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of other officers lower in rank in the President alone, in the courts, or in the heads of departments, agencies, commissions, or boards.[1]", "List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama. Following is a comprehensive list of all Article III and Article IV United States federal judges appointed by President Barack Obama during his presidency, as well as a partial list of Article I federal judicial appointments, excluding appointments to the District of Columbia judiciary.[1]", "President of the United States. The president also has the power to nominate federal judges, including members of the United States courts of appeals and the Supreme Court of the United States. However, these nominations require Senate confirmation. Securing Senate approval can provide a major obstacle for presidents who wish to orient the federal judiciary toward a particular ideological stance. When nominating judges to U.S. district courts, presidents often respect the long-standing tradition of senatorial courtesy. Presidents may also grant pardons and reprieves. Gerald Ford pardoned Richard Nixon a month after taking office. Bill Clinton pardoned Patty Hearst on his last day in office, as is often done just before the end of a second presidential term, but not without controversy.[38][39][40]", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. The President may also appoint judges, ambassadors, consuls, ministers and other officers with the advice and consent of the Senate. By law, however, Congress may allow the President, heads of executive departments, or the courts to appoint inferior officials.", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. As far as presidential appointments, as with treaties a person is not officially and legally appointed to a position until their appointment is approved by the Senate. Prior to Senate approval and publication of that approval along with an official date and time for their swearing-in and assumption of duties and responsibilities, they are nominees rather than appointees. And again, the President nominates people for specific positions at their pleasure and can do so without or in spite of Senate advice. Senate consent occurs when a supermajority of senators votes to approve and therefore appoint a nominee.", "Appointments Clause. The Appointments Clause divides constitutional officers into two classes: principal officers, who must be appointed through the advice and consent mechanism; and inferior officers, who may be appointed through advice and consent of the Senate, but whose appointment Congress may place instead in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.[8] An earlier version of the Appointments Clause would have given the President a broader power to \"appoint officers in all cases not otherwise provided for by this Constitution,\" but some delegates of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention worried that this language would permit the President to create offices as well as to fill them, a classic case of institutional corruption. The requirement that the President can appoint inferior officers only when Congress has \"by Law vest[ed]\" that power in the President sought to preclude that possibility.[8]", "List of federal judges appointed by Barack Obama. The total number of Obama Article III judgeship nominees to be confirmed by the United States Senate is 329, including two justices to the Supreme Court of the United States, 55 judges to the United States Courts of Appeals, 268 judges to the United States district courts, and four judges to the United States Court of International Trade.[2][3] Obama did not make any recess appointments to the federal courts.", "Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States. Article Two of the United States Constitution requires the President of the United States to nominate Supreme Court Justices and, with Senate confirmation, requires Justices to be appointed. This was for the division of power between the President and Senate by the founders, who wrote:", "Chief Justice of the United States. The chief justice, like all federal judges, is nominated by the President and confirmed to office by the U.S. Senate. Article III, Section 1 of the Constitution specifies that they \"shall hold their Offices during good Behavior\". This language means that the appointments are effectively for life, and that, once in office, a justice's tenure ends only when they die, retire, resign, or are removed from office through the impeachment process.", "Separation of powers under the United States Constitution. Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called \"constitutional courts.\"" ]

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[ "God helps those who help themselves. The French author Jean de La Fontaine also adapted the first of these fables as Le chartier embourbé (Fables VI.18) and draws the moral Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera. (Help yourself and Heaven will help you too).[9] A little earlier, George Herbert had included \"Help thyself, and God will help thee\" in his proverb collection, Jacula Prudentum (1651).[10] But it was the English political theorist Algernon Sidney who originated the now familiar wording, \"God helps those who help themselves\",[11] apparently the first exact rendering of the phrase. Benjamin Franklin later used it in his Poor Richard's Almanack (1736) and has been widely quoted.[12]", "God helps those who help themselves. Deuteronomy 28:8 - The LORD will send a blessing on your barns and on everything you put your hand to.", "God helps those who help themselves. The phrase is often mistaken as a scriptural quote, though it is not stated verbatim in the Bible.", "God helps those who help themselves. Colossians 3:23 - Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men.", "God helps those who help themselves. Proverbs 12:24 - Diligent hands will rule, but laziness ends in slave labor.", "God helps those who help themselves. The bottom line then is there is debated Biblical support for the modified expression: God helps those who helps themselves to the extent that their motive aligns with His divine Will. Otherwise, it's just a person helping themselves, without a reference of whether a god sanctions it or not as being His Will.", "God helps those who help themselves. The phrase has featured in United States popular culture. In a \"Jaywalking\" sketch on The Tonight Show, comedian host Jay Leno asked random people on the street to name one of the Ten Commandments. The most popular response given was \"God helps those who help themselves.\"[26] Political commentator Bill O'Reilly employed the phrase, in responding to Jim McDermott who argued, \"This is Christmas time. We talk about Good Samaritans, the poor, the little baby Jesus in the cradle and all this stuff. And then we say to the unemployed we won't give you a check to feed your family. That's simply wrong.\" O'Reilly argued for a more selective approach to unemployment benefits, and the importance of individual responsibility, concluding \"while Jesus promoted charity at the highest level, he was not self-destructive. The Lord helps those who help themselves. Does he not?\"[27] Political comedian Stephen Colbert parodied him in response, concluding in character, \"if this is going to be a Christian nation that doesn't help the poor, either we've got to pretend that Jesus was just as selfish as we are, or we've got to acknowledge that he commanded us to love the poor and serve the needy without condition; and then admit that we just don't want to do it.\"[28] The phrase is also discussed in the 2007 video game Assassin's Creed. In one pickpocket mission, two civilians discuss the wrongful attribution of the phrase to the Bible and ultimately decide that its origin is unimportant. This phrase is also mentioned in the 2016 anime \"91 Days\".", "God helps those who help themselves. Proverbs 6:10-12 - A little sleep, a little slumber, a little folding of the hands to rest—and poverty will come on you like a bandit and scarcity like an armed man.", "God helps those who help themselves. Matthew 5:3-4 - God blesses those who realize their need for him; and who mourn will be comforted.", "God helps those who help themselves. The phrase \"God helps those who help themselves\" is a popular motto that emphasizes the importance of self-initiative and agency.", "God helps those who help themselves. Some Christians[1] have criticized the expression as being contrary to the Bible's message of God's grace. A variant of the phrase can also be found in the Quran (13:11).[2]", "God helps those who help themselves. The phrase originated in ancient Greece and may originally have been proverbial. It is illustrated by two of Aesop's Fables and a similar sentiment is found in ancient Greek drama. Although it has been commonly attributed to Benjamin Franklin, the modern English wording appears earlier in Algernon Sidney's work.", "God helps those who help themselves. It has a different meaning in that it implies that helping oneself is a prerequisite for expecting the help of God.", "God helps those who help themselves. Proverbs 13:4 - The sluggard craves and gets nothing, but the desires of the diligent are fully satisfied.", "God helps those who help themselves. The Concept as Biblical (disputed):", "God helps those who help themselves. The sentiment appears in ancient Greek tragedies of which only fragments now remain. In his Philoctetes (c.409 BC), Sophocles wrote, \"No good e'er comes of leisure purposeless; And heaven ne’er helps the men who will not act.\"[3] And in the Hippolytus (428BC) of Euripides appears the speech, \"Try first thyself, and after call in God; For to the worker God himself lends aid.\"[4][dubious – discuss]", "God helps those who help themselves. Despite being of non-Biblical origin, the phrase topped a poll of the most widely known Bible verses.[19][20] Seventy-five percent of American teenagers said they believed that it was the central message of the Bible.[21]", "God helps those who help themselves. Proverbs 12:11 - He who works his land will have abundant food, but he who chases fantasies lacks judgment.", "God helps those who help themselves. NOTE: Reliance upon God is not mentioned, but may or may not be implied.", "God helps those who help themselves. Barna critiques this as evidence of Americans' unfamiliarity with the Bible and believes that the statement actually conflicts with the doctrine of Grace in Christianity. It \"suggests a spiritual self-reliance inconsistent with Christianity\" according to David Kinnaman, vice president of the Barna Research Group.[22] Christian minister Erwin Lutzer argues there is some support for this saying in the Bible (2 Thessalonians 3:10, James 4:8), however much more often God helps those who cannot help themselves, which is what grace is about (the parable of the Pharisee and the Publican, Ephesians 2:4–5, Romans 4:4–5).[23] The statement is often criticised as espousing Semi-Pelagian model of salvation, which most Christians denounce as heresy.[24][25]", "God helps those who help themselves. The Concept as Non-Biblical (disputed):", "God helps those who help themselves. The same concept is found in the fable of Hercules and the Wagoner, first recorded by Babrius in the 1st century AD. In it, a wagon falls into a ravine, or in later versions becomes mired, but when its driver appeals to Hercules for help, he is told to get to work himself.[6] Aesop is also credited with a similar fable about a man who calls on the goddess Athena for help when his ship is wrecked and is advised to try swimming first.[7] It has been conjectured that both stories were created to illustrate an already existing proverb.[8]", "God helps those who help themselves. The beliefs of Americans regarding this phrase and the Bible has been studied by Christian demographer and pollster George Barna of The Barna Group. To the statement \"The Bible teaches that God helps those who help themselves\"; 53% of Americans agree strongly, 22% agree somewhat, 7% disagree somewhat, 14% disagree strongly, and 5% stated they don't know. Of \"born-again\" Christians 68% agreed, and 81% of non \"born-again\" Christians agreed with the statement.[15] In a February 2000 poll, 53% strongly agreed and 22% agreed somewhat that the Bible teaches the phrase. Of the 14 questions asked, this was the least biblical response, according to Barna.[16] A poll in the late 1990s showed the majority (81%) believe the concept is taught by the Bible,[17] another stating 82%.[18]", "Dua. \"But those ye call upon besides Him, are unable to help you, and indeed to help themselves.\"", "God helps those who help themselves. The argument has been made that this is a non-Biblical concept despite scriptural authorities including those cited above.", "God helps those who help themselves. A similar version of this saying \"God himself helps those who dare\" better translated as \"divinity helps those who dare\" \"audentes deus ipse iuuat\" comes from Ovid, Metamorphoses, 10.586. The phrase is spoken by Hippomenes when contemplating whether to enter a foot race against Atalanta for her hand in marriage. If Hippomenes were to lose, however, he would be killed. Hippomenes decides to challenge Atalanta to a race and, with the aid of Venus, Hippomense was able to win the race.[5]", "Help Me (Larry Gatlin song). \"Help Me\" is a song written by Larry Gatlin. A country gospel song, the lyrics tell the story of a world-weary and tired man pleading for guidance and reassurance from God.", "God helps those who help themselves. I Timothy 5:8 - If anyone does not provide for his relatives, and especially for his immediate family, he has denied the faith and is worse than an unbeliever.", "God helps those who help themselves. The phrase is often quoted to emphasize the importance of taking initiative.[citation needed] There is also a relationship to the Parable of the Faithful Servant, and the Parable of the Ten Virgins, which has a similar eschatological theme: be prepared for the day of reckoning.", "Hosanna. In the Hebrew Bible it is used only in verses such as \"help\" or \"save, I pray\" (Psalms 118:25).", "So help me God. So help me God is a phrase often used to give an oath, and most commonly optional as part of an oath of office. It is also used in some jurisdictions as a form of oath for other forms of public duty, such as an appearance in court, service as a juror, etc.", "Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep. When I lay me down to Sleep,\nI recommend my self to His care;\nwhen I awake, I give my self up to His Direction,\n     Amen." ]

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[ "California grizzly bear. The California grizzly bear is one of the state's most visible and enduring symbols, adorning both the state flag and seal. The Bear Flag first flew in 1846 as a symbol of the short-lived California Republic. A second version was adopted as the state flag by the state legislature in 1911.[20] The bear symbol became a permanent part of the state seal in 1849. The California grizzly bear was designated the official state animal in 1953.[21][22] The bear is celebrated in name and as mascot of the sports teams of the University of California, Berkeley (the California Golden Bears), and of the University of California, Los Angeles (the UCLA Bruins) and in the mascot of University of California, Riverside (Scottie the Bear, dressed in a Highland kilt). The California Maritime Academy operates a training ship named \"Golden Bear\".[citation needed]", "California grizzly bear. The California grizzly bear (Ursus arctos californicus) is an extinct subspecies of the grizzly bear, the very large North American brown bear. \"Grizzly\" could have meant \"grizzled\" (that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or \"fear-inspiring\" (this is actually spelled \"grisly\").[1] Nonetheless, after careful study, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 – not for its hair, but for its character – as Ursus horribilis (\"terrifying bear\").[2] Genetically, North American grizzlies are closely related;[3] in size and coloring, the California grizzly bear was much like the grizzly bear of the southern coast of Alaska. In California, it was particularly admired for its beauty, size and strength. The grizzly became a symbol of the Bear Flag Republic, a moniker that was attached to the short-lived attempt by a group of American settlers to break away from Mexico in 1846. Later, this rebel flag became the basis for the state flag of California, and then California was known as the \"Bear State.\"[4]", "Brown bear. The grizzly bear is the state animal of Montana.[468] The California golden bear is the state animal of California.[469] Both animals are sub-species of the brown bear, and the species was extirpated from the latter state.", "Montana. Montana schoolchildren played a significant role in selecting several state symbols. The state tree, the ponderosa pine, was selected by Montana schoolchildren as the preferred state tree by an overwhelming majority in a referendum held in 1908. However, the legislature did not designate a state tree until 1949, when the Montana Federation of Garden Clubs, with the support of the state forester, lobbied for formal recognition.[317] Schoolchildren also chose the western meadowlark as the state bird, in a 1930 vote, and the legislature acted to endorse this decision in 1931.[318] Similarly, the secretary of state sponsored a children's vote in 1981 to choose a state animal, and after 74 animals were nominated, the grizzly bear won over the elk by a 2–1 margin.[319] The students of Livingston started a statewide school petition drive plus lobbied the governor and the state legislature to name the Maiasaura as the state fossil in 1985.[320]", "Grizzly bear. Although the once-abundant grizzly bear (see California grizzly bear) appears prominently on the state flag of California and was the symbol of the Bear Flag Republic before California's admission to the Union, they are no longer naturally present. The last grizzly in all of California was killed in the Sierra foothills east of Fresno in August 1922.[33]", "California grizzly bear. As the settled frontier of New Spain was extended northward, settlers began to populate California and establish large cattle herds as the main industry. The grizzly bears killed livestock and so became enemies of the rancheros. Vaqueros hunted the grizzlies, sometimes roping and capturing them to be displayed in public battles with bulls.[7] This popular spectator sport inspired betting as to whether the bear or the bull would win.", "Grizzly bear. Brown bears originated in Eurasia and traveled to North America approximately 50,000 years ago,[9][10] spreading into the contiguous United States about 13,000 years ago.[11] In the 19th century, the grizzly was classified as 86 distinct species. However, by 1928 only seven grizzlies remained[2] and by 1953 only one species remained globally.[12] However, modern genetic testing reveals the grizzly to be a subspecies of the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Rausch found that North America has but one species of grizzly.[13] Therefore, everywhere it is the \"brown bear\"; in North America, it is the \"grizzly\", but these are all the same species, Ursus arctos.", "Grizzly bear. Grizzlies directly regulate prey populations and also help prevent overgrazing in forests by controlling the populations of other species in the food chain.[105] An experiment in Grand Teton National Park in Wyoming in the United States showed removal of wolves and grizzly bears caused populations of their herbivorous prey to increase.[106] This, in turn, changed the structure and density of plants in the area, which decreased the population sizes of migratory birds.[106] This provides evidence grizzly bears represent a keystone predator, having a major influence on the entire ecosystem they inhabit.[105]", "Grizzly bear. The grizzly bear (Ursus arctos ssp.) is a large population of the brown bear inhabiting North America. Scientists generally do not use the name grizzly bear but call it the North American brown bear.", "Ursid hybrid. The grizzly bear is now regarded by most taxonomists as a variety of brown bear, Ursus arctos horribilis.", "List of animals of Yellowstone. Over the next several decades, the bears learned to hunt and forage for themselves from non-human food sources, and their population slowly grew.[5] On March 22, 2007, grizzly bears were taken off of the endangered species list. In the 30 years since the grizzly was listed as a threatened species, the Yellowstone population increased from 126 to 500. \"The grizzly is a large predator that requires a great deal of space, and conserving such animals is a challenge in today's world,\" Deputy Interior Secretary Lynn Scarlett said in announcing the decision. \"I believe all Americans should be proud that, as a nation, we had the will and the ability to protect and restore this symbol of the wild.\" [6]", "Kodiak bear. Alaska achieved statehood in 1959 and assumed responsibility for managing the state’s wildlife. The Alaska Board of Game reduced bear-hunting seasons on Afognak and Raspberry Islands and on the Kodiak National Wildlife Refuge, but liberalized bear seasons on nonrefuge lands on Kodiak. During the 1960s, state biologists worked with ranchers along the Kodiak road system to examine and reduce the predation problem. Biologists reported that cattle and bears were not compatible on the same ranges and potential solutions included poisons, fences to isolate cattle ranges, and aerial shooting of bears. Again, sport hunters voiced their support for Kodiak bears. In spite of public pressure, the state continued actively pursuing and dispatching problem bears until 1970.[26]", "Great Seal of California. During the 1849 Constitutional Convention debate on the design of the seal, the bear was added to satisfy Major J.R. Snyder and the men of the Bear Flag Revolt, which freed California from Mexican rule in 1846. This addition was objected to by native Californio Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, former head of the Mexican military in California, but a friend of the United States. He introduced an amendment to remove the bear, or, if it were to remain, that it be held fast by a vaquero's lasso. The amendment failed.[43]", "Grizzly bear. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark first described it as grisley, which could be interpreted as either \"grizzly\" (i.e., \"grizzled\"—that is, with golden and grey tips of the hair) or \"grisly\" (\"fear-inspiring\", now usually \"gruesome\").[6] The modern spelling supposes the former meaning; even so, naturalist George Ord formally classified it in 1815 as U. horribilis, not for its hair, but for its character.[7]", "List of animals of Yellowstone. In 1970, the park took a gamble and initiated an intensive bear management program. The objectives of this change was restoring the grizzly bear and black bear populations to subsistence on natural forage and reducing bear-caused injuries to humans. As part of the bear management program implemented in 1970, regulations prohibiting the feeding of bears were strictly enforced. Some experts believed that the bears would not survive this change. As the bears became more desperate for food and more aggressive, more of them were encountered in camps and in the next several years, over 100 grizzly bears had to be euthanized, putting the park bear population on the brink of extinction. On July 28, 1975, under the authority of the Endangered Species Act, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service listed the grizzly bear in the lower 48 states as a threatened species.[5]", "Flag of California. The bear on one 1911 version of the flag is claimed to have been modeled on the last California grizzly bear in captivity.[7] The bear, named \"Monarch\", was captured in 1889 by newspaper reporter Allen Kelley, at the behest of William Randolph Hearst.[8] The bear was subsequently moved to Woodwards Gardens in San Francisco, and then to the zoo at Golden Gate Park. After the bear's death in 1911, it was mounted and preserved at the Academy of Sciences at Golden Gate Park.[9]", "California grizzly bear. California still has habitat for about 500 grizzlies.[13] In 2014, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service received and rejected a petition to reintroduce grizzly bears to California.[14][15] In 2015, the Center for Biological Diversity launched a petition aimed at the California state legislature to reintroduce the grizzly bear to the state.[16][17][18] The California grizzly bear has been considered as a possible candidate for attempts at de-extinction, through the proposed use of back-breeding, cloning and genetic engineering to recreate extinct species.[19]", "Grizzly bear. On 9 January 2006, the US Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to remove Yellowstone grizzlies from the list of threatened and protected species.[125] In March 2007, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service \"de-listed\" the population,[126] effectively removing Endangered Species Act protections for grizzlies in the Yellowstone National Park area. Several environmental organizations, including the NRDC, brought a lawsuit against the federal government to relist the grizzly bear. On 22 September 2009, U.S. District Judge Donald W. Molloy reinstated protection due to the decline of whitebark pine tree, whose nuts are an important source of food for the bears.[127] In 1996 the International Union for Conservation of Nature moved the grizzly bear to the lower risk \"Least Concern\" status on the IUCN Red List.[128][129]", "Great Seal of California. The Great Seal of the State of California was adopted at the California state Constitutional Convention of 1849 and has undergone minor design changes since then, the last being the standardization of the seal in 1937. The seal features the Roman goddess Minerva (Athena in Greek mythology), the goddess of wisdom and war, because she was born an adult, and California was never a territory; a California grizzly bear (the official state animal) feeding on grape vines, representing California's wine production; a sheaf of grain, representing agriculture; a miner, representing the California Gold Rush and the mining industry; and sailing ships, representing the state's economic power. The word Eureka (εύρηκα in Greek), meaning \"I have found it\", is the California state motto.", "Elk. The Rocky Mountain elk is the official state animal for Utah.[80] An image of an elk and a moose appear on the state seal and flag of Michigan.[81] The Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks (B.P.O.E.) chose the elk as its namesake because a number of its attributes seemed appropriate for cultivation by members of the fraternity. A representation of the majestic head of the male, with its spreading antlers, was adopted as the first badge of the Order; and is still the most conspicuous element of its copyrighted fraternal emblem.[82] A prized possession of many members of the B.P.O.E. are jewel encrusted, gold mounted elk teeth – which are actually ivory.[83]", "California grizzly bear. A 1953 researcher stated, \"The specific status of North American brown bears (or grizzly bears) is one of the most complex problems of mammalian taxonomy. The difficulty stems directly from the work of Merriam (1918), who concluded that there are 86 forms of grizzlies (and brown bears) in North America.\"[5]", "California grizzly bear. North American grizzlies were taxonomically grouped as a species apart from other bear species, until DNA testing revealed that they should properly be grouped in the same species as the other brown bears.[3] Grizzlies living in California had been classified by Merriam into many subspecies, but the only genetically anomalous grouping in North America is the ABC Islands bears.[6]", "California grizzly bear. Californian grizzly bears had been pitted against other animals, such as bulls.[12]", "American black bear. A black bear shot in autumn 1986 in Michigan was thought by some to be a black bear/grizzly bear hybrid, due to its unusually large size and its proportionately larger braincase and skull. DNA testing was unable to determine whether it was a large black bear or grizzly.[15]", "Grizzly bear. Other provinces and the United States may use a combination of methods for population estimates. Therefore, it is difficult to say precisely what methods were used to produce total population estimates for Canada and North America, as they were likely developed from a variety of studies. The grizzly bear currently has legal protection in Mexico, European countries, some areas of Canada and in the United States. However, it is expected that repopulating its former range will be a slow process, due to a variety of reasons including the bear's slow reproductive habits and the effects of reintroducing such a large animal to areas prized for agriculture and livestock. Competition with other predators and predation on cubs are other possible limiting factors for grizzly bear recovery, though grizzly bears also benefit from scavenged carcasses from predators as an easy food source when other food sources decline. There are currently about 55,000 wild grizzly bears total located throughout North America, most of which reside in Alaska.[9]", "Grizzly bear. The grizzly bear is listed as threatened in the contiguous United States and endangered in parts of Canada. In May 2002, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed the Prairie population (Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba range) of grizzly bears as extirpated in Canada.[120] As of 2002, grizzly bears were listed as special concern under the COSEWIC registry[121] and considered threatened under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.[122]", "Grizzly bear. In early March 2016, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service proposed to withdraw Endangered Species Act protections from grizzly bears in and around Yellowstone National Park. The population has risen from 136 bears in 1975 to an estimated 700 in 2017, and was \"delisted\" in June 2017.[145][147][146]", "Grizzly bear. In 1963 Rausch reduced the number of North American subspecies to one, Ursus arctos middendorffi[14]", "Grizzly bear. The removal of wolves and the grizzly bear in California may have greatly reduced the abundance of the endangered San Joaquin Kit Fox.[85] With the reintroduction of gray wolves to Yellowstone, many visitors have witnessed a once common struggle between a keystone species, the grizzly bear, and its historic rival, the gray wolf. The interactions of grizzly bears with the wolves of Yellowstone have been under considerable study. Typically, the conflict will be in the defense of young or over a carcass, which is commonly an elk killed by wolves.[86] The grizzly bear uses its keen sense of smell to locate the kill. As the wolves and grizzly compete for the kill, one wolf may try to distract the bear while the others feed. The bear then may retaliate by chasing the wolves. If the wolves become aggressive with the bear, it is normally in the form of quick nips at its hind legs. Thus, the bear will sit down and use its ability to protect itself in a full circle. Rarely do interactions such as these end in death or serious injury to either animal. One carcass simply is not usually worth the risk to the wolves (if the bear has the upper hand due to strength and size) or to the bear (if the wolves are too numerous or persistent).[87] While wolves usually dominate grizzly bears during interactions at wolf dens, both grizzly and black bears have been reported killing wolves and their cubs at wolf dens even when the latter was in defense mode.[88][89]", "The Life and Times of Judge Roy Bean. Maria Elena is given a place to live and fine clothes ordered from a Sears Roebuck catalog. A mountain man called Grizzly Adams gives her and Bean a bear, named \"Zachary Taylor\" after the 12th President of the United States, but later renamed the \"Watch Bear,\" as a pet. When a lawyer named Frank Gass shows up claiming the saloon is rightfully his, Bean puts him in a cage with the bear.", "Grizzly bear. Coastal grizzlies, often referred to by the popular but geographically redundant synonym of \"brown bear\" or \"Alaskan brown bear\" are larger and darker than inland grizzlies, which is why they, too, were considered a different species from grizzlies. Kodiak grizzly bears were also at one time considered distinct. Therefore, at one time there were five different \"species\" of brown bear, including three in North America.[15]", "Grizzly bear. Environment Canada consider the grizzly bear to a \"special concern\" species, as it is particularly sensitive to human activities and natural threats. In Alberta and British Columbia, the species is considered to be at risk.[133] In 2008, it was estimated there were 16,014 grizzly bears in the British Columbia population, which was lower than previously estimated due to refinements in the population model.[134]" ]

[ 3.30078125, 2.09375, 0.342529296875, -0.9052734375, 1.09765625, -1.611328125, -2.533203125, -2.162109375, -2.083984375, -3.484375, 0.27392578125, -3.732421875, -4.0390625, -2.7421875, -0.22705078125, -2.287109375, 0.353271484375, -1.31640625, 0.453369140625, -4.359375, -2.7109375, -1.58203125, -2.474609375, -3.216796875, -1.482421875, -2.08984375, -2.9296875, -3.78125, -2.255859375, -4.984375, -2.560546875, -2 ]

[ "Miracle in Motown. After the snap, all Packers receivers ran towards the end zone and Aaron Rodgers broke right, escaping the Detroit defenders before throwing a 61-yard (56 m) Hail Mary pass into the end zone.[6] TE Richard Rodgers leaped high in the end zone, in front of all defenders, caught the ball at full extension, and came down nearly unchallenged for the catch, resulting in the Packers winning 27–23. According to a number of estimations, Aaron Rodgers' pass traveled 66–68 yards (60–62 m) before reaching the hands of Richard Rodgers. The throw was also high enough to nearly hit the rafters at Ford Field.[7]", "Green Bay Packers. On the December 3rd game against the Detroit Lions, the Packers quickly fell to a 20-0 deficit going into halftime. Green Bay started to make a comeback in the 2nd half thanks to a touchdown by Davante Adams and a 27-yard touchdown run by Aaron Rodgers to bring the game within 2 points at 23-21. The Packers then got the ball back in their possession with 23 seconds left in the game. While attempting a \"lateral\" play, Rodgers was sacked with no time remaining but then a flag was thrown for a facemask penalty on Detroit. The Packers now had one more un-timed play, which Aaron Rodgers threw a 61-yard Hail Mary touchdown to tight end Richard Rodgers.[31] It was the longest completed Hail Mary pass thrown in NFL history.[citation needed] Green Bay then finished the season 10-6 and 2nd in the NFC North behind the Minnesota Vikings.", "Aaron Rodgers. On December 3, 2015, in a Week 13 match-up against the Detroit Lions, Rodgers threw a Hail Mary pass caught by Richard Rodgers for 61 yards with 0:00 left to beat the Lions 27–23, after the game was extended due to a facemask penalty called on Detroit.[150] The play was quickly dubbed as \"The Miracle in Motown.\"", "2012 NFL referee lockout. On the final play of the week 3 Monday Night Football game between the Green Bay Packers and the Seattle Seahawks, Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson threw a Hail Mary touchdown pass to wide receiver Golden Tate that officials ruled was simultaneously caught by Packers safety M. D. Jennings. Prior to the catch, Tate shoved a defender with both hands, which the NFL later acknowledged should have drawn an offensive pass interference penalty that would have negated the touchdown and resulted in a Packers victory.[45]", "Miracle in Motown. The play was Aaron Rodgers' first ever completed Hail Mary pass of his career, just one day after his 32nd birthday.[1][9]", "Hail Mary pass. During an NBC broadcast in 1963, Staubach, then a Navy quarterback, described a pass play during his team's victory over Michigan that year as a \"Hail Mary play\". He scrambled to escape a pass rush, nearly getting sacked 20 yards behind the line of scrimmage before completing a desperation pass for a one-yard gain.[2]", "Kordell Stewart. On September 24, 1994, Stewart threw the game-winning, 64-yard Hail Mary touchdown pass into the end zone to wide receiver Michael Westbrook in the closing seconds to beat the Michigan Wolverines.[5]", "Aaron Rodgers. The Packers made the playoffs as the fifth seed in the NFC with a 10-6 record.[151] They defeated the Washington Redskins 35-18 on the road in the Wild Card round of the playoffs. In the Divisional round against the Arizona Cardinals, Rodgers threw a 41-yard Hail Mary touchdown pass to Jeff Janis as time expired to send the game into overtime. However, the Packers lost 26-20 in overtime.[152] He was named to his sixth Pro Bowl and was ranked as the sixth best player on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.[153]", "Hail Mary pass. On November 2, 1935, with 32 seconds left in the so-called \"Game of the Century\" between Ohio State and Notre Dame, Irish halfback Bill Shakespeare found receiver Wayne Millner for a 19-yard, game-winning touchdown. Notre Dame head coach Elmer Layden (who had played in the 1922 Georgia Tech game) afterwards called it a \"Hail Mary\" play.[2]", "Miracle in Motown. The Miracle in Motown was the final play of an American football game between the NFC North divisional rivals Green Bay Packers and Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL) that was played on December 3, 2015 at Ford Field in Detroit.[1][2] On the final play of regulation, with no time remaining on the game clock, Packers quarterback (QB) Aaron Rodgers heaved a towering 61-yard (56 m) Hail Mary pass into the end-zone that was caught by tight end (TE) Richard Rodgers for the game-winning touchdown. The play resulted in a stunning 27–23 come-from-behind victory for the Packers, who had trailed 20–0 in the second half, marking the fourth-largest comeback in franchise history.[3] The game was broadcast on television nationally on Thursday Night Football, a joint production aired simultaneously by CBS and NFL Network.", "Conversion (gridiron football). Finally, the NFL adopted the CFL rule allowing teams to waive \"unnecessary\" extra point attempts at the end of the game.[citation needed]Among the first prominent uses of this rule was following the Miracle in Motown Hail Mary pass by Green Bay Packers quarterback Aaron Rodgers; the Packers elected not to attempt the extra point, settling instead for a 27-23 win over the Detroit Lions.", "List of Monday Night Football results (2010–present). The NFL locked out its officials in June. As a result, the first three weeks of the season were played with replacement officials. The lack of regular officials came to a head in the Week 3 Monday night game between Green Bay and Seattle. The game was a defensive affair as Packers led 12-7 in the closing moments of the game. On the final play Seattle quarterback Russell Wilson threw a Hail Mary pass toward the end zone. Seattle receiver Golden Tate and Packers defender M. D. Jennings each grabbed hold of the ball. In the process, one official signaled touchdown while another signaled touchback. Simultaneous possession was the final ruling which gave Seattle the touchdown and the win. However, the nearby officials missed Tate pushing Cornerback Sam Shields with both hands and causing a pass interference penalty in the process. The game's aftermath included major discussion and focus on the play forcing the NFL to reach a settlement with the regular officials. The loss also hurt the Packers in the playoff race as the team finished 11-5 behind the 11-4-1 San Francisco 49ers The loss mattered as Green Bay had to travel to San Francisco in the Divisional Round of the playoffs. A win would have assured a 1st round bye for Green Bay.", "Hail Mary pass. A Hail Mary pass, also known as a shot play, is a very long forward pass in American football, made in desperation, with only a small chance of success and time running out on the clock. The term became widespread after a December 28, 1975 NFL playoff game between the Dallas Cowboys and the Minnesota Vikings, when Cowboys quarterback Roger Staubach (a Roman Catholic and fan of The Godfather Part II (1974), whose character Fredo had popularized the phrase) said about his game-winning touchdown pass to wide receiver Drew Pearson, \"I closed my eyes and said a Hail Mary.\"[1]", "2016 Green Bay Packers season. Despite Aaron Rodgers throwing for 4 touchdowns and the team holding a 32-26 lead with less than a minute left in the game, Matt Ryan threw a game-sealing touchdown pass to wide receiver Mohamed Sanu to stun Green Bay. The Packers drop to 4-3 after the last-second loss.", "Hail Mary pass. Arguably the most memorable and replayed Hail Mary pass came on November 23, 1984 in a game now known as \"Hail Flutie\".[3] Boston College was losing to Miami (FL) with six seconds left on the clock when their quarterback Doug Flutie threw a 52-yard touchdown pass to Gerard Phelan, succeeding primarily because Miami's secondary stood on the goal line to keep the receivers in front of them without covering a post route behind them. Miami's defense was based on the assumption that Flutie couldn't throw the ball as far as the end zone, but Flutie hit Phelan in stride against a flatfooted defense a yard deep in the end zone.[4] To commemorate the play, a statue of Flutie in his Hail Mary passing pose was unveiled outside Alumni Stadium at Boston College on November 7, 2008.[5]", "2016 Green Bay Packers season. The Packers hosted the fifth seeded New York Giants, who defeated the Packers at Lambeau in the 2007 and 2011 playoffs. It was also a rematch of week five, which was won by the Packers 23–16. The Giants had one of the best defenses in the NFL going into the game, but Rodgers threw for 4 touchdowns, including a 42-yard Hail Mary pass to Cobb at the end of the first half as the Packers would lead 14–6. The Packers went on to rout the Giants 38–13 and would travel to face the top-seeded Cowboys.", "2011 Green Bay Packers season. The Saints led off the third quarter with Kasay making a 38-yard field goal, yet the Packers' dominating night continued with Cobb returning a kickoff 108 yards for a touchdown. It set a then NFL record for the longest touchdown in NFL history. However, New Orleans continued to hang around with Brees completing a 29-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Devery Henderson. In the fourth quarter, Green Bay kept imposing their will with a 1-yard touchdown run from fullback John Kuhn. The Saints tried to rally as Brees completed a 5-yard touchdown pass to tight end Jimmy Graham, yet the Packers' defense held on with a goal line stand as time expired to preserve the victory. Aaron Rodgers finished the game completing 27 of 35 pass attempts for 312 yards, 3 touchdown passes, no interceptions, and a passer rating of 132.1.", "Green Bay Packers. In 1998, the Packers went 11–5 and met the San Francisco 49ers in the first-round of the NFC playoffs. It was the fourth consecutive year these teams had met in the playoffs, and the sixth overall contest since the 1995 season. The Packers had won all previous games, and the media speculated that another 49ers loss would result in the dismissal of San Francisco head coach Steve Mariucci. Unlike the previous playoff matches, this game was hotly contested, with the teams frequently exchanging leads. With 4:19 left in the 4th quarter, Brett Favre and the Packers embarked on an 89-yard drive, which concluded with a Favre touchdown pass to receiver Antonio Freeman. This play appeared to give Green Bay the victory. But San Francisco quarterback Steve Young led the 49ers on an improbable touchdown drive, which culminated when Terrell Owens caught Young's pass between several defenders to give the 49ers a lead with three seconds remaining. Afterwards, the game was mired in controversy. Many argued that during the 49ers game-winning drive, Niners receiver Jerry Rice fumbled the ball but officials stated he was down by contact. Television replays appeared to confirm these sentiments, and the next season the NFL re instituted an instant replay system. In the end, this game turned out to be the end of an era in Green Bay. Days later Mike Holmgren left the Packers to become Vice President, General Manager and Head Coach of the Seattle Seahawks. Much of Holmgren's coaching staff went with him, and Reggie White also retired after the season (but later played one season for the Carolina Panthers in 2000).", "Russell Wilson. On September 9, 2012, Wilson made his regular season debut in a 20–16 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. Wilson threw 18 completions on 34 attempts for 153 yards, 1 touchdown, and 1 interception.[72] In the third regular season game against the Green Bay Packers, the Seahawks won 14–12 on a controversial hail mary touchdown pass to Golden Tate.[73] The contentious nature of the replacement officials' decision on the play was widely considered to have been the tipping point that led to an agreement being reached to end the 2012 NFL referee lockout.[74][75]", "Brett Favre. Favre began the 2007 season trailing in a number of career NFL passing records. On September 16, 2007, Favre and the Packers defeated the New York Giants to give Favre his record setting 149th win, passing John Elway. On September 30, Favre threw a 16-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Greg Jennings in a game against the Vikings. This was his 421st NFL touchdown pass, and set a new all-time record, surpassing Dan Marino's 420.[citation needed]", "List of Hail Mary passes in American football. The sheer improbability of completing such a long pass with so many defenders in position to stop it makes even some unsuccessful Hail Mary attempts worth mentioning. Below is a list of such attempts and explanations as to why the plays were noteworthy.", "Curly Lambeau. Lambeau died on June 1, 1965, at age 67, in Sturgeon Bay from a sudden heart attack. While waiting for his girlfriend, Mary Jane Van Duyse to get ready for a date, he had stepped out of his new red Cadillac convertible and helped her father cut the grass and collapsed. Mary Jane was the Green Bay Packers Champion Majorette, and was a Packer Golden Girl.[12][13]", "Brett Favre. In the second game of the 1992 season, the Packers played the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Buccaneers were leading 17–0 at halftime when head coach Mike Holmgren benched starting quarterback Don Majkowski and Favre played the second half. On his first regular season play as a Packer, Favre threw a pass that was deflected by Buccaneers player Ray Seals and caught by Favre.[19][25] Favre was tackled and the completion went for −7 yards. The Packers lost the game 31–3, chalking up only 106 yards passing.[26][27]", "Aaron Rodgers. After their loss to the Lions, the Packers went on a four-game win streak, during which, Rodgers threw 13 touchdowns with no interceptions. In Week 6 against Miami, Rodgers led the Packers to a game-winning drive with less than two minutes remaining. He completed a 4th & 10 pass to wide receiver Jordy Nelson and mimicked Dan Marino's famous \"fake spike\" play by completing a pass to wide receiver Davante Adams to get to within four yards of the endzone later in the drive.[129] Rodgers then completed a touchdown pass to tight end Andrew Quarless to win the game 27-24.[130] This play would later win Rodgers the GMC Never Say Never Moment of the Year Award.[130]", "List of Hail Mary passes in American football. Early use of the term \"Hail Mary Pass\"", "2011 Green Bay Packers season. The Packers took on the Buccaneers and managed to get the 10th victory of the season. B. J. Raji opened the scoring three minutes before the end of the first quarter, Mason Crosby completed the XP to give the Packers the 7–0 lead after one. Tom Crabtree received a 5-yd TD pass from Aaron Rodgers that blew the lead to 14, before LeGarrette Blount ran 54 yards to slice the lead to seven. Later on Connor Barth successfully connected on a 23-yd FG and the lead was just four, but two minutes before the end of the half Jordy Nelson got a 5-yd pass for a TD and the lead at the half was 21–10. The third quarter was less action and scoring, only Barth hit a 32-yd FG to make it an eight-point game. Mike Williams made it even a two-point game with an early TD in the fourth, but Tampa tried a two-point conversion to tie the game, but Kellen Winslow II dropped the ball after he originally caught it. Tampa had three penalties of Pass interferences in a short time of period and the whole momentum went back to the Packers and John Kuhn made a 2-yd run for a TD. Tampa were not done yet, 4:31 before the end, Dezmon Briscoe closed the lead once again to two. But Nelson decided the game with his second touchdown of the evening.", "Nick Marshall. On November 16, 2013, Marshall was the quarterback behind a play known as \"The Prayer at Jordan-Hare\" when he threw a 73-yard Hail Mary touchdown pass to Ricardo Louis on a 4th-and-18 with 36 seconds left[9] to defeat the Georgia Bulldogs.[10]", "Curly Lambeau. Lambeau was a standout multi-sport athlete at Green Bay East High School, and captain of its football team as a senior, graduating in 1917. He attended University of Notre Dame in 1918 and played for legendary coach Knute Rockne, making the Irish's varsity squad, but a severe case of tonsillitis forced him to miss the Spring semester.[1][2]", "Hail Mary pass. Crowley often told the story of an October 28, 1922, game between Notre Dame and Georgia Tech in which the Fighting Irish players said Hail Mary prayers together before scoring each of the touchdowns, before winning the game 13-3. According to Crowley, it was one of the team’s linemen, Noble Kizer (a Presbyterian), who suggested praying before the first touchdown, which occurred on a fourth and goal play at the Tech 6-yard line during the second quarter. Quarterback Harry Stuhldreher, another of the Horsemen, threw a quick pass over the middle to Paul Castner for the score. The ritual was repeated before a third and goal play, again at Tech’s six, in the fourth quarter. This time Stuhldreher ran for a touchdown, which sealed the win for Notre Dame. After the game, Kizer exclaimed to Crowley, \"Say, that Hail Mary is the best play we've got.\" Crowley related this story many times in public speeches beginning in the 1930s.[2]", "Hail Mary pass. The expression goes back at least to the 1930s, in which decade it was widely used publicly by two former members of Notre Dame's Four Horsemen, Elmer Layden and Jim Crowley. Originally meaning any sort of desperation play, a \"Hail Mary\" gradually came to denote a long, low-probability pass, typically of the \"alley-oop\" variety, attempted at the end of a half when a team is too far from the end zone to execute a more conventional play, implying that it would take divine intervention for the play to succeed. For more than 40 years, use of the term was largely confined to Notre Dame and other Catholic universities.[2]", "2011 Green Bay Packers season. The Green Bay Packers remained undefeated as they beat the St. Louis Rams, 24–3, in front of 70,604 at Lambeau Field in Green Bay, Wisconsin. All of the scoring took place in the first half. Packers K Mason Crosby kicked off the scoring in the first quarter with 32-yard FG. Then the second quarter was all Green Bay on the right arm of QB Aaron Rodgers. Rodgers connected on TD passes to James Jones (35 yards), Jordy Nelson (93 yards), and Donald Driver (7 yards) to lead Green Bay to a 24–0 lead that they never relinquished. Rams K Josh Brown made a 36-yard FG just seconds before halftime but St. Louis couldn't inch any closer as the second half was highlighted by a defensive struggle on both sides.", "List of Hail Mary passes in American football. Contemporary use of the term \"Hail Mary Pass\"" ]

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[ "Article Two of the United States Constitution. To allow the government to act quickly in case of a major domestic or international crisis arising when Congress is not in session, the President is permitted to call extraordinary sessions of one or both Houses of Congress. If the two Houses cannot agree on a date for adjournment, the President may adjourn both Houses to such a time as befits the circumstances. The last time this power was exercised was in 1948, when President Harry S Truman called a special session of Congress. That was the twenty-seventh time in American history that a president convened such a session.[23]", "Special session. In the United States of America, Article II, Section 3 of the United States Constitution gives the President of the United States the power to \"on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them.\" [1]", "President of the United States. According to Article II, Section 3 of the Constitution, the president may convene either or both houses of Congress. If both houses cannot agree on a date of adjournment, the president may appoint a date for Congress to adjourn. For example, Franklin Delano Roosevelt convened a special session of Congress immediately after the December 7, 1941, Japanese sneak attack on Pearl Harbor and asked for a declaration of war.", "Special session. This power exists for urgent or extraordinary situations that require congressional action when Congress is adjourned. Presidents have exercised this power 46 times to recall only the Senate and 28 times to recall both Chambers of Congress, most recently by Harry Truman in 1948.[2]", "Lame-duck session. A final means by which a lame-duck session could occur arises from the constitutional authorization for the President to convene Congress, \"on extraordinary occasions,\" by calling a special session. If Congress convenes, pursuant to this call, after a sine die adjournment and before the next session is scheduled to begin, a new session of the existing Congress begins. This course of events has not occurred since 1935. On the other hand, if the President calls Congress back during a recess of an existing session, the existing session resumes. This course of events occurred in 1948, when President Harry Truman called Congress back for an extraordinary session in the middle of a recess for the national political conventions.", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Clause 2 fixes an annual date upon which Congress must meet. By doing so, the Constitution empowers Congress to meet, whether or not the President called it into session. Article II, Section 3 does grant the president limited authority to convene and adjourn both Houses (or either of them) and mandates that it will meet at least once in a year to enact legislation on behalf of the people. Some delegates to the 1787 constitutional convention believed yearly meetings were not necessary, for there would not be enough legislative business for Congress to deal with annually. Nathaniel Gorham of Massachusetts argued that the time should be fixed to prevent disputes from arising within the legislature, and to allow the states to adjust their elections to correspond with the fixed date. A fixed date also corresponded to the tradition in the states of having annual meetings. Finally, Gorham concluded that the legislative branch should be required to meet at least once a year to act as a check upon the executive department.[56]", "Special session. The Senate itself differentiates between \"extraordinary sessions\" called by the Presidential proclamation and \"special sessions\" that merely indicate a session not normally scheduled.[3] The term \"session\" can refer to either the formal start and end of a Congressional session or the daily sessions of the chambers of Congress.[4] Thus a formal \"special session\" will only happen when Congress has adjourned sine die and is not simply in recess (in other words Congress may or may not already be in an official session, but in recess, when convened).[4]", "Article Two of the United States Constitution. Following the widespread adoption of transcontinental air travel in the second half of the twentieth century, Congress began meeting year-round. Since that time, it has always been in session on every occasion when the President might otherwise have perceived the need to call Congress into extraordinary session.", "United States Senate. The Constitution set the date for Congress to convene—Article 1, Section 4, Clause 2 originally set that date for the third day of December. The Twentieth Amendment, however, changed the opening date for sessions to noon on the third day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day. The Twentieth Amendment also states that Congress shall assemble at least once in every year and allows Congress to determine its convening and adjournment dates and other dates and schedules as it desires. Article 1, Section 3 provides that the President has the power to convene Congress on extraordinary occasions at his discretion.", "Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. If not already in session, the Congress must then assemble within 48 hours. The Congress has 21 days to decide the issue. If within the 21 days two-thirds of each house of Congress vote that the President is incapacitated, the Vice President would \"continue\" to be Acting President. Should the Congress resolve the issue in favor of the President, or make no decision within the 21 days allotted, then the President would \"resume\" discharging the powers and duties of his office. The use of the words \"continue\" and \"resume\" imply that the Vice President remains Acting President during the four day waiting period and while Congress deliberates, and the legislative history of Section 4 makes it clear that its drafters meant for the Vice President to do so.[27] As pointed out by Brian C. Kalt and other academics, the obvious flaw in having the President regain power during the waiting period is that the President could simply fire everyone who voted against him once he regained power.", "Special session. In a legislature, a special session (also extraordinary session) is a period when the body convenes outside of the normal legislative session. This most frequently occurs in order to complete unfinished tasks for the year (often delayed by conflict between political parties), such as outlining the government's budget for the next fiscal year, biennium, or other period. Special sessions may also be called during an economic downturn in order to cut the budget. In other cases, a special session may be convened to address special topics, or emergencies such as war or natural disaster.", "Lame-duck session. Congress recessed in August 1948, before the national party conventions, with the intention of returning only on December 31 to bring the 80th Congress to a formal conclusion, unless earlier called back by congressional leaders. During the convention recess, however, President Harry S Truman called Congress back in extraordinary session to deal with a series of legislative priorities he considered urgent. This occurrence represents the only time since the adoption of the 20th Amendment that the President has convened Congress in an extraordinary session.", "William Henry Harrison. Harrison's only official act of consequence was to call Congress into a special session. Henry Clay and he had disagreed over the necessity of such a session, and when on March 11 Harrison's cabinet proved evenly divided, the president vetoed the idea. When Clay pressed Harrison on the special session on March 13, the president rebuffed his counsel and told him not to visit the White House again, but to address him only in writing.[105] A few days later, however, Treasury Secretary Thomas Ewing reported to Harrison that federal funds were in such trouble that the government could not continue to operate until Congress' regularly scheduled session in December; Harrison thus relented, and on March 17 proclaimed the special session in the interests of \"the condition of the revenue and finance of the country\". The session was scheduled to begin on May 31.[106][107]", "Powers of the President of the United States. Much of the legislation dealt with by Congress is drafted at the initiative of the executive branch.[30] The president may personally propose legislation in annual and special messages to Congress including the annual State of the Union address and joint sessions of Congress. If Congress has adjourned without acting on proposals, the president may call a special session of the Congress.", "Supermajority. Section 4 of the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution gives Congress a role to play in the event of a presidential disability. If the vice president and a majority of the president's cabinet declares that the president is unable to serve in that role, the vice president becomes acting president. Within 21 days of such a declaration (or, if Congress is in recess when a president is disabled, 21 days after Congress reconvenes), Congress must vote by two-thirds supermajorities to continue the disability declaration; otherwise, such declaration expires after the 21 days and the president would at that time \"resume\" discharging all of the powers and duties of the office. While Section 3 of this amendment (in which the president declares that they are unable to discharge the powers and duties of the Presidency) has been invoked three times, Section 4 has yet to be invoked.", "Lame-duck session. The extraordinary session called by President Truman did not constitute a lame duck session, because it both convened and recessed before the election. By the same means, however, a President might call an extraordinary session to convene at a date after the election and before the term of the sitting Congress ends. He or she could do so whether Congress had only recessed its previous session or had adjourned it sine die. In either case, the post-election meeting of Congress would be considered a lame duck session. No lame duck session since 1935 has occurred through this means.", "Recess appointment. \"The Constitution also gives the President (if he has enough allies in Congress) a way to force a recess. Art. II, ยง3 ('[I]n Case of Disagreement between [the Houses], with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, [the President] may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper'). Moreover, the President and Senators engage with each other in many different ways [*28] and have a variety of methods of encouraging each other to accept their points of view. Regardless, the Recess Appointments Clause is not designed to overcome serious institutional friction. It simply provides a subsidiary method for appointing officials when the Senate is away during a recess.\"[20]", "Congress of the Philippines. The Constitution provides that the Congress shall convene for its regular session every year beginning on the 4th Monday of July. A regular session can last until thirty days before the opening of its next regular session in the succeeding year. The President may, however, call special sessions which are usually held between regular legislative sessions to handle emergencies or urgent matters.[5]", "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The result of these scheduling decisions was that there was a long, four-month lame duck period between the election and inauguration of the president. For Congress, the situation was perhaps even more awkward. Because Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 mandated a Congressional meeting every December, after the election but before Congressional terms of office had expired, a lame duck session was required by the Constitution in even-numbered years; the next session wasn't required until the next December, meaning that new members of Congress might not begin their work until more than a year after they had been elected. Special sessions sometimes met earlier in the year, but this never became a regular practice, despite the Constitution allowing for it. In practice, Congress usually met in a long session beginning in Decembers of odd-numbered years, and in a short lame duck session in December of even-numbered years.[5] The long lame duck period might have been a practical necessity at the end of the 18th century, when any newly elected official might require several months to put his affairs in order and then undertake an arduous journey from his home to the national capital, but it eventually had the effect of impeding the functioning of government in the modern age. From the early 19th century onward, it also meant that a lame duck Congress and presidential administration would fail to adequately respond to a significant national crisis in a timely manner. Each institution could do this on the theory that at best, a lame duck Congress or administration had neither the time nor the mandate to tackle problems, whereas the incoming administration or Congress would have both the time, and a fresh electoral mandate, to examine and address the problems that the nation faced. These problems very likely would have been at the center of the debate of the just completed election cycle.", "Procedures of the United States Congress. A term of Congress is divided into two \"sessions\", one for each year; Congress has occasionally also been called into an extra, (or special) session (the Constitution requires Congress to meet at least once each year). A new session commences on January 3 (or another date, if Congress so chooses) each year. Before the Twentieth Amendment, Congress met from the first Monday in December to April or May in the first session of their term (the \"long session\"); and from December to March 4 in the second \"short session\". (The new Congress would then meet for some days, for the inauguration, swearing in new members, and organization.)", "Presidency. The president also have significant lawmaking powers, exercised either by proposing laws to the National Congress, or else by using Medidas Provisórias (provisional measures), an instrument with the force of law that the president can enact in cases of urgency and necessity, except to make changes to some areas of law (provisional measures cannot be used to change criminal law, electoral law, to abolish individual rights or to alter the fundamental framework of the State — the Separation of Powers and the Federal Republic). A provisional measure comes into effect immediately, before Congress votes on it, and remains in force for up to 60 days unless Congress votes to rescind it. This 60-day period can be extended once, up to a maximum of 120 days. If Congress, on the other hand, votes to approve the provisional measure, it becomes an actual law, with changes decided by the legislative branch. The provisional measure expires at the end of the 60-day period (or 120-day, in case of extension), or sooner, if rejected by one of the Houses of Congress.[2]", "United States Congress. A term of Congress is divided into two \"sessions\", one for each year; Congress has occasionally been called into an extra or special session. A new session commences on January 3 each year unless Congress decides differently. The Constitution requires Congress meet at least once each year and forbids either house from meeting outside the Capitol without the consent of the other house.", "Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Article I, Section 4, Clause 2 of the Constitution states that Congress must meet at least once per year, on the first Monday in December, though Congress could by law set another date and the president could summon special sessions. The original text of the Constitution set a duration for the terms of federal elected officials, but not the specific dates on which those terms would begin or end.", "Logan Act. \"[T]he President alone has the power to speak or listen as a representative of the nation. He makes treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate; but he alone negotiates. Into the field of negotiation the Senate cannot intrude; and Congress itself is powerless to invade it. As Marshall said in his great argument of March 7, 1800, in the House of Representatives, 'The President is the sole organ of the nation in its external relations, and its sole representative with foreign nations.'", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.", "Recess appointment. The ordinary power of appointment is confined to the President and Senate jointly, and can therefore only be exercised during the session of the Senate; but as it would have been improper to oblige this body to be continually in session for the appointment of officers and as vacancies might happen in their recess, which it might be necessary for the public service to fill without delay....", "President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur. The President shall not be deemed to require the authorization of the Congress to make available to the Security Council on its call in order to take action under article 42 of said Charter and pursuant to such special agreement or agreements the armed forces, facilities, or assistance provided for therein: Provided, That ... nothing herein contained shall be construed as an authorization to the President by the Congress to make available to the Security Council for such purpose armed forces, facilities, or assistance in addition to the forces, facilities, and assistance provided for in such special agreement or agreements.[170]", "Lame-duck session. Under the 20th Amendment, lame duck sessions can still occur, but only as a result of specific actions undertaken either by the Congress already sitting or by the President. The specific actions through which a sitting Congress might reconvene after an election, but during the last portion of its own term of office, are of several kinds. The following sections describe these possible means of reconvening. Although some have been used rarely and others not at all, each method helps to illuminate the constitutional arrangements that make lame duck sessions possible and the conditions in which they may operate.", "Procedures of the United States Congress. The Constitution forbids either house from meeting any place outside the Capital, or from adjourning for more than three days, without the consent of the other house. The provision was intended to prevent one house from thwarting legislative business simply by refusing to meet. To avoid obtaining consent during long recesses, the House or Senate may sometimes hold pro forma meetings, sometimes only minutes long, every three days. The consent of both bodies is required for Congress's final adjournment, or adjournment sine die, at the end of each congressional session. If the two houses cannot agree on a date, the Constitution permits the President to settle the dispute.", "War Powers Clause. Thus in light of the speculation concerning the Gulf of Tonkin Incident and the possible abuse of the authorization that followed, in 1973 Congress passed the War Powers Resolution, which requires the President to obtain either a declaration of war or a resolution authorizing the use of force from Congress within 60 days of initiating hostilities with a full disclosure of facts in the process. Its constitutionality has never been settled, and some Presidents have criticized it as an unconstitutional encroachment upon the President. In 2007, University of Virginia professor Larry J. Sabato proposed a Constitutional amendment in his book A More Perfect Constitution that would settle the issue by spelling out the exact powers of each branch in the Constitution itself. One counter-argument is that the Constitution is a \"living document\" which has survived for over 200 years because not everything is \"spelled out.\" In the area of the War Powers Clause, the flexibility provided by the requirement for a Congressional statute permitting war (a declaration of war) and Constitutional interpretation could be sufficient. The President could defend the country, but not—by himself—use the military offensively. This would not require a Constitutional amendment or a statute like the War Powers Resolution; it has been with us since 1787.", "United States Senate. The powers of the Senate concerning nominations are, however, subject to some constraints. For instance, the Constitution provides that the president may make an appointment during a congressional recess without the Senate's advice and consent. The recess appointment remains valid only temporarily; the office becomes vacant again at the end of the next congressional session. Nevertheless, presidents have frequently used recess appointments to circumvent the possibility that the Senate may reject the nominee. Furthermore, as the Supreme Court held in Myers v. United States, although the Senate's advice and consent is required for the appointment of certain executive branch officials, it is not necessary for their removal.[59] Recess appointments have faced a significant amount of resistance and in 1960, the U.S. Senate passed a legally non-binding resolution against recess appointments.", "Lame-duck session. The two sequences of events just discussed (a recess of an existing session and adjourning sine die after providing for a new session) are not the only ones that can lead to a lame-duck session. A third such course of events becomes possible if, when Congress recesses before an election, it grants contingent authority to its leadership to reconvene it, or either house, \"if the public interest shall require.\" In the period since ratification of the 20th Amendment, the practice has grown up that Congress often includes this contingent authority, in some form, in concurrent resolutions providing for a session recess or a sine die adjournment." ]

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[ "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. Brisbane's surprise 40-point win against Greater Western Sydney saw them leapfrog Adelaide, Greater Western Sydney and Melbourne into second place.[3] The Bulldogs narrowly defeated Melbourne the following night, thereby clinching qualification and keeping Brisbane's season alive.[4] Adelaide were considered strong favourites in the final match of the regular season against Collingwood, but Collingwood ran away with a surprise victory to ensure that Brisbane retained second position and qualified for their second consecutive grand final.[5] Adelaide's match was watched on television by the Brisbane players, who celebrated wildly after it concluded.[5] Despite the loss, Adelaide coach Bec Goddard congratulated the Western Bulldogs and Brisbane Lions for clinching the two spots in the grand final, saying \"the two sides...are in there and I'm sure they will have a cracking contest next week.\"[6]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The 2018 AFL Women's Grand Final was an Australian rules football match held on 24 March 2018 to determine the premiers of the 2018 AFL Women's season, the league's second season. It was contested by the Western Bulldogs and Brisbane and was won by the Western Bulldogs. The Bulldogs claimed their first AFL Women's premiership, whilst Brisbane suffered their second consecutive loss in a Grand Final.", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The Brisbane Lions fought back in the final quarter. Wuetschner dribbled in a goal to peg the Bulldogs' lead back to eight points. Kearney responded with a fourth Bulldogs goal, but Wuetschner kicked her second in reply. In the dying minutes of the game, the Brisbane Lions surged forward, seeking a fourth major that would tie the game and send it into extra time. The ball was marked in the dying seconds of the game by Bulldogs' defender Libby Birch, who grasped it as the final siren sounded.[9][10]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. This was followed in quick succession by another, dribbled in by Kirsten McLeod, who had been brought in to replace the suspended Katie Brennan, but had not touched the ball in the first half. Monique Conti, an 18-year old who also played in the basketball grand final with the Melbourne Boomers, and wound up being voted best on ground, concluded the third term with a goal from a ball delivered to her by McLeod, giving the Bulldogs a 14 point lead.[9][10]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The 2018 AFL Women's Grand Final was broadcast on the Seven Network, as part of a broadcasting rights deal that saw Seven West Media gain broadcasting rights to all matches of the 2018 AFL Women's season, airing on the Seven Network, 7mate, or the video on demand service, PLUS7.[16][17] Outside of Australia, it was made available live and for replay on the Watch AFL subscription web site and app.[18][19]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The game was played in wet and blustery conditions, with heavy rain falling in the hours leading up to the game. This kept the crowd numbers down, with most huddled under the sheltered areas, and caused the scheduled pre-match entertainment by Missy Higgins to be cancelled.[9] The first quarter opened with a Brisbane goal. Speedster Kate McCarthy brought the ball out of the centre and delivered it to forward Jess Wuetschner, who found Sophie Conway unmarked 20 metres out from goal with a precision pass. Conway then converted.[9][10]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. After the half time break, the rain abated, and Bulldogs midfielders Ellie Blackburn and Emma Kearney began to wrest control of the centre of the oval. The game remained tough and physical, with Kearney, who was well-contained by Brisbane tagger Nat Exon for most of the day, turning aside assistance offered by one of the trainers, and there were injury concerns for Kirsty Lamb. Deanna Berry somehow evaded two defenders and managed to kick the Bulldogs' first goal with a long shot from outside the 50 metre arc.[9][10]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. Conway had another opportunity a few minutes later, but chose to attempt a snap shot herself rather than send the ball to Wuetschner, who was alone in the goal square, and missed everything. Conway's goal was the only one kicked by either side in the first half. The Western Bulldogs seemed unable to get past key Brisbane defender Kate Lutkins. Kaitlyn Ashmore also had an opportunity from 15 metres out just before the half time siren, but also missed everything.[9][10]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. It was announced by the AFL that the 2018 AFL Women's Grand Final would be played at Ikon Park.[7] The decision was made on the basis that Ikon Park could manage a greater capacity than the Western Bulldogs' home ground the Whitten Oval.[8] It was the first time an AFL Women's Grand Final was played in Melbourne.[7]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. Entering the final round of the regular season, five clubs were a mathematical chance of qualifying for the grand final, with the Bulldogs tied with Melbourne on points but ahead on percentage in the top two positions. The Brisbane Lions were considered the least likely to qualify, as they were in fifth place and needed to defeat Greater Western Sydney away from home and then rely on results in other matches.[2]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. When it came time to raise the winner's cup at the end of medal presentations, acting captain Ellie Blackburn declared: \"I can't hold that cup up alone – KB, get up here!\"[11] The two raised the cup together, Brennan lifting her shirt to reveal the Bulldogs' guernsey beneath.[11] The gesture invoked memories of the 2016 AFL Grand Final, when injured Bulldogs skipper Robert Murphy was similarly called up on stage to raise the cup.[12]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The Australian Football League (AFL) continued with the top-two qualification system, whereby the two highest ranked clubs would qualify for the grand final, rather than having a finals series. The date of the match clashed with the opening round of the 2018 AFL season, however the start time of 12:35 pm Australian Eastern Daylight Saving Time allowed the match to conclude before the first AFL premiership match to be held later that day, which featured the Brisbane men's team.[1]", "2018 AFL Women's Grand Final. The teams were announced on 22 March.[13] Western Bulldogs captain Katie Brennan was a prominent exclusion from the team, after she was suspended by the Tribunal for a sling tackle executed in the final match of the home-and-away season against Melbourne.[14] The tribunal's decision to reject Brennan's appeal was met with surprise by some, who thought the punishment was not in line with expectations in the men's game.[15] Brennan subsequently lodged a proceeding with the Australian Human Rights Commission in an attempt to have the AFL amend the differences between the AFLW regulations and the AFL regulations.[15] Brisbane named an unchanged line-up.[13]", "2000 AFL Grand Final. On this day the National Anthem was sung by Tania Doko of Bachelor Girl.", "Melbourne Football Club. 2017 saw the addition of a Melbourne AFL Women's team captained by Daisy Pearce, the team narrowly missed out on making the grand final by percentage finishing 5-2. The club would surpass 40,000 members for the first time in their history in May.", "Adelaide Football Club. St Kilda, chasing their second Premiership in VFL/AFL history, were warm favourites to win the Grand Final, having come first in the minor round and won both of their finals by margins of 46 and 31 points, against an Adelaide side without Tony Modra, Mark Ricciuto and goalsneak Peter Vardy due to injury.[1] However, the Crows again overcame a half-time deficit, kicking 14 second-half goals to win by 31 points, 19.11 (125) to 13.16 (94). Darren Jarman kicked six goals, five of which came in the last quarter, whilst utility Shane Ellen kicked a career-best five and Troy Bond kicked four. Andrew McLeod, who gathered 31 possessions across half-back and in the midfield, won the Norm Smith Medal for the best player on-field in the Grand Final. The win is arguably one of the finest moments in South Australian sporting history.", "AFL Grand Final. Beginning in 2001, the Brisbane Lions won three consecutive grand finals, with its nine-point win against Collingwood in 2002 the closest of the three matches. In 2004, Port Adelaide defeated Brisbane Lions in the first grand final ever played between two non-Victorian teams. The 2005 and 2006 grand finals were played between Sydney and West Coast, with each winning one premiership by less than a goal; the 2005 match is remembered for the strong defensive mark taken by Sydney's Leo Barry in the dying seconds.", "Adelaide Football Club. Effectively the visiting team at Metricon Stadium, Adelaide took an early lead which they never relinquished. They withstood a fourth quarter burst by Brisbane to win by six points, 4.11 (35) to 4.5 (29), and took the trophy as 2017 AFL Women's Premiers. Co-captain Erin Phillips stood out, kicking two goals alongside 26 touches in a best-on-ground performance.[51]", "AFL Grand Final. After 2011, Hawthorn established itself as a dominant force, finishing runners up to Sydney in 2012 then winning the 2013, 2014 and 2015 premierships against Fremantle, Sydney and West Coast.", "1997 AFL Grand Final. It was an exciting Grand Final, and despite St Kilda leading by 13 points at half time, Adelaide won by 5 goals, kicking 8 goals in the final quarter. Adelaide became the first team to win four consecutive finals to claim a premiership.", "2017 AFL Grand Final. This was the first grand final commentated by Brian Taylor on television, replacing veteran broadcaster Dennis Cometti who retired from television duties at the end of the 2016 season. McAvaney called his seventeenth grand final. It was also the first grand final in which Daisy Pearce was a member of the broadcast team.", "2013 AFL Grand Final. Hawthorn led the match from start to finish, but were outplayed for significant periods. It is the only grand final which Champion Data have assessed as having been won by the poorer side on the day, as Fremantle were left to rue their opportunities they were unable to convert.[7]", "2010 AFL Grand Final. Within two minutes, Dawes kicked a goal from about 40m out near the boundary line to stretch the margin to 47 points.[28] From there, Collingwood's victory was never in doubt. The two teams alternated goals throughout the final term. Goals were scored by Thomas (5th minute), Dal Santo (7th minute), O'Brien (12th minute, with the assistance of a 50-metre penalty), Milne (13th minute), Wellingham (17th minute), Milne again (25th minute), and finally Sidebottom (27th minute). After a final behind by St. Kilda, Collingwood played out the final minute of the game running out the clock, and the ball was in the hands of Didak as the final siren sounded for Collingwood's 56 point victory.", "AFL Grand Final. Collingwood vs St Kilda (Collingwood won replay)", "2010 AFL Grand Final. The 2010 AFL Grand Final was a series of two Australian rules football matches between the Collingwood Football Club and the St Kilda Football Club. Together they are considered the 114th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League),Note 1 and were staged to determine the premiers for the 2010 AFL season. The premiership is usually decided by a single match; however, as the first Grand Final ended in a draw, a Grand Final replay was played the following week and was won by Collingwood.\nBoth Grand Finals were held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne. The first was held on 25 September 2010. The game was attended by 100,016 spectators, the highest crowd for a VFL/AFL game since the 1986 VFL Grand Final. The match ended in a draw, with both teams scoring 68 points. This was the third draw in a VFL/AFL Grand Final, the previous two occurring in 1948 and 1977.", "AFL Grand Final. The earliest grand final date has been September 2 (in 1916 and 2000), and the latest grand final date has been October 20 (in 1923).", "2016 AFL Grand Final. The 2016 AFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football match contested between the Sydney Swans and the Western Bulldogs. It was the 120th annual Grand Final of the Australian Football League (formerly the Victorian Football League), staged to determine the premiers of the 2016 AFL season. It was the Swans' fifth grand final appearance since 2005, while the Bulldogs were competing in their first grand final since 1961. The match, played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in front of 99,981 spectators, was won by the Bulldogs by a margin of 22 points, marking their second VFL/AFL premiership victory and first since 1954, breaking a 62-year premiership drought. It was also the first time in VFL/AFL history that a team won the premiership from seventh place on the ladder. Jason Johannisen of the Bulldogs was awarded the Norm Smith Medal as the best player on the ground.", "2009 AFL Grand Final. A subsequent behind to Rooke in the 27th minute put the Cats seven points ahead, and a rushed behind to the Saints in the 29th minute brought the margin back to one goal. Kicking in from the behind, the Cats went to a contest 50m from goal where a strong mark was taken by Harry Taylor. From there, the Cats were in the process of moving the ball forward when the final siren sounded. An after-the-siren goal from Rooke extended the margin to twelve points.[10] Most crucially, St Kilda was held goalless during the final quarter.", "Adelaide Football Club. Adelaide secured their place in the grand final against undefeated Brisbane with a come-from-behind victory against Collingwood, noted for Sarah Perkins' four-goal performance.[48][49] The only match between Adelaide and Brisbane before the grand final was Adelaide's 3-point loss to Brisbane in round five, which knocked Adelaide off the top of the ladder.[50]", "1997 AFL Grand Final. Adelaide went on to win its second consecutive premiership the following year, whilst St Kilda had to wait until 2009 for another shot at the premiership, but were defeated by Geelong.", "2010 AFL Grand Final. The final of the Grand Final sprint was held at half-time of the first final. It was won by Luke Miles from the St Kilda Football Club, with Tim Golds from the Greater Western Sydney Giants and Lewis Jetta from the Sydney Swans finishing second and third respectively.", "Sydney Swans. The Swans faced the Eagles in a rematch in the AFL Grand Final on 24 September 2005, and this time, they prevailed by four points, final score 8.10 (58) to West Coast's 7.12 (54). In the last few minutes, the Sydney defence held strong, with Leo Barry marking the ball just before the siren to stop the Eagles' final desperate shot at goal. The Premiership was the Swans' first in 72 years and their first since being based in Sydney. It was also the fifth Premiership in succession to be won by a team from outside Victoria." ]

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[ "Josh Ryan Evans. Born in Hayward, California, Evans began his career at age 12, appearing in various commercials. He made his film debut as a toddler in Baby Geniuses in 1999. The following year he played the role of the young Grinch (Jim Carrey's character) in Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas. He also appeared as General Tom Thumb in the A&E miniseries P.T. Barnum. Evans also had guest spots on Ally McBeal, 7th Heaven, and Poltergeist: The Legacy.[2]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2011, the tour played Providence, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, St. Louis and San Francisco. Stefán Karl again performed as the Grinch, with Bob Lauder as Old Max, Seth Bazacas as Young Max, Brance Cornelius as Papa Who, and Serena Brook as Mama Who and Brooke Lynn Boyd as Cindy Lou Who.", "The Grinch (film). In February 2013, it was announced that Illumination Entertainment is developing a 3D animated feature film based on the Dr. Seuss book,[6] with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the title character.[7]", "Grinch. The Grinch was portrayed on the stage when the story was turned into a musical by the Children's Theater Company out of Minneapolis. The show made it to Broadway by way of a limited run in 2006, with Julia Leuchtenberg playing the Grinch.[9] The Grinch is also a minor character in Seussical, which is a crossover between various Dr. Seuss stories.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, \"Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957.\" However, he wondered why Carrey \"made himself sound like Sean Connery\" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children.[20] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's \"off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff.\" He concluded that Carrey \"brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread.\"[21]", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle said, \"Nobody could play the Grinch better than Jim Carrey, whose rubbery antics and maniacal sense of mischief are so well suited to How the Grinch Stole Christmas. Dr. Seuss himself might have turned to Carrey as a model for the classic curmudgeon had the actor been around in 1957.\" However, he wondered why Carrey \"made himself sound like Sean Connery\" and warned that the character's intensity may frighten small children.[22] James Berardinelli of ReelViews wrote that Carrey's \"off-the-wall performance is reminiscent of what he accomplished in The Mask, except that here he never allows the special effects to upstage him. Carrey's Grinch is a combination of Seuss' creation and Carrey's personality, with a voice that sounds far more like a weird amalgamation of Sean Connery and Jim Backus (Bond meets Magoo!) than it does Karloff.\" He concluded that Carrey \"brings animation to the live action, and, surrounded by glittering, fantastical sets and computer-spun special effects, Carrey enables Ron Howard's version of the classic story to come across as more of a welcome endeavor than a pointless re-tread.\"[23]", "Grinch. The Grinch's story will be adapted in animated form in 2018 by Illumination Entertainment, starring Benedict Cumberbatch as the title character.[10]", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The book has been adapted into a variety of media, including stage and film. Chuck Jones and Ben Washam (Co-Director) adapted the story as an animated special in 1966, featuring narration by Boris Karloff, who also provided the Grinch's voice. Thurl Ravenscroft sang \"You're a Mean One Mr. Grinch\" with lyrics written by Dr. Seuss himself.[12][13] A musical stage version was produced by the Old Globe Theatre, San Diego, in 1998. It also was produced on Broadway and a limited-engagement US tour in 2008. The North American Tour began in the fall of 2010 and has subsequently toured every fall since. It will begin its 6th tour in October 2015.[14] In 2000, the book was adapted into a live-action film, directed by Ron Howard and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch.[15] Illumination Entertainment is also developing a 3D animated feature film, titled The Grinch[16] with Peter Candeland and Yarrow Cheney set to direct it and Benedict Cumberbatch voicing the Grinch.[17] It was originally scheduled to be released on November 10, 2017,[18] but in June 2016, it was pushed back to November 9, 2018.[19]", "The Grinch (film). The Grinch (also known as Dr. Seuss' The Grinch) is an upcoming American 3D computer-animated Christmas film produced by Illumination Entertainment. Based on the 1957 Dr. Seuss story How the Grinch Stole Christmas!, it is the third screen adaptation of the story, following the 1966 TV special of the same name and the remaking of the 2000 live-action feature-length also of the same name. It is directed by Yarrow Cheney and Scott Mosier, written by Michael LeSieur and Tommy Swerdlow, and stars Benedict Cumberbatch.[3] The film is scheduled to be released by Universal Pictures on November 9, 2018. The film will be given a Real D 3D and IMAX 3D release.", "Grinch. A 2000 live-action feature comedy film based on the story, directed by Ron Howard[6] and starring Jim Carrey as the Grinch, was a major financial success,[7] although it received many mixed reviews and holds a 53% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[8] A video game based on the film, simply entitled The Grinch, was released on several consoles and PC in the same year. It was followed in 2007 with the release of a Nintendo DS version that went under the full title of the movie.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2009, the musical was produced at the Pantages Theatre in Hollywood, California, and ran from November 10, 2009 to December 27, 2009.[14] Stefán Karl reprised his role from the tour as the Grinch, with John Larroquette as Old Max, Kayley Stallings and Issadora Ava Tulalian as Cindy Lou Who, and James Royce as Young Max.[15]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. A limited-engagement tour ran during the Christmas season of 2008. The musical started at the Hippodrome in Baltimore from November 11 to 23, and then played the Citi Performing Arts Center Wang Theatre in Boston from November 26 to December 28. Matt August directed the show, with John DeLuca as original choreographer and Bob Richard as co-choreographer. The cast included Stefán Karl Stefánsson (who is best known for playing Robbie Rotten on the children's TV series LazyTown) starring as the Grinch, Walter Charles as Old Max, and Andrew Keenan-Bolger as Young Max.[13]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2015, the production toured in North America with shows in Worcester, Detroit, Appleton, Columbus, Jacksonville, Orlando and Fort Lauderdale.[21] Stefán Karl performed as Grinch, Bob Lauder as Old Max, and Genny Gagnon and Rachel Katzke as Cindy Lou Who.[22][23]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2010, a North American tour ran in the cities of Omaha, Houston, Dallas, Tempe and Toronto. Stefán Karl performed as the Grinch and Brooke Lynn Boyd as Cindy Lou Who.", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The book was adapted as a Christmas special twice, a 1966 animated TV film starring Boris Karloff as both the narrator and the voice of the Grinch and a 2000 live-action feature film starring Jim Carrey. There will also be a computer-animated film adaptation, starring Benedict Cumberbatch scheduled for release on November 9, 2018.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special). The Grinch (voiced by Boris Karloff) is the film's main character. He lives in a cave atop Mt. Crumpit, located above the village of Whoville. The Grinch is a surly character with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years. On Christmas Eve, he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville. When he sees his dog, Max, with snow all over his face in the shape of a beard, he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). The film also borrowed some music and character elements (such as the Grinch's green skin tone) that originated in the 1966 animated TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The film was produced by Howard and Brian Grazer, and starring Jim Carrey, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Bill Irwin, Molly Shannon, Josh Ryan Evans (in his final theatrical role), and introducing Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who.", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, \"Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens.\"[25]", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special). The Grinch (voiced by Boris Karloff) is the film's main character. He lives in a cave atop Mt. Crumpit, located above the village of Whoville. The Grinch is a surly character with a heart \"two sizes too small\" who has especially hated Christmas for 53 years. On Christmas Eve, he finally becomes fed up with seeing the decorations and hearing all the music and caroling in the village and wishes he could stop Christmas Day from coming to Whoville. When he sees his dog, Max, with snow all over his face in the shape of a beard, he decides to disguise himself as Santa Claus and steal Christmas.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote, \"Carrey tries out all sorts of intonations, vocal pitches and delivery styles, his tough guy posturing reminding at times of Cagney and his sibilant S's recalling Bogart. His antic gesturing and face-making hit the mark at times, but at other moments seem arbitrary and scattershot. Furthermore, his free-flowing tirades, full of catch-all allusions and references, are pitched for adult appreciation and look destined to sail right over the heads of pre-teens.\"[23]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2012, the production toured North America playing in Bloomington, Hartford, Richmond, Chicago and Detroit, with Stefán Karl performing as the Grinch.[16][17]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! The Musical. In 2013, the production toured North America playing in Cincinnati, Durham, Rochester, Buffalo and San Antonio, with Stefán Karl performing as the Grinch.[18][19]", "How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). The film also borrowed some music and character elements (such as the Grinch's green skin tone) that originated in the 1966 animated TV special How the Grinch Stole Christmas!. The film was produced by Howard and Brian Grazer, and starring Jim Carrey, Jeffrey Tambor, Christine Baranski, Bill Irwin, Molly Shannon, Josh Ryan Evans (in his final theatrical role), and introducing Taylor Momsen as Cindy Lou Who.", "Taylor Momsen. In 2000, Momsen played the role of Cindy Lou Who in Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas, her breakout role. In 2002, she was given the role of Gretel in the motion picture: Hansel and Gretel, as well as Alexandra, the President's daughter, in Spy Kids 2: The Island of Lost Dreams.", "Jim Carrey. In the 2000s, he gained further recognition for his portrayal of the Grinch in How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), as well as Bruce Almighty (2003), Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind (2004) for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role, Lemony Snicket's A Series of Unfortunate Events (2004), Fun with Dick and Jane (2005), Yes Man (2008), Horton Hears a Who! (2008) and A Christmas Carol (2009).", "Grinch. The Grinch first appeared in the May 1955 issue of Redbook in a 32-line poem called \"The Hoobub and the Grinch,\"[4] but made his book debut in the 1957 story How the Grinch Stole Christmas, written and illustrated by Dr. Seuss, published as both a Random House book and in an issue of Redbook magazine. Nine years later in 1966, the story was adapted into an animated television featurette of the same name, which was directed by Chuck Jones and included the song \"You're a Mean One, Mr. Grinch\". Boris Karloff serves as both the story's narrator and the voice of the Grinch.", "Hans Conried. Conried's inimitable growl and impeccable diction were well suited to the roles he played, whether portraying the dim Professor Kropotkin in the radio show My Friend Irma or portraying comic villains and mock-sinister or cranky types, such as Walt Disney's Mr. Darling, and Captain Hook in Peter Pan (1953), and The Grinch/Narrator from Dr. Seuss' Halloween is Grinch Night. According to the DVD commentary of Futurama, he was the inspiration for the voice created for that series' \"Robot Devil\".", "Grinch. In 1977, Seuss responded to the fan request for more Grinch tales by writing Halloween is Grinch Night, that serves as a prequel to the 1966 film. This was followed in 1982, when Marvel green-lit The Grinch Grinches the Cat in the Hat a TV film starring The Cat in the Hat, also produced by Dr. Seuss (though under his real name, Ted Geisel). Although not as successful as the original, the two films both received Emmy Awards. Several episodes of the 1996 Nick Jr. television show The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss featured the Grinch, this time in puppet form, a rare screen appearance for the character without being animated or illustrated.[5]", "Scott Schwartz. Scott Schwartz (born May 12, 1968) is an American former child actor best known for his roles in The Toy and A Christmas Story.[1]", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! (TV special). Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas! is a 1966 Christmas animated television special directed by Chuck Jones. It is based on the eponymous children's book by Dr. Seuss, the story of the Grinch trying to take away Christmas from the townsfolk of Whoville below his mountain hideaway. Originally telecast in the United States on CBS on December 18, 1966, it went on to become a perennial holiday special. Directed by Chuck Jones, it features the voice of Boris Karloff.", "Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000 film). Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars, referring to it as \"a dank, eerie, weird movie about a sour creature\" and said, \"There should be...a jollier production design and a brighter look overall... It's just not much fun.\" Ebert observed that Carrey \"works as hard as an actor has ever worked in a movie, to small avail.\" Nevertheless, he decided that \"adults may appreciate Carrey's remarkable performance in an intellectual sort of way and give him points for what was obviously a supreme effort.\"[17]", "Whoville. The Grinch is a fictional, green colored man with a cat-like face and cynical personality. He lives in isolation upon Mt. Crumpet with his dog Max. The Grinch overlooks the city of Whoville with a lack of empathy for all Whos. He is known to be of a different species than the Whos, being stated as a What[citation needed]. The Grinch is played by actor Jim Carrey in the 2000 production of How the Grinch Stole Christmas!" ]

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