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[ "Tom Brady. Brady was also known as a great baseball player in high school.[33] He was a left-handed-hitting catcher with power. His skill set impressed MLB scouts, and he was drafted in the 18th round of the 1995 MLB Draft by the Montreal Expos.[25][34] The Expos projected Brady as a potential All-Star, and offered him money typical of a late second-round or early third-round pick.[35] Nevertheless, Brady was determined to play football at the next level. He was always more passionate about football, and when he found that there was significant interest in him, he decided to take the road of football.[30] Brady was recruited by Michigan assistant Bill Harris, and he signed to play for the University of Michigan in 1995.[36][37] He finished his high school football career completing 236 of 447 passes for 3,702 yards and 31 touchdowns. He also won All-State and All-Far West honors as well as the team's Most Valuable Player Award.[29]", "Tom Brady. Thomas Edward Patrick Brady Jr. (born August 3, 1977) is an American football quarterback for the New England Patriots of the National Football League (NFL). He is one of only two players to win five Super Bowls (the other being defensive player Charles Haley) and the only player to win them all playing for one team.", "Tom Brady. After serving his four-game suspension, Brady made his 2016 season debut on October 9 on the road against the Cleveland Browns; he completed 28-of-40 passes for 406 yards and three touchdowns in a 33–13 victory to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week.[306][307] In his home debut the following week, Brady completed 29-of-35 passes for 376 yards and three touchdowns in a 35–17 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals.[308] In Week 7, Brady completed 19 of 26 passes for 222 yards and two touchdowns as New England defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers 27–16.[309] The next week, the Patriots defeated the Buffalo Bills 41–25, with Brady completing 22-of-33 passes for 315 yards and four touchdowns.[310] Brady's outstanding numbers during his first four games following the suspension earned him the AFC Offensive Player of the Month award for October.[311]", "Tom Brady. After playing college football for the University of Michigan, Brady was drafted by the Patriots in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft. Due to his late draft selection, Brady is considered to be the biggest \"steal\" in the history of the NFL Draft.[1][2][3] In Brady's 16 seasons as a starter,[a] he has quarterbacked the Patriots to eight Super Bowl appearances, the most for any player in history.", "Tom Brady. In his second season, Brady took over as the starting quarterback after Drew Bledsoe was injured.[63] He led the Patriots to first place in the AFC East[64] and a victory over the favored St. Louis Rams[65][66] in Super Bowl XXXVI, winning his first Super Bowl MVP award. Despite the Patriots' missing the playoffs the following season, Brady would then lead them to back-to-back World Championships in 2003 and 2004, winning Super Bowl MVP honors again in 2003. Along the way, the Patriots won an NFL-record 21 consecutive games (including the playoffs) between the 2003 and 2004 seasons.[67] The 2005 season was Brady's first to throw for 4,000 yards and lead the NFL in passing.[68] That postseason, Brady would win his 10th consecutive playoff game, another NFL postseason record.[69]", "Tom Brady. A lightly regarded prospect coming out of college,[59][60] Brady was selected by the New England Patriots with the 199th overall pick in the sixth round of 2000 NFL Draft and has since spent his entire 18-season career with the Patriots. Since Brady became their starting quarterback in 2001, the Patriots have never had a losing season and have won 14 division titles. The Patriots played in twelve AFC Championship Games from 2001 to 2017—including seven in a row from 2011 to 2017—and won eight of them. Brady and Patriots head coach Bill Belichick have combined to form the most successful quarterback-head coach tandem in NFL history, winning more regular season games and postseason games than any other such duo[61] as well as appearing in eight Super Bowls. All of these events set new NFL records.[62]", "Tom Brady. On September 10, 2010, Brady signed a four-year, $72 million contract extension, making him the highest-paid player in the NFL. The extension included $48.5 million in guaranteed money.[200]", "Tom Brady. Brady was selected as a starter to the 2011 Pro Bowl.[210] However, he pulled out of the game (and was replaced by former backup Matt Cassel of the Kansas City Chiefs) after undergoing surgery for a stress fracture in his right foot dating back to 2008.[211] Brady was also the only unanimous selection for the AP All-Pro Team and was named the 2010 Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year. By unanimous decision, he won the MVP award for the second time in his career.[212] On the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011 players' list, Brady was ranked as the best player in the NFL by his fellow players.[213]", "Tom Brady. Brady was selected with pick #199, a compensatory pick, in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft.[97] He and his family had believed that Brady would be drafted in the second or third round; they watched the draft on television, stunned as six other quarterbacks were drafted before him. Brady was so embarrassed that he briefly left the family home during the sixth round, and cried when recalling the experience for an interview 11 years later. When the Patriots notified him that he would be drafted Brady was grateful that, he later said, he would not \"have to be an insurance salesman\".[98] According to Michael Holley's book Patriot Reign, the Patriots were considering Brady and Tim Rattay, both of whom had received positive reviews from then-quarterbacks coach Dick Rehbein.[99] Ultimately, the Patriots front office chose Brady. Considering his subsequent success, many analysts have called Brady the best NFL draft pick of all time.[100][101][102][103]", "Tom Brady. During the 2005 season, injuries suffered by running backs Corey Dillon, Patrick Pass, and Kevin Faulk forced the Patriots to rely more on Brady's passing.[146][147] Brady also had to adjust to new center Russ Hochstein and running back Heath Evans. On October 9, in a 31–28 victory over the Atlanta Falcons, he had 350 passing yards, three touchdowns, and one interception to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week honors.[148][149] Brady finished first in the league with 4,110 passing yards and third in the league with 26 touchdowns.[105] At 92.3, his 2005 passer rating was the second-highest of his career at the time, although he equaled his career high for interceptions with 14.[109] He rushed for 89 yards and fumbled a career-low four times.[109] He and the Patriots finished with a 10–6 record, winning their third straight AFC East title.[150] He was named to his third Pro Bowl at the end of the season.[151]", "Tom Brady. Brady missed virtually the entire following season due to a knee injury in the season opener.[77] But he would come back strong in the 2009 season to be named the league's Comeback Player of the Year.[78] In 2010, Brady set the NFL record for consecutive passes without an interception (358)[79] and broke his own record for the highest season touchdown to interception ratio (among players who have started a full season) at 9:1, currently the third best TD:INT ratio for a single season by a quarterback.[80] Brady would win his second league MVP award with all 50 votes in his favor.[81] He was the first unanimous NFL MVP since Giants linebacker Lawrence Taylor won the award in 1986.[82] He and Joe Montana are the only players in NFL history to win multiple NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP awards.[83][84] Brady was also named the top player by his peers in the first NFL Top 100 list, released in 2011.[85]", "Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry. The Tom Brady–Peyton Manning rivalry is a series of games that took place between 2001 and 2015, involving two quarterbacks in the National Football League (NFL): Tom Brady and Peyton Manning.[1][2][3] Brady has played for the New England Patriots since 2000, when he was the 199th selection in the sixth round of the 2000 NFL Draft.[4] He has been the starter since 2001, after Drew Bledsoe was injured early in the season, and has been so since, with the exception of 2008, when he tore his ACL in the opening game.[5] Manning was drafted by the Indianapolis Colts in the 1998 NFL Draft with the number 1 pick, and played for the Colts until a neck injury caused him to miss the entire 2011 season.[6] Prior to the 2012 season, Manning signed with the Denver Broncos, whom he played for up to his retirement following the 2015 season.[7][8]", "Tom Brady. Brady became the quickest quarterback to achieve 100 regular season wins by helping his team defeat the Miami Dolphins 41–14 on October 4, 2010.[201]", "Tom Brady. Brady attended Junípero Serra High School in San Mateo, where he graduated in 1995; the ceremony was held at St. Mary's Cathedral.[24] He played football, basketball, and baseball in high school. He played against Bellarmine College Preparatory rival Pat Burrell in both football and baseball. Brady's football career started as the backup quarterback on the Padres junior varsity team. At first, Brady was not good enough to start on the 0–8 JV team that had not scored a touchdown all year.[25] However, when the starting quarterback went down with an injury, he ascended to the starting position. He became the varsity starter his junior year and held the position until he graduated.[26] By Brady's senior year, he struggled getting on the radar of college coaches. He created highlight tapes and sent them out to schools he would consider attending.[27] This led to strong interest from many football programs around the nation.", "Tom Brady. In the 2011 season, Brady led the Patriots to their first AFC Championship since 2007 and appeared in the Super Bowl for a fifth time; but the Patriots would lose again to the Giants.[86] Following AFC Championship Game losses in the following seasons (2012 and 2013), Brady and the Patriots made their sixth trip to the Super Bowl after the 2014 season (Brady's 15th as a professional). There, he led the Patriots to a fourth-quarter comeback[87] over the defending champion Seattle Seahawks. He would lift his fourth Super Bowl trophy (the Patriots' first in ten seasons) and was named Super Bowl MVP for the third time.[88]", "Tom Brady. Brady has been honored with four Super Bowl MVP awards (Super Bowl XXXVI, XXXVIII, XLIX, and LI), the most ever by a single player, has won three league MVP awards (2007, 2010, 2017), has been selected to 13 Pro Bowls, and has led his team to more division titles (15) than any other quarterback in NFL history. As of the end of the 2017 regular season, Brady is fourth all-time in total career passing yards, tied for third (with Drew Brees) in career touchdown passes[6], and third in career passer rating. His career postseason record is 27–10, winning more playoff games than any other quarterback, and he has appeared in more playoff games than any player at any position. Brady has never had a losing season as a starting quarterback in the NFL. His combined regular-season and postseason wins are also the most of any quarterback in NFL history. Because of his accomplishments and accolades, many analysts and sportswriters consider Brady to be among the greatest quarterbacks of all time.[7][8][9][10]", "Tom Brady. Brady started the 2014 season with a 33–20 loss to the Miami Dolphins.[253] It was Brady's first opening day loss since the 2003 season. Brady recorded 241 yards and a touchdown in the loss. New England rebounded against the Minnesota Vikings, but Brady struggled, throwing for 149 yards and a touchdown in a 30–7 win.[254] Against the Oakland Raiders, Brady was pressured all day, but threw for 234 yards and a touchdown in 16–9 win.[255] After a humiliating 41–14 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, Brady led New England to back-to-back wins against the Cincinnati Bengals and the Buffalo Bills.[256][257] Brady then defeated the New York Jets with a 261-yard performance that included three touchdowns.[258] The following week, a 51–23 embarrassment of the Chicago Bears saw Brady throw for 354 yards and a season-high five touchdowns.[259] After passing for 333 yards, and 257 yards in his next two games against the Denver Broncos and Indianapolis Colts respectively, Brady defeated the Detroit Lions 34–9 with 349 passing yards and two touchdowns against only one interception.[260] The Patriots winning streak was put to the test against the Green Bay Packers in Week 13. Down 13–0 early, Brady threw for 245 yards and two touchdowns. Still down 26–21, Brady was unable to give the Patriots their eighth consecutive victory.[261] After trailing 14–3 at the San Diego Chargers, Brady rallied his team with 317 passing yards, two touchdowns, and one interception, to a 23–14 comeback win.[262] Brady clinched his NFL record 12th AFC East division title with 287 passing yards, two touchdowns, and an interception. Brady struggled in his final two games, throwing for only 182 yards, a touchdown, and an interception in 17–16 victory against the Jets, and 80 yards in one half of the final regular season game against the Buffalo Bills, a 17–9 loss, though Julian Edelman, Rob Gronkowski, and three starting offensive linemen did not play either the entirety or the majority of the final game, and Brady only played in the first half.[263] Brady was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl and was ranked third by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.[264][265]", "Tom Brady. Brady led the Patriots to a 12–4 record and the fourth seed in the AFC playoffs.[156] In the regular season, Brady threw for 3,529 yards and 24 touchdowns.[105] He was not among the players initially selected to the Pro Bowl,[157] although he was offered an injury-replacement selection when San Diego Chargers Philip Rivers was forced to withdraw (which he declined).[158]", "History of the New England Patriots. In Bledsoe's absence, Tom Brady, a 6th-round pick in the 2000 NFL Draft, took the helm and won three out of his first four starts, setting an NFL record by not throwing an interception in his first 162 career passes. As a result, Brady earned the confidence of Belichick and his teammates, and when Bledsoe was cleared to play, Belichick announced that Brady would remain the team's starting quarterback. Despite Bledsoe's unhappiness about his new role – he was quoted as saying that he \"looked forward to competing to get (his) job back\" – he caused no distractions and was supportive of Brady and the Patriots. Led by Brady, who immediately became a fan favorite, the Patriots continued to play good football, winning their final six games to capture the AFC East with an 11–5 record. The Patriots additionally won a first-round bye as the #2 seed in the playoffs for the second time in their history.", "History of the NFL Commissioner. On May 11, 2015, the NFL announced that it suspended New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady without pay for four games of the upcoming season based on \"substantial and credible evidence\" that Brady knew Patriots employees were deflating footballs and that he failed to cooperate with investigators.[57] The Patriots were also fined $1 million and lost their first round pick in the 2016 NFL draft and their fourth round pick in the 2017 NFL draft.[58] On May 14, the National Football League Players Association (NFLPA) filed an appeal of Tom Brady's four-game suspension.[59] The NFL also announced that Goodell would preside over Brady's appeal, despite objections from the NFLPA, which requested a neutral arbitrator.[60] On July 28, Goodell upheld the four-game suspension, citing Brady's destruction of his cell phone as a critical factor.[61][62] On July 29, the NFLPA announced that they filed an injunction to prevent the NFL from enforcing the four-game suspension that commissioner Roger Goodell confirmed.[63][64] On September 3, Judge Richard M. Berman threw out Brady's suspension due to a lack of fair due process for Brady.[65][66] The NFL appealed the decision,[67] eventually having Brady's suspension reinstated for 2016.[68] Brady exhausted all further appeals without success.[69]", "Tom Brady. After opening the 2003 NFL season with a 2–2 start, Brady led the Patriots to twelve consecutive victories to finish the regular season in winning the AFC East.[131] In Week 9, against the Denver Broncos, he had 350 passing yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in the 30–26 victory to earn his fifth AFC Offensive Player of the Week honor.[132][133] Statistically, Brady's strongest game of the season was in Week 17 against the division rival Buffalo Bills, when he achieved a season-high quarterback rating of 122.9, and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week.[109][134] Brady finished with 3,620 passing yards and 23 touchdowns,[105] and was third in NFL MVP voting to co-winners Peyton Manning and Steve McNair.[135]", "Super Bowl XLII. The team was led by quarterback Tom Brady who won his first NFL MVP & NFL Offensive MVP award, throwing for a career-high 4,806 yards and a then NFL record 50 touchdowns (22 more than his previous best season; since broken by Peyton Manning in 2013), and just eight interceptions. His passer rating of 117.2 was the second-highest season rating in NFL history. One often-cited reason for Brady's improved numbers was the acquisition of receivers Randy Moss and Wes Welker.[24] The Patriots acquired Moss, a nine-year veteran, from the Oakland Raiders for a fourth-round pick in the 2007 NFL Draft after Moss had, statistically, the worst year of his career (with 42 receptions for 553 yards and three touchdowns). With the Patriots, though, Moss caught 98 receptions for 1,493 yards and an NFL record 23 touchdowns, and was selected a first-team All Pro. The Patriots also gave the Miami Dolphins second- and seventh-round picks for Welker; Welker tied for the league lead with 112 receptions for 1,175 yards and 8 touchdowns and was named a second-team All Pro. Welker and Moss both earned votes for Offensive Player of the Year. Other major contributors to the Patriots' passing game included Donté Stallworth, who added 697 yards and three touchdowns, and tight end Benjamin Watson, whose 36 receptions totaled 389 yards and six touchdowns.", "Tom Brady. The next week, Brady completed 16-of-32 passes for 188 yards in a 16–3 victory in Denver.[318] With this victory, the Patriots clinched an eighth consecutive AFC East title and a seventh consecutive first-round bye in the playoffs, both NFL records.[319] On December 20, 2016, Brady was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth straight season and 12th time overall.[320][321] In Week 16, Brady threw for 17 of 27 passes for 214 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions as he led the Patriots to a 41–3 win over the Jets.[322] In Week 17, Brady completed 25-of-33 passes for 276 yards, three touchdowns, and no interceptions in a 35–14 victory over the Miami Dolphins in the regular season finale that gave the Patriots home field advantage throughout the AFC playoffs.[323] Brady's 276 yards against Miami moved him ahead of former Miami quarterback Dan Marino into fourth place on the NFL's all-time passing yards list. Brady's three touchdowns against Miami also gave him 28 passing touchdowns against two interceptions for the regular season. This broke the previous record of Nick Foles's 27:2 TD:INT ratio which was set in 2013 with the Philadelphia Eagles.[324] Brady was named to the AP All-Pro Second Team, behind Matt Ryan of the Atlanta Falcons, who was named to the AP All-Pro First Team.[325] Brady was also was ranked first on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 as the best player in the league, becoming the first player to be named as #1 twice since the listing started.[326]", "Tom Brady. Although Brady and the Patriots continued to win often, they did not return to the Super Bowl until the 2007 season. That year, Brady not only set an NFL record with 50 touchdown passes[70] but he would also lead the Patriots to a 16–0 finish,[71] the first perfect regular-season record since the Miami Dolphins finished 14-0 in 1972.[72][73] Brady would win his first career NFL MVP Award, winning 49 out of 50 votes.[74] The Associated Press also named him Male Athlete of the Year, the first such award given to an NFL player since Joe Montana won it in 1989 and 1990.[75] However, the Patriots suffered their first Super Bowl loss with Brady as quarterback, dropping a 17-14 decision to the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLII.[76]", "Tom Brady. Brady played college football for the University of Michigan from 1995 to 1999.[40][41] He was a backup quarterback for his first two years, while teammate and future NFL quarterback Brian Griese led the 1997 Wolverines to an undefeated season, which was capped by a victory in the Rose Bowl and a share of the national championship.[42] When he enrolled at Michigan, Brady was seventh on the depth chart, and he had an intense struggle to get some playing time. At one point, Brady hired a sports psychologist to help him cope with frustration and anxiety, and even considered transferring to California.[43][44] He worked closely with assistant athletic director Greg Harden, who met with Brady every week to build his confidence and to maximize his performance on the field.[45] Brady told 60 Minutes in 2014: \"He will always be somebody I rely on for sound advice and mentorship. He has helped me with my own personal struggles in both athletics and in life. Greg really pushed me in a direction that I wasn't sure I could go.\"[46]", "Deflategate. For his alleged part in the scandal, Tom Brady was originally suspended by the league for four games of the 2015 regular season, which was upheld by NFL commissioner Roger Goodell in an internal appeal.[2] The matter moved to federal court, where Judge Richard M. Berman vacated Goodell's four-game suspension of Brady,[3] allowing Brady to resume his playing duties for the entirety of the 2015 season. However, following the conclusion of the season, the 2nd U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals reinstated Brady's four-game suspension, which became effective for the 2016 regular season.[4] After losing a request for a rehearing, Brady announced he would accept the suspension.[5][6] The controversy remained a topic of discussion during the 2016 season, which concluded with the Patriots winning Super Bowl LI and Brady being named the MVP of the game. The season also saw the NFL change the process for monitoring football pressure.[7]", "Tom Brady. Brady started all 16 regular season games of the 2012 NFL season and led the Patriots to a 12–4 record. Among the many highlights of the team was a 42–14 win over the Houston Texans in Week 14. Brady had 296 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn AFC Offensive Player of the Week.[232][233] The Patriots scored 557 total points, the third highest in league history and Brady became the first quarterback to lead his team to ten division titles.[234] With that point total, the Patriots became the first team to score at least 500 points in a season four different times, with Brady leading all four squads, which was a record as well. He finished the season with 4,827 passing yards, 34 touchdowns, only eight interceptions, and a passer rating of 98.7. It was Brady's third straight season throwing for over 30 touchdowns.[235] He was named to the Pro Bowl for the eighth time in his career.[236] On the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013, Brady was ranked fourth by his fellow players for the second consecutive time.[237]", "Tom Brady. On February 29, 2016, Brady signed a two-year contract extension covering the 2018 and 2019 seasons.[298]", "Tom Brady. Over his career, Brady has won three league MVP awards, five Super Bowls, and four Super Bowl MVP Awards. A 13-time Pro Bowler, Brady has also twice led the NFL in passing yardage[93][94]. As of November 2017, he currently owns the third-highest career passer rating (97.9) among quarterbacks with at least 1,500 career passing attempts.[95] He has thrown for more passing yards and touchdowns than any quarterback in NFL postseason history; he also has won more playoff games than any other quarterback. As a result of his highly successful career, Brady is rated among the greatest quarterbacks of all time.[96]", "National Football League rivalries. The modern matchup was often headlined as a contest between future Hall of Famers Peyton Manning and Tom Brady, who together have won six NFL MVP awards in eight years (2003–10; four by Manning). Tom Brady received his first start against the Colts after an injury to then-starter Drew Bledsoe, and proceeded to defeat the Colts in his first six games against them in the next years, including the 2003 AFC Championship game and a 2004 AFC Divisional playoff game. The Colts won the next 3 matches, notching two regular season victories and a win in the 2006 AFC Championship Game on the way to their win in Super Bowl XLI. The Patriots' 2007 quest for a perfect season included a comeback 24–20 victory in their final visit to the RCA Dome. The Colts won the next two; in their 2009 Super Bowl season they won 35–34 following a 4th and 2 call by Bill Belichick. The 2010 matchup was Indy's first trip to Gillette Stadium since 2006; a last-minute Manning interception ended a 31–28 Patriots win. In 2011, the Patriots beat the Colts without Manning playing, 31–24.", "Tom Brady. In the Patriots' fifth game, Brady began to find his stride. Trailing the visiting San Diego Chargers 26–16 in the fourth quarter, he led the Patriots on two scoring drives to force overtime, and another in overtime to set up a winning field goal. Brady finished the game with 33 pass completions on 54 attempts, for 364 yards, and two touchdowns and was named AFC Offensive Player of the Week for the first time in his career.[112][113] The following week, Brady again played well during the rematch at Indianapolis, with a passer rating of 148.3 in a 38–17 win.[114] The Patriots went on to win eleven of the fourteen games Brady started, and six straight to finish the regular season, winning the AFC East and entering the 2001–02 NFL playoffs with a first-round bye.[115] In that stretch was a Week 11 34–17 victory over the New Orleans Saints where he was 19 of 26 for 258 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn his second AFC Offensive Player of the Week nod in 2001.[116] Brady finished the 2001 season with 2,843 passing yards and 18 touchdowns and earned an invitation to the 2002 Pro Bowl.[105][117]", "Tom Brady. For his alleged involvement in the highly publicized Deflategate football tampering scandal, Brady was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 NFL season.[11] Subsequently, Brady went on to win Super Bowl LI and was awarded Super Bowl MVP that season." ]

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[ "Marco Polo (TV series). Marco Polo is an American drama web television series inspired by Marco Polo's early years in the court of Kublai Khan, the Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the founder of the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). The show premiered on Netflix on December 12, 2014.[2] The series was written and created by John Fusco and stars Lorenzo Richelmy in the title role with Benedict Wong as Kublai Khan.[3] The series is produced by The Weinstein Company. On January 7, 2015, Marco Polo was renewed by Netflix for a 10-episode second season, which premiered on July 1, 2016.[4]", "Marco Polo (TV series). The series was originally developed at Starz, which had picked up the series in January 2012.[6] After attempts to film in China failed, the project was released back to The Weinstein Company.[3] Netflix then picked up the series for a 10-episode season, for approximately $90 million, making it one of the most expensive TV shows in the world, second to Game of Thrones.[7][8] The project was officially announced at Netflix in January 2014. Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg serve as executive producers and directed the pilot and second episodes, \"The Wayfarer\" and \"The Wolf and the Deer\", respectively.[9] The series was filmed in Italy, Kazakhstan, and at Pinewood Studios in Malaysia.[9]", "Marco Polo (TV series). On December 12, 2016, Netflix announced they had canceled Marco Polo after two seasons. Sources told The Hollywood Reporter that the series' two seasons resulted in a $200 million loss for Netflix, and the decision to cancel the series was jointly taken by Netflix and The Weinstein Company.[5]", "Marco Polo (TV series). The first season of Marco Polo was met with negative reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a rating of 24%, based on 33 reviews, with a rating average of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"An all-around disappointment, Marco Polo is less entertaining than a round of the game that shares its name.\"[14] On Metacritic, the show's first season has a score of 48 out of 100 based on 21 reviews by critics, indicating \"mixed reviews\".[15]", "Marco Polo (TV series). It isn’t long before the day of celebrations is spoiled though. Khan’s bastard child Byamba shows up with a message from Kaidu, Kublai’s cousin. Kaidu is still angry about not being handed the lead during the sack of Xiangyang, and he’s prepared a form of retaliation. He’s going to challenge the Kublai’s rule as Khan in an attempt to secure the position for himself. Kublai, of course, does not accept such a ridiculous claim, but that’s not the news Byamba brings back to Kaidu. There’s a confrontation on the horizon this season, and it’s taking place within filial boundaries.", "Marco Polo (TV series). In his review for Entertainment Weekly, Jeff Jensen gave the first season a \"B−\" rating, calling the premise \"stale\", but added \"Somewhere in the middle of episode 2, though, Marco Polo becomes surprisingly watchable. The filmmaking becomes bolder.\"[16] Writing for People, Tom Gliatto praised the series, calling it \"...a fun, body-flinging, old-fashioned epic\".[17] USA Today reviewer Robert Bianco gave the series 1​1⁄2 stars out of 4, saying, \"Clearly what Netflix hopes you'll see a [sic] big-bucks, prestige entertainment along the lines of that HBO fantasy epic, but in truth, Marco is far closer to one of those cheesy international syndicated adventures.\"[18]", "Marco Polo (TV series). In 2015, the President of Mongolia Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj presented John Fusco and the Marco Polo creative team with an award, honoring their positive portrayal and global presentation of Mongolian subject matter.[19] Fusco, himself, has described the series as historical fiction, based on the accounts of the Venetian traveler Marco Polo.[20]", "Marco Polo (TV series). + Luthi portrays Ling Ling in season 1, Chew in season 2.", "Marco Polo (TV series). Meanwhile, Kaidu is doing everything he can to secure support in his claim to Kublai’s throne. While on the one hand it’s not a difficult sell because many believe Kublai stole the election long ago, there are also those who see going against Kublai as a dangerous act. Back in the new capital of Cambulac, Kublai is taking advice from his wife. She says that he needs to accept the challenge to his throne because Kaidu is operating within the law and any other approach would suggest weakness or deceit.", "Marco Polo (TV series). Much of the second season premiere is about getting reoriented in this world, establishing who these characters are and where they stand. After flashing back to a young Kublai Khan taking lessons from his grandfather, we see Kublai at home in his role, attending to trade issues while also preparing for his son’s wedding. Jingim is set to marry the Blue Princess, the former love interest of Marco Polo, securing more heirs to the throne.", "Marco Polo (Doctor Who). Marco Polo is the completely missing fourth serial in the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, which was first broadcast in seven weekly parts from 22 February to 4 April 1964. The story is set in China, in the year 1289, with the regular series characters interacting with Venetian merchant-explorer Marco Polo and Mongolian Emperor Kublai Khan. The historical period and context avoids science fiction elements beyond establishing the way by which the Doctor and his companions have travelled to the past. Although audio recordings and still photographs of the story exist, no footage of this serial is known to have survived. This is the earliest serial that has no recovered episodes.", "Marco Polo (TV series). The second attack is undertaken by Khutulun and Orus on the order of Kaidu. He’s conducting murderous raids under the banner of Kublai, having his children and warriors wear masks to conceal their identities. Essentially he’s framing Kublai in the hopes of drumming up support for his ascension to the throne.", "Polo. The three major polo tournaments in Argentina, known as \"Triple Corona\" (\"Triple Crown\"), are Hurlingham Polo Open, Tortugas Polo Open, Palermo Polo Open. Polo season usually last from October to December.[24]", "Marco Polo (TV series). Meanwhile, Kublai is in Xanadu petitioning for votes, bringing a vision of empirical expansion, complete with cool fireworks, to the people there. There are harbingers of death all around though. Horses that were gifted to Kublai are attacked, found with their eyes carved out. Marco and Jingim believe it’s the work of Kaidu, but Kublai doesn’t seem worried. Eventually, after a night of passion with an exotic dancer who’s traveled the world, the Blue Princess visits Marco and the mystery of the horses seems solved.", "Marco Polo (TV series). Marco Polo and Mei Lin are traveling through the jungle with the boy emperor in their care. They’re delivering the boy to Kublai, as Marco has been instructed, but their travel isn’t so easy. The boy’s protector, who’s known only as The Handmaiden, is still chasing after them, somehow able to keep up with them despite traveling on foot.", "Marco Polo (Doctor Who). The last known TV broadcast of this story was in Ethiopia, which screened Marco Polo over a period of seven weeks, between 21 January and 4 March 1971. The fate of the prints is unknown.[citation needed]", "Marco Polo (TV series). Then, Marco and Mei Lin return with the boy emperor. The return sparks all kinds of intriguing relationships and power struggles. There’s Kublai asserting his power over Mei Lin, even as Marco asks for leniency. There’s Marco being “introduced” to the Blue Princess by Jingim, and the appropriate awkwardness that follows from the former secret romantic partners. Then there’s the issue of what to do with the boy emperor. While Jingim and Marco suggest letting the boy fade from the public’s memory by stashing him in a safe place, Ahmad suggests killing him and parading his head through the streets to send a message. Of course, this is the same man who’s working with Mei Lin to overthrow Kublai, even telling her that she could see her daughter in exchange for bringing the boy emperor to the capital.", "Marco Polo (TV series). The opening credits of Marco Polo don’t come until 20 minutes into “Heirs” because the show is too busy pulling off quite the battle scene. The episode opens with Kublai showing up at Nayan and Kaidu’s camp in the dead of night. He has quite the plan in store: He lights all of his white horses on fire and sends them running into the camp, where they light the tents ablaze and ignite the black powder, causing huge explosions.", "Marco Polo (TV series). As the boy emperor hangs from the capital, and the Handmaiden takes the sight in, Kublai awakes from another nightmare, his wife still lambasting him for his decision to kill a child. Marco isn’t too happy with him either, and with both in crisis, Kublai takes his Venetian friend on a hike in order to decide what to do about Kaidu’s claim to the throne.", "Marco Polo (TV series). Meanwhile, the Blue Princess is truly losing it, and her visions threaten to reveal the true nature of the baby. Jingim is upset by his wife’s condition, but, after Kublai finds out about Kaidu’s attacks under his own banner, he’s ordered to ride East to engage in their own attacks. That’s all part of Ahmad’s grand scheme though: send Jingim East to die while Nayan and Kaidu amass troops in the West.", "Marco Polo (app). Marco Polo is a video messaging and video hosting service mobile app. The app has been among the most popular free apps in the world since 2016.[1] The app was created in 2014.[2] The app markets itself as a video walkie talkie.[3]", "Marco Polo (TV series). Meanwhile, Khutulun makes it clear to Kaidu that she’s not happy about being the heir because it would mean sacrificing her own goals, and Byamba, who she’s now separated from, is demoted to a foot soldier by Ahmad, who’s still working on his own plans to dethrone Kublai.", "Marco Polo (TV series). There’s a twist that Ahmad doesn’t expect though: Mei Lin turns on him after he fails to deliver on his promise for her to see her daughter. That sends her to Marco, who gives her time with her daughter, and in return she tells him everything. Marco goes to the Khan and asks for his permission to head West even though he can’t reveal why. He’s asking for trust and Kublai gives it.", "Marco Polo (TV series). There’s a lot of sitting around, as Kublai and Kaidu await the outcome of the Kurultai, and Ahmad sits on the Khan’s throne in Cambulac, hoping that his plan unfolds in a timely fashion. Essentially, the episode is a lot of setup for a few moments that change the course of the show, and set up a number of stories for the third season.", "Marco Polo (TV series). Back at Cambulac, Jingim, Hundred Eyes, and Byamba expertly pull off a raid that sees them take back control of the capital as Ahmad runs and hides. Unfortunately for him, Mei Lin is waiting for him in his room. She kills him and, in return, Jingim allows her to leave the capital freely, with Hundred Eyes offering to escort her back to her daughter.", "Netflix. In April 2014, Netflix signed Arrested Development creator Mitch Hurwitz and his production firm The Hurwitz Company to a multi-year deal to create original projects for the service.[167] The period drama Marco Polo premiered on December 12, 2014. The animated sitcom BoJack Horseman premiered in August 2014, to mixed reviews on release but garnering wide critical acclaim for the following seasons.[168]", "Marco Polo (TV series). Meanwhile, the hunt is on for Jingim and Ahmad. Kaidu is pissed at his son because of his actions, which have brought Kublai to his doorstep. Together they all go out to search for the Khan’s missing sons. Along the way, Kaidu and Kublai connect with memories of their childhood but also remain divided on the prospects of the Mongol empire. Things get particularly heated when the insults start flying and Kaidu pulls his sword on Kublai. Ultimately, nothing comes of the moment, as Jingim and Ahmad are found, but certainly the challenge to the throne will not go so smoothly.", "Marco Polo (TV series). While this is happening Jingim goes to Karakorum to help persuade people to side with his father. That means taking down a huge dude in a wrestling match and earning some respect, though that doesn’t stop Kaidu’s two children from attacking them on their way home. Furthermore, Kaidu makes a bold decision and insists that his daughter Khutulun, rather than his son, will be the next heir.", "Marco Polo (TV series). The Blue Princess has a miscarriage, but Jingim is forgiving and understanding. Kaidu has his meeting with Nayan, who’s preaching Christianity to the Mongolian masses, but they can’t come to an agreement for him to back Kaidu’s claim to the throne. And of course there’s Marco telling Kublai of the many people in south China killing themselves, as they see the Mongolian presence not as liberation but as occupation.", "David Villa. Note: Each season is September – August", "Marco Polo. In 1269, Niccolò and Maffeo returned to their families in Venice, meeting young Marco for the first time.[31] In 1271, during the rule of Doge Lorenzo Tiepolo, Marco Polo (at seventeen years of age), his father, and his uncle set off for Asia on the series of adventures that Marco later documented in his book.[33] They returned to Venice in 1295, 24 years later, with many riches and treasures. They had travelled almost 15,000 miles (24,000 km).[28]", "Marco Polo. In 1271, Niccolò, Maffeo and Marco Polo embarked on their voyage to fulfil Kublai's request. They sailed to Acre, and then rode on camels to the Persian port of Hormuz. The Polos wanted to sail straight into China, but the ships there were not seaworthy, so they continued overland through the Silk Road, until reaching Kublai's summer palace in Shangdu, near present-day Zhangjiakou. In one instance during their trip, the Polos joined a caravan of travelling merchants whom they crossed paths with. Unfortunately, the party was soon attacked by bandits, who used the cover of a sandstorm to ambush them. The Polos managed to fight and escape through a nearby town, but many members of the caravan were killed or enslaved.[64] Three and a half years after leaving Venice, when Marco was about 21 years old, the Polos were welcomed by Kublai into his palace.[28] The exact date of their arrival is unknown, but scholars estimate it to be between 1271 and 1275.[nb 2] On reaching the Yuan court, the Polos presented the sacred oil from Jerusalem and the papal letters to their patron.[27]" ]

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[ "Federal Reserve System. The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system. It has supervisory responsibilities for state-chartered banks[43] that are members of the Federal Reserve System, bank holding companies (companies that control banks), the foreign activities of member banks, the U.S. activities of foreign banks, and Edge Act and \"agreement corporations\" (limited-purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business). The Board and, under delegated authority, the Federal Reserve Banks, supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies. Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.", "Federal Reserve. The Board also plays a major role in the supervision and regulation of the U.S. banking system. It has supervisory responsibilities for state-chartered banks[46] that are members of the Federal Reserve System, bank holding companies (companies that control banks), the foreign activities of member banks, the U.S. activities of foreign banks, and Edge Act and \"agreement corporations\" (limited-purpose institutions that engage in a foreign banking business). The Board and, under delegated authority, the Federal Reserve Banks, supervise approximately 900 state member banks and 5,000 bank holding companies. Other federal agencies also serve as the primary federal supervisors of commercial banks; the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency supervises national banks, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation supervises state banks that are not members of the Federal Reserve System.", "Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed board of governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks.[15][16][17] Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the board of governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one-year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components.[list 2] It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used.[22]", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. \"Each Federal Reserve Bank is a separate corporation owned by commercial banks in its region. The stock-holding commercial banks elect two thirds of each Bank's nine member board of directors.\"", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. \"Each Federal Reserve Bank is a separate corporation owned by commercial banks in its region. The stock-holding commercial banks elect two thirds of each Bank's nine member board of directors.\"", "Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System is composed of several layers. It is governed by the presidentially appointed Board of Governors or Federal Reserve Board (FRB). Twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks, located in cities throughout the nation, regulate and oversee privately owned commercial banks.[14][15][16] Nationally chartered commercial banks are required to hold stock in, and can elect some of the board members of, the Federal Reserve Bank of their region. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) sets monetary policy. It consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional Federal Reserve Bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at a time (the president of the New York Fed and four others who rotate through one-year voting terms). There are also various advisory councils. Thus, the Federal Reserve System has both public and private components.[list 2] It has a structure unique among central banks, and is also unusual in that the United States Department of the Treasury, an entity outside of the central bank, prints the currency used.[21]", "Banking in the United States. According to the Board of Governors, the Federal Reserve is independent within government in that \"its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branch of government.\" However, its authority is derived from the U.S. Congress and is subject to congressional oversight. Additionally, the members of the Board of Governors, including its chairman and vice-chairman, are chosen by the President and confirmed by Congress. The government also exercises some control over the Federal Reserve by appointing and setting the salaries of the system's highest-level employees. Thus the Federal Reserve has both private and public aspects.[12][13][14][15] The U.S. Government receives all of the system's annual profits, after a statutory dividend of 6% on member banks' capital investment is paid, and an account surplus is maintained. In 2010, the Federal Reserve made a profit of $82 billion and transferred $79 billion to the U.S. Treasury.[16]", "Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks...By conducting open market operations, imposing reserve requirements, permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances, and extending credit through its discount window facility, the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate. Through its control of the federal funds rate, the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives.[92]", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. Similarly, the Federal Reserve Banks, though heavily regulated, are locally controlled by their member banks. Taking another look at Black's Law Dictionary, we find that these privately owned banks actually issue money: \"Federal Reserve Act. Law which created Federal Reserve banks which act as agents in maintaining money reserves, issuing money in the form of bank notes, lending money to banks, and supervising banks. Administered by Federal Reserve Board (q.v.).", "Structure of the Federal Reserve System. According to the board of governors of the Federal Reserve, \"It is not 'owned' by anyone and is 'not a private, profit-making institution'. Instead, it is an independent entity within the government, having both public purposes and private aspects.\"[4] The U.S. Government does not own shares in the Federal Reserve System or its component banks, but does receive all of the system's annual profits after a statutory dividend of 6% on their capital investment is paid to member banks and a capital account surplus is maintained. The government also exercises some control over the Federal Reserve by appointing and setting the salaries of the system's highest-level employees.", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. Similarly, the Federal Reserve Banks, though heavily regulated, are locally controlled by their member banks. Taking another look at Black's Law Dictionary, we find that these privately owned banks actually issue money: \"Federal Reserve Act. Law which created Federal Reserve banks which act as agents in maintaining money reserves, issuing money in the form of bank notes, lending money to banks, and supervising banks. Administered by Federal Reserve Board (q.v.).", "Federal Reserve Board of Governors. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, commonly known as the Federal Reserve Board, is the main governing body of the Federal Reserve System. It is charged with overseeing the Federal Reserve Banks and with helping implement monetary policy of the United States. Governors are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate for staggered 14-year terms.[1][2]", "Regulatory capture. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York (New York Fed) is the most influential of the Federal Reserve Banking System. Part of the New York Fed's responsibilities is the regulation of Wall Street, but its president is selected by and reports to a board dominated by the chief executives of some of the banks it oversees.[47] While the New York Fed has always had a closer relationship with Wall Street, during the years that Timothy Geithner was president, he became unusually close with the scions of Wall Street banks,[47] a time when banks and hedge funds were pursuing investment strategies that caused the 2008 financial crisis, which the Fed failed to stop.", "Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve implements U.S. monetary policy by affecting conditions in the market for balances that depository institutions hold at the Federal Reserve Banks...By conducting open market operations, imposing reserve requirements, permitting depository institutions to hold contractual clearing balances, and extending credit through its discount window facility, the Federal Reserve exercises considerable control over the demand for and supply of Federal Reserve balances and the federal funds rate. Through its control of the federal funds rate, the Federal Reserve is able to foster financial and monetary conditions consistent with its monetary policy objectives.[88]", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. Allow me to quote Ellen Hodgson Brown, J.D., author of \"Web of Debt\": \"The Federal Reserve is an independent, privately owned corporation. It consists of twelve regional Federal Reserve banks owned by many commercial member banks which hold Federal Reserve Stock in an amount proportional to their size. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York holds the majority of shares in the Federal Reserve System (53 percent). Its [the NY Fed Bank] largest shareholders are the largest commercial banks in the district of New York....[In the NY Fed's case, the largest member banks are Citibank and Chase]. The NY Fed has some 500 member banks.\"", "Banking in the United States. The Federal Reserve System's structure is composed of the presidentially appointed Board of Governors (or Federal Reserve Board), the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks located in major cities throughout the nation, numerous privately owned U.S. member banks and various advisory councils.[5](See structure)[9][10] The FOMC is the committee responsible for setting monetary policy and consists of all seven members of the Board of Governors and the twelve regional bank presidents, though only five bank presidents vote at any given time; its constitutionality was challenged by senator Riegle in Riegle v. FOMC, 656 US 873 (1981) cert. denied 454 US 1082 (1981), but the court refused to rule on the merits, declining jurisdiction on equity (contrast Free Ent. Fnd v. PCAOB). The responsibilities of the central bank are divided into several separate and independent parts, some private and some public. The result is a structure that is considered unique among central banks. It is also unusual in that an entity outside of the central bank, namely the United States Department of the Treasury, creates the currency used.[11]", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. As the nation's central bank, the Federal Reserve derives its authority from the U.S. Congress. It is considered an independent central bank because its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branch of government, it does not receive funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms. However, the Federal Reserve is subject to oversight by Congress, which periodically reviews its activities and can alter its responsibilities by statute. Also, the Federal Reserve must work within the framework of the overall objectives of economic and financial policy established by the government. Therefore, the Federal Reserve can be more accurately described as \"independent within the government.\"", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. As the nation's central bank, the Federal Reserve derives its authority from the U.S. Congress. It is considered an independent central bank because its decisions do not have to be ratified by the President or anyone else in the executive or legislative branch of government, it does not receive funding appropriated by Congress, and the terms of the members of the Board of Governors span multiple presidential and congressional terms. However, the Federal Reserve is subject to oversight by Congress, which periodically reviews its activities and can alter its responsibilities by statute. Also, the Federal Reserve must work within the framework of the overall objectives of economic and financial policy established by the government. Therefore, the Federal Reserve can be more accurately described as \"independent within the government.\"", "Monetary policy of the United States. Monetary policy in the US is determined and implemented by the US Federal Reserve System, commonly referred to as the Federal Reserve. Established in 1913 by the Federal Reserve Act to provide central banking functions,[6] the Federal Reserve System is a quasi-public institution. Ostensibly, the Federal Reserve Banks are 12 private banking corporations;[7][8][9] they are independent in their day-to-day operations, but legislatively accountable to Congress through the auspices of Federal Reserve Board of Governors.", "Federal Reserve. The Federal Reserve regulates private banks. The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation. In 2006 Donald L. Kohn, vice chairman of the board of governors, summarized the history of this compromise:[42]", "Monetary policy of the United States. The Federal Reserve regulates banking, and one regulation under its direct control is the reserve requirement which dictates how much money banks must keep in reserves, as compared to its demand deposits. Banks use their observation that the majority of deposits are not requested by the account holders at the same time.", "Federal Reserve Bank. A major responsibility of The Federal Reserve is to oversee their banking and financial systems. Overseeing the banking and financial systems of a bank is crucial in a society.[12]", "Structure of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Banks have an intermediate legal status, with some features of private corporations and some features of public federal agencies. The United States has an interest in the Federal Reserve Banks as tax-exempt federally created instrumentalities whose profits belong to the federal government, but this interest is not proprietary.[20] Each member bank (commercial banks in the Federal Reserve district) owns a nonnegotiable share of stock in its regional Federal Reserve Bank. However, holding Federal Reserve Bank stock is unlike owning stock in a publicly traded company. The charter of each Federal Reserve Bank is established by law and cannot be altered by the member banks. Federal Reserve Bank stock cannot be sold or traded, and member banks do not control the Federal Reserve Bank as a result of owning this stock. They do, however, elect six of the nine members of the Federal Reserve Banks' boards of directors.[17] In Lewis v. United States,[25] the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit stated that: \"The Reserve Banks are not federal instrumentalities for purposes of the FTCA [the Federal Tort Claims Act], but are independent, privately owned and locally controlled corporations.\" The opinion went on to say, however, that: \"The Reserve Banks have properly been held to be federal instrumentalities for some purposes.\" Another relevant decision is Scott v. Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City,[20] in which the distinction is made between Federal Reserve Banks, which are federally created instrumentalities, and the Board of Governors, which is a federal agency.", "Federal Reserve Bank. The twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks were established as the operating arms of the nation's central banking system. They are organized much like private corporations—possibly leading to some confusion about ownership.", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. I would vote for the Fed to be classified on the quasi-private end of the spectrum. The Fed banks are owned, though stock, by member banks as stated in the Federal Reserve Act of 1913. However, the Fed Chairman for instance, is appointed by the POTUS. (Although he selects from a list of nominees supplied by the board, and can only re-appoint board members over a lengthy period of time.) This would be an example of public, or governmental control, which shows the quasi-character of the Fed. Clearly, though, because of the nomination process by private Fed banks which make up the system it leans far more towards the private end of the quasi-spectrum. EzraPoundem (talk) 21:21, 29 March 2009 (UTC)", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. Thus, some parts of the Federal Reserve System (such as the member banks) are privately owned and at least one part (the Board of Governors) is a governmental entity.", "Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve regulates private banks. The system was designed out of a compromise between the competing philosophies of privatization and government regulation. In 2006 Donald L. Kohn, vice chairman of the Board of Governors, summarized the history of this compromise:[39]", "Structure of the Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve System is an independent government institution that has private aspects. The System is not a private organization and does not operate for the purpose of making a profit.[8] The stocks of the regional federal reserve banks are owned by the banks operating within that region and which are part of the system.[9] The System derives its authority and public purpose from the Federal Reserve Act passed by Congress in 1913. As an independent institution, the Federal Reserve System has the authority to act on its own without prior approval from Congress or the President.[10] The members of its Board of Governors are appointed for long, staggered terms, limiting the influence of day-to-day political considerations.[11] The Federal Reserve System's unique structure also provides internal checks and balances, ensuring that its decisions and operations are not dominated by any one part of the system.[11] It also generates revenue independently without need for Congressional funding. Congressional oversight and statutes, which can alter the Fed's responsibilities and control, allow the government to keep the Federal Reserve System in check. Since the System was designed to be independent while also remaining within the government of the United States, it is often said to be \"independent within the government\".[10]", "Federal Reserve Bank. A Federal Reserve Bank is a regional bank of the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States. There are twelve in total, one for each of the twelve Federal Reserve Districts that were created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.[1] The banks are jointly responsible for implementing the monetary policy set forth by the Federal Open Market Committee, and are divided as follows:", "Monetary policy of the United States. \"The Fed\" controls the money supply in the United States by controlling the amount of loans made by commercial banks. New loans are usually in the form of increased checking account balances, and since checkable deposits are part of the money supply, the money supply increases when new loans are made ...[38]", "Federal Reserve System. The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system. Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the Board of Governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate.", "Federal Reserve. The balance between private interests and government can also be seen in the structure of the system. Private banks elect members of the board of directors at their regional Federal Reserve Bank while the members of the board of governors are selected by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate." ]

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[ "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. After the establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military aid, becoming an ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In 1972 Cuba joined the COMECON, an economic organization of states designed to create cooperation among the socialist planned economies dominated by the large economy of the Soviet Union. Moscow kept in regular contact with Havana, sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1991. After the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba entered an era of economic hardship known as the Special Period in Time of Peace.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. Heightened tensions best characterize diplomatic relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union throughout the Gorbachev era. The introduction of Gorbachev’s reforms of perestroika, glasnost, and his “new thinking” on foreign policy set off an economic crisis in the Soviet Union, opened up the Soviets and their allies to increasing internal criticism from dissidents, and sparked an ideological conflict with Fidel Castro’s regime.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The Soviet Union faced a varying array of problems when Gorbachev took power after the death of former General Secretary, Konstantin Chernenko, in 1985. However, Gorbachev’s attempts at reforms not only provoked the strengthening of a vocal opposition frustrated over the pace of reforms, but it also placed the Soviets at odds with Cuba. The transition during perestroika towards market reforms weakened Soviet currency, resulting in a reduction of basic subsidies and widespread shortages of basic goods, a loss of jobs, and decreased productivity.[12] These economic difficulties spread to other areas of Eastern Europe and other Soviet satellites, such as Cuba. In essence, perestroika progressively undermined the Soviet Union’s ability to live up to its economic commitments to Cuba.[13]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. More fundamental change in Soviet-Cuba economic relations came with a new one-year trade agreement (as opposed to five-year) signed in late 1990.[18] The agreement set sugar at world market prices with the intent to end some of Cuba’s dependence on the Soviet Union. Then, in June 1991, the Soviets disbanded the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), a huge basis for their alliance in the past, further straining the economic situation in Cuba.[18]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. During the period from 1985-1991, Soviet-Cuban relations continued, as Moscow wanted the relationship reformed, not terminated and the Cubans relied on continued Soviet investment and trade. Perestroika and Gorbachev’s other reforms quickly eroded the economic and political alliance between the Cubans and Soviets as it became increasingly difficult for the Soviets to maintain their trade commitments to Cuba. After 1989 Castro publicly criticized Soviet reformism, yet he hoped Soviet communism would survive perestroika.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. In 1986 Castro embarked on his own set of reforms labeled the “rectification of errors” campaign. Castro intended for these reforms to forestall or eradicate any reformist ideas spreading in Cuba prompted by radical political and economic reforms in the U.S.S.R. or Eastern Europe.[13] The policies of the rectification of errors and perestroika were diametrically opposed and highlighted the unraveling of the Soviet-Cuban relationship.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had an immediate and devastating effect on Cuba. Cuba lost valuable aid and trading privileges after the fall of the Soviet Union, soon after entering a fiscal crisis.[24] While throughout the 1990s and into the present, Cuba maintained and built up relationships with other Latin American neighbors and non-aligned countries, as the only Marxist nation within the Western Hemisphere, Cuba was no longer able to maintain their political status.[25] After the shift to world market prices under the 1991 trade agreement and the dissolution of CMEA, which had once accounted for almost 85 percent of Cuban trade, trade with the Soviet Union declined by more than 90 percent. The Soviet Union alone imported 80% of all Cuban sugar and 40% of all Cuban citrus. Oil imports dropped from 13 million tons in 1989 to about 3 million tons in 1993 from Russia.[26] The end of communism in Europe resulted in the end of Cuban-Soviet relations and great isolation and economic hardship in Cuba.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. With Cuba’s proximity to the United States, Castro and his regime became an important Cold War ally for the Soviets. The relationship was for the most part an economic one, with the Soviet Union providing military, economic and political assistance to Cuba. In 1972, Cuba gained membership into the Council of Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA), which enhanced strong cooperation in the realm of national economic planning and gave Moscow increasingly more economic control over Cuba.[9] From 1976 to 1980, the Soviets invested $1.7 billion (USD) on the construction and remodeling of Cuban factories and industry. Additionally, between 1981 and 1984 Cuba received approximately $750 million (USD) a year in Soviet military assistance.[10]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. In the international sphere, Gorbachev’s “new thinking” attempted to remove Marxist ideology from East-West relations. Soviet foreign policy took on a new orientation that stressed international independence, non-offensive defense, multilateral cooperation, and use of the political process to solve security issues.[20] At first, Castro took a relatively positive outlook on “new thinking:” “this was the first time since the appearance of these awesome weapons of mass destruction… that such a categorical, resolute and concrete proposal had been made,” he commented.[21] However, ideological divergences over disarmament, international conflicts in Nicaragua and Angola, and the debt crisis in the developing world quickly created irreconcilable differences between Castro and Gorbachev. Demonstrative of the cooling of Cold War tensions and “new thinking,” Gorbachev announced on September 11, 1991 that all Soviet troops would be removed from Cuba.[22] This move symbolized Gorbachev’s efforts to eliminate Marxism from Soviet foreign policy, which Castro believed undermined Cuba’s struggle against U.S. imperialism.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. By 1990, Moscow found it increasingly difficult to meet their economic responsibilities to Cuba. While in 1985 they had paid over 11 times the world price for Cuban sugar, in 1989 they only paid three times the price.[18] As the economy continued to decline, members of the Soviet elite grew more critical of the unequal terms of trade. For many, “it seemed contrary to the nature of perestroika to continue to prop up an inefficient Cuban economy while struggling to reform the Soviet economy.”[18] This forced the Cuban government to search elsewhere for foreign investment and trade. In what was called a “zero option approach,” the Cuban government in 1990 and 1991 established tariff-free trading agreements to boost imports and exports, gave foreign entities more autonomy and generous tax incentives, and began to diversify the economy, focusing more on the pharmaceutical industry and tourism.[19]", "Cuban Revolution. Following the American embargo, the Soviet Union became Cuba's main ally.[11] The two Communist countries quickly developed close military and intelligence ties, culminating in the stationing of Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962, an act which triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba maintained close links to the Soviets until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. The end of Soviet economic aid led to an economic crisis and famine known as the Special Period in Cuba.[76]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. Despite Soviet attempts to appease Castro, Cuban-Soviet relations were still marred by a number of difficulties. Castro increased contacts with the People's Republic of China, exploiting the growing Sino-Soviet dispute and proclaiming his intention to remain neutral and maintain fraternal relations with all socialist states.[7] The Sino-Soviet split also impacted on Castro's relationship with Che Guevara, who took a more Maoist view following ideological conflict between the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Communist Party of China. In 1966, Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's government.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Following the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and after the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Following the establishment of diplomatic ties, and after the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Cuba was able to build a large military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The Soviets also kept in close touch with Havana, sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1990.", "Cuba–United States relations. As state intervention and take-over of privately owned businesses continued, trade restrictions on Cuba increased. The U.S. stopped buying Cuban sugar and refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil, with a devastating effect on the island's economy, leading to Cuba turning to their newfound trading partner the Soviet Union for petroleum. In March 1960, tensions increased when the freighter La Coubre exploded in Havana Harbor, killing over 75 people. Fidel Castro blamed the United States and compared the incident to the sinking of the Maine, though admitting he could provide no evidence for his accusation.[27] That same month, President Eisenhower quietly authorized the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to organize, train, and equip Cuban refugees as a guerrilla force to overthrow Castro.[28]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The effects of glasnost on political criticism and discussion in the U.S.S.R. further strained the Cuban-Soviet relationship. While Cuba took a cautious approach in reacting to Gorbachev’s reforms, post-1987 the Soviet elite grew more critical of Soviet foreign policy towards Cuba. Critical articles in Soviet newspapers soon emerged, focusing on the lack of efficiency of the Cuban economy and the illogical nature of the terms of trade.[14] Although Havana could not afford to upset the Soviets due to economic dependence on their ally, in November 1989 Castro banned the sale of Soviet publications on the island. He stated, “we could not hesitate to prevent the circulation of certain Soviet publications which have been against the policies of… socialism. They are for the ideas of imperialism, change and the counter-revolution.”[15]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The missile crisis had a significant impact on the countries involved. While it led to a thaw in U.S.-Soviet relations, it further strained Cuban-Soviet relations. Castro was not consulted throughout the Kennedy-Khrushchev negotiations and was angered by the unilateral Soviet withdrawal of the missiles and bombers. The People's Republic of China likewise expressed concern about the outcome.[5]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. After the failed coup attempt on August 1991, Cuban leaders, feeling they had less to lose, began to openly criticize the reforms in the U.S.S.R. An editorial in Granma several days after the coup wrote, “in the Soviet Union, politicians favor the process of privatization and the acceleration to the market economy. These positions have resulted in the development of these events.”[23]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. In his visit to Cuba in April 1989, Gorbachev attempted to convince Castro to take a more positive attitude towards reformism and more flexibility in fixing Cuba’s economy. Gorbachev was only the second Soviet leader to visit Latin America, and rather than resolve the increasing tensions between the two nations, the visit was mostly a symbolic gesture. Despite Soviet Foreign Minister Shevardnadze declaring the meeting a “milestone in Soviet-Cuban relations,” Soviet-Cuban relations rapidly declined following Gorbachev’s return to Moscow.[16]", "Foreign relations of Cuba. After the revolution of 1959, Cuba soon took actions inimical to American trade interests on the island. In response, the U.S. stopped buying Cuban sugar and refused to supply its former trading partner with much needed oil. Relations between the countries deteriorated rapidly. In April 1961, following air attacks preparing for the Bay of Pigs Invasion by CIA-trained Cuban exiles, prime minister Fidel Castro declared Cuba to be a socialist republic, and moved quickly to develop the growing relations between Cuba and the Soviet Union.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. When Gorbachev came to power in March 1985, Cuba remained an important Cold War propaganda tool for the Soviet Union. Economic investment and trade in Cuba was at its highest; in 1985 trade between the two nations accounted for over 70 percent of Cuba’s entire trade.[11] The two nations continued to collaborate on projects in the sciences, technology, sports, and education.[9] However, throughout the Gorbachev era diplomatic relations cooled until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the termination of Soviet-Cuban relations.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Cuba in 1989, the comradely relationship between Havana and Moscow was strained by Gorbachev's implementation of economic and political reforms in the USSR. \"We are witnessing sad things in other socialist countries, very sad things\", lamented Castro in November 1989, in reference to the changes that were sweeping such communist allies as the Soviet Union, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.[17] The subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had an immediate and devastating effect on Cuba.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The first diplomatic relations between the Soviet Union and Cuba developed during World War II. Maxim Litvinov, Soviet ambassador to the U.S., set up the first Soviet embassy in Havana in 1943, and Cuban diplomats under the auspices of Fulgencio Batista visited Moscow the same year.[1] During this period the Soviets made a number of contacts with Cuba’s Communists who had a foothold in Batista's governing alliance. Litvinov's successor Andrei Gromyko became ambassador to both the U.S. and Cuba though he never visited the island during his tenure. After the war, the governments of Ramón Grau and Carlos Prío sought to isolate the Cuban Communist party and relations with the Soviet Union were abandoned. Batista's return to power in 1952 following a coup saw the closure of the embassy.[2]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The Cuban Revolution which propelled Fidel Castro to power on January 1, 1959, initially attracted little attention in Moscow. Soviet planners, resigned to U.S. dominance over the Western hemisphere, were unprepared for the possibility of a future ally in the region. According to later testimonies from Nikita Khrushchev, neither the Soviet Communist Party Central Committee’s nor KGB intelligence had any idea who Castro was or what he was fighting for. Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev advised them to consult Cuba’s Communists who reported that Castro was a representative of the \"haute bourgeoisie\" and working for the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency.[3]", "Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba perceived the outcome as a betrayal by the Soviets, as decisions on how to resolve the crisis had been made exclusively by Kennedy and Khrushchev. Castro was especially upset that certain issues of interest to Cuba, such as the status of the US Naval Base in Guantánamo, were not addressed. That caused Cuban–Soviet relations to deteriorate for years to come.[113]:278 On the other hand, Cuba continued to be protected from invasion.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. The relationship between the Soviet Union's KGB and the Cuban Intelligence Directorate was complex and marked by times of extremely close cooperation and times of extreme competition. The Soviet Union saw the new revolutionary government in Cuba as an excellent proxy agent in areas of the world where Soviet involvement was not popular on a local level. Nikolai Leninov, the KGB Chief in Mexico City, was one of the first Soviet officials to recognize Fidel Castro's potential as a revolutionary and urged the Soviet Union to strengthen ties with the new Cuban leader. Moscow saw Cuba as having far more appeal with new revolutionary movements, western intellectuals, and members of the New Left with Cuba's perceived David and Goliath struggle against US imperialism. Shortly after the Cuban missile crisis in 1963, Moscow invited 1,500 DI agents, including Che Guevara, to the KGB's Moscow Center for intensive training in intelligence operations.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. Washington's increasing economic embargo led Cuba to hurriedly seek new markets to avert economic disaster. Castro asked for help from the Soviets and in response Khrushchev approved the temporary purchase of Cuban sugar in exchange for Soviet fuel. This deal was to play a part in sustaining the Cuban economy for many years to come. Following the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, Fidel Castro announced publicly that Cuba was to become a socialist republic. Khrushchev sent congratulations to Castro for repelling the invasion, but privately believed the Americans would soon bring the weight of their regular army to bear. The defense of Cuba became a matter of prestige for the Soviet Union, and Khruschev believed that the U.S. would block all access to the island whether by sea or air.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Aided by a massive buildup of Soviet advisors, military personnel, and advanced weaponry during the Cold War, Cuba became a staunch ally of the USSR during Castro's rule, modeling its political structure after that of the CPSU. Due to this huge amount of support, Cuba became a major sponsor of Marxist \"wars of national liberation\" not only in Latin America, but worldwide.", "Cuba. In January 1962, Cuba was suspended from the Organization of American States (OAS), and later the same year the OAS started to impose sanctions against Cuba of similar nature to the US sanctions.[109] The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October 1962. By 1963, Cuba was moving towards a full-fledged Communist system modeled on the USSR.[110]", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Castro's alliance with the Soviet Union caused something of a split between him and Guevara. In 1966, Guevara left for Bolivia in an ill-fated attempt to stir up revolution against the country's government.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. On 23 August 1968 Castro made a public gesture to the Soviet Union that reaffirmed their support in him. Two days after the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia to repress the Prague Spring, Castro took to the airwaves and publicly denounced the Czech \"rebellion\". Castro warned the Cuban people about the Czechoslovakian 'counterrevolutionaries', who \"were moving Czechoslovakia towards capitalism and into the arms of imperialists\". He called the leaders of the rebellion \"the agents of West Germany and fascist reactionary rabble.\"[8] In return for his public backing of the invasion, at a time when many Soviet allies were deeming the invasion an infringement of Czechoslovakia's sovereignty, the Soviets bailed out the Cuban economy with extra loans and an immediate increase in oil exports.[citation needed]", "20th-century events. The Cuban Missile Crisis illustrates just how close to the brink of nuclear war the world came during the Cold War. Cuba, under Fidel Castro's socialist government, had formed close ties with the Soviet Union. This was obviously disquieting to the United States, given Cuba's proximity. When Lockheed U-2 spy plane flights over the island revealed that Soviet missile launchers were being installed, U.S. President John F. Kennedy instituted a naval blockade and publicly confronted the Soviet Union. After a tense week, the Soviet Union backed down and ordered the launchers removed, not wanting to risk igniting a new world war." ]

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[ "Jeff Green (basketball). Jeffrey Lynn Green (born August 28, 1986) is an American professional basketball player for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played three seasons of college basketball for Georgetown, before entering the 2007 NBA draft, where he was selected fifth overall by the Boston Celtics.[1] He was subsequently traded to the Seattle SuperSonics (now known as the Oklahoma City Thunder). He spent four seasons with the franchise before being traded back to the Celtics during the 2010–11 season, where he played until 2015 before being traded to the Memphis Grizzlies. In 2016, he was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers. He spent half a season with the Clippers before joining the Magic following the 2015–16 season.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On June 28, 2007, Green was taken 5th overall in the 2007 NBA draft by the Boston Celtics. He was later involved in a trade that sent veteran guard Ray Allen along with the fifth pick in the second round (#35 overall, LSU Tigers' Glen Davis) to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Wally Szczerbiak, Delonte West, the 5th overall selection and a future second-round selection to the Seattle SuperSonics. Since the deal was not made prior to the 2:00 pm deadline, the Celtics chose Green for the Sonics' with the fifth overall pick. Green shortly after signed a deal to be represented by David Falk, the agent of Michael Jordan, and became the first player to sign with Falk since John Lucas III in 2005.[6]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On January 12, 2015, Green was traded to the Memphis Grizzlies in a three-team deal involving the Celtics and the New Orleans Pelicans.[18] He made his debut for the Grizzlies two days later, recording 10 points and 3 rebounds off the bench in a 103–92 win over the Brooklyn Nets.[19] On June 18, 2015, Green exercised his player option with the Grizzlies for the 2015–16 season.[20]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On February 25, 2011, the NBA's trade deadline, Green was traded to the Boston Celtics, who initially drafted Green, along with Nenad Krstić and a protected 2012 first round pick originally from the Los Angeles Clippers, in exchange for Kendrick Perkins and Nate Robinson.[7]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On February 18, 2016, Green was traded to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Lance Stephenson and a future protected first-round pick.[23] Two days later, he made his debut for the Clippers in a 115–112 loss to the Golden State Warriors, recording five points, two rebounds and one assist in 20 minutes off the bench.[24] On February 26, he made his first start for the Clippers, scoring 22 points in 31 minutes of action in a 117–107 win over the Sacramento Kings.[25]", "Jeff Green (basketball). Jeff Green won the 2005 Big East Rookie of the Year award along with Rudy Gay of the University of Connecticut. In addition, Green was named to the All-Big East Second Team in 2006 along with teammate Roy Hibbert.[1] In 2007, Green and teammate Roy Hibbert were unanimous selections to the All-Big East First Team. After his 30-point performance in the 2007 Big East Tournament semi-final against Notre Dame and his 21-point performance in the championship against the Pittsburgh, Green was also named Most Outstanding Player of the 2007 Big East Tournament as the Hoyas went on to claim their first Big East title since 1989.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On December 10, 2011 Green signed a 1-year, $9 million contract with the Boston Celtics.[8] On December 17, Jeff Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm, which would cause him to miss the 2011–2012 season.[9][10] Because of the surgery, he failed his physical, which revoked the Celtics' qualifying offer, thus making him an unrestricted free agent.[11] Even though Green had season ending surgery, he spent plenty of time with his former Celtics teammates during the season and voiced his desire to return to the team for the 2012–13 season. Former teammate Kevin Durant dedicated his 2012 season to Green.[12] Green used his down time not only to rehab from surgery but to complete his coursework at Georgetown, graduating on May 19, 2012 with a degree in English with a minor in theology.[5] On June 16, 2012, the NBA granted Boston a 2013 second-round pick from Oklahoma City in a dispute over Jeff Green's medical condition. The pick was previously acquired by the Thunder from the Charlotte Bobcats in 2011 for Byron Mullens.[13]", "Jeff Green (basketball). In Boston, Green was thought of being a future replacement for aging All-Star Paul Pierce as the small forward alongside All-Star Rajon Rondo. After averaging 15.2 points, 5.6 rebounds and 1.8 assists in Oklahoma City, Green averaged 9.8 points, 3.3 rebounds, and .7 assists in Boston. Green saw a big drop in minutes per game as well, dropping from 37.0 minutes to 23.4 minutes. The Celtics made it to the playoffs as the number three seed in the Eastern Conference. They swept the New York Knicks in the first round. In the next round, however, they were eliminated by the Miami Heat. Green became a restricted free agent at the end of the season.", "Jeff Green (basketball). The Thunder drafted James Harden, and traded for guards Eric Maynor and Thabo Sefolosha. Green started in all 82 regular season games and averaged 15.1 points, 6.0 rebounds, 2.0 assists, 1.6 steals and about a block a game. The Thunder finished a 50–32 and became the eighth seed in the playoffs, where they met Kobe Bryant and the Los Angeles Lakers. The Thunder were eliminated 4–2. Green averaged 11.8 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 1.7 assists in the series.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On March 18, 2013, Green scored a career high of 43 points to go with 7 rebounds and 4 blocks in a 103–105 loss to the Miami Heat.[16][17] On April 3, 2013, in a home game against the Detroit Pistons, Green scored 34 points, shooting 13–19 from the field including 3–4 from 3 point range. He also had 6 rebounds and 4 blocks in the 98-93 win over the Pistons.", "Jeff Green (basketball). Green was named the 2007 Big East Player of the Year. Jeff Green led the Hoyas on an impressive, relentless run to the Final Four in the 2007 NCAA Tournament, beating Belmont and Boston College in the first two rounds. Green would be remembered for beating Vanderbilt off a game-winning shot in the game's closing seconds as well as fearlessly leading the Hoyas to victory against #1 seed UNC, in a stunning second-half comeback victory and bringing the Hoyas back to their first Final Four since Patrick Ewing led them to the 1985 National Championship game. The Hoyas eventually lost to Greg Oden and the Ohio State Buckeyes, bringing the Hoyas' remarkable title run to a close, as well as Jeff Green's collegiate playing career, as he would forgo his senior year and enter the NBA draft. Green spent the next four summers taking classes at Georgetown and graduated with a degree in English with a minor in theology in 2012.[5]", "Jeff Green (basketball). After trading Ray Allen and drafting Kevin Durant, it was clear the SuperSonics were in rebuilding mode. After talks of a new arena in Seattle broke down, it was evident that a big change was coming. The SuperSonics finished the season at 20–62. Green made the NBA All-Rookie First Team along with teammate Kevin Durant. Green averaged 10.5 points, 4.7 rebounds, and 1.5 assists and started 52 games. He also played in the 2009 Rookie-Sophomore Challenge where he scored 13 points and made 2 steals in the Sophomores' win.", "Jeff Green (basketball). After the season, the SuperSonics were sold and moved to Oklahoma City to become the Thunder. Green wore the number 22, the same number he wore with the Sonics. The first season in Oklahoma City would be tough as the team did not have immediate success. The Thunder made big splashes in the draft, drafting Russell Westbrook and Serge Ibaka. Green averaged 16.5 points, 6.6 rebounds, 2.0 assists and a steal a game. The Thunder struggled to 23–59, leading to the firing of coach P. J. Carlesimo in the middle of the season.", "Jeff Green (basketball). Standing 6'9\", Green played forward under Coach John Thompson III. He was the captain of the squad. Thompson stated in a Sports Illustrated interview: \"You'll stop and think when I say this, but it's true: Jeff Green is the smartest player I've ever coached. You would know this better than most: that's a hell of a statement.\"[3]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On February 22, 2013, in a game against the Phoenix Suns, Green scored 31 points, shooting 11–14 from the field, as the Celtics defeated the Suns 113–88. He also grabbed 7 rebounds and blocked 5 shots.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On November 23, 2012, against his former team, the Oklahoma City Thunder, Green scored 17 points off the bench. Two weeks later he scored 19 points on 6 of 12 shooting, along with 8 rebounds, in an overtime loss to the Philadelphia 76ers.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On July 7, 2016, Green signed with the Orlando Magic.[26] He made his debut for the Magic in their season opener on October 26, 2016, scoring seven points off the bench in a 108–96 loss to the Miami Heat.[27] On April 5, 2017, he was shut down for the rest of the season due to lower back soreness that plagued him throughout the season.[28] Green missed the final nine games of the season with the back injury.[29]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On July 11, 2017, Green signed with the Cleveland Cavaliers.[30]", "Jeff Green (basketball). On December 13, 2015, Green scored a season-high 26 points in a loss to the Miami Heat.[21] He topped that mark on January 25, 2016, scoring 30 points off the bench in a 108–102 overtime win over the Orlando Magic. In that game, he converted an 11-footer with 1.3 seconds left for a 100-all tie at the end of regulation.[22]", "Jeff Green (basketball). Green was born in Cheverly, Maryland, to Jeffrey Green Sr. and Felicia Akingube. He attended Northwestern High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, where he led the NHS Wildcats to the state basketball championship in 2004.", "Jeff Green (basketball). On August 22, 2012 it was announced that Green re-signed with the Boston Celtics on a four-year, $36 million contract.[14][15]", "Jeff Green (basketball). Green was recruited to Georgetown University by coach Craig Esherick in 2003. However, Esherick was fired before Green arrived on campus and John Thompson III was hired as the new coach. The two top recruits of Esherick's tenure, Green and center Roy Hibbert, would be the key components of Thompson's future success.[2]", "Jeff Green (basketball). In Georgetown's upset victory over top-ranked and undefeated Duke University in 2006, Green played a pivotal role.[4] During the 2006–2007 season, Green hit game-winning shots in the final seconds of multiple games, including a game-winning shot against Vanderbilt in the Sweet 16 round of the NCAA Tournament. With the Hoyas down one, Green beat a double-team and hit a shot with 2.5 seconds left in the game.", "Boston Celtics. At the 2011 NBA draft, the Celtics acquired two Purdue teammates, JaJuan Johnson and E'Twaun Moore. During the short preseason following the 2011 NBA lockout, the Celtics signed free agents Marquis Daniels, Chris Wilcox, Keyon Dooling and Greg Stiemsma, while acquiring Brandon Bass from the Magic for Glen Davis and Von Wafer. They also re-signed Jeff Green, only to have it voided after a physical revealed that Green was diagnosed with an aortic aneurysm, forcing him to miss the season. The Celtics started the season 0–3 with Paul Pierce out with a heel injury and his replacement Mickaël Piétrus taking long to debut. The struggles let to the longest losing streak in the 'Big Three' era with five games, and by the All Star break, the Celtics were below .500 with a 15–17 record. However, they were one of the hottest teams after the break, going 24–10 the rest of the year and winning their 5th division title in a row. The Celtics would end up making the playoffs as the fourth seed in the Eastern Conference in the 2012 NBA Playoffs.", "Boston Celtics. In the summer of 2007, GM Danny Ainge made a series of moves that returned the Celtics to prominence. On draft night, he traded the No. 5 pick Jeff Green, Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to Seattle for perennial all-star Ray Allen and Seattle's second-round pick which the team used to select LSU's Glen \"Big Baby\" Davis.[84] Then the Celtics traded Ryan Gomes, Gerald Green, Al Jefferson, Theo Ratliff, and Sebastian Telfair to Minnesota, where Ainge's former teammate Kevin McHale was the G.M., and swapped 2009 first round draft picks, for MVP Kevin Garnett.[85] These moves created the \"Boston Three Party\" (the nickname given to describe the combining of Allen, Garnett, and Pierce by Scott Van Pelt in a \"This Is Sportscenter\" commercial), which would revitalize the team and lead them back to glory.", "2007 NBA draft. On the night after the draft, the Seattle SuperSonics traded seven-time All-Star Ray Allen along with the draft rights of the 35th pick Glen Davis to the Boston Celtics in exchange for Delonte West, Wally Szczerbiak and the draft rights to the 5th pick Jeff Green.[8] The Portland Trail Blazers and the New York Knicks were also involved in a multi-player trade that sent Zach Randolph to the Knicks and Steve Francis to the Blazers.[9] Apart from those two trades, nine further draft-day trades were announced.[10]", "Nate Robinson. On February 24, 2011, Robinson was traded, along with Kendrick Perkins, to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange for Jeff Green and Nenad Krstić.[26] He appeared in a second consecutive Conference Finals that year, but had completely fallen out of the Thunder's rotation by that point.", "Atlanta Hawks. In 1999, their first season at Philips Arena, the Hawks traded Steve Smith to Portland for Isaiah Rider and Jim Jackson, and sent Mookie Blaylock and a first round draft pick to the Golden State Warriors for Bimbo Coles and a first round draft pick. Smith and Blaylock had been one of the Hawks' most popular players during the 1990s, and Smith had recently been awarded the J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award for his charitable endeavors, as well as being selected in the 1998 NBA All-Star Game. By contrast, Rider had a history of behavioral problems both on and off the court. Rider's troubled conduct continued after his arrival in Atlanta. Rider missed the first day of training camp and was late for two games. After reports that he smoked marijuana in an Orlando hotel room during a January road trip, the league demanded that he attend drug counseling, and fined him a total of $200,000 until he agreed to go. When he showed up late for a March game, the Hawks released him.[20] The Smith/Rider trade sent the Hawks into a downward spiral. After only missing the playoffs four times since 1977, they fell to seventh place in the Central Division with a 28–54 record; they would not return to the playoffs for eight years.", "Jeff Hornacek. Jeffrey John Hornacek (/ˈhɔːrnəsɛk/; born May 3, 1963) is an American former professional basketball player and current head coach of the New York Knicks. He played shooting guard in the NBA from 1986 through 2000.", "Jeff Hornacek. He was the 22nd pick in the second round (46th overall) of the 1986 NBA draft, by the Phoenix Suns. The 2nd round draft pick that was used to select him was traded three times before finally ending up with the Suns. First, the Los Angeles Lakers packaged it in the deal to acquire Byron Scott from the San Diego Clippers before the 1983–84 season. A week later, the Clippers sent the pick to the Detroit Pistons in a deal to acquire Ricky Pierce, and on that same day, the Pistons dealt the pick to the Suns for David Thirdkill.", "Indiana Pacers. Al Harrington, a small forward who had established himself as one of the best sixth-men in the NBA, was dealt in the off-season to the Atlanta Hawks in return for Stephen Jackson after Harrington allegedly demanded that the Pacers start him or trade him. Nevertheless, the Pacers started off the 2004–05 season in extremely strong fashion–until the infamous events of November 19, 2004. Toward the end of a Pacers victory over the Detroit Pistons at The Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004, the Pacers' Ron Artest committed a hard foul against Ben Wallace. Wallace retaliated with a hard push, and the situation escalated to a full-scale brawl, with fans and several Pacers taking part. While Artest defiantly laid atop the scorer's table, Pistons fan John Green threw a cup of Diet Coke at Artest, causing him to charge into the stands. Stephen Jackson followed him into the stands while Jermaine O'Neal struck a fan who came onto the court. The game was called off with 46 seconds left on the clock and the Pacers left the floor amid a shower of beer and other beverages that rained down from the stands.", "2007–08 Boston Celtics season. On May 22, the Celtics were assigned the 5th overall selection in the NBA Draft Lottery, essentially losing their chance of drafting either Greg Oden or Kevin Durant, who both were considered to go 1st and 2nd in the draft. The 5th pick was the worst-case scenario for the Celtics, who had a 19.9% chance of obtaining the 1st overall selection. However, on June 28, the day of the 2007 NBA draft, the Celtics traded the 5th pick along with Wally Szczerbiak and Delonte West to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for All-Star 3-point specialist Ray Allen and the 35th overall selection prior to the event, and with the 5th pick selected forward Jeff Green for Seattle.[10] In the second round of the draft, the Celtics selected guard Gabe Pruitt with the 32nd pick, which was their own, and forward Glen \"Big Baby\" Davis with the 35th pick, previously obtained from Seattle.[11]" ]

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[ "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. Michael McIntyre's Big Show (also known as Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show) is a BAFTA award winning British variety and stand- up comedy television series, presented by British comedian, presenter and former Britain's Got Talent judge Michael McIntyre. The show was originally a one-off Christmas special in 2015, before the BBC announced that they had ordered a full series in 2016, which starting airing on the 16 April of that year, and concluded on 28 May 2016.[1] The show features celebrity guests, musical performances, comedy sketches from McIntyre and comrades from the comedy realm. The series was well received by the public and BBC One renewed the show for a second series which began airing November 2016, concluding in a Christmas special, which was broadcast on Christmas Eve 2016.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. This series aired for six episodes and was recorded in August, September and October 2016. The series began airing on BBC One on 19 November 2016. There was also a Christmas special entitled Michael Mcintyre's Big Christmas Show that aired on Christmas Eve.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. On 23 November 2016, it was announced that the BBC had commissioned a third series of Michael McIntyre's Big Show. Six episodes will be recorded in September and October 2017 and will commence airing from 18th November.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. Michael McIntyre's Big Christmas Show aired on 25 December 2015 on BBC One. This episode also served as a pilot for the upcoming series.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. On 7 May 2016, the BBC announced that a second series of Michael McIntyre's Big Show had been commissioned.[5][6]", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. The BBC announced they had ordered a full series which aired from 16 April until 28 May 2016.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. The show has been commissioned for a third series to air in 2017, which will run for 6 episodes from 18th November.[2]", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. Each episode of Michael McIntyre's Big Show includes a game segment or an item involving a celebrity or an unexpecting member of the public.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. The celebrities to appear in this segment include comedian, host and singer Alexander Armstrong, pop star Olly Murs, Welsh former footballer Robbie Savage, Italian dancer and Strictly Come Dancing judge Bruno Tonioli and Welsh One Show presenter Alex Jones.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. In the second episode of the second series, McIntyre got a member of the audience up on the stage to play a game titled \"Soap or Nope\", where an audience member is shown a conveyor belt with actors and lookalikes travelling along it, for the audience viewer to guess whether they were from a soap or not. At the end of the segment, McIntyre introduced the audience member with her long- term pen pal and best friend from Australia, who she had never seen before: hence the fact that the audience member thought that her pen pal was a soap star, stating that she was \"definitely soap\".", "Big Show. Paul Donald Wight II (born February 8, 1972), better known by the ring name Big Show, is an American professional wrestler and actor currently signed to WWE on the Raw brand. Wight began his career in World Championship Wrestling (WCW), where he was known by the ring name The Giant.", "Attitude Era. Paul Wight, who wrestled as \"The Giant\" starting in 1995, allowed his WCW contract to expire on February 8, 1999 when Eric Bischoff denied his request for a pay increase in his contract.[30] He signed with WWF a day later and debuted at St. Valentine's Day Massacre: In Your House as \"The Big Show\" Paul Wight, Mr. McMahon's enforcer in The Corporation. After a falling out with The Corporation, The Big Show turned face and had several feuds with The Undertaker and the Big Boss Man before winning the WWF Championship at the 1999 Survivor Series.", "Big Show. Show returned at the 2001 Royal Rumble, but was eliminated by The Rock.[30] Angered by his quick elimination, Wight proceeded to chokeslam The Rock through the broadcast table before leaving the arena. He then began competing for the WWF Hardcore Championship, which he lost to Kane in a Triple Threat match that also included Raven at WrestleMania X-Seven.[31] Throughout The Invasion, Big Show reverted to being a face and remained loyal to the WWF. He faced Shane McMahon, the on-screen owner of WCW, in a Last Man Standing match at Backlash and was defeated following interference from Test. Following an unscripted backstage interview, Big Show burst into tears and fled from the arena.[32] Show was also part of the victorious Team WWF at Survivor Series, though he was the first man eliminated.[33]", "NBC. Aiming to keep classic radio alive as television matured, and to challenge CBS's Sunday night radio lineup, which featured much of the programs and talent that had moved to that network following the defection of Jack Benny to CBS, NBC launched The Big Show in November 1950. This 90-minute variety show updated radio's earliest musical variety style with sophisticated comedy and dramatic presentations. Featuring stage legend Tallulah Bankhead as hostess, it lured prestigious entertainers, including Fred Allen, Groucho Marx, Lauritz Melchior, Ethel Barrymore, Louis Armstrong, Ethel Merman, Bob Hope, Danny Thomas, Douglas Fairbanks, Jr. and Ella Fitzgerald. However, The Big Show's initial success did not last despite critical praise, as most of its potential listeners were increasingly becoming television viewers. The show lasted two years, with NBC losing around $1 million on the project (the network was only able to sell advertising time during the middle half-hour of the program each week).", "The Last Days of Michael Jackson. The Last Days of Michael Jackson is a two-hour television special that premiered on ABC on May 24, 2018.[1] The special is dedicated to Michael Jackson's life and legacy and is chronicling everything from his childhood to the comeback concert, \"This is It,\" that he never got to perform. It will also feature never-before-seen interviews he did with Barbara Walters and Diane Sawyer, as well as conversations with his friends and family.[2] The special was watched by 5.56 million viewers and was met with negative response.", "Big Show. After a brief hiatus, Big Show returned on the June 1 episode of Raw, he knocked out The Miz and confronted Intercontinental Champion Ryback, beginning a feud with him for the title.[196] During this time, Big Show quietly distanced himself from The Authority, but still remained loyal to the group. Big Show challenged Ryback for the title at Money in the Bank, winning the match by disqualification after The Miz attacked Big Show. A triple threat match for the title was scheduled for Battleground, but due to Ryback suffering a knee injury at the time, the match was moved to SummerSlam, which result to Ryback retained the title. On the August 31 episode of Raw, Big Show received another championship match against Ryback, where he lost following a distraction from The Miz, ending the feud. On October 3 at Live from Madison Square Garden, Big Show was defeated by Brock Lesnar. On the November 9 episode of Raw, Big Show entered the 16-man tournament to crown the new WWE World Heavyweight Champion and lost to Roman Reigns in the first round.[197]", "List of Regular Show characters. Matchmaker McIntyre (voiced by William Salyers) is the CEO of Couple Corral.com and is the main villain in \"Real Date\". After going bankrupt due to no one ever signing up for Couple Corral, he tried to get Mordecai to dump CJ. After many attempts to split them up, McIntyre confronts them near the docks in his submarine. After firing a bazooka at Mordecai (who jumped in the way to protect CJ), CJ turns into her storm cloud form, like she did in \"Yes Dude Yes\" and strikes McIntyre's car which was parked near the beach. McIntyre's horned hood ornament shoots at the blimp above McIntyre and plummets right into his sub, killing McIntyre for good. Unbeknownst to him, Mordecai survived the blast thanks to a gift box that he had.", "Live at the Apollo (TV series). A fourth series began transmission on 28 November 2008. It showcased a variety of the newer stand-up comedians and was rescheduled from Monday nights to Friday nights to replace Friday Night with Jonathan Ross after Ross's suspension in the wake of the Sachsgate row.[2] After hosting the first episode, Michael McIntyre got his own show of a similar format; Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow was broadcast for a series of six episodes in 2009.[3]", "Big Show. Big Show was absent from Raw for another month until returning to confront Braun Strowman before announcing his entry into the 2017 Royal Rumble match. He entered at number 9 and was eliminated by Strowman.[200] In the main event of the February 20 episode of Raw, Show faced Strowman in a losing effort.[201] At Fastlane, Big Show defeated Rusev.[202] On April 2 on the WrestleMania 33 kickoff show, Big Show took part in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, from which he was eliminated by Braun Strowman.[203] On the April 17th edition of Raw, Show wrestled Strowman in the main event, where the ring collapsed after Strowman executed a superplex on Show, resulting in a no contest, similar to his matches with Brock Lesnar in 2003 and Mark Henry at Vengeance (2011) respectively.", "Michael McIntyre's Big Show. All Saints, Ellie Goulding, the cast of the musical School of Rock, Years & Years, Tom Odell, Shane Filan, Michael Ball and Jess Glynne are some of the performers to appear on the show.", "Big Show. On the July 4 episode of ECW on Sci Fi, Big Show beat Van Dam to win the ECW World Heavyweight Championship on an ECW show in Philadelphia with the assistance of ECW's General Manager Paul Heyman, who declined to make the three-count for Van Dam after Van Dam performed the Five Star Frog Splash on the Big Show.[70][71] Heyman then instructed Big Show to chokeslam Van Dam onto a chair, before making the three-count, meaning Big Show won the ECW title.[70] The fans almost rioted when Big Show won the title, throwing drinks and empty cups into the ring, as Heyman and Big Show celebrated.[72] The victory made him the first ever professional wrestler to hold the WWE Championship, WCW World Heavyweight Championship, and ECW World Heavyweight Championship.[73] He is also the first non ECW Original to hold the ECW title. Over the next several weeks, Wight defeated many other wrestlers from other brands, such as Ric Flair and Kane to retain his championship but lost to Batista and The Undertaker by disqualification.[73][74][75] He lost to the Undertaker at The Great American Bash in the first ever Punjabi Prison match;[76] he was a substitute for The Great Khali, who was removed by SmackDown! General Manager Theodore Long and replaced with Big Show as punishment for an attack on The Undertaker shortly before the match.[76] He also had a brief feud with Sabu, whom he defeated at SummerSlam.[74][75][77] Also at SummerSlam, Big Show was one of the \"resources\" used by Vince and Shane McMahon in their match against D-Generation X. He became further involved in the McMahons' feud with DX when he teamed with Vince and Shane against Triple H and Shawn Michaels in a 3-on-2 handicap Hell in a Cell match at Unforgiven, which was won by Michaels and Triple H. During the match, DX shoved Vince's head up Big Show's buttocks in a mockery of Vince's \"Kiss My Ass Club\".", "Big Show. On March 31, 2012, Big Show won the first ever Slime Wrestling World Championship at the Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards, defeating The Miz after throwing him into a tub of slime. Big Show also appeared in a Vine with Cameron Dallas, which generated over 12 million loops.[207]", "Game show. A boom in prime time revivals of classic daytime game shows began to emerge in the mid-2010s. In 2016, ABC packaged the existing Celebrity Family Feud, which had returned in 2015, with new versions of To Tell The Truth, The $100,000 Pyramid and Match Game in 2016. TBS, in turn, launched a marijuana-themed revival of The Joker's Wild, hosted by Snoop Dogg, in October 2017. This is in addition to a number of original game concepts that appeared near the same time, including The Million Second Quiz, Celebrity Game Night, 1 vs. 100 and a string of music-themed games such as Don't Forget the Lyrics!, The Singing Bee and Beat Shazam.", "WWE. The WWF business expanded significantly on the shoulders of McMahon and his babyface hero Hulk Hogan for the next several years. The introduction of Saturday Night's Main Event on NBC in 1985 marked the first time that professional wrestling had been broadcast on network television since the 1950s, when the now-defunct DuMont Television Network broadcast matches of Vince McMahon Sr.'s Capitol Wrestling Corporation. The 1980s \"Wrestling Boom\" peaked with the WrestleMania III pay-per-view at the Pontiac Silverdome in 1987, which set an attendance record of 93,173, a record that stood for 29 years until WrestleMania 32.[26] A rematch of the WrestleMania III main event between WWF champion Hulk Hogan and André the Giant took place on The Main Event in 1988 and was seen by 33 million people, the most-watched wrestling match in North American television history.[27]", "Jack's Big Music Show. Production on the series began in 1995 when Spiffy pictures partnered with Nick Jr., who was scheduled to run the show from 1997–2001. However, after several missed release dates: December 5, 1997, July 26, 1999, February 22, 2000, June 8, 2002, November 7, 2004 and March 12, 2005, \"Jack's Big Music Show\" did not premiere until September 12, 2005 on Noggin.", "Big Show. Show returned on the September 24 episode of Raw, attacking Brodus Clay and Tensai during their match.[153] Four days later on SmackDown, Big Show defeated Randy Orton to become the number one contender to the World Heavyweight Championship.[154] Show received his title opportunity on October 28 at Hell in a Cell, where he defeated Sheamus to win the World Heavyweight Championship for the second time.[155] On November 18 at Survivor Series, Show lost a title rematch to Sheamus via disqualification, and retaining the World Heavyweight Championship as a result. After the match, Sheamus attacked Show and repeatedly hit him with a chair.[156] This led to a Chairs match on December 16 at TLC: Tables, Ladders and Chairs, where Big Show defeated Sheamus to retain the World Heavyweight Championship.[157] On the December 24 episode of Raw, Show was defeated by Sheamus in a non-title lumberjack match.[158] On the December 28 episode of SmackDown, Show defended his title against Alberto Del Rio, however, the match ended in a no contest after Sheamus interfered and attacked Show.[159] Three days later on Raw, Show defended the World Heavyweight Championship against Del Rio's ring announcer Ricardo Rodriguez and defeated him via disqualification after Del Rio attacked Show from behind.[160] On January 8, 2013, at the tapings of the January 11 episode of SmackDown, Show lost the World Heavyweight Championship to Del Rio in a Last Man Standing match, ending his reign at 72 days.[161] Show received his rematch for the title in another Last Man Standing match on January 27 at the Royal Rumble, but was again defeated by Del Rio when Rodriguez used duct tape to stop Show from getting up.[162] After Show repeatedly attacked Del Rio and Rodriguez, Del Rio defeated Show via submission on February 17 at Elimination Chamber to again retain his title.[163]", "Big Show. In the weeks following the tournament, Big Show and Kane feuded with Chris Masters and Carlito, leading to a World Tag Team Championship title match being scheduled for WrestleMania 22.[61][62] Wight and Kane defeated Carlito and Masters, marking Big Show's first victory at WrestleMania after suffering six defeats.[63] On the following evening, Big Show and Kane lost the World Tag Team Championship to Spirit Squad members Kenny and Mikey following copious interference from the other members of the Spirit Squad.[64][65] They faced Spirit Squad members Johnny and Nicky in a rematch one week later, but lost via disqualification after Kane \"snapped\" and left the ring to attack the other members of the Spirit Squad.[66] The ensuing feud between Kane and Big Show culminated in a match at Backlash 2006 that ended in a ruling of no-contest.[67]", "Kane (wrestler). Kane returned to WWE television on October 17, 2005, winning an eighteen-man battle royal.[59] As a result of his victory, he, along with Big Show and Shawn Michaels, was featured in an Internet poll to decide who would receive a shot at the WWE Championship at Taboo Tuesday. In the weeks before Taboo Tuesday, Kane and Big Show teamed together on several occasions. The poll was won by Michaels, and Kane and Big Show teamed together to face Lance Cade and Trevor Murdoch, defeating them for the World Tag Team Championship.[25] The duo successfully retained their championship throughout the remainder of 2005, during which time they engaged in an inter-promotional feud with members of the SmackDown! brand. On December 12 episode of Raw Kane beat Triple H in an Elimination Chamber Qualifying match, then Kane participated in the Elimination Chamber at New Year's Revolution but he was eliminated by Cartlito and Chris Masters. He and Big Show feuded with Carlito and Chris Masters throughout early 2006, culminating in a successful title defense at WrestleMania 22 on April 2. The following evening, Kane and the Big Show lost the World Tag Team Championship to Spirit Squad members Kenny and Mikey.[25][60] One week later, Kane and Big Show faced Spirit Squad members Johnny and Nicky in a rematch for the title, but were disqualified after Kane \"snapped\", ostensibly due to \"voices in his head\".[61]", "Michael Jackson. On November 3, 2010, the theatre company Cirque du Soleil announced that it would launch Michael Jackson: The Immortal World Tour in October 2011 in Montreal, while a permanent show would reside in Las Vegas.[344] The 90-minute $57-million production combined Jackson's music and choreography with the Cirque's artistry, dance and aerial displays involving 65 artists.[345] On October 3, 2011, a compilation soundtrack album accompanying the tour, Immortal, was announced.[346] A second, larger and more theatrical Cirque show, Michael Jackson: One, designed for residency at the Mandalay Bay resort in Las Vegas, was announced on February 21, 2013. This show began its run on May 23, 2013 in a newly renovated theater to critical and commercial success.[347][348][349][350]", "The Drew Carey Show. LAFF began carrying the show as part of its inaugural lineup when it launched in April 2015.[citation needed]", "Shawn Michaels. Michaels and numerous other WWE legends appeared on the January 22, 2018 episode of Raw 25 Years.", "The Last Days of Michael Jackson. The Last Days of Michael Jackson was shown on the American television network ABC on May 24, 2018. The first trailer was on May 18, 2018.[4]" ]

[ 8.203125, 6.671875, 5.890625, 5.34375, 3.345703125, 5.671875, 4.5078125, -1.28125, -2.595703125, -1.3779296875, -4.73046875, -5.2109375, -4.421875, -2.810546875, -3.412109375, -2.427734375, -7.703125, -0.46142578125, -2.140625, -2.580078125, -3.8671875, -3.091796875, -6.74609375, -6.51171875, -5.453125, -3.00390625, -4.203125, -6.41015625, -4.06640625, -7.23046875, -7.8203125, -5.6796875 ]

[ "Academy Awards. The 90th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2017, was held on 4 March 2018, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, California. The ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,072 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 90th.[7]", "90th Academy Awards. The nominees for the 90th Academy Awards were announced on January 23, 2018, at 5:22 a.m. PST (13:22 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, via global live stream,[11] from the Academy and by actors Tiffany Haddish and Andy Serkis.[12]", "90th Academy Awards. The 90th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2017 and took place at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California.[3] The ceremony was held on March 4, 2018 rather than its usual late-February date to avoid conflicting with the 2018 Winter Olympics.[4] During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony was televised in the United States by American Broadcasting Company (ABC), produced by Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd and directed by Glenn Weiss.[5] Comedian Jimmy Kimmel hosted for the second consecutive year, making him the first person to host back-to-back ceremonies since Billy Crystal in 1997 and 1998.[6]", "90th Academy Awards. In related events, the Academy held its 9th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 11, 2017.[7] On February 10, 2018, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by host actor Sir Patrick Stewart.[8]", "90th Academy Awards. The Academy held its ninth annual Governors Awards ceremony on November 11, 2017, during which the following awards were presented:[17]", "List of Academy Awards ceremonies. This list is current as of the 90th Academy Awards ceremony held on March 4, 2018.", "89th Academy Awards. In related events, the Academy held its 8th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 12, 2016.[5] On February 11, 2017, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California,[6] the Academy Scientific and Technical Awards were presented by hosts John Cho and Leslie Mann.[7]", "89th Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2016, and took place on February 26, 2017, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, at 5:30 p.m. PST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd and directed by Glenn Weiss.[2][3] Comedian Jimmy Kimmel hosted the ceremony for the first time.[4]", "62nd Academy Awards. The 62nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 1989 and took place on March 26, 1990, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis. Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the first time.[1] Three weeks earlier in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California on March 3, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Richard Dysart and Diane Ladd.[6]", "90th Academy Awards. Despite the mixed reception received from the preceding year's ceremony, the Academy rehired Michael De Luca and Jennifer Todd as producers for the second consecutive year.[58] In May 2017, it was announced that Jimmy Kimmel would return as host for a second consecutive year.[59] Kimmel expressed that he was thrilled to be selected to MC the gala again, commenting, \"Hosting the Oscars was a highlight of my career and I am grateful to Cheryl [Boone Isaacs], Dawn [Hudson], and the Academy for asking me to return to work with two of my favorite people, Mike De Luca and Jennifer Todd. If you think we screwed up the ending this year, wait until you see what we have planned for the 90th anniversary show!\"[60] Jimmy extensively campaigned for the ceremony, shooting several promos and discussions on his talk show.", "90th Academy Awards. The Shape of Water led all nominees with thirteen nominations; Dunkirk came in second with eight, and Three Billboards Outside Ebbing, Missouri came in third with seven.[13][14]", "Academy Awards. Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what was the Academy's headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.[73]", "90th Academy Awards. On December 4, 2017, it was announced that the timing of the ceremony and its pre-show had been changed and both would be scheduled to broadcast a half-hour earlier than prior telecasts.[61][62] In the first half of the nominations announcement, pre-taped category introductions were included that featured actresses Priyanka Chopra, Rosario Dawson, Gal Gadot, Salma Hayek, Michelle Rodriguez, Zoe Saldana, Molly Shannon, Rebel Wilson and Michelle Yeoh.[63][64]", "90th Academy Awards. Academy Honorary Awards", "90th Academy Awards. Special Achievement Academy Award", "List of Academy Award records. This is a list of Academy Award records. This list is current as of the 90th Academy Awards ceremony held on March 4, 2018.", "90th Academy Awards. The following individuals presented awards or performed musical numbers.[26][27][28]", "90th Academy Awards. Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger ().[15][16]", "83rd Academy Awards. In related events, the Academy held its second annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 13, 2010.[9] On February 12, 2011, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Marisa Tomei.[10]", "90th Academy Awards. On the Academy's website there is a gallery focusing on several other artists that were not included in the segment.", "70th Academy Awards. The nominees for the 70th Academy Awards were announced on February 10, 1998, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Geena Davis.[10] Titanic received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's All About Eve, and later 2016's La La Land, also achieved this distinction); Good Will Hunting and L.A. Confidential came in second with nine apiece.[11][12]", "83rd Academy Awards. The nominees for the 83rd Academy Awards were announced on January 25, 2011, at 5:38 a.m. PST at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California by Tom Sherak, president of the Academy, and actress Mo'Nique.[14] The King's Speech led the nominations with twelve, followed by True Grit with ten.[15][16]", "90th Academy Awards. The Academy said in a statement, \"Best Actress winner Frances McDormand and her Oscar were happily reunited after a brief separation at last night’s Governors Ball. The alleged thief was quickly apprehended by a photographer and members of our fast-acting Academy and security teams.\"[78] Despite McDormand's consent to let Bryant go, he was arrested by LAPD and was charged with grand theft, but was released without a bail following Wednesday's hearing after the judge ruled that \"he did not pose a flight risk.\"[79] He appeared in court on March 28, 2018, where without any consensus his hearing was rescheduled on May 1, 2018.[80]", "62nd Academy Awards. The nominees for the 62nd Academy Awards were announced on February 14, 1990, at 5:38 a.m. PST (13:38 UTC) at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Karl Malden, president of the Academy, and the actress Geena Davis.[8] Driving Miss Daisy received the most nominations with nine total; Born on the Fourth of July came in second with eight.[9] Winners were announced during the awards ceremony on March 26, 1990.[10] Driving Miss Daisy became the third film to win Best Picture without a Best Director nomination.[11] At age 80, Jessica Tandy became the oldest winner of competitive acting Oscar at the time.[12] Kenneth Branagh was the fifth person nominated for Best Lead Actor and Best Director for the same film.[13]", "87th Academy Awards. In related events, the Academy held its 6th Annual Governors Awards ceremony at the Grand Ballroom of the Hollywood and Highland Center on November 8, 2014.[10] On February 7, 2015, in a ceremony at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Margot Robbie and Miles Teller.[11]", "87th Academy Awards. The nominees for the 87th Academy Awards were announced on January 15, 2015, at 5:30 a.m. PST (13:30 UTC), at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by directors J. J. Abrams and Alfonso Cuarón, Academy president Cheryl Boone Isaacs and actor Chris Pine.[14] For the first time, nominations for all 24 competitive categories were announced.[14] Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) and The Grand Budapest Hotel tied for the most nominations with nine each.[15]", "89th Academy Awards. The nominees for the 89th Academy Awards were announced on January 24, 2017, via global live stream from the Academy.[10] La La Land received the most nominations with a record-tying fourteen (1950's All About Eve and 1997's Titanic also achieved this distinction);[11] Arrival and Moonlight came in second with eight apiece.[12][13] La La Land's Best Picture loss to Moonlight meant it set a record for most nominations and wins without winning Best Picture since Cabaret in 1972.[14]", "70th Academy Awards. The 70th Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), took place on March 23, 1998, at the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the show, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 24 categories honoring films released in 1997. The ceremony, which was televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Louis J. Horvitz.[2][3] Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the sixth time.[4] He first presided over the 62nd ceremony held in 1990, and he had hosted the previous year's gala.[5] Nearly a month earlier in an event held at the Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills, California on February 28, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Ashley Judd.[6]", "65th Academy Awards. The 65th Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1992 in the United States and took place on March 29, 1993, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles beginning at 6:00 p.m. PST / 9:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Gil Cates and directed by Jeff Margolis.[2][3] Actor Billy Crystal hosted the show for the fourth consecutive year.[4] In related events, during a ceremony held at the Century Plaza Hotel in Los Angeles on March 6, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by host Sharon Stone.[5]", "65th Academy Awards. The nominees for the 65th Academy Awards were announced on February 17, 1993, at the Samuel Goldwyn Theater in Beverly Hills, California, by Robert Rehme, president of the Academy, and actress Mercedes Ruehl.[8] Howards End and Unforgiven led all nominees with nine nominations each.[9]", "Grauman's Chinese Theatre. The Chinese Theatre hosted the 1944, 1945, and 1946 Academy Awards ceremonies; they are now held at the adjacent Dolby Theatre, formerly known as the Kodak Theatre.[10]", "41st Academy Awards. The 41st Academy Awards were presented on April 14, 1969, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be staged at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion. For the first time since the 11th Academy Awards, there was no host." ]

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[ "March for Our Lives. March for Our Lives (sometimes MFOL)[4] was a student-led demonstration in support of tighter gun control that took place on March 24, 2018, in Washington, D.C., with over 800 sibling events throughout the United States and around the world.[5][6][7][8][9] Student organizers from Never Again MSD planned the march in collaboration with the nonprofit organization Everytown for Gun Safety.[10] The event followed the Stoneman Douglas High School shooting, which was described by many media outlets as a possible tipping point for gun control legislation.[11][12][13]", "March for Our Lives. The date was chosen in order to give students, families and others a chance to mourn first, and then on March 24, talk about gun control.[20] Organizers filed a permit application with the National Park Service during the week of February 23, and expected as many as 500,000 people to attend.[21][22] However the National Mall, which was the planned site of the main march in Washington, D.C. was reportedly already booked for March 24; the application, filed by an unidentified local student group, claimed it was for a talent show.[23][24] A permit was later obtained for Pennsylvania Avenue.[25] The Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority announced it would operate extra trains for the march.[26]", "March for Our Lives. From so many heartbreaks comes forth a united commitment to go into the streets of our cities and towns and promote a way of peace and well-being for all people. With compassion sown from the threads of sadness and terror, we will mend a nation tattered by gun violence and weave a new cloth of hope and peace.[62]", "March for Our Lives. International and American students rallied in Rome near the US embassy, some holding signs that read \"Protect People, Not Guns,\" \"Enough is Enough\" and \"Dress Codes Are More Regulated Than Guns\" as they wanted to make their voice clear to America.[342] The march in Rome was organized by the Rome chapter of American Expats for Positive Change (AEPC); the organizers stated their efforts to support America and safety in U.S. schools, even though gun violence was not solely an American issue.[343]", "March for Our Lives. In Washington, D.C. a prayer and vigil was held at the Washington National Cathedral on the eve of the rally, as a memorial for the victims of gun violence, and to declare the church's belief, \"This work is rooted in our commitment to Jesus' command to love our neighbors as ourselves...we gather out of a conviction that the right to bear arms does not trump the right to life.\"[59][60][61] The litany also included the following refrain:", "March for Our Lives. March for Our Lives was among the biggest youth-led protests since the Vietnam War era.[63][64][65] Estimates of participation at the main event in Washington, D.C., range from 200,000 to 800,000.[66][67][68]", "March for Our Lives. While the march was occurring, the NRA posted a membership drive video on their Facebook page, declaring that the \"protests aren't spontaneous. Gun-hating billionaires and Hollywood elites are manipulating and exploiting children as part of their plan to DESTROY the Second Amendment\". Another video dubbed \"A March for Their Lies\" was uploaded to YouTube featuring Colion Noir, in which he described the planned rally as a \"carnival of a march\". Noir also said in the video that there is an \"agenda that's a million times bigger than the guns\".[99][100][101]", "March for Our Lives. In New York, demonstrations were held in Albany,[158] Binghamton,[159] Buffalo,[160] Cobleskill,[161] Ithaca,[162] Oneonta,[163] Rochester (Washington Square Park),[164] and White Plains.[165] In New York City, where an estimated 200,000 people marched, the musician Paul McCartney cited the murder of John Lennon as motivation for joining the protests when he told a CNN journalist, \"One of my best friends was killed in gun violence.\"[166][167][168]", "March for Our Lives. On March 21, NRA TV host Grant Stinchfield stated that \"March for Our Lives is backed by radicals with a history of violent threats, language and actions\"; fact-checker PolitiFact has rated this statement as being \"without merit\" and \"Pants on Fire\" indicating that it is a \"ridiculous claim\".[97][98]", "March for Our Lives. In Florida, demonstrations took place in Gulf Breeze,[236] Miami Beach, Orlando[237] and West Palm Beach,[238] Naples where 3,000 people gathered at Cambier Park for the march and a rally. The Orlando march was organized by Florida Resistance, and was held at Lake Eola Park in downtown Orlando.[237] The city where the school shooting occurred, Parkland, also had a march.[239] Similar marches were also held in northeast Florida in Jacksonville, Fernandina Beach, and Saint Augustine[240]", "March for Our Lives. In the United Kingdom, hundreds marched outside the US embassy in London.[337] Marchers also held a \"die in\" and lay on the ground outside the US embassy to show solidarity with the Parkland students.[338] Demonstrations also took place in Belfast[339] and London.[340] In Scotland, relatives of the Dunblane massacre victims joined a demonstration outside the US consulate in Edinburgh.[341]", "March for Our Lives. The Fernandina march saw a turnout of around 1,200 and began north on 6th Street and then down Centre Street. One sign read \"Let’s be responsible adults,\" another stated “Organizing, An Active Form of Grieving.”[243]", "March for Our Lives. A report in The New Yorker praised the leaders of the march for their \"extraordinary inclusiveness\" in that they expanded the locus of concern from suburban schools to those of urban neighborhoods as well.[111]", "March for Our Lives. Marches were planned for Hong Kong; Mumbai, India; and Tokyo and Okinawa, Japan.[323]", "March for Our Lives. Marches were planned for Melbourne, Brisbane, Canberra,[350] and Sydney, Australia.[351]", "March for Our Lives. In the state of Washington, marches attended by hundreds took place in Spokane,[315] and Yakima.[316] Thousands marched in Seattle and Bellingham.[317][318]", "March for Our Lives. Protesters urged for universal background checks on all gun sales, raising the federal age of gun ownership and possession to 21,[14] closing of the gun show loophole, a restoration of the 1994 Federal Assault Weapons Ban, and a ban on the sale of high-capacity magazines in the United States and a ban on bump stocks.[15] Turnout was estimated to be between 1.2 to 2 million people in the United States,[16][17][18] making it one of the largest protests in American history.[2]", "March for Our Lives. A march took place in Providence, Rhode Island.[182] Thousands of people gathered on the lawn of the Rhode Island State House.[183]", "March for Our Lives. Former Democratic President Barack Obama said that he was \"so inspired by all the young people\" who made March for Our Lives possible. He addressed them: \"Keep at it. You're leading us forward. Nothing can stand in the way of millions of voices calling for change.\"[110]", "March for Our Lives. A rally in Jacksonville had a turnout of over 1,000 people in Hemming Park. Hundreds of people marched from Hemming Park to the Duval County Courthouse with signs including: \"grab them by the midterms\" and \"#neveragain.\"[241] Notable speakers included John Phillips, the civil attorney of Jordan Davis, the seventeen year old who was shot and killed at a gas station in 2012 and Stranger Things actor Chester Rushing. In Saint Augustine, the march began by walking over the Bridge of Lions, down Avenida Menenedez, ending at Fort Castillo. The event was organized by Flagler college students with assistance from Indivisible St. Johns, St. Johns DEC, Women's March St.Augustine, and Ponte Vedra United Progress.[242]", "March for Our Lives. In an official announcement to the state, Governor Ricardo Rosselló announced that he commissioned the Secretary of State, Luis G. Rivera Marín, to begin preparations for the march in San Juan.[319] Rosselló called for all citizens and civic, religious, and private sector organizations to stand united in solidarity for improved gun control.[319] He also remarked that Puerto Rico has the strictest gun control regulations of all jurisdictions in the country.[319] Rivera Marín stated that \"our communities need to be a place where our people have peace, not fear.\"[320] He announced that the march would begin at Condado Lagoon and culminate at the Peace Pavillion in Luis Muñoz Rivera Park.[321]", "March for Our Lives. In Indiana, a march was planned in Indianapolis.[191][192]", "March for Our Lives. In Ohio there was a rally in Cleveland in Public Square.[222][223] In Cincinnati a rally took place at City Hall, which followed a performance with seventeen flutes made from shotgun barrels, as a memorial to the victims of the Parkland shooting.[224] Another march occurred in Columbus at the Ohio Statehouse,[225] and other rallies took place in Athens and Dayton, each drawing hundreds of protesters.", "March for Our Lives. In New Mexico, marches were held in Albuquerque[302][303] and Santa Fe.[304]", "March for Our Lives. Jesse Hughes, a survivor of the Bataclan terrorist attack, called the march \"pathetic\", but after being criticized for his comment, later apologized saying, \"I was not attempting to impugn the youth of America and this beautiful thing that they accomplished. I truly am sorry, I did not mean to hurt anyone or cause any harm.\"[114][115][116][117]", "March for Our Lives. In Louisiana, marches were held in Baton Rouge,[252] Lafayette,[253] and New Orleans.[254]", "March for Our Lives. The Washington Post reported that there were many Democrats encouraging the marchers, and many of them, including candidates for office, participated from the sidelines in the march, but few Republicans did similarly.[102] The White House said in a response that they \"applaud the many courageous young Americans exercising their first amendment rights\".[103]", "March for Our Lives. The Enough! National School Walkout was held on the one month anniversary of the Stoneman Douglas shooting.[27][28] It involved students walking out from their classes for exactly seventeen minutes (one for each of the victims of the massacre)[29] and involved more than 3,000 schools across the United States[30][31] and nearly one million students.[32] Thousands of students also gathered and staged a rally in Washington D.C. after observing 17 minutes of silence with their backs to the White House.[28][33] After the success of the walkout, Hogg posted a tweet[34] that included a provocative, NRA-style advertisement calling out lawmakers for their inaction on or opposition to gun control efforts, asking \"What if our politicians weren't the bitch of the NRA?\", and ending with a promotion for the upcoming March.[35]", "March for Our Lives. Marches were planned in Accra, Ghana;[328] and Mozambique.[329]", "March for Our Lives. Marches were set to take place in Calgary and Edmonton, Alberta.[322]", "Stoneman Douglas High School shooting. Since the shooting, several more rallies have been planned to take place with the focus on legislative action. The Women's March Network organized a 17-minute school walkout that took place on March 14.[156][157] A series of demonstrations called \"March for Our Lives\" on March 24 included a march in Washington, D.C.[158][159][160] On April 20, the anniversary of the Columbine High School massacre, all-day walkouts are planned for teacher groups by educators Diane Ravitch and David Berliner,[161] as well as student groups.[162][163]", "March for Our Lives. In Alabama, marches took place in Birmingham, Mobile, Dothan, Montgomery, Selma, Jasper, and Florence. The largest of these, the Birmingham march, drew over 5,000 attendees.[235]" ]

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[ "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). George Bailey is a fictional character and the protagonist in Frank Capra's 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life. He occupies slot #9 on the American Film Institute's list of the 50 greatest screen heroes (in its 2003 list titled AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains). He is played by James Stewart as an adult and Bobby Anderson as a child. He is loosely based on George Pratt, a character in Philip Van Doren Stern's The Greatest Gift.[1]", "It's a Wonderful Life. The contention that James Stewart is often referred to as Capra's only choice to play George Bailey is disputed by film historian Stephen Cox, who indicates that \"Henry Fonda was in the running.\"[12][13] Cary Grant was also considered for the role when RKO still had the rights to the film, before they were sold to Capra.[14]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). In the winter of 1919, George (aged 12, portrayed by Bobby Anderson) and his friends (including Bert, Ernie Bishop, Marty Hatch, Sam Wainwright, and brother Harry) are sledding on a snow shovel down a slope onto a frozen river. When George's brother Harry sleds down, he breaks through the ice into the freezing water. George jumps in after him. His friends form a human chain and pull them to safety. George develops a cold which permanently affects the hearing in his left ear.", "Bobby Anderson (actor). Robert James Anderson (March 6, 1933 – June 6, 2008) was an American actor and television producer, most famous for his role as the young George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life.", "It's a Wonderful Life. In 1997, PBS aired Merry Christmas, George Bailey, taped from a live performance of the 1947 Lux Radio Theatre script at the Pasadena Playhouse. The presentation, which benefited the Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation, featured an all-star cast including Bill Pullman as George, Nathan Lane as Clarence, Martin Landau as Mr. Potter, Penelope Ann Miller as Mary, and Sally Field as Mother Bailey.[87]", "It's a Wonderful Life. The film stars James Stewart as George Bailey, a man who has given up his dreams in order to help others, and whose imminent suicide on Christmas Eve brings about the intervention of his guardian angel, Clarence Odbody (Henry Travers). Clarence shows George all the lives he has touched and how different life in his community of Bedford Falls would be like if he had never been born.", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). 1939–45", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). Christmas Eve 1945", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). Nine years later, in the month of June, George (played by James Stewart) is preparing to leave town for an overseas trip. He drops by his brother Harry's graduation party at the high school, where he is re-introduced to his friend Marty Hatch's eighteen-year-old sister Mary. George is walking Mary home when a car pulls up and George is informed that his father has had a stroke.", "Bailey (surname). George Bailey from \"It's a wonderful life\"", "It's a Wonderful Life. The film was also adapted into a play in two acts by James W. Rodgers. It was first performed on December 15, 1993 at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School. The play opens with George Bailey contemplating suicide and then goes back through major moments in his life. Many of the scenes from the movie are only alluded to or mentioned in the play rather than actually dramatized. For example, in the opening scene Clarence just mentions George having saved his brother Harry after the latter had fallen through the ice.[86]", "Todd Karns. Roscoe Todd Karns (January 15, 1921 – February 5, 2000) was an American actor perhaps best remembered for playing Harry Bailey, the younger brother of George Bailey in the Christmas classic film It's a Wonderful Life.", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). A desperate George appeals to Potter for a loan. Potter sarcastically turns George down, and then swears out a warrant for his arrest for bank fraud. George, now completely depressed, gets drunk at the bar owned by his friend, Martini, where he silently prays for help. He also gets a full punch to the face from Zuzu's teacher's husband, who is drinking there. Again George runs out, and drives his car into a tree. He comes to a bridge intending to commit suicide, feeling he is \"worth more dead than alive\" because of a life insurance policy. Before he can leap, another man jumps in first and pretends to be drowning. After George rescues him, the man reveals himself to be George's guardian angel, Clarence Odbody.", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). Citing generosity as Bailey's most admirable trait, Time magazine lists George Bailey among their top ten movie dads.[3]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). George does not believe him and he bitterly wishes he had never been born. Inspired by this comment, Clarence shows George what the town would have been like without him, with the snow outside stopping as the change is made. In this alternate scenario Bedford Falls is instead named Pottersville, and is home to sleazy nightclubs, pawn shops, and amoral people. Bailey Park was never built, and remains an old cemetery. Mr. Gower was sent to prison for poisoning the child and is despised and homeless. Martini does not own the bar. George's friend Violet Bick is a taxi-dancer who gets arrested. Ernie is helplessly poor, with his family having forsaken him. Uncle Billy has been in an insane asylum for many years since he lost his brother and the family business. Harry is dead as a result of George not being there to save him from drowning, and the servicemen he would have saved also died. Ma Bailey is a bitter widow, and Mary a shy, single spinster librarian.", "Justin Guarini. Other stage work includes lead roles in regional reproductions of Rent, Chicago, Company and Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat. Original regional productions include Ghost Brothers of Darkland County as one of two feuding brothers in 2012 at the Alliance Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia.[19][20] In It's a Wonderful Life, A Live Radio Play Guarini voiced George Bailey in a 2015 on-stage comedic production.[21]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). Three months later, George is in a meeting with the board of directors of the Building & Loan to appoint a new successor to the late Peter Bailey. Potter argues that the Building & Loan should be dissolved. The directors tell George that the Building & Loan will only stay open if he agrees to remain and carry on his father's work. George foregoes a trip to Europe and his plans for college, giving the funds saved toward tuition to his younger brother.[2]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). During the war years, George and Mary had another two children, a girl, Zuzu, born in 1940, and a son, Tommy, born in 1941. Due to George's deaf ear he was given a 4-F draft classification and had to stay in Bedford Falls. His friend Bert the Cop went to Africa to fight and got wounded, but was awarded the Silver Star. Ernie was a member of the airborne and parachuted in on D-Day, and Marty helped capture the Bridge at Remagen. Harry fought as a naval flyer and shot down fifteen planes, two of which were attacking a troop transport. For his bravery he was awarded the Medal of Honor by the President of the United States. Sam made a lot of money making plastic hoods for planes. While all this happened, George served as an Air Raid Warden. Despite having to look after four children, Mary still had time to run the United Service Organizations in the town. Mr Potter became head of the draft board.", "Virginia Patton. While a student the University of Southern California, Patton began to audition for acting parts. She collaborated in plays with screenwriter William C. deMille while in college.[6] She had several insignificant film appearances before being cast in Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946) as Ruth Dakin Bailey, the wife of George Bailey's younger brother Harry.", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). George runs back to the bridge and begs to be allowed to live again. His prayer is answered, shown as the snow restarts, and he runs home joyously, where the authorities are waiting to arrest him. Mary, Uncle Billy, and a flood of townspeople arrive with more than enough donations to save George and the Building & Loan. George's friend Sam Wainwright sends him a $25,000 line of credit by telegram. Harry also arrives to support his brother, and toasts George as \"The richest man in town\". In the pile of donated funds, George finds a copy of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer inscribed, \"Dear George: Remember no man is a failure who has friends. P.S. Thanks for the wings! Love, Clarence.\" A bell on the Christmas tree rings, and his daughter Zuzu says, \"Teacher says every time a bell rings, an angel gets his wings!\" George agrees and looks up to heaven and says, \"Attaboy, Clarence.\" George realizes that he truly has a wonderful life.", "It's a Wonderful Life. Charles Williams, who was cast as Eustace Bailey, and Mary Treen, who was cast as Matilda \"Tilly\" Bailey, were both B-list actors, as they both had appeared in 90 films each before filming It's a Wonderful Life.[17]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). The following spring George goes to his job at Gower's Drug store, where he finds a telegram informing Gower that his son has died of influenza. Gower directs George to deliver medicine, and George realizes that in his distress Gower has inadvertently packaged poison. He seeks advice from his father, the President of the Bailey Bros. Building & Loan at his office, but is unable to as his father is meeting with banker Henry F. Potter. When he returns to the store, Gower angrily confronts him for failing to deliver the medicine until George points out the mistake. George promises that he will never tell anyone.", "Todd Karns. Karns started his film career in 1941 as Harry Land in two Andy Hardy movies with Mickey Rooney, but shortly after that, his beginning film career was interrupted by the Second World War, where Karns served in the Army Air Corps. When he returned to Hollywood, Karnes portrayed his signature role as Harry Bailey in Frank Capra's Christmas classic It's a Wonderful Life (1946).", "It's a Wonderful Life. On Christmas Eve 1945, in Bedford Falls, New York, George Bailey is suicidal. Prayers for him reach Heaven, where Clarence Odbody, Angel 2nd Class, is assigned to save George, in return for which he will earn his angel wings. To prepare him for his mission, Clarence is shown flashbacks of George's life. The first is from 1919, when 12-year-old George saves his younger brother Harry from drowning at a frozen lake; George loses his hearing in one ear as a result. At his after-school job, George realizes that the druggist, Mr. Gower – distraught over his son's death from the flu – has accidentally added poison to a child's prescription, and intervenes to stop it from causing harm.", "Karolyn Grimes. Karolyn Grimes (born July 4, 1940) is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Zuzu Bailey in the classic 1946 Frank Capra film It's a Wonderful Life. She also played Debbie in the 1947 film The Bishop's Wife.", "Guardian angel. Clarence Odbody, the guardian angel in the 1946 film It's a Wonderful Life, \"earned his wings\" through bringing awareness that life was worth living to the film's protagonist, George Bailey.", "It's a Wonderful Life. The film was remade as the 1977 television movie It Happened One Christmas. Lionel Chetwynd based the screenplay on the original Van Doren Stern short story and the 1946 screenplay. This remake employed gender-reversal, with Marlo Thomas as the protagonist Mary Bailey, Wayne Rogers as George Hatch, and Cloris Leachman as the angel Clara Oddbody.[N 11] Leachman received her second Emmy nomination for this role. In a significant departure from his earlier roles, Orson Welles was cast as Mr. Potter.[N 12] Following initial positive reviews, the made-for-television film was rebroadcast twice in 1978 and 1979, but has not been shown since on national re-broadcasts, nor issued in home media.[N 13][95]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). Four years later, George and Uncle Billy are waiting at the Bedford Falls railroad station for Harry to come home from college, when Harry arrives with his new wife, Ruth. Her father has offered Harry a job, which means he will not be taking George's place at the Building & Loan. George is stuck in Bedford Falls. While the family is celebrating Harry's return, Ma Bailey mentions to George that Mary Hatch is back from college and he should pay her a visit. He eventually goes to Mary’s home to visit her, only to find that she is being courted by his friend, the now wealthy but absent, Sam Wainwright.[2]", "George Bailey (It's a Wonderful Life). A few months later, George and Mary are married. Their plans for a honeymoon in New York City and Bermuda are interrupted by a run on the banks which also affects the Building & Loan. Potter's bank calls their loan, and panicked depositors want their money, threatening to take their business to the bank. As a stockholder, Potter threatens to shut the Building & Loan if they are forced to close early. Mary and George use the money saved for their honeymoon to keep the Building & Loan solvent.[2]", "Virginia Patton. Virginia Ann Patton (born June 25, 1925)[1] is an American retired businesswoman and former actress. After appearing in several films in the early 1940s, she was cast in her most well-known role as Ruth Dakin Bailey in Frank Capra's It's a Wonderful Life (1946). In 1949, Patton retired from acting, with her final film credit being The Lucky Stiff (1949).", "Jimmy Hawkins. In 1994, Hawkins was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star \"Lifetime Achievement\" Award for his role as little \"Tommy Bailey\" in the 1946 classic, It's a Wonderful Life,[9][10] and during the Christmas season of 1997, he produced a holiday special for the Public Broadcasting Service. During the late 1990s, as It's a Wonderful Life enjoyed a revival of interest nationally, Hawkins and Paul Peterson wrote the \"It's a Wonderful Life Trivia Book\".[10] Hawkins explains the durability of It's a Wonderful Life:", "Larry Simms. Larry Simms sometimes also appeared in movies out of the Blondie Series, most notably in two films of Frank Capra: He played one of the sons of Governor Hopper (Guy Kibbee) in Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) and Pete Bailey, the oldest son of James Stewart's George Bailey in It's a Wonderful Life (1946). Not very interested in acting, he quit show business to join the Navy (he appeared in uniform as himself in the Columbia Screen Snaphots short, Hollywood Grows Up), then studied aeronautical engineering at California Polytech. Simms later worked at Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California and around the world as an engineer until his retirement. In his last years, Larry Simms lived in Thailand with his wife.[4]" ]

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[ "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. NC State has produced some of the ACC's best players, including Tom Burleson, Rodney Monroe, Monte Towe, and Ron Shavlik.[4] David Thompson, who led the Wolfpack to its first NCAA title in 1974, has been recognized as one of college basketball's greatest players.[5] [6][7] The Wolfpack has won a total of 17 conference tournament championships and 13 regular season conference titles. State has appeared in the NCAA Tournament 26 times, with three Final Four appearances (1950, 1974, 1983) and two national titles (1974, 1983). The Wolfpack also appeared in the Final Four of the 1947 National Invitational Tournament, which was during the NIT's \"national championship era.\"", "NC State Wolfpack. NC State has a proud intercollegiate tradition in ultimate frisbee. The men's team won the national championships in 1999.", "NC State Wolfpack. North Carolina State has won 2 NCAA team national championships.[15]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Prior to joining the ACC in 1954, the Wolfpack was a member of the Southern Conference, where they won seven conference championships. As a member of the ACC, the Wolfpack has won ten conference championships, as well as two national championships in 1974 and 1983. State's unexpected 1983 title was one of the most memorable in NCAA history.", "North Carolina State University. NC State has won eight national championships: two NCAA championships, two AIAW championships, and four titles under other sanctioning bodies. Most NC State fans and athletes recognize the rivalry with the North Carolina Tar Heels as their biggest.[79] NC State was a founding member of the Southern Conference and of the Atlantic Coast Conference, and it is one of the four teams on \"Tobacco Road\".[80][81]", "1983 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. North Carolina State, coached by Jim Valvano, won the national title with a 54–52 victory in the final game over Houston, coached by Guy Lewis. The ending of the final game is one of the most famous in college basketball history, with a buzzer-beating dunk by Lorenzo Charles off a desperation pass from 30 feet out by Dereck Whittenburg.", "North Carolina State University. The NC State wrestling team was established in 1925, and is coached by Pat Popolizio, named head wrestling coach for the Wolfpack on April 10, 2012. The team has won 14 ACC Championships & 5 individual NCAA Champions.", "NC State Wolfpack football. The team won a second South Atlantic championship in 1910 under coach Edward Green, finishing with a record of 4–0–2.[15] A win over Virginia Tech in Norfolk that season was dubbed the \"biggest game ever played in the South\".[16] Coach Green led team to a third conference championship in 1913, with a record of 6–1.[17][13] The 1918 season, which was the school's first season with the name North Carolina State University,[18] was cut short due to the United States' entrance into World War I and a severe flu outbreak on campus. The team's roster was depleted, its schedule reduced to four games, and practice was suspended for five weeks in October and November. A week after practice resumed, State College, as the school was then called, led by coach Tal Stafford, was defeated 128-0 by Georgia Tech in Atlanta. Tackle John Ripple was named the program's first All-American. The following season, on October 23, the Farmers resumed play with North Carolina after a 14-year hiatus. The Tar Heels won the game 13-12 in Raleigh. It wasn't until 1920 that A&M defeated the rival Tar Heels for the first time.[13]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. The 1958 Dixie Classic brought to Reynolds Coliseum some of the most talented teams ever assembled for the tournament. Included in the field were eight players who eventually earned All-American honors, including NC State's Lou Pucillo and John Richter, North Carolina's Lee Shaffer, York Larese, and Doug Moe, Cincinnati's Oscar Robertson, Michigan State's Johnny Green, and Louisville's Don Goldstein. Later that season, NC State, ranked #10 in the nation, defeated North Carolina, ranked #5, 80–56 to win their fourth ACC championship in six seasons. However, due to the 1956 sanctions, they were ineligible for the NCAA Tournament. The Pack finished the season ranked #6 with a 22–4 record.[16]", "NC State Wolfpack. NC State fields a full varsity team in cheerleading coached by Harold Trammel, named head cheerleading coach for the Wolfpack in May 2002. The team has won 3 Universal Cheerleading Association National Collegiate Championships, 2 National Cheerleading Collegiate Championships & 1 Universal Cheerleading Association National Collegiate Championship in the Group Stunt competition.", "NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. In 1974, North Carolina State won the NCAA tournament without leaving its home state of North Carolina. The team was put in the East Region, and played its regional games at its home arena Reynolds Coliseum. NC State played the final four and national championship games at nearby Greensboro Coliseum.", "NC State Wolfpack football. In 2000, longtime college football assistant and NCSU alum Chuck Amato was hired as State's head football coach.[94] Although Amato had no head coaching or coordinating experience, NCSU felt that Amato's eighteen-year tenure as defensive line coach under Bobby Bowden at Florida State, winning two national championships, would help boost recruiting, ticket sales, and program prestige.[95]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. NC State's first ACC contest was on the road against Wake Forest in December 1953. The Wolfpack was ranked #8 in the nation at the time, but just as in the first ever meeting between the two schools, Wake Forest prevailed. Case and his squad defeated the Demon Deacons later that season in the first-ever ACC Tournament championship game, 82–80 in overtime. The victory meant a return trip to the NCAA Tournament, where NC State defeated George Washington in the first round before losing to eventual champion La Salle in the second round. Case's squad won a second ACC title the following year, defeating Duke in 87–77 in the championship game. The team finished with a 28–4 record but was ineligible for postseason play; earlier in the season the NCAA imposed four years' probation and banned them from postseason play during that time for numerous recruiting violations.[25] The Wolfpack brought home a third consecutive ACC title in the 1955–56 season, setting a record for consecutive ACC championships that stood until 2002. The team also played in its first televised game earlier that season, losing to North Carolina in Chapel Hill, 73–69.[16] State struggled in the 1956–57 season, finishing fifth in the conference for the first time under Case. State's loss in the first round of that year's ACC Tournament also marked the first time that Case did not lead his team to the conference championship game. To add insult to injury, bitter rival North Carolina brought the ACC its first national championship. The team finished third in 1958 and was ranked 20th in the nation at the season's end but again lost early in the ACC Tournament, this time to North Carolina in the quarterfinals.", "East Carolina–NC State rivalry. In 2007, the Student Government Associations of both North Carolina State University and East Carolina University in a cooperative agreement began awarding the ‘Victory Barrel’ to the game winner. The outer face of the barrel is affixed with engraved colored plates denoting the year, final score, and winner of each contest dating back to 1970.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Valvano's 1984 team finished 7th in the ACC and lost in the first round of the NIT to future conference foe Florida State. The following season, with the addition of guard Vinny Del Negro, the Pack began a run of five consecutive trips to the NCAA Tournament. The Pack reached the Elite Eight in 1985 and 1986 and the Sweet Sixteen in 1989. In 1987, after a sixth-place finish in the regular season, NC State made another surprising run through the ACC Tournament. In the championship game, State defeated rival North Carolina, which had gone undefeated in conference play. It was the program's last ACC championship to date. State finished second in the conference the following year and was a #3 seed in the NCAA Tournament. The team made an early exit, though, losing to #14 seed Murray State in the first round.[10]", "1983 NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. The clock, meanwhile, had ticked down to five seconds and Whittenburg was still standing a significant distance from the goal. Once he regained control, Whittenburg turned and launched a desperation shot, later claimed by Whittenburg to be a pass, to try and win the game for NC State. The shot's trajectory took it to the front of the basket where Olajuwon was covering Wolfpack center Lorenzo Charles. As he watched the shot, Olajuwon said he knew the shot was going to come up short but he also did not want to go for the ball too early because of the potential for goaltending. Charles took advantage of the indecision by Olajuwon and went up for the air ball, and, in one motion, he scored the go-ahead points with a two-handed dunk. The final second ticked off the clock before Houston could inbound the ball, and with that, the game ended, and the Wolfpack were the national champions.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. With the addition of Thompson, Towe, and Stoddard to the starting lineup in 1972–73, the team rebounded quickly from its recent struggles. David Thompson, known as \"Skywalker\" for his 44 inch vertical leap,[30] impressed in his 1972 debut as a sophomore. In what was a 130–53 rout of Appalachian State, Thompson scored 33 points and collected 13 rebounds.[10] On January 14, 1973 NC State played in the first nationally televised Super Bowl Sunday college basketball matchup. The third-ranked Wolfpack defeated second-ranked Maryland in College Park, 87–85. The two teams met again two months later in the ACC Tournament championship game. State won another narrow victory over the Terrapins, 76–74, to finish the season at a perfect 27–0.[28] However, due to NCAA sanctions resulting from violations during Thompson's recruiting, the team was barred from postseason participation.[10]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Lowe was one of the most beloved players in NC State history for his role as starting point guard on the \"Cardiac Pack\" team that won the 1983 NCAA championship. He returned to Raleigh in 2006 to replace Herb Sendek as coach, but the Wolfpack struggled to sustain any momentum in Lowe's five seasons. Although he made the NIT twice, he never made the NCAA tournament as a coach, and never finished higher than ninth place in the ACC. He went 86–78, including just 25–55 in ACC play. Lowe was 3–16 record against rivals Duke and North Carolina, with two of those wins coming in his first year.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Later that month, December 28–30, the first annual Dixie Classic tournament was held in Reynolds. The Dixie Classic was a three-day tournament held each December until 1961 that matched the four Tobacco Road schools of NC State, North Carolina, Duke, and Wake Forest against four of the top teams from across the country. In its time the Dixie Classic became the largest regular season tournament in college basketball.[21] After finishing the season at 27–6 and winning its fourth consecutive Southern Conference Tournament, the Wolfpack received invitations to both the National Invitation Tournament and the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament. Case declined the NIT bid and accepted the invitation to the program's first ever NCAA Tournament.[22] The team defeated Holy Cross before losing to eventual champion City College of New York, 78–73. NC State went on to defeat Baylor in the third-place game, 53–41.[16] The Wolfpack won its fifth consecutive Southern Conference title in 1951 and its sixth the following year. Both seasons ended in early exits from the NCAA Tournament, though. In 1951 State defeated Villanova in the first round before losing to Illinois. In 1952 the team lost in the first round to St. John's and future North Carolina head coach Frank McGuire.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. The Wolfpack's six-year winning streak against North Carolina came to an end in January 1953, as the Wolfpack, ranked #17 in the country, lost to the unranked Tar Heels in Raleigh, 70–69.[23] It was the first match between the two schools since the hiring of Frank \"the man\" McGuire the previous summer. McGuire inflamed NC State players and fans by having his players cut down the nets in Reynolds Coliseum following the victory.[16] Despite the loss, the Pack finished first in the conference at 13–3 but lost in the conference tournament championship game. The team was ranked 18th in the final AP poll of 1953 but was left out of the NCAA Tournament for the first time in four years.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. NC State won Sloan's first ACC title, and sixth overall, in Sloan's third season, 1969–70. The team finished the regular season at 23–7 overall and third in the conference. In the conference championship game, the Pack defeated third-ranked South Carolina 42–39 in double overtime.[28] With the victory, the Wolfpack was invited to its first NCAA Tournament in five years. State received a bye in the first round of the tournament and lost its first game to St. Bonaventure in the semifinals, 80–68. In the Eastern Regional third-place game, the Pack defeated Niagara, 108–88. Despite State's quick exit from the tournament, Sloan's squad finished the season ranked tenth in the AP poll, its first end-of-the-season ranking since being ranked sixth following the 1958–59 season.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Expectations were high before the 1982–83 season, but a foot injury to Dereck Whittenburg slowed the team to a fourth place regular season finish. Whittenburg returned to the court in time for the ACC Tournament, which most believed the Pack needed to win in order to secure a second consecutive berth in the NCAA Tournament. State did just that, defeating heavily favored North Carolina and Virginia squads led by Michael Jordan and Ralph Sampson, respectively. The Wolfpack kept winning. Their close games and exciting finishes in the ACC Tournament and early rounds of the NCAA tournament earned them the moniker The Cardiac Pack. As a #6 seed in the NCAA Tournament, the Wolfpack won narrow victories over Pepperdine (in double overtime) and UNLV (71–70) before defeating Utah in the Sweet Sixteen, 75–56. In the regional final, NC State again defeated Virginia, 63–62, then defeated Georgia in the Final Four to advance to the championship game against Houston. The Cougars, nicknamed Phi Slama Jama for their athletic, fast-paced style of play that featured Clyde Drexler and Hakeem Olajuwon, were expected to win easily over the underdog Wolfpack. NC State escaped with their second national title after a last-second air ball by Dereck Whittenburg was caught and dunked by Lorenzo Charles.[10] The 54–52 final is one of the most famous in college basketball history.[1]", "NC State Wolfpack football. In 1906, in a game against Randolph-Macon in Raleigh, the Farmers attempted their first forward pass, a play that had only recently become legal and at the time was still considered a \"trick\" play.[7] The following season was the program's most successful yet. Under coach Mickey Whitehurst, A&M won the South Atlantic Intercollegiate Athletic Association championship with a 6–0–1 record.[11] That season, the program also recorded its first ever victory over Virginia.[12] The Farmers played their home games that season on campus at the New Athletic Park, which would later be known as Riddick Stadium.[13] In addition to Pullen Park, the state fairgrounds had hosted some games prior to the opening of the new stadium.[14]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Back in the NCAA Tournament for the first time in four seasons, Sloan and his team played their first two games on their home court. They defeated their first two opponents, Providence and Pittsburgh, by a combined 32 points to set up a Final Four rematch with UCLA. In the week leading up to the game, thousands of fans packed Reynolds Coliseum to watch the Wolfpack practice. When the two teams finally met in Greensboro, it was another tight contest for the Pack. After ending regulation tied at 65, each team scored only two points in the first overtime. UCLA took a seven-point lead in the second extra period, but NC State led by David Thompson, took the lead for the final time with 34 seconds to play. State went on to win, 80–77, and advanced to the national championship game against Marquette.[35]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Just a week after Maravich's exit, former Wolfpack basketball and football player Norm Sloan was hired as the new head coach. In 1967–68, his first season, Sloan's team finished the regular season third in the ACC with a 9–5 conference record.[28] State made it as far as the ACC championship game before losing to North Carolina 87–50, but it was the Pack's semifinal game against tenth-ranked Duke that is most remembered. Sloan realized that his team was vastly undersized against the Blue Devils. He decided, however, to use the Wolfpack's quickness to its advantage and keep the ball away from the Duke players for as much of the game as possible. Using a tactic he coined \"stall-ball,\" Sloan instructed his players to hold the ball at halfcourt and slow the game down as much as possible. The final result was the lowest scoring game in ACC Tournament history. Duke led 4–2 at halftime and the Wolfpack held the ball for more than 13 straight minutes in the second half. In the end, State prevailed 12–10.[29]", "North Carolina State University. The North Carolina General Assembly founded the North Carolina College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts, now NC State, on March 7, 1887, as a land-grant college. Today, NC State has an enrollment of more than 34,000 students, making it the largest university in the Carolinas. NC State has historical strengths in engineering, statistics, agriculture, life sciences, textiles and design and now offers 106 bachelor's degrees. The graduate school offers 104 master's degrees, 61 doctoral degrees, and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine.[10]", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. The Wolfpack have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 26 times. Their combined record is 34–24. They were National Champions in 1974 and 1983.", "NC State Wolfpack men's basketball. Thompson left NC State after his senior season in 1975 as the school's most decorated player. He won every major national player of the year award in 1975, in addition to being a three-time consensus First-Team All-America honoree, a three-time unanimous First-Team All-ACC honoree, and a three-time ACC Player of the Year winner.[36] In his 86 games, Thompson scored 2,309 points (26.8 ppg);[37] he still holds the Wolfpack records for points scored in a single season (838 in 1974–75) and points scored in a single game (57 in 1974). His #44 jersey remains the only retired jersey in NC State history, though others have been honored.[citation needed]", "Winston-Salem State University. Winston-Salem State played in the 2012 Division II National Championship football game on December 15, 2012. They lost, 35-7, to Valdosta State University, finishing the season, 14-1, the best of any historically black college/university. The team was led by head coach Connell Maynor and All-American quarterback Kameron Smith.", "NC State Wolfpack football. In 1944, State hired former Appalachian State head coach Beattie Feathers as the Wolfpack head football coach.[26] Feathers, a former star at Tennessee and the first NFL running back to rush for 1,000 yards in a season, compiled a 37–38–8 record in eight seasons,[27] the program's most successful coaching tenure yet. In Feathers' second season, Wolfpack defensive player Howard \"Touchdown\" Turner returned an interception 105 yards against Duke, a record that still stands as the longest play in Wolfpack history.[28][29] The 1946 season began with wins over Duke and Clemson, earning the program their first appearance in the UPI poll (19th).[30] The next year, NC State reached their first ever bowl game, the second annual Gator Bowl. The team lost to Oklahoma, 34-13,[31] and finished the season at 8–3,[30] the highest win total since finishing 9–1 in 1927. 1947 saw the Wolfpack finish 5–3–1.[32] That season was followed by a 3–6–1 campaign in 1948,[33] a 3–7 mark in 1949[34] and a 5–4–1 record in 1950.[35] The Wolfpack's first ever nationally televised game was played in 1950. State defeated eighth-ranked Maryland 16-13 in College Park.[13] The game aired on the now-defunct Dumont Television Network. After a 3–7 campaign in 1951,[36] Feathers was relieved of his duties as head coach.[26]", "Carolina–Duke rivalry. When Smith retired after the 1997 season, he held the record for most wins by an NCAA Division I men's head coach, with 879 wins against only 254 losses. In 1982, with players Michael Jordan, Sam Perkins and James Worthy, he won his first national championship and second overall for UNC that year. In 1991 Duke won its first ever national championship and then with most of their team returning won another national championship in 1992.", "NC State Wolfpack football. On October 8, 2016, NC State celebrated its 50th season at Carter–Finley Stadium with a dramatic 10-3 win over Notre Dame Fighting Irish in the driving rain in the middle of Hurricane Matthew. NC State boasted a 2-0 record against the Fighting Irish, winning both of their meetings up to that time by a combined score of 38 to 9. In both games, Notre Dame had yet to score a touchdown against the Wolfpack." ]

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[ "Oval Office address. An Oval Office address is a speech made from the Oval Office in the White House by the President of the United States.[1] It is sometimes considered the most solemn setting for an address made by the President, often delivered on or during an occasion of national disaster.[1]", "Oval Office address. Some previous addresses include John F. Kennedy's 1962 news of the Cuban Missile Crisis,[4] Jimmy Carter's 1979 \"Malaise\" speech,[5] Ronald Reagan's speech following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster in 1986,[6] George W. Bush's Address to the Nation on the evening of the 2001 September 11 terrorist attacks[7] and Barack Obama's June 2010 speech addressing the issue of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill.[8]", "Oval Office. The Oval Office has become associated in Americans' minds with the presidency itself through memorable images, such as a young John F. Kennedy, Jr. peering through the front panel of his father's desk, President Richard Nixon speaking by telephone with the Apollo 11 astronauts during their moonwalk, and daughter Amy Carter bringing her Siamese cat Misty Malarky Ying Yang to brighten President Jimmy Carter's day. Several presidents have addressed the nation from the Oval Office on occasion. Examples include Kennedy presenting news of the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962), Nixon announcing his resignation from office (1974),[1] Ronald Reagan following the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster (1986),[2] and George W. Bush in the wake of the September 11 attacks (2001).[3] In 2018, former White House stenographer Beck Dorey-Stein published a memoir about her years working for Obama called \"From the Corner of the Oval.\"", "Oval Office address. The first Oval Office address was delivered to the nation by President Harry S. Truman, who urged Americans to conserve food to aid postwar Europe.[2] President Dwight D. Eisenhower used the format in 1957 to inform the United States of his decision to send troops to Little Rock to enforce school desegregation.[3] Being only the second ever televised address directly from the president's office, Eisenhower had to explain as much to the audience, saying, \"in speaking from the house of Lincoln, of Jackson, of Wilson, my words would better convey both the sadness I feel today in the actions I feel compelled to make, and the firmness with which I intend to pursue this course.\"[3]", "Oval Office address. There have been suggestions that the traditional Oval Office address is falling out of favor in the Information Age, with White House aide Daniel Pfeiffer describing it as \"an argument from the 80s\" when President Ronald Reagan would draw tens of millions of viewers per address (29 in all, the most of any president; Nixon ranks second, having given 22).[9] Television networks are increasingly reluctant to sacrifice airtime for a political purpose.[2] President Obama preferred to use the East Room, as in his announcement of the death of Osama bin Laden.[2][10]", "Oval Office address. Traditionally, the addresses are delivered with the President sitting at the Resolute desk speaking into the camera. Occasionally, however, the President will stand at a lectern on the opposite side of the Oval Office and give the address. President Donald J. Trump's first Oval Office Address to the nation on June 14, 2017 was done in this way.", "Joint session of the United States Congress. In addition to bringing back the tradition of delivering a State of Union address, Woodrow Wilson was the first President since John Adams to address Congress on specific topics. He delivered 17 such speeches, more than any other President.", "Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson was not an outstanding orator and preferred to communicate through writing or remain silent if possible. Instead of delivering his State of the Union addresses himself, Jefferson wrote the annual messages and sent a representative to read them aloud in Congress. This started a tradition which continued until 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson (1913–1921) chose to deliver his own State of the Union address.[367]", "Oval Office. In November 1800, John Adams became the first President to occupy the White House. He and his successor, President Thomas Jefferson, used Hoban's oval rooms in the same ceremonial manner that Washington had used the Bow Window, standing before the three windows at the south end to receive guests.[10]", "Oval Office. The Oval Office during the presidency of Gerald Ford", "Public address system. This system was used by former US president William Howard Taft at a speech in Grant Park, Chicago, and first used by a current president when Woodrow Wilson addressed 50,000 people in San Diego, California.[11][12] Wilson's speech was part of his nationwide tour to promote the establishment of the League of Nations.[13] It was held on September 9, 1919 at City Stadium. As with the San Francisco installation, Jensen supervised the microphone and Pridham the loudspeakers. Wilson spoke into two large horns mounted on his platform, which channelled his voice into the microphone.[13] Similar systems were used in the following years by Warren G. Harding and Franklin D. Roosevelt.[9]", "2018 State of the Union Address. On February 1, Trump said that viewership of his address was \"the highest number in history\", but there were five addresses given by Presidents George W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and Barack Obama that had higher viewership.[90]", "Oval Office. In 1790, Washington built a large, two-story, semi-circular addition to the rear of the President's House in Philadelphia, creating a ceremonial space in which the public would meet the President.[4] Standing before the three windows of this Bow Window, he formally received guests for his Tuesday afternoon levees, delegations from Congress and foreign dignitaries, and the general public at open houses on New Year's Day, the Fourth of July, and his birthday.", "Oval Office. Six desks have been used in the Oval Office by U.S. Presidents. The Theodore Roosevelt desk was used there by seven presidents – most recently by Dwight Eisenhower – and by Theodore Roosevelt in his non-oval office.", "Woodrow Wilson. Wilson pioneered twice-weekly press conferences in the White House. Though they were modestly effective, the president prohibited his being quoted and was particularly indeterminate in his statements.[121] The first such press conference was on March 15, 1913, when reporters were allowed to ask him questions.[122] In 1913, he became the first president to deliver the State of the Union address in person since 1801, as Thomas Jefferson had discontinued this practice.", "Oval Office. Since the present Oval Office's construction in 1934 during the administration of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt the room has remained mostly unchanged architecturally.[citation needed] More than any president, FDR left an impression on the room and its use. Doors and window frames have been modified slightly.[citation needed] A screen door on the east wall was removed after the installation of air conditioning. President Lyndon B. Johnson's row of wire service Teletype machines on the southeast wall required cutting plaster and flooring to accommodate wiring.[citation needed] The Georgian style plaster ornament has been cleaned to remove accumulated paint, and a series of electrified wall sconces have come and gone.[citation needed]", "Gerald Ford. Ford's 1976 election campaign benefitted from his being an incumbent president during several anniversary events held during the period leading up to the United States Bicentennial. The Washington, D.C. fireworks display on the Fourth of July was presided over by the President and televised nationally.[136] On July 7, 1976, the President and First Lady served as hosts at a White House state dinner for Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip of the United Kingdom, which was televised on the Public Broadcasting Service network. The 200th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord in Massachusetts gave Ford the opportunity to deliver a speech to 110,000 in Concord acknowledging the need for a strong national defense tempered with a plea for \"reconciliation, not recrimination\" and \"reconstruction, not rancor\" between the United States and those who would pose \"threats to peace\".[137] Speaking in New Hampshire on the previous day, Ford condemned the growing trend toward big government bureaucracy and argued for a return to \"basic American virtues\".[138]", "Executive order. President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.", "The Hall of Presidents. Before the 2009 updates to the show, including the addition of President Barack Obama, the Hall of Presidents was closed between October 31, 2008, and July 1, 2009, to undergo an extensive renovation to upgrade its audio and visual effects and systems. When Obama recorded his speech for the updated show on March 4, 2009, in the White House Map Room, he also recorded himself once again reciting the oath of office of the President of the United States. According to Pam Fisher, the senior show writer for Walt Disney Imagineering, \"it is quite an experience to arrive in the White House and actually be present when the president records his speech for the Hall of Presidents.\"[2] Morgan Freeman replaced Hall as narrator for the 2009 revised show, and George Washington was added as a third speaking president.[2] The clip of the Saturn V launch was replaced with footage showing the first launch of the Space Shuttle Columbia. This footage had been recycled from the original version of Universe of Energy at Epcot.", "Benjamin Harrison. The Harrisons made many trips out of the capital, which included speeches at most stops – including Philadelphia, New England, Indianapolis and Chicago. The President typically made his best impression speaking before large audiences, as opposed to more intimate settings.[154] The most notable of his presidential trips, theretofore unequaled, was a five-week tour of the west in the spring of 1891, aboard a lavishly outfitted train.[155] Harrison enjoyed a number of short trips out of the capital—usually for hunting—to nearby Virginia or Maryland.[156]", "Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower made greater use of press conferences than any previous president, holding almost 200 over his two terms. While he saw the benefit of maintaining a good relationship with the press, he saw more value in them as a means of direct communication with the American people.[128]", "Oval Office. The modern Oval Office was built at the West Wing's southeast corner, offering FDR, who was physically disabled and used a wheelchair, more privacy and easier access to the Residence. He and Gugler devised a room architecturally grander than the previous two rooms, with more robust Georgian details: doors topped with substantial pediments, bookcases set into niches, a deep bracketed cornice, and a ceiling medallion of the Presidential Seal. Rather than a chandelier or ceiling fixture, the room is illuminated by light bulbs hidden within the cornice that \"wash\" the ceiling in light.[17] In small ways, hints of Art Moderne can be seen, in the sconces flanking the windows and the representation of the eagle in the ceiling medallion. FDR and Gugler worked closely together, often over breakfast, with Gugler sketching the president's ideas. One notion resulting from these sketches that has become fixed in the layout of the room's furniture, is that of two high back chairs in front of the fireplace. The public sees this most often with the president seated on the left, and a visiting head of state on the right. This allowed FDR to be seated, with his guests at the same level, de-emphasizing his inability to stand. Construction of the modern Oval Office was completed in 1934.", "Oval Office. During the 19th century, a number of presidents used the White House's second-floor Yellow Oval Room as a private office or library.", "United States presidential inauguration. On the eight occasions where the new president succeeded to the office upon their predecessor's death intra-term, none gave an address, but each did address Congress soon thereafter.[16] When Gerald Ford became president in 1974, following the resignation of Richard Nixon, he addressed the nation after taking the oath, but he characterized his speech as \"Not an inaugural address, not a fireside chat, not a campaign speech – just a little straight talk among friends.\"[31] (Full text  )", "Knights of Columbus. President Ronald Reagan spoke at the Centennial Convention in 1982.[142] Reagan presented the order with a President's Volunteer Action Award at the White House in 1984.[113] President George H. W. Bush appeared in 1992. President Bill Clinton sent a written message while he was in office, and President George W. Bush sent videotaped messages before he attended in person at the 2004 convention.[143] President Barack Obama has also sent written messages during his term in office.[144]", "Cooper Union. Since then, the Great Hall has served as a platform for historic addresses by American Presidents Grant, Cleveland,[46] Taft,[47] Theodore Roosevelt,[48][49] Woodrow Wilson,[50][51][52] and Bill Clinton. Clinton spoke on May 12, 1993 about reducing the federal deficit and again on May 23, 2006, as the Keynote Speaker at The Cooper Union's 147th Commencement along with Anna Deavere Smith.[53][54] He appeared a third time on April 23, 2007, along with Senator Edward Kennedy, Henry Kissinger, Norman Mailer, and others, at the memorial service for historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. Most recently, Barack Obama delivered an economic policy speech at Cooper Union's Great Hall on April 22, 2010.[55][56]", "Gerald Ford. A portion of the speech would later be memorialized with a plaque at the entrance to his presidential museum.", "Executive order (United States). President Truman issued 907 executive orders, with 1,081 orders by Theodore Roosevelt, 1,203 orders by Calvin Coolidge, and 1,803 orders by Woodrow Wilson. Franklin D. Roosevelt has the distinction of making a record 3,522 executive orders.", "Oval Office. Though some presidents have chosen to do day-to-day work in a smaller study just west of the Oval Office, most use the actual Oval Office for work and meetings. Traffic from the large numbers of staff, visitors, and pets over time takes its toll. There have been four sets of flooring in the Oval Office. The original floor was made of cork installed over soft wood; however, President Dwight D. Eisenhower was an avid golfer and damaged the floor with his golf spikes. Johnson had the floor replaced in the mid-1960s with wood-grain linoleum. In 1982, President Ronald Reagan had the floor replaced with quarter sawn oak and walnut, in a cross parquet pattern similar in design to Eric Gugler's 1933 sketch, which had never been installed. In August 2005, the floor was replaced again under President George W. Bush, in exactly the same pattern as the Reagan floor.", "State of the Union. George Washington delivered the first regular annual message before a joint session of Congress on January 8, 1790, in New York City, then the provisional U.S. capital. In 1801, Thomas Jefferson discontinued the practice of delivering the address in person, regarding it as too monarchical (similar to the Speech from the Throne). Instead, the address was written and then sent to Congress to be read by a clerk until 1913 when Woodrow Wilson re-established the practice despite some initial controversy. However, there have been exceptions to this rule. Presidents during the latter half of the 20th century[who?] have sent written State of the Union addresses. The last President to do this was Jimmy Carter in 1981, after his defeat by Ronald Reagan and days before his term ended.[9]", "Eisenhower Executive Office Building. Presidents have occupied space in the EEOB as well. Herbert Hoover worked out of the Secretary of the Navy's office for a few months following a fire in the Oval Office on Christmas Eve 1929. President Dwight D. Eisenhower held the first televised Presidential news conference in the building's Indian Treaty Room (Room 474) on January 19, 1955.[10] President Richard Nixon maintained a private \"hideaway\" office in room 180 of the EEOB during his presidency, from where he preferred to work, using the Oval Office only for ceremonial occasions.[11]", "State of the Union. While not required to deliver a speech, every president since Woodrow Wilson, with the notable exception of Herbert Hoover,[8] has made at least one State of the Union report as a speech delivered before a joint session of Congress. Before that time, most presidents delivered the State of the Union as a written report.[6]" ]

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[ "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The Lord of the Rings is a film series consisting of three high fantasy adventure films directed by Peter Jackson. They are based on the novel The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien. The films are subtitled The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003). They are a New Zealand-American venture produced by WingNut Films and The Saul Zaentz Company and distributed by New Line Cinema.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). Unadjusted for inflation, The Lord of the Rings film series is the highest-grossing film trilogy worldwide of all time, higher even than other film franchises such as the original Star Wars trilogy and The Godfather trilogy.[57] The film series grossed a total of $2.91 billion[58] and also tied a record with Ben-Hur and Titanic for the total number of Academy Awards won for a single film, with The Return of the King receiving eleven Oscars.[59]", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. The Lord of the Rings film series is a series of epic fantasy-drama films directed by Peter Jackson. The three films, entitled The Fellowship of the Ring, The Two Towers, and The Return of the King, were released serially worldwide between December 2001 and 2003. They are based on J. R. R. Tolkien's epic fantasy novel, The Lord of the Rings, adapted for the screen by Jackson, Fran Walsh, and Philippa Boyens. Set in Tolkien's fictional Middle-earth, the plot follows the hobbit Frodo Baggins and his fellow members of the Fellowship of the Ring as they embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring, which will rid Middle-earth of the Dark Lord Sauron. A large ensemble cast was featured in the series, which included Elijah Wood, Ian McKellen, Viggo Mortensen, Sean Astin, Orlando Bloom, Liv Tyler, John Rhys-Davies, Sean Bean, Billy Boyd, Dominic Monaghan, Andy Serkis, Cate Blanchett, Christopher Lee, Hugo Weaving, Ian Holm, John Noble, Bernard Hill, David Wenham, Miranda Otto, Karl Urban, and Brad Dourif.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The three films together were nominated for a total of 30 Academy Awards, of which they won 17, a record for any movie trilogy (the three nominations for The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug along with the single nomination for The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies brings the series' total to 37 nominations). The Fellowship of the Ring earned thirteen nominations, the most of any film at the 74th Academy Awards, winning four. The Return of the King won in every category in which it was nominated, setting the current Oscar record for the highest clean sweep, and its 11 Academy Awards wins ties the record held by Ben-Hur and Titanic (though both of those films had additional nominations that they ultimately lost). The Return of the King became only the second sequel to win the Oscar for Best Picture (after The Godfather Part II) and the first fantasy film to receive this honor, though this has been widely perceived as an award by proxy for the entire series (the first two films were also nominated for Best Picture).[78] No actors in any of the three films won Oscars, and Ian McKellen was the only actor in the trilogy to receive a nomination, for his work in The Fellowship of the Ring.[78]", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. Total number of wins and nominations", "The Lord of the Rings. Two film adaptations of the book have been made. The first was J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1978), by animator Ralph Bakshi, the first part of what was originally intended to be a two-part adaptation of the story; it covers The Fellowship of the Ring and part of The Two Towers. A three-issue comic book version of the movie was also published in Europe (but not printed in English), with illustrations by Luis Bermejo. When Bakshi's investors shied away of financing the second film that would complete the story, the remainder of the story was covered in an animated television special by Rankin-Bass. Stylistically, the two segments are very different. The second and more commercially successful adaptation was Peter Jackson's live action The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, produced by New Line Cinema and released in three instalments as The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001), The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002), and The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003). All three parts won multiple Academy Awards, including consecutive Best Picture nominations. The final instalment of this trilogy was the second film to break the one-billion-dollar barrier and won a total of 11 Oscars (something only two other films in history, Ben-Hur and Titanic, have accomplished), including Best Picture, Best Director and Best Adapted Screenplay.", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. The film won eleven Academy Awards, tying Titanic and Ben-Hur for the most Oscars won.[6] The Return of the King also became the first fantasy film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Return of the King won five BAFTAs, three Empire Awards, four Golden Globes, one Satellite Award, and eight Saturn Awards, among others. In total, the film received 258 awards out of 337 nominations.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). On Rotten Tomatoes, the films received approval ratings of 91%, 95%, and 93% respectively.[62][63][64] Metacritic, based on its ratings for each film (92, 87, and 94 respectively),[65][66][67] features the series within the top ten of the best films of the decade.[68] As of July 2016, every film is placed in the top 200 of Metacritic's 'Best Movies of all Time' list.[69] In CinemaScore polls conducted during the opening weekend, cinema audiences gave the films an average grade of A-, A, and A+ respectively on an A+ to F scale.[70]", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). Considered to be one of the biggest and most ambitious film projects ever undertaken, with an overall budget of $281 million (some sources say $310-$330 million),[2] the entire project took eight years, with the filming for all three films done simultaneously and entirely in New Zealand, Jackson's native country,[3] resulting in 1 in every 160 New Zealanders being part of the production of the trilogy.[4] Each film in the series also had special extended editions released on DVD a year after their respective theatrical releases. While the films follow the book's general storyline, they do omit some of the novel's plot elements and include some additions to and deviations from the source material.", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. The Fellowship of the Ring received thirteen Academy Award nominations, winning in four categories. It also earned thirteen nominations at the 55th British Academy Film Awards, leading to wins in the categories for Best Film, Best Direction, Best Special Visual Effects, and the Orange Film of the Year Award. Other notable ceremonies where it received much recognition included the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as those in Chicago and Phoenix, also awarded the film. In total, The Fellowship of the Ring received 98 awards out of 152 nominations.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The first film has around 540 effect shots, the second 799, and the third 1,488 (2,730 in total). The total increases to 3,420 with the extended editions. 260 visual effect artists began work on the series, and the number doubled by The Two Towers. The crew, led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook, worked long hours, often overnight, to produce special effects within a short space of time. Jackson's active imagination was a driving force. For example, several major shots of Helm's Deep were produced within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers, and the same happened again within the last six weeks on The Return of the King.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The series was received with overwhelming praise and was a major financial success, with the films collectively being among the highest-grossing film series of all time. The films were critically acclaimed and heavily awarded, winning 17 out of 30 total Academy Award nominations. The final film in the series, The Return of the King, won all 11 of its Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, which also tied it with Ben-Hur and Titanic for most Academy Awards received for a film. The series received wide praise for its innovative special and visual effects.[5][6][7]", "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring is a 2001 epic adventure fantasy film directed by Peter Jackson based on the first volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1954–1955).[4][5][6] It is the first instalment in The Lord of the Rings series, and was followed by The Two Towers (2002) and The Return of the King (2003), based on the second and third volumes of The Lord of the Rings.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The majority of critics have also praised the series, with Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times writing that \"the trilogy will not soon, if ever, find its equal\".[60] Some were critical of the films' pacing and length: \"It's a collection of spectacular set pieces without any sense of momentum driving them into one another\" according to Philadelphia Weekly.[61]", "The Lord of the Rings (1978 film). The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated high fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi.[4] It is an adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkien's high fantasy epic The Lord of the Rings, comprising The Fellowship of the Ring and the first half of The Two Towers. Set in Middle-earth, the film follows a group of hobbits, elves, men, dwarves, and wizards who form a fellowship. They embark on a quest to destroy the One Ring made by the Dark Lord Sauron, and ensure his destruction.", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). Peter Jackson also directed three films based on Tolkien's earlier 1937 novel The Hobbit. The first film, The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, was released on 12 December 2012,[117] the second film, The Hobbit: The Desolation of Smaug, was released on 13 December 2013, and the third film, The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies, was released on 17 December 2014.[118] Several actors from The Lord of the Rings, including Ian McKellen, Andy Serkis, Hugo Weaving, Elijah Wood, Ian Holm (as older Bilbo), Christopher Lee, Cate Blanchett and Orlando Bloom reprised their roles.", "J. R. R. Tolkien. From 2001 to 2003, New Line Cinema released The Lord of the Rings as a trilogy of live-action films that were filmed in New Zealand and directed by Peter Jackson. The series was successful, performing extremely well commercially and winning numerous Oscars.[191]", "Music of The Lord of the Rings film series. The music of The Lord of the Rings film series was composed, orchestrated, conducted and produced by Howard Shore. Shore wrote many hours of music for The Lord of the Rings, effectively scoring the entire film length.[note 1] Over 12 hours of the music (including various alternate takes) has been released across various formats. Shore conceived the score as operatic[note 2] and antiquated-sounding.[note 3] He made use of an immense ensemble including a large symphony orchestra (principally, the London Philharmonic Orchestra), multiple instrumental \"bands\", various choirs and vocal and instrumental soloists, requiring between 230 and 400 musicians.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. Like the other films in the series, The Two Towers has an ensemble cast,[11] and the cast and their respective characters include:", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. All three films premiered to widespread critical acclaim.[1][2][3] The Toronto Film Critics Association awarded Jackson a \"Special Citation\" for his work on the series as a whole,[4] while the Austin Film Critics Association selected the entire series as the decade's third best film.[5] The films won seventeen out of thirty Academy Award nominations, and The Return of the King holds the record for most Oscars with eleven alongside Titanic and Ben-Hur.[6][7] The Return of the King also has the distinction of being the only fantasy film to have won the Academy Award for Best Picture (best film).[8][9]", "Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series. The Lord of the Rings film series used many groundbreaking practical and digital visual effects. The first film has around 540 effects shots, the second 799, and the third 1488 (2730 in total).[1] The total moves up to 3420 with the extended cuts. Two hundred and sixty visual effects artists worked on the trilogy,[2] and the number would double by The Two Towers.[3] The crew, led by Jim Rygiel and Randy Cook, would work long and hard hours overnight to produce special effects within a short space of time, especially with Jackson's active imagination. For example, they produced several major shots of Helm's Deep within the last six weeks of post-production of The Two Towers,[3] and the same number of shots for The Two Towers within the last six weeks on The Return of the King.[4] Despite Weta Workshop being the major stylistic force behind the films, a single scene where Arwen confronts the Black Riders in The Fellowship of the Ring was done by Digital Domain.[2]", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. The Two Towers won two out of six Academy Award nominations and three accolades out of ten nominations at the 56th British Academy Film Awards. Like its predecessor, the second film also received recognition at the American Film Institute Awards, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, the Empire Awards, the Golden Globes, the MTV Movie Awards, the Satellite Awards, and the Saturn Awards. Various critics groups, such as Chicago, Phoenix, and Seattle also awarded the film. In total, The Two Towers received 136 awards out of 222 nominations.", "List of accolades received by The Lord of the Rings film series. Peter Jackson (pictured at the final film's world premiere in Wellington) directed all three films of the trilogy.", "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. As of January 2014[update], it is the 31st highest-grossing film worldwide, with US$871,530,324 in worldwide theatrical box office receipts.[3]", "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. In June 2008, AFI revealed its \"10 Top 10\"—the ten best films in ten \"classic\" American film genres—after polling over 1,500 people from the creative community. The Fellowship of the Ring was acknowledged as the second best film in the fantasy genre.[61][62] The film was also listed as the 50th best film in the 2007 list AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition).", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). In 2014, brand new Blu-ray steelbook editions of the five-disc Extended Editions were released. The first, The Fellowship of the Ring, was released on 24 March 2014.[51] The discs are identical to those found in the previous five-disc Blu-ray set.[52]", "The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King. Like the preceding films in the trilogy, The Return of the King has an ensemble cast,[11] and some of the cast and their respective characters include:", "The Lord of the Rings (film series). The following is a list of cast members who voiced or portrayed characters appearing in the extended version of The Lord of the Rings film series.", "Time's All-Time 100 Movies. There are 106 films in this list with Olympia (1938), The Apu Trilogy (1955, 1956, 1959), The Godfather and The Godfather Part II (1972, 1974), and The Lord of the Rings film trilogy (2001–2003) each listed as single entries.[2]", "The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers. The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers is a 2002 epic high fantasy adventure film[7][8] directed by Peter Jackson and based on the second volume of J. R. R. Tolkien's novel The Lord of the Rings. It is the second instalment in The Lord of the Rings film series, preceded by The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) and concluding with The Return of the King (2003).", "2000s (decade). The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, a 2003 epic fantasy-drama film directed by Peter Jackson based on the second and third volumes of J. R. R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings, was nominated for eleven Academy Awards and won all the categories for which it was nominated.[258] The film is tied for largest number of awards won with Ben-Hur (1959) and Titanic (1997).", "The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. The Fellowship of the Ring was released on 19 December 2001 in 3,359 cinemas where it grossed $47.2 million on its opening weekend. The world premiere was held at the Odeon Leicester Square in London. It went on to make $314.7 million in North America and $555.9 million in the rest of the world for a worldwide total of $870.7 million.[45] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold over 54 million tickets in the US in its initial theatrical run.[46]" ]

[ 4.2109375, 0.7490234375, 2.921875, 2.03515625, -5.109375, 2.8515625, -0.288818359375, -1.8583984375, 2.603515625, -2.388671875, 1.41015625, 2.5546875, -2.349609375, -1.583984375, -2.232421875, 2.328125, 0.270263671875, -2.98046875, -2.0078125, 1.9404296875, -0.150634765625, -1.416015625, 0.384033203125, -1.140625, -2.9921875, -0.2587890625, -1.26953125, -5.5078125, 3.1015625, -1.962890625, -1.3232421875, -0.51806640625 ]

[ "Raccoon. Based on fossil evidence from France and Germany, the first known members of the family Procyonidae lived in Europe in the late Oligocene about 25 million years ago.[23] Similar tooth and skull structures suggest procyonids and weasels share a common ancestor, but molecular analysis indicates a closer relationship between raccoons and bears.[24] After the then-existing species crossed the Bering Strait at least six million years later in the early Miocene, the center of its distribution was probably in Central America.[25] Coatis (Nasua and Nasuella) and raccoons (Procyon) have been considered to share common descent from a species in the genus Paranasua present between 5.2 and 6.0 million years ago.[26] This assumption, based on morphological comparisons of fossils, conflicts with a 2006 genetic analysis which indicates raccoons are more closely related to ringtails.[27] Unlike other procyonids, such as the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus), the ancestors of the common raccoon left tropical and subtropical areas and migrated farther north about 2.5 million years ago, in a migration that has been confirmed by the discovery of fossils in the Great Plains dating back to the middle of the Pliocene.[28][26] Its most recent ancestor was likely Procyon rexroadensis, a large Blancan raccoon from the Rexroad Formation characterized by its narrow back teeth and large lower jaw.[29]", "Procyonidae. Because of their general build, the Procyonidae are often popularly viewed as smaller cousins of the bear family. This is apparent in their German names: a raccoon is called a Waschbär (washing bear, as he \"washes\" his food before eating), a coati is a Nasenbär (nose-bear), while a kinkajou is a Honigbär (honey-bear). Dutch follows suit, calling the animals wasbeer, neusbeer and rolstaartbeer respectively. However, it is now believed that procyonids are more closely related to mustelids than to bears.[3]", "Raccoon. In the first decades after its discovery by the members of the expedition of Christopher Columbus, who was the first person to leave a written record about the species, taxonomists thought the raccoon was related to many different species, including dogs, cats, badgers and particularly bears.[16] Carl Linnaeus, the father of modern taxonomy, placed the raccoon in the genus Ursus, first as Ursus cauda elongata (\"long-tailed bear\") in the second edition of his Systema Naturae (1740), then as Ursus Lotor (\"washer bear\") in the tenth edition (1758–59).[17][18] In 1780, Gottlieb Conrad Christian Storr placed the raccoon in its own genus Procyon, which can be translated as either \"before the dog\" or \"doglike\".[19][20] It is also possible that Storr had its nocturnal lifestyle in mind and chose the star Procyon as eponym for the species.[21][22]", "Raccoon. The raccoon (/rəˈkuːn/ or US: /ræˈkuːn/ ( listen), Procyon lotor), sometimes spelled racoon,[3] also known as the common raccoon,[4] North American raccoon,[5] northern raccoon[6] and colloquially as coon,[7] is a medium-sized mammal native to North America. The raccoon is the largest of the procyonid family, having a body length of 40 to 70 cm (16 to 28 in) and a body weight of 3.5 to 9 kg (8 to 20 lb). Its grayish coat mostly consists of dense underfur which insulates it against cold weather. Two of the raccoon's most distinctive features are its extremely dexterous front paws and its facial mask, which are themes in the mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Raccoons are noted for their intelligence, with studies showing that they are able to remember the solution to tasks for up to three years.[8] The diet of the omnivorous raccoon, which is usually nocturnal, consists of about 40% invertebrates, 33% plant foods, and 27% vertebrates.", "Bear. The raccoon-sized, dog-like Cephalogale is the oldest-known member of the subfamily Hemicyoninae, which first appeared during the middle Oligocene in Eurasia about 30 Mya.[10] The subfamily includes the younger genera Phoberocyon (20–15 Mya), and Plithocyon (15–7 Mya). A Cephalogale-like species gave rise to the genus Ursavus during the early Oligocene (30–28 Mya); this genus proliferated into many species in Asia and is ancestral to all living bears. Species of Ursavus subsequently entered North America, together with Amphicynodon and Cephalogale, during the early Miocene (21–18 Mya). Members of the living lineages of bears diverged from Ursavus between 15 and 20 Mya,[12][13] likely via the species Ursavus elmensis. Based on genetic and morphological data, the Ailuropodinae (pandas) were the first to diverge from other living bears about 19 Mya, although no fossils of this group have been found before about 5 Mya.[14]", "Red panda. Recent molecular systematic DNA research also places the red panda into its own family, Ailuridae, a part of the broad superfamily Musteloidea that also includes the skunk, raccoon, and weasel families.[5][42][43]", "Raccoon. In Western culture, several autobiographical novels about living with a raccoon have been written, mostly for children. The best-known is Sterling North's Rascal, which recounts how he raised a kit during World War I. In recent years, anthropomorphic raccoons played main roles in the animated television series The Raccoons, the computer-animated film Over the Hedge, the live action film Guardians of the Galaxy and the video game series Sly Cooper.", "Bear. The family Ursidae is one of nine families in the suborder Caniformia, or \"doglike\" carnivorans, within the order Carnivora. Bears' closest living relatives are the pinnipeds, canids, and musteloids.[7] Modern bears comprise eight species in three subfamilies: Ailuropodinae (monotypic with the giant panda), Tremarctinae (monotypic with the spectacled bear), and Ursinae (containing six species divided into one to three genera, depending on the authority). Nuclear chromosome analysis show that the karyotype of the six ursine bears is nearly identical, with each having 74 chromosomes, whereas the giant panda has 42 chromosomes and the spectacled bear 52. These smaller numbers can be explained by the fusing of some chromosomes, and the banding patterns on these match those of the ursine species, but differ from those of procyonids, which supports the inclusion of these two species in Ursidae rather than in Procyonidae, where they had been placed by some earlier authorities.[8]", "Red panda. It is not a bear, nor closely related to the giant panda, nor a raccoon, nor a lineage of uncertain affinities. Rather it is a basal lineage of musteloid, with a long history of independence from its closest relatives (skunks, raccoons, and otters/weasels/badgers).", "Big City Greens. \"Raccooned\": A family of raccoons take over the house after Bill and Cricket fetch Gramma's teddy bear in the garage.", "Care Bears. Each Care Bear comes in a different color and has a specialized insignia on its belly that represents its personality. The movie Care Bears: Oopsy Does It! named them \"belly badges\". Adding to the Care Bear family are the \"Care Bear Cousins\", which feature a lion, rabbit, penguin, raccoon, monkey, elephant, pig, dog, cat, and other such animals created in the same style as the teddy bears.[citation needed]", "Procyonidae. Procyonidae is a New World family of the order Carnivora.[2] It includes the raccoons, coatis, kinkajous, olingos, olinguitos, ringtails and cacomistles. Procyonids inhabit a wide range of environments and are generally omnivorous.", "List of Care Bear characters. Bright Heart Raccoon was introduced in the first Care Bears movie in 1985.", "Raccoon. Though previously thought to be solitary, there is now evidence that raccoons engage in gender-specific social behavior. Related females often share a common area, while unrelated males live together in groups of up to four animals to maintain their positions against foreign males during the mating season, and other potential invaders. Home range sizes vary anywhere from 3 hectares (7.4 acres) for females in cities to 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) for males in prairies. After a gestation period of about 65 days, two to five young, known as \"kits\", are born in spring. The kits are subsequently raised by their mother until dispersal in late fall. Although captive raccoons have been known to live over 20 years, their life expectancy in the wild is only 1.8 to 3.1 years. In many areas, hunting and vehicular injury are the two most common causes of death.", "Sylvanian Families. The characters, grouped into families, originally depicted typical woodland creatures such as rabbits, squirrels, bears, beavers, hedgehogs, foxes, deer, owls, raccoons, otters, skunks and mice, and later expanded to other animals such as cats, dogs, hamsters, guinea pigs, penguins, monkeys, cows, sheep, pigs, elephants, pandas, kangaroos, koalas and meerkats. Most families consist of a father, mother, sister and brother, and continue to add family members from there on such as grandparents, babies, and older siblings.", "Red panda. The red panda is the only living species of the genus Ailurus and the family Ailuridae. It has been previously placed in the raccoon and bear families, but the results of phylogenetic analysis provide strong support for its taxonomic classification in its own family, Ailuridae, which is part of the superfamily Musteloidea along with the weasel, raccoon and skunk families.[5] Two subspecies are recognized.[3] It is not closely related to the giant panda, which is a basal ursid.", "Giant panda. For many decades, the precise taxonomic classification of the giant panda was under debate because it shares characteristics with both bears and raccoons.[17] However, molecular studies indicate the giant panda is a true bear, part of the family Ursidae.[5][18] These studies show it differentiated early (about 19 million years ago[19]) from the main ursine stock; since it is the most basal member of the group, it is equidistant from all other extant ursids.[20][19] The giant panda has been referred to as a living fossil.[21]", "Procyonidae. Procyon (raccoons)", "Raccoon. As of 2005, Mammal Species of the World recognizes 22 subspecies.[30] Four of these subspecies living only on small Central American and Caribbean islands were often regarded as distinct species after their discovery. These are the Bahamian raccoon and Guadeloupe raccoon, which are very similar to each other; the Tres Marias raccoon, which is larger than average and has an angular skull; and the extinct Barbados raccoon. Studies of their morphological and genetic traits in 1999, 2003 and 2005 led all these island raccoons to be listed as subspecies of the common raccoon in Mammal Species of the World's third edition. A fifth island raccoon population, the Cozumel raccoon, which weighs only 3 to 4 kg (6.6 to 8.8 lb) and has notably small teeth, is still regarded as a separate species.[31][32][33][34]", "The Adventures of the Wilderness Family. During the next few weeks, the Robinson family slowly adapt to their new life in the mountains. In addition to the two young bear cubs and their family dog, Skip and his family also befriend a raccoon that they find living near their cabin and name him Bandito. While Jenny and Toby are collecting flowers, they encounter cougar cubs near their den. The family receive numerous letters and packages from friends and family back in Los Angeles. Pat receives several letters from her mother and Jenny and Toby are given numerous schoolbooks from the Los Angeles schoolboard. Skip continues hunting for small game and fishing in the nearest creek to provide food for his family, while his wife works around the house and their two children work on their schoolwork.", "Bear. Bears are carnivoran mammals of the family Ursidae. They are classified as caniforms, or doglike carnivorans. Although only eight species of bears are extant, they are widespread, appearing in a wide variety of habitats throughout the Northern Hemisphere and partially in the Southern Hemisphere. Bears are found on the continents of North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. Common characteristics of modern bears include large bodies with stocky legs, long snouts, small rounded ears, shaggy hair, plantigrade paws with five nonretractile claws, and short tails.", "Raccoon. The raccoon was a protected species in Germany, but has been declared a game animal in 14 states since 1954.[248] Hunters and environmentalists argue the raccoon spreads uncontrollably, threatens protected bird species and supersedes domestic carnivorans.[80] This view is opposed by the zoologist Frank-Uwe Michler, who finds no evidence a high population density of raccoons has negative effects on the biodiversity of an area.[80] Hohmann holds that extensive hunting cannot be justified by the absence of natural predators, because predation is not a significant cause of death in the North American raccoon population.[249]", "Raccoon. minor (Miller, 1911)\nvarius (Nelson and Goldman, 1930)", "Bear. The earliest members of Ursidae belong to the extinct subfamily Amphicynodontinae, including Parictis (late Eocene to early middle Miocene, 38–18 Mya) and the slightly younger Allocyon (early Oligocene, 34–30 Mya), both from North America. These animals looked very different from today's bears, being small and raccoon-like in overall appearance, and diets perhaps more similar to that of a badger. Parictis does not appear in Eurasia and Africa until the Miocene.[9] It is unclear whether late-Eocene ursids were also present in Eurasia, although faunal exchange across the Bering land bridge may have been possible during a major sea level low stand as early as the late Eocene (about 37 Mya) and continuing into the early Oligocene.[10] European genera morphologically are very similar to Allocyon, and to the much younger American Kolponomos (about 18 Mya),[11] are known from the Oligocene, including Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon.[10]", "Procyonidae. Procyonids are relatively small animals, with generally slender bodies and long tails (though the common raccoon tends to be bulky). Many procyonids have banded tails, and distinctive facial markings – these are especially visible in the raccoons. Like bears, procyonids are plantigrade, walking on the soles of their feet. Most species have non-retractile claws.", "Raccoon. Raccoons are common throughout North America from Canada to Panama, where the subspecies Procyon lotor pumilus coexists with the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus).[221][222] The population on Hispaniola was exterminated as early as 1513 by Spanish colonists who hunted them for their meat.[223] Raccoons were also exterminated in Cuba and Jamaica, where the last sightings were reported in 1687.[224] When they were still considered separate species, the Bahamas raccoon, Guadeloupe raccoon and Tres Marias raccoon were classified as endangered by the IUCN in 1996.[225]", "List of Courage the Cowardly Dog characters. Twin Raccoons are two raccoon brothers who are revealed as bandits. They attack Courage and kidnap Muriel because they wanted her as a parent. Muriel feels pity on them and accepts them like her own adopted children.[26] At the end of the episode, Muriel's place has been taken over by Eustace as a new parent.[26]", "Raccoon. Studies in the 1990s by the ethologists Stanley D. Gehrt and Ulf Hohmann suggest that raccoons engage in gender-specific social behaviors and are not typically solitary, as was previously thought.[123][124] Related females often live in a so-called \"fission-fusion society\", that is, they share a common area and occasionally meet at feeding or resting grounds.[125][126] Unrelated males often form loose male social groups to maintain their position against foreign males during the mating season—or against other potential invaders.[127] Such a group does not usually consist of more than four individuals.[128][129] Since some males show aggressive behavior towards unrelated kits, mothers will isolate themselves from other raccoons until their kits are big enough to defend themselves.[130] With respect to these three different modes of life prevalent among raccoons, Hohmann called their social structure a \"three class society\".[131] Samuel I. Zeveloff, professor of zoology at Weber State University and author of the book Raccoons: A Natural History, is more cautious in his interpretation and concludes at least the females are solitary most of the time and, according to Erik K. Fritzell's study in North Dakota in 1978, males in areas with low population densities are solitary as well.[132]", "Raccoon. Similarly, Spanish colonists adopted the Spanish word mapache from the Nahuatl mapachitli of the Aztecs, meaning \"[the] one who takes everything in its hands\".[12] In many languages, the raccoon is named for its characteristic dousing behavior in conjunction with that language's term for bear, for example Waschbär in German, orsetto lavatore in Italian, and araiguma (アライグマ) in Japanese. Alternatively, only the washing behavior might be referred to, as in Russian poloskun (полоскун, \"rinser\"). The colloquial abbreviation coon is used in words like coonskin for fur clothing and in phrases like old coon as a self-designation of trappers.[7][13] In the 1830s, the United States Whig Party used the raccoon as an emblem, causing them to be pejoratively known as 'coons' by their political opponents, who saw them as too sympathetic to African-Americans. Soon after that it became an ethnic slur,[14] especially in use between 1880 and 1920 (see coon song), and the term is still considered offensive.[15]", "Bear. The bears form a clade within the Carnivora. The red panda is not a bear but a musteloid. The cladogram is based on molecular phylogeny of six genes in Flynn, 2005.[19]", "Procyonidae. Procyon lotor (common raccoon)", "Detroit Zoo. Distantly related to the raccoon, the red panda is a solitary creature found in the mountains of Nepal, Myanmar and Central China. The Amur tiger is the largest of the five remaining subspecies of tigers and the largest member of the cat family. Lion-tailed macaques are an endangered primate found in the rainforest treetops in India. Japanese macaques, also known as snow monkeys, are one of very few species of non-human primates to live in cold-weather climates. They can often be seen basking in the warm steam from the hot tub in their habitat near the lions. The Bactrian camels at the zoo, female Suren and male Rusty (both born in 2008) and their son, Humphrey, born in the spring of 2014, can be seen roaming their habitat across from the Horace H. Rackham Memorial Fountain, along with the Przewalski's horse, white-lipped deer, American elk and fallow deer." ]

[ 3.94140625, 3.35546875, 2.392578125, 1.546875, 4.375, -1.6845703125, -4.21875, -1.16796875, 0.9375, 0.0704345703125, 2.97265625, 1.326171875, -1.3349609375, -2.3984375, 0.0958251953125, 1.705078125, 1.59375, -1.9140625, -2.599609375, -0.168212890625, -2.357421875, -3.068359375, -4.14453125, 0.94384765625, -0.15625, -2.939453125, -5.05078125, -3.337890625, -0.040252685546875, -3.865234375, -2.255859375, -5.18359375 ]

[ "Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz lies within the Pacific Ring of Fire, a region that encircles the Pacific Ocean and contains some of the world's most active volcanoes. It is the third most northerly of the volcanoes lying in the North Volcanic Zone of the Andean Volcanic Belt, which contains 75 of the 204 Holocene-age volcanoes in South America.[9] The Andean Volcanic Belt is produced by the eastward subduction of the oceanic Nazca Plate beneath the South American continental plate.[10] As is the case for many subduction-zone volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz can generate explosive Plinian eruptions with associated pyroclastic flows that can melt snow and glaciers near the summit, producing large and sometimes devastating lahars (mud and debris flows).[5]", "Nevado del Ruiz. On the morning of March 12, 1595, Nevado del Ruiz erupted. The episode consisted of three Plinian eruptions, which were heard up to 100 kilometers (62 mi) from the summit of the volcano. A large amount of ash was ejected, which completely darkened the surrounding area. The volcano also erupted lapilli (a form of tephra) and pumice bombs. In total, the eruption produced 0.16 km3 of tephra.[24] The eruption was preceded by a large precursor earthquake three days before.[26] The eruption caused lahars, which traveled down the valleys of the nearby Gualí and Lagunillas rivers, clogging up the water, killing fish and destroying vegetation. More than 600 people died as a result of the lahar.[27] The 1595 eruption was the last major eruption of Nevado del Ruiz before 1985. The 1595 and 1985 eruptions were similar in many respects, including in the chemical composition of the erupted material.[28]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The first eruptions of Nevado del Ruiz occurred about 1.8 million years ago at the beginning of the Pleistocene epoch.[8] Three primary eruption periods in the history of the massif have been identified: ancestral, older and present. During the ancestral period between one million to two million years ago, a complex of large stratovolcanoes was created.[7] Between 1.0 million and 0.8 million years ago, they partially collapsed, forming large (5–10 km wide) calderas. During the older period, which lasted from 0.8 million to 0.2 million years ago, a new complex of large stratovolcanoes developed (including Older Ruiz, Tolima, Quindio, and Santa Isabel). Once again explosive summit calderas formed from 0.2 million to 0.15 million years ago.[7]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Beginning November 1984, geologists observed an increasing level of seismic activity near Nevado del Ruiz.[28] Other signs of a forthcoming eruption included increased fumarole activity, deposition of sulfur on the summit of the volcano, and small phreatic eruptions. In the latter, hot magma came in contact with water, resulting in explosions as the water was almost instantly turned into steam. The most notable of these events was an ash ejection on September 11, 1985.[28] The activity of the volcano decreased in October 1985.[28] The most likely explanation of the events is that new magma rose into the volcanic edifice before September 1985.[28]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Like many other Andean volcanoes, Nevado del Ruiz is a stratovolcano: a voluminous, roughly conical volcano consisting of many strata of hardened lava and tephra including volcanic ash.[11] Its lavas are andesitic–dacitic in composition.[12] The modern volcanic cone comprises five lava domes, all constructed within the caldera of an ancestral Ruiz volcano: Nevado El Cisne, Alto de la Laguna, La Olleta, Alto la Pirana, and Alto de Santano.[13] It covers an area of more than 200 square kilometers (77 sq mi), stretching 65 kilometers (40 mi) from east to west.[14] The mountain's broad summit includes the Arenas crater, which is 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) in diameter and 240 meters (790 ft) deep.[12] Nevado del Ruiz, as its neighbours to the southwest Nevado El Cisne and Nevado de Santa Isabel is located over the Palestina Fault that crosscuts the underlying El Bosque Batholith, dated at 49.1 ± 1.7 Ma.[15]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The present period began about 150,000 years ago and involved the development of the present volcanic edifice through the emplacement of lava domes made of andesite and dacite (igneous rocks) inside older calderas.[8] During the past 11,000 years, Nevado del Ruiz passed through at least 12 eruption stages, which included multiple slope failures (rock avalanches), pyroclastic flows and lahars leading to partial destruction of the summit domes.[7][8] During the past several thousand years, eruptions of the volcanoes in the Ruiz–Tolima massif have mostly been small, and the pyroclastic flow deposits have been much less voluminous than during the Pleistocene.[7] Since the volcano's earlier eruptions are not recorded, volcanologists have used tephrochronology to date them.[24]", "Nevado del Ruiz. During recorded history, eruptions have consisted primarily of a central vent eruption (in the caldera) followed by an explosive eruption, then lahars. Ruiz's earliest identified Holocene eruption was about 6660 BC, and further eruptions occurred in 1245 BC ± 150 years (dated through radiocarbon dating), about 850 BC, 200 BC ± 100 years, 350 AD ± 300 years, 675 AD ± 50 years, in 1350, 1541 (perhaps),[nb 1] 1570, 1595, 1623, 1805, 1826, 1828 (perhaps),[b] 1829, 1831, 1833 (perhaps),[b] 1845, 1916, December 1984 – March 1985, September 1985 – July 1991, and possibly in April 1994.[b] Many of these eruptions involved a central vent eruption, a flank vent eruption, and a phreatic (steam) explosion.[24] Ruiz is the second-most active volcano in Colombia after Galeras.[17]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The Nevado del Ruiz (Spanish pronunciation: [neβaðo ðel ˈrwis]), also known as La Mesa de Herveo[4] (English: Mesa of Herveo, the name of the nearby town), or Kumanday in the language of the local pre-Columbian indigenous people,[5] is a volcano located on the border of the departments of Caldas and Tolima in Colombia, about 129 kilometers (80 mi) west of the capital city Bogotá. It is a stratovolcano, composed of many layers of lava alternating with hardened volcanic ash and other pyroclastic rocks. Nevado del Ruiz has been active for about two million years, since the Early Pleistocene or Late Pliocene, with three major eruptive periods. The current volcanic cone formed during the present eruptive period, which began 150 thousand years ago.", "Nevado del Ruiz. At 3:06 pm, on November 13, 1985,[32] Nevado del Ruiz began to erupt, ejecting dacitic tephra more than 30 kilometres (19 mi) into the atmosphere.[28] The total mass of the erupted material (including magma) was 35 million tonnes[28]—only 3% of the amount that erupted from Mount St. Helens in 1980.[33] The eruption reached a value of 3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index.[34] The mass of the ejected sulfur dioxide was about 700,000 tonnes, or about 2% of the mass of the erupted solid material,[28] making the eruption atypically sulfur-rich.[35]", "Nevado del Ruiz. In November 1985, volcanic activity once again increased[28] as magma neared the surface. The volcano began releasing increasing quantities of gases rich in sulfur dioxide and elementary sulfur. The water content of the fumaroles' gases decreased, and water springs in the vicinity of Nevado del Ruiz became enriched in magnesium, calcium and potassium, which were leached from the magma.[28] The thermodynamic equilibration (stationary heat energy) temperatures, corresponding to the chemical composition of the discharged gases, were from 200 °C (400 °F) to 600 °C (1,000 °F). The extensive degassing of the magma caused pressure to build up inside the volcano, which eventually resulted in the explosive eruption.[31]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz is generally poorly forested because of its high elevation, and its forest cover decreases with increasing elevation. At lower elevations, well-developed mesic forests (20–35 meters / 66–110 ft high) are present. Above these but below the tree line, parts of the volcano are covered with dwarf forests 3–8 meters (10–30 ft) high. Above the tree line, in the Páramo zone, the vegetation is dominated by plants such as bunchgrass and Espeletia.[23] Regional vegetation consists of different families of woody plants, including Rubiaceae, Leguminosae, Melastomataceae, Lauraceae, and Moraceae. Flowers such as Polypodiaceae s.l., Araceae, Poaceae, Asteraceae, Piperaceae, and Orchidaceae are also present in the region.[23]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz, which lies about 129 kilometers (80 mi) west of Bogotá, is part of the Andes mountain range. The volcano is part of the Ruiz–Tolima volcanic massif (or Cordillera Central), a group of five ice-capped volcanoes which includes the Tolima, Santa Isabel, Quindio and Machin volcanoes.[6][7] The massif is located at the intersection of four faults, some of which still are active.[8]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The eruption produced pyroclastic flows that melted summit glaciers and snow, generating four thick lahars that raced down river valleys on the volcano's flanks.[36] It also destroyed a small lake that was observed in Arenas crater several months before the eruption.[28] Water in such volcanic lakes tends to be extremely salty and contain dissolved volcanic gases. The lake's hot, acidic water significantly accelerated the melting of the ice; this effect was confirmed by the large amounts of sulfates and chlorides found in the lahar flow.[28]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The summit of the volcano has steep slopes inclining from 20 to 30 degrees. At lower elevations, the slopes become less steep; their inclination is about 10 degrees. From there on, foothills stretch almost to the edge of the Magdalena River, north of the volcano and the Cauca River to the west.[16] On the two major sides of the summit, headwalls show where past rock avalanches occurred. At times, ice on the summit has melted, generating devastating lahars, including the continent's deadliest eruption in 1985.[5][12][17] On the volcano's southwest flank is the pyroclastic cone La Olleta, which is not currently active, but may have erupted in historical times.[12]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Scientists flying over the volcano on March 8, 2012 noted fresh ash deposits on the east flank of the volcano near the crater, likely from an phreatic eruption on February 22.[52] Later that day, a small ash plume erupted from the crater; by March 13, scientists detected ash deposits at the head of the Gualí River.[53] After seismicity continued to increase, the alert level was raised to Orange, and in April Nevados National Natural Park authority closed the reserve, fearing lahars and ashfall hazards.[52] The sudden activity peak in March did not culminate in a major eruption, and activity declined enough that the alert level was lowered to Yellow on May 3.[52][nb 4] On May 29, seismicity rapidly increased, and the alert level was restored to Orange because ash fell into more than 20 nearby communities. Over the next few months ash fell frequently until earthquakes increased again in June. Because of the severity of these tremors, evacuations were ordered by the Emergency Committee of Caldas on news media for 300–1500 people near the volcano. The alert level was raised to Red, indicating an imminent major volcanic event, and an eruption 7.5 kilometers (4.7 mi) in diameter took place on July 2, 2012, continuing intermittently until the end of August.[52] Ash plumes and sulfur dioxide emissions recurred until January 2013.[53]", "Nevado del Ruiz. An Italian volcanological mission analyzed gas samples from fumaroles along the Arenas crater floor and proved them to be a mixture of carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide, indicating a direct release of magma into the surface environment. The mission's report, delivered on October 22, 1985, judged the risk of lahars to be very high. The report proposed various simple preparedness techniques to local authorities.[30]", "Nevado del Ruiz. During September and October 2010, INGEOMINAS (Colombian Institute of Mining and Geology) noted gradual increases in seismic activity near the Arenas crater. Sulfurous odors and phreatic eruptions reported at Nevado del Ruiz prompted an alert level of Yellow on October 1.[nb 3] Chemical analysis of the volcano demonstrated deformative changes and geochemical alterations.[53] Over the next four months a smattering of long-period earthquakes, considered pseudo-Tornillo events, raised worries that the volcano might erupt.[52] In 2010, tilt increased, and on average 890 volcanic tremors were recorded monthly, roughly eight times as many as had been recorded from 2009–2010.[52] 2010 marked the beginning of increases in sulfur dioxide emissions accompanying small eruptions at the volcano, which both peaked in February 2012 correspondent to a dramatic increase in earthquakes.", "Nevado del Ruiz. The volcano usually generates Plinian eruptions, which produce swift-moving currents of hot gas and rock called pyroclastic flows. These eruptions often cause massive lahars (mud and debris flows), which pose a threat to human life and the environment. The impact of such an eruption is increased as the hot gas and lava melt the mountain's snowcap, adding large quantities of water to the flow. On November 13, 1985, a small eruption produced an enormous lahar that buried and destroyed the town of Armero in Tolima, causing an estimated 25,000 deaths. This event later became known as the Armero tragedy—the deadliest lahar in recorded history. Similar but less deadly incidents occurred in 1595 and 1845, consisting of a small explosive eruption followed by a large lahar.", "Nevado del Ruiz. The volcano is part of Los Nevados National Natural Park, which also contains several other volcanoes. The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by large glaciers. The volcano continues to pose a threat to the nearby towns and villages, and it is estimated that up to 500,000 people could be at risk from lahars from future eruptions.", "Nevado del Ruiz. The volcano continues to pose a serious threat to nearby towns and villages. The most likely hazard is small-volume eruptions, which might destabilize glaciers and trigger lahars.[7] Despite the significant retrenchment of the volcano's glaciers, the volume of ice atop Nevado del Ruiz and other volcanoes in the Ruiz–Tolima massif remains large. Melting merely 10% of the ice would produce mudflows with a volume of up to 2,000,000 cubic meters (70,629,333 cu ft)—similar to the mudflow that destroyed Armero in 1985.[8] Such lahars can travel up to 100 kilometers (62 mi) along river valleys in a matter of few hours.[8] Estimates show that up to 500,000 people living in the Combeima, Chinchiná, Coello-Toche, and Guali valleys are in danger, and 100,000 of these are considered to be at high risk.[7][nb 2] Lahars poses a threat to nearby towns of Honda, Mariquita, Ambalema, Chinchiná, Herveo, Villa Hermosa, Salgar and La Dorada.[47] Although small eruptions are more likely, the two million-year eruptive history of the Ruiz–Tolima massif includes numerous large eruptions, indicating that the threat of a large eruption cannot be ignored.[7] A large eruption would have more widespread effects, including the potential closure of Bogotá's airport due to ashfall.[46]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Nevado del Ruiz is one of several stratovolcanoes within Los Nevados National Natural Park, a national park located west of Bogotá in the centre of the Colombian Andes. The park is a popular tourist destination and contains several tourist shelters. The slopes of the volcano are used for winter sports, and nearby Lake Otún offers trout fishing.[23] A number of commercially operated spas can be found nearby.[23] In 1868–1869, German geologists Wilhelm Reiss and Alphons Stübel were the first to attempt to climb Ruiz. In 1936, W. Cunet and Augusto Gansser-Biaggi made the first successful ascent, partly by ski; they repeated the ascent in 1939.[3]", "Nevado del Ruiz. As the Armero tragedy was exacerbated by the lack of early warnings,[42] unwise land use,[48] and the unpreparedness of nearby communities,[42] the government of Colombia created a special program (Oficina Nacional para la Atencion de Desastres, 1987) to prevent such incidents in the future. All Colombian cities were directed to promote prevention planning in order to mitigate the consequences of natural disasters,[48] and evacuations due to volcanic hazards have been carried out. About 2,300 people living along five nearby rivers were evacuated when Nevado del Ruiz erupted again in 1989.[49] When another Colombian volcano, the Nevado del Huila, erupted in April 2008, thousands of people were evacuated because volcanologists worried that the eruption could be another \"Nevado del Ruiz\".[50]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The lahars, formed of water, ice, pumice, and other rocks,[36] mixed with clay as they travelled down the volcano's flanks.[37] They ran down the volcano's sides at an average speed of 60 km per hour, eroding soil, dislodging rock, and destroying vegetation. After descending thousands of meters down the side of the volcano, the lahars were directed into all of the six river valleys leading from the volcano. While in the river valleys, the lahars grew to almost 4 times their original volume. In the Gualí River, a lahar reached a maximum width of 50 meters (200 ft).[36]", "Nevado del Ruiz. This volcano is monitored by the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project.", "Nevado del Ruiz. The summit of Nevado del Ruiz is covered by glaciers (nevado means \"snow-covered\" in Spanish), which formed over many thousands of years, and have generally retreated since the last glacial maximum. From 28,000 to 21,000 years ago, glaciers occupied about 1,500 square kilometers (600 sq mi) of the Ruiz–Tolima massif. As late as 12,000 years ago, when the ice sheets from the last glacial period were retreating, they still covered 800 square kilometers (300 sq mi). During the Little Ice Age, which lasted from about 1600 to 1900 CE, the ice cap covered approximately 100 square kilometers (40 sq mi).[18]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The ice cap is approximately 50 meters (160 ft) thick on average. It is thickest in parts of the summit plateau and under the Nereides Glacier on the southwestern slopes, where it is as deep as 190 meters (620 ft). Glaciers on the northern and, to a lesser extent, the eastern slopes lost the most ice in the 1985 eruption,[20] and therefore reach only up to 30 meters (100 ft) deep.[21] The deep ice covering the summit plateau may hide a caldera. Five domes ringing the summit plateau have emerged as the ice has retreated.[21]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Scientists later looked back to the hours before the eruption and noticed that several long-period earthquakes, which start out strong and then slowly die out, had occurred in the final hours before the eruption. Volcanologist Bernard Chouet said that, \"the volcano was screaming 'I'm about to explode'\", but the scientists who were studying the volcano at the time of the eruption were not able to read this signal.[45]", "Nevado del Ruiz. In 2006, heavy rains on Ruiz sent a mudslide down the Chinchiná River, killing nine youths aged 12–19 on a scouting expedition near the volcano.[51]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Since then the glaciers have retreated further because of atmospheric warming.[8] By 1959, the massif's glaciated area had dropped to 34 square kilometers (13 sq mi).[19] Since the 1985 eruption, which destroyed about 10% of the summit ice cover, the area of Nevado del Ruiz covered by glaciers has halved—from 17 to 21 square kilometers (6.6 to 8.1 sq mi) just after the eruption to about 10 square kilometers (3.9 sq mi) in 2003. The glaciers reached altitudes as low as 4,500 meters (14,800 ft) in 1985 but have now retreated to elevations of 4,800–4,900 meters (15,700–16,100 ft).[8]", "Nevado del Ruiz. Animals living on the volcano include the mountain tapir and spectacled bear, both of which are designated as threatened.[23] Other animals inhabiting the surrounding region include the rufous-fronted parakeet, bearded helmetcrest, and Herveo plump toad. The volcano is home to 27 species of birds endemic to Colombia, with 14 of these species confined to the region around the volcano. 15 bird species in the area are considered threatened.[23]", "Nevado del Ruiz. On the morning of February 19, 1845, a large earthquake resulted in a substantial mudflow.[29] This mudflow flowed down the valley of the Lagunillas River for approximately 70 kilometers (43 mi),[5] spilling out of the river channel and killing much of the local population.[29] After reaching an alluvial fan, the mudflow split into two branches. The larger portion of it joined the Lagunillas River and flowed into the nearby Magdalena River, while the smaller portion was diverted by hills in front of Lagunillas Canyon, turned 90 degrees to the north until it reached the Sabandija River, and then flowed east with the Sabandija River, until it rejoined the other branch of the mudflow at the junction of the Sabandija and the Magdalena. It is estimated that 1000 people were killed in the mudflows.[29]", "Nevado del Ruiz. The loss of life during the 1985 eruption was due partly to the fact that scientists did not know precisely when the eruption would occur, and the authorities would not take costly preventative measures without clear warnings of imminent danger.[42] Because the volcano's last substantial eruption occurred 140 years ago, it was also hard for many to accept the danger the volcano presented; locals even called it the \"Sleeping Lion\".[27] Hazard maps showing Armero would be completely flooded after an eruption were distributed more than a month before the eruption, but the Colombian Congress criticized the scientific and civil defense agencies for scaremongering. Local authorities failed to alert people to the seriousness of the situation, with Armero's mayor and a priest both reassuring the populace after an ash eruption on the afternoon of November 13 and the consequent ashfall early that evening.[43] Another factor was the storm that hit that evening, causing electrical outages and hindering communications. Civil defense officials from four nearby towns tried to warn Armero the lahar was approaching in the hour or so before it reached Armero, but failed to make radio contact.[44]" ]

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[ "Iodine test. The iodine test is used to test for the presence of starch. Starch turns an intense \"blue-black\" colour upon addition of aqueous solutions of the triiodide anion, due to the formation of an intermolecular charge-transfer complex. In the absence of starch, the brown colour of the aqueous solution remains. This interaction between starch and triiodide is also the basis for iodometry.", "Starch. A triiodide (I3−) solution formed by mixing iodine and iodide (usually from potassium iodide) is used to test for starch; a dark blue color indicates the presence of starch. The details of this reaction are not yet fully known, but it is thought that the iodine (I3− and I5− ions) fit inside the coils of amylose, the charge transfers between the iodine and the starch, and the energy level spacings in the resulting complex correspond to the absorption spectrum in the visible light region. The strength of the resulting blue color depends on the amount of amylose present. Waxy starches with little or no amylose present will color red. Benedict's test and Fehling's test is also done to indicate the presence of starch.", "Iodine test. Starch is often used in chemistry as an indicator for redox titrations where triiodide is present. Starch forms a very dark blue-black complex with triiodide which can be made by mixing iodine with iodide (often from potassium iodide). However, the complex is not formed if only iodine or only iodide (I−) is present. The colour of the starch complex is so deep, that it can be detected visually when the concentration of the iodine is as low as 0.00002 M at 20 °C.[citation needed] During iodine titrations, concentrated iodine solutions must be reacted with some titrant, often thiosulfate, in order to remove most of the iodine before the starch is added. This is due to the insolubility of the starch-triiodide complex which may prevent some of the iodine reacting with the titrant. Close to the end-point, the starch is added, and the titration process is resumed taking into account the amount of thiosulfate added before adding the starch.", "Iodine test. To produce the triiodide anion (I3−), elemental iodine is dissolved in an aqueous solution of potassium iodide. The resulting complex with starch produces an intense \"blue-black\" colour. The intensity of the colour decreases with increasing temperature and with the presence of water-miscible organic solvents such as ethanol. The test cannot be performed at very low pH due to the hydrolysis of the starch under these conditions.[1]", "Staining. Iodine is used in chemistry as an indicator for starch. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as Gram staining, used in microbiology. Lugol's solution or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell nuclei more visible. Iodine is also used as a mordant in Gram's staining, it enhances dye to enter through the pore present in the cell wall/membrane.", "Amylose. In a laboratory setting, it can act as a marker. Iodine molecules fit neatly inside the helical structure of amylose, binding with the starch polymer that absorbs certain known wavelengths of light. Hence, a common test is the iodine test for starch. Mix starch with a small amount of yellow iodine solution. In the presence of amylose, a blue-black color will be observed. The intensity of the color can be tested with a colorimeter, using a red filter to discern the concentration of starch present in the solution. It is also possible to use starch as an indicator in titrations involving iodine reduction.[13] It is also used in amylose magnetic beads and resin to separate maltose-binding protein[14]", "Iodine. Potassium tetraiodomercurate(II), K2HgI4, is also known as Nessler's reagent. It is often used as a sensitive spot test for ammonia. Similarly, Cu2HgI4 is used as a precipitating reagent to test for alkaloids. The iodide and iodate anions are often used for quantitative volumetric analysis, for example in iodometry and the iodine clock reaction (in which iodine also serves as a test for starch, forming a dark blue complex),[16] and aqueous alkaline iodine solution is used in the iodoform test for methyl ketones.[60] The iodine test for starch is still used to detect counterfeit banknotes printed on starch-containing paper.[71]", "Starch. Starch indicator solution consisting of water, starch and iodide is often used in redox titrations: in the presence of an oxidizing agent the solution turns blue, in the presence of reducing agent the blue color disappears because triiodide (I3−) ions break up into three iodide ions, disassembling the starch-iodine complex. A 0.3% w/w solution is the standard concentration for a starch indicator. It is made by adding 3 grams of soluble starch to 1 liter of heated water; the solution is cooled before use (starch-iodine complex becomes unstable at temperatures above 35 °C).", "Alpha-amylase. Several methods are available for determination of α-amylase activity, and different industries tend to rely on different methods. The starch iodine test, a development of the iodine test, is based on colour change, as α-amylase degrades starch and is commonly used in many applications. A similar but industrially produced test is the Phadebas amylase test, which is used as a qualitative and quantitative test within many industries, such as detergents, various flour, grain, and malt foods, and forensic biology.", "Winkler test for dissolved oxygen. Thiosulfate is used, with a starch indicator, to titrate the iodine.", "Peroxide value. A precaution that should be observed is to add the starch indicator solution only near the end point (the end point is near when fading of the yellowish iodine colour occurs) because at high iodine concentration starch is decomposed to products whose indicator properties are not entirely reversible.", "Peroxide value. The indicator used in this reaction is a starch solution where amylose forms a blue to black solution with iodine and is colourless where iodine is titrated.", "Iodometry. To a known volume of sample, an excess but known amount of iodide is added, which the oxidizing agent then oxidizes to iodine. Iodine dissolves in the iodide-containing solution to give triiodide ions, which have a dark brown color. The triiodide ion solution is then titrated against standard thiosulfate solution to give iodide again using starch indicator:", "Iodometry. The excess arsenic trioxide is then determined by titrating against standard iodine solution using starch indicator. Note that for the best results, the sulfide solution must be dilute with the sulfide concentration not greater than 0.01 M.[2]", "Haloform reaction. This reaction forms the basis of the iodoform test which was commonly used in history as a chemical test to determine the presence of a methyl ketone, or a secondary alcohol oxidizable to a methyl ketone. When iodine and sodium hydroxide are used as the reagents a positive reaction gives iodoform, which is a solid at room temperature and tends to precipitate out of solution causing a distinctive cloudiness.", "Iodine clock reaction. When the solutions are mixed, the second reaction causes the triiodide ion to be consumed much faster than it is generated, and only a small amount of triiodide is present in the dynamic equilibrium. Once the thiosulfate ion has been exhausted, this reaction stops and the blue colour caused by the triiodide – starch complex appears.", "Iodometry. Redox titration using sodium thiosulfate, Na2S2O3 (usually) as a reducing agent is known as iodometric titration since it is used specifically to titrate iodine. The iodometric titration is a general method to determine the concentration of an oxidising agent in solution. In an iodometric titration, a starch solution is used as an indicator since it can absorb the I2 that is released. This absorption will cause the solution to change its colour from light yellow to a dark blue colour when titrated with standardised thiosulfate solution. This indicates the end point of the titration. Iodometry is commonly used to analyse the concentration of oxidizing agents in water samples, such as oxygen saturation in ecological studies or active chlorine in swimming pool water analysis.", "Iodine clock reaction. This reaction starts from a solution of hydrogen peroxide with sulfuric acid. To this is added a solution containing potassium iodide, sodium thiosulfate, and starch. There are two reactions occurring in the solution.", "Iodine deficiency. A general idea of whether a deficiency exists can be determined through a functional iodine test in the form of an iodine skin test. In this test, the skin is painted with an iodine solution: if the iodine patch disappears quickly, this is taken as a sign of iodine deficiency. However, no accepted norms exist on the expected time interval for the patch to disappear, and in persons with dark skin color the disappeance of the patch may be difficult to assess. If a urine test is taken shortly after, the results may be altered due to the iodine absorbed previously in a skin test.[22]", "Iodine clock reaction. Once all the thiosulfate is consumed the iodine may form a complex with the starch. Potassium persulfate is less soluble (cfr. Salters website) while ammonium persulfate has a higher solubility and is used instead in the reaction described in examples from Oxford University.[2]", "Iodine clock reaction. This clock reaction uses sodium, potassium or ammonium persulfate to oxidize iodide ions to iodine. Sodium thiosulfate is used to reduce iodine back to iodide before the iodine can complex with the starch to form the characteristic blue-black color.", "Iodometry. For simplicity, the equations will usually be written in terms of aqueous molecular iodine rather than the triiodide ion, as the iodide ion did not participate in the reaction in terms of mole ratio analysis. The disappearance of the deep blue color is due to the decomposition of the iodine-starch clathrate marks the end point.", "Iodometry. Sulfites and hydrogensulfites reduce iodine readily in acidic medium to iodide. Thus when a diluted but excess amount of standard iodine solution is added to known volume of sample, the sulfurous acid and sulfites present reduces iodine quantitatively:", "Titration. Complexometric titrations rely on the formation of a complex between the analyte and the titrant. In general, they require specialized complexometric indicators that form weak complexes with the analyte. The most common example is the use of starch indicator to increase the sensitivity of iodometric titration, the dark blue complex of starch with iodine and iodide being more visible than iodine alone. Other complexometric indicators are Eriochrome Black T for the titration of calcium and magnesium ions, and the chelating agent EDTA used to titrate metal ions in solution.[35]", "Tincture of iodine. Iodine solution is used to sanitize the surface of fruit and vegetables for bacteria and virus. The common concentration for sanitization is 25 ppm idophor for 1 minute.[7] However, the effectiveness depends on whether the solution penetrates into rifts, and whether dirt is effectively removed at first. But, oocytes of protozoan parasites will not be killed, and it is also doubtful that bacterial spores are killed. Iodine solutions should not be considered able to sanitize or disinfect salad, fruit or vegetables that are contaminated by feces. Thus, it should not be considered safe to eat raw fruit, salads and vegetables which are sanitized with iodine, if they could be contaminated by feces.[8]", "Iodine clock reaction. When the bisulfite is fully consumed, the iodine will survive (i.e., no reduction by the bisulfite) to form the dark blue complex with starch.", "Amylase. In molecular biology, the presence of amylase can serve as an additional method of selecting for successful integration of a reporter construct in addition to antibiotic resistance. As reporter genes are flanked by homologous regions of the structural gene for amylase, successful integration will disrupt the amylase gene and prevent starch degradation, which is easily detectable through iodine staining.", "Iodometry. Iodine in organic solvents, such as diethyl ether and carbon tetrachloride may be titrated against sodium thiosulfate dissolved in acetone.[clarification needed]", "Iodine deficiency. In view of large-scale epidemiological studies of iodine levels in populations, a method of capillary electrophoresis with UV detection of iodine has been proposed.[38]", "Sodium thiosulfate. In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is:", "Amylase. Bacilliary amylase is also used in clothing and dishwasher detergents to dissolve starches from fabrics and dishes.", "Starch. Each species of plant has a unique type of starch granules in granular size, shape and crystallization pattern. Under the microscope, starch grains stained with iodine illuminated from behind with polarized light show a distinctive Maltese cross effect (also known as extinction cross and birefringence)." ]

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[ "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce, Puerto Rico's most populated city outside the San Juan metropolitan area, is named for Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.[note 1] Ponce is often referred to as La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South), La Ciudad Señorial[note 2] (The Manorial City), and La Ciudad de las Quenepas (Genip City). The city serves as the governmental seat of the autonomous municipality as well as the regional hub for various Government of Puerto Rico entities, such as the Judiciary of Puerto Rico. It is also the regional center for various other commonwealth and federal government agencies.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The history of this event can be viewed at the Ponce Massacre Museum on Marina Street. An open-air park in the city, the Pedro Albizu Campos Park, is dedicated to the memory of the president of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party. As a result of this event, Ponce has been identified as \"the birthplace of Puerto Rican national identity.\"[60] Ponce history in general is expressed at the Ponce History Museum, on the block bordered by Isabel, Mayor, Cristina, and Salud streets in the historic downtown area.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The complete history of Ponce can be appreciated at the Museo de la Historia de Ponce, which opened in the city in 1992. It depicts the history of the city from its early settlement days until the end of the 20th century.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The region of what is now Ponce belonged to the Taíno Guaynia region, which stretched along the southern coast of Puerto Rico.[5] Agüeybaná, a cacique who led the region, was among those that greeted Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León when he came to the island in 1508. Archeological findings have identified four sites within the municipality of Ponce with archeological significance: Canas, Tibes, Caracoles, and El Bronce.[6]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce has improved its economy in the last years. In recent years, Ponce has solidified its position as the second most important city of Puerto Rico based on its economic progress and increasing population.[64] Today, the city of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico outside of the San Juan metropolitan area.[65] It continues to live up to its nicknames: La Perla del Sur (The Pearl of the South)[66] and La Ciudad Señorial (The Noble or Lordly City).[67] The city is also known as La Ciudad de las Quenepas (Genip City),[68][69] from the abundant amount of this fruit that grows within its borders.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce (/ˈpɔːnseɪ/; Spanish: [ˈponse] ( listen)) is both a city and a municipality in the southern part of Puerto Rico. The city is the seat of the municipal government.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. In recent years an intensive $440 million[128][129] revitalization project called \"Ponce en Marcha\"[130] (\"Ponce on the Move\") has increased the city's historic area from 260 to 1,046 buildings.[131] The Ponce en Marcha project was conceived in 1985 by then governor Rafael Hernández Colón during his second term in La Fortaleza and Ponce mayor Jose Dapena Thompson.[132][133] The plan was approved by the Ponce Municipal Legislature on 14 January 2003. It was signed by Governor Sila Calderon via Executive Order on 28 December 2003, and went into effect on 12 January 2004. The plan incorporates a one billion dollars in spending during the period of 2004 through 2012.[134] A significant number of buildings in Ponce are listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[135] The nonprofit Project for Public Places[136] listed the historic downtown Ponce city center as one of the 60 of the World's Great Places, for its \"graciously preserved showcase of Caribbean culture\".[137] The revitalized historic area of the city goes by various names, including \"Ponce Centro\" (Ponce Center),[138] \"Historic Ponce\",[139] and \"Historic District.\"[140]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. On September 17, 1692, the King of Spain Carlos II issued a Cédula Real (Royal Permit) converting the chapel into a parish, and in so doing officially recognizing the small settlement as a hamlet.[15] It is believed that Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, Juan Ponce de León's great-grandson, was instrumental in obtaining the royal permit to formalize the founding of the hamlet.[16] Captains Enrique Salazar and Miguel del Toro were also instrumental.[17] The city is named after Juan Ponce de León y Loayza,[18][19] the great-grandson of Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León.[20]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Others claim that Ponceños exhibit considerable more civic pride than do residents of other locales.[166] Luis Muñoz Rivera, the most important statesman in the Island at the close of the 19th century, referred to Ponce as \"the most Puerto Rican city of Puerto Rico.\"[167]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce's love for the arts dates back to at least 1864 when the Teatro La Perla was built. Ponce is also the birthplace of artists like Miguel Pou, Horacio Castaing, and several others in the fields of painting, sculpture, and others. The City is one of only seven cities in the Western Hemisphere (the others being Mexico City, Havana, Valparaíso, Buenos Aires, Mar del Plata, and Rosario) in the Ruta Europea del Modernisme,[172] an international non-profit association for the promotion and protection of Art Nouveau heritage in the world.[173]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The third Ponce fire of large proportions occurred on January 25, 1899.[232] The fire was fought by a group of firefighters amongst whom was Pedro Sabater and the civilian Rafael Rivera Esbrí, who would later become mayor of the city. The fire started at the U.S. Munitions Depot on the lot currently occupied by the Ponce High School building and grounds. The heroes in that fire, believed to have saved the city from certain annihilation, are remembered to this day with monuments on their tombs as well as in a monument in the city square Plaza Las Delicias.[229] As a further gesture of gratitude, a neighborhood of distinctive Victorian-style cottages were constructed to house the firefighters and their families. These houses, painted in the red and black colors of the city, are located along a street named Calle 25 de Enero (25 de Enero street); they are still owned and occupied by the descendants of these firefighters and are a scenic attraction in Ponce's historic center.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The Francisco \"Pancho\" Coimbre Sports Museum, named after the baseball player of the same name, was dedicated to the honor of Puerto Rico's great sports men and women.[183] It is located on the grounds of the Charles H. Terry Athletic Park on Lolita Tizol Street, just north of the entrance to Historic Ponce at Puente de los Leones (Lions' Bridge) and the Ponce Tricentennial Park. In 2012 the city commenced construction of the multi-sport complex Ciudad Deportiva Millito Navarro. No date has been announced for its completion yet, but its skateboarding section opened in March 2013.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. At the time of the U.S. invasion and occupation of Puerto Rico in 1898 during the Spanish–American War, Ponce was the largest city in the island with a population of 22,000. Ponce had the best road in Puerto Rico, running from Ponce to San Juan, which had been built by the Spaniards for military purposes.[34] The taking of Ponce by American troops \"was a critical turning point in the Puerto Rican campaign. For the first time the Americans held a major port to funnel large numbers of men and quantities of war material into the island.\" Ponce also had underwater telegraph cable connections with Jamaica and the West Indies, putting the U.S. forces on the island in direct communication with Washington, D.C. for the first time since the beginning of the campaign.[35] Just prior to the United States occupation of the island, Ponce was a flourishing and dynamic city with a significant number of public facilities, a large number of industries and commercial firms, and a great number of exquisite residences that reflected the high standing of its bourgeoisie.[36]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The coat of arms of the municipality is based on the design of the official mayoral seal that was adopted in 1844 under the administration of mayor Salvador de Vives.[221]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce has continued to be a hub of political activity on the island, and is the founding site of several major political parties. It has also been the birthplace of several important political figures of the island, including Luis A. Ferré and Rafael Hernández Colón, both former governors of Puerto Rico, as well as the childhood town of governor Roberto Sanchez Vilella.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Third, the Spanish Royal Decree of Graces of 1815 attracted numerous European immigrants to Puerto Rico. It encouraged any citizen of a country politically friendly to Spain to settle in Puerto Rico as long as they converted to the Catholic faith and agreed to work in the agricultural business. With such mass migrations, not only the size of the town was changed, but the character of its population was changed as well. Europeans, including many Protestants, immigrated from a variety of nations.[23] On July 29, 1848, and as a result of this explosive growth, the Ponce hamlet was declared a villa (village) by Queen Isabella II,[24][25] and in 1877 the village obtained its city charter.[26][27]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. During the first years of the colonization, Spanish families started settling around the Jacaguas River, in the south of the island.[7] For security reasons,[8] these families moved to the banks of the Rio Portugués, then called Baramaya.[9][10] Starting around 1646 the whole area from the Rio Portugués to the Bay of Guayanilla was called Ponce.[11][12] In 1670, a small chapel was raised in the middle of the small settlement and dedicated in honor of Our Lady of Guadalupe.[13] Among its earliest settlers were Juan Ponce de León y Loayza, and the Portuguese Don Pedro Rodríguez de Guzmán, from nearby San Germán.[14]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. \"Over the last century or so, the north [i.e., San Juan] willingly accepted the influence of western culture with its tendency toward large sprawling metropolises, and the displacement of old values and attitudes. Ponce, on the other hand, has been content to retain its old traditions and culture. Ponce is not concerned about losing its long standing position as the second largest city in population after San Juan. On the contrary, she prefers to maintain her current size, and stick to its old traditions and culture.\"[164]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The municipal government has its seat in the city of Ponce.[212][213] Since its foundation in 1692, the city of Ponce has been led by a mayor. Its first mayor was Don Pedro Sánchez de Matos. The 2008 election of María Meléndez Altieri, brought Ponce the first woman to be elected to the mayoral office in the city's history. She was re-elected in 2012 and again in 2016, and is currently serving as mayor. Ponce's best known mayor of recent years is perhaps Rafael \"Churumba\" Cordero Santiago, who held office from 1989 until his sudden death on the morning of January 17, 2004, after suffering three successive brain strokes.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Immigrants from Spain, Italy, France, Germany, and England came to Ponce to develop an international city that still maintains rich Taíno and African heritage. The African personality, belief, and music add flavor and colorful rhythm to Ponce's culture. Part of this are the influences of the Bomba and Plena rhythms. These are a combination and Caribbean and African music.[168]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Today, Ponce has more museums (nine) than any other municipality in the Island.[174] Ponce is home to the Museo de Arte de Ponce (MAP), founded in 1959 by fellow ponceño Luis A. Ferré. The museum was operated by Ferré until his death at the age of 99, and it is now under the direction of the Luis A. Ferré Foundation. Designed by Edward Durell Stone, architect of Radio City Music Hall[175] and the Museum of Modern Art in New York, MAP is the only museum of international stature on the Island, the only one accredited by the American Alliance of Museums (AAM),[176] and the only one that has received a design prize of honor from the American Institute of Architects (AIA).[177] It houses the most extensive art collection in the Caribbean.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. In the early 18th century Don Antonio Abad Rodriguez Berrios built a small chapel under the name of San Antonio Abad. The area would later receive the name of San Antón, a historically important part of modern Ponce.[21] In 1712 the village was chartered as El Poblado de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe de Ponce (The Village of Our Lady of Guadalupe of Ponce).[22]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The Ponce City Hall has one of the most unusual histories of any city hall throughout the world. \"Originally built in the 1840s as a public assembly hall, Ponce's City Hall was a jail until the end of the 19th century. Current galleries were former cells, and executions were held in the courtyard. Four U.S. presidents spoke from the balcony - Theodore Roosevelt, Herbert Hoover, Franklin Roosevelt and George Bush.\" It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places.[215]", "Ponce de Leon Hotel. The headwaiter of the Ponce in the 1880s and 1890s was Frank Thompson, who was a pioneer civil rights advocate and an organizer of the professional black baseball team that became the Cuban Giants. One member of the team, Frank Grant, was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. In 1862, the Ponce Firefighters Corps was reorganized under the administration of Ponce mayor Luis de Quixano y Font, and Tomás Cladellas was named fire chief.[229] In 1879 the Ponce Fire Corps reorganizes again, with a new fire chief, local architect Juan Bertoli. It then reorganizes once more, this time in a more definitive fashion, in 1883 when Máximo Meana was mayor of Ponce. This time the Ponce Fire Corps was made up of 400 fire fighters. Its leadership was made up of Julio Steinacher, fire chief, Juan Seix, second fire chief, Oscar Schuch Olivero, Chief of Brigade, and Fernando M. Toro, Supervisor of the Gymnastics Academy. Concurrent with this, the music band was organized. In September of that same year (1883), Juan Morel Campos formally organized the Ponce Fire Corps Municipal Band which exists to this day.[229]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Ponce has had two official flags. The first one was approved in 1967 via a municipal ordinance. This flag, designed by Mario Ramirez, was selected from among a number of public proposals. It consisted of a rectangular cloth divided by a diagonal line into two equal isosceles triangles. The line ran from the top right-hand corner to the bottom left-hand corner. The top triangle was black; the bottom right triangle was red. On the top triangle was the figure of a lion over a bridge. On the bottom triangle was the word \"Ponce\" with the number \"1692\", the date when it was founded.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. While Europe was celebrating its Belle Époque (Victorian era), Ponce followed suit with its own Ponce Fair. Following trends set in Europe and elsewhere, in 1877, Don Miguel Rosich conceived an exposition for Ponce. This was approved in 1880, and the fair was held in the city in 1882. It showed several industrial and agricultural advancements.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The city's fire department has a history of firsts, including being the first organized fire department in the Island. As the largest city in the island at the time, and de facto economic and social center of Puerto Rico, this in effect also created the first Puerto Rico Fire Department. The Ponce Fire Department also built the first fire station in the Island,[223][224] which still stands to this day, and is now open as the Parque de Bombas museum. Also, in 1951, Ponce's Fire Chief Raúl Gándara-Cartagena, wrote a book on the firemen's service, which became a firemen's manual in several Latin American countries.[225] In recognition of the service rendered by its fire fighters, the City of Ponce built them homes resulting in the creation of the 25 de Enero Street near the city's historic district.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. During the 19th century, the city was witness to a flourishing architectural development, including the birth of a new architectural style later dubbed Ponce Creole. Architects like Francisco Valls, Manuel Víctor Domenech, Eduardo Salich, Blas Silva Boucher, Agustín Camilo González, Alfredo Wiechers, Francisco Porrata Doria and Francisco Gardón Vega used a mixture of Art Nouveau and neoclassic styles to give the city a unique look. This can be seen in the various structures located in the center of the city like the Teatro La Perla. To showcase its rich architectural heritage, the city has opened the Museum of Puerto Rican Architecture at the Wiechers-Villaronga residence.[107][108]", "Ponce de Leon Hotel. The Ponce de Leon Hotel, also known as The Ponce, was an exclusive luxury hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The hotel was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style as the first major project of the New York architecture firm Carrère & Hastings, which would go on to gain world renown.[5]", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. The Municipality of Ponce, officially the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce, is located in the Southern Coastal Plain region of the island, south of Adjuntas, Utuado, and Jayuya; east of Peñuelas; west of Juana Díaz; and bordered on the south by the Caribbean Sea. The municipality has a total of 31 barrios (wards), including 19 outside the city's urban area and 12 in the urban area of the city. The historic Ponce Pueblo district, located in the downtown area of the city, is shared by several of the downtown barrios, and is located approximately three miles (4.8 km) inland from the shores of the Caribbean. Ponce is a principal city of both the Ponce Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Ponce-Yauco-Coamo Combined Statistical Area. The municipality of Ponce is the second largest in Puerto Rico by land area, and it was the first in Puerto Rico to obtain its autonomy, becoming the Autonomous Municipality of Ponce in 1992.", "Ponce, Puerto Rico. Due to its commercial and industrial significance, Ponce has consistently been a hub of transportation to the rest of the island." ]

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[ "Toyota 86. In Australia, Subaru BRZ was the first new car ever to be sold on that market exclusively online, with orders opening on 16 July 2012. It was also marketed with free servicing for 3 years or 60,000 km. According to Subaru this sale concept was a success, after the entire 2012 Australian allocation of 201 cars was sold in under 3 hours. The first buyer was able to secure their car in less than 20 minutes from the site going live. This sale process was implemented as a consequence of the demand for the Toyota 86 far outstripping supply (resulting in long delivery times) and a low BRZ supplies for Australia. As of 1 January 2014, the vehicle became available both online and at dealerships, with free servicing no longer included in the purchase.[72]", "Subaru. Toyota increased their share of FHI to 16.5% in July 2008.[17] Subsequently, Toyota and Subaru jointly developed the Toyota 86, first sold in January 2012 as the Subaru BRZ and by Toyota under various names.", "Toyota 86. Scion followed next in April 2011 at the New York Motor Show with the FR-S Sports Coupé Concept, co-developed with aftermarket tuner Five Axis.[15] Another semi-transparent Subaru concept, known as the BRZ Prologue, was shown at the Frankfurt Motor Show that September,[16] followed in November at the Los Angeles Motor Show by the BRZ Concept STi, the first full mock-up of Subaru's version of the 86 with input from Subaru Tecnica International (STI).[17]", "Toyota 86. At the January 2013 Tokyo Auto Salon, Subaru unveiled a BRZ Premium Sport Package concept featuring various STI parts as well as 19 inch BBS wheels and a carbon fiber roof.", "Toyota 86. Subaru unveiled the BRZ-based STI Performance Concept at the 2015 New York Auto Show. It stated that this concept car does not preview a production model but rather a visualization of the future application of the STI program to the BRZ. The concept car utilizes the same turbocharged 2.0-litre engine employed in the BRZ GT300 race car, producing an estimated 220 kW (300 bhp) and 330 lb⋅ft (447 N⋅m). Even so, Subaru also stated that a turbocharger will not find its way into the BRZ production. Mechanically, the concept car has chassis, suspension and brake upgrades from the Japan-only BRZ tS. Externally, it is distinguished by LED headlights and taillights, new-style alloy wheels and a full bodykit featuring new-design front fascia, rear diffuser and rear wing.", "Toyota 86. The BRZ's name comes from three elements: Boxer engine, Rear-wheel drive, and Z standing for the zenith.[52][53] The Subaru BRZ differs from the 86's design in the front fascia, with a different grille and headlight assembly, as well as a different front fender vent. The BRZ's grill is hexagonal in shape, compared to the Toyota's trapezoid. The BRZ features a wraparound of LED parking lights in the headlight assembly, while daytime running lights are integrated into the bumper. The suspension setup of the Subaru is different from the Toyota.[54] Like the Japanese Toyota 86, Subaru offers an RA base model lacking most interior comforts and utilizing 16 inch steel wheels, with the only difference from the 86 RC being that the BRZ RA's bumpers are painted the same color as the body. Two main trim levels are offered: R trim, known as Premium in North America, and S trim, known as Limited in North America. European and Australian BRZs offer a Toyota stereo unit, while Japanese and North American vehicles use a Subaru unit. Australian BRZs were originally available for sale only online.", "Toyota 86. In 2014, as part of running changes consistent with those of the MY15 Toyota 86 GTS, the Subaru BRZ also featured a new key fob and two new colours, including ‘WR Blue Pearl’ metallic finish.[58] In addition, Subaru also launched special editions both for the United States and Australia markets. For the former, one thousand BRZ Series. Blue editions were marketed at additional cost, half painted in Blue Pearl and the other half in Crystal Pearl White. This model featured STI body kit parts, 17-inch STI black alloy wheels and red brake calipers. For Australia, Subaru launched a similar variant known as the Special Edition, also at additional cost. It featured stripes across the bonnet, boot and roof; 17-inch STI black alloy wheels; STI boot spoiler plus front, side and rear-side under spoilers; a rear diffuser and a push-button starter switch. It was available in every existing BRZ paint hue.[59]", "Subaru. Subaru cars are known for the use of a boxer engine layout in most vehicles above 1500 cc. Most Subaru models have used the Symmetrical All Wheel Drive drive-train layout since 1972. The flat/boxer engine and all-wheel-drive became standard equipment for mid-size and smaller cars in most international markets by 1996, and is now standard in most North American market Subaru vehicles. The lone exception is the BRZ, introduced in 2012, which uses the boxer engine but instead uses a rear-wheel-drive structure. Subaru also offers turbocharged versions of their passenger cars, such as the Impreza WRX and the Legacy 2.5GT. The 2.0XT trims of the Outback and Forester also include a turbocharged engine.", "Toyota 86. In 2011, with the unveiling of the Super BRZ Concept STi, Subaru also unveiled their latest entry in the Super GT series' GT300-category. R&D Sport would develop the BRZ GT300 to replace their Legacy for the 2012 season.[88] The BRZ GT300 does not utilize the production car's FA20 engine, instead opting for the Legacy's EJ20 engine.", "Toyota 86. In 2013, Subaru unveiled a BRZ tS model for the Japanese market, tuned by STI. The tS model features an improved suspension setup, 18 inch silver BBS wheels, STI bodykit and front spoiler, a larger drive shaft, and Brembo brakes, along with interior changes to include a new steering wheel, front seat, gauges, and Alcantara accents.[55] A further tS GT Package includes Recaro seats, black BBS wheels, and an adjustable carbon fibre rear wing. The tS is limited to 500 units in total, with a maximum of 250 of them being the GT package.[56] In 2015, a similar release of 300 units was sold again only in Japan.[57]", "Toyota 86. In February 2018, Subaru of America released a limited edition SOA 50th Anniversary edition BRZ based on the Limited trim level featuring Heritage Blue exterior color, satin chrome exterior trim and badging; and SOA 50th anniversary emblem. The interior features black upholstery with contrasting silver stitching; silver seatbelts; and the 50th Anniversary logo embroidered on the front seats and carpeted floor mats. Only 250 were made.[61]", "Toyota 86. Subaru retails their version of the car as the Subaru BRZ. As a Toyota it is sold worldwide under different names with the most common being the Toyota 86—as used in Asia, Australia, North America (from August 2016), South Africa, and South America.[1] The name Toyota GT86 is used in Europe; both of the preceding names in New Zealand; and Toyota FT86 in Nicaragua and Jamaica. In the United States and Canada, the coupe previously sold as the Scion FR-S. After the Scion brand was discontinued in August 2016, the FR-S was renamed as the Toyota 86.[2][3]", "Toyota 86. In October 2012, Toyota Racing Development and Gazoo Racing announced a production racing model for the Toyota 86. The 86 Racing adds brake and oil cooler modifications, as well as a 4-point racing harness and rollcage. The stock 86 wheels are replaced by simple steel rims, while the exterior colour was only available in white.[98] Subaru followed in early 2013 with the BRZ RA Racing, featuring similar modifications. Both cars are only available in the Japanese market, and are eligible for a one-make racing series run by Gazoo Racing. Unlike the Toyota, the BRZ is available in any of the production car's colours.[99][100]", "Subaru. Kenji Kita, CEO of Fuji Heavy Industries at the time, wanted the new company to be involved in car manufacturing and soon began plans for building a car with the development code-name P-1. Mr. Kita canvassed the company for suggestions about naming the P1, but none of the proposals was appealing enough. In the end he gave the company a Japanese name that he had \"been cherishing in his heart\": Subaru, which is the name of the Pleiades star cluster in Japanese. The first Subaru car was named the Subaru 1500.[11] Only twenty were manufactured owing to multiple supply issues. Subsequently, the company designed and manufactured dozens of vehicles including the 1500 (1954), the tiny air-cooled 360 (1958), the Sambar (1961), and the 1000 (which saw the introduction of the Subaru boxer engine in 1965).", "Toyota 86. Subaru BRZ Premium Sport Package concept (2013)", "Toyota 86. In 2015, Subaru released the limited edition Hyper Blue range across its WRX, WRX STI and BRZ models. In Australia, the BRZ was limited to 50 units with manual transmission only. This limited edition is characterised by the said blue paint and a host of other cosmetic upgrades.[60]", "Subaru. Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States participates in the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with a Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec-B in the Grand-Am Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a Subaru Impreza WRX STI in the Grand Sport class.[35] In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.", "Subaru. In 1976, Canadians got their first exposure to Subaru vehicles when Subaru Auto Canada Limited (SACL) began offering the Subaru Leone. In 1989, the privately owned SACL was purchased by the Toronto-based Subaru Canada, Inc. who, under the guidance of parent company Fuji Heavy Industries, began an expansion process that would eventually see over 100 Subaru Dealers in operation across the country.", "Toyota 86. As part of the Subaru BRZ market launch, a 2-part movie documenting the vehicle's development was produced.[67] In Canada, a TV commercial titled Scorched was produced by OMD, with creative from DDB. The execution was handled by DDB PR with Juxta Productions working on the interior. The commercial was shot at Queen and McCaul St. in Toronto.[68][69][70][71]", "Subaru. Since 2005, Cusco Racing have entered an Impreza sedan and a BRZ in the Super GT championship. In 2008, the Impreza was the first 4-door and first 4WD vehicle to win a race.", "Subaru Outback. Along with the Legacy-based model, Subaru also released the first generation Impreza-based Outback Sport in 1994 to North America only for the 1995 model year. Derived from the Impreza hatchback, the Outback Sport featured an off-road appearance package, and a slightly raised suspension akin to the larger Legacy-based model. Subaru in North America launched subsequent generations in 2001 for the 2002 model year and 2007 for model year 2008, based on the second and third generation Impreza, respectively. Subaru discontinued the Outback Sport nameplate in 2011, replaced in 2012 for the 2013 year model with the Subaru XV as derived from the fourth generation model.", "Subaru Forester. The Forester was introduced at the Tokyo Motor Show in November 1995 as the Streega concept, and made available for sale February 1997 in Japan, and to the US market in 1997 for MY1998. The Forester was one of the first emerging crossover SUVs.[3] It was built in the style of a car, but had a taller stance, higher h-point seating, and an all-wheel drive drive train. Subaru advertising employed the slogan \"SUV tough, Car Easy\". It used the Impreza platform but with the larger 2.5-litre DOHC EJ25D four-cylinder boxer engine from the Subaru Outback, making 123 kW (165 hp; 167 PS) at 5,600 rpm and 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm.", "Subaru Forester. Subaru unveiled the model year 2008 Forester in Japan on December 25, 2007. The North American version made its debut at the 2008 North American International Auto Show in Detroit.", "Mark Lovell. When the Subaru Impreza WRX and the Mitsubishi Evolution were introduced in 2002 and 2003 to the United States, both cars created more interest in the sport of Rallying. Subaru and subsequently Mitsubishi entered the US Pro Rally championship with factory teams; Mark Lovell was the lead driver for the Subaru / Prodrive team, with Americans Karl Scheible (2002) and Ramana Lagemann (2003) as teammates.", "Toyota 86. Also seen at the Tokyo Motor Show, this vehicle was presented as a combination of ‘sport’ and ‘utility’ adopting a heavily BRZ inspired shooting-brake body shape. Its compact body measured an overall length of 4,300 mm (169.3 in) and was described as what Subaru perceives to be the next trend in urban SUVs.[114][115]", "Toyota 86. The Subaru BRZ was also crowned:", "Subaru of America. With the rise of rally racing, and the import scene in the U.S., the introduction of the highly anticipated Subaru Impreza WRX in 2001 was successful in bringing high performance, AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team for Rally America, and has won the driver's title in five of the seasons.[7]", "Subaru. Since the 2005 model year, Subaru has adopted the CAN bus technology for the USA and Canada markets. Starting in the 2007 model year, all Subaru vehicles use the CAN technology.[citation needed] Typically, two CAN-buses are used on vehicles: a high-speed CAN running at 500 kbit/s for powertrain communication, and a low-speed CAN running at 125 kbit/s for body control functions and instrument panels. A body-integrated unit (BIU) is used between these two networks.", "Subaru Tribeca. The vehicle was initially announced as the B9X on November 5, 2004 at the South Florida Auto Show,[5] and was renamed the B9 Tribeca in December after soliciting current and potential customer feedback. The \"B\" stood for Subaru's boxer (horizontally-opposed) engine, the \"9\" referred to an internal category code, and \"Tribeca\" was added so that \"Subaru [could] leverage the vested equity already associated with the progressive style, art, and culture that the name TRIBECA represents,\" according to Subaru President and CEO Kyoji Takenaka.[6] The Tribeca made its worldwide debut at the North American International Auto Show in January 2005 and was scheduled to go on sale in early summer 2005 for the 2006 model year, with production at the SIA plant in Lafayette, Indiana supplying vehicles for sale in the United States, Canada, and Chile.[2]", "Toyota 86. The first production Toyota 86 debuted at the 2011 Tokyo Auto Show. All variants are built at Subaru's Gunma Main Plant,[18] with the first cars assembled on 2 February before sales began in March and deliveries in April. 7,000 orders were placed for the Toyota 86 in the first month of production,[19] while Subaru took in 3,500 orders.[20]", "Nike, Inc.. In 1964, in its first year in business, BRS sold 1,300 pairs of Japanese running shoes grossing $8,000. By 1965 the fledgling company had acquired a full-time employee, and sales had reached $20,000. In 1966, BRS opened its first retail store, located at 3107 Pico Boulevard in Santa Monica, California next to a beauty salon, so its employees no longer needed to sell inventory from the back of their cars. In 1967, due to rapidly increasing sales, BRS expanded retail and distribution operations on the East Coast, in Wellesley, Massachusetts.[10]", "List of Subaru engines. The (Japanese: Subaru EZ series) was introduced in 1999 in the Japanese market, in the Subaru Outback, and in 2000 in the United States market, also in the Outback. It is a flat-six, 24-valve, quad-cam engine with an aluminium block and heads. It is available in EZ30 and EZ36 variants. Though the second iteration of the EZ30D used from 2003 to 2009 was heavily updated from the early EZ30D used from 2001 to 2003, Subaru continued to identify it as EZ30D. \"EZ30R\" is a false engine code often used on the Internet for the later EZ30, but Subaru has never used it as an official engine code.[28] All EZ-series engines use dual timing chains and feature coil-on-plug ignition." ]

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[ "Arc (geometry). Every pair of distinct points on a circle determines two arcs. If the two points are not directly opposite each other, one of these arcs, the minor arc, will subtend an angle at the centre of the circle that is less than π radians (180 degrees), and the other arc, the major arc, will subtend an angle greater than π radians.", "Arc (geometry). Consider the chord with the same endpoints as the arc. Its perpendicular bisector is another chord, which is a diameter of the circle. The length of the first chord is W, and it is divided by the bisector into two equal halves, each with length W/2. The total length of the diameter is 2r, and it is divided into two parts by the first chord. The length of one part is the sagitta of the arc, H, and the other part is the remainder of the diameter, with length 2r − H. Applying the intersecting chords theorem to these two chords produces", "Arc (geometry). A practical way to determine the length of an arc in a circle is to plot two lines from the arc's endpoints to the center of the circle, measure the angle where the two lines meet the center, then solve for L by cross-multiplying the statement:", "Arc (geometry). The area of the sector formed by an arc and the center of a circle (bounded by the arc and the two radii drawn to its endpoints) is", "Arc (geometry). In Euclidean geometry, an arc (symbol: ⌒) is a closed segment of a differentiable curve. A common example in the plane (a two-dimensional manifold), is a segment of a circle called a circular arc. In space, if the arc is part of a great circle (or great ellipse), it is called a great arc.", "Arc (geometry). The area of the shape bounded by the arc and the straight line between its two end points is", "Electric arc. An arc between two electrodes can be initiated by ionization and glow discharge, when the current through the electrodes is increased. The breakdown voltage of the electrode gap is a combined function of the pressure, distance between electrodes and type of gas surrounding the electrodes. When an arc starts, its terminal voltage is much less than a glow discharge, and current is higher. An arc in gases near atmospheric pressure is characterized by visible light emission, high current density, and high temperature. An arc is distinguished from a glow discharge partly by the approximately equal effective temperatures of both electrons and positive ions; but in a glow discharge, ions have much less thermal energy than the electrons.", "Character arc. The phrase character arc takes its name from the narrative arc whose shape, often depicted as an oblong half-circle, emerges from the rising and falling qualities after the denouement or tying and untying events in the common five-part dramatic structure of the Freytag pyramid or the three-part structure of many stories.[citation needed] Although the narrative arc resolves within a given text typically after a climax and \"falling action,\" most character arcs do not fully resolve in a single text because life continues for that character beyond the confines of the text's narrative. A narrative arc usually does not contain an entire character arc because most characters' births and deaths are not depicted. For those whose birth is depicted at the beginning of the narrative (as in a Bildungsroman) or death is depicted at the end of the narrative (for example novels about the death of a protagonist or that involve the protagonist's death at the end), such a character arc dovetails with the narrative arc in one place. Both can occur for the protagonist of a biography or autobiography or in fictional texts that follow the protagonist from birth to death, if the character does not re-appear in an afterlife.", "Arc (geometry). By multiplying both sides by r2, we get the final result:", "Electric arc. The various shapes of electric arcs are emergent properties of non-linear patterns of current and electric field. The arc occurs in the gas-filled space between two conductive electrodes (often made of tungsten or carbon) and it results in a very high temperature, capable of melting or vaporizing most materials. An electric arc is a continuous discharge, while the similar electric spark discharge is momentary. An electric arc may occur either in direct current (DC) circuits or in alternating current (AC) circuits. In the latter case, the arc may re-strike on each half cycle of the current. An electric arc differs from a glow discharge in that the current density is quite high, and the voltage drop within the arc is low; at the cathode, the current density can be as high as one megaampere per square centimeter.[9]", "Character arc. During the third act, including the climax, \"falling action\" and resolution (denouement), the narrative arc is completed although the character arc typically is not. During the climax, because the main tensions of the story are brought to their most intense point and the dramatic question is answered, a character arc reaches a place where the character gains a new sense of who he or she is becoming. As the plot and its subplots resolve, the character arc's emphasis shifts from the learning of any new skills or the discovery of dormant capabilities to the awakening of a higher level of self-awareness, which in turn changes who the character is becoming.[3]", "Arc (geometry). To get the area of the arc segment, we need to subtract the area of the triangle, determined by the circle's center and the two end points of the arc, from the area \n\n\n\nA\n\n\n{\\displaystyle A}\n\n. See Circular segment for details.", "Arc length. which, when solved, yields", "Arc (geometry). We can cancel Ï€ on both sides:", "Football pitch. The penalty arc (colloquially \"the D\") is marked from the outside edge of the penalty area, 9.15 metres (10 yd) from the penalty mark; this, along with the penalty area, marks an exclusion zone for all players other than the penalty kicker and defending goalkeeper during a penalty kick.[citation needed]", "Character arc. During the first act, the character arc is established or re-established for at least one character, the main character (the protagonist), within the exposition (noument) of the environment including relationships to other characters. Later in the first act, a dynamic, on-screen incident, known as the inciting incident, or catalyst occurs that confronts the protagonist, whose attempts to deal with this incident lead to a second and more dramatic situation, known as the first turning point. After the first turning point, life will never be the same for the protagonist and raises a dramatic question that will be answered in the climax of the story. The dramatic question should be framed in terms of the protagonist's call to action, for example, Will X recover the diamond? Will Y get the girl? Will Z capture the killer?[3]", "Circuit breaker. Circuit breakers are usually able to terminate all current very quickly: typically the arc is extinguished between 30 ms and 150 ms after the mechanism has been tripped, depending upon age and construction of the device. The maximum current value and let-through energy determine the quality of the circuit breakers.", "Circular segment. The arc length is", "Arc (geometry). The length (more precisely, arc length), L, of an arc of a circle with radius r and subtending an angle θ (measured in radians) with the circle center — i.e., the central angle — equals θr. This is because", "Incircle and excircles of a triangle. The three lines ATA, BTB and CTC intersect in a single point called the Gergonne point, denoted as Ge - X(7). The Gergonne point lies in the open orthocentroidal disk punctured at its own center, and could be any point therein.[20]", "Electric arc. Current in the arc is sustained by thermionic emission and field emission of electrons at the cathode. The current may be concentrated in a very small hot spot on the cathode; current densities on the order of one million amperes per square centimetre can be found. Unlike a glow discharge, an arc has little discernible structure, since the positive column is quite bright and extends nearly to the electrodes on both ends. The cathode fall and anode fall of a few volts occurs within a fraction of a millimetre of each electrode. The positive column has a lower voltage gradient and may be absent in very short arcs.[9]", "Convergent boundary. When two plates with oceanic crust converge, they typically create an island arc as one plate is subducted below the other. The arc is formed from volcanoes which erupt through the overriding plate as the descending plate melts below it. The arc shape occurs because of the spherical surface of the earth (nick the peel of an orange with a knife and note the arc formed by the straight-edge of the knife). A deep oceanic trench is located in front of such arcs where the descending slab dips downward, such as the Mariana Trench near the Mariana Islands.", "Circular segment. In geometry, a circular segment (symbol: ⌓) is a region of a circle which is \"cut off\" from the rest of the circle by a secant or a chord. More formally, a circular segment is a region of two-dimensional space that is bounded by an arc (of less than 180°) of a circle and by the chord connecting the endpoints of the arc.", "Three-point field goal. A three-point line consists of an arc at a set radius measured from the point on the floor directly below the center of the basket, and two parallel lines equidistant from each sideline extending from the nearest end line to the point at which they intersect the arc. In the NBA and FIBA standard, the arc spans the width of the court until it is a specified minimum distance from each sideline. The three-point line then becomes parallel to the sidelines from those points to the baseline. The unusual formation of the three-point line at these levels allows players some space from which to attempt a three-point shot at the corners of the court; the arc would be less than 2 feet (0.61 m) from each sideline at the corners if it was a continuous arc. In the NCAA and American high school standards, the arc spans 180° around the basket, then becomes parallel to the sidelines from the plane of the basket center to the baseline (5 feet 3 inches or 1.60 metres). The distance of the three-point line to the center of the hoop varies by level:", "Midpoint circle algorithm. The implementations above always draw only complete octants or circles. To draw only a certain arc from an angle \n\n\n\nα\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\alpha }\n\n to an angle \n\n\n\nβ\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\beta }\n\n, the algorithm needs first to calculate the \n\n\n\nx\n\n\n{\\displaystyle x}\n\n and \n\n\n\ny\n\n\n{\\displaystyle y}\n\n coordinates of these end points, where it is necessary to resort to trigonometric or square root computations (see Methods of computing square roots). Then the Bresenham algorithm is run over the complete octant or circle and sets the pixels only if they fall into the wanted interval. After finishing this arc, the algorithm can be ended prematurely.", "Electric arc. An electric arc has a non-linear relationship between current and voltage. Once the arc is established (either by progression from a glow discharge[10] or by momentarily touching the electrodes then separating them), increased current results in a lower voltage between the arc terminals. This negative resistance effect requires that some positive form of impedance (as an electrical ballast) be placed in the circuit to maintain a stable arc. This property is the reason uncontrolled electrical arcs in apparatus become so destructive, since once initiated, an arc will draw more and more current from a fixed-voltage supply until the apparatus is destroyed.", "Power of a point. This construction of an orthogonal circle is useful in understanding the radical axis of two circles, and the radical center of three circles. The point T can be constructed—and, thereby, the radius R and the power p found geometrically—by finding the intersection of the given circle with a semicircle (red in Figure 2) centered on the midpoint of O and P and passing through both points. By simple geometry, it can also be shown that the point Q is the inverse of P with respect to the given circle.", "High voltage. While lower voltages do not, in general, jump a gap that is present before the voltage is applied, interrupting an existing current flow with a gap often produces a low-voltage spark or arc. As the contacts are separated, a few small points of contact become the last to separate. The current becomes constricted to these small hot spots, causing them to become incandescent, so that they emit electrons (through thermionic emission). Even a small 9 V battery can spark noticeably by this mechanism in a darkened room. The ionized air and metal vapour (from the contacts) form plasma, which temporarily bridges the widening gap. If the power supply and load allow sufficient current to flow, a self-sustaining arc may form. Once formed, an arc may be extended to a significant length before breaking the circuit. Attempting to open an inductive circuit often forms an arc, since the inductance provides a high-voltage pulse whenever the current is interrupted. AC systems make sustained arcing somewhat less likely, since the current returns to zero twice per cycle. The arc is extinguished every time the current goes through a zero crossing, and must reignite during the next half-cycle to maintain the arc.", "Arc (geometry). Using the intersecting chords theorem (also known as power of a point or secant tangent theorem) it is possible to calculate the radius r of a circle given the height H and the width W of an arc:", "Electric arc. A drawn arc can be initiated by two electrodes initially in contact and drawn apart; this can initiate an arc without the high-voltage glow discharge. This is the way a welder starts to weld a joint, momentarily touching the welding electrode against the workpiece then withdrawing it till a stable arc is formed. Another example is separation of electrical contacts in switches, relays or circuit breakers; in high-energy circuits arc suppression may be required to prevent damage to contacts.[9]", "Contactor. Without adequate contact protection, the occurrence of electric current arcing causes significant degradation of the contacts, which suffer significant damage. An electrical arc occurs between the two contact points (electrodes) when they transition from a closed to an open (break arc) or from an open to a closed (make arc). The break arc is typically more energetic and thus more destructive.[3]", "Punctuation. Armenian uses several punctuation marks of its own. The full stop is represented by a colon, and vice versa; the exclamation mark is represented by a diagonal similar to a tilde (~), while the question mark (Õž) resembles an unclosed circle placed after the last vowel of the word." ]

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[ "Aladdin. Aladdin (/əˈlædɪn/; Arabic: علاء الدين‎, ʻAlāʼ ad-Dīn, IPA: [ʕalaːʔ adˈdiːn]) is a folk tale of Middle Eastern origin. It is one of the tales in The Book of One Thousand and One Nights (\"The Arabian Nights\"), and one of the best known—but it was not part of the original Arabic text, being added in the 18th century by Frenchman Antoine Galland, who attributed the tale to Syrian storyteller Youhenna Diab.", "Aladdin (franchise). In 2015 Disney Press launched a young adult novel series that retells Disney films but with certain elements changed. The first novel in the series is A Whole New World: A Twisted Tale, written by Liz Braswell, which retells the film but with Jafar gaining control of the genie before Aladdin does.[42]", "Aladdin. Known along with Ali Baba as one of the \"orphan tales\", the story was not part of the original Nights collection and has no authentic Arabic source, but was incorporated into the book Les mille et une nuits by its French translator, Antoine Galland.[3]", "Aladdin (franchise). Aladdin was released in 1992. The 31st Disney animated feature film was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arab-style folktale of Aladdin and the magic lamp from One Thousand and One Nights. The plot follows street urchin Aladdin as he attempts to gain the affection of Princess Jasmine after acquiring a magic lamp.", "Aladdin. The story is often \"re-told\" with variations—the following is a precis of the Burton translation of 1885.[2]", "Aladdin. Since it first appeared in the early 18th century \"Aladdin and the Magic Lamp\" has been one of the best known and most retold of all fairy tales.", "History of literature. This epic has been influential in the West since it was translated in the 18th century, first by Antoine Galland.[6] Many imitations were written, especially in France.[7] Various characters from this epic have themselves become cultural icons in Western culture, such as Aladdin, Sinbad and Ali Baba. However, no medieval Arabic source has been traced for Aladdin, which was incorporated into The Book of One Thousand and One Nights by its French translator, Antoine Galland, who heard it from an Arab Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo. The popularity of the work may in part be due to greater popular knowledge of history and geography since it was written. This meant that the plausibility of great marvels had to be set at a greater distance of time (\"long ago\") and place (\"far away\"). This is a process that continues, and finally culminates in fantasy fiction having little connection, if any, to actual times and places. A number of elements from Arabian mythology and Persian mythology are now common in modern fantasy, such as genies, bahamuts, magic carpets, magic lamps, etc.[7] When L. Frank Baum proposed writing a modern fairy tale that banished stereotypical elements he felt the genie, dwarf and fairy were stereotypes to avoid.[8]", "Aladdin. Aladdin is an impoverished young ne'er-do-well, dwelling in \"one of the cities of China\". He is recruited by a sorcerer from the Maghreb, who passes himself off as the brother of Aladdin's late father, Mustapha the tailor, convincing Aladdin and his mother of his good will by pretending to set up the lad as a wealthy merchant. The sorcerer's real motive is to persuade young Aladdin to retrieve a wonderful oil lamp from a booby-trapped magic cave. After the sorcerer attempts to double-cross him, Aladdin finds himself trapped in the cave. Aladdin is still wearing a magic ring the sorcerer has lent him. When he rubs his hands in despair, he inadvertently rubs the ring and a jinnī (or \"genie\") appears who releases him from the cave so that he can return to his mother—still carrying the lamp. When his mother tries to clean the lamp, so they can sell it to buy food for their supper, a second far more powerful genie appears who is bound to do the bidding of the person holding the lamp.", "Aladdin. John Payne quotes passages from Galland's unpublished diary: recording Galland's encounter with a Maronite Syrian scholar from Aleppo, Youhenna Diab. According to Galland's diary for March 25, 1709, he met the man he called \"Hanna\", who had travelled from Aleppo to Paris with Paul Lucas, a celebrated French traveller. Galland's diary reports that his translation of \"Aladdin\" was made in the winter of 1709–10. It was included in his volumes ix and x of the Nights, published in 1710. Payne also records the discovery in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris of two Arabic manuscripts containing Aladdin (with two more of the \"interpolated\" tales). One was written by a Syrian Christian priest living in Paris, named Dionysios Shawish, alias Dom Denis Chavis. The other is supposed to be a copy Mikhail Sabbagh made of a manuscript written in Baghdad in 1703. It was purchased by the Bibliothèque Nationale at the end of the nineteenth century.[4]", "Aladdin (franchise). In 1996, the second sequel to Aladdin, Aladdin and the King of Thieves was released on video. The story concludes as Aladdin and Jasmine are about to have their wedding and Aladdin discovers that his father is still alive, but is the king of all thieves in Agrabah.[1] In 2005, screenwriter Robert Reece, who co-wrote Cinderella III: A Twist in Time and The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Beginning, pitched a fourth Aladdin feature to DisneyToon Studios execs, although it never came to fruition.[2]", "Scheherazade. Scheherazade /ʃəˌhɛrəˈzɑːd, -də/, or Shahrazad (Arabic: شهرزاد‎‎ Šahrazād, derived from Middle Persian Čehrāzād), is a character and the storyteller in One Thousand and One Nights. This book includes the tales of Aladdin, Ali Baba and many more.", "Aladdin. The traditional Aladdin pantomime is the source of the well-known pantomime character Widow Twankey (Aladdin's mother). In pantomime versions, changes in the setting and story are often made to fit it better into \"China\" (albeit a China situated in the East End of London rather than Medieval Baghdad), and elements of other Arabian Nights tales (in particular Ali Baba) are often introduced into the plot. One version of the \"pantomime Aladdin\" is Sandy Wilson's musical Aladdin, from 1979.", "One Thousand and One Nights. The first European version (1704–1717) was translated into French by Antoine Galland from an Arabic text of the Syrian recension and other sources. This 12-volume work, Les Mille et une nuits, contes arabes traduits en français (\"Thousand and one nights, Arab stories translated into French\"), included stories that were not in the original Arabic manuscript. \"Aladdin's Lamp\", \"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves\" and \"The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor\" (as well as several other, lesser known tales) appeared first in Galland's translation and cannot be found in any of the original manuscripts. He wrote that he heard them from a Syrian Christian storyteller from Aleppo, a Maronite scholar whom he called \"Hanna Diab.\" Galland's version of the Nights was immensely popular throughout Europe, and later versions were issued by Galland's publisher using Galland's name without his consent.", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child. This story takes place in China when Aladdin, a poor dreamer who longs for adventure, meets a genie who wishes to be a kung fu master and uses him to rescue a princess from a jealous sorcerer named Chang.", "Aladdin (1992 Disney film). Aladdin is a 1992 American animated musical romantic fantasy comedy adventure film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. The film is the 31st Disney animated feature film, and was the fourth produced during the Disney film era known as the Disney Renaissance. It was directed by John Musker and Ron Clements, and is based on the Arab-style folktale of the same name from One Thousand and One Nights and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The voice cast features Scott Weinger, Robin Williams, Linda Larkin, Jonathan Freeman, Frank Welker, Gilbert Gottfried and Douglas Seale. The film follows Aladdin, a street urchin, who finds a magic lamp containing a genie. In order to hide the lamp from the Grand vizier, he disguises himself as a wealthy prince, and tries to impress the Sultan and his daughter.", "Sinbad the Sailor. The earliest separate publication of the Sinbad tales in English found in the British library is an adaption as The Adventures of Houran Banow, etc. (Taken from the Arabian Nights, being the third and fourth voyages of Sinbad the Sailor.), [3] around 1770. An early US edition The seven voyages of Sinbad the sailor. And The story of Aladdin; or, The wonderful lamp was published in Philadelphia in 1794 [4]. Numerous popular editions followed in the early 19th century including a chap book edition by Thomas Tegg. Its best known full translation was perhaps as tale 120 in Volume 6 of Sir Richard Burton's 1885 translation of The Book of One Thousand and One Nights.[5][6][7]", "The Librarians (2014 TV series). A tie-in novel, titled The Librarians and the Lost Lamp, was published in October 2016. The events follow the characters of the television series as they attempt to find Aladdin's lamp, both in the past and the future. The novel was written by Greg Cox, and published by Tor Books.[17]", "Aladdin (2011 musical). The story follows the familiar tale of a poor young man who is granted three wishes by a genie in a lamp, which he uses to woo a princess and to thwart the sultan's evil Grand Vizier. Set in the fictional Arabian city of Agrabah, the characters and setting are Middle Eastern.[1]", "One Thousand and One Nights. Some of the stories very widely associated with The Nights, in particular \"Aladdin's Wonderful Lamp\", \"Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves\", and \"The Seven Voyages of Sinbad the Sailor\", were not part of The Nights in its original Arabic versions but were added to the collection by Antoine Galland and other European translators.[5]", "Aladdin. In the United Kingdom, the story of Aladdin was dramatised in 1788 by John O'Keefe for the Theatre Royal, Covent Garden.[11] It has been a popular subject for pantomime for over 200 years.[12]", "Nino Rota. His 1955 opera Il cappello di paglia di Firenze (The Florentine Straw Hat) is an adaptation of the play by Eugène Labiche and was presented by the Santa Fe Opera in 1977. In 2005 his opera Aladino e la lampada magica (Aladdin and the Magical Lamp), with Cosmin Ifrim in the title role, was performed in German translation at the Vienna State Opera and released on DVD. Il cappello di paglia di Firenze and Aladino e la lampada magica are regularly staged in Europe as are many symphonic and chamber titles", "Aladdin. With the aid of the genie of the lamp, Aladdin becomes rich and powerful and marries Princess Badroulbadour, the sultan's daughter (after magically foiling her marriage to the vizier's son). The genie builds Aladdin and his bride a wonderful palace, far more magnificent than the sultan's.", "Aladin (film). Aladin is a 2009 Indian Hindi fantasy adventure film directed by Sujoy Ghosh, and featuring, Jacqueline Fernandez, Ritesh Deshmukh, Amitabh Bachchan and Sanjay Dutt. The film performed poorly at the box office.[3] Aladdin and His Magic Lamp (1970 film) was originally a cartoon, first released in France in 1970, created by Hungarian producer, script-writer and director Jean Image (Imre Hajdú).", "Aladdin. The Sorcerer tricks a handmaiden and offers \"new lamps for old lamps\".", "One Thousand and One Nights. Famous illustrators for British editions include: Arthur Boyd Houghton, John Tenniel, John Everett Millais and George John Pinwell for Dalziel's Illustrated Arabian Nights Entertainments, published in 1865; Walter Crane for Aladdin's Picture Book (1876); Frank Brangwyn for the 1896 edition of Lane's translation; Albert Letchford for the 1897 edition of Burton’s translation; Edmund Dulac for Stories from the Arabian Nights (1907), Princess Badoura (1913) and Sindbad the Sailor & Other Tales from the Arabian Nights (1914). Others artists include John D. Batten, (Fairy Tales From The Arabian Nights, 1893), Kay Nielsen, Eric Fraser, Errol le Cain, Maxfield Parrish, W. Heath Robinson and Arthur Szyk (1954).[116]", "Aladdin (2011 musical). Aladdin is a musical based on the 1992 Disney animated film of the same name with music by Alan Menken and lyrics by Howard Ashman, Tim Rice and Chad Beguelin. Beguelin also wrote the book. The musical includes three songs written for the film by Ashman but not used and four new songs written by Menken and Beguelin.", "Aladdin (Disney character). In prison, Aladdin meets an old man (who is actually Jafar in disguise) who mentions a cave filled with treasure and that he needs Aladdin to enter it. The old man reveals a secret exit, and Aladdin escapes with him and follows him into the desert. He enters the Cave of Wonders, where he meets a sentient magic carpet and is commanded to only get a magic lamp. He gets it, but Abu's grabbing of a giant gem causes the cave to collapse. Aladdin, Abu, and the carpet are left in the cave. Abu delivers the lamp to Aladdin, and when he rubs it, a giant blue Genie appears, telling Aladdin he will fulfill three wishes. After leaving the collapsed cave with the Genie's help, he decides to become a prince in order to win Jasmine's heart.", "Aladdin (2019 film). Aladdin is an upcoming American musical romantic fantasy adventure film directed by Guy Ritchie, written by Ritchie, John August and Vanessa Taylor, and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is a live-action adaptation of Disney's 1992 animated film of the same name, which is in turn based on the Arab-style folktale of the same name from One Thousand and One Nights and the French interpretation by Antoine Galland. The film stars Mena Massoud as the title character alongside Naomi Scott, Will Smith, Marwan Kenzari, Navid Negahban, Nasim Pedrad, Billy Magnussen, and Numan Acar.", "Aladdin (2011 musical). Once inside, Aladdin is instructed to bring the magic lamp to Jafar and touch nothing else. Astonished by all the treasure buried within the cave, Aladdin attempts to take some gold coins along with the lamp. The cave angrily seals itself, trapping Aladdin inside. Engulfed in darkness, Aladdin rubs the lamp which to his surprise unleashes a magical Genie who offers to grant him three wishes. Aladdin initially shrugs this off in disbelief, prompting the Genie to display his powers with an impressive musical number (\"Friend Like Me\"). The Genie then reveals that he has limitations to his powers. He can't grant wishes that include murder, romance, revival of the dead, or wishing for additional wishes. Amused and overjoyed at his good fortune, Aladdin tricks Genie into magically freeing them from the cave without actually using a wish; thereafter, Genie states that Aladdin will not receive any more magic help unless he explicitly states \"I wish\". Genie muses that he would wish for freedom, since he is a prisoner of his lamp. Aladdin promises to free Genie as his last wish. Aladdin decides to use his first wish to become a prince in order to be legally able to court Jasmine (Act One Finale: \"Friend Like Me\"/\"Proud of Your Boy\" (Reprises)).", "Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic. After being secluded for his entire life, a boy called Aladdin travels the world with his \"friend\" Ugo, the Djinn contained within Aladin's flute, until he meets Alibaba Saluja, a young man aiming to one day explore the nearby dungeon Amon and claim its treasures. Aladdin and Alibaba eventually become friends, and conquer Amon together, despite facing the opposition of the ruthless Jamil and his slave warriors: Morgiana and Goltas. After a desperate fight, the two protagonist fend off Jamil and assist Morgiana in breaking the mental chains that bind her to her former master. Alibaba claims the dungeon while the Djinn Amon appears in front of Aladdin to briefly explain that he is a Magi and that Alibaba is his king's candidate. However, they are interrupted by an outside force trying to close the dungeon off. Alibaba, Aladdin, and Morgiana escape the dungeon while Goltas resolves to die to atone for his sins along with broken former master, but not before cutting Morgiana's shackles. For some reason, Aladdin ends up teleported to a distant land, far away from the others, where he learns what a Magi and that he is one. Having no news of his friend, Alibaba uses the treasure he obtained in Amon to free all slaves in the city, including Morgiana and returns to Balbadd, his homeland.", "The Return of Jafar. The story starts off showing that Aladdin has been particularly bored of palace life. Meanwhile, Jafar has escaped the Cave of Wonders. Iago is given the task of finding the right master for Jafar to manipulate. Their search seems hopeless as some people are able to enjoy all three wishes or messing up. They find someone to use the lamp, who is known as Isabella, a master magician. Isabella is similar in appearance to Jafar (except his clothing is green). His first wish is to return to Agrabah Palace (as he performed entertainment to the sultan in #1). His second wish is for an army of soldiers to pursue Aladdin and Jasmine when they catch on to Jafar's presence. He is persuaded to use his third wish to trap Jafar and Iago in the lamp again, sending them back to the cave. Due to persuasion by the Genie, the Sultan hires Isabella to a permanent entertainment job at the palace. The end of the story shows the merchant having a black lamp similar to Jafar's, but he claims it to be worthless.", "Disney's Aladdin: A Musical Spectacular. \"Prince Ali\" holding the lamp" ]

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[ "Wayne Messmer. For many years, he also sang for the Chicago Blackhawks, Chicago White Sox, Chicago Bears[2] and Chicago Sting. In January, 1991, when Messmer sang at the NHL All-Star Game at Chicago Stadium, he was nearly drowned out by cheers from the sellout crowd, mainly in support of the U.S. troops that had entered the Gulf War just days prior.[3] He was fired by the Blackhawks in 1994 when he began working for another hockey team, the Chicago Wolves. They allowed him to sing the anthem one last time at the Hawks first home game at United Center on January 25, 1995. On October 14, 1994 he sang the national anthem at the Rosemont Horizon (now Allstate Arena) introducing the Chicago Wolves and the IHL to Chicago. It was his first public performance since being shot (see below). The St. Louis Blues invited Messmer to sing the anthem at their home game when they opened the Kiel Center. Messmer also frequently performs the Anthem with his wife Kathleen.", "Eric McCormack. McCormack sang both the American and Canadian national anthems at the 2004 NHL All-Star game in Minnesota.[91] McCormack is a supporter of same-sex marriage and attended a march in Fresno, California, on May 30, 2009, after the Supreme Court of California upheld a ban on same-sex marriage approved by voters in November by ballot Proposition 8.[92][93]", "James Taylor. On January 1, 2010, Taylor sang the American national anthem at the NHL Winter Classic at Fenway Park, while Daniel Powter sang the Canadian national anthem.", "2016 Major League Baseball All-Star Game. Prior to the game, The Tenors performed the Canadian national anthem, \"O Canada\". As in many previous years, the performance of the Canadian anthem was scheduled for a commercial break of the Fox broadcast in the U.S. prior to the singing of \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" by Rachel Platten, but it was carried in Canada on Sportsnet.", "Chicago Stadium. It also became traditional for Blackhawk fans to cheer loudly throughout the singing of the national anthems, especially when sung by Chicago favorite Wayne Messmer. Denizens of the second balcony often added sparklers and flags to the occasion. Arguably, the most memorable of these was the singing before the 1991 NHL All-Star Game, which took place during the Gulf War. This tradition has continued at the United Center. Longtime PA announcer Harvey Wittenberg had a unique monotone style: \"Blackhawk goal scored by #9, Bobby Hull, unassisted, at 6:13.\"", "Jim Cornelison. James Cornelison (born June 20, 1964)[1] is a professional singer who sings \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and \"O Canada\" at the beginning of home games for the Chicago Blackhawks and he is accompanied by organist Frank Pellico. Cornelison started singing the anthem for the Blackhawks part-time in 1996;[2] he has been singing the national anthem for the Blackhawks full-time since 2007. He has also performed the anthem before Chicago Bears home games at Soldier Field during the 2010-11 NFL playoffs,[3] as well as the 2011 season opener against the Atlanta Falcons, which fell on the tenth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.", "Chicago Blackhawks. It is a tradition for Blackhawks fans to applaud and cheer loudly during the singing of the national anthem. This tradition originated during a 1985 Campbell Conference playoff game at Chicago Stadium versus the Edmonton Oilers.[151] Wayne Messmer, the Blackhawks home games national anthem singer from 1980 to 1994, was the anthem singer when this tradition began.[152] Jim Cornelison sings the national anthems for all home games and he is accompanied by organist Frank Pellico.[152] Before Game 2 of the 2010 Stanley Cup Finals at the United Center, the cheering during the anthem was registered between 116-122 decibels.[153]", "God Bless America. At some Flyers' home games, especially during big games and the playoffs, their main anthem singer, Lauren Hart, has sung \"God Bless America\" alternating lyrics with Kate Smith on a video screen. Smith actually appeared in person to sing at select Flyers games, including their 1974 Stanley Cup clinching game against the Boston Bruins, to which she received a thunderous ovation from the passionate Philadelphia fans. Before games whenever \"God Bless America\" is performed, Lou Nolan, the PA announcer for the Flyers at the Wells Fargo Center, would say: \"Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, we ask that you please rise and remove your hats and salute to our flags and welcome the No. 1 ranked anthemist in the NHL, Lauren Hart, as she sings (if the visiting team is from Canada, O Canada, followed by) God Bless America, accompanied by the great Kate Smith.\"[13]", "Melora Hardin. Hardin sang the National Anthem at the season opening hockey games of the Anaheim Ducks on October 13, 2010,[12] and the Phoenix Coyotes on October 16, 2010.[13] She sang the Star Spangled Banner at the Dover International Speedway for the AAA 400 on October 2, 2011. Hardin sang the song \"Tiers of Joy\" (composed by Austin Wintory) for the Leisure Suit Larry: Reloaded soundtrack.[citation needed]", "Jeff Jimerson. In 2011, Bleacher Report named Jimerson one of the eight best national anthem singers in hockey.[7]", "Kate Smith. The Flyers' record when \"God Bless America\" is played or sung in person stood at a remarkable 100 wins, 29 losses, and five ties as of April 20, 2016.[8] Smith and her song remain a special part of Flyers' history. In 1987, the team erected a statue of Smith outside their arena at the time, the Spectrum, in her memory. The Flyers still show a video of her singing \"God Bless America\" in lieu of \"The Star Spangled Banner\" for good luck before important games.[citation needed] The video of her performance is now accompanied by Lauren Hart, daughter of the late Hockey Hall of Fame broadcaster, Gene Hart, longtime voice of the Flyers, and anthem singer for the Flyers. Before games whenever \"God Bless America\" is performed, Lou Nolan, the public address announcer for the Flyers at Wells Fargo Center would say: \"Ladies and gentlemen, at this time, we ask that you please rise and remove your hats and salute to our flags and welcome the number-one ranked anthemist in the NHL, Lauren Hart, as she sings (if the visiting team is from Canada, \"O Canada\" (or Canadian national anthem) followed by) \"God Bless America\", accompanied by the great Kate Smith.\"[9]", "Wayne Gretzky. The final game of Gretzky's career was a 2–1 overtime loss to the Pittsburgh Penguins on April 18, 1999, in Madison Square Garden. Although the game involved two American teams, both national anthems were played, with the lyrics slightly adjusted to accommodate Gretzky's departure. In place of the lyrics \"O Canada, we stand on guard for thee\", Bryan Adams ad-libbed, \"We're going to miss you, Wayne Gretzky\".[112] \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", as sung by John Amirante, was altered to include the words \"in the land of Wayne Gretzky\".[113] Gretzky ended his career with a final point, assisting on the lone New York goal scored by Brian Leetch.[112] At the time of his retirement, Gretzky was the second-to-last WHA player still active in professional hockey. Mark Messier, who attended the game along with other representatives of the Edmonton Oilers' dynasty, was the last.[114]", "Buffalo Sabres. Doug Allen sings the U.S. and Canadian national anthems at most home games (except in cases where there is a conflict with his charitable work for the Wesleyan Church). During Tom Golisano ownership, the team occasionally used the services of singer Ronan Tynan, who sang \"God Bless America\" while Allen performed the Canadian anthem (in such cases, the U.S. anthem was not performed). When Allen is unavailable, Kevin Kennedy (the regular anthem singer for the Buffalo Bandits) is the usual fill-in; on rare occasions since the Pegulas took over, Black River Entertainment personalities have performed the anthems.", "Winnipeg Jets. Beginning in 2011, during the singing of \"O Canada\", when the line \"The True North strong and free\" is sung, fans commonly yell \"True North.\"[60] Jennifer Hanson sang the anthems at home games until 1996 and again in 2016 during the Heritage Classic Alumni Game.[citation needed] Since 2011, Stacey Nattrass sings the anthems at home games.[61]", "Wayne Messmer. Wayne P. Messmer (born in Chicago, IL Aug/Sep 1945)[1] is a professional speaker, singer, broadcaster, author and actor. He is a professional member of SAG/AFTRA and the National Speakers Association. He was the long-time public address announcer for the Chicago Cubs. He sings \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" before many Cubs games, as well as prior to all Chicago Wolves American Hockey League games. Messmer is part owner of the Chicago Wolves. He is a member of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia, the national fraternity for men in music.", "Jeff Jimerson. As the Penguins anthem singer, he has sung the national anthem during the Stanley Cup Finals in 2008, 2009, 2016, and 2017.", "Karen Newman. Newman was raised in the Michigan towns of Rochester and Grand Blanc, and studied music at Oakland University. She is best known for being \"the voice\" of the National Hockey League's Detroit Red Wings, regularly performing the national anthem before the team's home games, dating back to when they played at Joe Louis Arena. She has been uniquely known as The Red Wings' Own. She has toured with Bob Seger and Kid Rock. [1]", "God Bless America. \"God Bless America\" has been performed at home games of the National Hockey League's Philadelphia Flyers and those of the Ottawa Senators in which the visiting team is from the United States. (The NHL requires arenas in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" and \"O Canada,\" the Canadian national anthem, at games that involve teams from both countries.[12])", "George Canyon. On 16 October 2014, Canyon was named the official anthem singer for the Calgary Flames of the National Hockey League.[9]", "The Star-Spangled Banner. Marvin Gaye gave a soul-influenced performance at the 1983 NBA All-Star Game and Whitney Houston gave a soulful rendition before Super Bowl XXV in 1991, which was released as a single that charted at number 20 in 1991 and number 6 in 2001 (along with José Feliciano, the only times the anthem has been on the Billboard Hot 100). In 1993, Kiss did an instrumental rock version as the closing track on their album, Alive III. Another famous instrumental interpretation is Jimi Hendrix's version, which was a set-list staple from autumn 1968 until his death in September 1970, including a famous rendition at the Woodstock music festival in 1969. Incorporating sonic effects to emphasize the \"rockets' red glare\", and \"bombs bursting in air\", it became a late-1960s emblem. Roseanne Barr gave a controversial performance of the anthem at a San Diego Padres baseball game at Jack Murphy Stadium on July 25, 1990. The comedian belted out a screechy rendition of the song, and afterward she attempted a gesture of ball players by spitting and grabbing her crotch as if adjusting a protective cup. The performance offended some, including the sitting U.S. President, George H. W. Bush.[37] Sufjan Stevens has frequently performed the \"Star-Spangled Banner\" in live sets, replacing the optimism in the end of the first verse with a new coda that alludes to the divisive state of the nation today. David Lee Roth both referenced parts of the anthem and played part of a hard rock rendition of the anthem on his song, \"Yankee Rose\" on his 1986 solo album, Eat 'Em and Smile. Steven Tyler also caused some controversy in 2001 (at the Indianapolis 500, to which he later issued a public apology) and again in 2012 (at the AFC Championship Game) with a cappella renditions of the song with changed lyrics.[38] A version of Aerosmith's Joe Perry and Brad Whitford playing part of the song can be heard at the end of their version of \"Train Kept A-Rollin'\" on the Rockin' the Joint album. The band Boston gave an instrumental rock rendition of the anthem on their Greatest Hits album. The band Crush 40 made a version of the song as opening track from the album Thrill of the Feel (2000).", "History of the New York Rangers. John Amirante is the long-time national anthem singer at Madison Square Garden. He first performed the national anthem at the Garden ice in October 1980, and has also sung for the Knicks and Yankees. In 2009, when Amirante was 74, he was singing the anthem at about half of the Rangers' home games. On Saturday, April 18, 2015, after a 35-year run, Amirante sang what was thought to be his last National Anthem before Game 2 in Round 1 of the 2015 playoffs against the Pittsburgh Penguins.[65] The following day, after a negative reaction from fans regarding the decision to forcibly retire Amirante, the Garden announced that Amirante would be invited to be a guest anthem singer from time-to-time.[66]", "NBA All-Star Celebrity Game. ESPN Radio's \"Mike & Mike\" hosts Mike Golic and Mike Greenberg coached the West and East teams respectively. The West team assistant coaches were film director Spike Lee and tennis legend John McEnroe. New York Knicks' small forward Carmelo Anthony and former Baylor Bears center Isaiah Austin was the assistant coaches for the East team.[39] Actress and singer Keke Palmer sang the national anthem, and Canadian reggae fusion band Magic! performed at halftime.[40]", "2018 National Hockey League All-Star Game. The All-Star Red Carpet begain prior to the All-Star Game at 1:00 pm on January 28, with further opportunities for fans to interact with the players as they enter the arena.[24] Kid Rock performed during the second intermission, prior to the start of the championship game. News of his performance was announced during NBCSN's pregame coverage for the January 16 Flyers-Rangers game.[27] The announcement was received with mixed opinions, due to a combination of factors including the length of time since his last major musical hit and his political stances.[28][29][30]", "Wayne Messmer. In April 1994, Messmer was shot in the throat outside a West Side, Chicago restaurant. He survived the incident and after months of therapy continued his career as a singer and announcer. However, this incident prevented him from being able to sing the anthem for the final six Blackhawks home games at Chicago Stadium before its closing. A recording of Messmer singing was used instead for these games.", "Chicago Blackhawks. During the 1985 playoff series against Edmonton, the Black Hawks and their fans started a tradition of cheering during the singing of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\"[8]", "Chicago Blackhawks. Although they finished near .500 in 1994, the Blackhawks again qualified for the playoffs. They were eliminated by eventual Western Conference finalist Toronto, but broke their playoff losing streak at 10 games with a game three win. It wasn't enough, however, and the Blackhawks fell in six games. The 1993–94 season also marked the Blackhawks' last at the old Chicago Stadium, and the team moved into the new United Center in the lockout-shortened 1995 season. Bernie Nicholls and Joe Murphy both scored 20 goals over 48 games, and Chicago once again made it to the Western Conference Final, losing to the rival Detroit Red Wings. Also in 1994, management fired Wayne Messmer, popular singer of \"The Star-Spangled Banner.\"", "Ron Taylor (actor). After a 1991 appearance on the series L.A. Law, on which he played a singer sacked by a baseball team for \"embellish[ing]\" his performances of the American national anthem \"The Star-Spangled Banner\", Taylor received several invitations to sing it before sports events, although never expected anything to happen when he had taken the part.[10] He sang it before the Major League Baseball game between the Baltimore Orioles and Detroit Tigers on July 1, 1991. His rendition did not mimic that of his character: \"the song is self-explanatory. I'm just going to sing the song straightforwardly and that's that.\"[10] Taylor received travel and accommodation expenses but no other payment for his performance.[10] He also sang for a Los Angeles Kings National Hockey League game,[10] and on August 5, 1995 he sang the anthem before the MLB match between the Cleveland Indians and Chicago White Sox.[6]", "The Star-Spangled Banner. \"The Star-Spangled Banner\" is traditionally played at the beginning of public sports events and orchestral concerts in the United States, as well as other public gatherings. The National Hockey League and Major League Soccer both require venues in both the U.S. and Canada to perform both the Canadian and American national anthems at games that involve teams from both countries (with the \"away\" anthem being performed first) .[28][better source needed] It is also usual for both American and Canadian anthems (done in the same way as the NHL and MLS) to be played at Major League Baseball and National Basketball Association games involving the Toronto Blue Jays and the Toronto Raptors (respectively), the only Canadian teams in those two major U.S. sports leagues, and in All Star Games on the MLB, NBA, and NHL. The Buffalo Sabres of the NHL, which play in a city on the Canada–US border and have a substantial Canadian fan base, play both anthems before all home games regardless of where the visiting team is based.[29]", "Bryan Adams. Adams performed at Wayne Gretzky's final game in 1999 at Madison Square Garden, when Gretzky then played for the New York Rangers. Adams then sang the Canadian national anthem and ad-libbed a line to acknowledge Gretzky's departure, singing, \"We're gonna miss you Wayne Gretzky.\"[citation needed]", "God Bless America. During Tom Golisano's time as owner of the Buffalo Sabres, the team occasionally substituted \"God Bless America\" for \"The Star Spangled Banner\" during certain special events. When this occurred, Ronan Tynan was brought in to sing the song while usual anthem singer Doug Allen sang \"O Canada.\"", "Dallas Stars. Since the 2005–06 season, the national anthems are performed by Celena Rae, a Fort Worth native and former semi-finalist on American Idol. During The Star-Spangled Banner, the fans yell the word \"stars\" in the lines \"whose broad stripes and bright stars\" and \"O say does that star spangled banner yet wave.\"[38] At games, as part of the entertainment, a Kahlenberg KDT-123 fog horn sounds after every Stars goal.[39]", "Super Bowl XVI. The pregame festivities featured the University of Michigan Band. The band later performed the Canadian National Anthem, which was not televised. Singer Diana Ross then performed the U.S. national anthem, which followed a moment of silence in support of the Polish trade union Solidarity; following the crackdown by the communist government of Poland on the pro-democracy union. This was the first of two Super Bowls, both held in Michigan, in which two national anthems were performed, and to have a joint Canadian-American armed forces color guard, which consisted of members of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and Camp Grayling color guards. The coin toss ceremony featured Hall of Fame quarterback Bobby Layne." ]

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[ "Yonec. When the rich lord is away, the knight arrives by the window, in the same way he first appeared. The woman glows with her newfound love. The other people of the household become suspicious of her renewed beauty and put her under discreet surveillance. When the jealous husband learns of the shapechanging knight, he surrounds the window with iron spikes. The next time the knight arrives, he is mortally wounded. He tells the woman that their unborn child, whom she is to name \"Yonec\", will grow up to avenge their deaths. The knight flies away, and the woman hurls herself from the window and follows a trail of blood to a city made of silver. After passing through a succession of rooms, she eventually finds the knight on his deathbed. He gives her a magic ring that will make her husband forget about her infidelity. He also gives her his sword. As the woman flees the city, she hears the bells tolling for her lover's death.", "Yonec. \"Yonec\" is one of the Lais of Marie de France, written in the twelfth century by the French poet known only as Marie de France. Yonec is a Breton lai, a type of narrative poem. The poem is written in the Anglo-Norman dialect of Old French in rhyming couplets of eight syllables each. This lai tells the story of a woman who seeks to escape a loveless marriage, and of the child born from the love that she found elsewhere.", "Yonec. The lord of Caerwent, a rich old man, marries a beautiful young woman. He fears that she will be unfaithful to him, so he imprisons her in a tower and assigns his aged sister to watch over her. As the years go by, she laments her situation and stops taking care of herself, making her beauty fade away. One day, she cries out to God, wishing that she could experience a romantic adventure as she has heard in fairy tales. Suddenly, a dark bird resembling a goshawk appears at her window. The bird transforms into a handsome knight named Muldumarec. Muldumarec declares his love for her and reveals that, while he has loved her from afar, he could only approach her once she had called for him. The woman refuses his advances unless he can prove that he was not sent by the devil to lead her astray. Muldumarec says that he is a Christian, and as proof of such, he assumes the woman's shape and receives the Eucharist.", "Yonec. As prophesied, the lady gives birth to a child, and names him \"Yonec\". When the child is grown, the husband, the lady, and Yonec travel to an abbey, where they see a beautiful tomb. They ask the abbot about the tomb, who explains that this is the tomb of Muldumarec. At this time, Yonec's mother tells him of his true parentage, and gives him his father's sword. She collapses and dies. Yonec kills his stepfather with the sword, thus avenging his real parents. He buries his mother alongside his father, and Yonec becomes the new lord of Caerwent.", "Yonec. Yonec has been compared to the lai of Tydorel because both include noblewoman who is visited and impregnated by a supernatural fairy-knight who then names the child.", "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton. The woman is actually one of Milverton's former victims, whose broken-hearted husband died when she wouldn't pay Milverton and he revealed her secret. Now she avenges her husband by shooting Milverton to death, then stamps on his face.", "Yonec. Krappe concludes, \"The lay of Yonec is but a Christian and courtly version of the Irish myth of Balor in the form in which it was still current in Ireland at the time of the Norman conquest. But it was adapted to the civilisation of Mediaeval France and England and at the same time contaminated with the Märchen of the Jealous Stepmother.\"", "Yonec. The folklorist Alexander Hagerty Krappe (1894-1947) [3] discusses the Yonec lai in his book Balor With the Evil Eye: Studies in Celtic and French Literature (1927). Krappe believes it comes from a very ancient myth, perhaps, he suggests, going back to fertility rites at the time of the introduction of agriculture, of a woman (the earth) shut away by an old man (the old year), impregnated by another man, whose child (the new year), then kills the old man. Other versions of this myth: Gilgamesh, Osiris, Balder, Danaë, Balor in Ireland, the \"May Count\" in Sweden, and \"it has even penetrated to Uganda, where it is told of a local chief.\"[4]", "Candide. The next day, Pangloss discusses his optimistic philosophy with a member of the Portuguese Inquisition, and he and Candide are arrested for heresy, set to be tortured and killed in an \"auto-da-fé\" set up to appease God and prevent another disaster. Candide is flogged and sees Pangloss hanged, but another earthquake intervenes and he escapes. He is approached by an old woman,[48] who leads him to a house where Lady Cunégonde waits, alive. Candide is surprised: Pangloss had told him that Cunégonde had been raped and disemboweled. She had been, but Cunégonde points out that people survive such things. However, her rescuer sold her to a Jewish merchant, Don Issachar, who was then threatened by a corrupt Grand Inquisitor into sharing her (Don Issachar gets Cunégonde on Mondays, Wednesdays, and the sabbath day). Her owners arrive, find her with another man, and Candide kills them both. Candide and the two women flee the city, heading to the Americas.[49] Along the way, Cunégonde falls into self-pity, complaining of all the misfortunes that have befallen her. The old woman reciprocates by revealing her own tragic life: born the daughter of Pope Urban X and the Princess of Palestrina, she was raped and enslaved by African pirates, witnessed violent civil wars in Morocco under the bloodthirsty King Moulay Ismaïl (during which her mother was drawn and quartered), suffered further slavery and famine, nearly died from a plague in Algiers, and had a buttock cut off to feed starving Janissaries during the Russian siege of Azov. After traversing all the Russian Empire, she eventually became a servant of Don Issachar and met Cunégonde.", "Bithiah. In the film, Bithiah is shown as a compassionate and heroic woman, who deeply loved Moses as a mother and wanted him to inherit the throne so he could do good. When Moses is found out to be a Hebrew, the heartbroken Seti, with urging from Rameses, orders her not to see him again. During the first Passover, when the Destroyer is killing the firstborn of Egypt, she is freed from a fairly luxurious form of house arrest, and takes part in the very first Passover Seder. She grieves over the suffering of her people, but casts her lot with the people of Israel and joins the Exodus, where she willingly and gladly gives up her place on her rich litter to help weaker Israelites. When the Egyptian chariots attack, she tries to interpose herself between the charging army and the Israelites, with her future husband Mered (see I Chronicles 4:18) dissuading her from the noble yet suicidal act. When the Egyptian army drowns in the Red Sea, it is her grief that the film shows rather than the biblical account of the singing and dancing of the people led by Miriam. Mered comforts her in her sorrow. A later scene has Bithiah among the few who refuse to participate in the mass worship of the Golden Calf, instead faithfully awaiting Moses' return with the Ten Commandments. In the film, up until this point, unlike in the Bible, Bithiah was shown to be an idol-worshiper.", "The Storm (short story). Calixta - The wife of Bobinôt and the mother of Bibi. In the story, she has an affair with Alcée, a former lover and who is now married.", "The Yellow Wallpaper. Feminist critics focus on the degree of triumph at the end of the story. While some claim the narrator slipped into insanity, others see the ending as a woman's assertion of agency in a marriage in which she felt trapped.[11] The emphasis on reading and writing as gendered practices also illustrated the importance of the wallpaper. If the narrator were allowed neither to write in her journal nor to read, she would begin to \"read\" the wallpaper until she found the escape she was looking for. Through seeing the women in the wallpaper, the narrator realizes that she could not live her life locked up behind bars. At the end of the story, as her husband lies on the floor unconscious, she crawls over him, symbolically rising over him. This is interpreted as a victory over her husband, at the expense of her sanity.", "The First Wives Club. Deciding that revenge would make them no better than their husbands, they instead use these situations to push their men into funding the establishment of a nonprofit organization dedicated to aiding abused women, in memory of their college friend Cynthia. The film ends with a celebration at the new Cynthia Swann Griffin Crisis Center for Women. Annie narrates that Elise started a relationship with a cast member in her new, successful play, that Brenda and Morty reconciled their differences and got back together, and that when Aaron tried to get back together with her, Annie told him to \"drop dead\". While outside the center Bill meets Shelly and the two start to flirt. The film concludes with the three women joyfully singing Lesley Gore's hit \"You Don't Own Me\". This sequence was choreographed by Patricia Birch and her assistant choreographer was Jonathan Cerullo.", "Everything Good Will Come. Enitan gradually becomes closer with a man called Niyi Franco, who is separated from his only child who was taken away by his ex-wife when they moved to Britain. This relationship quickly becomes a marriage. Enitan at first feels comfort and safety in Niyi’s arms, but their relationship is soon tested when she refuses to submit to his demanding ways and struggles to conceive and carry a child. After she becomes pregnant, Niyi and Enitan's differences over each other's behavior and expectations build. In addition to the stress from her failing marriage, her father’s political outspokenness and subsequent arrest forces her into activism and results in a night in jail. Enitan joins a group of women in the fight against the government for women’s rights during her pregnancy. Her drive for change is frowned upon by her husband, who wants her to stay at home and take on \"women-like\" tasks. Niyi’s lack of support for his wife’s beliefs, along with her unwillingness to concede to his requests, leads to their separation. Enitan continues to stand up for what she believe: wanting women to have the ability to choose whether or not they will be submissive in society with hopes for individuality.", "Draupadi. One day Kichaka, and the commander of king Virata's forces, happened to see the Draupadi. He was filled with lust by looking at her and requested her hand in marriage. Draupadi refused him, saying that she was already married to Gandharvas. She warned Kichaka that her husbands were very strong and that he would not be able to escape death at their hands. Later, he forced his sister, the queen Sudeshna, to help him win Draupadi. Sudeshana ordered Draupadi to fetch wine from Kichaka's house, overriding Draupadi's protests. When Draupadi went to get wine, Kichaka tried to molest her. Draupadi escaped and runs into the court of Virata. Kichaka kicked her in front of all the courtiers, including Yudhishthira. Fearful of losing his most powerful warrior, even Virat did not take any action. Bhima is present, and only a look from Yudhishthira prevents him from attacking Kichaka. Furious, Draupadi asked about the duties of a king and dharma. Draupadi then cursed Kichaka with death by her husband's hand. Laughing it off, Kichaka only doubted their whereabouts and asked those present where are the Ghandaravas were. Yudhishthira then told Sairandhri to go to the temple, as Kichaka would not do anything to her there (in some versions, he recommends she seeks refuge with the queen). With this, the king asked Kichaka to leave and praised Yudhishthira's reply as he himself could not think of anything.", "Inanna. Finally, they come upon Dumuzid, Inanna's husband. Despite Inanna's fate, and in contrast to the other individuals who were properly mourning Inanna, Dumuzid is lavishly clothed and resting beneath a tree, or upon her throne, entertained by slave-girls. Inanna, displeased, decrees that the demons shall take him, using language which echoes the speech Ereshkigal gave while condemning her. The demons then drag Dumuzid down to the Underworld.[123]", "The House of Bernarda Alba. As Poncia and Bernarda discuss the daughters' inheritances upstairs, Bernarda sees Angustias wearing makeup. Appalled that Angustias would defy her orders to remain in a state of mourning, Bernarda violently scrubs the makeup off her face. The other daughters enter, followed by Bernarda's elderly mother, Maria Josefa, who is usually locked away in her room. Maria Josefa announces that she wants to get married; she also warns Bernarda that she'll turn her daughters' hearts to dust if they cannot be free. Bernarda forces her back into her room.", "The Handmaid's Tale. Offred is the protagonist and narrator. She was labeled a \"wanton woman\" when Gilead was established because she had married a man who was divorced. All divorces were nullified by the new government, meaning her husband was now considered still married to his first wife, making Offred an adulteress. In trying to escape Gilead, she was separated from her husband and daughter. She is part of the first generation of Gilead's women, those who remember pre-Gilead times. Proved fertile, she is considered an important commodity and has been placed as a handmaid in the home of the Commander Fred Waterford and his wife Serena Joy, to bear a child for them (Serena Joy is believed to be infertile).[9]", "Nene Raju Nene Mantri. Jogendra and Radha are happily married, however they do not have any children. When they are finally blessed and Radha gets pregnant, they are overjoyed. When they go to the temple to pray for the well-being of the baby, Radha lights a holy lamp. The leader of the village they live in comes along to the temple with his wife, his wife sees that Radha lit the lamp and becomes enfuriated as she is always the one who does it. She pushes Radha down the steps of the temple and Radha has a miscarriage. Both Radha and Jogendra are dismayed, Jogendra goes to the leaders house and persuaded him to let him join in his political campaign, Jogendra cleverly wins and this angers the leader. The leader tried to kill him but Jogendra shoots him when he mentions that he will also kill Radha", "The Gods Are Not to Blame. Ojuola: Wife of the late King Adetusa. Current wife of King Odewale. She is the mother of six children: two under King Adetusa (Odewale and Aderepo), and four under King Odewale (Adewale, Adebisi, Oyeyemi, Adeyinka). She was given a prophecy, along with King Adetusa, that their child, Odewale, would one day grow up to usurp the thrown, killing his father and marry his mother. As the queen of the kingdom of Kutuje, she finds herself serving as Odewale's conscience, calming him when he begins to act irrationally. When it is revealed by the Ogun Priest that Ojuola is, in fact, Odewale's mother, she goes to her bedroom and kills herself.", "Sita. Sita, in her youth, marries Lord Rama, the prince of Ayodhya. After marriage, she goes to exile with her husband and brother-in-law Lakshmana. While in exile, the trio settle in the Dandaka forest from where she is abducted by Ravana, the Rakshasa king of Lanka. She is imprisoned in Ashoka Vatika in Lanka until she is rescued by Rama, who slays her captor. After the war, Rama asks Sita to undergo Agni Pariksha (an ordeal of fire) by which she proves her purity before she is accepted by Rama, which for the first time made his brother Lakshmana get angry at him.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Commander's wife, Serena Joy, is a minor antagonist. Offred remembers her as a Christian media personality who supported women's domesticity and subordinate role well before Gilead was established. Serena is clearly bored and unhappy—that she was taken at her word, Offred assumes—and hates sharing her husband with a handmaid. Ironically, though, Serena also has secret interactions with Offred, arranging for her to sleep with Nick, the Commander's driver, in an effort to get Offred pregnant. In return, Serena Joy gives her news of her daughter and a recent photo. Offred has not seen her child since she and her family were captured trying to escape Gilead.", "Uthman. The rioters tried to decapitate Uthman's corpse, but his two widows, Nailah and Umm al-Banin, threw themselves across the body and screamed, beating their faces and tearing their clothing, until the rioters were deterred. Instead, they looted the house, even snatching at the women's veils.[63]:216,248 The rebels left the house and the supporters of Uthman at the gate heard them and entered, but it was too late.[citation needed]", "The Joy Luck Club (novel). The final section of the novel returns to the viewpoints of the mothers as adults dealing with difficult choices. An-Mei reveals what happened after her grandmother died; she accompanied her mother back to where she lived as the abused fourth concubine of Wu Tsing, whose second concubine manipulates and controls the household and has taken An-Mei's half-brother as her son. An-Mei learns how her mother was forced into accepting her position after Wu Tsing's second wife arranged for An-Mei's mother to be raped and shamed. When she came to her family for help, they cruelly turned their backs on her mother and told her to leave. An-Mei finds her mother has poisoned herself two days before Chinese New Year, knowing that Wu Tsing's superstitious beliefs will ensure An-Mei will grow in favorable conditions. During the funeral, she takes her younger half-brother and forces Wu Tsing to honor both them and their deceased mother out of fear of him being haunted by their mother's ghost. When the Second Wife attempts to discredit her, An-Mei quickly makes an example of her by destroying the fake pearl necklace that she originally gave to her, which exposes her cruelty and manipulation. This causes the Second Wife to realize that she has lost control of the household and brought trouble on herself, so she backs down. Fearing bad karma on the way, Wu Tsing honors both An-Mei and her brother as his children and their mother as his favorite 1st wife. Ying-Ying St. Clair reveals how her first husband, a womanizer, abandoned her and how she married an American man she did not love after relinquishing her sense of control in her life. She later took back her sense of control when she finally had a talk to Lena and convinced her to leave Harold. Lindo Jong relates how she arrived in San Francisco and met An-Mei Hsu when they both worked at a fortune-cookie factory, which eventually gave her the means to plant the idea of marriage in her boyfriend's head.", "Everything Good Will Come. Sunny is Enitan’s father and he is the person who starts her thoughts of fighting for her rights. In her childhood, Sunny tells his daughter not to worry about learning how to cook because he says that girls don’t need to learn that in her generation. He fills her head with such ideas but later when she grows up and uses his lessons against him he reverts to being a sexist male. Sunny expects Enitan to stand up for herself except when it comes to himself: everything he says is supposed to be right regardless of logic. Sunny’s character shows how hard it is to escape the traditional mindset that the males in Nigerian culture have the final word regardless of what the women think. Enitan’s mother starts out as the villain of the story and later turns out to be a victim of society. While married to Sunny, she is constantly ridiculed for her beliefs and actions and seems psychotic with her part in the church. Later in the novel Enitan’s mother is a woman who tried everything to save her son and breaks down when nothing can be done. Enitan brings her mother back into her life when she realizes that Sunny believes in the traditional roles of man and woman, which is the same reason that Enitan’s mother leaves Sunny early in the story. Enitan learns to relate to her mother because as women they are both subject to the demands of the men in their life until they separate from those men. Enitan’s parents are important to the story because as time goes on the reader learns how their marriage fell apart and how this affects Enitan.", "Roxana: The Fortunate Mistress. The character of Roxana can be described as a proto-feminist because she carries out her actions of prostitution for her own ends of freedom but before a feminist ideology was fully formed, (though Defoe also works to undercut the radicalism of her position).[4] The book also explores the clash of values between the Restoration court and the middle-class.[5]", "The Wife's Lament. More recent interpretations have disputed this gnomic exhortation. According to John Niles, in this “genteel” reading, it seems less consequential whether the wife has been scorned by one husband or two; it is her “dignified passivity” as well as her gnomic wisdom on which scholars focus. In “vindictive” readings, however, the wife is generally seen to burn with anger toward one man – her husband. In such views, The Wife’s Lament begins as a bold statement of misery, transitions into a description of her misfortunes in which she nostalgically recalls happy days with her husband, and ends in a bitter curse upon this same man who has now abandoned her.[5]", "The Haunt of Fear. Sylvia becomes so fed up with her fawning, over-devoted husband that she blinds him with sulphuric acid. He is so infatuated with her that at her trial he pleads for her to be released, but she had not considered that he might want justice outside of the law.", "Aan Milo Sajna. Widowed and ailing Savitri Choudhury lives a wealthy lifestyle along with her son, Anil, in a palatial mansion in India. She knows that Anil is only waiting for her to die so that he can inherit the wealth and refuses to give him any money. The Diwan convinces Anil to mend his ways, get married, and patch-up with his mom. Shortly thereafter Anil does appear to have mended his ways, gets involved in charity, and even introduces a young woman named Deepali to his mom. Deepali moves in the mansion, looks after Savitri so much so that Savitri decides to make her the sole beneficiary of her estate. What Savitri does not know is that Anil has hired Deepali to act as his fiancée, and that Deepali herself is not who she claims to be, and is actually in love with a local horse-riding peasant, Ajit, whose father was convicted of killing Savitri's husband, and soon Ajit himself will be arrested by the Police for having an affair and then killing a woman named Sita.", "The First Wives Club. Cynthia's suicide is subsequently splashed all over the news. The surviving three former friends, shocked by the tragic event, all attend her funeral. After the funeral, the three friends reconnect over a long lunch to catch-up on their lives post-graduation. As it turns out, Cynthia's former friends aren't doing much better. Annie (Diane Keaton) is separated, suffering extreme self-esteem issues, and going through therapy with her husband. Brenda (Bette Midler) is divorced, left for a younger woman, depressed, and struggling financially. Elise (Goldie Hawn), whose husband also left her for a younger woman, is now an aging alcoholic movie actress who has become a plastic-surgery addict to keep her career afloat.", "Sita. In some versions of the epic, the fire-god Agni creates Maya Sita, who takes Sita's place and is abducted by Ravana and suffers his captivity, while the real Sita hides in the fire. At Agni Pariksha, Maya Sita and the real Sita exchange places again. While some texts mention that Maya Sita is destroyed in the flames of Agni Pariksha, others narrate how she is blessed and reborn as the epic heroine Draupadi or the goddess Padmavati. Some scriptures also mention her previous birth being Vedavati, a woman Ravana tries to molest.[citation needed] After proving her purity, Rama and Sita return to Ayodhya, where they are crowned as king and queen. After few months, Sita becomes pregnant which brought doubt to the Kingdom. Rama then sends Sita away on exile. Lakshmana is the one who leaves Sita in the forests near sage Valmiki's ashrama after Rama banishes her from the kingdom. Years later, Sita returns to her mother, the Earth's womb, for release from a cruel world as a testimony of her purity after she reunites her two sons Kusha and Lava with their father Rama.[9][10][11][12][13]", "Lot's wife. In Judaism, one common view of Lot's wife turning to salt was as punishment for disobeying the angels' warning. By looking back at the \"evil cities,\" she betrayed her secret longing for that way of life. She was deemed unworthy to be saved and thus was turned to a pillar of salt.[7]" ]

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[ "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is a mystery novel by English writer Agatha Christie, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to write.[2] It was first published in the United Kingdom by the Collins Crime Club on 6 November 1939, as Ten Little Niggers,[3] after the British blackface song, which serves as a major plot point.[4][5] The US edition was not released until December 1939; its American reprints and adaptations were all retitled And Then There Were None, after the last five words of the song.[6]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None was released by HarperCollins as a graphic novel adaptation on 30 April 2009, adapted by François Rivière and illustrated by Frank Leclercq.[2]", "And Then There Were None. The book and its adaptations have since been released under various new names since the original publication, including Ten Little Indians (1946 play, Broadway performance and 1964 paperback book), Ten Little Soldiers and – the most widely used today – And Then There Were None.[citation needed] UK editions continued to use the work's original title until the 1980s; the first UK edition to use the alternative title And Then There Were None appeared in 1985 with a reprint of the 1963 Fontana Paperback.[13]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is one of Agatha Christie's best-known mysteries, widely considered her masterpiece and described by her as the most difficult of her books to have written.[2] Writing for The Times Literary Supplement of 11 November 1939, Maurice Percy Ashley stated, \"If her latest story has scarcely any detection in it there is no scarcity of murders... There is a certain feeling of monotony inescapable in the regularity of the deaths which is better suited to a serialized newspaper story than a full-length novel. Yet there is an ingenious problem to solve in naming the murderer\", he continued. \"It will be an extremely astute reader who guesses correctly.\"[18]", "And Then There Were None. The novel was originally published in 1939 and early 1940 almost simultaneously, in the United Kingdom and the United States. In the UK it appeared under the title Ten Little Niggers, in book and newspaper serialized formats. The serialization was in 23 parts in the Daily Express from Tuesday 6 June to Saturday 1 July 1939. All of the instalments carried an illustration by \"Prescott\" with the first having an illustration of Burgh Island in Devon which inspired the setting of the story. The serialized version did not contain any chapter divisions.[12] The book retailed for seven shillings and six pence.", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). Two film adaptations were previously released (the 1945 version of the same title by René Clair and the 1965 Ten Little Indians), as was a videotaped made-for-television version broadcast in 1959.[2] This was the second of three versions of Christie's novel to be adapted to the screen by producer Harry Alan Towers; the others were the aforementioned 1965 version, and another in 1989.", "And Then There Were None. In the United States it was published under the title And Then There Were None, again in both book and serial formats. Both of the original US publications changed the title from that originally used in the UK, due to the offensiveness of the word in American culture, where it was more widely perceived as a racially loaded ethnic slur or insult compared to contemporary UK culture, and because of the pejorative connotations of the original blackface rhyme. The serialized version appeared in the Saturday Evening Post in seven parts from 20 May (Volume 211, Number 47) to 1 July 1939 (Volume 212, Number 1) with illustrations by Henry Raleigh, and the book was published in January 1940 by Dodd, Mead and Company for $2.[4][5][6]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None was announced on February 3, 2005, as the first in a series of games based on novels by Agatha Christie.[1] For the release, The Adventure Company collaborated with developer AWE Productions.[1] Lee Sheldon was named Lead Designer and writer for the game,[2] while Scott Nixon, from AWE, was appointed Managing Director.[2] The Adventure Company chose the novel And Then There Were None as the first game, instead of other Christie novels involving famous detectives Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple, for several reasons. Among them was the popularity of the novel, which would help with marketing; and the island nature of the story which would provide a natural barrier, while allowing more freedom of movement for the players within that confined area.[11]", "And Then There Were None. Such was the quality of Christie's work on this book that many compared it to her novel The Murder of Roger Ackroyd (1926). For instance, an unnamed reviewer in the Toronto Daily Star of 16 March 1940 said, \"Others have written better mysteries than Agatha Christie, but no one can touch her for ingenious plot and surprise ending. With And Then There Were None... she is at her most ingenious and most surprising... is, indeed, considerably above the standard of her last few works and close to the Roger Ackroyd level.\"[20]", "And Then There Were None. In the original UK novel all references to \"Indians\" or \"Soldiers\" were originally \"Nigger\", including the island's name, the pivotal rhyme found by the visitors, and the ten figurines.[5] (In Chapter 7, Vera Claythorne becomes semi-hysterical at the mention by Miss Brent of \"our black brothers\", which is understandable only in the context of the original name.) The word \"nigger\" was already racially offensive in the United States by the start of the 20th century, and therefore the book's first US edition and first serialization changed the title to And Then There Were None and removed all references to the word from the book, as did the 1945 motion picture.[citation needed]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). And Then There Were None is a 2015 British-American mystery thriller television serial that was first broadcast on BBC One from 26 to 28 December 2015. The three-part programme was adapted by Sarah Phelps and directed by Craig Viveiros and is based on Agatha Christie's novel of the same name.[1][2][3] The serial aired in the United States on Lifetime from 13 to 14 March 2016.", "And Then There Were None. In 1930, The Ninth Guest by Owen Davis, premiered on Broadway. Its plot (and that of the 1934 film based on the play) strongly matches that of Christie's novel, including a recorded voice announcing to the invitees that their sins will be visited upon them by death. Davis's play was based on the novel The Invisible Host, by Gwen Bristow and Bruce Manning (also 1930), both of which predated Christie's novel by nine years.[35]", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). And Then There Were None (a.k.a. Ten Little Indians) is a 1974 film adaptation of Agatha Christie's best-selling 1939 mystery novel of the same name.[1] The film was directed by Peter Collinson and produced by Harry Alan Towers.[1]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). On a hot day in late August 1939, eight people, all strangers to each other, are invited to a small, isolated island off the coast of Devon, England, by a \"Mr and Mrs Owen\". The guests settle in at a mansion tended by two newly hired servants, Thomas and Ethel Rogers, but their hosts are absent. When the guests sit down to dinner, they notice the centrepiece, ten figurines of soldiers arranged in a circle. Afterward, Thomas Rogers puts on a gramophone record, from which a voice accuses everyone present of murder.[4] Shortly after this, one of the party dies from poisoning, and then more and more people are murdered, all in methods synonymous with a nursery rhyme the island is named after,[5] and the murderer removes a figurine from the dining table each time someone is killed. The remaining people decide to work together. They must discover who the murderer is before they run out of time and nobody remains.", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None (also simply known as And Then There Were None) is a 2005 point-and-click adventure game developed by AWE Productions and published by The Adventure Company for Microsoft Windows. It was the first in The Adventure Company's Agatha Christie series. The game is a detective murder-mystery; it begins with nine people, including Patrick Narracott, the playable character, who meet and journey to the fictional Shipwreck Island. There, two additional onscreen characters are introduced, and the story then follows the events that unfold.", "And Then There Were None. Several variations of the original novel were adapted for television, three of which were British adaptations. The first of these, in 1949, was produced by the BBC[29]. The second was produced in 1959[30], by ITV. Both of those productions aired with Christie's original title. The third and most recent British adaptation aired as And Then There Were None on BBC One in December 2015, as a mini-series produced in cooperation with Acorn Media and Agatha Christie Productions. The 2015 production adhered more closely to the original plot, though there were several differences, and was the first English language film adaptation to feature an ending similar to that of the novel.[31]", "And Then There Were None. The original title (Ten Little Niggers) still survives in a few foreign-language versions of the novel, such as the Bulgarian title Десет малки негърчета, and was used in other languages for a time, for example in the Dutch publication until the 18th edition of 1994.[citation needed] The title Ten Little Negroes continues to be commonly used in foreign-language versions, for example in Spanish, Greek, Serbian, Romanian,[15] French[16] and Hungarian, as well as a 1987 Russian film adaptation Десять негритят (Desyat Negrityat). In 1999, the Slovak National Theatre staged the play under its original title but changed to A napokon nezostal už nik (And Then There Were None) mid-run.[17]", "And Then There Were None (miniseries). And Then There Were None was commissioned by Ben Stephenson and Charlotte Moore for the BBC to mark the 125th anniversary of Agatha Christie's birth.[8] The adaptation was produced by Mammoth Screen in partnership with Agatha Christie Productions.[9][10][11]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None is set in 1939, taking place at \"a beautiful mansion on the deserted Shipwreck Island.\" A quote by one of the characters, Emily Brent, in the first chapter sets the month as August (\"This same week of August 4 years ago.\") The player can explore the two-story Art Deco-style mansion, which includes a secret room behind a bookcase in the library. The exterior of Shipwreck Island, including a beach, a forest, and an apiary, may also be explored.", "And Then There Were None. In the \"Binge!\" article of Entertainment Weekly Issue #1343-44 (26 December 2014–3 January 2015), the writers picked And Then There Were None as an \"EW favorite\" on the list of the \"Nine Great Christie Novels\".[23]", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). This 1974 film follows the script of the 1965 version, right down to calling the Oliver Reed character \"Hugh\" (a name change made to accommodate Hugh O'Brian in the earlier version[citation needed]) instead of \"Phillip,\" which was the character's name in the novel and play. It is set in an abandoned hotel in the Iranian desert and was shot in the Shah Abbas Hotel (now known as the Abbasi Hotel) in Iran during its pre-revolution days. (The 1965 version was set at a snowed-in mountain chalet, and the 1989 one in the African savanna.)[citation needed]", "And Then There Were None. The 1933 K.B.S. Productions Sherlock Holmes film, A Study in Scarlet, predates the publication of Ten Little Indians and follows a strikingly similar plot;[36] it includes a scene where Holmes is shown a card with the hint: \"Six little Indians ....bee stung one and then there were five\"; the film predates the novel by six years. Though it is a Sherlock Holmes movie, the movie bears no resemblance to Arthur Conan Doyle's original story of the same name. In this case, the rhyme refers to \"Ten Little Fat Boys\". The author of the movie's screenplay, Robert Florey, \"doubted that [Christie] had seen A Study in Scarlet, but he regarded it as a compliment if it had helped inspire her\".[37]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. The designers of And Then There Were None decided to leave the game in its original time period, the 1930s.[11] Sheldon was firmly against updating the game to a modern time period, calling this \"a futile attempt to attract an audience that really doesn't care anyway.\"[11] One of the main attractions to the past for Sheldon was the ability to explore its culture and mores.[11] The mansion in the game was researched using architecture and Art Deco books as references.[12] Christie described the mansion in the novel as stark and modern, and this made Sheldon turn to the work of famous architect Frank Lloyd Wright, and in particular his house Fallingwater.[2]", "To Have and Have Not. To Have and Have Not was published by Scribner's on 15 October 1937 to a first edition print-run of approximately 10,000 copies.[3] Cosmopolitan Magazine published a section of the novel as \"One Trip Across\" in 1934; and Esquire Magazine published a section as \"The Tradesman's Return\" in 1936.[3]", "And Then There Were None. And Then There Were None has had more adaptations than any other single work by Agatha Christie. Many adaptations incorporate changes to the story, such as using Christie's alternative ending from her 1943 stage play or changing the setting to locations other than an island.", "And Then There Were None. The novel has been the inspiration for several video games. For the Apple II, Online Systems released the game Mystery House in 1980. On the PC, The Adventure Company released the video game Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None in 2005, the first in a series of PC games based on Christie novels. In February 2008, it was ported to the Wii console. The identity of the murderer is not that of the killer in the original book. The game player assumes the role of Patrick Naracott (brother of Fred Naracott, who is involved in a newly created subplot), who is stranded with the others when his boat is scuttled. This allows for alternate, more successful endings in which Naracott survives and is able to prevent the murders of the innocent Lombard and Claythorne. All endings depart markedly from the novel and previous adaptations in that the killer and motives are different.[citation needed]", "And Then There Were None. On a hot, early August day sometime in the late 1930s, eight people arrive on a small, isolated island off the Devon coast of England. Each appears to have an invitation tailored to his or her personal circumstances, such as an offer of employment or an unexpected late summer holiday. They are met by Thomas and Ethel Rogers, the butler and cook-housekeeper, who state that their hosts, Mr Ulick Norman Owen and his wife Mrs Una Nancy Owen, whom they have not yet met in person, have not arrived, but left instructions, which strikes all the guests as odd.", "And Then There Were None. In the novel, a group of people are lured into coming to an island under different pretexts, e.g., offers of employment, to enjoy a late summer holiday, or to meet old friends. All have been complicit in the deaths of other human beings, but either escaped justice or committed an act that was not subject to legal sanction. The guests and two servants who are present are \"charged\" with their respective \"crimes\" by a gramophone recording after dinner the first night, and informed that they have been brought to the island to pay for their actions. They are the only people on the island, and cannot escape due to the distance from the mainland and the inclement weather, and gradually all ten are killed in turn, each in a manner that seems to parallel the deaths in the nursery rhyme. Nobody else seems to be left alive on the island by the time of the apparent last death. A confession, in the form of a postscript to the novel, unveils how the killings took place and who was responsible.", "And Then There Were None (1974 film). The film is an hour and 38 minutes long and was the first version of the novel to be filmed in colour.", "And Then There Were None. On 25 and 26 March, 2017 TV Asahi in Japan aired そして誰もいなくなった (Soshite daremo inakunatta), a Japanese language adaptation by Nagasaka Shukei (長坂秀佳) of the original story set in modern times.[32][33]", "Agatha Christie: And Then There Were None. One major obstacle in the development of And Then There Were None was gaining the approval of aspects of the game from Chorion, the company which owns the rights to Agatha Christie's works.[11] The development team met with Mathew Prichard, Christie's grandson, and other members of Chorion.[11] While protective of Christie's license, Chorion was quite open about changes to the plot, as long as they were within the style of Christie's novels. These included a change to the identity of the killer, the addition of a player character, and changes to the figurines at the table - renaming them \"sailor boys\", to fit in with the boat motif of being moored on the island.[11][2][2][2] Chorion did not accept all the changes proposed by the developers, for example rejecting the idea of a one-man submarine the player could operate as not being in the style of Christie's work.[12] The survival of Vera and Lombard, and the change of the General's name from MacArthur to MacKenzie, were both used by Christie herself in a 1943 stage adaption of the novel. Patrick Narracott as the eleventh character was a major plot change, and was done to explore a semi-romance between him and Vera Claythorne, as well as the developers' desire to have players connect to a more human character, rather than a nameless one.[11]", "W. H. Auden. In 1928 he wrote his first dramatic work, Paid on Both Sides, subtitled \"A Charade\", which combined style and content from the Icelandic sagas with jokes from English school life. This mixture of tragedy and farce, with a dream play-within-a-play, introduced the mixed styles and content of much of his later work.[41] This drama and thirty short poems appeared in his first published book Poems (1930, 2nd edition with seven poems replaced, 1933); the poems in the book were mostly lyrical and gnomic mediations on hoped-for or unconsummated love and on themes of personal, social, and seasonal renewal; among these poems were \"It was Easter as I walked,\" \"Doom is dark,\" \"Sir, no man's enemy,\" and \"This lunar beauty.\"[26]" ]

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[ "Rama Krishna Puram. Ramakrishna Puram popularly known as R.K. Puram, is a Central Government Employees residential colony in South West Delhi. Named after the saint Sri Ramakrishna, it houses many high profile corporate houses.There are many educational institutions like Ramjas school, Blind school, Kendriya Vidyalaya Sec 8 & 2, Sarvodaya vidyalaya, Delhi Public School etc.", "R.K Puram metro station. The R.K Puram Metro Station is located on the Magenta Line of the Delhi Metro.", "Rama Krishna Puram. R. K. Puram does not lie on any of the current Delhi Metro routes. The nearest stations are AIIMS, Hauz Khas or Dhaula Kuan. Once the Phase III of the Delhi Metro gets completed, R. K. Puram will lie on the Janakpuri-Botanical Gardens line with a station at Munirka and on the Mukundpur-Yamuna Vihar line with a station at sarojini nagar, Bhikaji Cama Place and Moti Bagh station. Already construction work is going on and lot of work has been completed.", "Rama Krishna Puram. R. K. Puram is well connected to different parts of the city by buses of the Delhi Transport Corporation. Most common routes through R K Puram include:", "Rama Krishna Puram. The area includes a number of important landmarks - Kendriya Vidyalaya, Sector 8, R.K Puram, Kerala School, Delhi in Sector-8, Rock Garden - Sector-7, Hope Hall Foundation School in Sector 7, Delhi Public School, R. K. Puram in Sector 12 and D.A.V. Public School in Sector-9, Delhi Karnataka Sangha- Sector-12, Karnataka Bank in Karnataka Sangha Building in Rao Tula Ram Marg in Sector-12,National Association Blind School and Tamil Sangam in Sector-5, Ramjas School, R. K. Puram, Delhi Tamil Education Association Senior Secondary Schools {D.T.E.A} and famed Yoga Centre named Shri Siddh Gufa Yoga Shikshan Kendra in Sector-4, Lal Bhadur Shastri School in Sector-3, Electronics shopping centre in Sector-6 (Mohan Singh Market), Malai Mandir in Sector-7 are a few of them. Also, Sangam cinema hall is now renovated completely with two PVR multiplex screens and a range of restaurants. The complex alsos has a Starbucks outlet. The area also includes Kendriya Vidiyalaya RK Puram Sector 2 and Sector 4.", "Rama Krishna Puram. Rama Krishna Puram area was built in the second phase of extension of New Delhi. Construction of R K Puram started in the late 1950s by acquiring land from Munirka farmers. Developed by CPWD to south-West of Secretariat Building, its development continued till the 1970s, when R. K. Puram was established. It mostly contains double-storeyed housing blocks, with 2-3 bedrooms apartments for central government officers. Som Vihar, named after Maj Som Nath Sharma, Pram Vir Chakra winner, came up in the mid-eighties as a cooperative housing society for defence forces officers under the aegis of the Army Welfare Housing Organisation, in what is sometimes referred to as Sector 10. Some high-rise apartment blocks like Nivedita Kunj for senior officers were added in the 1990s. Gradually markets were added in each pocket, and schools and places of worship were also built. Today the area also house several houses of Government of India.[1]", "Rama Krishna Puram. It is subdivided into 13 \"Sectors\" which are named numerically from 1 to 13. Sector-13 is the only sector located on the other side of the Ring Road. Surprisingly, RK Puram does not have a Sector-11. All the sectors are characterised by wide colony roads, sprinkling of parks/common areas, excellent greenery and decent street lighting.", "Rama Krishna Puram. RK Puram also has its fair share of religious places including Ayyappa Temple in Sector-1, St Thomas Church in Sector - 2, Gurudwara in Sec-3, famed Yoga Centre named Shri Siddha Gufa Yog Shikshan Kendra, Gurudwara in Sector-5 and Jain Mandir in Sector - 4, Malai Mandir and Kali Bari temple in Sector - 7 and Venketeswer Temple, Masjid Haji Langa in Sector-3. Apart from these, there are a number of temples, Gurudwaras, mosques and churches sprinkled across this area.", "R.K Puram metro station. As part of Phase III of Delhi Metro, R.K Puram is the metro station of the Magenta Line[1] which became fully operational on 29th May, 2018.", "Rama Krishna Puram. R. K. Puram is also famous for its two weekly markets. The Friday Market happens every Friday on the road connecting the Office Complex outside Sector-1 and Mohammadpur. The Sunday Market which takes place every Sunday takes up the entire road between Sector-6 and Sector-7. Both markets host stalls of all kinds including fruits and vegetables, spices, clothes, leather goods, kitchen utilities and so on. Prices are totally negotiable and customers bargaining with vendors have become a common sight. The weekly markets attract large crowds most of them belonging to the middle and lower classes.", "R.K Puram metro station. Platform-1 →", "Rama Krishna Puram. A special bus service also plies from Sector-1 R. K. Puram to Gurgaon.", "Rama Krishna Puram. It is one of the oldest and larger developments in Delhi built for housing Central Government employees. It is roughly rectangular, enclosed by Ring Road to the north, Outer Ring Road to the south facing Vasant Vihar, Rao Tula Ram Marg to the west and Africa Avenue to the east. The north-eastern corner of this area is a separate commercial centre called Madam Bhikaji Cama Place.", "Connaught Place, New Delhi. The area is instantly recognisable on any map of Delhi as a big circle in the middle with radial roads spreading out in all directions. Eight separate roads lead out from Connaught Places's inner circle, named Parliament Street and Radial Roads 1 through 7. Twelve different roads lead out from Connaught Circus, the outer ring. The best known of these is Janpath, the continuation of Radial Road 1. It is a logically planned area and houses one of India's first underground markets, the Palika Bazaar (Municipal Market), named after nagarpalika. The Outer Circle is known as the Connaught Circus (officially Indira Chowk), having rows of restaurants, shops and hotels. The Middle Circle has offices, Banks, Exchange houses such as Thomascook, Atwexchange, PVR cinema and eating outlets.[13]", "Hindu denominations. Kaumaram is a sect of Hindus, especially found in South India and Sri Lanka where Lord Muruga Karttikeya is the Supreme Godhead. Lord Muruga is considered superior to the Trimurti. The worshippers of Lord Muruga are called Kaumaras.[citation needed]", "West Delhi. Administratively, the district is divided into three subdivisions, Patel Nagar, Rajouri Garden, and Punjabi Bagh. Major residential and commercial areas of Delhi like Janakpuri and Tilak Nagar are located in West Delhi.", "Krishna Nagar, Delhi. The main areas under this Delhi Assembly constituency include the Old anarkali, jagatpuri, Ram Nagar, Ram Nagar Extension, East Krishna Nagar, Krishna Nagar Blocks A through J, Arjun Nagar, Radhey Puri, Rashid Market, Chander Nagar, New Layal Pur and New Layal Pur Extn. and West Azad Nagar.", "Delhi. Delhi is also the centre of the National Capital Region (NCR), which is a unique 'interstate regional planning' area created by the National Capital Region Planning Board Act of 1985.[22][23]", "Union territory. Delhi and Puducherry (Pondicherry) operate somewhat differently from the other five. Delhi and Puducherry were given partial statehood and Delhi was redefined as the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). Delhi and Puducherry have their own elected legislative assemblies and the executive councils of ministers with partially state-like function.", "Tilak Nagar (Delhi). Tilak Nagar is surrounded by suburban localities namely Ajay Enclave, Vishnu Garden, Chand Nagar, Ashok Nagar, Fateh Nagar, Shiv Nagar, Virender Nagar, Shahpura, Sant Nagar, Ganesh Nagar, Krishna Puri and upscale localities namely Janakpuri and Mukherji Park. It is also surrounded by urban villages namely Chowkhandi and Khayala, a prominent industrial area. above all revenue land of Tihar village Late Ch Chet Ram-Numberdar 17 village in British Raj.", "Purana Qila. When Edwin Lutyens designed the new capital of British India, New Delhi, in the 1920s, he aligned the central vista, now Rajpath, with Purana Qila.[5] During the Partition of India, in August 1947 the Purana Qila along with the neighbouring Humayun's Tomb, became the site for refuge camps for Muslims migrating to newly founded Pakistan. This included over 12,000 government employees who had opted for service in Pakistan, and between 150,000–200,000 Muslim refugees,[6] who swarmed inside Purana Qila by September 1947, when Indian government took over the management of the two camps. The Purana Qila camp remained functional till early 1948, as the trains to Pakistan waited till October 1947 to start.[7]", "List of colleges in Kanyakumari district. K.R Puram, Kanjampuram Post. 629154 PH - (04651)-243730,242730 website - www.crescent.ac.in", "New Delhi. At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop Raisina Hill. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the Government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. Connaught Place is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the Royal Crescent in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.", "Ramesh Nagar metro station. The Ramesh Nagar (Hindi: रमेश नगर) Metro Station is located on the Blue Line of the Delhi Metro.[1]", "Rajpath. Rajpath (meaning \"King's Way\") is a ceremonial boulevard in New Delhi, India, that runs from Rashtrapati Bhavan on Raisina Hill through Vijay Chowk and India Gate to National Stadium, Delhi. The avenue is lined on both sides by huge lawns, canals and rows of trees. Considered to be one of the most important roads in India, it is where the annual Republic Day parade takes place on 26 January. Janpath (meaning \"People's Way\") crosses the road. Rajpath runs in east-west direction. Roads from Connaught Place, the financial centre of Delhi, run into Rajpath from north.", "Farrukhsiyar. The town of Farrukhnagar in Gurgaon district, 32 kilometres (20 mi) south of Delhi, was named for him. During his reign, he built a sheesh mahal (palace) and a Jama Masjid (mosque) there.", "Indraprastha. Indraprastha is not only known from the Mahabharata. It is also mentioned as \"Indapatta\" or \"Indapattana\" in Pali-language Buddhist texts, where it is described as the capital of the Kuru Kingdom,[9] situated on the Yamuna River.[10] The Buddhist literature also mentions Hatthinipura (Hastinapura) and several smaller towns and villages of the Kuru kingdom.[11] Indraprastha may have been known to the Greco-Roman world as well: it is thought to be mentioned in Ptolemy's Geography dating from the 2nd century CE as the city \"Indabara\", possibly derived from the Prakrit form \"Indabatta\", and which was probably in the vicinity of Delhi.[12][13] Indraprastha is also named as a pratigana (district) of the Delhi region in a Sanskrit inscription dated to 1327 CE, discovered in Raisina area of New Delhi.[14]", "Gates of Delhi. South Gate Purana Qila", "Purana Qila. The fort was the inner citadel of the city of Din Panah during Humayun's rule who renovated it in 1533 and completed five years later.[3] The founder of the Suri Dynasty, Sher Shah Suri, defeated Humayun in 1540, naming the fort Shergarh;[4] he added several more structures in the complex during his five-year reign. Purana Qila and its environs flourished as the \"sixth city of Delhi\".", "Delhi. Delhi is located at 28°37′N 77°14′E / 28.61°N 77.23°E / 28.61; 77.23, and lies in Northern India. It borders the Indian states of Haryana on the north, west and south and Uttar Pradesh (UP) to the east. Two prominent features of the geography of Delhi are the Yamuna flood plains and the Delhi ridge. The Yamuna river was the historical boundary between Punjab and UP, and its flood plains provide fertile alluvial soil suitable for agriculture but are prone to recurrent floods. The Yamuna, a sacred river in Hinduism, is the only major river flowing through Delhi. The Hindon River separates Ghaziabad from the eastern part of Delhi. The Delhi ridge originates from the Aravalli Range in the south and encircles the west, north-east and north-west parts of the city. It reaches a height of 318 m (1,043 ft) and is a dominant feature of the region.[71]", "Tilak Nagar (Delhi). It is quite popular for its market, offering a wide variety of products such as clothing[4] and consumer durables such as most famous for Punjabi marriage rituals items (like Chura, Lawan Suit, Pagri, kangna, and currency garland etc.). It has very impressive timber and hardware shops. There is a huge and famous furniture market on Jail Road. Near Tilak Nagar metro station you can enjoy tasty veg and non veg street food. There are many education institutes in its vicinity. It has three cinema halls in its vicinity namely PVR Sonia and Pacific Mall and Satyam Janak palace. Nearby shopping hubs are Rajouri Garden, Pacific Mall Subhash Nagar, Janakpuri District Center, Uttam Nagar, Vikaspuri PVR complex and Jwala Heri market near Paschim Vihar.", "Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya, Shalimar Bagh, Delhi. Rajkiya Pratibha Vikas Vidyalaya (RPVV) Shalimar Bagh is one the 21 RPVV schools[2] established as a system of alternate schools for gifted students in Delhi.[3] The school is known for its outstanding result and considered as one of the best government school in Delhi.[4][5] The school is run by the Directorate of Education, Delhi, under the Department of Education, Government of NCT of Delhi. RPVV Shalimar Bagh is a co-educational school affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE)., New Delhi, with classes from VI to XII standard.[6][7] The school is co-educational.[7]" ]

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[ "New England Patriots. Prior to 2002, the Patriots played in Foxboro Stadium dating back to 1971, the team's second year in the NFL after the AFL–NFL merger.[66] During the team's days in the American Football League, the Boston Patriots were hosted by a number of fields in or around Boston—they played at Braves Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium.[66]", "Foxborough, Massachusetts. Schaefer Stadium (later known as Sullivan Stadium, then Foxboro Stadium) opened in 1971 as the home of the New England Patriots, after the football team spent its first eleven seasons playing at various stadiums in Boston. The family of Billy Sullivan owned both the Patriots and the stadium until they sold the team in 1988. The stadium, however, lapsed into bankruptcy and was then bought by paper magnate Robert Kraft. With Kraft in control of Foxboro Stadium, he prevented the Patriots from relocating to St. Louis in 1994 by refusing to let the team break their lease, then bought the Patriots outright. Kraft then founded the New England Revolution, one of the charter clubs of Major League Soccer, in 1996.", "History of the New England Patriots. When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division, where they still play today. The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, which would serve as their home for 30 years; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change, as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team (though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well). During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card-berth—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They would lose both games. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. They changed ownership several times in that period, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri, but sold the team two years later to current owner, local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994.[2]", "Gillette Stadium. From the 1971 NFL season until the 2001 NFL season, the Patriots played all of their home games at Foxboro Stadium. The stadium was privately funded on an extremely small budget and featured few amenities. Its aluminum benches would freeze over during games with cold weather and it had an unorganized dirt parking lot.[18] Foxboro Stadium did not prove to bring in the profit that was needed to keep an NFL team in New England, as it was one of the smallest stadiums in the NFL, with just over 60,000 seats.[19][20] The team had fallen into debt after team executive Chuck Sullivan funded the Jackson Victory Tour, in an attempt to earn more profit for the team. Tickets sales failed, however, and the team's debt increased even further – to a final total of US$126 million.[21] After two unsuccessful owners bought the team and stadium, it was clear that a new stadium had to be built for the team to stay in New England. This is when other cities in the New England area, including Boston (which was previously home to the Patriots and already had a stadium they could, and for a time before Foxboro Stadium opened, did, play in), Hartford, and Providence became interested in building new stadiums to lure the Patriots away from Foxborough.[22]", "History of the New England Patriots. With this in mind, mindful of the mounting issues in Hartford and growing opposition to the deal, in the spring of 1999, Kraft announced that he was abandoning the Hartford stadium project.[36] Kraft, preferring to keep the team where it was, eventually reached a mutually acceptable deal with the Massachusetts legislature for the necessary infrastructure improvements. The final hurdle the stadium needed to clear was approval by the citizens of Foxborough on six separate measures. Despite some initial hesitation regarding a proposed dedicated access road for premium ticket holders, the Patriots won approval on each measure by an over 90% majority. This cleared the way for what was originally known as CMGi Field to be built adjacent to the old stadium in Foxboro. The naming rights to the stadium were originally purchased by CMGi, an e-commerce company based in nearby Waltham, Massachusetts, which, at the time, was parent company to internet auction site uBid.", "New England Patriots. An original member of the American Football League (AFL), the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues. The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971. The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001, then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season. The Patriots' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL.", "History of the New England Patriots. Mandates set in the wake of the AFL–NFL merger in 1970 required that all teams reside in stadiums with at least 50,000 seats. None of the four stadiums the Patriots had used up to that point qualified, and because Boston is one of the oldest and most densely built cities in North America, there was little room in Boston for a new stadium. Rumors began to spread about a possible relocation to Tampa, Florida; these rumors ultimately never came to fruition (Tampa eventually got the Buccaneers instead).[6] In 1971 the Patriots moved into a hastily and inexpensively constructed stadium in suburban Foxborough (also known as Foxboro), on land granted by the Bay State Raceway. The team was renamed the New England Patriots in March 1971, to reflect its new location roughly halfway between Providence and Boston as well as a desire to better position itself as New England's regional NFL team (this would influence the name of the New England Whalers hockey team when they began play in 1972, like the Patriots, labeling themselves a New England team). The original choice, Bay State Patriots, was rejected by the NFL.[7][8] The stadium, to be known as Schaefer Stadium, was built at a cost of about $7.1 million in only 325 days. The stadium was one of the first stadiums in the country to be named after a corporate sponsor, as the Schaefer Brewing Company paid $150,000 for naming rights. Additionally, the town of Foxborough was one of the first in the country to assess a surtax on every ticket sold.", "History of the New England Patriots. Boston had previously been home to several NFL teams. The first was the Boston Bulldogs, which lasted only one season (1929). They were followed by the Boston Braves/Redskins, from 1932 to 1936. They had played first at Braves Field and then at Fenway Park. The team did not draw well, even in their final season when they reached the NFL Championship Game, and moved to Washington following the 1936 season. The Boston Yanks played from 1944 to 1948 before moving to New York to become the New York Yanks.", "Foxborough, Massachusetts. The town is best known as the site of Gillette Stadium, home of the New England Patriots of the National Football League and the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer.", "History of the New England Patriots. Following their victory in Super Bowl XXXVI seven months earlier, the Patriots played their first game in the new Gillette Stadium in the NFL's prime-time Monday Night Football opener against the Pittsburgh Steelers, a win for the Patriots. After an additional two wins to begin the season, including a 44–7 road win against the division rival New York Jets, the team lost five of its next seven games, allowing an average of 137 rushing yards a game during that span. In the final week of the season, the Patriots defeated the Miami Dolphins on an overtime Adam Vinatieri field goal to give both teams a 9–7 record. A few hours later, the Jets, who defeated the Patriots the week prior, also finished with a 9–7 record with a win over the Green Bay Packers. Due to their record against common opponents, the Jets won the tiebreaker for the division title, which eliminated the Patriots and Dolphins from the playoffs.[37]", "New England Patriots. When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]", "Gillette Stadium. Gillette Stadium is a stadium located in Foxborough, Massachusetts, 28 miles (45 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It serves as the home stadium and administrative offices for both the NFL's New England Patriots football franchise and MLS's New England Revolution soccer team. In 2012, it also became the home stadium for the football program of the University of Massachusetts (UMass), while on-campus Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium was undergoing renovations. Gillette will continue to host higher attended home games.", "History of the New England Patriots. After the Patriots' successful season, however, Robert Kraft successfully lobbied the Town of Foxborough and the NFL to schedule the Patriots on a Monday night. The NFL granted Kraft's request, scheduling the Patriots on Monday, October 23, in a game against the Buffalo Bills. The Patriots won the game, 27–14, and the crowd was peaceful and orderly, with only a handful of isolated disturbances and arrests. In appreciation, Kraft took out a full-page ad in the Boston Globe thanking fans for their excellent behavior, and the Patriots have since hosted many more night games without incident.", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "History of the New England Patriots. The Patriots' time in the AFL saw them without a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium, all in or near Boston, served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. Early Patriots stars included defensive tackles Jim Lee \"Earthquake\" Hunt and Houston Antwine; quarterback Vito \"Babe\" Parilli; and flanker-placekicker Gino \"The Duke\" Cappelletti. Hunt, Parilli and Cappelletti played every year of the existence of the AFL, with Hunt and Cappelletti spending all ten years with the Patriots. Cappelletti was the all-time leading scorer in the AFL. Later the Patriots were joined by such stars as defensive end Larry Eisenhauer, fullback Jim Nance, and middle linebacker and future Hall of Famer Nick Buoniconti. Cappelletti and Nance were AFL Most Valuable Players, Cappelletti in 1964 and Nance in 1966. Buoniconti and Antwine were later named to the American Football League All-Time Team.", "History of the New England Patriots. Interest in the Patriots grew both during and after the 1993 season, despite their lackluster on-field showing. By many measures, the Patriots were as popular as they had ever been – even more popular than they had been during their 1985 Super Bowl year. Despite this interest, however, rumors abounded that the team was going to move to St. Louis as soon as James Orthwein could clear all the hurdles. Finally, in the 1993 off-season, the issue reached its climax. Orthwein offered Robert Kraft, the team's landlord since 1988, $75 million to break the operating covenant of the lease, which would then free him to move the Patriots to St. Louis. Kraft refused, which continued to bind the Patriots to playing at Foxboro. When it became apparent that Kraft would not allow Orthwein to buy out the lease, Orthwein put the team up for sale. Kraft bought the team for a then-NFL record $175 million in 1994, beating out an investor group which included Paul Newman and Walter Payton as investors (the latter of which was on the Chicago Bears team that beat the Patriots in Super Bowl XX). On February 26, 1994, Kraft's first full day as owner of the Patriots, the team sold 5,958 season tickets, shattering by over sixfold the team's prior single-day record of 979. Moreover, soon after Kraft took full ownership, the Patriots sold out the entire 1994 season—the first time in team history that had happened. Every Patriots home game—preseason, regular season, and playoffs—has been sold out ever since.", "New England Patriots. The Patriots struggled for most of their years in the AFL, and they never had a regular home stadium. Nickerson Field, Harvard Stadium, Fenway Park, and Alumni Stadium all served as home fields during their time in the American Football League. They played in only one AFL championship game, following the 1963 season, in which they lost to the San Diego Chargers 51–10. They did not appear again in an AFL or NFL post-season game for another 13 years.[6]", "Foxborough, Massachusetts. Gillette Stadium opened in 2002 as a replacement for Foxboro Stadium. The Patriot Place shopping plaza, built on land surrounding the stadium bought by Kraft, completed construction in 2009. The plaza includes a variety of restaurants, clothing stores, and other retailers.", "Providence, Rhode Island. The NFL's New England Patriots and MLS's New England Revolution play in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is situated halfway between Providence and Boston. Providence was formerly home to two major league franchises: the NFL's Providence Steam Roller in the 1920s and 1930s, and the NBA's Providence Steamrollers in the 1940s. The Rhode Island Auditorium also hosted won 29 of the 49 boxing fights of Rocky Marciano.[128]", "2007 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2007 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2007 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2007 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts" ]

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[ "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). Hawaii Five-0 uses the original show theme song composed by Morton Stevens. Critics received an early copy of the pilot with a synthesizer and guitar-based version of the theme. After negative reaction to the reworked song spread quickly online, Kurtzman said he and others realized that changing the music was a mistake, and arranged for studio musicians,[65] including three who had worked on the original from 1968,[66] to rerecord the theme \"exactly as it was\", except shortened to 30 seconds[65] from its original length of about 60 seconds.[67] Original instrumental music is composed by Brian Tyler and Keith Power.[68]", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series is a soundtrack album featuring music used in the CBS television series Hawaii Five-0. The first volume in the series received attention for how show producers integrated these new and previously unreleased tracks from major-name artists into the second-season episodes. This method contrasted with the norm for TV soundtracks, which tend to be compilations of previously released music that is already available individually or on other albums. Hawaii Five-0: Original Songs from the Television Series was released on October 4, 2011.[69]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Another legacy of the show is the popularity of the Hawaii Five-O theme music. The tune was composed by Morton Stevens, who also composed numerous episode scores performed by the CBS Orchestra. The theme was later recorded by the Ventures, whose version reached No. 4 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart,[6] and is particularly popular with college and high school marching bands, especially at the University of Hawaii where it has become the unofficial fight song. The tune has also been heard at Robertson Stadium after Houston Dynamo goals scored by Brian Ching, a native of Hawaii. Because of the tempo of the music, the theme gained popularity in the UK with followers of Northern soul and was popular on dance floors in the 1970s.[25]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Australian proto-punk band Radio Birdman borrowed heavily from the program and its theme for their 1977 single \"Aloha, Steve & Danno\", later included on selected versions of the album Radios Appear. Band leader Deniz Tek, who grew up in Ann Arbor, Michigan during the heyday of MC5 and The Stooges, commented that he found Sydney of the early 1970s to be a rather quiet and staid place in comparison, and that airings of the program were a weekly highlight. The song was written after the band members realized they were spending a lot of evenings watching the program. The lyrics of the song's verses consist entirely of references to story lines of the early episodes. The chorus alludes to the boredom which band members experienced when the program wasn't on. The song's guitar solos and other elements of the music were directly derivative of the program's theme; Stevens received a writing credit on the song as a result.", "Hawaii Five-O (album). Hawaii Five-O is an instrumental album by the Ventures. It is named for the popular 1968 television series, and featured the theme song from the series as its title track. It was released in 1969 on Liberty Records LST-8061 and reached #11 on the Billboard Top LP chart, staying for 24 weeks.[2] The album was certified gold by RIAA on July 21, 1971.[3][4] The popularity of the album was propelled by the hit title track, which reached #4 on the Billboard Pop Singles chart.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Darts player Wayne Mardle used the song as his walk-on song in 2013.[28]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Hawaii Five-O was named in honor of Hawaii's being the 50th state. Although the show's name has always ended with the numeral \"0\", the soundtrack album, released in the late 1960s, used the letter \"O\" instead of the numeral zero.[4][unreliable source?] The letter \"O\" is sometimes used to differentiate the original series and the remake, which premiered in 2010 and always uses the numeral zero.[citation needed] The show centers on a fictional state police force led by former US naval officer Steve McGarrett (played by Jack Lord), a detective captain, who is appointed by the Governor, Paul Jameson. In the show, McGarrett oversees state police officers – the young Danny Williams, veteran Chin Ho Kelly, and streetwise Kono Kalakaua for seasons one through four. Honolulu Police Department Officer Duke Lukela joined the team as a regular, as did Ben Kokua, who replaced Kono beginning with season five. Occasionally, McGarrett's Five-O team is assisted by other officers as needed: Douglas Mossman as Det. Frank Kamana, P.O. Sandi Wells (Amanda McBroom), medical examiner Doc Bergman (Al Eben), forensic specialist Che Fong (Harry Endo), and a secretary. The first secretary was May, then Jenny, and later Malia, Lani and Luana.[5]", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). On May 19, 2010, The Honolulu Advertiser offered an opinion about the new version: \"A smart script, slick production values and maybe a splash of nostalgia got the remake of Hawaii Five-O placed on the CBS prime-time lineup this fall, but it will take more than beefcake and a remixed theme song to keep the show on the air.\" The piece also pointed out that times have changed since the original left the air, citing other shows that were set in Hawaii which have come and gone. It expressed a hope that the producers will succeed in bringing a new life to the title with this remake.[76] Hawaii Five-0 was also in the Guinness World Records 2012 for Highest-Rated New Show in the U.S. with a record 19.34 million viewers for its January 23, 2011 episode (Kai eʻe).[77]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The song was also featured in the film 50 First Dates (2004), and the Sammy Davis Jr. version of the theme song was re-recorded by Los Straitjackets with Deke Dickerson and released in 2014.", "James MacArthur. The episode \"Ho'apono\" from the 2010 version of Hawaii Five-0 was dedicated to MacArthur.[10]", "List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) characters. Jerry is a fan of Elvis Presley, which was discovered when Five-0 was called to investigate a murder of an Elvis impersonator in the episode \"Ua heleleÊ»i ka hoku / Fallen Star\". In the same episode he shows off his musical talent by singing at the open mic when hanging out with the team for drinks after the case. While his job officially is a consultant, he operates behind the scenes as a technical operator, often providing information about the cases Five-0 investigates or technical support when they are in the field. In the episode 'Ua Malo'o Ka Wai', Jerry is awarded his very own Five-0 badge after he coordinates with Duke Lukela and HPD to rescue Five-0 from the Yakuza.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Although the theme is most widely known as an instrumental, it has been released with at least two similar but different sets of lyrics. The first, \"You Can Come with Me\" by Don Ho, opens with an instrumental in the familiar tempo, then settles into a ballad style for the sung portion.[26] The second, by Sammy Davis, Jr., titled \"You Can Count on Me (Theme from Hawaii Five-O)\", maintains the driving style of the original instrumental throughout.[27]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). In the Australian movie The Dish, the theme was mistaken for the national anthem of the US by a local band upon the visit of the US Ambassador to Parkes, NSW, to commemorate the 1969 Moon landing.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Jack Lord portrayed Detective Captain Steve McGarrett, the head of a special state police task force which was based on an actual unit that existed under martial law in the 1940s.[3] The theme music composed by Morton Stevens became especially popular. Many episodes would end with McGarrett instructing his subordinate to \"Book 'em, Danno!\", sometimes specifying a charge such as \"murder one\".", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). In October 2009, it was announced that Alex Kurtzman and Roberto Orci had signed on to script a pilot episode, and that Peter M. Lenkov would serve as the series showrunner.[20] Kurtzman and Orci decided to reboot the original concept similar to their work on the 2009 Star Trek film, rather than a sequel to the original series. Production on the pilot was shot in and around Honolulu from February to April 2010.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). A soundtrack album featuring Morton Stevens' theme and incidental music from the pilot and the first two seasons was issued by Capitol Records in 1970. Unlike many albums of television music of the time, the music was taken directly from the scoring sessions rather than being specially re-recorded for album release. One of the instrumental pieces on the album, \"Call to Danger\", was originally recorded for the unsold 1967 pilot of the same name and also excerpted as background music accompanying a \"Special Presentation\" logo that CBS used to introduce its prime time television specials throughout the 1970s and 1980s. The album was re-issued on compact disc by Film Score Monthly in 2010.", "I Got the Sun in the Mornin' (and the Moon at Night). In the Hawaii Five-0 episode, \"Hau'oli La Ho'omaika'i,\" first aired on November 22, 2013, guest star Carol Burnett ends the show by singing the song.[3]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The one-hour pilot for a revived show, called Hawaii Five-0 (the last character is a zero instead of the letter \"O\", which is the true title of the original series as well), aired September 20, 2010, on CBS, and as of October 2013, the series now airs Friday nights at 9 PM Eastern, 8 PM Central time.[citation needed] The remake version Hawaii Five-0 uses the same principal character names as the original, and the new Steve McGarrett's late father's vintage 1974 Mercury Marquis is the actual specimen driven by Lord in the original series's final seasons. The new series opening credit sequence is an homage to the original; the theme song is cut in half, from 60 to 30 seconds, but is an otherwise identical instrumentation. Most of the iconic shots are replicated, beginning with the helicopter approach and close-up turn of McGarrett at the Ilikai Hotel penthouse, the jet engine nacelle, a hula dancer's hips, the quickly stepped zoom-in to the face of the Lady Columbia statue at Punchbowl, the close-up of the Kamehameha Statue's face, and the ending with a police motorcycle's flashing blue light. Starting with the Season 7 many of the clips that were part of the original opening were removed and more action shots of the cast were included. On the March 19, 2012 episode, Ed Asner reprised his role as \"August March\", a character he first played in a 1975 episode. Clips from the 1975 episode were included in the new one, even though the 2010 series is intended to be in a different narrative universe than the Jack Lord series.", "Tom Felton. In 2010, Felton released his original song \"Hawaii\" on Six String Productions[20] – an independent record label run by Felton, David Proffitt and Philip Haydn-Slater promoting creative independence and ownership of artists' material and musical talent.", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). On August 12, 2008, CBS announced that it would bring Hawaii Five-O back to the network schedule for the 2009–10 television season. The new version would be an updated present-day sequel, this time centering on Steve McGarrett, who succeeds his late father Steve (Jack Lord's character in the original series) as the head of the unit. Edward Allen Bernero, executive producer and showrunner of Criminal Minds, was to helm the new take, which he described as \"Hawaii Five-O, version 2.0\". It was also to incorporate most of the iconic elements from the original, including the \"Book 'em, Danno\" catchphrase, into the remake. Bernero, who was a fan of the original, and had a ring tone of the series' theme song on his cell phone, had always wanted to bring the series back to TV.[19] This version did not go beyond the script stage.", "Warner Bros. Television. It was during this period, that shows, particularly Westerns like Cheyenne and Maverick; and the crime dramas like 77 Sunset Strip, Hawaiian Eye and Surfside 6 featured catchy theme songs, that became just as much a part of the American pop culture landscape, as the shows themselves. Depending on the particular show (in this case, the Westerns), William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the songwriting team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom Room for One More, and The Bugs Bunny Show.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). Bill Murray sang his own made-up lyrics to the song on one of his \"Nick the Lounge Singer\" skits on Saturday Night Live.", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). The idea to bring Hawaii Five-O back to television had been under consideration well before the 2010 version was announced. The first attempt was a one-hour pilot for a new series that was made in 1996 but never aired, although a few clips were found years later and are available online. Produced and written by Stephen J. Cannell, it was intended to star Gary Busey and Russell Wong as the new Five-0 team. Original cast member James MacArthur briefly returned as Dan Williams, this time as governor of Hawaii, with cameos made by other former Five-O regulars. Another attempt was made to turn the project into a film by Warner Bros. but that also was scrapped.[18]", "List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) episodes. Hawaii Five-0 is a police procedural series developed for television by Alex Kurtzman, Roberto Orci, and Peter M. Lenkov, based on the 1968 series of the same name created by Leonard Freeman. It premiered on CBS on Monday, September 20, 2010, 42 years to the day from the premiere of the original show, September 20, 1968. The title of each episode (except the pilot and \"Hookman\" in season 3) is in Hawaiian rather than English.[1]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). This tradition has been continued in the 2010 version of Hawaii Five-0, but is not limited to Alex O'Loughlin. All of the primary cast members take turns with the iconic \"Be here. Aloha\" line at the end of the preview segment.", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). The opening title sequence was created by television director Reza S. Badiyi. Early shows began with a cold open suggesting the sinister plot for that episode, then cut to a shot of a big ocean wave and the start of the theme song.[6][17][18] A fast zoom-in to the top balcony of the Ilikai Hotel followed,[13] showing McGarrett turning to face the camera, followed by many quick-cuts and freeze-frames of Hawaiian scenery, and Hawaiian-Chinese-Caucasian model Elizabeth Malamalamaokalani Logue turning to face the camera.[19] A grass-skirted hula dancer from the pilot episode was also included, played by Helen Kuoha-Torco, who later became a professor of business technology at Windward Community College.[20] The opening scene ended with shots of the supporting players, and the flashing blue light of a police motorcycle racing through a Honolulu street.", "List of Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series) characters. Dr. Bergman was first introduced to Five-0 by Governor Jameson. He was playing the piano and then wordlessly proceeded to explain the victim's cause of death to Danny and McGarrett, before finally greeting them and introducing himself. He has the tendency to rattle off trivia, prompting the Five-0 team to cut him off and tell him to get to the point. Danny often mocks him with medical jokes. Despite his lack of social skills, he does get along with the other members of Five-0. He has a Halloween tradition of dressing up as a character from a Keanu Reeves film.", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). This revival series uses a zero as the last character in its title instead of the letter \"O\" that is used in the title of the original series. According to Los Angeles Times, a CBS insider said that the disambiguation was necessary because of search engine results.[27] When Variety conducted its own search engine test on Google, it found that \"Hawaii Five-0\" (with the zero) had 263,000 results while \"Hawaii Five-O\" (with the letter O) had over 1.7 million.[28]", "Hawaii Five-O (1968 TV series). There were two versions of the closing credits portion of the show. During the first season, the theme music was played over a short film of a flashing blue light attached to the rear of a police motorcycle in Waikiki heading west (the film is shown at twice the normal speed, as can be seen from people crossing a street behind the police motorcycle).[21] In later seasons, the same music was played over film of outrigger canoeists battling the surf.", "Hawaii Five-O. Hawaii Five-O or Hawaii Five-0 may refer to:", "Hawaii Five-0 (2010 TV series). The series covers the actions of a small, specialized DPS task force in Hawaii, headed by Lt. Commander Steve McGarrett, USNR. The task force answers only to the Governor of the state of Hawaii and was given immunity and means to investigate crimes ranging from terrorism to kidnapping. McGarrett chooses as his partner Honolulu PD Detective Danny \"Danno\" Williams. He fills out the team by selecting Chin Ho Kelly, his father's protégé, and Chin's cousin, Kono Kalakaua, a rookie HPD cop. They are assisted by Dr. Max Bergman, a medical examiner for the County of Honolulu, and Jerry Ortega, Chin's high school classmate and a conspiracy theorist. Steve later adds Lou Grover, a HPD SWAT commander, to the Five-0 team and Catherine Rollins, Steve's girlfriend. Following Chin, Max, and Kono's departure McGarrett fills in their spots by hiring Tani Rey. The team is now assisted by Noelani Cunha as a medical examiner. The team also assisted by two confidential informants Kamekona Tupuola and Kono's husband Adam Noshimuri as well as Duke Lukela their HPD liaison and Junior Reigns a Police Candidate who is determined to join the team.", "Hong Kong Phooey. The show’s opening theme, titled \"Hong Kong Phooey,\" was written and composed by Hoyt Curtin, William Hanna, and Joseph Barbera, and sung by Crothers himself. A cover performed by Sublime is included on the 1995 tribute album Saturday Morning: Cartoons' Greatest Hits, produced by Ralph Sall for MCA Records." ]

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[ "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. In The Collected Poems of John Masefield the opening line was changed to the text now more commonly anthologised: \"I must go down to the sea again, to the lonely sea and the sky\". The first lines of the second and third stanzas retained the form \"I must down to the seas again [...]\".[2]", "John Masefield. I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,\nAnd all I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by,\nAnd the wheel's kick and the wind's song and the white sail's shaking,\nAnd a grey mist on the sea's face and a grey dawn breaking.\n\nI must down to the seas again, for the call of the running tide\nIs a wild call and a clear call that may not be denied;\nAnd all I ask is a windy day with the white clouds flying,\nAnd the flung spray and the blown spume, and the sea-gulls crying.", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. I must down to the seas again, to the lonely sea and the sky,", "Catherine Earnshaw. It's a rough journey, and a sad heart to travel it; and we must pass by Gimmerton Kirk to go that journey! We've braved its ghosts often together, and dared each other to stand among the graves and ask them to come. But, Heathcliff, if I dare you now, will you venture? If you do, I'll keep you. I'll not lie there by myself: they may bury me twelve feet deep, and throw the church down over me, but I won't rest till you are with me. I never will!", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. Salt-Water Poems and Ballads is a book of poetry on themes of seafaring and maritime history by John Masefield. It was first published in 1916 by Macmillan, with illustrations by Charles Pears.", "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death. The poem is featured on the Yeats tribute album Now And In Time To Be, where it is sung by Shane MacGowan of the rock group The Pogues. The British rock group Keane based their song \"A Bad Dream\" (featured on the album Under the Iron Sea) on it, and a recording of the poem, read by Neil Hannon of The Divine Comedy, is played before the song at live venues, explaining their reasons for the lyrics. Hannon appeared in person to read it at the Keane gig at The Point Depot in Dublin (now known as the 3Arena) on 19 July 2007 and again at The O2 on 21 July 2007, though the poem's title and author went unmentioned.\nIn 2011 the poem was included on the Waterboys album 'An Appointment with Mr Yeats', a collection of Yeats poems set to music by Mike Scott.", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. \"Sea-Fever\" first appeared in Salt-Water Ballads – Masefield's first volume of poetry published in 1902 in London by Grant Richards.[1]", "Dover Beach. Arnold looks at two aspects of this scene, its soundscape (in the first and second stanzas) and the retreating action of the tide (in the third stanza). He hears the sound of the sea as \"the eternal note of sadness\". Sophocles, a 5th-century BC Greek playwright who wrote tragedies on fate and the will of the gods, also heard this sound as he stood upon the shore of the Aegean Sea.[8][9] Critics differ widely on how to interpret this image of the Greek classical age. One sees a difference between Sophocles interpreting the \"note of sadness\" humanistically, while Arnold, in the industrial nineteenth century, hears in this sound the retreat of religion and faith.[10] A more recent critic connects the two as artists, Sophocles the tragedian, Arnold the lyric poet, each attempting to transform this note of sadness into \"a higher order of experience\".[11]", "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. On de floating scow ob ole Virginny,\nI've worked from day to day,\nRaking among de oyster beds,\nTo me it was but play;\nBut now I'm old and feeble,\nAn' my bones are getting sore,\nDen carry me back to ole Virginny\nTo ole Virginny shore.", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. \"Sea-Fever\" has been set to music by many composers, including Stephen DeCesare and Patrick Clifford on his album American Wake; the most famous version is by John Ireland. The poem has also been set, for boys' emerging voices, by Oliver Tarney and published by Oxford University Press.[5] and by Kavisha Mazzella, a Western Australia-born musician and artist.[citation needed]", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. Salt-Water Poems and Ballads includes \"Sea-Fever\" and \"Cargoes\", two of Masefield's best known poems.", "W. B. Yeats. Now that my ladder's gone\nI must lie down where all the ladders start\nIn the foul rag and bone shop of the heart.[93]", "Nausicaa. The Nobel Prize-winning Saint Lucian poet Derek Walcott's poem \"Sea Grapes\" alludes to Nausicaa.[7]", "John Masefield. John Edward Masefield, OM (/ˈmeɪsˌfiːld, ˈmeɪz-/; 1 June 1878 – 12 May 1967) English poet and writer, was Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom from 1930. Among his best known works are the children's novels The Midnight Folk and The Box of Delights, and the poems \"The Everlasting Mercy\" and \"Sea-Fever\".", "William Harvey. \"Would you be the man who should recommend me to quit the peaceful haven where I now pass my life and launch again upon the faithless sea? You know full well what a storm my former lucubrations raised. Much better is it oftentimes to grow wise at home and in private, than by publishing what you have amassed with infinite labour, to stir up tempests that may rob you of peace and quiet for the rest of your days.\"[23]", "Rich man and Lazarus. Dives and Lazarus appear in Edith Sitwell's poem \"Still falls the Rain\" from \"The Canticle of the Rose\", first published in 1941. It was written after The Blitz on London in 1940. The poem is dark, full of the disillusions of World War II. It speaks of the failure of man, but also of God's continuing involvement in the world through Christ:[50]", "Elizabeth Barrett Browning. During 1837–38 the poet was struck with illness again, with symptoms today suggesting tuberculous ulceration of the lungs. That same year, at her physician's insistence, she moved from London to Torquay, on the Devonshire coast. Two tragedies then struck. In February 1840 her brother Samuel died of a fever in Jamaica. Then her favourite brother Edward (\"Bro\") was drowned in a sailing accident in Torquay in July. This had a serious effect on her already fragile health. She felt guilty as her father had disapproved of Edward's trip to Torquay. She wrote to Mitford, \"That was a very near escape from madness, absolute hopeless madness\".[2] The family returned to Wimpole Street in 1841.", "The City in the Sea. \"The City in the Sea\" is a poem by Edgar Allan Poe. The final version was published in 1845, but an earlier version was published as \"The Doomed City\" in 1831 and, later, as \"The City of Sin\". The poem tells the story of a city ruled by a personification of Death using common elements from Gothic fiction. The poem appeared in the Southern Literary Messenger, The American Review, the Broadway Journal, as well as in the 1850 collection The Poets and Poetry of America.", "Herman Melville. As English readers, pursuing the vogue for sea stories represented by such writers as G. A. Henty, rediscovered Melville's novels in the late nineteenth century, the author had a modest revival of popularity in England, though not in the United States. He wrote a series of poems, with prose head notes, inspired by his early experiences at sea. He published them in two collections, each issued in a tiny edition of 25 copies for his relatives and friends. Of these, scholar Robert Milder calls John Marr and Other Poems (1888), \"the finest of his late verse collections\".[139] The second privately printed volume is Timoleon (1891).", "Dover Beach. \"Dover Beach\" is a lyric poem by the English poet Matthew Arnold.[1] It was first published in 1867 in the collection New Poems, but surviving notes indicate its composition may have begun as early as 1849. The most likely date is 1851.[2]", "Odysseus. In 1986, Irish poet Eilean Ni Chuilleanain published \"The Second Voyage\", a poem in which she makes use of the story of Odysseus. In S. M. Stirling's Island in the Sea of Time (1998), first part to his Nantucket series of alternate history novels, Odikweos (Mycenean spelling of the name) is a 'historical' figure who is every bit as cunning as his legendary self and is one of the few Bronze Age inhabitants who discerns the time-travellers' real background. Odikweos first aids William Walker's rise to power in Achaea and later helps bring Walker down after seeing his homeland turn into a police state.", "Salt-Water Poems and Ballads. \"Cargoes\" first appeared in Ballads – Masefield's second volume of poetry, published in 1903 in London by Elkin Mathews.[3]", "Edgar Allan Poe. He left for New York in February 1831 and released a third volume of poems, simply titled Poems. The book was financed with help from his fellow cadets at West Point, many of whom donated 75 cents to the cause, raising a total of $170. They may have been expecting verses similar to the satirical ones that Poe had been writing about commanding officers.[33] It was printed by Elam Bliss of New York, labeled as \"Second Edition,\" and including a page saying, \"To the U.S. Corps of Cadets this volume is respectfully dedicated\". The book once again reprinted the long poems \"Tamerlane\" and \"Al Aaraaf\" but also six previously unpublished poems, including early versions of \"To Helen\", \"Israfel\", and \"The City in the Sea\".[34] He returned to Baltimore to his aunt, brother, and cousin in March 1831. His elder brother Henry had been in ill health, in part due to problems with alcoholism, and he died on August 1, 1831.[35]", "James Kirkup. James Kirkup was brought up in South Shields, educated at Westoe Secondary School, and then at King's College, Durham University.[3] In World War II he was a conscientious objector, and worked for the Forestry Commission and on the land in the Yorkshire Dales and at the Lansbury Gate Farm, Clavering, Essex. He taught at The Downs School in Colwall, Malvern, where W.H. Auden had earlier been a master. Kirkup wrote his first book of poetry, The Drowned Sailor at the Downs, which was published in 1947. From 1950 to 1952 he was the first Gregory Poetry Fellow at Leeds University, making him the first resident university poet in the United Kingdom.[4][5]", "Thanatopsis. In August Wilson's 2003 play Gem of the Ocean, Solly offers the final nine lines of the poem (\"So live . . . pleasant dreams\") as a toast to send off Citizen Barlow to the city of bones. Eli joins Solly in the recitation, offering his own interpretation of the lines: \"You die by how you live.\"", "Ottilie. Robert Louis Stevenson wrote a poem called \"To Ottilie\".[6]", "John Masefield. By the time he was 24, Masefield's poems were being published in periodicals and his first collected works, Salt-Water Ballads (1902) was published, the poem \"Sea-Fever\" appearing in this book. Masefield then wrote the novels, Captain Margaret (1908) and Multitude and Solitude (1909). In 1911, after a long drought of poem writing, he composed \"The Everlasting Mercy\", the first of his narrative poems, and within the next year had produced two more, \"The Widow in the Bye Street\" and \"Dauber\". As a result, he became widely known to the public and was praised by the critics; in 1912, he was awarded the annual Edmond de Polignac prize.[8]", "Sailor. Irish Merchant Navy member Kevin McClory spent 14 days in a lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies Never Say Never Again and Thunderball. Members of the American Beat Movement Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac, Bob Kaufman, and Herbert Huncke were all Merchant Mariners.", "Dover Beach. William Butler Yeats responds directly to Arnold's pessimism in his four-line poem, \"The Nineteenth Century and After\" (1929):", "The Fisherman and His Wife. Eventually, the wife wishes to command the sun, moon and heavens, and she sends her husband to the flounder with the wish \"I want to become equal to God\". When that final wish is made, the flounder says: \"just go home again, she is already sitting in the old hovel again\". And with that, the sea becomes calm once more.", "When I have Fears that I may Cease to Be. William Flesch notes the poem's echoes of Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra.[12] Comparisons have also been made to Shakespeare's Sonnet 60 for references to time, endings, and the sea and to Sonnet 64 for references to time destroying man-made creations. [4]", "Ulysses (poem). It may be that the gulfs will wash us down,\n     It may be we shall touch the happy Isles\n     And see the great Achilles whom we knew! [sic] (62–64)" ]

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[ "Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago. The coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago was designed by a committee formed in 1962 to select the symbols that would be representative of the people of Trinidad and Tobago. The committee included noted artist Carlisle Chang (1921–2001) and carnival designer George Bailey (1935–1970).[1][2]", "Trinidad and Tobago. The coat of arms was designed by the Independence committee, and features the scarlet ibis (native to Trinidad), the cocrico (native to Tobago) and hummingbird. The shield bears three ships, representing both the Trinity, and the three ships that Columbus sailed.[91]", "Coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago. The palm tree crest at the top of the coat of arms was taken from Tobago’s coat of arms before it was joined in political union with Trinidad. The shield comprises the same colours (black, red, and white) as the nation’s flag and carry the same meaning. The gold ships represent the Santa María, La Niña, and La Pinta: the three ships Christopher Columbus used on his journey to the “New World”. The two birds on the shield are hummingbirds. Trinidad is sometimes referred to as the “Land of the Hummingbird” because 18 different species of hummingbird have been recorded on the island. “Land of the Hummingbird” is also believed to have been the Native American name for Trinidad. The two larger birds are the Scarlet Ibis (left) and the Cocrico (right), the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago. Below the Scarlet Ibis are three hills, representing the Trinity Hills in southern Trinidad, which, it is believed, convinced Columbus to name the island after the Holy Trinity. The island rising out of the waters beneath the Cocrico represents Tobago. Below these birds is the nation’s motto, \"Together We Aspire, Together We Achieve.\"", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. The national symbols of Trinidad and Tobago are the symbols that are used in Trinidad and Tobago and abroad to represent the country and its people. Prominently, the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago is a Trinbagonian symbol, and is depicted on all its money.", "Trinidad and Tobago. Trinidad and Tobago claims two Nobel Prize-winning authors, V. S. Naipaul and St Lucian-born Derek Walcott (who founded the Trinidad Theatre Workshop, working and raising a family in Trinidad for much of his career). Designer Peter Minshall is renowned not only for his Carnival costumes but also for his role in opening ceremonies of the Barcelona Olympics, the 1994 FIFA World Cup, the 1996 Summer Olympics, and the 2002 Winter Olympics, for which he won an Emmy Award.", "Coat of arms of Jamaica. Considered as a legacy from the British with slight modifications, the Jamaican coat of arms was granted to Jamaica in 1661 under Royal Warrant. The original was designed by William Sancroft, then Archbishop of Canterbury.[1]", "Flag of Trinidad and Tobago. The flag of Trinidad and Tobago was adopted upon independence from the United Kingdom on 31 August 1962. Designed by Carlisle Chang (1921–2001),[1][2][3] the flag of Trinidad and Tobago was chosen by the independence committee of 1962. Red, black and white symbolise fire (the sun, representing courage), earth (representing dedication) and water (representing purity and equality).[4]", "Scarlet ibis. The scarlet ibis and the cocrico are the national birds of Trinidad and Tobago.[30] Both birds are featured on the coat of arms of Trinidad and Tobago.[30][31] The cocrico is found on Tobago, Venezuela and Colombia.[30] The scarlet ibis is associated with Trinidad; there are not documented records of the scarlet ibis on Tobago for the last fifteen years.[32]", "Coat of arms of the Philippines. The following were used upon the Islands' achievement of full sovereignty in 1946. The Arms as designed by Capt. Galo B. Ocampo have retained their basic design since, with only minor alterations made due to political and cultural considerations.", "Trinidad and Tobago dollar. In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1¢, 5¢, 10¢, 25¢ & 50¢. A large sized $1 coin was first released for circulation in 1969 and again in 1979 before being replaced with a smaller sized version in 1995 more regularly minted. The 1¢ & 5¢ are struck in bronze, with the other denominations in cupro-nickel. The obverses all feature Trinidad and Tobago's coat of arms, with the reverse designs solely featuring the denomination until 1976, when they were replaced by either a national bird or flower in addition to the denomination after the declaration of a republic. The 50¢ & $1 coins are scarcely seen in circulation, but can be purchased from banks if requested.", "Coat of arms of Grenada. The coat of arms was adopted by the island nation in 1974 following independence.", "Peter Minshall. Minshall was born in Georgetown, Guyana, but moved to Trinidad as a small child after his father took a job as a cartoonist. Growing up in the capital, Port of Spain, Minshall was exposed to Carnival from a young age. He made his first costume at the age of 13. He attended Queen's Royal College, then went on to study Theatre Design at the Central School of Art and Design in London.", "Patrick Castagne. Patrick Stanislaus \"Pat\" Castagne (3 October 1916Template:Spacedash5 May 2000) was a Guyanese-born Trinidadian composer, best known for composing \"Forged from the Love of Liberty\", the national anthem of Trinidad and Tobago.", "The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago). The building was designed and built by D. M. Hahn, Chief Draughtsman of the Public Works, at an estimated cost of £7,485. This sum included the gesso work (a mixture of plaster of Paris and glue) in the Legislative Council Chamber and the Justice Hall, which was estimated at £7,200.", "National coat of arms. Coat of arms of Jamaica", "Coat of arms of South Africa. The design process was initiated when, in 1999, the Department of Arts, Culture, Science and Technology requested ideas for the new coat-of-arms from the public. A brief was then prepared based on the ideas received, along with input from the Cabinet. The Government Communication and Information System then approached Design South Africa to brief ten of the top designers. Three designers were chosen to present their concepts to the Cabinet. Iaan Bekker's design was chosen.", "Coat of arms of Puerto Rico. The major symbolism of the coat of arms relates to the dominance of Spain, the strong Roman Catholic influence in the region, and the integrity of Puerto Rico as a colony of Spain. There have been different variations of the coat of arms changing throughout Puerto Rico's history. The current version was officially re-adopted by the Commonwealth government of Puerto Rico on 3 June 1976.", "Coat of arms of the Philippines. After World War II, President Sergio Osmeña reactivated the Philippine Heraldic Committee. The current design pursuant to Commonwealth Act No. 731 was approved by the Congress of the Philippines on 3 July 1946. It was designed by Captain Galo B. Ocampo, Secretary of the Philippine Heraldry Committee.", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. I will honour my parents, My teachers, my leaders and my elders, and those in authority I will be clean and honest in all my thoughts, my words and my deeds. I will strive, in everything I do to work together with my fellowmen Of every creed and race, for the greater happiness of all and the honour and glory of my country.", "Forged from the Love of Liberty. When the Federation collapsed, he changed some of the lines and resubmitted the song to Trinidad and Tobago[2] for the competition to choose the National Anthem. In total, the competition received 834 word only entries, 33 music only entries and 306 word and music entries. Mr. Castagne's submission came out on top and he won the price of $5,000.00 in Government Bonds and a gold medal inscribed with the Coat of Arms of Trinidad and Tobago.[1]", "Coat of arms of Jamaica. Arms of Jamaica from 8 April 1957 to 13 July 1962.", "Category:Trinidad and Tobago artists. The following 11 pages are in this category, out of 11 total. This list may not reflect recent changes (learn more).", "CARICOM passport. Antigua and Barbuda's design is to feature the country's coat of arms and country name as well as the CARICOM logo.", "Coat of arms of Peru. On 25 February 1825, Simón Bolívar and the Constituent Congress proclaimed a law defining the new national symbols. establishing the new Coat of Arms, similar to the one used today. This was designed by Congressmen José Gregorio Paredes and Francisco Javier Cortés. The official description was the following:", "Coat of arms of Jamaica. Arms of Jamaica from 13 July to 6 August 1962.", "National symbols of Trinidad and Tobago. In the fires of Hope and Prayer, With boundless Faith in Our Destiny, We solemnly declare, Side by side we stand Islands of the blue Caribbean Sea, This Our Native Land, We pledge our lives to Thee, Here every creed and race find an equal place, And may God - Bless Our Nation, Here every creed and race find an equal place, And may God - Bless Our Nation.", "Coat of arms of the Philippines. During the Spanish Colonial Period, the lesser arms of the Spanish Sovereign were used. The seal of Manila was also issued under royal decree by Philip II (for whom the islands were named) in 1596. Note that the Pillars of Hercules or the Golden Fleece were not always displayed and the arms themselves were sometimes solely used.", "Coat of arms. Coats of arms in Spain were generally left up to the owner themselves, but the design was based on military service and the heritage of their grandparents. In France, the coat of arms is based on the Fleur-de-lys and the Rule of Tinctures used in English heraldry as well.", "Trinidad and Tobago. The island of Trinidad was a Spanish colony from the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1498 until Spanish governor Don José María Chacón surrendered the island to a British fleet under the command of Sir Ralph Abercromby in 1797.[14] During the same period, the island of Tobago changed hands among Spanish, British, French, Dutch and Courlander colonizers more times than any other island in the Caribbean. Trinidad and Tobago were ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens as separate states and unified in 1889.[15] Trinidad and Tobago obtained independence in 1962 and became a republic in 1976.", "Official state car. The President and Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago each use a black, armoured, 2008 Toyota Crown. It carries the license plate with a gold coat of arms for the President and PM-1 for the Prime Minister. Each motorcade also includes a decoy car, two police motorcycles, two 2008 Toyota Land Cruisers as support vehicles and a leading Toyota Camry police vehicle.[132]", "The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago). The entablature and dais at the eastern end were also designed by D. M. Hahn. The columns and entablature are made of purple heart wood, while the panelling is fustic (yellow tinted wood commonly found in South America). The passageway between the two buildings which replaced the double archway, is no longer open to vehicular traffic. The fountain in the centre of the rotunda was designed by D. M. Hahn as a means of cooling and ventilation for the offices, in the days before air-conditioning.", "The Red House (Trinidad and Tobago). The Red House is the seat of Parliament in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. The architectural design of the Red House is of Beaux-Arts style. The original building was destroyed in the 1903 water riots and was rebuilt in the year 1907. The Red House is located centrally within the capital city Port of Spain. It is currently used as a meeting place for parliament and elections and for political uses." ]

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[ "University of North Dakota School of Law. In its 2015 ranking of American law schools, U.S. News and World Report ranked UND Law 144 out of approximately 194 accredited law schools.", "University of North Dakota School of Law. In 2016, the median GPA for incoming UND Law students was 3.21, while the median LSAT score was 149.[3] The School of Law received 291 applications for its J.D. program, of which 185 were accepted and 89 were enrolled.[4] In recent years, the school has increased its student diversity through partial tuition waivers for members of minority groups. In addition, the school attracts a number of international students from Canada, Norway and other countries.", "University of North Dakota School of Law. The University of North Dakota School of Law is located in Grand Forks, North Dakota at the University of North Dakota (UND) and is the only law school in the state. Established in 1899, the law school is home to approximately 240 students and has more than 3,000 alumni. It has one of the smallest student populations among the American Bar Association accredited law schools.[1]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. The institution offers the J.D. degree and a joint degree programs in law and public administration (J.D./M.P.A.) and also business administration (J.D./M.B.A.). It has two certificate programs, one in Indian law and one in aviation law. The school is also home to the Northern Plains Indian Law Center. According to North Dakota's official 2017 NALP-disclosures, 79.7% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.[2]", "University of North Dakota. The University offers a variety of professional and specialized programs, including the only schools of law and medicine in the state of North Dakota. Its best known college is perhaps its John D. Odegard School of Aerospace Sciences, which is the first in the country to offer a degree in unmanned aircraft systems operations,[2][7] and is competitively ranked as one of the world's top schools of aviation and aerospace.", "University of North Dakota. UND was founded with a strong liberal arts foundation, but has grown into a prominent scientific research university. It is classified by the Carnegie Foundation as having high research activity, and is considered one of the top academic and research institutions in the northern Midwest.[2] UND is ranked among the top 100 public universities in the country by U.S. News & World Report, and is widely regarded as the top university in the American Northern Plains region.[6]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. According to North Dakota's official 2016 ABA-required disclosures, 51.3% of the Class of 2016 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation.[6] North Dakota's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 31.6%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2016 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.[7]", "University of North Dakota. UND offers a total of 224 fields of study, including 90 undergraduate majors, 73 undergraduate minors, 54 master's programs, 27 doctoral programs, two professional programs (medicine and law), and a specialist diploma program in educational leadership.[37] UND also has an interdisciplinary program that allows students to obtain a degree in virtually any course of study.[38] A collection of online classes and degree programs are offered for students around the nation and world.[39] This online program has been highly ranked by US News and other leading online college rankings.[40][41][42] \"Based on factors such as graduation rates, indebtedness of new graduates and academic and career support services offered to students,\" US News ranked the online Bachelor's program 208th of 217 online colleges and universities.[43] On campus, academic classrooms range from smaller rooms capable of seating around twenty students to large lecture bowls capable of seating hundreds at a time. Many areas have wireless access for laptops and technologically equipped classrooms enable professors to offer interactive lectures. UND offers 1,000 computer workstations for student use and computer labs can be found in the libraries, Memorial Union, and in several academic areas.[2]", "William S. Richardson School of Law. For 2016, U.S. News & World Report ranked Richardson as 82nd among the nations law schools.[5] Richardson's part-time program was ranked 30th.[6]", "University of North Dakota. The North Dakota Law Review, published by the School of Law since 1924, serves as the journal of the State Bar Association of North Dakota.[81]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. In 2013, the North Dakota legislature approved $11.4 million for a major addition and renovation to the existing building. Construction started in Summer 2014 and was completed in Fall 2015, with the dedication and ribbon-cutting taking place on October 9.[5]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. UND Law has a formal Curricular Mission Statement to guide changes to its educational program. In 2013-14, the school reconfigured the required first-year curriculum, adding a new Professional Foundations course.", "University of North Dakota. The University of North Dakota (also known as UND or North Dakota) is a public research university in Grand Forks, North Dakota. Established by the Dakota Territorial Assembly in 1883, six years before the establishment of the state of North Dakota, it is the state's oldest.", "University of North Dakota School of Law. The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at North Dakota for the 2015-2016 academic year is $27,987 for residents and $41,976 for nonresidents.[8] The Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years (2013) is $113,029 for residents and $163,484 for nonresidents.[9]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. The three-story Thormodsgard Law Library adjacent to the School of Law building at UND is named in honor of Olaf H. Thormodsgard, who was Dean of the University of North Dakota School of Law from 1933 to 1962.", "North Dakota. The state has 11 public colleges and universities, five tribal community colleges, and four private schools. The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota.", "University of North Dakota. The student body is represented by the three-branch Student Government. The executive branch consists of seven executives who each have different areas of focus. The legislative branch consists of 23 student senators who represent each academic and residential district. The judicial branch consists of seven justices that deal with judicial matters when necessary. In addition, three standing committees enhance university life for all students: University Programming Council (UPC), Student Organization Funding Agency (SOFA), and Student Communications Funding Committee (SCFC). In addition, five administrative assistants help with all areas of Student Government.[74]", "University of North Dakota. UND has three major libraries which, together, form the largest system of research libraries in the state of North Dakota.[47] The Chester Fritz Library is the largest library in the state.[48] It houses 1.6 million volumes, provides access to approximately 28,000 electronic journal subscriptions, and owns over 20,000 electronic books.[49] It also serves as a U.S. patent and trademark depository and a government document depository.[47] UND's special collections department is known for its genealogical resources, including Norwegian Bygdeboker, or Norwegian farm and town records.[50] Branches of the Chester Fritz Library include the Energy and Environmental Research Library, the F.D. Holland Geology Library, and the Gordon Erickson Music Library.[47] The School of Law operates the Thormodsgard Law Library[51] and the School of Medicine operates the Harley E. French Library of the Health Sciences.[52]", "University of Maine School of Law. During Spring 2018, U.S. News in its 2019 Best Graduate Schools publication ranked the University of Maine School of Law 106th on its list of Best Law Schools.[7]", "University of North Dakota School of Law. The library underwent a renovation in 2003 that added mobile compact shelving. The upgrade increased the shelf-space for the library's growing collection of legal materials (which includes a core collection of 312,000 volumes).", "North Dakota. North Dakota University System (public institutions):", "William S. Richardson School of Law. In 2013, U.S. News & World Report ranked the school 25th of 190 Law Schools for \"Most Selective\". In addition, Richardson is recognized for its highly diverse student body. In 2013, U.S. News & World Report ranked it 1st of 190 Law Schools for \"Diversity Index,\"[52] while Princeton Review ranked it \"Best Environment for Minority Students.\"[53]", "University of North Dakota. UND maintains nationally competitive programs in aerospace, health sciences, political science, nutrition, energy and environmental protection, and engineering research, among others.[2] Several national research institutions are located on the university's campus including the Energy and Environmental Research Center, the School of Medicine and Health Sciences, and the USDA Human Nutrition Research Center.[2][8]", "Law school in the United States. Several other ranking systems are explicitly designed to focus on employment outcomes at or shortly after graduation, including rankings by the National Law Journal, Vault.com and Above the Law. The National Law Journal provides a comparison of its employment-based rankings to U.S. News rankings. For students who are primarily interested in lucrative employment outcomes rather than scholarly prestige, this comparison may suggest which law schools are most undervalued by the market.", "University of North Dakota. UND has ten academic divisions:[2]", "University of North Dakota. The fraternity and sorority community has a rich history at the University of North Dakota. Sanctioned chapters on campus include seven sororities (Alpha Chi Omega, Alpha Phi, Delta Gamma, Gamma Phi Beta, Kappa Alpha Theta, Pi Beta Phi, Kappa Delta) and thirteen fraternities (Alpha Tau Omega, Beta Theta Pi, Delta Tau Delta, Delta Upsilon, Kappa Sigma, Lambda Chi Alpha, Phi Delta Theta, Pi Kappa Alpha , Sigma Alpha Epsilon, Sigma Chi, Sigma Nu, Sigma Phi Epsilon).", "University of Maine School of Law. In 2009, Maine Law was ranked in the Top 100 Law Schools in the nation in U.S. News & World Report.", "Washington College of Law. In 2002, the Jessup Moot Court Team was the top ranked team in the United States and third in the World.", "Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. The Faculty of Law, University of Delhi was ranked third in India by The Week's \"Top Law Colleges in 2017\".[7]", "Oklahoma. Oklahoma City University School of Law, University of Oklahoma College of Law, and University of Tulsa College of Law are the state's only ABA accredited institutions. Both University of Oklahoma and University of Tulsa are Tier 1 institutions, with the University of Oklahoma ranked 68th and the University of Tulsa ranked 86th in the nation.[145]", "Law school in the United States. There are several different law school rankings, each with a different emphasis and different methodology. Most either emphasize inputs or readily measurable outcomes (i.e., outcomes shortly after graduation); none measure value-added or long-term outcomes. In general, these rankings are controversial, not universally accepted as authoritative.", "Law school in the United States. The U.S. News and World Report's regularly publishes a list of the \"Top 100 Law Schools\" based on various qualitative and quantitative factors, e.g., entering student LSAT scores and GPAs, reputation surveys, expenditures per student, etc.. U.S. News ratings heavily emphasize inputs—student test scores and grades, law school expenditures—but includes some outcomes such as bar passage and employment shortly after graduation. U.S. News rankings are heavily weighted toward \"reputation\", which is measured through a survey with small sample size and low response rates. The reputation scores are highly correlated with the previous years' reputation scores and may not reflect changes in law school quality over time." ]

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[ "The Roy Rogers Show. The show starred Roy Rogers as a ranch owner, Dale Evans as the proprietress of the Eureka Café and Hotel[1] in fictional Mineral City,[2] and Pat Brady as Roy’s sidekick and Dale's cook. Brady's jeep Nellybelle at times had a mind of her own and sped away driverless with Brady in frantic pursuit on foot. Earlier, during the show's 1952 episodes, the jeep was called LuLubelle. Animal stars were Roy's Palomino horse Trigger and his German Shepherd Bullet,[1] the \"Wonder Dog\".", "Roy Rogers. Roy Rogers (born Leonard Franklin Slye, November 5, 1911 – July 6, 1998) was an American singer and actor. He was one of the most popular Western stars of his era. Known as the \"King of the Cowboys\",[1] he appeared in over 100 films and numerous radio and television episodes of The Roy Rogers Show. In many of his films and television episodes, he appeared with his wife, Dale Evans; his golden palomino, Trigger; and his German shepherd dog, Bullet. His show was broadcast on radio for nine years and then on television from 1951 through 1957. His productions usually featured a sidekick, often Pat Brady, Andy Devine, George \"Gabby\" Hayes, or Smiley Burnette.[2] In his later years, Rogers lent his name to the franchise chain of Roy Rogers Restaurants.", "Roy Rogers. After 19-year-old Len Slye's second arrival in Lawndale, his sister Mary suggested that he audition for the Midnight Frolic radio program, which was broadcast over KMCS in Inglewood. A few nights later, wearing a Western shirt that Mary had made for him, he overcame his shyness and appeared on the program playing guitar, singing, and yodeling.[3] A few days later, he was asked to join a local country music group, the Rocky Mountaineers.[3] He accepted the group's offer and became a member in August 1931.[3][4]", "Jeep. Early in 1941, Willys-Overland demonstrated the vehicle's off-road capability by having it drive up the steps of the United States Capitol, driven by Willys test driver Irving \"Red\" Hausmann, who had recently heard soldiers at Fort Holabird calling it a \"jeep.\" When asked by syndicated columnist Katharine Hillyer for the Washington Daily News (or by a bystander, according to another account) what it was called, Hausmann answered, \"It's a jeep.\"", "Roy Rogers. By 1929, after his older sister Mary and her husband had moved to Lawndale, California, Len and his father quit their factory jobs, packed up their 1923 Dodge, and drove the family to California to visit Mary. They stayed for four months before returning to Ohio.[3] Soon after returning, Len had the opportunity to travel again to California with Mary's father-in-law, and the rest of the family followed in the spring of 1930. The Slye family rented a small house near Mary, and Len and his father found employment driving gravel trucks for a highway construction project.[3]", "Roy Rogers. Rogers' cultural influence is reflected in numerous songs, including \"If I Had a Boat\" by Lyle Lovett, \"Roy Rogers\" by Elton John on his 1973 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road, and \"Should've Been a Cowboy\" by Toby Keith. Rogers himself makes an appearance in the music video for the song \"Heroes and Friends\" by Randy Travis. Rogers is referenced in numerous films, including Die Hard (1988) in which the Bruce Willis character John McClane used the pseudonym \"Roy\" and remarks, \"I was always kinda partial to Roy Rogers actually.\" In the television series American Dad!, the character Roger uses \"Roy Rogers\" as a pseudonym in the episode \"Roy Rogers McFreely\".", "Roy Rogers. Rogers and Evans's famous theme song, \"Happy Trails\", was written by Evans; they sang it as a duet to sign off their television show. In the fall of 1962, the couple co-hosted a comedy-Western-variety program, The Roy Rogers and Dale Evans Show, aired on ABC. It was canceled after three months, losing in the ratings to The Jackie Gleason Show on CBS. He also made numerous cameo or guest appearances on other popular television shows, starring as himself or other cowboy-type characters, such as in an episode of Wonder Woman called \"The Bushwackers\".[16]", "List of Cars characters. TJ Hummer (voiced by Dan Scanlon) is a vain Hummer H1 that Sarge teaches in his boot camp during the end of the movie. Unlike the other SUVs in the boot camp, TJ refuses to go off road, fearing that he will get dirt on his rims, but Sarge forces him to do so. His name may be a play on the action character T.J. Hooker. The other three boot camp recruits (none of which have speaking parts) are Frank \"Pinky\" Pinkerton (a pink SUV), Murphy (an orange SUV) and Charlie Cargo.", "Roy Rogers. Rogers was a Freemason and a member of Hollywood (California) Lodge No. 355, the Scottish Rite Valley of Los Angeles, and Al Malaikah Shrine Temple.[24] He was also a pilot and the owner of a Cessna Bobcat.[25]", "Roy Rogers. In 1976, Rogers and Evans were inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, and in 1995 he was inducted again as a founding member of the Sons of the Pioneers.[30]", "Dale Jarrett. Jarrett earned his second career victory in the Busch Grand National Series at Hickory during the 1987 season.[15] In the Winston Cup Series, Jarrett replaced Tommy Ellis in the No. 18 Chevrolet owned by Eric Freelander early in the season. Running a primarily-unsponsored car, he had two 10th-place finishes and ended the season 26th in points, second to Davey Allison for Rookie of the Year honors. He ran every race of the 1988 season, despite running with various teams. He made most of his starts in the No. 29 Hardee's-sponsored Oldsmobile owned by Cale Yarborough, finishing eighth at Riverside International Raceway. He also ran races for Buddy Arrington and Hoss Ellington that season, finishing 23rd in the final standings. He ran the entire season for Yarborough in 1989, posting five Top 10 finishes, including two fifth-place runs.", "Roy Orbison. Playing shows late into the night and living with his wife and young child in his tiny apartment, Orbison often sought refuge by taking his guitar to his car and writing songs there. The songwriter Joe Melson, an acquaintance of Orbison's, tapped on his car window one day in Texas in 1958, and the two decided to try to write some songs together.[26] In three recording sessions in 1958 and 1959, Orbison recorded seven songs at RCA Nashville, with Atkins producing, but only two singles were judged worthy of release by RCA;[27] Wesley Rose brought Orbison to the attention of the producer Fred Foster at Monument Records.", "Roy Rogers. On February 8, 1960, Roy Rogers was honored with three stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame: for Motion Pictures at 1752 Vine Street, for Television at 1620 Vine Street, and for Radio at 1733 Vine Street.[28] In 1983 he was awarded the Golden Boot Award,[29]\nand in 1996 he received the Golden Boot Founder's Award.[29]", "The Roy Rogers Show. Interior shots for the show were filmed at the Samuel Goldwyn Studio, with much of the outdoor action footage filmed on the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Los Angeles, California The program was originally sponsored by General Foods (Post Cereals and Jell-O). The show's theme song, “Happy Trails”, was written by Dale Evans and sung by her and Rogers over the end credits of each episode.[2]", "Angus MacGyver. MacGyver initially used a Jeep Cherokee and then a Jeep Wrangler beginning with Season 2. But in Season 5, Episode 3 (\"The Black Corsage\"), he began driving his grandfather Harry's \"classic\" 1946 Chevrolet pickup truck.", "The Rockford Files. Familiar to viewers was Jim Rockford's gold Pontiac Firebird Esprit car. One oft-recurring element of the show was the famous \"Jim Rockford turn-around\" (also known as a J-turn or a \"moonshiner's turn\" - commonly employed as an evasive driving technique taught to Secret Service).[6][7] Garner explained the move in his 2011 autobiography The Garner Files: \"When you are going straight in reverse about 35 miles an hour, you come off the gas pedal, go hard left, and pull on the emergency brake. That locks the wheels and throws the front end around. Then you release everything, hit the gas, and off you go in the opposite direction.\" James Garner stated in a Season One DVD interview that he performed this stunt for the duration of the series. The car's license plate was 853 OKG, although the plate in some early episodes displayed the number 835 OKG. Garner writes in his autobiography that he believes that the letters OKG stood for \"Oklahoma Garner\" but that he does not know the origin of the numbers 853.", "Noble Willingham. On television, Willingham had a recurring role in the ABC series Home Improvement with Tim Allen as John Binford, and appeared as a guest star in the 1975 CBS family drama series Three for the Road. He also guest starred on The A-Team, Murder, She Wrote, Star Trek: The Next Generation (1989), Northern Exposure, The Rockford Files, Tucker's Witch with Tim Matheson and Catherine Hicks, and Quantum Leap. His additional television credits include A Woman With A Past, The Children Nobody Wanted, The Alamo: Thirteen Days to Glory, and Unconquered. He also played the conductor in Kenny Rogers as The Gambler (1980), Dr. Graham in Living Proof: The Hank Williams Jr. Story (1983), he appeared in the 1986 miniseries Dream West, and appeared in Badge of the Assassin (1985) and Men Don't Tell (1993). He guest starred as IRS Agent Bumpers in the show Remington Steele.", "Roger Miller. After numerous appearances on late night comedy shows, Miller decided that he might have a chance in Hollywood as an actor. Short of money, he signed with the up-and-coming label Smash Records, asked the label for $1,600 in cash in exchange for recording 16 sides. Smash agreed to the proposal, and Miller performed his first session for the company early in 1964, when he recorded the hits \"Dang Me\" and \"Chug-a-Lug\". Both were released as singles, peaking at No. 1 and No. 3 respectively on country charts; both fared well on the Billboard Hot 100 reaching No. 7 and No. 9.[8] The songs transformed Miller's career, although the former was penned by Miller in just four minutes. Later that year, he recorded the No. 15 hit \"Do-Wacka-Do,\" and soon after, the biggest hit of his career \"King of the Road\", which topped Country and Adult Contemporary charts while peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard 100. It also reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart for one week in May 1965. The song was inspired by a sign in Chicago that read \"Trailers for Sale or Rent\" and a hobo who happened upon Miller at an airport in Boise, but Miller needed months to write the song, which was certified gold in May 1965 after selling a million copies. It won numerous awards and earned a royalty check of $160,000 that summer.[1] Later in the year Miller scored hits with \"Engine Engine No. 9\", \"Kansas City Star\" (a Top Ten country hit in 1965 about a local television children's show personality who would rather stay in the safety and security of his success in Kansas City than become a bigger star – or risk failure – in Omaha), and \"England Swings\" (an adult contemporary No. 1). He began 1966 with the hit \"Husbands and Wives.\"[8]", "The Roy Rogers Show. The Roy Rogers Show is an American Western television series that broadcast 100 episodes on NBC for six seasons between December 30, 1951 and June 9, 1957.", "Dale Jarrett. Jarrett signed to drive for Robert Yates in 1995, piloting the No. 28 Texaco-sponsored Ford in place of an injured Ernie Irvan at the Winston Cup level. His Busch Series team also made the switch to Ford as well. With engines provided by Yates and sponsorship from Mac Tools, Jarrett scored four Busch Series wins during the season. However, only three of the wins counted. His win at Michigan was disqualified due to an unapproved engine part.[18]", "List of M*A*S*H characters. Like Roy, he is a corpsman, and he is frequently seen together with Roy. Sometimes he is a jeep driver. Dennis has glasses and straight hair, and usually has a mustache. Dennis rarely speaks beyond a few words. In one episode, Officer of the Day, he appears with another soldier and his last name is said to be Carter or Willis (it is unclear who is being referred to). One of those names, however, applies to Roy Goldman (see above), thus one can assume that the name was merely a one-time usage. In the episode \"Dr. Pierce and Mr. Hyde\", Dennis is General Clayton's jeep driver, and it is uncertain, in that instance, whether he is based at the 4077th or not.", "Roy Rogers. From his first film appearance in 1935, he worked steadily in Western films, including a large supporting role as a singing cowboy while still billed as Leonard Slye in a Gene Autry movie. In 1938, Autry demanded more money for his work, and there was a competition for a new singing cowboy. Many singers sought the job, including Willie Phelps of the Phelps brothers, who appeared in early Western movies. Slye ended up winning the contest and was given the stage name Roy Rogers by Republic Pictures, shortening his first name and combining it with the surname of Will Rogers. He was assigned the leading role in Under Western Stars. Rogers became a matinee idol, a competitor with Autry as the nation's favorite singing cowboy. In addition to his own movies, Rogers played a supporting role in the John Wayne classic Dark Command (1940). Rogers became a major box office attraction. Unlike other stars, the vast majority of his leading roles allowed him to play a character with his own name, in the manner of Gene Autry.[8]", "Jeep Grand Cherokee. The Grand Cherokee debuted in grand fashion at the 1992 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. The vehicle that was driven was a Poppy Red Clear Coat 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo with a quartz cloth interior and high-back bucket seats. Then Chrysler president Robert Lutz drove Detroit mayor, Coleman Young, from the Jefferson North Assembly Plant on North Jefferson Avenue via a police escort to Cobo Hall, up the steps of Cobo Hall and through a plate glass window to show off the new vehicle.[8] Sales of the 1993 model year Grand Cherokee began in April 1992.[9]", "Yates Racing. Kenny Irwin, Jr. drove the No. 28 car for Robert Yates in 1998 and 1999. Despite winning Rookie of the Year honors in 1998, Irwin failed to find victory lane in his two seasons. The next season, Ricky Rudd joined the team after his own Rudd Performance Motorsports team was sold. He would go on to drive 3 seasons in the Havoline-sponsored Ford, from 2000-2002, and won his first race for the team in 2001 at Pocono in June after going winless since 1998. Rudd drove the No. 28 to Victory Lane two additional times, the September Richmond race in 2001 and his final victory at Infineon in June 2002, and finished in the top ten in the standings all 3 seasons, including 4th in 2001, his 2nd highest career points finish. Rudd left the team to join Wood Brothers Racing in 2003, while Yates hired the Wood's previous driver, Elliott Sadler and Robert Yates switched from No. 28 to No. 38 along with sponsorship from Mars, Inc.", "MacGyver. MacGyver initially used a Jeep Cherokee and then a Jeep Wrangler beginning with Season 2. But in Season 5, Episode 3 (\"The Black Corsage\"), he began driving his grandfather Harry's \"classic\" 1946 Chevrolet pickup truck.", "Jeep Cherokee (XJ). British TV presenter and motoring expert Quentin Willson described the XJ Jeep as \"a real 4x4 icon\" and one of the \"few truly great cars... which, despite being left behind by newer models, still offer fresh and urgent possibilities. Cars which become more relevant the older they get.\"[15]", "List of Cars characters. Sarge (voiced by Paul Dooley) is a 1941 Willys Jeep. A veteran with a military green paint job and a slightly stylized Sergeant Major (E-9) insignia on his sides, he appears to be a World War II era Willys MB. His license plate reads \"41WW2\", which indicates the date the Willys MB entered the service of the U.S. Army (1941 World War II). He runs a surplus store, named \"Sarge's Surplus Hut\", next door to Fillmore and acts as part of Lightning's pit crew, gassing him up during the race. Near the end of the film, he operates a boot camp to train SUVs and 4x4s (some of whom had never been off-road) in rugged and dirt terrain. His recruits include T.J. Hummer, Murphy, Frank \"Pinky\" Pinkerton, and Charlie Cargo.", "Four-wheel drive. Chrysler's Jeep Division debuted the twin engine, 670 hp (500 kW) Jeep Hurricane concept at the 2005 North American International Auto Show in Detroit. This vehicle has a unique \"crab crawl\" capability, which allows it to rotate 360° in place. This is accomplished by driving the left wheels as a pair and right wheels as a pair, as opposed to driving the front and rear pairs. A central gearbox allows one side to drive in the opposite direction to the other. It also has dual Hemi V8s.", "Roy Rogers. The Sons of the Pioneers continued their popularity and have not stopped performing from the time Rogers started the group, replacing members as they retired or died (all original members are dead). Although Rogers was no longer an active member, they often appeared as his backup group in films, radio, and television, and he would occasionally appear with them in performances up until his death.", "The Roy Rogers Show. Like Rogers’s and many other Western films of the 1930s through 1950s, the series featured traditional cowboys and cowgirls riding horses and carrying six-shooters in a contemporary setting where they coexisted with automobiles, telephones, and electric lighting. No attempt was made in the scripts to explain or justify this strange amalgamation of 19th-century characters with 20th-century technology. Typical episodes followed the stars as they rescued the weak and helpless from the clutches of dishonest lawmen, con artists, bank robbers, claim jumpers, rustlers, and other \"bad guys.\"", "Roy Rogers. In the spring of 1932, Slye, Spencer, and another singer, Slumber Nichols, left the Rocky Mountaineers to form a trio, which soon failed. Throughout that year, Slye and Spencer moved through a series of short-lived groups, including the International Cowboys and the O-Bar-O Cowboys. When Spencer left the O-Bar-O Cowboys to take a break from music, Slye joined Jack LeFevre and His Texas Outlaws, who were a popular act on a local Los Angeles radio station.[6]", "Dale Jarrett. In April 1977, Jarrett entered his first professional race in the Limited Sportsman Division at Hickory.[11] His vehicle, a 1968 Chevrolet Nova,[8] was built by Andy Petree and Jimmy Newsome.[11] Jarrett started last and finished in ninth place;[11] it was after this event when Jarrett knew that he wanted to race for a living.[11][12] Jarrett continued to compete in the Limited Sportsman Division for two years,[11] before moving up to the Dash Series and then the Late Model Sportsman Division,[13] the latter in which he earned his first victory.[11]" ]

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[ "Houston Texans. As of the end of the 2017 season, the Texans' overall regular season win-loss record is 110–146 (.430). The Texans notched the 100th regular season win in their history when they defeated the Tennessee Titans on October 2, 2016. The Texans posted their best-ever season record in 2012, finishing at 12–4. The team's worst-ever seasons on record are 2–14, in both 2005 and 2013. Most recently the Texans finished 4–12 in 2017, finishing fourth in the AFC South and ending their run of two straight division titles.", "Houston Texans. The Texans are 3–4 (.429) all-time in playoff games. All four of the Texans' playoff berths were as a result of winning the AFC South division championship. The Texans have a 3-1 record all-time in Wild Card Round games but have lost all three games they have played in the Divisional Round. In 2016 this trend continued as the Texans defeated the Oakland Raiders 27-14 in a Wild Card game at home, but then were eliminated by the eventual Super Bowl LI champion New England Patriots 34-16 in the Divisional Round the following weekend.", "Houston Texans. The Houston Texans joined the league at the 2002 NFL season, playing at the newly founded Reliant Stadium. With their opening game victory over the Dallas Cowboys that season, the team became the first expansion team to win its opening game since the Minnesota Vikings beat the Chicago Bears in 1961.[6] While the team struggled in early seasons, results began to improve once native Houstonian Gary Kubiak became the head coach in 2006. The Texans finished with a .500 season (8-8) in both 2007 and 2008, and nearly qualified for the 2009–10 NFL playoffs with a 9–7 result in 2009. In 2010, the team started the season on a 4–2 record going into a Week 7 bye week, but promptly collapsed 2–8 in the second part of the season, finishing 6–10. The following season, former Cowboys head coach Wade Phillips was hired as the defensive coordinator of the Texans, and the improved defense led to the Texans finishing 10–6, winning their first AFC South title.[7] The Texans then beat wild card Cincinnati Bengals 31–10 in the first round of the 2011–12 NFL playoffs,[8] before a 20–13 defeat by the Ravens in the semifinals.[9]", "Houston. In 2017, Houston hosted Super Bowl LI.[45] This is the third Super Bowl for the city, with the previous games being held in 1974 and 2004.[46]", "Gary Kubiak. The following season under Kubiak, the Houston Texans achieved their first winning season in franchise history, when they overcame a 14-point fourth-quarter deficit to defeat the New England Patriots 34-27 at NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium, finishing the 2009 season 9-7. They missed the playoffs on a tiebreaker with the New York Jets.[18] On February 2, 2010, with a year left on the original deal he signed, the Texans' signed Kubiak to a three-year contract extension through 2012.[19]", "Gary Kubiak. The 2011 NFL lockout limited the time coaches had with players in preseason, but Phillips turned the defense he took over from 30th overall in 2010 to second overall in 2011. Despite debilitating injuries to elite players including wide receiver Andre Johnson and NFL top running back Arian Foster, as well as the devastating November 13, 2011 loss of Matt Schaub, who was having a solid year, for the season, the Texans secured their first AFC South Championship and first appearance in the NFL playoffs.[27] The Texans, with rookie fifth-round selection T. J. Yates at quarterback, defeated the Cincinnati Bengals by a score of 31-10, January 7, 2012 in the first playoff game in franchise history, with a record crowd of 71,725 at NRG Stadium, formerly Reliant Stadium.[28]", "Houston Texans. As of the end of the 2017 season, there is one team against which the Texans have never lost: the Chicago Bears (4–0). There are also two teams which the Texans have never beaten: the Minnesota Vikings (0–4) and Philadelphia Eagles (0–4). According to the NFL's scheduling formula, the Texans' next regular-season game against the Eagles will be in 2018, and their next regular season games against the Bears and Vikings will occur in 2020.", "Super Bowl XXXVIII. VS. Houston Texans", "Dallas Texans (NFL). The Dallas Texans played in the National Football League (NFL) for one season, 1952, with a record of 1–11. The team is considered one of the worst teams in NFL history, both on (lowest franchise winning percentage)[1] and off the field. The team was based first in Dallas, then Hershey, Pennsylvania, and Akron, Ohio, during its only season. The Texans were the last NFL team to fold. Many players on the 1952 roster went to the new Baltimore Colts franchise in 1953. The American Football League (AFL) had a 1960 charter member named the Dallas Texans (who later became the Kansas City Chiefs), but the AFL Texans have no relationship with the earlier NFL team.", "Houston Texans. The Houston Texans are a professional American football team based in Houston, Texas. The Texans compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the American Football Conference (AFC) South division. The club first played in 2002 as an expansion team, making them the youngest franchise currently competing in the NFL.[4] The Texans replaced the city's previous NFL franchise, the Houston Oilers, which moved to Nashville, Tennessee and are now known as the Tennessee Titans. The team's majority owner is Bob McNair. While the team mainly struggled in the 2000s, they clinched their first playoff berth during the 2011 season as AFC South division champions.[5] The Texans have gone on to win more AFC South championships in 2012, 2015, and 2016. To date, the Texans are the only NFL franchise to have never played in a conference championship game.", "Dallas Texans (NFL). The team played one of its final two \"home\" games at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio, where the franchise tallied its only win under the Texans moniker — over the ancient Chicago Bears of George Halas, in front of an estimated crowd of only 3,000 fans on Thanksgiving Day. As a measure of how low the NFL still ranked on the sports scene in the 1950s, a high school football game far outdrew the professional contest. Head coach Jim Phelan jokingly suggested because of the small turnout, they should \"go into the stands and shake hands with each fan.\" Halas had been so certain that the Bears would overpower the lowly Texans that he started only his second-stringers. The Texans jumped out to a 20–2 lead and hung on for a 27–23 win. With the victory, the NFL avoided having a franchise with a winless regular season, something that had not happened since 1944.[6] The team's final game was a 41–6 flogging at the hands of the Detroit Lions. That game was supposed to be played in Dallas, but was moved to Detroit after the league took over the team—forcing the Texans to make their second trip of the year to Briggs Stadium. Two weeks later, the Lions won the NFL's 1952 championship.", "Houston Texans. As members of the AFC South, the Texans play 6 of their 16 regular season games against other AFC South teams. As of the end of the 2017 season, the Texans have a cumulative record of 41-55 (.427) against their three divisional rivals: 19–13 versus the Jacksonville Jaguars; 15–17 versus the Tennessee Titans; and 7–25 versus the Indianapolis Colts. The Texans have fared slightly better against the rest of the AFC, posting a regular season record of 43-53 (.448) against AFC teams from divisions other than the South, with a 14–17 record against AFC East teams, 16–18 against AFC North teams, and 13–18 against AFC West teams. The Texans are 26–38 (.406) against NFC teams, tallying a 4–12 record against NFC East teams, 8–8 against NFC North teams, 9-7 against NFC South teams, and 5–11 against NFC West teams.[23]", "Houston Texans. In the 2015 season, they were featured on HBO, on the show \"Hard Knocks\". That year, the Texans started with a 2–5 record. Quarterback Ryan Mallett was released amidst controversy regarding his benching in favor of Brian Hoyer during a loss against the Indianapolis Colts.[13] After a poor start, the Texans finished with a 9–7 record and won their third AFC South title. However, they were shut out by the Kansas City Chiefs in the Wild Card round 30–0, ending their championship hopes for the year.", "Houston Texans. The Texans are the youngest franchise in the NFL, having only been competing in the NFL since 2002. For most of that time, they were considered perennial bottom-dwellers in the AFC South. For that reason, they have not had the history or the reputation on which to build classic rivalries like the ones that often exist between older franchises.", "2002 NFL expansion draft. The 2002 National Football League expansion draft is the most recent National Football League (NFL) draft in which a new expansion team, named the Houston Texans, selected its first players. On October 6, 1999, in Atlanta, NFL owners had unanimously voted to award the 32nd NFL franchise and the Super Bowl XXXVIII to the city of Houston, Texas.[1] So that the Texans could become competitive with existing teams, the league awarded the Texans the first pick in the 2002 NFL Draft and gave them the opportunity to select current players from existing teams. That selection was provided by the expansion draft, held on February 18, 2002.[2][3][4][5]", "Houston Texans. In 2002, the team wore a patch commemorating their inaugural season. Also, they celebrated 10 years as a franchise by wearing an anniversary patch throughout 2012.", "Gary Kubiak. In the 2010 season, Houston started off strong with a record of 4–2 heading into their bye week (Week 7). However, Kubiak's promising campaign quickly turned disastrous as the Texans lost eight of their final 10 games placing them third in the AFC South, with a record of 6–10.[20][21] The Texans ended up fourth in passing yards, seventh in rushing yards, and third in overall yards. The 2010 Texans defense was arguably one of the worst in the league finishing last in passing yards allowed and tied for last in passing touchdowns allowed.[22]", "Gary Kubiak. The 2012 season saw the Texans start 5-0 for the first time in the franchise's history.[31] The Texans would finish the season a franchise-best 12-4 and defeated the Cincinnati Bengals in the Wild Card Round for the second straight year before falling to the New England Patriots by a score of 41-28 in the Divisional Round.[32]", "Governor's Cup (Texas). The Texans joined the NFL as an expansion team for the 2002 season. Since then, the Texans lead in the series overall at 8–7 as of the start of the 2018 season. The Texans lead the pre-season series at 6–4 and the Dallas Cowboys lead the regular season series 3–2.", "Houston Texans. The Texans entered the 2014 season with a 14-game losing streak. Former Penn State head coach Bill O'Brien became the Texans' new head coach, and the third in franchise history, during the offseason.[11][12] In 2014, the Texans won three of their first four games, defeating the Redskins in the season opener, the Raiders, and the Bills, losing to the New York Giants. They lost three of their next four games, losing to the Dallas Cowboys, the Indianapolis Colts, and the Pittsburgh Steelers, respectively. The Texans went on to finish 9–7 in the 2014 season and barely missed the playoffs.", "Andre Johnson. In 2009, Johnson once again led the league in receiving yards with 1,569 on 101 receptions and a career-high 9 touchdowns to lead the Texans to a 9-7 record, the first winning record in franchise history. Johnson joined Jerry Rice as the only two receivers since the merger to lead the league in receiving yards in consecutive seasons.[11] However, the Texans narrowly missed the playoffs on tiebreakers to the Baltimore Ravens and New York Jets, who also finished 9-7 but had superior conference records.", "Super Bowl XX. As of 2016, Super Bowl XX remains the last Super Bowl to feature two teams both making their first appearance in the game. It was the fourth overall following Super Bowl I, Super Bowl III, and Super Bowl XVI. Any future Super Bowl that would have such a combination would have to have the Detroit Lions playing either the Cleveland Browns, Houston Texans, or Jacksonville Jaguars in the game. All 16 NFC teams have played in an NFL championship game (Detroit last made an NFL championship game in the pre-merger era); only the three AFC franchises that began play since 1995 (the technicalities of the Browns franchise contrasting to the revisionism means this version began in 1999) have yet to reach a league championship game.", "1952 NFL season. However, the new Dallas Texans went 1–11, and was sold back to the league midway through the season. For the team's last five games, the league operated the Texans as a road team, using Hershey, Pennsylvania as a home base. One of their final two \"home\" games were held at the Rubber Bowl in Akron, Ohio the other one played at the opposing team's (Detroit) stadium. After the season ended, the league folded the Texans, the last time an NFL team failed. This left Dallas without a professional football franchise until the births of the Dallas Cowboys and the AFL version of the Dallas Texans in 1960.", "Andre Johnson. Things were looking up for the Texans in the 2011 season after the first three weeks, as Johnson had caught 7 passes in each of the first three games for at least 90 yards per game and had two touchdown catches. However, just as running back Arian Foster had returned from a hamstring injury, Johnson suffered one of his own in Week 4 against the Pittsburgh Steelers. In the second quarter, as Johnson caught a pass from Matt Schaub, he went down untouched, grabbing his right hamstring. The injury caused him to miss nine games and playing limited snaps in the other three. Johnson finished the season with career-lows in games played (7), receptions (33), yards (492), and touchdowns (2), but the Texans, in their tenth season in the NFL, made the playoffs for the first time in franchise history by winning the AFC South Division with a 10-6 record.", "Houston Texans. The Texans surged as the team to beat in the AFC South in 2012, holding an 11–1 record by week 14. However, they lost three of their last four games to finish 12–4; beating the rival Indianapolis Colts in that four-game stretch allowing them to clinch their 2nd AFC South title. The Texans beat the Bengals again in the wild-card round, but they lost in the second round to the New England Patriots.[10]", "J. J. Watt. Watt had a strong season, but the Texans struggled as a whole, in the 2013 season.[44] In Week 2, against the Tennessee Titans, he had his first two sacks of the season in 30–24 win.[45] From Weeks 7–12, he recorded at least one sack in each game.[46][47][48][49][50] Overall, in the 2013 season, Watt recorded 65 solo tackles, 15 assisted tackles, seven passes defended, 10.5 sacks, four forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries.[32][51] The Texans, however, had a losing season and finished with a 2–14 record.[52] Watt was named to the 2014 NFL Pro Bowl and was a Pro Bowl Captain.[32]", "Houston Texans. The Texans have also developed a somewhat close rivalry with the Cincinnati Bengals, starting in 2011, when young Bengals quarterback and Houston-area native Andy Dalton led the Bengals to the playoffs only to be stopped short by the Texans two years in a row. (In 2011, the Texans had clinched their playoff spot, the first ever for the franchise, with a regular-season victory in Cincinnati. In 2016, they clinched the division with a regular-season victory in Houston.) The two teams have competitive bitter matchups in the regular season too, including the 3-5 Texans' upset road victory over the until-then undefeated Bengals on Monday Night Football on November 16, 2015. After the game, star defensive end J. J. Watt stated in a post-game interview that the Texans defense made the \"Red Rifle\" (nickname given to Dalton for his signature red hair) look like a \"Red Ryder BB Gun.\" On the Christmas Eve game on Saturday Night, former Texans kicker Randy Bullock (who was cut from the Texans in 2015) was playing in his first game for the Bengals when in 5 seconds left of the game. He kicks the potential game-winning field goal wide right leading the Texans to win 12-10 and win the AFC South and the #4 seed in the playoffs.", "AFC South. Entering 2016, the Colts hold a 494–433–7 record and a 22–23 playoff record with two NFL league crowns, four Super Bowl appearances and two wins. The Titans hold a record of 404–442–6 with a playoff record of 14–19, including two AFL championships and the loss in Super Bowl XXXIV. The Jaguars hold a 152–184 record and a 5–6 playoff record. The Texans made the playoffs for the first time in their ten-season existence in 2011 and hold an 97–127 record and a 2–3 playoff record.", "Super Bowl XLV. NFL owners voted to select the North Texas site on May 22, 2007.[11]", "Houston Texans. National Football League (2002–present)", "Houston Texans. The Texans also have state border rivalry with the New Orleans Saints, with whom they contest every year (either in the preseason or the regular season). Ever since 2005, following a mass evacuation of New Orleans for Hurricane Katrina's devastation, the rivalry has grown stronger due to many or the New Orleans fans former residents staying in Houston permanently. The teams generally host joint practices against each other during week preceding the pre-season match up as well.", "Kansas City Chiefs. In Schottenheimer's tenure as head coach, (1989–1998), the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender, featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg, Christian Okoye, Stephone Paige and Barry Word, a strong defense, anchored by Thomas, Smith, Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry, and on special teams, Nick Lowery, most accurate kicker in NFL History.[6] The team recorded a 101–58–1 record, and clinched seven playoff berths.[30] The Chiefs' 1993 season was the franchise's most successful in 22 years.[28] With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen, two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs, the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL.[28] The 11–5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills.[28] The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30–13.[28] The Chiefs' victory on January 16, 1994, against the Oilers remained the franchise's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30–0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9, 2016." ]

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[ "Hot Fuzz. The film is the second in Wright and Pegg's Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy and was preceded by 2004's Shaun of the Dead and followed by 2013's The World's End, each of them featuring a different flavour of Cornetto ice cream.[6] It is also the most financially successful film in the trilogy.", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy (also known as the Cornetto trilogy or the Blood and Ice Cream trilogy)[1][2] is a series of British comedic genre films directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, produced by Nira Park, and starring Pegg and Nick Frost. The trilogy consists of Shaun of the Dead (2004), Hot Fuzz (2007), and The World's End (2013).", "Hot Fuzz. Frost's characters (Danny in Hot Fuzz, Ed in Shaun of the Dead) have a liking for Cornettos.[24] Pegg and Wright have referred to Hot Fuzz as being the second film in \"Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy\" with Shaun of the Dead as the first and The World's End as the third.[25][26]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. Wright seriously considered the three films as a trilogy, and wrote The World's End to complete themes set out in the earlier films, adding a Cornetto reference to the film. Each film in the trilogy is connected to a specific Cornetto flavour appearing in each film.[2][11] Shaun of the Dead features a strawberry-flavoured Cornetto, which signifies the film's bloody and gory elements,[12] Hot Fuzz includes the blue original Cornetto, to signify the police element to the film,[13] and The World's End features the green mint chocolate chip flavour (though shown only by a wrapper caught in the wind) representing \"little green men\" and science fiction.[14] According to Wright, Wall's, manufacturer of the Cornetto, were \"very pleased with the namecheck\".[15]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The name originates from a \"silly joke\" during the promotion of Hot Fuzz.[7] Wright had written in Cornetto ice cream as a hangover cure for Frost's character in Shaun of the Dead, based on his own experiences. In Hot Fuzz, Wright included a couple of brief throwaway scenes that referred to the Cornetto joke in Shaun. On the promotional tour of Hot Fuzz during production of The World's End, one interviewer pointed out the use of Cornetto in the first two films, and Wright jokingly said that they represent a trilogy comparable to Krzysztof Kieślowski's Three Colours film trilogy.[8][9][10]", "The World's End (film). Wright has described the film as \"social science fiction\" in the tradition of John Wyndham and Samuel Youd (John Christopher).[5] It is the third and final film in the Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, following Shaun of the Dead (2004) and Hot Fuzz (2007). The film was produced by Relativity Media, StudioCanal, Big Talk Productions, and Working Title Films.[6]", "Shaun of the Dead. Shaun of the Dead is a 2004 horror comedy film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg and Nick Frost. Pegg plays Shaun, a directionless Londoner who is caught in an apocalyptic zombie uprising. The film was a critical and commercial success and was nominated for a BAFTA. It is the first in Wright and Pegg's Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, followed by 2007's Hot Fuzz and 2013's The World's End.[5]", "Hot Fuzz. Hot Fuzz is a 2007 British action comedy film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg and Nick Frost. The three and the film's producer Nira Park had previously worked together on the television series Spaced and the 2004 film Shaun of the Dead.[5] The film follows two police officers attempting to solve a series of mysterious deaths in an English village.", "Hot Fuzz. Hot Fuzz received critical acclaim. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 91% approval rating with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 199 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"The brilliant minds behind Shaun of the Dead successfully take a shot at the buddy cop genre with Hot Fuzz. The result is a bitingly satiric and hugely entertaining parody.\"[35] It also has a Metacritic score of 81/100.[36] Olly Richards of Empire praised the chemistry between Pegg and Frost, saying: \"After almost a decade together, they're clearly so comfortable in each other's presence that they feel no need to fight for the punchline, making them terrific company for two hours\".[37] Johnny Vaughan of The Sun already called it the \"most arresting Brit-com of 2007\".[38] Phillip French of The Observer, who did not care for Shaun of the Dead, warmed to the comedy team in this film.[39] The film also received positive reviews in the United States. Derek Elley of Variety praised Broadbent and Dalton as \"especially good as Angel's hail-fellow-well-met superior and oily No. 1 suspect\".[40] As an homage to the genre, the film was well received by screenwriter Shane Black.[23] On Spill.com, it got their 2nd-highest rating of 'Full Price!!'.", "The World's End (film). The World's End earned £2,122,288 during its UK opening weekend, losing the top spot to Monsters University. Its weekend grosses were higher than Shaun of the Dead's £1.6 million but lower than Hot Fuzz's £5.4 million.[23]", "Hot Fuzz. References to Shaun of the Dead are also present in the film. In one scene, Nicholas wants to chase a shoplifter by jumping over garden fences; however, Danny is reluctant. Nicholas says, \"What's the matter, Danny? You never taken a shortcut before?\" He smiles assuredly before jumping over three in a row (according to the DVD commentary, Pegg vaulted over three fences, and a stunt man did a back flip over the fourth). When Danny attempts it, he trips and falls through the fence. This is almost identical to a scene in Shaun of the Dead, including the fall-through-fence gag, albeit with the pratfalling role reverse: in Shaun of the Dead it happens to Pegg's character rather than Frost's, and he falls over the fence rather than through it. The DVD commentary says that Frost purposely looked back at the camera after crashing through the fence, to show that he had done the stunt rather than someone else.", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. Discussing The World's End, Wright said that any actor who appeared in the first two films would also appear in the third, adding, \"We even got back Nicola Cunningham, who played Mary the zombie in Shaun of the Dead. And Mark Donovan, so the first two zombies from Shaun of the Dead are in this. The twins are in it.\"[18]", "Hot Fuzz. The film generated £7.1 million in its first weekend of release in the United Kingdom on 14 February 2007.[44] In the 20 April US opening weekend, the film grossed $5.8 million from only 825 cinemas, making it the highest per-cinema average of any film in the top ten that week.[4] Its opening weekend take beat the $3.3 million opening weekend gross of Pegg and Wright's previous film, Shaun of the Dead. In its second weekend of release, Rogue Pictures expanded the film's cinema count from 825 to 1,272 and it grossed $4.9 million, representing a 17% dip in the gross.[45] Altogether, Hot Fuzz grossed $80,573,774 worldwide.[4] In nine weeks, the film earned nearly twice what Shaun of the Dead made in the US, and more than three times its gross in other countries.[46]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The second entry is Hot Fuzz, a 2007 buddy cop comedy. Pegg and Frost play police officers who investigate a series of mysterious deaths in a small English village; Frost's character grew up there and Pegg is an outsider. The two officers purchase Cornetto cones at a convenience store at various times, and a scrap of the wrapper falls onto the counter when Pegg's character later makes other purchases at a motorway service station.", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. Wright considered each of the films a \"Trojan horse\", \"genre films that have a relationship comedy smuggled inside a zombie movie, a cop movie and a sci-fi movie\".[7] Thematically, Wright saw each of the films containing common themes of \"the individuals in a collective [...] about growing up and [...] about the dangers of perpetual adolescence\".[7] Wright reworked the script of The World's End to conclude on these themes.[7] The films are further linked by a common set of actors. Wright, Park, Pegg, and Frost collaborated previously in the TV series Spaced from 1999 to 2001. Martin Freeman, Bill Nighy, Rafe Spall, Julia Deakin, Patricia Franklin, and Garth Jennings appear in each of the films as well as other projects by Wright and Pegg. Clark Collis observes in Entertainment Weekly that the films also feature \"a running gag involving garden fences\".[9]", "Martin Freeman. Freeman appeared in all three of Simon Pegg and Edgar Wright's comedic Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy, commencing with a brief non-speaking role in Shaun of the Dead as Yvonne's boyfriend, Declan, followed by a brief cameo in Hot Fuzz as a police officer. He was a main cast member in the 2013 finale to the trilogy, The World's End. On 5 October 2013, he was presented with a fellowship bearing his name by the members of University College Dublin's Literary & Historical Society. In April 2014, Freeman began playing insurance salesman Lester Nygaard in the dark comedy-crime drama series Fargo.[15] For his performance in this series, he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award,[16] a Golden Globe Award,[17] and a Critics' Choice Television Award.[18] He opened in the title role in Shakespeare’s play Richard III in July 2014 at Trafalgar Studios.[19]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The first film is Shaun of the Dead, a 2004 romantic zombie comedy film (or \"rom-zom-com\"). Pegg plays Shaun, a man attempting to gain focus in his life as he deals with his girlfriend, his mother and stepfather in the midst of an apocalyptic uprising of zombies.[16]", "Hot Fuzz. The DVD was released on 11 June 2007 in the UK. Over one million DVDs were sold in the UK in the first four weeks of its release.[47] The two-disc set contains the feature film with commentaries, outtakes, storyboards, deleted scenes, a making-of documentary, video blogs, featurettes, galleries, and some hidden easter eggs. The DVD also features Wright's last amateur film, Dead Right, which he described as \"Hot Fuzz without the budget\". Due to the above release date, the film arrived on region 2 DVD earlier than the theatrical release date in Germany on 14 June 2007.[48] In the commentary with director Wright and fellow filmmaker Quentin Tarantino, they discuss nearly 200 films.[49]", "The World's End (film). Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B+, praising it as \"hilarious\" and the \"best\" collaboration of Wright, Pegg and Frost, saying that \"these pint-swilling Peter Pans also know how to work the heart and the brain for belly laughs... The finale is a little too shaggy and silly. But what do you expect after a dozen beers?\"[31] Mark Dinning of Empire magazine gave the film four stars out of five, writing: \"Bravely refusing to rigidly adhere to a formula that has been so successful, Wright, Pegg and Frost's Cornetto Trilogy closer has tonal shifts you won't expect, but the same beating heart you've been craving.\"[32] Movie blog eatpraymedia gave the film four and a half stars, calling it \"...the perfect antidote to big budget movie making.\"[33] Henry Barnes of The Guardian gave the film four stars out of five, writing: \"With this final film they've slowed down a bit, grown up a lot. And saved the richest bite until last.\"[34]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The third and final installment is The World's End, a 2013 science fiction apocalyptic comedy. The film follows a group of friends, led by Pegg, reattempting an epic pub crawl during an alien occupation of their home town. In the final scene of the film, a Cornetto wrapper blows past in a breeze, briefly catching on a wire fence.", "Leave Before the Lights Come On. The video was released on the band's website on 3 August 2006. It was directed by John Hardwick, who was also at the helm for the video for \"M.O.R.\" for the band Blur. The video was filmed in Sheffield in the Cultural Industries Quarter in July 2006 and features actors Kate Ashfield of Shaun of the Dead fame and Paddy Considine of The World's End and Hot Fuzz fame. The video starts off with Ashfield on the top of a building (the Showroom Cinema) about to jump off. She drops her shoe as Considine is walking in the street below. He sees Ashfield and immediately runs to the top of the building. He puts out his hand then he and Ashfield hug. The two walk to nearby cafe and sit down to have coffee. Ashfield makes an attempt to kiss Considine. He stops her, showing his wedding ring, then walks out of the cafe but she makes an attempt to follow him. He gets her up against a fence and threatens her before walking off. Ashfield then runs back up to the top of the building where she purposely drops her shoe in front of an unsuspecting Matt Helders, strolling along in a T-shirt with the words 'Bang, Bang' on it, a recording company for the Arctic Monkeys, implying the events to be repeated cyclically.", "Attack the Block. Big Talk Pictures, known for films including Shaun of the Dead, Hot Fuzz, and Scott Pilgrim vs. The World, produced the film alongside Film4, The UK Film Council, and StudioCanal.[2]", "Shaun of the Dead. The film's cast features a number of British comedians, comic actors, and sitcom stars, most prominently from Spaced, Black Books and The Office. Shaun of the Dead also co-stars Dylan Moran, who played Bernard Black in Black Books, Martin Freeman (Tim Canterbury in The Office), Tamsin Greig (Fran in Black Books, Caroline in Green Wing), Julia Deakin (Marsha in Spaced), Reece Shearsmith (Dexter in Spaced and a member of The League of Gentlemen) and Matt Lucas (writer/co-star of Little Britain). In addition, the voices of Mark Gatiss (The League of Gentlemen) and Julia Davis (Nighty Night) can be heard as radio news presenters, as can David Walliams (Little Britain) who provides the voice of an unseen TV reporter. Trisha Goddard also makes a cameo appearance, hosting two fictionalised episodes of her real-life talk show Trisha. Many other comics and comic actors appear in cameos as zombies, including Rob Brydon, Paul Putner, Russell Howard, Pamela Kempthorne (Morticia de'Ath in The Vampires of Bloody Island), Joe Cornish, Antonia Campbell-Hughes (from the Jack Dee sitcom Lead Balloon), Mark Donovan (Black Books) and Michael Smiley (Tyres in Spaced). Coldplay members Chris Martin (who contributed to the soundtrack by guest singing the cover of Buzzcocks' \"Everybody's Happy Nowadays\" with Ash) and Jonny Buckland also have cameo roles in the film.[6]", "Hot Fuzz. Various scenes in Hot Fuzz feature a variety of action film DVDs such as Supercop and scenes from Point Break and Bad Boys II. Wright revealed that he had to get permission from every actor in each video clip, including stunt men, to use the clips and for the use of the DVD covers had to pay for the rights from the respective studios.[27] The film parodies clichés used in other action movies. On the topic of perceived gun fetishes in these movies, Pegg has said, \"Men can't do that thing, which is the greatest achievement of humankind, which is to make another human, so we make metal versions of our own penises and fire more bits of metal out of the end into people's heads... It's our turn to grab the gun by the hilt and fire it into your face.\"[14] Despite this, Pegg maintains that the film is not a spoof, in that \"They lack the sneer that a lot of parodies have that look down on their source material. Because we're looking up to it.\"[28] The film also includes various references to The Wicker Man, in which Edward Woodward had played a policeman tough on law and order.[29]", "Hot Fuzz. Similar to the work in Shaun of the Dead, blood and gore was prevalent throughout the film. Visual effects supervisor Richard Briscoe revealed the rationale for using the large amounts of blood: \"In many ways, the more extreme you make it, the more people know it is stylised and enjoy the humour inherent in how ridiculous it is. It's rather like the (eventually) limbless Black Knight in Monty Python's Holy Grail.\"[30] The most time-consuming gore sequence involved a character's head being crushed by a section of a church. A dummy was used against a green screen and the head was detonated at the point when the object was about to impact the body. Throughout the film, over seventy gunfight shots were digitally augmented; Briscoe's rationale for adding the additional effects was that \"The town square shootout, for example, is full of extra little hits scattered throughout, so that it feels like our hero characters really do have it all going off, all around them. It was a great demonstration of [how] seemingly very trivial enhancements can make a difference when combined across a sequence.\"[30]", "Hot Fuzz. Wright has said that Hot Fuzz takes elements from his final amateur film, Dead Right, which he described as both \"Lethal Weapon set in Somerset\" and \"a Dirty Harry film in Somerset\".[16] He uses some of the same locations in both films, including the Somerfield supermarket, where he used to work as a shelf-stacker.[16]", "Hot Fuzz. Other music from the film is a mix of 1960s and 1970s British rock (The Kinks, T.Rex, The Move, Sweet, The Troggs, Arthur Brown, Cloud 69, Cozy Powell, Dire Straits), new wave (Adam Ant, XTC) and a Glaswegian indie band (The Fratellis).[52][53] The soundtrack album features dialogue extracts by Pegg, Frost, and other cast members, mostly embedded in the music tracks.[54] The song selection also includes some police-themed titles, including Supergrass' \"Caught by the Fuzz\" as well as \"Here Come the Fuzz\", which was specially composed for the film by Jon Spencer's Blues Explosion.[17][52]", "Three Flavours Cornetto trilogy. The trilogy's Cornetto reference begins with a scene in which Shaun buys a cone for his friend Ed (Frost) at his request as Ed wakes up groggy and badly hung over after a night of drinking. Director Edgar Wright has said that he used to use Cornettos as a hangover cure.[17]", "Hot Fuzz. The first two teaser trailers were released on 16 October 2006. Wright, Pegg, and Frost maintained several video blogs, which were released at various times throughout the production of the film.[31] Wright and Frost held a panel at the 2006 Comic-Con convention in San Diego, California to promote Hot Fuzz, which included preliminary footage and a question and answer session.[32] The two returned to the convention again in 2007 to promote the US DVD release.[33] Advance screenings of the film took place on 14 February 2007 in the UK and the world premiere was on 16 February 2007. The premiere included escorts from motorcycle police officers and the use of blue carpet instead of the traditional red carpet.[34]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. The World's End is a 2013 British-American comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike. The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during a pub crawl in their home town. In the final confrontation with the aliens (Bill Nighy) it is revealed that it was the aliens who helped create all the technology around us and once the aliens were ordered to leave the world reset to a post apocalyptic state.", "Shaun of the Dead. Six months after the outbreak, civilisation has returned to normal, and surviving zombies are used as cheap labour and entertainment. Liz has moved in with Shaun, while Shaun keeps the zombie Ed tethered in his shed, where they play video games together.", "The World's End (film). The World's End is a 2013 comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike. The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during an epic pub crawl in their home town." ]

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[ "Million Dollar Money Drop. Later, viewers began to dispute the accuracy of the question because of information on the Internet that indicated Post-It Notes were \"launched\" or \"introduced\" under the name \"Press 'N Peel\" in four cities in 1977, based on an interview with the inventors of the Post-It Note published in the Financial Times.[7][8] On April 6, 1980, the product debuted in US stores as \"Post-It Notes.\"[9] The Sony Walkman went on sale in Japan on July 1, 1979, and was later introduced to the US in June 1980.[10]", "Compact Cassette. Like the transistor radio in the 1950s and 1960s, the portable CD player in the 1990s, and the MP3 player in the 2000s, the Walkman defined the portable music market for the decade of the '80s, with cassette sales overtaking those of LPs.[5][25] Total vinyl record sales remained higher well into the 1980s due to greater sales of singles, although cassette singles achieved popularity for a period in the 1990s.[25] Another barrier to cassettes overtaking vinyl in sales was shoplifting; compact cassettes were small enough that a thief could easily place one inside a pocket and walk out of a store without being noticed. To prevent this, retailers would place cassettes inside oversized \"spaghetti box\" containers or locked display cases, either of which would significantly inhibit browsing, thus reducing cassette sales.[26] During the early 1980s some record labels sought to solve this problem by introducing new, larger packages for cassettes which would allow them to be displayed alongside vinyl records and compact discs, or giving them a further market advantage over vinyl by adding bonus tracks.[26] Willem Andriessen wrote that the development in technology allowed \"hardware designers to [...] discover and satisfy one of the collective desires of human beings all over the world, independent of region, climate, religion, culture, race, sex, age and education: the desire to enjoy music at any time, at any place, [...] in any desired sound quality and almost at any wanted price.[27]", "Sound recording and reproduction. The next important innovation was small cartridge-based tape systems, of which the compact cassette, commercialized by the Philips electronics company in 1964, is the best known. Initially a low-fidelity format for spoken-word voice recording and inadequate for music reproduction, after a series of improvements it entirely replaced the competing formats: the larger 8-track tape (used primarily in cars) and the fairly similar \"Deutsche Cassette\" developed by the German company Grundig. This latter system was not particularly common in Europe and practically unheard-of in America. The compact cassette became a major consumer audio format and advances in electronic and mechanical miniaturization led to the development of the Sony Walkman, a pocket-sized cassette player introduced in 1979. The Walkman was the first personal music player and it gave a major boost to sales of prerecorded cassettes, which became the first widely successful release format that used a re-recordable medium: the vinyl record was a playback-only medium and commercially prerecorded tapes for reel-to-reel tape decks, which many consumers found difficult to operate, were never more than an uncommon niche market item.", "1980s. Walkman and boomboxes, invented during the late 1970s, became very popular as they were introduced to various countries in the early 1980s, and had a profound impact on the Music industry and youth culture. Consumer VCRs and video rental stores became commonplace as VHS won out over the competing Betamax standard. In addition, in the early 1980s various companies began selling compact, modestly priced synthesizers to the public. This, along with the development of Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI), made it easier to integrate and synchronize synthesizers and other electronic instruments, like drum machines, for use in musical composition.", "Compact Cassette. Although the birth and growth of the cassette began in the 1960s, its cultural moment took place during the 1970s and 1980s.[16] The cassette's popularity grew during these years as a result of being a more effective, convenient and portable way of listening to music.[16] Stereo tape decks and boom boxes became some of the most highly sought-after consumer products of both decades.[16] Portable pocket recorders and high-fidelity (\"hi-fi\") players, such as Sony's Walkman (1979), also enabled users to take their music with them anywhere with ease.[16] The increasing user-friendliness of the cassette led to its popularity around the globe.[16][23] The body of the Walkman was not much larger than the cassette tape itself, with mechanical keys on one side, or electronic buttons or a display on the face. Sony's WM-10 was even smaller than the cassette itself, and expanded to hold and play a cassette.[24]", "Home video game console. Sony's PlayStation 2 was released in Japan on March 4, 2000, in North America on October 26, 2000, in Europe on November 24, 2000 and in Australia on November 30, 2000. It was the follow-up to its highly successful PlayStation, and was also the first home game console to be able to play DVDs. As was done with the original PlayStation in 2000, Sony redesigned the console in 2004 into a smaller version. As of November 21, 2011 over 140 million PlayStation 2 units have been sold.[56][57] This makes it the best selling home console of all time to date, and now the best-selling video game console to date.", "CD player. The Japanese launch was followed in March 1983 by the introduction of CD players and discs to Europe[25] and North America (where CBS Records released sixteen titles).[26] This event is often seen as the \"Big Bang\" of the digital audio revolution. The new audio disc was enthusiastically received, especially in the early-adopting classical music and audiophile communities, and its handling quality received particular praise. As the price of players gradually came down, and with the introduction of the portable Walkman the CD began to gain popularity in the larger popular and rock music markets. The first artist to sell a million copies on CD was Dire Straits, with their 1985 album Brothers in Arms.[27] The first major artist to have his entire catalogue converted to CD was David Bowie, whose 15 studio albums were made available by RCA Records in February 1985, along with four greatest hits albums.[28] In 1988, 400 million CDs were manufactured by 50 pressing plants around the world.[29]", "Cassette deck. Cassette decks soon came into widespread use and were designed variously for professional applications, home audio systems, and for mobile use in cars, as well as portable recorders. From the mid-1970s to the late 1990s the cassette deck was the preferred music source for the automobile. Like an 8-track cartridge, it was relatively insensitive to vehicle motion, but it had reduced tape flutter, as well as the obvious advantages of smaller physical size and fast forward/rewind capability. A major boost to the cassette's popularity came with the release of the Sony Walkman \"personal\" cassette player in 1979, designed specifically as a headphone-only ultra-compact \"wearable\" music source. Although the vast majority of such players eventually sold were not Sony products, the name \"Walkman\" has become synonymous with this type of device.", "1980s. Walkman WM-D6C Pro (1984)", "CD player. A 2005 book stated that after Apple Computers entered the music industry, within ten years it became the dominant seller of portable digital audio music players (its iPod line), \"...while former giant Sony (maker of the [portable] Walkman and [CD] Discman [was] struggling.\" [55] This market change was initiated in 1998, when the first portable digital audio player, the Rio personal digital music player, was introduced. Portable MP3 players like the Rio competed with portable CD players. The 64 MB version of the Rio MP3 player enabled users to store about 20 songs on the player.[56] One of the benefits of the Rio over portable CD players was that since the Rio had no moving parts, it offered skip-free playback.[56] Since 1998, the price of portable digital audio players has dropped and the storage capacity has increased significantly. In the 2000s, users can \"carry [their] entire music collection in a [digital audio] player the size of a cigarette package.\"[56] The 4 GB iPod, for example, holds over 1,000 songs.[56]", "Portable media player. The first portable MP3 player was launched in 1997 by Saehan Information Systems,[19] which sold its “MPMan\" player in Asia in spring 1998.[20] In mid-1998, the South Korean company licensed the players for North American distribution to Eiger Labs, which rebranded them as the EigerMan F10 and F20.[21] The flash-based players were available in 32 MB or 64 MB (6 or 12 songs) storage capacity and had a LCD screen to tell the user the song currently playing.", "PlayStation 2. The PS2 was launched in March 2000 in Japan, October in North America, and November in Europe. Sales of the console, games and accessories pulled in $250 million on the first day, beating the $97 million made on the first day of the Dreamcast.[20] Directly after its release, it was difficult to find PS2 units on retailer shelves[21] due to manufacturing delays.[22] Another option was purchasing the console online through auction websites such as eBay, where people paid over a thousand dollars for the console.[23] The PS2 initially sold well partly on the basis of the strength of the PlayStation brand and the console's backward compatibility, selling over 980,000 units in Japan by March 5, 2000, one day after launch.[24] This allowed the PS2 to tap the large install base established by the PlayStation – another major selling point over the competition. Later, Sony added new development kits for game developers and more PS2 units for consumers. The PS2's built-in functionality also expanded its audience beyond the gamer,[2] as its debut pricing was the same or less than a standalone DVD player. This made the console a low cost entry into the home theater market.[25]", "CD player. Heitaro Nakajima, who developed an early digital audio recorder within Japan's national public broadcasting organization NHK in 1970, became general manager of Sony's audio department in 1971. His team developed a digital PCM adaptor audio tape recorder using a Betamax video recorder in 1973. After this, in 1974 the leap to storing digital audio on an optical disc was easily made.[13] Sony first publicly demonstrated an optical digital audio disc in September 1976. A year later, in September 1977, Sony showed the press a 30 cm disc that could play 60 minutes of digital audio (44,100 Hz sampling rate and 16-bit resolution) using MFM modulation.[14] In September 1978, the company demonstrated an optical digital audio disc with a 150-minute playing time, 44,056 Hz sampling rate, 16-bit linear resolution, and cross-interleaved error correction code—specifications similar to those later settled upon for the standard Compact Disc format in 1980. Technical details of Sony's digital audio disc were presented during the 62nd AES Convention, held on 13–16 March 1979, in Brussels.[14] Sony's AES technical paper was published on 1 March 1979. A week later, on 8 March, Philips publicly demonstrated a prototype of an optical digital audio disc at a press conference called \"Philips Introduce Compact Disc\"[15] in Eindhoven, Netherlands.[16]", "Consumer electronics. Radio broadcasting in the early 20th century brought the first major consumer product, the broadcast receiver. Later products included telephones, televisions and calculators, then audio and video recorders and players, game consoles, personal computers and MP3 players. In the 2010s, consumer electronics stores often sell GPS, automotive electronics (car stereos), video game consoles, electronic musical instruments (e.g., synthesizer keyboards), karaoke machines, digital cameras, and video players (VCRs in the 1980s and 1990s, followed by DVD players and Blu-ray disc players). Stores also sell digital cameras, camcorders, cell phones, and smartphones. As of 2016, some of the newer products sold include virtual reality head-mounted display goggles, smart home devices that connect home devices to the Internet (such as smartphone-controllable thermostats and lights) and wearable technology such as Fitbit digital exercise watches.", "PlayStation 2. Sony also manufactured a consumer device called the PSX that can be used as a digital video recorder and DVD burner in addition to playing PS2 games. The device was released in Japan on December 13, 2003, and was the first Sony product to include the XrossMediaBar interface. It did not sell well in the Japanese market and was not released anywhere else.", "PlayStation 2 models. Sony also manufactured a consumer device called the PSX that can be used as a digital video recorder and DVD burner in addition to playing PS2 games. The device was released in Japan on December 13, 2003, and was the first Sony product to include the XrossMediaBar interface. It did not sell well in Japan, and was not released anywhere else.", "PlayStation. The PlayStation Portable (PSP) was Sony's first handheld console to compete with Nintendo's DS console. The original model (PSP-1000) was released in December 2004 and March 2005,[71] The console is the first to utilize a new proprietary optical storage medium known as Universal Media Disc (UMD), which can store both games and movies.[72][73] It contains 32 MB of internal flash memory storage, expandable via Memory Stick PRO Duo cards.[74] It has a similar control layout to the PS3 with its PlayStation logo button and its ('Triangle'), ('Circle/O'), ('Cross/X') and ('Square') buttons in their white-colored forms.", "PlayStation. The original PlayStation, released in Japan on December 3, 1994, was the first of the ubiquitous PlayStation series of console and hand-held game devices. It has included successor consoles and upgrades including the Net Yaroze (a special black PlayStation with tools and instructions to program PlayStation games and applications), \"PS one\" (a smaller version of the original) and the PocketStation (a handheld which enhances PlayStation games and also acts as a memory card). It was part of the fifth generation of video game consoles competing against the Sega Saturn and the Nintendo 64. By December 2003, the PlayStation and PS one had shipped a combined total of 102.49 million units,[24] eventually becoming the first video game console to sell 120 million units.[2]", "Apple Inc.. On May 19, 2001, Apple opened its first official eponymous retail stores in Virginia and California.[85] On October 23 of the same year, Apple debuted the iPod portable digital audio player. The product, which was first sold on November 10, 2001, was phenomenally successful with over 100 million units sold within six years.[86][87] In 2003, Apple's iTunes Store was introduced. The service offered online music downloads for $0.99 a song and integration with the iPod. The iTunes Store quickly became the market leader in online music services, with over five billion downloads by June 19, 2008.[88][89] Two years later, the iTunes Store was the world's largest music retailer.[90][91]", "CD player. The Sony CDP-101, released in 1982, was the world's first commercially released compact disc player.[9]", "Media Play. Media Play was a chain of retail stores founded in 1992 by Musicland that sold movies on video, DVDs, music, electronics, video games, books, and games in the United States. Each store essentially contained a book store, a movie store, a music store, and a video game store under one roof. At their height, they operated 72 stores in 19 states with 2,000 employees. The first store opened in Rockford, Illinois, in 1992. Hundreds of stores were slated to be opened, but only 89 ever were.", "DVD player. The first DVD player was created by Sony Company in Taiwan in collaboration with Pacific Digital Company from the United States in 1994.[citation needed] Some manufacturers originally announced that DVD players would be available as early as the middle of 1996. These predictions were too optimistic. Delivery was initially held up for \"political\" reasons of copy protection demanded by movie studios, but was later delayed by lack of movie titles. The first players appeared in Japan in November 1, 1996, followed by U.S. players in March 26, 1997 with distribution limited to only 7 major cities for the first 6 months.", "CD player. During the launch of the first prototype \"Goronta\" CD player[42] by Sony at the Japanese Audio Fair in 1982, Sony showcased the vertical loading design. Although the Sony prototype design was never put into volume production, the concept was for a time adopted for production by a number of early Japanese CD player manufacturers, including Alpine/Luxman, Matsushita under the Technics brand, Kenwood and Toshiba/Aurex. For the early vertical loading players, Alpine sourced their AD-7100 player designs for Luxman,[43] Kenwood and Toshiba (using their Aurex brand). Kenwood added their \"Sigma Drive\" outputs to this design as a modification. A picture of this early design can be seen on the Panasonic Web site.[44] The vertical loading is similar the one common in cassette decks, where the holder opens, and disc is dropped to it. The holder is closed manually by hand, by motor after pressing a button, or completely automatically. Some CD players combine vertical loading with slot loading due the disc being drawn further into the disc holder as it closes.", "Best Buy. In February 2008, Best Buy opened its first store in San Juan, Puerto Rico.[53] Best Buy’s Geek Squad market tests in Office Depot and FedEx Kinkos stores ended by March.[54] Also in March, the company began promoting the Blu-ray optical-disc format over the HD DVD format, a move which ultimately contributed to Toshiba's decision to drop HD DVD.[55] In May, the company agreed to buy 50% of the retail division of The Carphone Warehouse, a London, England-based mobile phone retailer.[56][57] The deal was worth $2.1 billion.[57]", "Compact Cassette. \"Philips was competing with Telefunken and Grundig in a race to establish its cassette tape as the worldwide standard, and it wanted support from Japanese electronics manufacturers.\"[19] However, the Philips' Compact Cassette became dominant as a result of Philips' decision (under pressure from Sony) to license the format free of charge.[20] Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the US in November 1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players.[16][21] By the end of the 1960s, the cassette business was worth an estimated 150 million dollars.[16]", "Shopping mall. In April 1950, the suburban shopping mall came into being with the opening of Seattle's Northgate Center (now known as Northgate Mall). This was followed by Lakewood Center (1951), in Lakewood, California; Shoppers' World (1951), in Framingham, Massachusetts;[18] Stonestown Center (now Stonestown Galleria) (1952) in San Francisco, California; and Northland Center (1954), in Southfield, Michigan. Open-air-type malls were also built in Canada and Australia. Don Mills Convenience Centre (now Shops at Don Mills) opened in 1955, in Toronto, Ontario. Chermside Drive-In Shopping Centre started trading to the public in 1957, in Brisbane, Australia.", "Target Corporation. Dayton-Hudson sold Lipman's to Marshall Field's (which rebranded them as Frederick & Nelson) and acquired the discount store chain Ayr-Way in 1980,[7] and expanded into the West Coast market with the purchase and conversion of several FedMart stores in 1982.[10] It sold the Dayton-Hudson Jewelers subsidiary to Henry Birks & Sons of Montreal.[5] The company founded the Plums off-price clothing store with four locations in the Los Angeles area in 1983; the following year, it sold the chain to Ross Stores and sold the Diamond's and John A. Brown department stores to Dillard's.[11][12][13] Target was established as the dominant retailer in southern California after purchasing fifty Gemco stores in the state in 1986; that year, Dayton-Hudson sold B. Dalton Bookseller to Barnes & Noble.[6] The acquisition of several Gold Circle and Richway stores assisted its expansion into northwestern and southeastern United States.[10] Later that year, Dayton-Hudson sold Lechmere to a group of investors (including Berkshire Partners).[8]", "Headphones. Smaller earbud type earpieces, which plugged into the user's ear canal, were first developed for hearing aids. They became widely used with transistor radios, which commercially appeared in 1954 with the introduction of the Regency TR-1. The most popular audio device in history, the transistor radio changed listening habits, allowing people to listen to radio anywhere. The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a piezoelectric crystal to produce sound. The 3.5 mm radio and phone connector, which is the most commonly used in portable application today, has been used at least since the Sony EFM-117J transistor radio, which was released in 1964.[9][10] Its popularity was reinforced with its use on the Walkman portable tape player in 1979.", "Disney Consumer Products and Interactive Media. The Japanese stores were sold to Oriental Land Company in 2002,[lat 3] while most North American stores were sold and licensed in November 2004 to The Children's Place.[lat 4] Disney licensed Motorola for cordless phones and two way handset radios in August 2002.[28]", "Optical disc drive. The first Blu-Ray prototype was unveiled by Sony in October 2000,[6] and the first commercial recording device was released to market on April 10, 2003.[7] In January 2005, TDK announced that they had developed an ultra-hard yet very thin polymer coating (\"Durabis\") for Blu-ray discs; this was a significant technical advance because better protection was desired for the consumer market to protect bare discs against scratching and damage compared to DVD. Technically Blu-ray Disc also required a thinner layer for the narrower beam and shorter wavelength 'blue' laser.[8] The first BD-ROM players (Samsung BD-P1000) were shipped in mid-June 2006.[9] The first Blu-ray Disc titles were released by Sony and MGM on June 20, 2006.[10] The first mass-market Blu-ray Disc rewritable drive for the PC was the BWU-100A, released by Sony on July 18, 2006.[11]", "iPod. On January 8, 2004, Hewlett-Packard (HP) announced that they would sell HP-branded iPods under a license agreement from Apple. Several new retail channels were used—including Walmart—and these iPods eventually made up 5% of all iPod sales. In July 2005, HP stopped selling iPods due to unfavorable terms and conditions imposed by Apple.[84]", "PlayStation 2. In September 2004, in time for the launch of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, Sony revealed a newer, slimmer PS2. In preparation for the launch of the new models (SCPH-700xx-9000x), Sony stopped making the older models (SCPH-3000x-500xx) to let the distribution channel empty its stock of the units.[citation needed] After an apparent manufacturing issue – Sony reportedly underestimated demand – caused some initial slowdown in producing the new unit caused in part by shortages between the time the old units were cleared out and the new units were ready. The issue was compounded in Britain when a Russian oil tanker became stuck in the Suez Canal, blocking a ship from China carrying PS2s bound for the UK. During one week in November, British sales totalled 6,000 units – compared to 70,000 units a few weeks prior.[31] There were shortages in more than 1,700 stores in North America on the day before Christmas.[32]" ]

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[ "Coral reef fish. The whitetip reef shark is a small shark usually less than 1.6 m (5.2 ft) in length. It is associated almost exclusively with coral reefs where it can be encountered around coral heads and ledges with high vertical relief, or over sandy flats, in lagoons, or near drop-offs to deeper water.[48] They prefer very clear water and rarely swim far from the bottom.[49] Whitetip reef sharks spend most of the daytime time resting inside caves. Unlike other requiem sharks, which usually rely on ram ventilation and must constantly swim to breathe, this shark can pump water over its gills and lie still on the bottom. They have slender, lithe body, which allows them to wriggle into crevices and holes and extract prey inaccessible to other reef sharks. On the other hand, they are rather clumsy when attempting to take food suspended in open water.[49]", "Rainbow shark. Rainbow sharks are compatible with barbs and rainbowfish, which are upper- and middle-tank dwellers. They can also live with danios, loaches, plecos, rasboras, and gouramis. They are not compatible with smaller, more timid fish in the tank, as the sharks may terrorize them by chasing them from their territory.[3][6]", "Coral reef fish. The whitetip reef shark is highly responsive to olfactory, acoustic, and electrical cues given off by potential prey. Its visual system is attuned more to movement and/or contrast than to object details.[48][52][53] It is especially sensitive to natural and artificial low-frequency sounds in the 25–100 Hz range, which evoke struggling fish.[51] They hunt primarily at night, when many fishes are asleep and easily taken. After dusk, a group of sharks may target the same prey item, covering every exit route from a particular coral head. Each shark hunts for itself and in competition with the others in its group.[48] They feed mainly on bony fishes, including eels, squirrelfishes, snappers, damselfishes, parrotfishes, surgeonfishes, triggerfishes, and goatfishes, as well as octopus, spiny lobsters, and crabs.[50] Important predators of the whitetip reef shark include tiger sharks and Galapagos sharks.", "Bull shark. The bull shark is diadromous, meaning they can swim between salt and fresh water with ease.[27] These fish also are euryhaline fish, able to adapt to a wide range of salinities. The bull shark is one of the few cartilaginous fishes that have been reported in freshwater systems. Many of the euryhaline fish are bony fish such as salmon and tilapia and are not closely related to bull sharks. Evolutionary assumptions can be made to help explain this sort of evolutionary disconnect, one being that the bull shark encountered a population bottleneck that occurred during the last ice age.[28] This bottleneck may have separated the bull shark from the rest of the Elasmobranchii subclass and favored the genes for an osmoregulatory system.", "Greenland shark. As an ectotherm living in a just-above-freezing environment (≈2 °C), the Greenland shark has the lowest swim speed and tail-beat frequency for its size across all fish species, which most likely correlates with its very slow metabolism and extreme longevity. It swims at a leisurely 1.22 km/h (0.76 mph) with their fastest cruising speed only reaching 2.6 km/h (1.6 mph).[13] Because this top speed is only half that of a typical seal in their diet, biologists have wondered how the sharks are able to prey on the faster seals. It is hypothesized that they may ambush them while they sleep.[14]", "Tiger shark. All tiger sharks generally swim slowly, which, combined with cryptic coloration, may make them difficult for prey to detect in some habitats. They are especially well camouflaged against dark backgrounds.[31] Despite their sluggish appearance, tiger sharks are one of the strongest swimmers of the carcharhinid sharks. Once the shark has come close, a speed burst allows it to reach the intended prey before it can escape.[31]", "January Jones. In 2009, Jones joined the marine conservation organization, Oceana, as a celebrity spokesperson, working to save endangered sharks and to inform others about sharks' vital importance in nature.[34][35] She has gone swimming with sharks, including, Caribbean reef sharks and whale sharks.", "Rainbow shark. The albino red-fin shark or albino rainbow sharkminnow is a variety of rainbow shark with a white body and red/orange fins.[3][5][6] It closely resembles \"normal\" rainbow sharks in temperament and appearance, thus they share the same common names in the aquarium industry.[7] These have sometimes been referred to as E. munense, but that is a separate species that rarely enters the aquarium trade.[2][8][9] The rainbow shark is also one of the types of genetically modified, fluorescent fish known as GloFish.", "Blacktip reef shark. Researchers working at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands have found the blacktip reef shark can be readily attracted by splashing or striking metal tools against hard objects underwater, as well as by the scent of both healthy and injured fish.[24] As with most sharks, the blacktip reef shark does not have any cone cells in its retina, limiting its ability to discriminate colors and fine details. Instead, its vision is adapted for sensitivity to movement or contrast under low light conditions, which is further enhanced by the presence of a reflective tapetum lucidum. Experiments have shown that this shark is capable of detecting small objects up to 1.5–3 m (5–10 ft) away, but is unable to clearly discern the shape of the object.[10][25] Electroreception is another means by which this shark can locate prey; its ampullae of Lorenzini have a sensitivity of approximately 4 nV/cm and an effective range of 25 cm (10 in).[26] Similar to the grey reef shark, this species becomes more excited and \"confident\" in the presence of other individuals of its species, and in extreme situations can be roused into a feeding frenzy.[24] Feeding activity may be greater at night than during the day.[10]", "Galapagos shark. During group interactions, Galapagos sharks are dominant to blacktip sharks (C. limbatus) but deferent to silvertip sharks (C. albimarginatus) of equal size.[6] When confronted or cornered, the Galapagos shark may perform a threat display similar to that of the grey reef shark, in which the shark performs an exaggerated, rolling swimming motion while arching its back, lowering its pectoral fins, puffing out its gills, and gaping its jaw. The shark may also swing its head from side to side, so as to keep the perceived threat within its field of vision.[10] A known parasite of the Galapagos shark is the flatworm Dermophthirius carcharhini, which attaches to the shark's skin.[11] In one account, a bluefin trevally (Caranax melampygus) was seen rubbing against the rough skin of a Galapagos shark to rid itself of parasites.[12]", "Whale shark. Despite its size, the whale shark does not pose significant danger to humans. Whale sharks are docile fish and sometimes allow swimmers to catch a ride,[35][36][37] although this practice is discouraged by shark scientists and conservationists because of the disturbance to the sharks.[38] Younger whale sharks are gentle and can play with divers. Underwater photographers such as Fiona Ayerst have photographed them swimming close to humans without any danger.[39]", "Bull shark. The bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas), also known as the Zambezi shark or, unofficially, as Zambi in Africa and Lake Nicaragua shark in Nicaragua, is a requiem shark commonly found worldwide in warm, shallow waters along coasts and in rivers. The bull shark is known for its aggressive nature, predilection for warm shallow water, and presence in brackish and freshwater systems including estuaries and rivers.", "Atlantic salmon. Young salmon spend one to four years in their natal river. When they are large enough (c. 15 centimetres (5.9 in)), they smoltify, changing camouflage from stream-adapted with large, gray spots to sea-adapted with shiny sides. They also undergo some endocrinological changes to adapt to osmotic differences between fresh water and seawater habitat. When smoltification is complete, the parr (young fish) now begin to swim with the current instead of against it. With this behavioral change, the fish are now referred to as smolt. When the smolt reach the sea, they follow sea surface currents and feed on plankton or fry from other fish species such as herring. During their time at sea, they can sense the change in the Earth magnetic field through iron in their lateral line.[citation needed]", "Fish. Chondrichthyes (Horn shark)", "Rainbow shark. The rainbow shark (Epalzeorhynchos frenatum) is a species of Southeast Asian freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae.[2] It is also variously known as the ruby shark, red-fin shark, red-finned shark, rainbow sharkminnow, green fringelip labeo, whitefin shark and whitetail sharkminnow.[3][4] It is a popular, semi-aggressive aquarium fish. Unlike true sharks, which belong to the Chondrichthyes (\"cartilagenous fishes\") lineage, the rainbow shark is an actinopterygiian (\"ray-finned fish\").", "Bull shark. The bull shark is the best known of 43 species of elasmobranch in 10 genera and four families to have been reported in fresh water.[26] Other species that enter rivers include the stingrays (Dasyatidae, Potamotrygonidae and others) and sawfish (Pristidae). Some skates (Rajidae), smooth dogfishes (Triakidae), and sandbar sharks (Carcharhinus plumbeus) regularly enter estuaries.[citation needed]", "Rainbow shark. Rainbow sharks are tank-bottom and aquarium-surface cleaners. Being bottom- and mid-level dwellers, they consume leftover fish food, but also eat the algae growing off surfaces. They are known to be peaceful with their own kind in the wild, but have been known to be aggressive with one another if kept together in a tank. Threat displays and fighting are likely to occur. This fighting behavior involves head-and-tail butting, and also biting.[citation needed]. A large rainbow shark will continuously chase a smaller one until the smaller one dies, or chase other fish out of its territory, especially in confined environments like aquaria. It may also increase the risk of the fish jumping out of its tank. This makes breeding difficult. Provision of hiding places and hollowed decors such as plants or artificial cave-like and tunnel-like aquatic ornaments minimize this typical behavior. Due to this behavioral characteristic among its own kind, rainbow sharks are not recommendable to the new aquarist. Keeping them with relatives, such as red-tailed sharks, bala sharks and black sharks should be avoided, as they will chase and attack them as well.[3][4]", "Great white shark. The great white shark is one of only a few sharks known to regularly lift its head above the sea surface to gaze at other objects such as prey. This is known as spy-hopping. This behavior has also been seen in at least one group of blacktip reef sharks, but this might be learned from interaction with humans (it is theorized that the shark may also be able to smell better this way because smell travels through air faster than through water). White sharks are generally very curious animals, display intelligence and may also turn to socializing if the situation demands it. At Seal Island, white sharks have been observed arriving and departing in stable \"clans\" of two to six individuals on a yearly basis. Whether clan members are related is unknown but they get along peacefully enough. In fact, the social structure of a clan is probably most aptly compared to that of a wolf pack; in that each member has a clearly established rank and each clan has an alpha leader. When members of different clans meet, they establish social rank nonviolently through any of a variety of interactions.[56]", "Blacktip reef shark. The blacktip reef shark (Carcharhinus melanopterus) is a species of requiem shark, in the family Carcharhinidae, easily identified by the prominent black tips on its fins (especially on the first dorsal fin and its caudal fin). Among the most abundant sharks inhabiting the tropical coral reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, this species prefers shallow, inshore waters. Its exposed first dorsal fin is a common sight in the region. Most blacktip reef sharks are found over reef ledges and sandy flats, though they have also been known to enter brackish and freshwater environments. This species typically attains a length of 1.6 m (5.2 ft).", "Whale shark. Whale sharks are known to prey on a range of planktonic and small nektonic organisms that are spatiotemporally patchy. These include krill, crab larvae, jellyfish, sardines, anchovies, mackerels, small tunas, and squid. In ram filter feeding, the fish swims forward at constant speed with its mouth fully open, straining prey particles from the water by forward propulsion. This is also called ‘passive feeding’, which usually occurs when prey is present at low density.[34]", "Demersal fish. Deepwater benthopelagic fish are robust, muscular swimmers that actively cruise the bottom searching for prey. They often live around features, such as seamounts, which have strong currents.[17] Commercial examples are the orange roughy and Patagonian toothfish.", "Coral reef fish. The Caribbean reef shark is up to 3 metres (10 ft) long, one of the largest apex predators in the reef ecosystem. Like the whitetip reef shark, they have been documented resting motionless on the sea bottom or inside caves, unusual behaviour for requiem sharks. Caribbean reef shark play a major role in shaping Caribbean reef communities. They are more active at night, with no evidence of seasonal changes in activity or migration. Juveniles tend to remain in a localized area throughout the year, while adults range over a wider area.[59] The Caribbean reef shark feeds on a wide variety of reef-dwelling bony fishes and cephalopods, as well as some elasmobranchs such as eagle rays and yellow stingrays .[60] Young sharks feed on small fishes, shrimps, and crabs.[51] In turn, young sharks are preyed on by larger sharks such as the tiger shark and the bull shark.", "Blacktip reef shark. Along with the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhinchos) and the whitetip reef shark (Triaenodon obesus), the blacktip reef shark is one of the three most common sharks inhabiting coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific. This species predominates in shallow habitats, while the other two are mostly found deeper. Fast-swimming and active, the blacktip reef shark may be encountered alone or in small groups; large \"social\" aggregations have also been observed.[2][12] For the most part, juvenile and adult sharks are not segregated by sex, save for the movements of pregnant females to give birth. Individuals exhibit strong fidelity to particular areas, where they may remain for several years.[13]", "Animal locomotion. Remoras are a family (Echeneidae) of ray-finned fish.[90][91] They grow to 30–90 cm (0.98–2.95 ft) long, and their distinctive first dorsal fins take the form of a modified oval, sucker-like organ with slat-like structures that open and close to create suction and take a firm hold against the skin of larger marine animals.[92] By sliding backward, the remora can increase the suction, or it can release itself by swimming forward. Remoras sometimes attach to small boats. They swim well on their own, with a sinuous, or curved, motion. When the remora reaches about 3 cm (1.2 in), the disc is fully formed and the remora can then attach to other animals. The remora's lower jaw projects beyond the upper, and the animal lacks a swim bladder. Some remoras associate primarily with specific host species. They are commonly found attached to sharks, manta rays, whales, turtles, and dugongs. Smaller remoras also fasten onto fish such as tuna and swordfish, and some small remoras travel in the mouths or gills of large manta rays, ocean sunfish, swordfish, and sailfish. The remora benefits by using the host as transport and protection, and also feeds on materials dropped by the host.", "Zebra shark. During the day, zebra sharks are sluggish and usually found resting on the sea bottom, sometimes using their pectoral fins to prop up the front part of their bodies and facing into the current with their mouths open to facilitate respiration. Reef channels are favored resting spots, since the tightened space yields faster, more oxygenated water.[11] They become more active at night or when food becomes available. Zebra sharks are strong and agile swimmers, propelling themselves with pronounced anguilliform (eel-like) undulations of the body and tail.[3] In a steady current, they have been seen hovering in place with sinuous waves of their tails.[11]", "Coral reef fish. The blacktip reef shark is typically about 1.6 m (5.2 ft) long. It is usually found over reef ledges and sandy flats, though it can also enter brackish and freshwater environments. This species likes shallow water, while the whitetip and the grey reef shark are prefer deeper water. Younger sharks favour shallow sandy flats, and older sharks spend more time around reef ledges and near reef drop-offs. Blacktip reef sharks are strongly attached to their own area, where they may remain for up to several years.[54] A tracking study off Palmyra Atoll in the central Pacific has found that the blacktip reef shark had a home range of about 0.55 km2 (0.21 sq mi), among the smallest of any shark species. The size and location of the range does not change with time of day. The blacktip reef shark may be encountered alone or in small groups. Large social aggregations have also been observed.[50][55] They are active predators of small bony fishes, cephalopods, and crustaceans, and also feed on sea snakes and seabirds.[50] Blacktip reef sharks are preyed on by groupers, grey reef sharks, tiger sharks, and members of their own species. At Palmyra Atoll, adult blacktip reef sharks avoid patrolling tiger sharks by staying out of the central, deeper lagoon.[56]", "Zebra shark. Zebra sharks are nocturnal and spend most of the day resting motionless on the sea floor. At night, they actively hunt for molluscs, crustaceans, small bony fishes, and possibly sea snakes inside holes and crevices in the reef. Though solitary for most of the year, they form large seasonal aggregations. The zebra shark is oviparous: females produce several dozen large egg capsules, which they anchor to underwater structures via adhesive tendrils. Innocuous to humans and hardy in captivity, zebra sharks are popular subjects of ecotourism dives and public aquaria. The World Conservation Union has assessed this species as Endangered worldwide, as it is taken by commercial fisheries across most of its range (except off Australia) for meat, fins, and liver oil. There is evidence that its numbers are dwindling.", "Sawfish. Sawfishes, also known as carpenter sharks, are a family of rays characterized by a long, narrow, flattened rostrum, or nose extension, lined with sharp transverse teeth, arranged in a way that resembles a saw. They are among the largest fish with some species reaching lengths of about 7 m (23 ft).[2] They are found worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions in coastal marine and brackish estuarine waters, as well as freshwater rivers and lakes.[3]", "Coral reef fish. Damselfish are a group of species that feed on zooplankton and algae, and are an important reef forage fish for larger predators. They are small, typically five centimetres (two inches) long. Many species are aggressive towards other fishes which also graze on algae, such as surgeonfish. Surgeonfish sometimes use schooling as a countermeasure to defensive attacks by solitary damselfish.[27]", "Coral reef fish. Coral reefs in the Indo-Pacific are dominated by whitetip, blacktip and grey reef shark. Coral reefs in the western Atlantic Ocean are dominated by the Caribbean reef shark. These sharks are all species of requiem shark, and all have the robust, streamlined bodies that are typical of the requiem shark. They are fast-swimming, agile predators that feed primarily on free-swimming bony fishes and cephalopods. Other species of reef sharks include the Galapagos shark, the tawny nurse shark and hammerheads.", "Hammerhead shark. Hammerheads have disproportionately small mouths and seem to do a lot of bottom-hunting. They are also known to form schools during the day, sometimes in groups of over 100. In the evening, like other sharks, they become solitary hunters. National Geographic explains that hammerheads can be found in warm tropical waters, but during the summer, hammerheads participate in a mass migration to search for cooler waters.[5]", "Bull shark. Bull sharks have an unusual migratory pattern in comparison to other sharks. They are found in rivers all over the world. They give birth in the fresh water of rivers. The young bull sharks are free from predators while they grow up in the river before they go out to the sea to find mates.[45]" ]

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[ "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" is a song by the British rock band Queen. Written by Freddie Mercury in 1979, the track is featured on their 1980 album The Game, and also appears on the band's compilation album, Greatest Hits in 1981. The song peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, and became the group's first number-one single on the Billboard Hot 100 in the US in 1980,[4] remaining there for four consecutive weeks.[5][6] It topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven weeks.[7]", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. As reported by Freddie Mercury in Melody Maker, 2 May 1981, he composed \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" on the guitar in just five to ten minutes.[13]", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. The song was written by Mercury as a tribute to Elvis Presley.[14] Roger Taylor added in an interview that Mercury wrote it in just 10 minutes while lounging in a bath in the Bayerischer Hof Hotel in Munich during one of their extensive Munich recording sessions.[15] Mercury took it to the studio shortly after writing it and presented it to Taylor and John Deacon.[8][16] The three of them, with their then new producer Reinhold Mack, recorded it at Musicland Studios in Munich. The entire song was reportedly recorded in less than half an hour (although Mack says it was six hours).[17] Having written \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" on guitar and played an acoustic rhythm guitar on the record, for the first time ever Mercury played guitar in concerts, for example at Live Aid at Wembley Stadium, London in 1985.[8][18]", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. 'Crazy Little Thing Called Love' took me five or ten minutes. I did that on the guitar, which I can't play for nuts, and in one way it was quite a good thing because I was restricted, knowing only a few chords. It's a good discipline because I simply had to write within a small framework. I couldn't work through too many chords and because of that restriction I wrote a good song, I think.", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. The \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" single hit number two in the UK Singles Chart in 1979, and became the first US number-one hit for the band, topping the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks. It was knocked out of the top spot on this chart by Pink Floyd's \"Another Brick in the Wall, Part II\".[5][6] The song also topped the Australian ARIA charts for seven consecutive weeks from 1 March to 12 April 1980.[7] The UK release had \"We Will Rock You (live)\" as the b-side and America, Australia, Canada had \"Spread Your Wings (live)\".", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. Having composed \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" on guitar, Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live, which was the first time he played guitar in concert with Queen.[8] Queen played the song live between 1979 and 1986, and a live performance of the song is recorded in the albums Queen Rock Montreal, Queen on Fire - Live at the Bowl , Live at Wembley '86 and Hungarian Rhapsody: Queen Live in Budapest '.[9][10] Since its release, the song has been covered by a number of artists. The song was played live on 20 April 1992 during The Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert, performed by Robert Plant with Queen.[11] The style of the song was described by author Karl Coryat as rockabilly in his 1999 book titled The Bass Player Book.[12]", "Crazy Love (Poco song). \"Crazy Love\" was also recorded by Johnny Rodriguez on his 1981 album After the Rain, John & Audrey Wiggins on their 1997 album The Dream, by Jars of Clay on their 1999 EP Front Yard Luge, by Rhonda Vincent on her 2009 album Destination Life, and by Barbara Fairchild.", "Crazy Love (Poco song). \"Crazy Love\" is a 1979 hit single for the country rock group Poco introduced on the 1978 album Legend; written by founding group member Rusty Young, \"Crazy Love\" was the first single by Poco to reach the Top 40 and remained the group's biggest hit with especial impact as an Adult Contemporary hit being ranked by Billboard as the #1 Adult Contemporary hit for the year 1979.", "Hank Moody. Aside from his books, Hank has written the screenplay for the movie adaption of his God Hates Us All, titled A Crazy Little Thing Called Love. He has also written the musical based on the movie. In the first season, he writes a blog for Hell-A Magazine, which is owned by Bill Lewis. In the fourth season, he rewrote the Fucking & Punching screenplay and dialogue for Slowly We Rot 2. In season five Hank writes the screenplay for Santa Monica Cop and the lyrics to a song for singer Kali. Season seven sees Hank becoming a staff writer for the television adaptation of Santa Monica Cop.[17]", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. American country music singer Dwight Yoakam included a cover of the song on his 1999 album Last Chance for a Thousand Years: Dwight Yoakam's Greatest Hits from the 90's.[38] Yoakam's version was released as a single. It debuted at number 65 on the US Billboard \"Hot Country Singles & Tracks\" chart for the week of 1 May 1999, and peaked at number 12 on the US country singles charts that year. It was also used in a television commercial for clothing retailer Gap at the time of the album's release. The music video was directed by Yoakam. This version appears in the movie The Break-Up (2006), starring Vince Vaughn and Jennifer Aniston.", "Crazy Love (Poco song). In 1978 Rusty Young and Paul Cotton auditioned for Poco's label ABC Records in hopes of being allowed to record an album together: in Young's words he and Cotton \"got a little rehearsal hall, put together a band, and played...'Crazy Love' and 'Heart of the Night'\" - the latter a Paul Cotton composition - for ABC Records executives \"who said go ahead, make a record\".[3] Recorded at Crystal City Studios (Los Angeles) between April and August 1978, the resultant project was intended to be credited to the Cotton-Young Band: however ABC Records elected to have Young and Cotton along with the sidemen who'd backed them at Crystal City - Charlie Harrison, Steve Chapman, and Kim Bullard - continue as Poco, with The Last Roundup being shelved and the Crystal City tracks issued as the twelfth album release from Poco in November 1978, under the title Legend.", "First Love (2010 Thai film). First Love, also known as Crazy Little Thing Called Love,[2] (Thai: สิ่งเล็กเล็ก ที่เรียกว่า...รัก, Sing lek lek thi riak wa... rak, lit. \"A Little Thing Called Love\") is a 2010 Thai romantic comedy film and also a 2011 Asian sleeper hit film starring Mario Maurer and Pimchanok Luevisadpaibul. The story depicts love in the eye of young people who first experience it and how it affects their lives and their inspirations.", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. In reaction to the success of the single the band embarked on a mini UK tour entitled the Crazy Tour.[citation needed]", "Crazy Love (Poco song). In 2012, Young would thus recall his writing \"Crazy Love\": \"I was living in Los Angeles, working on my house one day\"[1] - \"I was paneling a wall and looking out over the valley in L.A. and the chorus came into my head\"[2] - \"I always had a guitar close at hand. It took about thirty minutes to write that song, because it was all there. It was kind of a gift.\"[1] Young added that the \"'Ooh, ooh, Ahhhh haaa' part\" of the chorus was a stopgap he intended to replace with formal lyrics but the musicians who first backed Young on the song told him: \"Don't do that, that's the way it's supposed to be.\"[2]", "Crazy Love (Poco song). In a July 17, 2011, broadcast of the Original 70s Soundtrack on urockradio.net, Young would say of his writing \"Crazy Love: \"for the first big hit - the only really huge hit Poco's had - [to be] a song that I wrote and sang is pretty ironic\" - \"When the band started all I did was [play] steel guitar and banjo and dobro and that kind of stuff: I was the instrumentalist in the band - I didn't sing and I didn't write....But I've always said that with the band what happened is that as people have left the band it's left room for others to grow. I had great teachers: Richie Furay; Neil [Young] and Stephen Stills [of Buffalo Springfield] were around in the beginning [and] I could listen to them writing songs, working on songs and how they did it. Jimmy [Messina] taught me really a lot about the whole recording process and writing poems. I just had these great teachers that I was around.\"", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. The music video for the song was filmed at Trillion Studios in September 1979 and directed by Dennis De Vallance featuring four dancers and a floor of hands. An alternate version featuring alternate angles, out-takes and backstage footage from the original video shoot was included on the Days Of Our Lives DVD and Blu-ray releases.", "Crazy Love (Van Morrison song). \"Crazy Love\" is a romantic ballad written by Northern Irish singer-songwriter Van Morrison and included on his 1970 album, Moondance. The song was originally released as the B-side to \"Come Running\" in May 1970 before it was released as a single in the Netherlands, \"Come Running\" as the B-side.[1] The cover of the single shows Morrison with his then-wife, Janet \"Planet\" Rigsbee. The photograph was taken by Elliot Landy, the official photographer of the 1969 Woodstock festival.[2]", "Queen (band). In 1978, Queen toured the US and Canada, and spent much of 1979 touring in Europe and Japan.[70] They released their first live album, Live Killers, in 1979; it went platinum twice in the US.[71] Queen also released the very successful single \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\", a rockabilly inspired song done in the style of Elvis Presley.[72][73] The song made the top 10 in many countries, topped the Australian ARIA Charts for seven consecutive weeks, and was the band's first number one single in the United States where it topped the Billboard Hot 100 for four weeks.[27][74] Having written the song on guitar and played rhythm on the record, Mercury played rhythm guitar while performing the song live, which was the first time he ever played guitar in concert.[73] In December 1979, Queen played the opening night at the Concert for the People of Kampuchea in London, having accepted a request by the event's organiser Paul McCartney.[73]", "Line dance. Max Perry, along with Jo Thompson, Scott Blevins and several others, began to use ballroom rhythms and technique to take line dancing to the next level. In 1998, the band Steps created further interest outside of the U.S. with the techno dance song \"5,6,7,8\". In 1999 the Gap retailer debuted the \"Khaki Country\" ad on the Academy Awards ceremony.[22] Line dancers performed to the 1999 version of \"Crazy Little Thing Called Love\" by Dwight Yoakam.", "Gwen Guthrie. Guthrie soon began moonlighting as a singer of commercial jingles, sometimes with her friend Valerie Simpson (of Ashford & Simpson fame). A songwriting partnership with her then boyfriend, trombonist/bassist Haras Fyre (professionally known as \"Patrick Grant\") resulted in Ben E. King's comeback single, \"Supernatural Thing\", an R&B #1 (#5 pop) in 1975 and the follow-up, \"Do It In The Name Of Love (#4 R&B). They also wrote \"This Time I'll Be Sweeter\", for Angela Bofill and later covered by numerous artists. Together, they wrote seven tracks on the Sister Sledge's 1975 album Circle of Love: \"Cross My Heart\", \"Protect Our Love\", \"Love Don't You Go Through No Changes on Me\", \"Don't You Miss Him Now\", \"Pain Reliever\", \"You're Much Better Off Loving Me\", and \"Fireman\". She was also the writer of Roberta Flack's \"God Don't Like Ugly\".[citation needed]", "Crazy in Love. Before meeting Beyoncé, Rich Harrison had conceptualized the beat of the song.[5] He had sampled the hook's instrumentation from the 1970 song \"Are You My Woman? (Tell Me So),\"[5][6] which had originally been written and composed by Eugene Record, frontman of the Chicago-based vocal group The Chi-Lites.[4] When Harrison first played the beat to his friends, they could not \"dig it,\" and this made him realize that he had conceived something special, which people would appreciate better after hearing the whole record.[5] Thus Harrison decided not to market the selection, and instead, he waited for the right artist to record it: \"I had it in the chamber, I had not really shopped it much, because sometimes you do not want to come out of the bag before it's right. People do not really get it and you will leave them with a foul taste in their mouth.\"[5]", "Crazy (Willie Nelson song). Notable versions include those recorded by Linda Ronstadt who reached #6 on Billboard's Country chart with her version in 1977, Julio Iglesias (hit in the Netherlands, UK and New Zealand), Kenny Rogers (Kenny Rogers version is a completely different song he wrote himself), The Kills, Dottie West, Kidneythieves, LeAnn Rimes, Shirley Bassey, Guy Lombardo, Chaka Khan, Don McLean (Don McClean's is also a completely different song titled, \"Crazy Eyes\") and The Waifs. (Rogers also wrote and recorded another song with the title \"Crazy\", which topped the charts in 1984 and shouldn't be confused with this one). In 2007, the song was covered by English alternative band Apartment. Willie Nelson himself has also recorded several versions of the song over the years including a trio version with Elvis Costello and Diana Krall. Additionally, it was covered by the Kidneythieves and co-released on the Bride of Chucky soundtrack.", "In the Wee Small Hours. \"What Is This Thing Called Love\" is noted by Charles Granata for its \"most expressive vocal shading\".[29] Sinatra's voice approaches the bass range at times, and the interpretation is noted for the lyrical liberties Sinatra takes with Porter's lyrics.[19] The song was recorded in 21 takes.[19]", "Crazy Love (Poco song). Having played steel guitar on the track \"Kind Woman\" on the final Buffalo Springfield album Last Time Around (1968), Rusty Young was invited by Buffalo Springfield departing members Richie Furay and Jim Messina to join them along with George Grantham and Randy Meisner in forming Poco. After earning only three writing credits over the course of the band's first six albums Young first raised his songwriting profile on the eighth Poco release Cantamos in 1974, Poco by that time having morphed into a four-man band consisting of founding members Rusty Young and George Grantham along with Timothy B. Schmit and Paul Cotton, who had joined the band in respectively 1969 and 1970: the ninth Poco album release Head Over Heels (1975) marked Young's debut as a lead vocalist on the track \"Us\". By the time of the May 1977 release of the album Indian Summer Timothy B. Schmit had been recruited to join the Eagles: Schmit remained with Poco for their Indian Summer tour whose Santa Monica Civic Auditorium edition in July 1977 was recorded as The Last Roundup, intended to be released as Poco's final album.", "Crazy (Willie Nelson song). With some help from a friend named Oliver English, Nelson wrote the song in early 1961; at the time he was a journeyman singer-songwriter who had written several hits for other artists but had not yet had a significant recording of his own. Nelson originally wrote the song for country singer Billy Walker who turned it down for the same reason Roy Drusky turned down \"I Fall to Pieces\" the previous year - that it was \"a girl's song\". The song's eventual success helped launch Nelson as a performer as well as a songwriter.", "Crazy in Love. Several artists have recorded cover versions of \"Crazy in Love\". In 2003, Irish singer-songwriter Mickey Joe Harte recorded an acoustic rendition of \"Crazy In Love\" for the charity album Even Better Than the Real Thing Vol. 1. Alternative rock band Snow Patrol recorded the song during a BBC session with Zane Lowe. Snow Patrol's version was released as a B-side to the single \"Spitting Games\",[134] on the compilation Cosmosonica – Tom Middleton Presents Crazy Covers Vol. 1[135] and Snow Patrol's compilation album Up to Now.[136] Ross Langager of PopMatters noted that their cover \"sparks an initial chuckle of recognition but soon after becomes more than a bit unfortunate\".[136] David Byrne closed his concert at the Hollywood Bowl on June 27, 2005 with a samba-tinged version of \"Crazy in Love\".[137] In 2007, American alternative rock band Switchfoot produced a rock version that was released as part of Yahoo!'s CoverArt series. Switchfoot produced a video for their cover version.[138] Nashville-based indie quintet Wild Cub performed a version of the song in June 2014 for The A.V. Club's A.V. Undercover series.[139]", "Tiny Dancer. With lyrics written by Bernie Taupin, the song was first featured as the opening track to John’s 1971 album, Madman Across the Water. The song's lyrics were inspired by Taupin’s first visit to the US in 1970, and were intended to capture the spirit of California, where he found the women he met highly contrasted with those who he had known in his home country of England.[3][4] A common misconception is that the song’s lyrics were about Taupin's first wife, Maxine Feibelman. Taupin has stated that this was not true, and that the belief came about due to the song being dedicated to Feibelman on the original album.[3][5][2]", "Crazy Love (Van Morrison song). The duet featuring Ray Charles and Van Morrison as performed at the 2003 SHOF awards is one of the 31 songs on the compilation album The Best of Van Morrison Volume 3 released in 2007. The original version from Moondance is one of the hits included on the 2007 compilation album, Still on Top - The Greatest Hits.", "Crazy Love (Van Morrison song). \"Crazy Love\" was later covered by Canadian singer Michael Bublé, and released as the fourth single from his fourth studio album, Crazy Love (2009). The single was released on 29 June 2010, accompanied by a number of bonus tracks and mixes from the album.[15]", "Crazy Heart (soundtrack). Crazy Heart: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack is a 2010 film soundtrack album to accompany the film Crazy Heart directed by Scott Cooper starring Jeff Bridges and Maggie Gyllenhaal.", "Crazy in Love. \"Crazy in Love\" is a song by American singer Beyoncé featuring American rapper Jay-Z from Beyoncé's debut solo studio album Dangerously in Love (2003). It was released as the album's lead single on May 18, 2003 through Columbia Records and Music World Entertainment. Both artists wrote and composed the song in collaboration with Rich Harrison and Eugene Record; the former also produced it with Beyoncé. Using samples from The Chi-Lites's 1970 song \"Are You My Woman (Tell Me So)\", \"Crazy in Love\" is a contemporary R&B and pop love song that incorporates elements of hip hop, soul, and 1970s-style funk music. Its lyrics describe a romantic obsession that causes the protagonist to act out of character.", "Crazy Little Thing Called Love. Although Mercury would play an acoustic-electric twelve-string Ovation Pacemaker 1615 guitar and later on an electric six-string Fender Telecaster, both owned by May, in the studio he recorded it with a six-string acoustic with external mics. Mercury also played the original guitar solo on a version which has been lost.[19]" ]

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[ "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film). The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1939 American film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda.[3][4] Directed by William Dieterle and produced by Pandro S. Berman, the film was based on Victor Hugo's 1831 novel of the same name.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a 1996 American animated musical drama film produced by Walt Disney Feature Animation for Walt Disney Pictures. The 34th Disney animated feature film, the film is based on Victor Hugo's novel of the same name. The plot centers on Quasimodo, the deformed bell-ringer of Notre Dame, and his struggle to gain acceptance into society. Directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale and produced by Don Hahn, the film's voice cast features Tom Hulce, Demi Moore, Tony Jay, Kevin Kline, Paul Kandel, Jason Alexander, Charles Kimbrough, David Ogden Stiers, and Mary Wickes in her final film role.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). Mandy Patinkin was approached for the title role, but his style of portraying Quasimodo collided with the producers' demands, and Patinkin stated \"'I [was] just there at the audition [and I] said, 'I can't do this.'\"[26] Tom Hulce was cast as Quasimodo following his first audition for the role, and according to the actor, he noticed during the audition that the Disney executives, producers, and directors \"were staring at the floor. It looked like everyone was at a memorial service\" until he noticed the floor was lined with storyboard sketches. According to Wise, the filmmakers \"like to audition the voices with our eyes closed, so we see the character's face.\"[27] Quasimodo was originally portrayed as more monstrous, older and with more of a speech impediment during the early rehearsals, but Hulce commented that \"we experimented, endlessly. At one point I was ready to call in and say 'Things just aren't happening.'\".[28] Ultimately, the directors desired to portray Quasimodo with a younger voice different from the previous portrayals since \"[Victor] Hugo described Quasimodo as 20\".[8] Additionally, Hulce was permitted to do his own singing after performing a demo recording of \"Out There\".[29] Desiring a huskier voice different from the leading Disney heroines,[30] Demi Moore was cast as Esmeralda, and met with Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz on singing. After several singing demos, the actress said \"You'd better get someone else,'\" according to Schwartz. New York City cabaret singer Heidi Mollenhauer was selected to provide the singing voice.[31] For the role of Phoebus, co-director Kirk Wise explained that \"As we're designing the characters, we form a short list of names...to help us find the personality of the character.\" Subsequently, the filmmakers modeled his portrayal on the personalities of Errol Flynn and John Wayne, and \"One of the names on the top of the list all the time was Kevin Kline.\"[8] British actor Tony Jay, who declared his role as Frollo as his \"bid for immortality\",[32] was cast after the directors worked with him in Beauty and the Beast. After watching his portrayal as Uncle Ernie in the musical The Who's Tommy, Broadway actor Paul Kandel was selected to voice Clopin.[30]", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). In late 1993, pop singer Cyndi Lauper was the first actor attached to the film during its initial stages. Thinking she was cast as Esmeralda, Lauper was startled to learn she was to voice a gargoyle named Quinn, and was hired one week after one reading with the directors.[20] The development team would later come up with the names of Chaney, Laughton and Quinn – named after the actors who portrayed Quasimodo in preceding Hunchback film adaptations. However, Disney's legal department objected to the proposed names of the gargoyles, fearing that the estates of Lon Chaney, Charles Laughton, or Anthony Quinn (who was still alive at the time) would file a lawsuit over using their names so the names were dropped.[21] Trousdale and Wise then suggested naming the characters Lon, Charles, and Anthony – which would have resulted in the same legal concern – before naming the first two gargoyles after Victor Hugo, and the third gargoyle after Andrews Sisters singer Laverne Andrews.[21] Now cast as Laverne, Lauper was deemed too youthful for a friend to provide Quasimodo wise counsel while at the same time Sam McMurray – best known for his work on The Tracey Ullman Show – was hired for Hugo. Meanwhile, Charles Kimbrough was cast as Victor, who was initially unimpressed at an animated adaptation of Hunchback, but later became rather impressed at the level of research that went into the film and how the story ideas transitioned from the novel to the screen.[22] After several recording sessions and test screenings, Lauper and McMurray were called by the directors who regrettably released them from their roles.[23] Jason Alexander, having voiced Abis Mal in The Return of Jafar, was cast as Hugo fulfilling a lifelong desire to be in a Disney film. Laverne was then revisioned into a wiser, mature character with Mary Wickes cast in the role.[23] Following Wickes' death in October 1995,[24] Jane Withers was hired to voice her six remaining lines.[12][25]", "Quasimodo. Quasimodo (from Quasimodo Sunday[1]) is a fictional character and the main protagonist of the novel The Hunchback of Notre-Dame (1831) by Victor Hugo. Quasimodo was born with a hunchback and feared by the townspeople as a sort of monster, but he finds sanctuary in an unlikely love that is fulfilled only in death. The role of Quasimodo has been played by many actors in film and stage adaptations, including Lon Chaney, Sr. (1923), Charles Laughton (1939) and Anthony Quinn (1956), as well as Tom Hulce in the 1996 Disney animated adaptation, and most recently Michael Arden in the 2016 stage musical adaptation. In 2010, a British researcher found evidence suggesting there was a real-life hunchbacked stone carver who worked at Notre Dame during the same period Victor Hugo was writing the novel and they may have even known each other.[2]", "Claude Frollo. In Disney's 1996 animated film version of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Judge Claude Frollo was voiced by Tony Jay, whom directors Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale chose for the role based on his brief appearance in their previous film, Beauty and the Beast (1991). Kathy Zielinski served as the supervising animator for Frollo. The character's features were inspired by those of the actor Hans Conreid, specifically his appearance in the 1953 film The 5,000 Fingers of Dr. T,[6] and Ralph Fiennes' performance as Amon Göth from Schindler's List.[7] Screenwriter Tab Murphy made Frollo Paris' Minister of Justice rather than an archdeacon so as not to offend religious viewers.[8]", "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. To date, all of the film and TV adaptations have strayed somewhat from the original plot, some going as far as to give it a happy ending, as in the classic 1939 film starring Charles Laughton as Quasimodo and Maureen O'Hara as Esmeralda (although Quasimodo loses her to Gringoire in this version). The 1956 French film, starring Anthony Quinn and Gina Lollobrigida, is one of the few versions to end almost exactly like the novel, although it changes other sections of the story. Unlike most adaptations, the 1996 Disney version has an ending that is inspired by an opera created by Hugo himself.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). In 1482 Paris, Clopin, a gypsy puppeteer, narrates the origin of the titular hunchback. A group of gypsies sneak illegally into Paris, but are ambushed by Judge Claude Frollo, the Minister of Justice of Paris, and his soldiers. A gypsy woman in the group attempts to flee with her deformed baby, but Frollo chases and kills her outside Notre Dame. He tries to kill the baby as well, but the cathedral's archdeacon intervenes and accuses Frollo of murdering an innocent woman. To atone for his sin, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the deformed child in Notre Dame as his son, naming him Quasimodo.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released on June 21, 1996 to generally positive reviews and was a commercial success, grossing over $325 million worldwide and becoming the fifth highest-grossing release of 1996. The film received Academy Award and Golden Globe Award nominations for Menken's musical score. A darker, more Gothic stage adaptation of the film, was rewritten and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical in Berlin, Germany, as Der Glöckner von Notre Dame, and ran from 1999 to 2002. A direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, was released in 2002.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). One of the first changes made to accommodate Disney's request was to turn the villainous Claude Frollo into a judge rather than an archdeacon, thus avoiding religious sensibilities in the finished film.[17] \"As we were exploring the characters, especially Frollo, we certainly found a lot of historical parallels to the type of mania he had: the Confederate South, Nazi Germany, take your pick,\" explained Wise. \"Those things influenced our thinking.\"[14] Producer Don Hahn evaluated that one inspiration for Frollo was found in Ralph Fiennes's performance as Amon Goeth in Schindler's List, who murders Jews yet desires his Jewish maid.[12] For the opening sequence, Disney story veteran Burny Mattinson constructed an effective sequence that covered much exposition, although studio chairman Jeffrey Katzenberg felt something was missing. Following Stephen Schwartz's suggestion to musicalize the sequence, French animators Paul and Gaëtan Brizzi storyboarded the sequence to Menken and Schwartz's music resulting in \"The Bells of Notre Dame\".[18] Lyricist Stephen Schwartz also worked closely with the writing team even suggesting that the audience should be left wondering what the outcome of what Phoebus would do before he extinguishes the torch in water in retaliation against Frollo.[19] Another was, unsurprisingly, the film's conclusion. While Frollo's death was retained – and, indeed, made even more horrific – Quasimodo and Esmerelda were both spared their fates and given a happy ending. This revised ending was based in part on Victor Hugo's own libretto to a Hunchback opera, in which he had permitted Captain Phoebus to save Esmerelda from her execution.", "RKO Pictures. Pandro Berman—who had filled in on three previous occasions—accepted the position of production chief on a noninterim basis. As it turned out, he would leave the job before the decade's turn, but his brief tenure resulted in some of the most notable films in studio history, including Gunga Din, with Grant and McLaglen; Love Affair, starring Dunne and Charles Boyer; and The Hunchback of Notre Dame (all 1939).[70] Charles Laughton, who gave a now fabled performance as Quasimodo in the latter, returned periodically to the studio, headlining six more RKO features.[71] For Maureen O'Hara, who made her American screen debut in the film, it was the first of ten pictures she would make for RKO through 1952.[72] After co-starring with Ginger Rogers for the ninth time in The Story of Vernon and Irene Castle (1939), Fred Astaire departed the studio.[73]", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). Having worked on Pocahontas for a year, Alan Menken and Stephen Schwartz were offered multiple film projects to work on when they more or less chose to work on Hunchback being attracted to underlying themes of social outcast and Quasimodo's struggle to break free of the psychological dominance of Frollo, according to Schwartz.[39]", "The Hunchback of Notre-Dame. In 2010, British archivist Adrian Glew discovered references to a real-life hunchback who was a foreman of a government sculpting studio in Paris in the 1820s who worked on post-Revolution restorations to the Cathedral.[7]", "Alec Guinness. Other notable film roles of this period included The Swan (1956) with Grace Kelly, in her second-to-last film role; The Horse's Mouth (1958) in which Guinness played the part of drunken painter Gulley Jimson, as well as writing the screenplay, for which he was nominated for an Academy Award; the lead in Carol Reed's Our Man in Havana (1959); Marcus Aurelius in The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964); The Quiller Memorandum (1966); Marley's Ghost in Scrooge (1970); Charles I in Cromwell (1970); Pope Innocent III in Franco Zeffirelli's Brother Sun, Sister Moon (1972) and the title role in Hitler: The Last Ten Days (1973), which he considered his best film performance, though critics disagreed.[24] Another role which is sometimes referred to as one which he considered his best and is so considered by many critics, is that of Colonel Jock Sinclair in Tunes of Glory (1960). Guinness also played the role of Jamessir Bensonmum, the blind butler, in the 1976 Neil Simon film Murder by Death.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). Quasimodo, Esmeralda, Victor, Hugo, Laverne and Frollo all made guest appearances on the Disney Channel TV series House of Mouse. Frollo could also be seen amongst a crowd of Disney Villains in Mickey's House of Villains.", "Quasimodo. In Disney's 1996 animated film adaptation of The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Quasimodo is a very different character than in the novel. He was voiced by Tom Hulce and animated by James Baxter. Unlike in the novel, Quasimodo has two eyes, with his left one only partially covered. He is not deaf, and is capable of fluent speech. He has three anthropomorphic gargoyle friends named Victor, Hugo, and Laverne. Quasimodo is also older than his literary counterpart; he is about 20 years old in the film, while in the book he is about 16.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). The film was adapted into a darker, more Gothic musical production, re-written and directed by James Lapine and produced by Walt Disney Theatrical, in Berlin, Germany. The musical Der Glöckner von Notre Dame (translated in English as The Bellringer of Notre Dame) was very successful and played from 1999 to 2002, before closing. A cast recording was also recorded in German. An English-language revival of the musical premiered in San Diego on October 28, 2014.[88]", "Robbie Coltrane. Coltrane moved into roles in films such as Flash Gordon (1980), Death Watch (1980), Balham, Gateway to the South (1981), Scrubbers (1983), Krull (1983), The Supergrass (1985), Defence of the Realm (1985), Absolute Beginners (1986), Mona Lisa (1986) and appeared as \"Annabelle\" in The Fruit Machine (1988). On television, he appeared in The Young Ones, Tutti Frutti (1987), as Samuel Johnson in Blackadder (1987) (a role he later reprised in the more serious Boswell and Johnson's Tour of the Western Islands (1993)), and in a number of stand-up and sketch comedy shows. He played the part of Falstaff in Kenneth Branagh's Henry V (1989) He co-starred with Eric Idle in Nuns on the Run (1990), and played the Pope in The Pope Must Die (1991). He also played a would-be private detective obsessed with Humphrey Bogart in the TV play The Bogie Man.", "Claude Frollo. In the beginning of the film, Frollo and his men capture a group of Romani people attempting to sneak into Paris on a boat. He inadvertently kills a woman in the group after chasing her as she tries to illegally enter Paris with a baby in tow. Upon seeing the baby's deformity, Frollo tries to drown the child in a nearby well, but Notre Dame's Archdeacon stops him and demands that he raise the child as penance for his crime. Fearing divine retribution, Frollo reluctantly agrees to raise the child in Notre Dame as his son, in hopes that the hunchback will someday prove useful to him. He names the child \"Quasimodo\", which means \"half-formed\", and forbids him to leave the cathedral, teaching him that the outside world is wicked and sinful and that people will shun him for his deformity. He also lies to Quasimodo about his mother, claiming that she abandoned him when he was a baby and that someone would have drowned him if Frollo hadn't taken him in.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). In 1994, the film was scheduled for a Christmas 1995 release,[46][47] though the film was reportedly delayed following the departure of Jeffrey Katzenberg from the Walt Disney Company.[48] By January 1995, it was later pushed back to a summer 1996 release.[49][50] The film premiered on June 19, 1996 at the New Orleans Superdome, where it was played on six enormous screens. The premiere was preceded by a parade through the French Quarter, beginning at Jackson Square and utilizing floats and cast members from Walt Disney World.[51] The film was widely released two days later.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). Twenty years later, Quasimodo develops into a kind yet isolated young man who has lived inside the cathedral his entire life. A trio of living stone gargoyles—Victor, Hugo, and Laverne—serve as Quasimodo's only company, and encourage him to attend the annually-held Festival of Fools. Despite Frollo's warnings that he would be shunned for his deformity, Quasimodo attends the festival and is celebrated for his awkward appearance, only to be humiliated by the crowd after Frollo's men start a riot. Frollo refuses to help Quasimodo, but Esmeralda, a kind gypsy, intervenes by freeing the hunchback, and uses a magic trick to evade arrest. Frollo confronts Quasimodo and sends him back inside the cathedral.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film). The characters of Claude Frollo and Jehan Frollo are changed as in the 1923 film. Instead of being the bad archdeacon as in the novel, Claude is good, and his original position as a villain was given to his younger brother, Jehan, who was a drunken student in the novel and again portrayed as an older man instead of a teenager. The only difference in this film is that Claude (credited as \"Archdeacon\" in the end credits) is portrayed as the Archbishop of Paris, and Jehan (known in the film as \"Jean Frollo\" or simply \"Frollo\") is portrayed as a judge and a close advisor to the King.", "Quasimodo. In Disney's 2002 direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, Quasimodo (again voiced by Hulce) reappears as the protagonist. He remains a bell-ringer, still living in Notre Dame with the gargoyles. He finds love in a beautiful circus performer named Madellaine (voiced by Jennifer Love Hewitt), who ultimately reveals that she is aware that the gargoyles are alive. His love for Madellaine is briefly strained when he learns she was actually working on behalf of a criminal mastermind named Sarousch who plans to steal a particularly valuable bell, La Fidele, from Notre Dame. Madellaine's true feelings for Quasimodo overcome her loyalty to Sarousch, however, and she aids Quasimodo in bringing Sarousch to justice. Quasimodo forgives Madellaine and the two pledge their love to each other.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film). The film opens with Louis XI, the King of France, and Jean Frollo, the King's Chief Justice of Paris, visiting a printing shop. Frollo is determined to do everything in his power to rid Paris of anything he sees as evil, including the printing press and gypsies, who at the time are persecuted and prohibited from entering Paris. That day is Paris' annual celebration, the Feast of Fools. Esmeralda, a young gypsy girl, is seen dancing in front of an audience of people. Quasimodo, the hunchback and bell ringer of Notre Dame Cathedral, is crowned the King of Fools until Frollo catches up to him and takes him back to the church.", "Tim Burton. Tim Burton was reported to film a movie for The Hunchback of Notre-Dame in 2011, which was supposed to feature and be co-produced by Josh Brolin but has been scrapped.[45][46]", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). Production on The Hunchback of Notre Dame went underway in the summer of 1993.[10] In October 1993, directors Gary Trousdale and Kirk Wise, art director David Goetz, Roy Conli, Ed Ghertner, Will Finn, Alan Menken, and Stephen Schwartz took a trip to Paris, France for ten days; three days were devoted to exploring Notre Dame including a private tour of rarely glimpsed sites as actual passageways, stairwells, towers, and a hidden room within which Hugo set his actions. Also included were visits to the Palace of Justice and an original location of the Court of Miracles.[11]", "Ciarán Hinds. On television, Hinds portrayed Gaius Julius Caesar in the first season of BBC/HBO's series, Rome in 2006. He has also been featured in a number of made-for-television films, including the role of Michael Henchard in Thomas Hardy's The Mayor of Casterbridge in 2004, for which he received the Irish Film and Television Award for Best Actor in a Dramatic Series. Additional television performances include Edward Parker-Jones in the crime drama series Prime Suspect 3 (1993), Abel Mason in Dame Catherine Cookson's The Man Who Cried (1993), Jim Browner in The Memoirs of Sherlock Holmes episode \"The Cardboard Box\" (1994), Fyodor Glazunov in the science fiction miniseries Cold Lazarus (1996), Edward Rochester in Charlotte Brontë's Jane Eyre (1997), the Knight Templar Brian de Bois-Guilbert in Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe (1997) and a portrayal of the French existentialist Albert Camus in Broken Morning (2003).", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). The film has many musical motifs that carry throughout the film, weaving their way in and out of various pieces of music, and having varying timbres depending on the action in the story at that point. The film's soundtrack includes a musical score written by Alan Menken and songs written by Menken and Stephen Schwartz. Songs include \"The Bells of Notre Dame\" for Clopin, Frollo and the Archdeacon, \"Out There\" for Quasimodo and Frollo, \"Topsy Turvy\" for Clopin, \"God Help the Outcasts\" for Esmeralda, \"Heaven's Light\" for Quasimodo, \"Hellfire\" for the Archdeacon and Frollo, \"A Guy Like You\" for the gargoyles and \"The Court of Miracles\" for Clopin and the gypsies.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film). The film was nominated for two Academy Awards:[6]", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939 film). The Hunchback of Notre Dame was released on September 21, 2001 on DVD by Image Entertainment. It was issued on Blu-ray disc by Warner Brothers on June 9, 2015.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). In June 1998, production on a sequel titled The Hunchback of Notre Dame Deux: The Secret of the Bells was announced, and slated for release in fall 1999.[89] However, the sequel was delayed from its planned fall release in order to accommodate the recording of \"I'm Gonna Love You\" by Jennifer Love Hewitt.[90] The sequel reunited its original voice cast, with Hewitt, Haley Joel Osment and Michael McKean voicing new characters.[90] In 2002, the direct-to-video sequel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame II, was released on VHS and DVD. The plot focuses once again on Quasimodo as he continues to ring the bells now with the help of Zephyr, Esmeralda and Phoebus's son. He also meets and falls in love with a new girl named Madellaine who has come to Paris with her evil circus master, Sarousch. Disney thought that it was appropriate to make the sequel more fun and child-friendly due to the dark and grim themes of the original film.", "The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1996 film). The film is recognized by American Film Institute in these lists:" ]

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[ "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" is a song by the American band Twisted Sister from their album Stay Hungry. It was first released as a single (with \"You Can't Stop Rock & Roll\" as the B-side) on April 27, 1984. The Stay Hungry album was released two weeks later, on May 10, 1984. The single reached No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, making it Twisted Sister's only Top 40 single. The song was ranked No. 47 on 100 Greatest 80's Songs and No. 21 on VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders of the 80s.", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song was part of the intro for progressive talk host Stephanie Miller until the 2008 election of Barack Obama, when it was replaced by \"Walking on Sunshine\" by Katrina and the Waves. The song was sung by the characters Mordecai & Rigby in the Regular Show episode \"Karaoke Video\". The song is the theme song of the American reality comedy television series Betty White's Off Their Rockers.", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song has been covered by various artists including German pop punk band Donots in 2002 (which became a minor hit in Germany, reaching 33 in the Singles Chart). This song was also covered by Powerman 5000 for their tribute album Copies, Clones, and Replicants.", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). \"We're Not Gonna Take It\" was written by vocalist Dee Snider. As influences for the song, he cites the glam rock band Slade and the Christmas carol, \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\".[2][3]", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song was used in the commercials for the 2006 movie Charlotte's Web. VH-1's series True Spin explains the song as simply an anthem of teen rebellion, but Snider appeared saying that he was happy that long after he's gone, \"any time that the team is down by two, or somebody had a bad day at the office, they're gonna stand up and sing We're Not Gonna Take It\".", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). 2012 Republican vice-presidential candidate Paul Ryan's camp used the song in their campaign, until Snider asked Ryan not to play it anymore; Snider stated that he does not support Ryan and he planned on voting for Obama.[8][9]", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). In 20 Dee Snider gave magician Criss Angel the rights to use the song as an 'anthem' for this HELP (Heal Every Life Possible) charity. \"Dee and I have known each other since the 1990s and he was a strong proponent of mine for years. We are both from Long Island, or as we like to think of it, 'Strong Island,' and his record publishing company gave me the rights to the song and it is our anthem for gratis.\"[4]. Snider appeared in a video of a stripped down acoustic version for the charity, recorded in the desert outside Las Vegas and featuring children in hospital and a young woman shaving her head to symbolise fighting cancer.[5]", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song is notable for its popular music video directed by Marty Callner, with its emphasis on slapstick comedy. The video begins with a disobedient son (played by Marty's son, Dax Callner) playing Twisted Sister songs in his bedroom while the rest of the family is eating dinner. The father (played by Mark Metcalf) goes to the boy's bedroom and scolds his son for being interested only in his guitar and Twisted Sister music. At the last line of the father's rather overlong speech, he says \"What do you want to do with your life?\" To which the son replies \"I Wanna Rock!\" with a voice strikingly similar to that of director Marty Callner. The boy then transforms into Snider and the music begins. Snider sings to the other children, who turn into the rest of the band, and they wreak havoc on the family. The father gets the worst of the band's mischief. The end of the song pays tribute to Metcalf's character Douglas C. Niedermeyer from the 1978 film, Animal House (i.e. \"Drop and give me 20\", \"You're all worthless and weak\").", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song also appears in the episode 6 of season 5 of the TV series \"Person of Interest\", where it's sung by Harold Finch during a wedding. The song was used in two TV spots of the 2015 film, The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water. The song was also used in the teaser trailer of the 2016 film, Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life.", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). In the summer of 2015, the song was adopted as the theme song for Donald Trump's 2016 presidential campaign. The song is played after all his campaign appearances where it is known unofficially as the Trump fight song.[10] Newsweek reports Dee Snider of Twisted Sister gave Trump permission to use the song.[11] Snider later changed his mind saying that he had only allowed Trump to use the song because the two were friends, but then respectfully asked Trump to stop using it as he did not agree with many of Trump's stances. Snider did not want people to get the impression that he was endorsing Trump or his campaign.[12]", "Take That. Take That are an English pop group formed in Manchester in 1990. The group currently consists of Gary Barlow, Howard Donald and Mark Owen. The original line-up also featured Jason Orange and Robbie Williams.[2] Barlow acts as the group's lead singer and primary songwriter, with Owen and Williams initially providing backing vocals and Donald and Orange serving primarily as dancers.[3][4][5][6]", "Take It Easy. \"Take It Easy\" has also been recorded by Ottar Johansen (no) (as \"Ta Det Rolig\" Norse: album Hverdagshelter/ 1978), Express (fi) (\"Ota Iisisti\" Finnish/ 1978), Robby Longo (nl) (album Take It Easy/ 2014), Alice Ripley (album Daily Practice, Volume 1/ 2011), Søren Sko (da) (album Unpolished - 2001), and Roch Voisine (album AmerIIcana/ 2009). Rick Price and Jack Jones covered the song on their album California Dreaming (2017).", "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off. \"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off\" (released in the United Kingdom as \"We Don't Have To...\") is American R&B vocalist Jermaine Stewart's first of three singles from 1986. The song was included on his second album Frantic Romantic, released that same year. \"We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off\" remains Stewart's biggest commercial success in both America and Europe.", "We Don't Have to Take Our Clothes Off. The song was covered by Clea and was released as their third single. It was released in the UK in September 2005 and giving them their third Top 40 hit, charting at number 35. The song appears on their UK debut album, Trinity.", "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore). Other notable artists who recorded this song include Jules Shear, Long John Baldry, Clarence Clemons, The Ides of March, The Lettermen (for their 1970 album Reflections), and Robson and Jerome. Alfie Boe and G4 have both released classical versions.", "It's Gonna Take a Miracle. \"We had a lot of hit records (with DCP) but we hadn’t received any royalties,” said Sammy. “We protested and said we’re not going into the studio anymore until we get an accounting. We didn’t record for about eight or nine months. In the interim, Teddy Randazzo produced a girls group out of Baltimore called the Royalettes. He gave them a song called “It’s Gonna Take a Miracle” which was written for Little Anthony & the Imperials. When it first came out, everybody thought it was us. He also produced Derek Martin who had a hit called “You Better Go”. But we missed a million seller with “Gonna Take a Miracle” when we went on strike with the record company.\"[4]", "Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town (album). Ruby, Don't Take Your Love to Town is the fourth album by the group The First Edition. This was the first album to credit the group as Kenny Rogers & The First Edition. The title song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the United States (and was a success mirrored world-wide), while \"Reuben James\" became a top-30 hit in 1970.", "Take It All Back. \"Take It All Back\" was the band's first entry on the Alternative Songs chart in the United States, reaching number one.[1]", "Voices Carry. \"Voices Carry\" is a song by the American rock band 'Til Tuesday. It was produced by Mike Thorne for the band's debut studio album, Voices Carry (1985). The song's lyrics, written by the band's frontwoman Aimee Mann, portray a lover in an affair, and were originally written and sung as if to a woman, but changed due to Epic Records' pressure. The song was inspired by Mann's breakup with 'Til Tuesday drummer, Michael Hausman.[2]", "Don't Drop That Thun Thun. \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\" was first released in April 2012 as the debut single of The Finatticz, a Los Angeles-based hip hop group. Produced by Payso B, the song was first recorded three years prior, with group member James \"Killa\" Dunn claiming they had recorded it in just fifteen minutes.[2] \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\" would premiere later the same day at a house party hosted by a friend of one of the group's members. Later on, Yc Lopez would bring the song to the attention of fellow producer Ray J, who in turn, presented it to Alan Grunblatt, president of eOne Music. eOne would ultimately sign The Finatticz to Ray J's imprint Knockout Entertainment to release \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\", with an option of releasing an album in the future.[3] The song proved to be a hit locally, and received heavy airplay on L.A.-based radio stations such as Power 106—whose on-air personality DJ Carisma was an early supporter of the track.[2][4]", "Say It Ain't So. \"Say It Ain't So\" is a song by the American rock band Weezer. It was released as the third and final single from the band's self-titled 1994 debut album.", "I Don't Wanna Be a Soldier Mama. This song was first recorded, along with \"It's So Hard\", during the February 1971 sessions that also yielded the \"Power to the People\" single. The song began as a studio jam. Take 2, described as a raw, funk version of Lennon's song \"Well Well Well\", was included in the John Lennon Anthology box set. Lennon was unhappy with this version and re-recorded it during the Imagine sessions.", "Take That. In 1995, Take That released their third studio album Nobody Else, again based on Barlow's own material which reached number 1 in the UK and across Europe, capturing new audiences along the way, with Take That also able to make inroads in the adult audience in Britain through Barlow's melodic, sensitive ballads. For nearly five years, Take That's popularity was unsurpassed in Britain.[26] The release of the first single from the album, \"Sure\", achieved yet another number one in the UK charts. It was not until their second release from that album, however, that they would experience what would become their biggest hit single, \"Back for Good\", which reached number one in 31 countries around the globe and to date has been covered 89 times the world over. It was also their only US hit, where it reached number seven.[27]", "It's Gonna Take a Miracle. The song was originally written and intended for Little Anthony & The Imperials, but they never recorded it due to a royalty dispute with the song's writers/label owners Teddy Randazzo and Don Costa at the group's record label, DCP (Don Costa Productions) Records.[3] Imperials member Sammy Strain recalls:", "They Can't Take That Away from Me. \"They Can't Take That Away from Me\" is a 1937 popular song (see 1937 in music) with music by George Gershwin and lyrics by Ira Gershwin. It was introduced by Fred Astaire in the 1937 film Shall We Dance.", "Take That. In April 2006, EMI licensed the band's songs to be used in the musical Never Forget,[108] a musical based on songs of the band from the 1990s. Take That posted and then later removed a statement on their website distancing themselves from it.[108]", "Don't Drop That Thun Thun. \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\" is a song by The Finatticz. First released in April 2012 as the group's debut single, the song was a minor success locally. \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\" experienced a burst in mainstream popularity in July 2013, after its use in a viral video uploaded to Vine which featured a group of women twerking to the song. As a result of the meme which developed around the song on Vine, sales of the \"Don't Drop That Thun Thun\" single dramatically increased; the song would peak at number 10 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, and reach number 35 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "Neil Diamond. \"And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind\" brought covers from Elvis Presley (who also interpreted \"Sweet Caroline\") and Mark Lindsay, former lead singer for Paul Revere & the Raiders. Other notable artists who recorded his early songs were the English hard-rock band Deep Purple, Lulu, and Cliff Richard.[c]", "I Won't Give Up. Australian singer Cody Simpson performed it during a concert in the Bahamas.[58] American Idol contestant from the season 12 Johnny Keyser also sang it.[59] The song was also covered by Lea Michele as Rachel Berry in the season 3 episode of Glee, entitled \"Props\". \"I Won't Give Up\" is also covered by a cappella group Straight No Chaser in which Jason Mraz is featured on the recording Under the Influence. The Royce Twins from Season 5 of The X Factor Australia also sung and released it. In 2016, the song was covered by country singer Trisha Yearwood for the US version of the musical The Passion.", "You Ain't Woman Enough (To Take My Man). The song was performed by the Grateful Dead several times in 1973. Sung by female vocalist of the band, Donna Jean Godchaux, it was never played over its original play length and was kept from becoming one of their extended jams. Martina McBride covered the song for her album Timeless. The song has proved popular with southern soul artists with June Edwards (1968) and Shirley Brown (1995) recording two well known versions. A comedic version of the song was recorded for the 2005 film Be Cool by Dwayne Johnson, with the full music video viewable on the DVD extras and YouTube.[4] Hayley Williams, lead singer of rock band Paramore, has regularly performed the song while on tour;[5] in 2010, Paramore recorded the song for the tribute album Coal Miner's Daughter: A Tribute to Loretta Lynn.", "He'll Have to Go. The Flaco Jimenez Band with Ry Cooder, Anne Murray, Connie Francis, Mary Ford, Jerry Lee Lewis, Nat King Cole, and Tom Jones have recorded versions of the song.", "They're Coming to Take Me Away, Ha-Haaa!. Biz Markie also covers this song on Make the Music with Your Mouth, Biz, but he changes most of the lyrics." ]

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[ "Willamette River. In 1987, the U.S. Secretary of the Interior designated 713 acres (289 ha) of the watershed in Benton County as a National Natural Landmark. This area is the Willamette Floodplain, the largest remaining unplowed native grassland in the North Pacific geologic province, which encompasses most of the Pacific Northwest coast.[36]", "Upper Klamath Lake. Upper Klamath Lake (sometimes called Klamath Lake) (Klamath: ?ews, \"lake\" [2]) is a large, shallow freshwater lake east of the Cascade Range in south-central Oregon in the United States. The largest body of fresh water by surface area in Oregon, it is approximately 25 miles (40 km) long and 8 miles (13 km) wide and extends northwest from the city of Klamath Falls. It sits at an average elevation of 4,140 feet (1,260 m).", "Coos Bay, Oregon. Coos Bay (Coos language: Atsixiis[6]) is a city located in Coos County, Oregon, United States, where the Coos River enters Coos Bay on the Pacific Ocean. The city borders the city of North Bend, and together they are often referred to as one entity called either Coos Bay-North Bend or the Bay Area. Coos Bay's population as of the 2010 census was 15,967 residents, making it the largest city on the Oregon Coast.[7][8]", "Oregon. Oregon is one of the most geographically diverse states in the U.S.,[8] marked by volcanoes, abundant bodies of water, dense evergreen and mixed forests, as well as high deserts and semi-arid shrublands. At 11,249 feet (3,429 m), Mount Hood, a stratovolcano, is the state's highest point. Oregon's only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is also home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae, a fungus that runs beneath 8.9 km2 (2,200 acres) of the Malheur National Forest.[9]", "Deschutes River (Oregon). In 1964, on the Deschutes River, Portland General Electric (PGE) built, what was at the time, the largest hydroelectric dam in Oregon. This dam, named Round Butte Dam, stands 440 feet (130 m) above Lake Simtustus, a 611-acre (247 ha) reservoir impounded by Pelton Dam.[17]", "Oregon. Oregon (/ˈɔːrɪɡən/ ( listen)[7]) is a state in the Pacific Northwest region on the West coast of the United States. The Columbia River delineates much of Oregon's northern boundary along Washington state, while the Snake River delineates much of its eastern boundary along Idaho. The parallel 42° north delineates the southern boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon is one of only three states of the contiguous United States to have a coastline on the Pacific Ocean.", "Gold Beach, Oregon. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.76 square miles (7.15 km2), of which 2.53 square miles (6.55 km2) is land and 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2) is water.[1]", "Willamette River. Detroit Dam on the North Santiam River is the second tallest dam in the Willamette River basin after Cougar Dam. It is 463 feet (141 m) high and stores 455,000 acre feet (561,000,000 m3) of water.[91] Lookout Point Dam on the Middle Fork Willamette River, forming Lookout Point Lake, has the largest water storage capacity, at 477,700 acre feet (589,200,000 m3). The other 11 dams are Big Cliff on the North Santiam River; Green Peter and Foster on the Santiam River; Cougar on the South Fork McKenzie River; Blue River on the Blue River; Fern Ridge on the Long Tom River; Hills Creek, Dexter on the Middle Fork Willamette River; Fall Creek on Fall Creek; Cottage Grove on the Coast Fork Willamette River, and Dorena on the Row River.[88]", "Oswego Lake. Oswego Lake is a lake in Clackamas County, Oregon that is completely surrounded by the city of Lake Oswego. Though the lake is naturally occurring (a former channel of the Tualatin River), it has been significantly altered because of the concrete dam that has increased its size to 395 acres (1.60 km2). The United States Geological Survey records the official name as Lake Oswego and, because of its artificially increased size, classifies it as a reservoir.[3] To distinguish it from the city, however, the lake is usually called Oswego Lake.[4]", "Coos Bay, Oregon. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.90 square miles (41.18 km2), of which, 10.60 square miles (27.45 km2) is land and 5.30 square miles (13.73 km2) is water.[2] The city is quite hilly, with elevations ranging from between sea level to over 500 feet (150 m).[20] Bodies of water within the city limits include Upper Pony Creek Reservoir, Lake Merritt, Empire Lakes and numerous streams.", "Rogue River (Oregon). The William L. Jess Dam, a huge flood-control and hydroelectric structure, blocks the Rogue River 157 miles (253 km) from its mouth.[84] Built by the USACE between 1972 and 1976, it impounds Lost Creek Lake.[85] The dam, which is 345 feet (105 m) high and 3,600 feet (1,100 m) long,[85] prevents salmon migration above this point.[76] When the lake is full, it covers 3,428 acres (1,387 ha) and has an average depth of 136 feet (41 m).[85] Ranked by storage capacity, its reservoir is the seventh-largest in Oregon.[86]", "Oregon. Oregon is 295 miles (475 km) north to south at longest distance, and 395 miles (636 km) east to west at longest distance. With an area of 98,381 square miles (254,810 km2), Oregon is slightly larger than the United Kingdom. It is the ninth largest state in the United States.[22] Oregon's highest point is the summit of Mount Hood, at 11,249 feet (3,429 m), and its lowest point is the sea level of the Pacific Ocean along the Oregon Coast.[23] Oregon's mean elevation is 3,300 feet (1,006 m). Crater Lake National Park is the state's only national park and the site of Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States at 1,943 feet (592 m).[24] Oregon claims the D River as the shortest river in the world,[25] though the state of Montana makes the same claim of its Roe River.[26] Oregon is also home to Mill Ends Park (in Portland),[27] the smallest park in the world at 452 square inches (0.29 m2).", "Oregon. The state's coastal region produces significant tourism as well.[117] The Oregon Coast Aquarium comprises 23 acres (9.3 ha) along Yaquina Bay in Newport, and was also home to Keiko the orca whale.[118] It has been noted as one of the top ten aquariums in North America.[119] Fort Clatsop in Warrenton features a replica of Lewis and Clark's encampment at the mouth of the Columbia River in 1805. The Sea Lion Caves in Florence are the largest system of sea caverns in the United States, and also attract many visitors.[120]", "Coos Bay, Oregon. John Topits Park, in the northwestern section of Coos Bay, is a 120-acre (49 ha) natural area encompassing the Empire Lakes and protected coastal dune and forest land. No motor boats are permitted on the lakes. However, there is a launch for canoes, kayaks and other non-motorized boats. There are 5.5 miles (8.9 km) of pedestrian and cycling trails. The Empire Lakes is home to a variety of fish (bass, bluegill, perch, catfish), waterfowl and birds.[41]", "Eugene, Oregon. Eugene is the home of Oregon's largest publicly owned water and power utility, the Eugene Water & Electric Board (EWEB). EWEB got its start in the first decade of the 20th century, after an epidemic of typhoid found in the groundwater supply.[170] The City of Eugene condemned Eugene's private water utility and began treating river water (first the Willamette; later the McKenzie) for domestic use. EWEB got into the electric business when power was needed for the water pumps. Excess electricity generated by the EWEB's hydropower plants was used for street lighting.", "Oregon. Oregon has one of the largest salmon-fishing industries in the world, although ocean fisheries have reduced the river fisheries in recent years.[110] Because of the abundance of waterways in the state, it is also a major producer of hydroelectric energy.[111]", "List of ecoregions in North America (CEC). Most of the water in this ecoregion is fresh water and contained in rivers, lakes, and ground water. Washington, Oregon, and Idaho are mainly drained by the Columbia River, its tributaries, and other streams that flow to the Pacific Ocean. The Columbia River Basin is the fourth largest watershed in North America. According to a 2004 GIS inventory by the Environmental Protection Agency, there are approximately 10,535 lakes and reservoirs in the Pacific Northwest. The largest lakes in the Pacific Northwest include Lake Washington, Lake Roosevelt, Lake Chelan, Upper Klamath Lake, Lake Pend Oreille, Priest Lake, and Lake Coeur d’Alene.", "Oregon State University. Corvallis is the tenth largest city in the state. Still, it is a relatively small community and many of the local events have a strong connection to the university. Oregon State has over 400 active student organizations and groups. The campus is located only a few hours driving distance from any number of outdoor recreation opportunities. Several federal and state natural forests and parks make up popular student destinations. These include the Cascade Range, a rugged coastline, several large forests, the high desert and numerous rivers and lakes. Portland, Oregon's largest city, is 85 miles (137 km) north of the campus.", "Columbia River. The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.[9] The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific.", "Portland, Oregon. Portland is 60 miles (97 km) east of the Pacific Ocean at the northern end of Oregon's most populated region, the Willamette Valley. Downtown Portland straddles the banks of the Willamette River, which flows north through the city center and separates the city's east and west neighborhoods. Less than 10 miles (16 km) from downtown, the Willamette River flows into the Columbia River, the fourth-largest river in the United States, which divides Oregon from Washington state. Portland is approximately 100 miles (160 km) upriver from the Pacific Ocean on the Columbia.", "Haystack Rock. Haystack Rock is one of the most identifiable geological formations of Oregon. Many people each year become temporarily trapped on Haystack Rock when high tide engulfs the rock in water, necessitating rescue by the United States Coast Guard or local authorities. Oregon's beaches are publicly owned, and there are several hotels along the beachfront within walking distance of Haystack Rock, making the area congested with tourists during the summer.", "Willamette River. About 2.5 million people lived in the Willamette River basin as of 2010, about 65 percent of the population of Oregon.[31] As of 2009, the basin contained 20 of the 25 most populous cities in Oregon.[7][32] These cities include Springfield, Eugene, Corvallis, Albany, Salem, Keizer, Newberg, Oregon City, West Linn, Milwaukie, Lake Oswego, and Portland.[7][32] The largest is Portland, with more than 500,000 residents.[32] Not all of these cities draw water directly from the Willamette for their municipal water supply.[33][34] Other cities in the watershed (but not on the main-stem river) with populations of 20,000 or more are Gresham, Hillsboro, Beaverton, Tigard, McMinnville, Tualatin, Woodburn, and Forest Grove.[7][32]", "North American Cordillera. The Oregon Coast Range is the part of the Coast Range system that is denoted as between the mouth of the Columbia River and the Middle Fork Coquille River. It is about 200 miles (320 km) long. The highest peak is Marys Peak, at 4,101 ft (1,250 m).", "Oregon. Oregon is home to what is considered the largest single organism in the world, an Armillaria solidipes fungus beneath the Malheur National Forest of eastern Oregon.[9]", "Haystack Rock. There are at least six other geographic features in Oregon named Haystack Rock, including two others along the Oregon Coast — and others throughout the U.S. The tallest and probably best known Haystack Rock due to its proximity to Portland is in Tillamook County located off Pacific City and near Cape Kiwanda. It stands 327 feet (100 m) above the sea and is the fourth tallest sea stack or off-shore monolith in the world.[1] Haystack Rock in Cannon Beach is accompanied by several smaller rocks known as The Needles. The other Oregon coastal Haystack Rock stands 105 feet (32 m)[2] above sea level in Coos County near Bandon.[3]", "Willamette River. The Willamette River drains a region of 11,478 square miles (29,730 km2), which is 12 percent of the total area of Oregon.[4] Bounded by the Coast Range to the west and the Cascade Range to the east, the river basin is about 180 miles (290 km) long and 100 miles (160 km) wide.[15] Elevations within the watershed range from 10,495 feet (3,199 m) at Mount Jefferson in the Cascade Range[15] to 10 feet (3.0 m) at the mouth on the Columbia River.[2] Watersheds bordering the Willamette River basin are those of the Little Deschutes River to the southeast, the Deschutes River to the east, and the Sandy River to the northeast; the North Umpqua and Umpqua rivers to the south; coastal rivers including (from south to north) the Siuslaw, the Alsea, the Yaquina, the Siletz, the Nestucca, the Trask, and the Wilson to the west; the Nehalem and the Clatskanie to the northwest, and the Columbia River to the north.[30]", "Coos Bay, Oregon. Coos Bay has the largest concentration of health care facilities on the Oregon Coast and serves as a regional hub for the Central and Southern Coasts, as well as inland areas.[23] Bay Area Hospital, the largest hospital on the coast has 172 beds and is undergoing a 97,000-square-foot (9,000 m2) expansion.[46] Other facilities in the city include North Bend Medical Center, Oregon Coast Spine Institute, Bay Clinic, South Coast Center for Cosmetic Surgery, South Coast Orthopedic Associates and Southwest Physical Therapy.[23]", "Rogue River (Oregon). The Rogue River (Tolowa: yan-shuu-chit’ taa-ghii~-li~’,[7] Takelma: tak-elam[8]) in southwestern Oregon in the United States flows about 215 miles (346 km) in a generally westward direction from the Cascade Range to the Pacific Ocean. Known for its salmon runs, whitewater rafting, and rugged scenery, it was one of the original eight rivers named in the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968. Beginning near Crater Lake, which occupies the caldera left by the explosive volcanic eruption of Mount Mazama, the river flows through the geologically young High Cascades and the older Western Cascades, another volcanic province. Further west, the river passes through multiple exotic terranes of the more ancient Klamath Mountains. In the Kalmiopsis Wilderness section of the Rogue basin are some of the world's best examples of rocks that form the Earth's mantle. Near the mouth of the river, the only dinosaur fragments ever discovered in Oregon were found in the Otter Point Formation, along the coast of Curry County.", "Three Sisters (Oregon). Unlike its sister peaks,[62] South Sister has an uneroded summit crater about 0.25 mi (0.40 km) in diameter that holds a small crater lake known as Teardrop Pool, the highest lake in Oregon. Its cone consists of basaltic andesite along with red scoria and tephra, with exposed black and red inner walls made of scoria.[63] Hodge Crest, a false peak, formed between 28,000 and 24,000 years ago, roughly around the same time as the main cone.[64]", "Oregon. Because of its diverse landscapes and waterways, Oregon's economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing, and hydroelectric power. Oregon is also the top timber producer of the lower 48 states, and the timber industry dominated the state's economy in the 20th century.[10] Technology is another one of Oregon's major economic forces, beginning in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc., headquartered in Beaverton, is the state's largest public corporation with an annual revenue of $30.6 billion.[11]", "Portland, Oregon. Tryon Creek State Natural Area is one of three Oregon State Parks in Portland and the most popular; its creek has a run of steelhead. The other two State Parks are Willamette Stone State Heritage Site, in the West Hills, and the Government Island State Recreation Area in the Columbia River near Portland International Airport.", "Oregon. The Columbia River, which forms much of Oregon's northern border, also played a major role in the region's geological evolution, as well as its economic and cultural development. The Columbia is one of North America's largest rivers, and one of two rivers to cut through the Cascades (the Klamath River in southern Oregon is the other). About 15,000 years ago, the Columbia repeatedly flooded much of Oregon during the Missoula Floods; the modern fertility of the Willamette Valley is largely a result of those floods. Plentiful salmon made parts of the river, such as Celilo Falls, hubs of economic activity for thousands of years." ]

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[ "Lake Texcoco. Lake Texcoco (Spanish: Lago de Texcoco) was a natural lake within the \"Anahuac\" or Valley of Mexico. Lake Texcoco is best known as where the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan, which was located on an island within the lake. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire, efforts to control flooding by the Spanish led to most of the lake being drained. The entire lake basin is now almost completely occupied by Mexico City, the capital of the present-day nation of Mexico.", "Lake Texcoco. Tenochtitlan was founded on an islet in the western part of the lake in the year 1325. Around it, the Aztecs created a large artificial island using a system similar to the creation of chinampas. To overcome the problems of drinking water, the Aztecs built a system of dams to separate the salty waters of the lake from the rain water of the effluents.[3] It also permitted them to control the level of the lake. The city also had an inner system of channels that helped to control the water.", "Lake Texcoco. After the fall of Teotihuacan, AD 600–800, several other city states appeared around the lake, including Xoloc, Azcapotzalco, Tlacopan, Coyohuacan, Culhuacán, Chimalpa and Chimalhuacán – mainly from Toltec and Chichimeca influence. None of these predominated and they coexisted more or less in peace for several centuries. This time was described as a Golden age in Aztec chronicles. By the year 1300, however, the Tepanec from Azcapotzalco were beginning to dominate the area.", "Lake Texcoco. The Aztec ruler Ahuitzotl attempted to built an aqueduct that would take fresh from the mainland to the lakes surrounding the Tenochtitlan city. The aqueduct failed, and the city suffered a major flood in 1502. [4][5]", "Lake Texcoco. Several villages appeared on the northeast side of the lake between 1700 and 1250 BC. By 1250 BC the identifying signs of the Tlatilco culture, including more complex settlements and a stratified social structure, are seen around the lake. By roughly 800 BC Cuicuilco had eclipsed the Tlatilco cultural centers and was the major power in the Valley of Mexico during the next 200 years when its famous conical pyramid was built. The Xitle volcano destroyed Cuicuilco around AD 30, a destruction that may have given rise to Teotihuacan.", "History of the Aztecs. As a result, when the Mexica arrived in the Valley of Mexico as a semi-nomadic tribe, they found most of the area already occupied. In roughly 1248,[2] they first settled on Chapultepec, a hill on the west shore of Lake Texcoco, the site of numerous springs.", "Tenochtitlan. Lake Texcoco was the largest of five interconnected lakes. Since it formed in an endorheic basin, Lake Texcoco was brackish. During the reign of Moctezuma I, the \"levee of Nezahualcoyotl\" was constructed, reputedly designed by Nezahualcoyotl. Estimated to be 12 to 16 km (7.5 to 9.9 mi) in length, the levee was completed circa 1453. The levee kept fresh spring-fed water in the waters around Tenochtitlan and kept the brackish waters beyond the dike, to the east.", "Lake Texcoco. Between the Pleistocene era and the last glacial period, the lake occupied the entire Mexico Valley. Lake Texcoco reached its maximum extent 11,000 years ago with a size of about 2,189 square miles and over 500ft deep. When the lake's water level fell it created several paleo-lakes that would connect with each other from time to time. At the north in the modern community of San Miguel Tocuilla there is a great paleontological field, with a lot of pleistocenic fauna. The Lake was primarily fed by snowmelt and rain runoff when the Mexico Valley had a temperate climate. Between 11,000 and 6,000 years ago, the climate naturally warmed and snowfall in central Mexico became less prevalent. This caused the water level of the lake to drop over the next several millennia. Remnants of the ancient shoreline that Lake Texcoco had from the last glacial period can be seen on some slopes of Mount Tlaloc as well as mountains west of Mexico City. The disarticulated remains of seven mammoths dated between 10,220 ± 75 and 12,615 ± 95 years (BP) were found, suggesting human presence.[1] It is believed that the lake disappeared and re-formed at least 10 times in the last 30,000 years.", "Mexico City. Originally much of the valley laid beneath the waters of Lake Texcoco, a system of interconnected salt and freshwater lakes. The Aztecs built dikes to separate the fresh water used to raise crops in chinampas and to prevent recurrent floods. These dikes were destroyed during the siege of Tenochtitlan, and during colonial times the Spanish regularly drained the lake to prevent floods. Only a small section of the original lake remains, located outside the Federal District, in the municipality of Atenco, State of Mexico.", "History of the Aztecs. Forced to flee, in 1325 they went to a small island on the west side of Lake Texcoco where they began to build their city Tenochtitlan, eventually creating a large artificial island. It is said that the Aztec god, Huitzilopochtli, instructed the Aztecs to found their city at the location where they saw an eagle, on a cactus, with a snake in its talons (which is on the current Mexican flag). The Aztecs, apparently, saw this vision on the small island where Tenochtitlan was founded.", "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. Cortés then received reinforcements when the Panuco River settlement was abandoned, and supply ships arrived from Cuba and Spain. Cortés also built 13 sloops to cross Lake Texcoco. Xicotencatl the Younger, however, sought an alliance with the Mexicans, but was opposed.[27]:309–11", "Lake Texcoco. Agriculture around the lake began about 7,000 years ago,[2] with humans following the patterns of periodic inundations of the lake.", "Fall of Tenochtitlan. On 6 April 1521, Cortés met with the Caciques around Chalco, and announced he would \"bring peace\" and blockade Mexico. He wanted all of their warriors ready the next day when he put thirteen launches into the lake. He was then joined at Chimaluacan by twenty thousand warriors from Chalco, Texcoco, Huexotzingo, and Tlascala.[25]:333 Cortés fought a major engagement with seventeen thousand Guatemoc warriors at Xochimilco, before continuing his march northwestward.[25]:340–47 Cortés found Coyoacan, Tacuba, Atzcapotzalco, and Cuauhitlan deserted.[25]:347–49", "Fall of Tenochtitlan. To reach Tlaxcala, Cortés had to bring his troops around Lake Texcoco. Though the Spanish were under attack the entire trip, because Cortés took his troops through the northern towns, they were at an advantage. The northern valley was less populous, travel was difficult, and it was still the agricultural season, so the attacks on Cortés’s forces were not very heavy. As Cortés arrived in more densely inhabited areas east of the lake, the attacks were more forceful.[1]", "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. During the campaign, Cortés was given support from a number of tributaries and rivals of the Aztecs, including the Totonacs, and the Tlaxcaltecas, Texcocans, and other city-states particularly bordering Lake Texcoco. In their advance, the allies were tricked and ambushed several times by the people they encountered. After eight months of battles and negotiations, which overcame the diplomatic resistance of the Aztec Emperor Moctezuma II to his visit, Cortés arrived in Tenochtitlan on November 8, 1519, where he took up residence, welcomed by Moctezuma. When news reached Cortés of the death of several of his men during the Aztec attack on the Totonacs in Veracruz, he took the opportunity to take Moctezuma captive, Moctezuma allowed himself to be captured as a diplomatic gesture. Capturing the cacique or indigenous ruler was standard operating procedure for Spaniards in their expansion in the Caribbean, so capturing Moctezuma had considerable precedent, which might well have included those in Spain during the Christian reconquest of territory held by Muslims.[4]", "Aztecs. According to Aztec legend, in 1323, the Mexica were shown a vision of an eagle perched on a prickly pear cactus, eating a snake. The vision indicated the location where they were to build their settlement. The Mexica founded Tenochtitlan on a small swampy island in Lake Texcoco, the inland lake of the Basin of Mexico. The year of foundation is usually given as 1325. In 1376 the Mexica royal dynasty was founded when Acamapichtli, son of a Mexica father and a Colhua mother, was elected as the first Huey Tlatoani of Tenochtitlan.[32]", "History of the Aztecs. In the Valley of Mexico (c. AD 1250), there existed numerous city-states, including Chalco, Xochimilco, Tlacopan, Culhuacan, and Atzcapotzalco. The most powerful were Culhuacan on the south shore of Lake Texcoco and Azcapotzalco on the west shore.", "Aztec Empire. While the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco expanded their rule with help from the Mexica, the Acolhua city of Texcoco grew in power in the eastern portion of the lake basin. Eventually, war erupted between the two states, and the Mexica played a vital role in the conquest of Texcoco. By then, Tenochtitlan had grown into a major city and was rewarded for its loyalty to the Tepanecs by receiving Texcoco as a tributary province.[16]", "Fall of Tenochtitlan. Cortés then decided to move his army to Tetzcoco, where he could assemble and launch the sloops in the creeks flowing into Lake Texcoco. With his main headquarters in Tetzcoco, he could stop his forces from being spread too thin around the lake, and there he could contact them where they needed. Xicotencatl the Elder provided Cortés with ten thousand plus Tlaxcalan warriors under the command of Chichimecatecle. Cortés departed Tlaxcala on the day after Christmas 1520. When his force arrived at the outskirts of Tetzcoco, he was met by seven chieftains stating their leader Coanacotzin begs \"for your friendship\". Cortés quickly replaced that leader with the son of Nezahualpilli, baptized as Don Hernando Cortés.[25]:311–16", "History of Mexico City. The Aztecs were one of the last of the Nahuatl-speaking peoples who migrated to this part of the Valley of Mexico after the fall of the Toltec Empire.[8] Their presence was resisted by the peoples who were already there, but the Aztecs were able to establish a city on a small island on the western side of Lake Texcoco.[9] The Aztecs themselves had a story about how their city was founded after being led to the island by their principal god, Huitzilopochtli. According to the story, the god indicated their new home with a sign, an eagle perched on a nopal cactus with a snake in its beak.[10] This image appears in Codex Mendoza, an early post-conquest manuscript, one of many Aztec codices, pictorial texts, and since Mexico's independence from Spain in 1821, the image is in the center of the Mexican flag. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states or altepetl around Lake Texcoco, and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.[10]", "Lake Texcoco. During Cortés's siege of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the dams were destroyed, and never rebuilt, so flooding became a big problem for the new Mexico City built over Tenochtitlan.", "Lake Texcoco. The term \"Texcoco Lake\" now refers only to a big area surrounded by salt marshes 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) east of Mexico City, which covers the ancient lake bed. Also there are small remnants of the lakes of Xochimilco, Chalco, and Zumpango.", "Mexico City. Between 1325 and 1521, Tenochtitlan grew in size and strength, eventually dominating the other city-states around Lake Texcoco and in the Valley of Mexico. When the Spaniards arrived, the Aztec Empire had reached much of Mesoamerica, touching both the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean.[28]", "Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire. On 23 September 1519, Cortés arrived in Tlaxcala and was greeted with joy by the rulers, who saw the Spanish as an ally against the Aztecs. Due to a commercial blockade by the Aztecs, Tlaxcala was poor, lacking, among other things, salt and cotton cloths, so they could only offer Cortés and his men food and slaves. Cortés stayed twenty days in Tlaxcala, giving his men time to recover from their wounds from the battles. Cortés seems to have won the true friendship and loyalty of the senior leaders of Tlaxcala, among them Maxixcatzin and Xicotencatl the Elder, although he could not win the heart of Xicotencatl the Younger. The Spaniards agreed to respect parts of the city, like the temples, and reportedly took only the things that were offered to them freely.[27]:172–74", "Lake Texcoco. According to a traditional story, the Mexica wandered in the deserts of modern Mexico for 100 years before they came to the thick forests of the place now called the Valley of Mexico.", "Mesoamerican chronology. The date of the departure from Aztlán is debated, with suggested dates of 1064, 1111 and 1168.[8] After much wandering, the Mexicas arrived at the basin of the Valley of Mexico in the 14th century. They established themselves at various points along the bank of the river (for example, Culhuacán and Tizapán), before settling on the Islet of Mexico, protected by Tezozómoc, king of the Texpanecas. The city of Tenochtitlan was founded in 1325 as an ally of Azcapotzalco, but less than a century later, in 1430, the Mexicas joined with Texcoco and Tlacopan to wage war against Azcapotzalco and emerged victorious. This gave birth to the Triple Alliance that replaced the ancient confederation ruled by the Tecpanecas (which included Coatlinchan and Culhuacán).", "History of the Aztecs. In time, the Tepanecs of Azcapotzalco ousted the Mexica from Chapultepec and the ruler of Culhuacan, Cocoxtli, gave the Mexica permission to settle in the empty barrens of Tizaapan in 1299. There they married and assimilated into Culhuacan culture.", "Lake Texcoco. Mexico City suffered from periodic floods; in 1604 the lake flooded the city, with an even more severe flood following in 1607. Under the direction of Enrico Martínez, a drain was built to control the level of the lake, but in 1629 another flood kept most of the city covered for five years. At that time, it was debated whether to relocate the city, but the Spanish authorities decided to keep the current location.", "Age of Discovery. Meanwhile, Velasquez sent another expedition, led by Pánfilo de Narváez, to oppose Cortès, arriving in Mexico in April 1520 with 1,100 men.[113] Cortés left 200 men in Tenochtitlan and took the rest to confront Narvaez, whom he overcame, convincing his men to join him. In Tenochtitlán one of Cortés's lieutenants committed a massacre in the Great Temple, triggering local rebellion. Cortés speedily returned, attempting the support of Moctezuma but the Aztec emperor was killed, possibly stoned by his subjects.[115] The Spanish fled for the Tlaxcaltec during the Noche Triste, where they managed a narrow escape while their backguard was massacred. Much of the treasure looted was lost during this panicked escape.[113] After a battle in Otumba they reached Tlaxcala, having lost 870 men.[113] Having prevailed with the assistance of allies and reinforcements from Cuba, Cortés besieged Tenochtitlán and captured its ruler Cuauhtémoc in August 1521. As the Aztec Empire ended he claimed the city for Spain, renaming it Mexico City.", "Mesoamerican pyramids. The Aztecs, a people with a rich mythology and cultural heritage, dominated central Mexico in the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.[2] Their capital was Tenochtitlan on the shore of Lake Texcoco – the site of modern-day Mexico City. They were related to the preceding cultures in the basin of Mexico such as the culture of Teotihuacan whose building style they adopted and adapted.", "Valley of Mexico. The largest and most dominant city at the time of the Spanish conquest was Tenochtitlan. It was founded by the Mexica (Aztecs) on a small island in the western part of Lake Texcoco in 1325, and was extended with the use of chinampas, human-made extensions of agricultural land into the southern lake system, to increase productive agricultural land, covering about 9,000 hectares (35 sq mi).[9] The inhabitants controlled the lake with a sophisticated system of dikes, canals and sluices. Much of the surrounding land in the valley was terraced and farmed as well, with a network of aqueducts channeling fresh water from springs in the mountainsides into the city itself.[2] Despite being the dominant power, the need to rely on resources from other parts of the valley led to the Aztec Triple Alliance between Tenochtitlan, Texcoco and Tlacopan at the beginning of the empire. However, by the time the Spanish arrived in 1519, Tenochtitlan had become the dominant power of the three, causing grievances that the Spaniards were able to exploit.[9] However, despite Tenochtitlan's power outside the valley, it never completely controlled all of the valley itself, with the altepetl of Tlaxcala the most prominent example.[9]", "Fall of Tenochtitlan. Cortés then concentrated on letting the Aztec \"eat up all the provisions they have\" and drink brackish water. The Spaniards gradually advanced along the causeways, though without allies. Their launches had freedom of the lake, after devising a method for breaking the impaling stakes the Aztec had placed for them. After twelve days of this, the Spanish allies realized the prophesy by the Aztec idols, that the Spaniards would be dead in ten days was false. Two thousand warriors returned from Texcoco, as did many Tlascan warriors under Tepaneca from Topeyanco, and those from Huexotzingo and Cholula.[25]:390–91" ]

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[ "Medicare (United States). Medicare has four parts: Part A is Hospital Insurance. Part B is Medical Insurance. Medicare Part D covers many prescription drugs, though some are covered by Part B. In general, the distinction is based on whether or not the drugs are self-administered. Part C health plans, the most popular of which are branded Medicare Advantage, are another way for Original Medicare (Part A and B) beneficiaries to receive their Part A, B and D benefits (basically Part C is a public supplement option that can be compared with group private supplemental Medicare coverage from a former employer or individually purchased private so-called Medigap insurance). All Medicare benefits are subject to medical necessity.", "Medicare (United States). Medicare and Medicaid are the two government sponsored medical insurance schemes in the United States. Medicare is further divided into parts A and B - Medicare Part A covers hospital and hospice services; Part B covers outpatient services. Part D covers self-administered prescription drugs. Part C is an alternative to the other parts intended to allow experimentation with differently structured plans in an effort to reduce costs to the government and allow patients to choose plans with more benefits.[4]", "Medicare (United States). Part A covers inpatient hospital stays, including semi-private room, food, and tests. As of January 1, 2016, Medicare Part A has an inpatient hospital deductible of $1288, coinsurance per day as $322 after 61 days confinement within one \"spell of illness\", coinsurance for \"lifetime reserve days\" (essentially, days 91-150) of $644 per day, and coinsurance in an Skilled Nursing Family (following a medically necessary hospital confinement) for days 21-100 of $161 per day.[citation needed]", "Medicare Advantage. Medicare Part A provides payments for in-patient hospital, hospice, and skilled nursing services. Part B provides payments for most physician and surgical services, even some in hospitals and skilled nursing facilities, as well as for medically-necessary outpatient hospital services such as ER, surgical center, laboratory, X-rays and diagnostic tests, certain preventative medical services, and certain durable medical equipment and supplies. Part C health plans, including Medicare Advantage plans, not only cover the same medical services as Parts A and B but also typically include an annual physical exam and vision and/or dental coverage of some sort not covered under Original Medicare Parts A and B. Less often, hearing and wellness benefits not found in Original Medicare are included in a Medicare Advantage plan. The most important difference between a Part C health plan and FFS Original Medicare is that all Part C plans, including capitated-fee Medicare Advantage plans, include a limit on how much a beneficiary will have to spend annually out of pocket; that amount is unlimited in Original Medicare Parts A and B.", "Medicare Advantage. Medicare Advantage is a type of health insurance that provides coverage within Part C of Medicare in the United States. Medicare Advantage plans pay for managed health care based on a monthly fee per enrollee (capitation), rather than on the basis of billing for each medical service provided (fee-for-service) for unmanaged healthcare services. Most such plans are health maintenance organizations (HMOs) or preferred provider organizations (PPOs). Medicare Advantage plans finance at a minimum the same medical services as \"Original Medicare\" Parts A and B Medicare finance via fee-for-service. Part C plans, including Medicare Advantage plans, also typically finance additional services, including additional health services, and most importantly include an annual out of pocket (OOP) spend limit not included in Parts A and B. A Medicare Advantage beneficiary must first sign up for both Part A and Part B of Medicare.", "Medicare (United States). Some \"hospital services\" can be done as inpatient services, which would be reimbursed under Part A; or as outpatient services, which would be reimbursed, not under Part A, but under Part B instead. The \"Two-Midnight Rule\" decides which is which. In August 2013, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services announced a final rule concerning eligibility for hospital inpatient services effective October 1, 2013. Under the new rule, if a physician admits a Medicare beneficiary as an inpatient with an expectation that the patient will require hospital care that “crosses two midnights,” Medicare Part A payment is “generally appropriate.” However, if it is anticipated that the patient will require hospital care for less than two midnights, Medicare Part A payment is generally not appropriate; payment such as is approved will be paid under Part B.[27] The time a patient spends in the hospital before an inpatient admission is formally ordered is considered outpatient time. But, hospitals and physicians can take into consideration the pre-inpatient admission time when determining if a patient’s care will reasonably be expected to cross two midnights to be covered under Part A.[28] In addition to deciding which trust fund is used to pay for these various outpatient vs. inpatient charges, the number of days for which a person is formally considered an admitted patient affects eligibility for Part A skilled nursing services.", "Medicaid. Unlike Medicaid, Medicare is a social insurance program funded at the federal level[38] and focuses primarily on the older population. As stated in the CMS website,[39] Medicare is a health insurance program for people age 65 or older, people under age 65 with certain disabilities, and (through the End Stage Renal Disease Program) people of all ages with end-stage renal disease. The Medicare Program provides a Medicare part A which covers hospital bills, Medicare Part B which covers medical insurance coverage, and Medicare Part D which covers prescription drugs.", "Medicare Advantage. All four Parts of Medicare -- A, B and C, and D -- are administered by private companies under contract to the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Almost all these companies are insurance companies, except for those that administer Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans. Most Medicare Advantage and other Part C plans are administered (CMS uses the term \"sponsored\") by integrated health delivery systems and non-profit charities under state laws, and/or under union or religious management.", "Health insurance in the United States. As the population covered by Medicare grows, its costs are projected to rise from slightly over 3 percent of GDP to over 6 percent, contributing substantially to the federal budget deficit.[35] In 2011, Medicare was the primary payer for an estimated 15.3 million inpatient stays, representing 47.2 percent ($182.7 billion) of total aggregate inpatient hospital costs in the United States.[10] The Affordable Care Act took some steps to reduce Medicare spending, and various other proposals are circulating to reduce it further.", "Medicare (United States). Part B medical insurance helps pay for some services and products not covered by Part A, generally on an outpatient basis (but also when on an unadmitted observation status in a hospital). Part B is optional and may be deferred if the beneficiary or his/her spouse is still working and has group health coverage through that employer. There is a lifetime penalty (10% per year on the premium) imposed for not enrolling in Part B unless actively working and receiving group health coverage from that employer, or covered by programs of the Veterans Health Administration.", "Medicare (United States). The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), a component of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), administers Medicare, Medicaid, the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) and parts of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[14] Along with the Departments of Labor and Treasury, CMS also implements the insurance reform provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) and most aspects of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) of 2010 as amended. The Social Security Administration is responsible for determining Medicare eligibility, eligibility for and payment of Extra Help/Low Income Subsidy payments related to Part D Medicare, and collecting some premium payments for the Medicare program.", "Social Security Amendments of 1965. The legislation made two amendments to the Social Security Act of 1935. Title XVIII, which became known as Medicare, includes Part A, which provides hospital insurance for the aged, and Part B, which provides supplementary medical insurance. Title XIX, which became known as Medicaid, provides for the states to finance health care for individuals who were at or close to the public assistance level with federal matching funds.", "Medicare (United States). The maximum length of stay that Medicare Part A covers in a hospital inpatient stay or series of stays is typically 90 days. The first 60 days would be paid by Medicare in full, except one copay (also and more commonly referred to as a \"deductible\") at the beginning of the 60 days of $1,288 as of 2016. Days 61–90 require a co-payment of $322 per day as of 2016. The beneficiary is also allocated \"lifetime reserve days\" that can be used after 90 days. These lifetime reserve days require a copayment of $644 per day as of 2016, and the beneficiary can only use a total of 60 of these days throughout their lifetime.[25] A new pool of 90 hospital days, with new copays of $1288 in 2016 and $302 per day for days 61–90, starts only after the beneficiary has 60 days continuously with no payment from Medicare for hospital or nursing home confinement.[26]", "Medicare (United States). Part A & B", "Medicare (United States). Original \"fee-for-service\" Medicare Parts A and B have a standard benefit package that covers medically necessary care as described in the sections above that members can receive from nearly any hospital or doctor in the country (if that doctor or hospital accepts Medicare). Original Medicare beneficiaries who choose to enroll in a Part C Medicare Advantage health plan instead give up none of their rights as an Original Medicare beneficiary, receive the same standard benefits—as a minimum—as provided in Original Medicare, and get an annual out of pocket (OOP) upper spending limit not included in Original Medicare. However they must typically use only a select network of providers except in emergencies, typically restricted to the area surrounding their legal residence (which can vary from tens to over 100 miles depending on county). Most Part C plans are traditional health maintenance organizations (HMOs) that require the patient to have a primary care physician, though a few are preferred provider organizations (which typically means the provider restrictions are not as confining as with an HMO).", "Medicare (United States). The original program included Parts A and B. Part-C-like plans have existed as demonstration projects in Medicare since the early 1980s but the Part was formalized by 1997 legislation. (Simplistically, Part C is a voucher program similar to the insurance reform included in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 as amended). Part D was introduced January 1, 2006.", "Medicare (United States). Generally, if you already receive Social Security payments, at age 65 you are automatically enrolled in Medicare Part A (Hospital Insurance). In addition, you are generally also automatically enrolled in Medicare Part B (Medical Insurance). If you choose to accept Part B you must pay a monthly premium to keep it. However, you may delay enrollment with no penalty under some circumstances, or with penalty under other circumstances.", "Social Security (United States). The Medicare hospital insurance, HI, (Part A: Hospital Insurance, inpatient care, skilled nursing facility care, home health care, and hospice care) expenditure rate of $266.8 billion in 2012—while bringing in only $243.0 billion—means that the medicare HI trust funds are being seriously depleted and increased taxes or reduced coverage will be required. The additional retirees expected under the \"baby boom bulge\" will hasten this trust fund depletion. Medicare expenses, tied to medical costs growth rates, have traditionally increased much faster than GDP growth rates.[25]", "Socialized medicine. Medicare and Medicaid are forms of publicly funded health care, which fits the looser definition of socialized medicine.[citation needed] Part B coverage (Medical) requires a monthly premium of $96.40 (and possibly higher) and the first $135 of costs per year also fall to the senior, not the government.[56]", "Lyndon B. Johnson. As a back-up position, in 1965 Johnson turned his focus to hospital insurance for the aged under Social Security.[140] The key player in initiating this program, named Medicare, was Wilbur Mills, Chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee. In order to reduce Republican opposition, Mills suggested that Medicare be fashioned as a three layer cake—hospital insurance under Social Security, a voluntary insurance program for doctor visits and an expanded medical welfare program for the poor, known as Medicaid.[141] The bill passed the house by a margin of 110 votes on April 8. The effort in the Senate was considerably more complicated; however, the Medicare bill passed Congress on July 28 after negotiation in a conference committee.[142] Medicare now covers tens of millions of Americans.[143] Johnson gave the first two Medicare cards to former President Harry S Truman and his wife Bess after signing the Medicare bill at the Truman Library in Independence, Missouri.[144]", "Medicare (United States). Part A's inpatient admitted hospital and skilled nursing coverage is largely funded by revenue from a 2.9% payroll tax levied on employers and workers (each pay 1.45%). Until December 31, 1993, the law provided a maximum amount of compensation on which the Medicare tax could be imposed each year, in the same way that the Social Security tax works in the United States.[18] Beginning January 1, 1994, the compensation limit was removed. Self-employed individuals must pay the entire 2.9% tax on self-employed net earnings (because they are both employee and employer), but may deduct half of the tax from the income in calculating income tax.[19] Beginning in 2013, the rate of Part A tax on earned income exceeding US$200,000 for individuals (US$250,000 for married couples filing jointly) rose to 3.8%, in order to pay part of the cost of the subsidies mandated by the PPACA.[20]", "Medicare (United States). Part B coverage includes chiropractic care, out patient physician services, visiting nurse, and other services such as x-rays, laboratory and diagnostic tests, influenza and pneumonia vaccinations, blood transfusions, renal dialysis, outpatient hospital procedures, limited ambulance transportation, immunosuppressive drugs for organ transplant recipients, chemotherapy, hormonal treatments such as Lupron, and other outpatient medical treatments administered in a doctor's office. Medication administration is covered under Part B if it is administered by the physician during an office visit.", "Medicare (United States). Part B – After beneficiaries meet the yearly deductible of $183.00 for 2017, they will be required to pay a co-insurance of 20% of the Medicare-approved amount for all services covered by Part B with the exception of most lab services, which are covered at 100%—and outpatient mental health, which is currently (2010–2011) covered at 55% (45% copay). The copay for outpatient mental health, which started at 50%, is gradually decreasing over several years until it matches the 20% required for other services. They are also required to pay an excess charge of 15% for services rendered by physicians who do not accept assignment.", "Medicare (United States). \"Medicare\" was the name originally given to a program providing medical care for families of individuals serving in the military as part of the Dependents' Medical Care Act passed in 1956.[5] President Eisenhower held the first White House Conference on Aging in January 1961, in which the creation of a program of health care for social security beneficiaries was proposed.[6][7] In July 1965,[8] under the leadership of President Lyndon Johnson, Congress enacted Medicare under Title XVIII of the Social Security Act to provide health insurance to people age 65 and older, regardless of income or medical history.[9][10] Johnson signed the bill into law on July 30, 1965 at the Harry S. Truman Presidential Library in Independence, Missouri. Former President Truman and his wife, former First Lady Bess Truman became the first recipients of the program.[11] Before Medicare's creation, approximately 60% of those over 65 had health insurance, with coverage often unavailable or unaffordable to many others, because older adults paid more than three times as much for health insurance as younger people. Many of this latter group (about 20% of the total in 2015) became \"dual eligible\" for both Medicare and Medicaid with the passage of the law. In 1966, Medicare spurred the racial integration of thousands of waiting rooms, hospital floors, and physician practices by making payments to health care providers conditional on desegregation.[12]", "Health insurance in the United States. Hospital indemnity insurance provides a fixed daily, weekly or monthly benefit while the insured is confined in a hospital. The payment is not dependent on actual hospital charges, and is most commonly expressed as a flat dollar amount. Hospital indemnity benefits are paid in addition to any other benefits that may be available, and are typically used to pay out-of-pocket and non-covered expenses associated with the primary medical plan, and to help with additional expenses (e.g., child care) incurred while in the hospital.[19][95]", "Medicare (United States). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (\"PPACA\") of 2010 made a number of changes to the Medicare program. Several provisions of the law were designed to reduce the cost of Medicare. The most substantial provisions slowed the growth rate of payments to hospitals and skilled nursing facilities under Parts A of Medicare, through a variety of methods (e.g., arbitrary percentage cuts, penalties for readmissions).", "Medicare (United States). Part B coverage begins once a patient meets his or her deductible ($183 for 2017), then typically Medicare covers 80% of the RUC-set rate for approved services, while the remaining 20% is paid by the patient,[41] either directly or indirectly by private group retiree or Medigap insurance.", "Medicare (United States). No part of Medicare pays for all of a beneficiary's covered medical costs and many costs and services are not covered at all. The program contains premiums, deductibles and coinsurance, which the covered individual must pay out-of-pocket. A study published by the Kaiser Family Foundation in 2008 found the Fee-for-Service Medicare benefit package was less generous than either the typical large employer Preferred provider organization plan or the Federal Employees Health Benefits Program Standard Option.[47] Some people may qualify to have other governmental programs (such as Medicaid) pay premiums and some or all of the costs associated with Medicare.", "Medicare (United States). Parts A and B/D use separate trust funds to receive and disburse the funds mentioned above. Part C uses these two trust funds as well in a proportion determined by CMS that reflect the fact that Part C beneficiaries are fully on Parts A and B of Medicare but that their medical needs are paid for per capita rather than \"fee for service\" (FFS).", "Medicare (United States). With the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, Medicare beneficiaries were formally given the option to receive their Original Medicare benefits through capitated health insurance Part C plans, instead of through the Original fee for service Medicare payment system. Many had previously had that option via a series of demonstration projects that dated back to the early 1980s. These Part C plans were initially known as \"Medicare+Choice\". As of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003, most \"Medicare+Choice\" plans were re-branded as \"Medicare Advantage\" (MA) plans (though MA is a government term and might not be visible to the Part C health plan beneficiary). Other plan types, such as 1876 Cost plans, are also available in limited areas of the country. Cost plans are not Medicare Advantage plans and are not capitated. Instead, beneficiaries keep their Original Medicare benefits while their insurance company administers their Part A and Part B benefits. The insurance company is then reimbursed for Part B services by Medicare.", "Health insurance. Health insurance is insurance that covers the whole or a part of the risk of a person incurring medical expenses, spreading the risk over a large number of persons. By estimating the overall risk of health care and health system expenses over the risk pool, an insurer can develop a routine finance structure, such as a monthly premium or payroll tax, to provide the money to pay for the health care benefits specified in the insurance agreement.[1] The benefit is administered by a central organization such as a government agency, private business, or not-for-profit entity. According to the Health Insurance Association of America, health insurance is defined as \"coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury. It includes insurance for losses from accident, medical expense, disability, or accidental death and dismemberment\" (p. 225).[2]", "Health care in Australia. The amount paid by Medicare includes:" ]

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[ "Herpes simplex. There are two types of herpes simplex virus, type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2).[1] HSV-1 more commonly causes infections around the mouth while HSV-2 more commonly causes genital infections.[2] They are transmitted by direct contact with body fluids or lesions of an infected individual.[1] Transmission may still occur when symptoms are not present.[1] Genital herpes is classified as a sexually transmitted infection.[1] It may be spread to an infant during childbirth.[1] After infection, the viruses are transported along sensory nerves to the nerve cell bodies, where they reside lifelong.[2] Causes of recurrence may include: decreased immune function, stress, and sunlight exposure.[2][3] Oral and genital herpes is usually diagnosed based on the presenting symptoms.[2] The diagnosis may be confirmed by viral culture or detecting herpes DNA in fluid from blisters.[1] Testing the blood for antibodies against the virus can confirm a previous infection but will be negative in new infections.[1]", "Herpes simplex. Herpes simplex is divided into two types; HSV-1 causes primarily mouth, throat, face, eye, and central nervous system infections, whereas HSV-2 causes primarily anogenital infections. However, each may cause infections in all areas.[4]", "Herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2), also known as human herpesvirus 1 and 2 (HHV-1 and HHV-2), are two members of the herpesvirus family, Herpesviridae, that infect humans.[1] Both HSV-1 (which produces most cold sores) and HSV-2 (which produces most genital herpes) are ubiquitous and contagious. They can be spread when an infected person is producing and shedding the virus.", "Herpes simplex. Antibodies that develop following an initial infection with a type of HSV prevents reinfection with the same virus type—a person with a history of orofacial infection caused by HSV-1 cannot contract herpes whitlow or a genital infection caused by HSV-1.[citation needed] In a monogamous couple, a seronegative female runs a greater than 30% per year risk of contracting an HSV infection from a seropositive male partner.[32] If an oral HSV-1 infection is contracted first, seroconversion will have occurred after 6 weeks to provide protective antibodies against a future genital HSV-1 infection. Herpes simplex is a double-stranded DNA virus.[33]", "Herpes simplex virus. Symptoms of herpes simplex virus infection include watery blisters in the skin or mucous membranes of the mouth, lips, nose or genitals.[1] Lesions heal with a scab characteristic of herpetic disease. Sometimes, the viruses cause very mild or atypical symptoms during outbreaks. However, they can also cause more troublesome forms of herpes simplex. As neurotropic and neuroinvasive viruses, HSV-1 and -2 persist in the body by becoming latent and hiding from the immune system in the cell bodies of neurons. After the initial or primary infection, some infected people experience sporadic episodes of viral reactivation or outbreaks. In an outbreak, the virus in a nerve cell becomes active and is transported via the neuron's axon to the skin, where virus replication and shedding occur and cause new sores.[3] It is one of the most common sexually transmitted infections.[4]", "Herpes simplex virus. In simple terms, herpes simplex 1 is most commonly known as a \"cold sore\", while herpes simplex 2 is the one known by the public as \"herpes\", or \"genital herpes\". According to the World Health Organization 67% of the world population under the age of 50 have HSV-1.[2]", "Herpes simplex. Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the herpes simplex virus.[1] Infections are categorized based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes involves the face or mouth. It may result in small blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever blisters or may just cause a sore throat.[2][5] Genital herpes, often simply known as herpes, may have minimal symptoms or form blisters that break open and result in small ulcers.[1] These typically heal over two to four weeks.[1] Tingling or shooting pains may occur before the blisters appear.[1] Herpes cycles between periods of active disease followed by periods without symptoms.[1] The first episode is often more severe and may be associated with fever, muscle pains, swollen lymph nodes and headaches.[1] Over time, episodes of active disease decrease in frequency and severity.[1] Other disorders caused by herpes simplex include: herpetic whitlow when it involves the fingers,[6] herpes of the eye,[7] herpes infection of the brain,[8] and neonatal herpes when it affects a newborn, among others.[9]", "Herpes simplex virus. HSV-1 and -2 are transmitted by contact with an infected person who has reactivations of the virus. Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-2 is periodically shed in the human genital tract, most often asymptomatically. Most sexual transmissions occur during periods of asymptomatic shedding.[5] Asymptomatic reactivation means that the virus causes atypical, subtle or hard to notice symptoms that are not identified as an active herpes infection. It is therefore possible to acquire the virus even if no active HSV blisters or sores are present. In one study, daily genital swab samples found HSV-2 at a median of 12–28% of days among those who have had an outbreak, and 10% of days among those suffering from asymptomatic infection, with many of these episodes occurring without visible outbreak (\"subclinical shedding\").[6]", "Vectors in gene therapy. The Herpes simplex virus is a human neurotropic virus. This is mostly examined for gene transfer in the nervous system. The wild type HSV-1 virus is able to infect neurons and evade the host immune response, but may still become reactivated and produce a lytic cycle of viral replication. Therefore, it is typical to use mutant strains of HSV-1 that are deficient in their ability to replicate. Though the latent virus is not transcriptionally apparent, it does possess neuron specific promoters that can continue to function normally[further explanation needed]. Antibodies to HSV-1 are common in humans, however complications due to herpes infection are somewhat rare.[4] Caution for rare cases of encephalitis must be taken and this provides some rationale to using HSV-2 as a viral vector as it generally has tropism for neuronal cells innervating the urogenital area of the body and could then spare the host of severe pathology in the brain.", "Virus latency. One example is herpes virus family, Herpesviridae, all of which establish latent infection. Herpes virus include chicken-pox virus and herpes simplex viruses (HSV-1, HSV-2), all of which establish episomal latency in neurons and leave linear genetic material floating in the cytoplasm.[3] The Gammaherpesvirinae subfamily is associated with episomal latency established in cells of the immune system, such as B-cells in the case of Epstein-Barr virus.[3][4] Epstein-Barr virus lytic reactivation (which can be due to chemotherapy or radiation) can result in genome instability and cancer.[5] In the case of herpes simplex (HSV), the virus has been shown to fuse with DNA in neurons, such as nerve ganglia[6] or brain cells[citation needed], and HSV reactivates upon even minor chromatin loosening with stress,[7] although the chromatin compacts (becomes latent) upon oxygen and nutrient deprivation.[8]", "Herpes simplex. Following active infection, herpes viruses establish a latent infection in sensory and autonomic ganglia of the nervous system. The double-stranded DNA of the virus is incorporated into the cell physiology by infection of the nucleus of a nerve's cell body. HSV latency is static; no virus is produced; and is controlled by a number of viral genes, including latency-associated transcript.[65]", "Vulva. Viral infections include genital herpes caused by the herpes simplex virus (1 and 2), transmissible with or without visible blisters; the lentivirus HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)—transmissible in venereal fluids, semen, breast milk, and blood; HPV (Human papillomavirus)—skin and mucosal contact. 'High risk' types of HPV can cause vulvar cancer.[26][27] Some other types of HPV cause genital warts. Molluscum contagiosum caused by a poxvirus (molluscum contagiosum virus MCV) transmissible on close contact.", "Herpes simplex. Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicle.[16]:369[17]", "Herpes simplex. Genital herpes can be more difficult to diagnose than oral herpes, since most HSV-2-infected persons have no classical symptoms.[34] Further confusing diagnosis, several other conditions resemble genital herpes, including fungal infection, lichen planus, atopic dermatitis, and urethritis.[34] Laboratory testing is often used to confirm a diagnosis of genital herpes. Laboratory tests include culture of the virus, direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) studies to detect virus, skin biopsy, and polymerase chain reaction to test for presence of viral DNA. Although these procedures produce highly sensitive and specific diagnoses, their high costs and time constraints discourage their regular use in clinical practice.[34]", "Herpes simplex. Neonatal herpes simplex is a HSV infection in an infant. It is a rare but serious condition, usually caused by vertical transmission of HSV-1 or -2) from mother to newborn. During immunodeficiency, herpes simplex can cause unusual lesions in the skin. One of the most striking is the appearance of clean linear erosions in skin creases, with the appearance of a knife cut.[15] Herpetic sycosis is a recurrent or initial herpes simplex infection affecting primarily the hair follicles.[16]:369 Eczema herpeticum is an infection with herpesvirus in patients with chronic atopic dermatitis may result in spread of herpes simples throughout the eczematous areas.[16]:373", "Meningitis. Viruses that cause meningitis include enteroviruses, herpes simplex virus (generally type 2, which produces most genital sores; less commonly type 1), varicella zoster virus (known for causing chickenpox and shingles), mumps virus, HIV, and LCMV.[20] Mollaret's meningitis is a chronic recurrent form of herpes meningitis; it is thought to be caused by herpes simplex virus type 2.[27]", "Herpesviridae. At least five species of Herpesviridae – HSV-1 and HSV-2 (both of which can cause orolabial herpes and genital herpes), varicella zoster virus (the cause of chickenpox and shingles), Epstein–Barr virus (implicated in several diseases, including mononucleosis and some cancers), and cytomegalovirus – are extremely widespread among humans. More than 90% of adults have been infected with at least one of these, and a latent form of the virus remains in most people.[4][5][6]", "Herpes simplex. In Norway, a study published in 2000 found that 90% of genital initial infections were due to HSV-1.[84]", "Herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex 2 genomes can be divided into two groups: one is globally distributed and the other is mostly limited to sub Saharan Africa.[39] The globably distributed genotype has undergone an ancient recombination with herpes simplex 1.", "Herpesviridae. There are 9 herpesvirus types known to infect humans: herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, HSV-1 and HSV-2, (also known as HHV1 and HHV2), varicella-zoster virus (VZV, which may also be called by its ICTV name, HHV-3), Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4), human cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5), human herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV, also known as HHV-8).[7] In total, there are more than 130 herpesviruses,[8] some of them from mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and mollusks.[7]", "Herpes simplex. HSV infection causes several distinct medical disorders. Common infection of the skin or mucosa may affect the face and mouth (orofacial herpes), genitalia (genital herpes), or hands (herpetic whitlow). More serious disorders occur when the virus infects and damages the eye (herpes keratitis), or invades the central nervous system, damaging the brain (herpes encephalitis). People with immature or suppressed immune systems, such as newborns, transplant recipients, or people with AIDS, are prone to severe complications from HSV infections. HSV infection has also been associated with cognitive deficits of bipolar disorder,[11] and Alzheimer's disease, although this is often dependent on the genetics of the infected person.", "Herpes simplex. The frequency and severity of recurrent outbreaks vary greatly between people. Some individuals' outbreaks can be quite debilitating, with large, painful lesions persisting for several weeks, while others experience only minor itching or burning for a few days. Some evidence indicates genetics play a role in the frequency of cold sore outbreaks. An area of human chromosome 21 that includes six genes has been linked to frequent oral herpes outbreaks. An immunity to the virus is built over time. Most infected individuals experience fewer outbreaks and outbreak symptoms often become less severe. After several years, some people become perpetually asymptomatic and no longer experience outbreaks, though they may still be contagious to others. Immunocompromised individuals may experience longer, more frequent, and more severe episodes. Antiviral medication has been proven to shorten the frequency and duration of outbreaks.[74] Outbreaks may occur at the original site of the infection or in proximity to nerve endings that reach out from the infected ganglia. In the case of a genital infection, sores can appear at the original site of infection or near the base of the spine, the buttocks, or the back of the thighs. HSV-2-infected individuals are at higher risk for acquiring HIV when practicing unprotected sex with HIV-positive persons, in particular during an outbreak with active lesions.[75]", "Herpes simplex. Genital herpes simplex was not always stigmatised. It was merely a cold sore in an unusual place until the 1970s. As late as 1975, a study of \"Psychological morbidity in a clinic for sexually transmitted disease\" does not mention herpes simplex because at that time, no significant morbidity problem (i.e. mental anxiety or illness) was associated with the virus.[103]", "Herpes simplex. Herpes is contracted through direct contact with an active lesion or body fluid of an infected person.[26] Herpes transmission occurs between discordant partners; a person with a history of infection (HSV seropositive) can pass the virus to an HSV seronegative person. Herpes simplex virus 2 is typically contracted through direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected individual, but can also be contracted by exposure to infected saliva, semen, vaginal fluid, or the fluid from herpetic blisters.[27] To infect a new individual, HSV travels through tiny breaks in the skin or mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Even microscopic abrasions on mucous membranes are sufficient to allow viral entry.", "Herpes simplex. In all cases, HSV is never removed from the body by the immune system. Following a primary infection, the virus enters the nerves at the site of primary infection, migrates to the cell body of the neuron, and becomes latent in the ganglion.[12] As a result of primary infection, the body produces antibodies to the particular type of HSV involved, preventing a subsequent infection of that type at a different site. In HSV-1-infected individuals, seroconversion after an oral infection prevents additional HSV-1 infections such as whitlow, genital herpes, and herpes of the eye. Prior HSV-1 seroconversion seems to reduce the symptoms of a later HSV-2 infection, although HSV-2 can still be contracted.", "Herpes simplex virus. The herpes simplex 1 genomes can be classified into six clades.[37] Four of these occur in East Africa, one in East Asia and one in Europe and North America. This suggests that the virus may have originated in East Africa. The most recent common ancestor of the Eurasian strains appears to have evolved ~60,000 years ago.[38] The East Asian HSV-1 isolates have an unusual pattern that is currently best explained by the two waves of migration responsible for the peopling of Japan.[citation needed]", "Herpes simplex virus. Following infection of a cell, a cascade of herpes virus proteins, called immediate-early, early, and late, are produced. Research using flow cytometry on another member of the herpes virus family, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, indicates the possibility of an additional lytic stage, delayed-late.[24] These stages of lytic infection, particularly late lytic, are distinct from the latency stage. In the case of HSV-1, no protein products are detected during latency, whereas they are detected during the lytic cycle.", "Herpes simplex virus. Herpes viruses establish lifelong infections, and the virus cannot yet be eradicated from the body. Treatment usually involves general-purpose antiviral drugs that interfere with viral replication, reduce the physical severity of outbreak-associated lesions, and lower the chance of transmission to others. Studies of vulnerable patient populations have indicated that daily use of antivirals such as aciclovir[42] and valaciclovir can reduce reactivation rates.[9]", "Non-gonococcal urethritis. Herpes simplex virus (rare), Adenovirus,\nCytomegalovirus[citation needed]", "Herpes simplex virus. For HSV-2, subclinical shedding may account for most of the transmission.[6] Studies on discordant partners (one infected with HSV-2, one not) show that the transmission rate is approximately 5 per 10,000 sexual contacts. (Effect of Condoms on Reducing the Transmission of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 From Men to Women. A Wald, AGM Langenberg, K Link, et al. JAMA. 2001;285(24):3197) Atypical symptoms are often attributed to other causes such as a yeast infection.[8][9] HSV-1 is often acquired orally during childhood. It may also be sexually transmitted, including contact with saliva, such as kissing and mouth-to-genital contact (oral sex).[10] HSV-2 is primarily a sexually transmitted infection, but rates of HSV-1 genital infections are increasing.[8]", "Herpes simplex. The annual incidence in Canada of genital herpes due to HSV-1 and HSV-2 infection is not known (for a review of HSV-1/HSV-2 prevalence and incidence studies worldwide, see Smith and Robinson 2002). As many as one in seven Canadians aged 14 to 59 may be infected with herpes simplex type 2 virus[80] and more than 90 per cent of them may be unaware of their status, a new study suggests.[81] In the United States, it is estimated that about 1,640,000 HSV-2 seroconversions occur yearly (730,000 men and 910,000 women, or 8.4 per 1,000 persons).[82]", "Herpes simplex virus. Herpes simplex viruses can affect areas of skin exposed to contact with an infected person (although shaking hands with an infected person does not transmit this disease). An example of this is herpetic whitlow which is a herpes infection on the fingers. This was a common affliction of dental surgeons prior to the routine use of gloves when conducting treatment on patients.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy). \"One Flight Down\" is the twentieth episode of the eleventh season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and is the 240th episode overall. It aired on April 16, 2015 on ABC in the United States.[1] The episode was written Austin Guzman and directed by David Greenspan. The episode features a plane crash in Seattle bringing patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories of the season 8's tragic plane crash that claimed the lives of Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) and Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) back to Meredith Grey, Arizona Robbins and Owen Hunt.[2]", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). \"Flight\" is the twenty-fourth and final episode of the eighth season of the American television medical drama Grey's Anatomy, and the show's 172nd episode overall. It was written by series creator Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn. The episode was originally broadcast on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States on May 17, 2012. In the episode, six doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital who are victims of an aviation accident fight to stay alive, but Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) ultimately dies. Other storylines occur in Seattle where Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) plans his annual dinner for the departing residents, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) fires Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver), and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) gets engaged.", "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy). A plane crash in downtown Seattle brings a crop of new patients to Grey Sloan Memorial and old memories back to Meredith, Arizona, and Owen. Meredith tries to make it through the day without freaking out about not knowing where Derek is; Bailey gives her a 5:00 time frame for freaking out. No freaking out until 5:00 pm.", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). After their plane crashes in the woods, Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo), Dr. Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh), Dr. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh), Dr. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw), Dr. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey), and Dr. Mark Sloan (Eric Dane) desperately fight to stay alive. Meredith is relatively unscathed, while the rest have serious injuries: the pilot, Jerry (James LeGros), has a major spine injury, and Yang dislocates her arm. Robbins' femur is broken and sticking through the skin, Sloan has serious internal injuries; though initially adrenaline keeps him on his feet. Shepherd is sucked out the side of the plane and awakens alone in the wood; his mangled hand having been pushed through the door of the plane. However, none are in as bad shape as Lexie, who is crushed under a piece of the plane. While Meredith searches for Shepherd, Yang and Sloan try to move the debris off Lexie. Eventually, the two realize that they cannot save her, so Sloan holds her hand while she dies, telling her that he loves her. As Sloan tells her of the life the two were meant to have together, Lexie dies with a smile on her face just as Meredith and Yang are approaching.", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). In regard to the episode, Rhimes commented before it originally aired that it was difficult to write, largely because of the death of a main character. She compared it to writing the season six finale, by explaining that the former was \"more painful\" to write.[6] After the episode aired, Rhimes repeated in a tweet that it was hard for her to write the finale, adding: \"I did not enjoy it. It made me sick and it made me sad.\"[7] Rhimes also explained the departure of Leigh, whose character died after the plane crash, by saying that the two came to an agreement on the decision to kill Lexie, after extensive discussion. Speaking of Raver's departure whose character left Seattle Grace for MEDCOM, Rhimes elaborated that Raver was offered a contract renewal, but declined.[7]", "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy). The episode received mostly positive reviews from critics. The reactions of Owen, Meredith and Arizona to the plane crash were praised but critics disliked the developments in the relationship of Owen Hunt and Amelia Shepherd. TvEquals wrote, \"Overall, “One Flight Down” was a solid episode – not my favorite, but pretty entertaining. Owen and Meredith dealing with their respective guilt and PTSD, along with Maggie learning about the crash and Lexie, were the strongest parts of the episode.\"[3]\nalso praising Kevin McKidd, \"Owen opening up about his guilt about being responsible for signing off on the plane that crashed was my favorite aspect of revisiting the fatal events from a few seasons ago. Kevin McKidd was so great in that scene.\"", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). In an Entertainment Weekly poll that judged all the television season finales of the year, Lexie's death was voted the \"Top Tissue Moment\",[14] while Robbins' injured leg and Shepherd's mangled hand were voted the \"Most Disturbing Image\".[15] The ending of the episode was also considered as the \"Best Ending to an Otherwise So-So Season\".[16] Lexie's death was also nominated under the \"Best (Presumed) Death\" category,[17] while the plane crash's aftermath was nominated as the \"Best Non-romantic Cliffhanger\",[18] and the episode in entirety was nominated for the special award for \"Biggest Regret That I Didn't See It, I Just Heard or Read About It\".[19] Entertainment Weekly later named the scene where Meredith is crying one of the best crying scenes of 2012.[20] In TVLine's review of 2012, Lexie's death was runner-up for \"Biggest Tearjerker\".[21] The episode is nominated at the NAACP Image Awards under the Outstanding Writing in a Dramatic Series category for Rhimes.[22]", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). The episode marked Leigh's and Raver's final appearance to the series. Exterior filming of the accident took place at Big Bear Lake, California. Jason George reprised his role as a guest star, whereas James LeGros made his first appearance. The episode opened to mixed reviews from television critics, with some criticizing the death of Lexie, but praising Leigh's performance, in addition to Ellen Pompeo (Dr. Meredith Grey)'s and Eric Dane (Dr. Mark Sloan)'s. \"Flight\" earned Rhimes an NAACP Image Award nomination and it was also nominated under several categories of Entertainment Weekly's finale awards. Upon its initial airing, the episode was viewed in the United States by 11.44 million people, garnered a 4.1/11 Nielsen rating/share in the 18–49 demographic, ranking fourth for the night in terms of viewership, and registering as Thursday's highest-rated drama.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 2 October 1996, shortly after take off, the crew of Aeroperú Flight 603 are confused by false speed and altitude readings and contradictory warnings from the aircraft's air data system. In preparation for an emergency landing, the crew descend the aircraft but unknowingly descend too far by relying on the false readings. The Boeing 757 crashes into the Pacific Ocean, killing everyone on board. The false readings and contradictory warnings were caused by duct tape over the static ports, which was used to protect the ports during maintenance but was not removed afterwards.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 10 October 2006, Atlantic Airways Flight 670 lands at Stord Airport, but overruns the runway and crashes after careening off a steep embankment. Four of the sixteen people on board are killed. The causes of the crash were a malfunction of the aircraft's spoilers and hydroplaning.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 8 October 2001, Scandinavian Airlines Flight 686 is taking off at Milan's Linate Airport in thick fog. On the runway, it collides with an Air Evex business jet bound for Paris, France. Flight 686 suffers major damage and crashes into a nearby building shortly afterwards. All 114 people on board the two aircraft are killed, along with 4 on the ground. The business jet's crew had made a wrong turn while taxiing in the fog and inadvertently taxied onto the runway.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 19 February 1985, China Airlines Flight 006's number four (right-side outer) engine flames out. As the crew tries to restart the engine, the Boeing 747SP enters a dive. The crew successfully regains control, restarts the engine and lands safely at San Francisco International Airport. The incident was caused by pilot error.", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). Lexie's death devastates Meredith, who is still desperately trying to find her husband. Eventually, she and Shepherd reunite and they fix his hand as best as they can. Meanwhile, back at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, no one is aware of what has happened to the other doctors. Dr. Richard Webber (James Pickens, Jr.) prepares the annual dinner for the departing residents, which Dr. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers), Dr. Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams), and Dr. April Kepner (Sarah Drew) are dreading. Avery makes the choice to take a job offer at Tulane Medical Center, and he and Kepner share a moment. Dr. Ben Warren (Jason George) and Dr. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) decide to get married, even though Warren is going to start his surgical internship in Los Angeles. After realizing Dr. Teddy Altman (Kim Raver) was offered a chief position at United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM) and is refusing to leave Seattle out of loyalty, Dr. Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd), the chief of surgery, fires her to free her from the hospital where her husband died. As the episode ends, Hunt picks up his messages to discover the surgical team never made it to Boise. The residents, finally excited to celebrate at Webber's dinner, are left waiting for their stranded friends. The remaining crash survivors are left struggling to stay awake as their last match goes out. In the closing monologue, Meredith repeats the opening to the speech that Webber gave in the pilot episode of the series.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 31 October 2015, Metrojet Flight 9268 disintegrates in mid-air and crashes into the Sinai Peninsula during a routine chartered flight from Sharm El Sheikh International Airport to Pulkovo Airport, killing all 224 people on board.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 6 July 2013, on landing at San Francisco International Airport, Asiana Airlines Flight 214 strikes a seawall and crashes short of the runway. Of the 307 people on board, 2 passengers die at the crash scene; another dies shortly after in hospital.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 8 January 2003, Air Midwest Flight 5481 crashes into an aircraft hangar at Charlotte/Douglas International Airport seconds after takeoff on a flight to Greenville. All 21 people on board die; one person on the ground is injured. Investigation showed that the pilots' controls had been improperly adjusted during maintenance, and that the aircraft was overloaded due to outdated formulae for calculation of passenger weights.", "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy). The clock finally strikes 5:00 pm, but when Meredith goes to the phone to call Derek, she sees lights from a cop car pulling in her driveway.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 17 July 2007, TAM Airlines Flight 3054 careens off runway 35L at Brazil's Congonhas Airport and crashes at high speed into a warehouse adjacent to a filling station, killing all 187 people on board the aircraft and 12 people on the ground. Incorrect engine throttle settings upon landing caused one engine to reverse thrust while the other increased power, causing the aircraft to lose control.", "Flight (Grey's Anatomy). The episode was written by Shonda Rhimes, and directed by Rob Corn.[2] Featured music included The Paper Kites' \"Featherstone\" and Feist's 'Graveyard\".[3] Filming took place in Big Bear Lake, California, a location previously used in the seventh season for Yang and Shepherd's fishing trip.[4] Commenting on the filming conditions, Leigh said: \"It would rain and be sunny and hot. I never died before [on camera]. That sounds funny saying that. I think everyone has an emotional wellspring and that happened to be a moment where I was sprung. Everybody was very accommodating — the crew, cast. And I opted to stay underneath [the wreckage] for the most part over two days rather than trying to get in and out.\"[5]", "List of Mayday episodes. On 14 August 2005, air traffic controllers lose radio contact with Helios Airways Flight 522. Two fighters from the Hellenic Air Force intercept and investigate the flight and find all but one person on board not moving. A few moments later, the aircraft runs out of fuel and crashes, killing all 121 people on board. An incorrect cabin pressurization setting had caused everyone on board to succumb to hypoxia.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 31 October 2000, Singapore Airlines Flight 006 collides with construction equipment at Chiang Kai-shek International Airport in Taipei while attempting to take off on the wrong runway in a typhoon, killing 83 of the 179 people on board. Investigators concluded that the crash was caused by pilot error.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 30 July 1998, Proteus Airlines Flight 706 collides with a light aircraft during a detour over an ocean cruise liner and crashes into Quiberon Bay off the coast of Lorient, France. All 15 occupants on board the two aircraft die. The crew did not use the See and Avoid concept when they were operating under Visual Flight Rules, and the pilot of the Cardinal had failed to turn on his aircraft's transponder, effectively making the aircraft invisible to Radar systems on the ground.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 26 September 1997, Garuda Indonesia Flight 152 crashes into mountainous woodlands while trying to land at Polonia International Airport in Medan, North Sumatra, in low visibility. All 234 people on board are killed. The investigation determined that the aircraft turned the wrong way during the approach.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 1 December 1993, Northwest Airlink Flight 5719 crashes into a hillside while on final approach to Range Regional Airport in Minnesota, United States. All 16 passengers and 2 crew members on board are killed in the crash.", "Grey's Anatomy. O'Malley dies in the premiere of the sixth season, due to injuries sustained from being hit by a bus,[82] and Stevens later departs Seattle after being diagnosed with cancer and following a lack of communication between her then husband Karev following the Seattle Grace merger with Mercy West.[78] Several new characters are introduced as Seattle Grace Hospital merges with Mercy West.[105] Residents April Kepner and Jackson Avery both transfer to Seattle Grace Hospital from Mercy West, and the latter entertains a brief relationship with Lexie Grey, until she reunites with Mark Sloan.[106] Subsequently, Teddy Altman is introduced as the new Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery.[107] In the season six finale, a deceased patient's grieving husband embarks on a shooting spree at the hospital, injuring Karev, Shepherd, and Hunt, and killing residents Charles Percy and Reed Adamson.[108][109] In the shooting's emotional reverberations, Hunt and Yang abruptly marry, not wanting to risk separation.[110] Torres and Robbins eventually wed, officiated by Bailey.[111] In season eight, Webber steps down and allocates his job to Hunt.[112] As the final year of residency for Meredith, Yang, Karev, Avery, and Kepner is coming to a close, the doctors are all planning to relocate to different hospitals to pursue their specialty careers.[113] However, all plans are put on hold when several doctors from Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital are engaged in a plane crash, which kills Lexie and endangers Meredith, Shepherd, Yang, Robbins, and Sloan.[73] At the conclusion of the eighth season, Altman is courteously fired by Hunt as she struggles to decide whether or not to take the job as Chief at the United States Army Medical Command (MEDCOM).[73] In the season nine premiere, Sloan dies due to sustained injuries from the plane crash following a brief relapse of temporary health (the surge) and the remaining characters work through their post traumatic stress and Arizona Robbins' loss of limb by way of suing Seattle Grace Mercy West as the hospital was responsible for putting the surgeons on the plane. The season continues with the struggle of the lawsuit and the animosity that it creates within the hospital, Yang and Hunt eventually divorce in order to help the lawsuit.[114][115] The doctors who were on the plane won the lawsuit, but the pay out bankrupts the hospital. They all club together and buy Seattle Grace Mercy West, with the help of the Harper Avery Foundation, and they become the Board of Directors, once being called the \"Grey-Sloan 7\".[116][117][118] One of the changes they implement is renaming the hospital to Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital. Robbins cheats on Torres with a visiting facial reconstruction surgeon. Grey's Anatomy then concluded its 10th season on ABC and saw the departure of one of its major players, Cristina Yang, played by Sandra Oh. Towards the end of the eleventh season, Derek Shepherd witnesses a car accident and pulls over to help the injured, but his car is hit by a truck with him inside as he attempts to leave the scene. He later dies at another hospital following the doctors' mishandling of his injuries. The season 12 finale saw the departure of one of the show's longest running characters, Callie Torres, played by Sara Ramirez.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 29 April 2013, National Airlines Flight 102 stalls and crashes into the ground just seconds after taking off from Bagram Airfield in Afghanistan, killing all seven crew members on board. The investigation determined that a vehicle in the aircraft's cargo bay had shifted, causing the loss of control.", "One Flight Down (Grey's Anatomy). Owen and Amelia’s separation becomes exacerbated when he’s reminded of how he “failed his men” when he hired the service of the plane that went down with his doctors on it. Stephanie, who’s obsessed with finding love, is determined to make her patient remember the pilot with whom she fell in love.", "Grey's Anatomy (season 9). The season follows the characters dealing with the aftermath of the season eight plane crash that claimed the life of Lexie Grey (Chyler Leigh) and upon rescue Mark Sloan (Eric Dane), who dies after sustaining injuries from the crash. Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey) finds his surgical career in doubt after badly damaging his hand but Callie Torres (Sara Ramirez) ultimately manages to save his hand. The show's protagonist Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo) deals with the loss of her half-sister Lexie and later discovers that she is pregnant. Cristina Yang (Sandra Oh) who is severely traumatized upon rescue and later decides to take up her fellowship in Minnesota. Arizona Robbins (Jessica Capshaw) another survivor of the plane crash upon return realizes that her leg has to be amputated to save her life, reacts badly to this, becoming bitter and blaming her wife Callie and her former friend Alex Karev (Justin Chambers). To prevent the doctors' court case from being thrown out, Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd) decides to divorce Yang, but the two agree to start again. The hospital itself becomes liable for the crash, putting its future in extreme doubt prompting the four crash survivors and Torres to purchase the hospital. Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson) marries her partner Ben Warren (Jason George), April Kepner (Sarah Drew) returns home to Ohio, but is brought back by Hunt to rejoin the hospital and she restarts her relationship with Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams).", "List of Mayday episodes. On 11 September 2001, during the September 11 attacks, American Airlines Flight 77 flies off course and crashes into the Pentagon in Arlington County, Virginia, after being hijacked. All the 64 people on board the aircraft, including the 5 hijackers, are killed, along with 125 people in the building.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 1 February 1991, USAir Flight 1493 collides with a waiting SkyWest Airlines aircraft on the runway at LAX, killing 34 people. An air traffic controller mistakenly assigned Flight 1493 to land on a runway where SkyWest Flight 5569 was waiting to take off.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 4 February 2015, TransAsia Airways Flight 235 strikes a viaduct and crashes into the Keelung River shortly after takeoff from Taipei Songshan Airport, killing 43 of the 58 people on board. The causes of the crash were a malfunction of the number two engine and the pilots shutting down the wrong engine.", "List of Mayday episodes. On 24 November 2001, Crossair Flight 3597 crashes into a hill during final approach to Zurich, killing 24 of the 33 passengers and crew members on board. The cause of the crash was the pilot descending the aircraft below the minimum safe altitude for the approach.[5]" ]

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[ "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Philadelphia Eagles entered Super Bowl LII as a 5.5 point underdog to the defending champions; the New England Patriots. This was also their first appearance in 13 years, with their last Super Bowl berth happening in 2005 (Super Bowl XXXIX), which also happened to be against the New England Patriots.", "Super Bowl XXXIX. For the Eagles, with the loss, the city of Philadelphia would not see its first championship since the 76ers swept the 1983 NBA Finals until the next time their city's teams played for a championship, when the Phillies won the 2008 World Series.[14] The Eagles did not return to the Super Bowl until 2017, also with a 13-3 record, and defeating the Falcons and Vikings in the playoffs.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. The history of the Philadelphia Eagles begins in 1933. In their history, the Eagles have appeared in the Super Bowl three times, losing in their first two appearances but winning the third, in 2018. They won three NFL Championships, the precursor to the Super Bowl, in four appearances.", "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Philadelphia Eagles defeated the 5 time Super Bowl champions by a score of 41–33. Nick Foles also was named Super Bowl MVP after the game. With this win, the Eagles finally won their first Super Bowl, and their first NFL title since 1960.", "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots by a score of 41–33 in Super Bowl LII for their first Super Bowl victory in franchise history, the win that came with a trick play before halftime. It was also their fourth NFL Championship, and their first league title since 1960. This was the second time the Eagles and Patriots battled in a Super Bowl: when they met in Super Bowl XXXIX, the Patriots won 24–21.", "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season. In their first Super Bowl appearance since Super Bowl XV, the Eagles met the New England Patriots on February 6, 2005 at ALLTEL Stadium in Jacksonville, Florida. The Patriots, led by Tom Brady had won two of the past three Super Bowls and a win against the Eagles would likely lead to \"dynasty status\". They had cruised to a 14–2 regular season record, and taken down the Indianapolis Colts and 15–1 Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC playoffs. Meanwhile, the Eagles, considered heavy underdogs, had star wide receiver Terrell Owens miraculously returning, against doctor's orders, from injury.", "Super Bowl. In Super Bowl LII, the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the New England Patriots, 41–33. It was the Eagles' third Super Bowl appearance, and their first win in franchise history. It was the Patriots' tenth Super Bowl appearance, and their fourth appearance in ten years; had the Patriots won, they would have tied the Pittsburgh Steelers with the most Super Bowl wins (six).", "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Eagles had far and away the best team in the NFC and proved that right from the start. Possessing a high-powered offense which featured McNabb, Owens, and Brian Westbrook, as well as a bruising defense led by Pro Bowlers Trotter, Brian Dawkins, Lito Sheppard, and Michael Lewis, they steamrolled opponents on the way to a 13–1 start to the season. After resting starters for the final two games, the 13–3 Eagles soared past the Minnesota Vikings and the Atlanta Falcons in the playoffs, earning a trip to Super Bowl XXXIX in Jacksonville against the defending champion New England Patriots. The game was hard fought, but the Eagles fell 24–21, ending their magical season one score short of the ultimate goal. This season was considered the franchise's most successful until their Super Bowl LII-winning 2017 season.", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Eagles achieved the best regular season record in the conference during the combined 2001, 2002, and 2003 seasons with a total of 35 wins out of 48 games, but lost the NFC Championship Game in each of those 3 years. Prior to the 2004 season, the Eagles traded for wide receiver Terrell Owens to be the impact player to help get them to the Super Bowl.[10]", "Philly Special. The Eagles went on to win Super Bowl LII, 41–33. It was the team's first NFL championship since 1960, and first ever Super Bowl win.[32]", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Eagles were trying to win their first NFL title since 1960 and the first championship for the city of Philadelphia since Moses Malone's \"fo', fi', fo'\" during the 76ers run to the 1983 NBA Championship.[13][14] With President George W. Bush being inaugurated for a second time in January, the Eagles were also trying to end a losing streak—teams in the city of Philadelphia had lost six straight championships during presidential inauguration years, beginning with the 76ers loss in 1977.[14] The streak included the Eagles in Super Bowl XV in 1981.[14] 1989 was not included in that streak, but 1977, 1981, 1985 (Flyers), 1993 (Phillies), 1997 (Flyers), and 2001 (76ers) were.", "2004 Philadelphia Eagles season. The 2004 Philadelphia Eagles season was the 72nd season for the team in the National Football League (NFL). The Eagles had been one of the most successful teams in the league after the Andy Reid and Donovan McNabb era began in 1999, making it to the playoffs for four straight seasons and to the NFC Championship Game in 2001, 2002, and 2003. However, the team could not reach the Super Bowl, despite being favored in the final two NFC title games. In the offseason, this already championship-level team was reinforced on both sides of the ball by the free agent additions of wide receiver Terrell Owens, defensive end Jevon Kearse, and middle linebacker Jeremiah Trotter, their third round draft pick in 1998.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. On January 23, 2005, the Eagles reached a fourth consecutive conference championship game (the first time this happened in the salary cap era of the NFL). At long last, the Eagles justified the hopes of their long-suffering fan base, defeating Michael Vick's much-hyped Atlanta Falcons, 27-10, sending them to their first Super Bowl in 24 years. The victory sent the city of Philadelphia into wild celebrations.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. After expectations of a return to the Super Bowl, it appeared the Eagles would have to retool in the 2006 off-season to make another run for the Vince Lombardi Trophy.", "Super Bowl XV. In 1980, under head coach Dick Vermeil, the Philadelphia Eagles, who had not played in a league championship since their 1960 NFL championship, advanced to their first ever Super Bowl. The Eagles were led by quarterback Ron Jaworski, who completed 257 out of 451 passes for 3,529 yards during the regular season, including 27 touchdowns and only 12 interceptions. Another key player on the Eagles offense was halfback Wilbert Montgomery, who was widely considered one of the top running backs in the NFL and had rushed for over 1,200 yards in each of the last two seasons. Injuries during the 1980 regular season had limited him to just 778 yards, but he proved he was fully recovered in the postseason by rushing for 194 yards in the NFC title game. Montgomery was also a superb receiver out of the backfield, recording 50 receptions for 407 yards. The other main deep threats on offense, wide receivers Harold Carmichael and Charlie Smith, along with tight end Keith Krepfle, combined for 125 receptions, 2,090 yards, and 16 touchdowns.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. During the offseason, a lot of changes were made in the receiving corps and running back position to help Wentz. This would end up working as the Eagles would soar to the top of the NFL with a 13-3 record which gave them their first NFC East Championship since 2013, and gave them a first round bye for the first time since the 2004 season which was the last time they last went to the Super Bowl. Carson Wentz improved drastically during the season in which he threw for 33 touchdowns and only 7 interceptions. His potential MVP season came to an end though during Week 13 against the Los Angeles Rams where he tore his ACL, and would be out for the rest of the year.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. Nick Foles who returned back to the Eagles after having short stints with the Rams (then St. Louis Rams) and Chiefs (where Andy Reid was coaching) would take over. His shaky performances during the end of the regular season made the team become underdogs during the playoffs despite being the number one seed. The Eagles would beat the Atlanta Falcons 15-10 in the Divisional Round which was their first playoff win since the 2008 season, to face the Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship. The game would end up being a surprising blowout with the Eagles dominating the Vikings 38-7 to go to the Super Bowl for the first time since the 2004 season. The Eagles would face Tom Brady and the New England Patriots in a rematch of Super Bowl XXXIX at Super Bowl LII. The Eagles would end up winning the game 41-33 to give the Eagles their first Super Bowl Championship and their first championship since the 1960 season before the NFL-AFL merger. Nick Foles would be named Super Bowl MVP.", "List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons. The Eagles have won four league titles. Three of these were won prior to the start of the Super Bowl era (in 1948, 1949, and 1960). The fourth and most recent championship was won in Super Bowl LII.", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Eagles gained the 2004 NFC Super Bowl berth after 3 consecutive defeats in the NFC Championship Game to the St. Louis Rams, Tampa Bay Buccaneers (who won Super Bowl XXXVII that year), and Carolina Panthers, respectively. The Eagles hired Andy Reid as their head coach in 1999 following two straight losing seasons.[10] That same year, they used their first-round pick in the NFL draft (the second overall) to select quarterback Donovan McNabb.[10] Although they finished the 1999 regular season with a 5–11 record, they became a playoff team in 2000, with McNabb throwing for 3,365 yards and 21 touchdowns while also rushing for 629 yards and another 6 touchdowns.[10]", "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Eagles defeated the Atlanta Falcons 15–10 in the Divisional Round and routed the Minnesota Vikings 38–7 in the NFC Championship. The win against the Falcons in the divisional round was their first playoff win since 2008. The Eagles were the first No. 1 seed in the playoffs since 1980 to be an underdog in the Divisional Round, as well as in the Conference Championship. In total, six Eagles players were selected for the Pro Bowl, including four first-time recipients. However, none of them participated due to preparations for Super Bowl LII.", "Nick Foles. After stints with the Rams and the Chiefs, Foles returned to the Eagles in 2017. After Carson Wentz was injured late in the regular season, Foles led the Eagles to the franchise's third Super Bowl appearance. The Eagles defeated the New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII for their first Super Bowl title, and Foles was named the game's MVP.", "Philadelphia Eagles. In 2004, the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960, going 13–1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2, clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row. McNabb set career highs, completing 64% of his passes for 3,875 yards, though he didn't play all 16 games. McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season. His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver, Terrell Owens, who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games. After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX, where they dueled the New England Patriots. Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game, and the score was tied 14–14 going into the fourth quarter, the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points. McNabb completed a 30-yard touchdown pass, and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out, but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate.", "Super Bowl LII. The Eagles finished the regular season with a record of 13–3, the same as New England, Minnesota, and Pittsburgh, but the various tie-breaking provisions gave them the NFC's top seed in the 2017–18 NFL playoffs. It was a substantial improvement for the team under second-year head coach Doug Pederson; the Eagles finished the two previous seasons with 7–9 records. In the 2017 season, the team scored 457 points (third in the NFL), while giving up just 295 (fourth) points.[27]", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Eagles and the Patriots met again in Super Bowl LII, following the 2017 season, with the Eagles taking their revenge 41–33.", "Super Bowl LII. New England finished the regular season with an AFC-best 13–3 record, then extended their record Super Bowl appearances to ten, their third in four years, and their eighth under the leadership of head coach Bill Belichick and quarterback Tom Brady. Philadelphia also finished the regular season with an NFC-best 13–3 record, a year after Dallas did it in 2016, but became underdogs entering the playoffs after starting quarterback Carson Wentz suffered a season-ending injury late in the regular season and was replaced by journeyman backup Nick Foles. Still, the Eagles advanced to their third Super Bowl appearance, having previously lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV and to the Patriots in Super Bowl XXXIX.", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. However, getting the help that they needed earlier in the day, the Eagles were able to run over the Dallas Cowboys 44-6 on December 28, 2008 and advanced to the playoffs. The Eagles then defeated the Minnesota Vikings 26-14 in the first round of the playoffs on January 4, 2009. They defeated their division rival and the defending Super Bowl champions the New York Giants 23-11 in the NFC Divisional Round to advance to their fifth NFC Championship game in nine years. For the third time in a decade, an all-Pennsylvania Super Bowl seemed possible, as the Pittsburgh Steelers won the AFC Championship against the Baltimore Ravens. However, the Eagles lost 32-25 to the Arizona Cardinals.[15]", "Philadelphia Eagles. On January 11, 2009, the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23–11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid. In the 2008 NFC Championship Game, the Eagles made a rally, going from 24–6 at halftime to 25–24 with three minutes left in the 4th, but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32–25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown. As of the conclusion of the 2016 season, during the Lurie era, the Eagles are 1–4 in conference championship games and 0–1 in Super Bowls.", "2017 Philadelphia Eagles season. The Eagles were once again underdogs going into the NFC Championship Game, this time to the second-seeded Minnesota Vikings. This was the Eagles first NFC Championship appearance since the 2008–09 NFL playoffs. Though the Eagles allowed a Vikings touchdown on the opening drive, the rest of the game represented total domination from Nick Foles and the Eagles' offense. After 38 unanswered points against one of the league's top defenses, the Eagles advanced to their 3rd ever Super Bowl berth, and an opportunity to avenge their Super Bowl XXXIX defeat to the New England Patriots.", "Philly Special. On June 14, 2018 the Eagles received their Super Bowl rings. The bezel of the ring contained 127 diamonds, which is the total from the numbers of the jerseys of the three players who handled the ball after the snap on the Philly Special - Corey Clement (30), Trey Burton (88) and Nick Foles (9).[38][39]", "History of the Philadelphia Eagles. 1960 remains the most celebrated year in Eagle history. Shaw, Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik (each in his last season before retirement) led a team more notable for its grit than its talent (one observer later quipped that the team had \"nothing but a championship\") to its first division title since 1949. The team was aided by their two Pro Bowl receivers, WR Tommy McDonald (who would later pen a short autobiography titled \"They Pay Me to Catch Footballs\") and TE Pete Retzlaff. On December 26, 1960, one of the coldest days in recorded Philadelphia history, the Eagles faced Vince Lombardi's Green Bay Packers in the NFL title game and dealt the mighty Lombardi the sole championship game loss of his storied career. Bednarik lined up at center on offense and at linebacker on defense. Fittingly, the game ended as Bednarik tackled a struggling Jim Taylor and refused to allow him to stand until the last seconds had ticked away.[5]", "Super Bowl XXXIX. The Eagles started the 2004 regular season with seven straight wins before suffering a loss to the 15-1 Steelers. After that, they finished the season with a 13–3 record.[10] Their only other 2 losses were in their last 2 games of the season, when they decided to rest all of their starters because they had already clinched the NFC #1 seed, and thus home-field advantage in the playoffs. However, during a December 19, 12–7 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Owens was seriously injured on a \"horse-collar tackle\" by Cowboys defensive back Roy Williams and had to miss the rest of the regular season and the playoffs.[10]", "1960 Philadelphia Eagles season. The 1960 Philadelphia Eagles season was their 28th in the National Football League, and culminated in the Eagles' defeat of the Green Bay Packers in the NFL championship game to win their third league title. The victory over the Packers was also the first and only playoff defeat of the great Vince Lombardi's coaching career. The 1960 season was the Eagles' first postseason appearance since their last NFL championship season of 1949. It was their only postseason appearance in the 28 seasons from 1950 to 1977, and their last NFL title until their victory in Super Bowl LII, 57 years later." ]

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[ "Liberty Island. The statue, entitled Liberty Enlightening the World, was a gift from the people of France to mark the American Centennial. It was agreed that the Congress would authorize the acceptance of the statue by the President of the United States, and that the War Department would facilitate its construction and presentation.[22]", "Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty (Liberty Enlightening the World; French: La Liberté éclairant le monde) is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and built by Gustave Eiffel. The statue was dedicated on October 28, 1886.", "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty. Miniature versions of the statue were also given as gifts. In fact, the Philippines became the first independent nation to receive one of the 4,000 eight-inch statues from the Boy Scouts of America. In April 1950, the said statue was officially given by Chief Scout Executive Arthur A. Shuck to Carlos P. Romulo, then chief of the Philippine Mission to the United Nations.", "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty. This statue was given in 1889 to France by U.S. citizens[2] living in Paris to celebrate the French Revolution three years after the main statue in New York was inaugurated. In 1937, the statue was turned from looking east to looking west straight to the direction of the New York's statue.", "Hectare. The Statue of Liberty, a gift from the French people to the American people dedicated on 28 October 1886 to commemorate the hundredth anniversary of the French and American Revolutions, is located on Liberty Island at the entrance to New York Harbor. Its base is built on eighteenth-century fortifications.", "Statue of Liberty. Arriving at New York Harbor, Bartholdi focused on Bedloe's Island (now named Liberty Island) as a site for the statue, struck by the fact that vessels arriving in New York had to sail past it. He was delighted to learn that the island was owned by the United States government—it had been ceded by the New York State Legislature in 1800 for harbor defense. It was thus, as he put it in a letter to Laboulaye: \"land common to all the states.\"[14] As well as meeting many influential New Yorkers, Bartholdi visited President Ulysses S. Grant, who assured him that it would not be difficult to obtain the site for the statue.[15] Bartholdi crossed the United States twice by rail, and met many Americans who he thought would be sympathetic to the project.[13] But he remained concerned that popular opinion on both sides of the Atlantic was insufficiently supportive of the proposal, and he and Laboulaye decided to wait before mounting a public campaign.[16]", "Statue. The Statue of Liberty, (formally Liberty Enlightening the World) New York Harbor, United States, by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi c.1886", "Statue of Liberty. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, and in Madison Square Park in Manhattan from 1876 to 1882. Fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened by lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer, of the New York World, started a drive for donations to finish the project and attracted more than 120,000 contributors, most of whom gave less than a dollar. The statue was built in France, shipped overseas in crates, and assembled on the completed pedestal on what was then called Bedloe's Island. The statue's completion was marked by New York's first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland.", "Statue of Liberty. During his second trip to the United States, Bartholdi addressed a number of groups about the project, and urged the formation of American committees of the Franco-American Union.[46] Committees to raise money to pay for the foundation and pedestal were formed in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia.[47] The New York group eventually took on most of the responsibility for American fundraising and is often referred to as the \"American Committee\".[48] One of its members was 19-year-old Theodore Roosevelt, the future governor of New York and president of the United States.[46] On March 3, 1877, on his final full day in office, President Grant signed a joint resolution that authorized the President to accept the statue when it was presented by France and to select a site for it. President Rutherford B. Hayes, who took office the following day, selected the Bedloe's Island site that Bartholdi had proposed.[49]", "Statue of Liberty. By 1875, France was enjoying improved political stability and a recovering postwar economy. Growing interest in the upcoming Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia led Laboulaye to decide it was time to seek public support.[35] In September 1875, he announced the project and the formation of the Franco-American Union as its fundraising arm. With the announcement, the statue was given a name, Liberty Enlightening the World.[36] The French would finance the statue; Americans would be expected to pay for the pedestal.[37] The announcement provoked a generally favorable reaction in France, though many Frenchmen resented the United States for not coming to their aid during the war with Prussia.[36] French monarchists opposed the statue, if for no other reason than it was proposed by the liberal Laboulaye, who had recently been elected a senator for life.[37] Laboulaye arranged events designed to appeal to the rich and powerful, including a special performance at the Paris Opera on April 25, 1876, that featured a new cantata by composer Charles Gounod. The piece was titled La Liberté éclairant le monde, the French version of the statue's announced name.[36]", "Statue of Liberty. After the United States entered World War I in 1917, images of the statue were heavily used in both recruitment posters and the Liberty Bond drives that urged American citizens to support the war financially. This impressed upon the public the war's stated purpose—to secure liberty—and served as a reminder that embattled France had given the United States the statue.[115]", "Statue of Liberty. Any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed. Bartholdi's home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France.[7] As Bartholdi had been planning a trip to the United States, he and Laboulaye decided the time was right to discuss the idea with influential Americans.[12] In June 1871, Bartholdi crossed the Atlantic, with letters of introduction signed by Laboulaye.[13]", "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty. The eight-foot statues, which were cast in bronze, were distributed all over the U.S. and the world from 1949 to 1951. Almost 200 replicas were delivered to the 39 states of the U.S. and countries such as Panama and Puerto Rico. The Boy Scouts of the Philippines, on the other hand, received its own replica in the early part of 1950.", "Statue of Liberty. The Statue of Liberty is a figure of a robed woman representing Libertas, a Roman liberty goddess. She holds a torch above her head with her right hand, and in her left hand carries a tabula ansata inscribed in Roman numerals with \"JULY IV MDCCLXXVI\" (July 4, 1776), the date of the U.S. Declaration of Independence. A broken chain lies at her feet. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, and was a welcoming sight to immigrants arriving from abroad.", "Statue of Liberty. Despite its initial focus on the elites, the Union was successful in raising funds from across French society. Schoolchildren and ordinary citizens gave, as did 181 French municipalities. Laboulaye's political allies supported the call, as did descendants of the French contingent in the American Revolutionary War. Less idealistically, contributions came from those who hoped for American support in the French attempt to build the Panama Canal. The copper may have come from multiple sources and some of it is said to have come from a mine in Visnes, Norway,[38] though this has not been conclusively determined after testing samples.[39] According to Cara Sutherland in her book on the statue for the Museum of the City of New York, 90,800 kilos (200,000 pounds) was needed to build the statue, and the French copper industrialist Eugène Secrétan donated 58,100 kilos (128,000 pounds) of copper.[40]", "Replicas of the Statue of Liberty. Frédéric Bartholdi donated a copy of the Statue of Liberty to the town square of Saint-Cyr-sur-Mer.", "Statue of Liberty. I saw the Statue of Liberty. And I said to myself, \"Lady, you're such a beautiful! [sic] You opened your arms and you get all the foreigners here. Give me a chance to prove that I am worth it, to do something, to be someone in America.\" And always that statue was on my mind.[109]", "France–United States relations. All during this period the relationship remained friendly—as symbolized by the Statue of Liberty, presented in 1884 as a gift to the United States from the French people. From 1870 until 1918, France was the only major republic in Europe, which endeared it to the United States. Many French people held the United States in high esteem, as a land of opportunity and as a source of modern ideas—a trend which lasted well into the 1950s until the mention of a \"friendly colonisation of France\" by the Eisenhower administration in 1956 (though few French people emigrated to the United States).", "Liberty Island. By the time it was chosen for the Statue of Liberty, the fort was disused and its walls were used as the distinctive base for the Statue of Liberty given by France for the 1876 centenary celebrations. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statue's sculptor. The National Park Service (which had been created in 1916) took over operations of the island in two stages: 2 acres (8,100 m2) in 1933, and the remainder in 1937.[3] The military installation was completely removed by 1944.[20][21]", "Statue of Liberty. According to the National Park Service, the idea for the Statue of Liberty was first proposed by Édouard René de Laboulaye the president of the French Anti-Slavery Society and a prominent and important political thinker of his time. The project is traced to a mid-1865 conversation between de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. In after-dinner conversation at his home near Versailles, Laboulaye, an ardent supporter of the Union in the American Civil War, is supposed to have said: \"If a monument should rise in the United States, as a memorial to their independence, I should think it only natural if it were built by united effort—a common work of both our nations.\"[7] The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, and that the statue was most likely conceived in 1870.[8] In another essay on their website, the Park Service suggested that Laboulaye was minded to honor the Union victory and its consequences, \"With the abolition of slavery and the Union's victory in the Civil War in 1865, Laboulaye's wishes of freedom and democracy were turning into a reality in the United States. In order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, the French people would be inspired to call for their own democracy in the face of a repressive monarchy.\"[9]", "Monument. The Statue of Liberty, the symbol of the United States' freedom", "Statue of Liberty. Bartholdi and Laboulaye considered how best to express the idea of American liberty.[19] In early American history, two female figures were frequently used as cultural symbols of the nation.[20] One of these symbols, the personified Columbia, was seen as an embodiment of the United States in the manner that Britannia was identified with the United Kingdom and Marianne came to represent France. Columbia had supplanted the earlier figure of an Indian princess, which had come to be regarded as uncivilized and derogatory toward Americans.[20] The other significant female icon in American culture was a representation of Liberty, derived from Libertas, the goddess of freedom widely worshipped in ancient Rome, especially among emancipated slaves. A Liberty figure adorned most American coins of the time,[19] and representations of Liberty appeared in popular and civic art, including Thomas Crawford's Statue of Freedom (1863) atop the dome of the United States Capitol Building.[19]", "Statue of Liberty. On June 17, 1885, the French steamer Isère, laden with the Statue of Liberty, reached the New York port safely. New Yorkers displayed their new-found enthusiasm for the statue, as the French vessel arrived with the crates holding the disassembled statue on board. Two hundred thousand people lined the docks and hundreds of boats put to sea to welcome the Isère.[91] [92] After five months of daily calls to donate to the statue fund, on August 11, 1885, the World announced that $102,000 had been raised from 120,000 donors, and that 80 percent of the total had been received in sums of less than one dollar.[93]", "Statue of Liberty. The statue is situated in Upper New York Bay on Liberty Island south of Ellis Island, which together comprise the Statue of Liberty National Monument. Both islands were ceded by New York to the federal government in 1800.[161] As agreed in an 1834 compact between New York and New Jersey that set the state border at the bay's midpoint, the original islands remain New York territory despite their location on the New Jersey side of the state line. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York. Land created by reclamation added to the 2.3 acres (0.93 ha) original island at Ellis Island is New Jersey territory.[162]", "Statue of Liberty. Crawford's statue was designed in the early 1850s. It was originally to be crowned with a pileus, the cap given to emancipated slaves in ancient Rome. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, a Southerner who would later serve as President of the Confederate States of America, was concerned that the pileus would be taken as an abolitionist symbol. He ordered that it be changed to a helmet.[22] Delacroix's figure wears a pileus,[20] and Bartholdi at first considered placing one on his figure as well. Instead, he used a diadem, or crown, to top its head.[23] In so doing, he avoided a reference to Marianne, who invariably wears a pileus.[24] The seven rays form a halo or aureole.[25] They evoke the sun, the seven seas, and the seven continents,[26] and represent another means, besides the torch, whereby Liberty enlightens the world.[21]", "Statue of Liberty. Bartholdi was inspired by a French law professor and politician, Édouard René de Laboulaye, who is said to have commented in 1865 that any monument raised to U.S. independence would properly be a joint project of the French and American peoples. Because of the post-war instability in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue and the U.S. provide the site and build the pedestal. Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions.", "Statue of Liberty. July 3–6, 1986, was designated \"Liberty Weekend\", marking the centennial of the statue and its reopening. President Reagan presided over the rededication, with French President François Mitterrand in attendance. July 4 saw a reprise of Operation Sail,[146] and the statue was reopened to the public on July 5.[147] In Reagan's dedication speech, he stated, \"We are the keepers of the flame of liberty; we hold it high for the world to see.\"[146]", "Liberty Island. The construction of the statue was completed in France in July 1884. The cornerstone was laid on August 5, 1884, and after some funding delays, construction of the pedestal was finished on April 22, 1886. The statue arrived in New York Harbor on June 17, 1885, on board the French frigate Isère,[23] was stored for eleven months in crates waiting for its pedestal to be finished, and was then reassembled in four months. On October 28, 1886, the Statue of Liberty was unveiled by President Grover Cleveland. The name Liberty Island was made official by Congress in 1956.[24]", "Manhattan. The rate of immigration from Europe grew steeply after the Civil War, and Manhattan became the first stop for millions seeking a new life in the United States, a role acknowledged by the dedication of the Statue of Liberty on October 28, 1886, a gift from the people of France.[85][86] The new European immigration brought further social upheaval. In a city of tenements packed with poorly paid laborers from dozens of nations, the city became a hotbed of revolution (including anarchists and communists among others), syndicalism, racketeering, and unionization.", "Statue of Liberty. Beginning December 26, 1971, 15 anti-Vietnam War veterans occupied the statue, flying a US flag upside down from her crown. They left December 28 following a Federal Court order.[124] The statue was also several times taken over briefly by demonstrators publicizing causes such as Puerto Rican independence, opposition to abortion, and opposition to US intervention in Grenada. Demonstrations with the permission of the Park Service included a Gay Pride Parade rally and the annual Captive Baltic Nations rally.[125]", "Statue of Liberty. On his return to Paris in 1877, Bartholdi concentrated on completing the head, which was exhibited at the 1878 Paris World's Fair. Fundraising continued, with models of the statue put on sale. Tickets to view the construction activity at the Gaget, Gauthier & Co. workshop were also offered.[50] The French government authorized a lottery; among the prizes were valuable silver plate and a terracotta model of the statue. By the end of 1879, about 250,000 francs had been raised.[51]", "United States Bicentennial. A number of nations gave gifts to the US as a token of friendship. Among them were:" ]

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[ "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Crater of Diamonds State Park is a 911-acre (369 ha) Arkansas state park in Pike County, Arkansas, in the United States. The park features a 37.5-acre (15.2 ha) plowed field, the world's only diamond-bearing site accessible to the public. Diamonds have continuously been discovered in the field since 1906, including the Strawn-Wagner Diamond.[1] The site became a state park in 1972 after the Arkansas Department of Parks and Tourism purchased the site from the Arkansas Diamond Company and Ozark Diamond Mines Corporation, who had operated the site as a tourist attraction previously.[2]", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Due in part to the park, and also because Arkansas was the first place outside South Africa where diamonds were found at their original volcanic source, this special gem has come to be associated with the Natural State. A large diamond symbol has dominated the state flag since 1912. The Arkansas State Quarter, released in 2003, bears a diamond on its face.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. GEM consolidated the tourist operation as well as the property. GFI continued the attraction until it sold the 80-acre (32 ha) volcanic formation and some 800 acres (320 ha) to the State of Arkansas in March 1972 for $750,000. The tourist operation continued as the centerpiece of Crater of Diamonds State Park.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. During the Second World War, the U.S. government took over the mine and granted a contract to Glen Martin to extract this rare war material. Although diamonds were obtained, and the concentration of diamonds similar to other producing mines, this was not fully successful as a venture due to the large costs involved with U.S. labor. After the war, the property was returned to the previous owners. From 1951 to 1972, the crater hosted several private tourist attractions. The first, The Diamond Preserve of the United States, lasted only about one year. In late 1951, Howard A. Millar stepped in and salvaged the infant tourist industry. In April 1952, Millar and his wife, Modean, launched their Crater of Diamonds attraction. Howard Millar, an accomplished writer and promoter, stirred unprecedented national publicity and drew enough visitors to sustain the operation. In March 1956, a visitor found the Star of Arkansas on the cleared surface. The rare beauty weighed 15.33 carats (3.066 g). Later, Roscoe Johnston opened a rival tourist attraction, the Arkansas Diamond Mine, on the main part of the diamond field.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Crater of Diamonds State Park is situated over an eroded lamproite volcanic pipe. The park is open to the public and, for a small fee, rockhounds and visitors can dig for diamonds and other gemstones. Park visitors find more than 600 diamonds each year of all colors and grades.[4] Over 29,000 diamonds have been found in the crater since it became a state park. Visitors may keep any gemstone they find regardless of its value.[4]", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Crater of Diamonds State Park is famous for the 37.5-acre (15.2 ha) plowed field on which visitors can hunt for diamonds and other semi-precious gems. On average, two diamonds are found per day by park visitors.[3] A visitor center contains information about the geology of the park, a gift shop, and a cafe. Interested visitors can continue to the Diamond Discovery Center, which offers an interpretive look at prospecting for diamonds. The Diamond Springs aquatic playground, enclosed pavilion, trails, and picnic areas surround the diamond field.[1] The park offers campers 47 Class AAA facilities near the Little Missouri River.[3]", "Arkansas. Arkansas is home to many caves, such as Blanchard Springs Caverns. More than 43,000 Native American living, hunting and tool making sites, many of them Pre-Columbian burial mounds and rock shelters, have been cataloged by the State Archeologist. Crater of Diamonds State Park near Murfreesboro is the world's only diamond-bearing site accessible to the public for digging.[25][26] Arkansas is home to a dozen Wilderness Areas totaling 158,444 acres (641.20 km2).[27] These areas are set aside for outdoor recreation and are open to hunting, fishing, hiking, and primitive camping. No mechanized vehicles nor developed campgrounds are allowed in these areas.[28]", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. The Crater of Diamonds volcanic pipe is part of a 95-million-year-old eroded volcano. The deeply sourced lamproite magma, from the upper mantle, brought the diamonds to the surface. The diamonds had crystallized in the cratonic root of the continent long before and were sampled by the magma as it rose to the surface.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. In August 1906, John Huddleston found two strange crystals on the surface of his 243-acre (98 ha) farm near Murfreesboro, Arkansas, and soon became known as the first person outside South Africa to find diamonds at their original source. The following month, Huddleston and his wife, Sarah, sold an option on the 243 acres (98 ha) to a group of Little Rock investors headed by banker-attorney Samuel F. (Sam) Reyburn, who undertook a careful, deliberate test of the property.", "Diamond. In the U.S., diamonds have been found in Arkansas, Colorado, New Mexico, Wyoming, and Montana.[105][106] In 2004, the discovery of a microscopic diamond in the U.S. led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana. The Crater of Diamonds State Park in Arkansas is open to the public, and is the only mine in the world where members of the public can dig for diamonds.[106]", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. In addition to diamonds, visitors may find semi-precious gems such as amethyst, agate, and jasper or approximately 40 other minerals such as garnet, phlogopite, quartz, baryte, and calcite.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. The geology of the area and the diamond formation process itself were the subjects of the Ph.D. dissertation of Roland Everett Langford in 1973 from the University of Georgia; in it, he proposed a gas phase reaction from the reduction of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in the upper mantle. The dissertation was on display at the state park for many years.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Because equipment of the early period usually included bottom screens with mesh larger than 1/16 inch (1.6 mm), thousands of smaller diamonds were allowed to pass through. The bulk of these ended up in drainage cuts of varying depths all over the field and in the big natural drains on the east and west edges of the diamond-bearing section of the volcanic deposit (approximately 35 acres (14 ha) of volcanic breccia on the east side of the 80-acre (32 ha) pipe). In recent decades, those small diamonds have been the bread-and-butter of recreational diamond digging.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. The lamproite diamond source is unusual, as almost all diamonds are mined from kimberlite and from alluvial deposits of diamonds weathered from kimberlite. The most prominent lamproite diamond source is the Argyle diamond mine in Australia.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. The rivalry between the two tourist operations left both in a weakened position. In 1970, the entire volcanic formation was consolidated by a private partnership, which then reassigned the property to General Earth Minerals (GEM) of Dallas, Texas. GEM expected to turn the property over for a profit, but ended up heavily indebted to GF Industries (GFI) of Dallas. Upon default, GFI took the property in July 1971.", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. After 1906, several attempts at commercial diamond mining failed. The only significant yields came from the original surface layer, where erosion over a long period of time had concentrated diamonds. In the early period, 1907–1932, yields from this \"black gumbo\" surface material often exceeded thirty carats per hundred loads (50 mg/Mg) (standard 1600-pound tramload of the early period). Highest yields from the undisturbed subsurface material (described as kimberlite or volcanic breccia by the U.S. Geological Survey) were two carats per hundred loads (3.5 mg/Mg) in 1908 and about two carats per hundred short tons (4.4 mg/Mg) in 1943−1944.", "Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve is a U.S. National Monument and national preserve in the Snake River Plain in central Idaho. It is along US 20 (concurrent with US 93 and US 26), between the small towns of Arco and Carey, at an average elevation of 5,900 feet (1,800 m) above sea level. The protected area's features are volcanic and represent one of the best-preserved flood basalt areas in the continental United States.", "Arkansas. Arkansas is home to many areas protected by the National Park System. These include:[161]", "Crater of Diamonds State Park. Soon after the first diamond was found, a \"diamond rush\" created a boomtown atmosphere around Murfreesboro. According to old tales, hotels in Murfreesboro turned away 10,000 people in the space of a year. Supposedly, these aspiring diamond miners formed a tent city near the mine, which was named \"Kimberly\" in honor of the famous Kimberley diamond district in South Africa. On the other hand, all available evidence indicates that the Town of Kimberly originated as a land-development venture in 1909, initiated by Mallard M. Mauney and his oldest son, Walter, on their land immediately south of Murfreesboro. The project failed soon afterward as the speculative boom generated by the diamond discovery collapsed. Today, the Kimberly area is almost all cow pasture, owned by Mauney's descendants.", "Arkansas. Tourism is also very important to the Arkansas economy; the official state nickname \"The Natural State\" was created for state tourism advertising in the 1970s, and is still used to this day. The state maintains 52 state parks and the National Park Service maintains seven properties in Arkansas. The completion of the William Jefferson Clinton Presidential Library in Little Rock has drawn many visitors to the city and revitalized the nearby River Market District. Many cities also hold festivals, which draw touristss to Arkansas culture, such as The Bradley County Pink Tomato Festival in Warren, King Biscuit Blues Festival, Ozark Folk Festival, Toad Suck Daze, and Tontitown Grape Festival.", "Carbon. In the United States, diamonds have been found in Arkansas, Colorado and Montana.[108][109] In 2004, a startling discovery of a microscopic diamond in the United States[110] led to the January 2008 bulk-sampling of kimberlite pipes in a remote part of Montana.[111]", "Arkansas Nuclear One. Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) is a two-unit pressurized water reactor nuclear power plant located on Lake Dardanelle just outside Russellville, Arkansas. It is the only nuclear power plant in Arkansas.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Beginning of Diamond ring as seen from Glenrock, Wyoming", "Arkansas Razorbacks baseball. Arkansas had to play Florida State twice to move on to Omaha, but the games were again at Baum Stadium. The Diamond Hogs prevailed, 7-4 and 4-2 and went on to Omaha.", "Solar eclipse of August 21, 2017. Diamond ring as seen from Jay Em, Wyoming", "Diamond Head, Hawaii. The Diamond Head Lighthouse, a navigational lighthouse built in 1917 is directly adjacent to the crater's slopes.[6] In addition, a few pillboxes are located on Diamond Head’s summit.[6]", "Royal Gorge. The Royal Gorge is a canyon of the Arkansas River located west of Cañon City, Colorado. The canyon begins at the mouth of Grape Creek about 2 mi (3.2 km) west of central Cañon City and continues in a west-northwesterly direction for approximately 6 mi (9.7 km) until ending near U.S. Route 50. Being one of the deepest canyons in Colorado, it is also known as the Grand Canyon of the Arkansas (River), with a maximum depth of 1,250 ft (380 m). The canyon is also very narrow, measuring from 50 ft (15 m) wide at its base to 300 ft (91 m) wide at its top, as it carves a path through the granite formations below Fremont Peak and YMCA Mountain, which rise above the north and south rims, respectively.", "Craters of the Moon National Monument and Preserve. Craters of the Moon is in south-central Idaho, midway between Boise and Yellowstone National Park. The lava field reaches southeastward from the Pioneer Mountains. Combined U.S. Highway 20–26–93 cuts through the northwestern part of the monument and provides access to it. However, the rugged landscape of the monument itself remains remote and undeveloped, with only one paved road across the northern end.", "History of Arkansas. Different aspects of frontier Arkansas life are preserved today in three state parks. Historic Washington State Park in southwest Arkansas is a restored town that was formerly a bustling stop on the Southwest Trail. Davidsonville Historic State Park preserves one of early Arkansas's most important communities, including Arkansas's first post office and courthouse. Powhatan Historic State Park on the Black River allows visitors to relive a former riverport town during its heyday.", "Piney Woods. The Arkansas portion of the Piney Woods has twelve state parks and one state forest:", "Arkansas. Art and history museums display pieces of cultural value for Arkansans and tourists to enjoy. Crystal Bridges Museum of American Art in Bentonville was visited by 604,000 people in 2012, its first year.[110] The museum includes walking trails and educational opportunities in addition to displaying over 450 works covering five centuries of American art.[111] Several historic town sites have been restored as Arkansas state parks, including Historic Washington State Park, Powhatan Historic State Park, and Davidsonville Historic State Park.", "Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area. Towards the southern end of the National Conservation Area are Spring Mountain Ranch State Park; Bonnie Springs, a replica of a western ghost town; and the village of Blue Diamond." ]

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[ "Brown v. Board of Education. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954),[1] was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional. The decision effectively overturned the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896, which allowed state-sponsored segregation, insofar as it applied to public education. Handed down on May 17, 1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9–0) decision stated that \"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.\" As a result, de jure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. This ruling paved the way for integration and was a major victory of the Civil Rights Movement,[2] and a model for many future impact litigation cases.[3] However, the decision's fourteen pages did not spell out any sort of method for ending racial segregation in schools, and the Court's second decision in Brown II (349 U.S. 294 (1955)) only ordered states to desegregate \"with all deliberate speed\".", "Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association, 564 U.S. 786 (2011), is a landmark case by the Supreme Court of the United States that struck down a 2005 California law banning the sale of certain violent video games to children without parental supervision.[2] In a 7–2 decision, the Court upheld the lower court decisions and nullified the law, ruling that video games were protected speech under the First Amendment as other forms of media.[1]", "Brown v. Board of Education. The District Court ruled in favor of the Board of Education, citing the U.S. Supreme Court precedent set in Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896), which had upheld a state law requiring \"separate but equal\" segregated facilities for blacks and whites in railway cars.[18] The three-judge District Court panel found that segregation in public education has a detrimental effect on negro children, but denied relief on the ground that the negro and white schools in Topeka were substantially equal with respect to buildings, transportation, curricula, and educational qualifications of teachers.[19]", "Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. The court invalidated the statute on both accounts. First, the court said that in considering its decision, the court limited the purpose of the Act to the actual harm to the brain of a child playing a violent video game. As a result, the state was required to show that \"the recited harms are real, not merely conjectural, and that the regulation will in fact alleviate these harms in a direct and material way.\"[33] Here, the defendants failed to do so because all of the reports they relied on in making these claims were admittedly flawed.[34][35][36] While the state is allowed to protect minors from actual psychological or neurological harm, it is not permitted to control minors' thoughts. Second, the court held that the defendants did not demonstrate the absence of less restrictive alternative means. In fact, video games already comply with a voluntary rating system that rates video games based on their topics and age appropriateness. This is a clear example of a less restrictive means. The court noted that the least restrictive means is not the same as the most effective means.[27]", "Brown v. Board of Education. The key holding of the Court was that, even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers, segregation by itself was harmful to black students and unconstitutional. They found that a significant psychological and social disadvantage was given to black children from the nature of segregation itself, drawing on research conducted by Kenneth Clark assisted by June Shagaloff. This aspect was vital because the question was not whether the schools were \"equal\", which under Plessy they nominally should have been, but whether the doctrine of separate was constitutional. The justices answered with a strong \"no\":", "Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. The ruling was seen as a significant victory for the video game industry. Several of the Court's justices suggested that the issue might need to be re-examined in the future, considering the changing nature of video games and their continuously improving technology.", "Brown v. Board of Education. In the Delaware case the district court judge in Gebhart ordered that the black students be admitted to the white high school due to the substantial harm of segregation and the differences that made the separate schools unequal.", "Brown v. Board of Education. For much of the sixty years preceding the Brown case, race relations in the United States had been dominated by racial segregation. This policy had been endorsed in 1896 by the United States Supreme Court case of Plessy v. Ferguson, which held that as long as the separate facilities for the separate races were equal, segregation did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment (\"no State shall ... deny to any person ... the equal protection of the laws\").", "Brown v. Board of Education. The intellectual roots of Plessy v. Ferguson, the landmark United States Supreme Court decision upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation in 1896 under the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" were, in part, tied to the scientific racism of the era.[57][58] However, the popular support for the decision was more likely a result of the racist beliefs held by many whites at the time.[59] In deciding Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court rejected the ideas of scientific racists about the need for segregation, especially in schools. The Court buttressed its holding by citing (in footnote 11) social science research about the harms to black children caused by segregated schools.", "Earl Warren. Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) banned the segregation of public schools. The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test. The NAACP had been waging a systematic legal fight against the \"separate but equal\" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and ordered a reargument of the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools by the states for whites and blacks.[44]", "History of the United States (1945–64). Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka was a landmark case of the United States Supreme Court which explicitly outlawed segregated public education facilities for blacks and whites, ruling so on the grounds that the doctrine of \"separate but equal\" public education could never truly provide black Americans with facilities of the same standards available to white Americans. One hundred and one members of the United States House of Representatives and 19 Senators signed \"The Southern Manifesto\" condemning the Supreme Court decision as unconstitutional.", "Stand in the Schoolhouse Door. On May 17, 1954, the Supreme Court of the United States handed down its decision regarding the case called Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, in which the plaintiffs charged that the education of black children in separate public schools from their white counterparts was unconstitutional. Brown v. Board of Education meant that the University of Alabama had to be desegregated. In the years following, hundreds of African-Americans applied for admission, but with one brief exception,[Note 1] all were denied. The University worked with police to find any disqualifying qualities, or when this failed, intimidated the applicants.[citation needed] But in 1963, three African-Americans —Vivian Malone Jones, Dave McGlathery and James Hood—applied. In early June a federal district judge ordered that they be admitted,[4] and forbade Governor Wallace from interfering.[5]", "Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. On June 27, 2011, the Supreme Court issued a 7–2 opinion striking down the California law as unconstitutional on the basis of the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The majority opinion was authored by Justice Antonin Scalia and joined by Justices Ginsburg, Kennedy, Sotomayor, and Kagan. It first held that \"video games qualify for First Amendment protection\":", "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court held to the \"separate but equal\" doctrine for more than fifty years, despite numerous cases in which the Court itself had found that the segregated facilities provided by the states were almost never equal, until Brown v. Board of Education (1954) reached the Court.[139] In Brown the Court ruled that even if segregated black and white schools were of equal quality in facilities and teachers, segregation was inherently harmful to black students and so was unconstitutional. Brown met with a campaign of resistance from white Southerners, and for decades the federal courts attempted to enforce Brown's mandate against repeated attempts at circumvention.[140] This resulted in the controversial desegregation busing decrees handed down by federal courts in various parts of the nation.[141] In Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 (2007), the Court ruled that race could not be the determinative factor in determining to which public schools parents may transfer their children.[142][143]", "Brown v. Board of Education. Reporters who observed the court holding were surprised by two facts. First, the court made a unanimous decision. Prior to the ruling, there were reports that the court members were sharply divided and might not be able to agree. Second, the attendance of Justice Robert H. Jackson who had suffered a mild heart attack and was not expected to return to the bench until early June 1954. \"Perhaps to emphasize the unanimity of the court, perhaps from a desire to be present when the history-making verdict was announced, Justice Jackson was in his accustomed seat when the court convened.\"[35] Reporters also noted that former Secretary of State Dean Acheson (who had related the case to foreign policy considerations) and current Attorney General Herbert Brownell were in the courtroom.[36]", "Brown v. Board of Education. In 1978, Topeka attorneys Richard Jones, Joseph Johnson and Charles Scott, Jr. (son of the original Brown team member), with assistance from the American Civil Liberties Union, persuaded Linda Brown Smith—who now had her own children in Topeka schools—to be a plaintiff in reopening Brown. They were concerned that the Topeka Public Schools' policy of \"open enrollment\" had led to and would lead to further segregation. They also believed that with a choice of open enrollment, white parents would shift their children to \"preferred\" schools that would create both predominantly African American and predominantly European American schools within the district. The district court reopened the Brown case after a 25-year hiatus, but denied the plaintiffs' request finding the schools \"unitary\". In 1989, a three-judge panel of the Tenth Circuit on 2–1 vote found that the vestiges of segregation remained with respect to student and staff assignment.[83] In 1993, the Supreme Court denied the appellant School District's request for certiorari and returned the case to District Court Judge Richard Rodgers for implementation of the Tenth Circuit's mandate.", "Warren Court. The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement. His biographer concludes, \"If Warren had not been on the Court, the Brown decision might not have been unanimous and might not have generated a moral groundswell that was to contribute to the emergence of the civil rights movement of the 1960s.[19] Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines, as were Black and Douglas.[20] Instead, he believed that in all branches of government common sense, decency, and elemental justice were decisive, not stare decisis (that is, reliance on previous Court decisions), tradition, or the text of the Constitution. He wanted results that in his opinion reflected the best American sentiments. He felt racial segregation was simply wrong, and Brown, whatever its doctrinal defects, remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren's interpretation of the equal protection clause.[21]", "Race in the United States criminal justice system. In the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education, the United States Supreme Court decision overturned the \"separate but equal\" doctrine implemented in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson case in schools and required that schools be integrated.[9] The case was brought before the Court in 1952 after African American Oliver Brown tried to enroll his daughter Linda in a local white elementary school and was refused enrollment. He and other African American parents, with the help of the NAACP sued the Topeka school district, and Thurgood Marshall argued before the Supreme Court in 1952 and 1953 that public school segregation violated the 14th Amendment. The Court decision was unanimous.[13]", "Brown v. Board of Education. The Court reargued the case at the behest of Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter, who used reargument as a stalling tactic, to allow the Court to gather a consensus around a Brown opinion that would outlaw segregation. The justices in support of desegregation spent much effort convincing those who initially intended to dissent to join a unanimous opinion. Although the legal effect would be same for a majority rather than unanimous decision, it was felt that dissent could be used by segregation supporters as a legitimizing counter-argument.", "Brown v. Board of Education. In spring 1953, the Court heard the case but was unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks.[24]", "Earl Warren. The Brown decision was a powerful moral statement clad in a weak constitutional analysis; Warren was never a legal scholar on a par with Frankfurter or a great advocate of particular doctrines, as was Black. Instead, he believed that in all branches of government common sense, decency, and elemental justice were decisive, not precedent (stare decisis), tradition or the text of the Constitution. He wanted results. He never felt that doctrine alone should be allowed to deprive people of justice. He felt racial segregation was simply wrong, and Brown, whatever its doctrinal defects, remains a landmark decision primarily because of Warren's interpretation of the equal protection clause to mean that children should not be shunted to a separate world reserved for minorities.[48]", "Brown v. Board of Education. By 1954, when Brown came up for decision, it had been apparent for some time that segregation rarely if ever produced equality. Quite aside from any question of psychology, the physical facilities provided for blacks were not as good as those provided for whites. That had been demonstrated in a long series of cases … The Court's realistic choice, therefore, was either to abandon the quest for equality by allowing segregation or to forbid segregation in order to achieve equality. There was no third choice. Either choice would violate one aspect of the original understanding, but there was no possibility of avoiding that. Since equality and segregation were mutually inconsistent, though the ratifiers did not understand that, both could not be honored. When that is seen, it is obvious the Court must choose equality and prohibit state-imposed segregation. The purpose that brought the fourteenth amendment into being was equality before the law, and equality, not separation, was written into the law.", "Video game controversies. On 27 June 2011, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled on Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association. Video games were protected speech under the First Amendment. The case centered on a California law that sought to restrict sales of violent video games to minors. The video game industry, led by the Entertainment Merchants Association and the Entertainment Software Association, successfully obtained an injunction on the bill, believing that the definition of violence as stated in the California law was too vague and would not treat video games as protected speech. This opinion was upheld in lower courts, and supported by the Supreme Court's decision. The majority of the justices did not consider the studies brought to their attention as convincing evidence of harm, and stated that they could not create a new class of restricted speech that was not applied to other forms of media.[83][158][159] However, Justice Breyer's minority decision found the evidence more convincing.[160]", "Brown v. Board of Education. The case also has attracted some criticism from more liberal authors, including some who say that Chief Justice Warren's reliance on psychological criteria to find a harm against segregated blacks was unnecessary. For example, Drew S. Days has written:[72] \"we have developed criteria for evaluating the constitutionality of racial classifications that do not depend upon findings of psychic harm or social science evidence. They are based rather on the principle that 'distinctions between citizens solely because of their ancestry are by their very nature odious to a free people whose institutions are founded upon the doctrine of equality,' Hirabayashi v. United States, 320 U.S. 81 (1943). . . .\"", "Plessy v. Ferguson. In the case of Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the US Supreme Court ruled that segregation in public education was unconstitutional.[41] Plessy v. Ferguson was never overturned by the Supreme Court.[42] But, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited legal segregation and the Voting Rights Act of 1965 provided for federal oversight and enforcement of voter registration voting.", "Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n. Gov. Schwarzenegger again appealed to the Supreme Court, looking to overturn the Ninth Circuit's ruling, filing a writ of certiorari to the Court in May 2009. The Supreme Court agreed to hear the case, at this point filed as Schwarzenegger v. Entertainment Merchants Ass'n.[39] The fact that the Court accepted this case was considered surprising, based on the previous case record for such violent video game laws that were unanimously overturned in other states.[18][40] Analysts believe that because the Court agreed to hear this case, there are unanswered questions between the protection of free speech from the First Amendment, and the legal enforcement of protecting minors from unprotected free speech such as through restrictions on the sales of pornography to minors.[18][41] Just a week prior to the acceptance of the certiorari, in United States v. Stevens the Court overturned another law that sought restrictions on depictions of animal cruelty, which some analysts felt would reflect the Court's position to likely overturn the violent video game law.[40][41]", "Warren Court. Brown v. Board of Education 347 U.S. 483 (1954) banned the segregation of public schools. The very first case put Warren's leadership skills to an extraordinary test. The Legal Defense Fund of the NAACP (a small legal group formed for tax reasons[15] from the much better known NAACP) had been waging a systematic legal fight against the \"separate but equal\" doctrine enunciated in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) and finally had challenged Plessy in a series of five related cases, which had been argued before the Court in the spring of 1953. However the justices had been unable to decide the issue and asked to rehear the case in fall 1953, with special attention to whether the Fourteenth Amendment's Equal Protection Clause prohibited the operation of separate public schools for whites and blacks.[16]", "Civil rights movement. The following year, in the case known as Brown II, the Court ordered segregation to be phased out over time, \"with all deliberate speed\".[35] Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) did not overturn Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Plessy v. Ferguson was segregation in transportation modes. Brown v. Board of Education dealt with segregation in education. Brown v. Board of Education did set in motion the future overturning of 'separate but equal'.", "Warren Court. The Brown decision of 1954 marked, in dramatic fashion, the radical shift in the Court's – and the nation's – priorities from issues of property rights to civil liberties. Under Warren the courts became an active partner in governing the nation, although still not coequal. Warren never saw the courts as a backward-looking branch of government.", "Brown v. Board of Education. In 1955, the Supreme Court considered arguments by the schools requesting relief concerning the task of desegregation. In their decision, which became known as \"Brown II\"[79] the court delegated the task of carrying out school desegregation to district courts with orders that desegregation occur \"with all deliberate speed,\" a phrase traceable to Francis Thompson's poem, The Hound of Heaven.[80]", "Brown v. Board of Education. For example, based on \"Brown II,\" the U.S. District Court ruled that Prince Edward County, Virginia did not have to desegregate immediately. When faced with a court order to finally begin desegregation in 1959 the county board of supervisors stopped appropriating money for public schools, which remained closed for five years, from 1959 to 1964.", "Brown v. Board of Education. White students in the county were given assistance to attend white-only \"private academies\" that were taught by teachers formerly employed by the public school system, while black students had no education at all unless they moved out of the county. But the public schools reopened after the Supreme Court overturned \"Brown II\" in Griffin v. County School Board of Prince Edward County, declaring that \"...the time for mere 'deliberate speed' has run out,\" and that the county must provide a public school system for all children regardless of race.[82]" ]

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[ "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar Binks is a fictional character from the Star Wars saga created by George Lucas. A major character in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace, he also has a smaller role in Episode II: Attack of the Clones, and a one-line cameo in Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, as well as a role in the television series Star Wars: The Clone Wars. The first lead computer generated character of the franchise, he has been portrayed by Ahmed Best in most of his appearances.", "Jar Jar Binks. Binks is a Lego mini-figure in the Lego Star Wars video games, and appears as an Angry Bird with a hook move called \"Jar Jar Wings\" in Angry Birds Star Wars II. Ahmed Best was signed on to portray Binks in the show Star Wars Detours.", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar Binks first appears in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace as a bumbling, foolish Gungan from the planet Naboo. He is nearly killed by a Federation transport, only to be saved at the last minute by Jedi Knight Qui-Gon Jinn (Liam Neeson). Qui-Gon and his padawan, Obi-Wan Kenobi (Ewan McGregor), persuade Jar Jar's tribe to release him to their custody as a guide. He later goes with the Jedi and Padmé Amidala (Natalie Portman) to the planet Tatooine, where he meets and befriends Anakin Skywalker (Jake Lloyd).", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar Binks is a supporting character in the animated series Star Wars: The Clone Wars, once again voiced by Best, although BJ Hughes voiced the character in three season one episodes. In this series, he is a Senate representative who sometimes accompanies the main characters—Anakin, Ahsoka, Obi-Wan, and Padmé—on their adventures. He and master Mace Windu are the two main characters of the two-part episode \"The Disappeared\" in which they had to search for missing elders and rescue a queen, who was Jar Jar's past love interest.", "Jar Jar Binks. In late October 2015, a Reddit user by the name of \"Lumpawarroo\" published a theory speculating that Binks was originally written as a major antagonist of the series, as Darth Jar Jar, and a prominent collaborator with Palpatine, before being redacted from the villain's role due to the character's initial (and ongoing) negative reception.[28] The post quickly became viral and received significant media coverage internationally by independent bloggers and major news outlets like The Guardian, The Washington Post, and The New York Times that included analysis of his actions in The Phantom Menace.[29][30][31][32] Ahmed Best, who portrayed Jar Jar Binks in motion capture and voice, tweeted his thoughts on how it \"feels good\" when the truth comes out shortly after the theory gained widespread popularity.[33]", "Jar Jar Binks. Chuck Wendig's 2017 novel Star Wars: Aftermath: Empire's End, set after the events of Return of the Jedi, finds Binks as a street performer who entertains refugee children but is loathed by adults who blame him for his part in the rise of the Empire. Chris Taylor of Mashable wrote that the situation reflects real life in that adults disliked Jar Jar in the prequel films, but children were entertained by him.[7][8]", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar's primary role in Episode I was to provide comic relief for the audience. Upon the movie's release, he was met with an overwhelmingly negative reception from both critics and audiences, and is today considered one of the most hated characters in not just Star Wars, but the history of film overall.[1][2]", "Ahmed Best. Ahmed Best (born August 19, 1973) is an American actor, voice actor, and musician. He gained recognition in the 2000s for providing motion capture and voice of the character of Jar Jar Binks in the Star Wars franchise. He also created, wrote, directed and produced his own TV show, which he titled This Can't Be My Life.", "Ahmed Best. In 1997, after casting director Robin Gurland had observed his flexible, athletic movements in Stomp, Ahmed was cast as Jar Jar Binks in the Star Wars prequel trilogy (1999–2005). He reprised the role on the Star Wars themed episode of Robot Chicken (as well as its sequel), Star Wars: The Clone Wars and on an episode of Stephen Colbert's The Colbert Report.[episode needed] Unfortunately for Best, Binks drew hostility from moviegoers. Much to his subsequent credit, Best also appeared with fellow Star Wars alumni Dee Bradley Baker, James Arnold Taylor and Daran Norris on the TV show Big Time Rush.[citation needed]", "Jar Jar Binks. Even before the release of The Phantom Menace, Jar Jar Binks became the subject of a great deal of media and popular attention. After the film's release Binks became symbolic of what many reviewers such as Brent Staples (The New York Times),[14] David Edelstein (Slate),[15] and Eric Harrison (Los Angeles Times)[16] considered to be creative flaws of the film. The character was widely rejected and often ridiculed[17] by people who felt that Jar Jar was included in the film solely to appeal to children. Bruce Handy of Vanity Fair wrote that \"Jar Jar has come to symbolize what many fans see as the faults of the prequel trilogy: characters no one much cares about; a sense of humor geared toward the youngest conceivable audience members; an over-reliance on computer graphics; and story lines devoted to the kinds of convoluted political machinations which wouldn’t have been out of place in adaptations of I, Claudius or The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, but which fit less snugly in films with characters like Jar Jar Binks.\"[18] One fan, Mike J. Nichols, created and distributed, free of charge, a modified version of the film, entitled The Phantom Edit, which cut out several scenes featuring what Nichols dubbed 'Jar Jar antics.' The character was also lampooned on an episode of the television show South Park entitled \"Jakovasaurs\", in The Fairly OddParents (Episode: \"Abra-Catastrophe!\"), The Simpsons (Episode: \"Co-Dependent's Day\"), as well as the parody Star Wars episodes of Robot Chicken, in which Best reprised the role in voice-over form.[19]", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar appears in only a few scenes in Revenge of the Sith, and has no dialogue (besides a brief \"'scuse me\" at one point). He was originally given some dialogue in the beginning, but this was cut.[6] He is most prominently featured in Padmé Amidala's funeral procession at the end of the film, marching sadly behind her coffin alongside Boss Nass.", "Jar Jar Binks. Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal described the character as a \"Rastafarian Stepin Fetchit on platform hoofs, crossed annoyingly with Butterfly McQueen.\"[22] Patricia J. Williams suggested that many aspects of Jar Jar's character are highly reminiscent of the archetypes portrayed in blackface minstrelsy,[23] while others have suggested the character is a \"laid-back clown character\" representing a black Caribbean stereotype.[24][25]\nGeorge Lucas has denied any racist implications.[26] Ahmed Best also rejected the allegations, saying that \"Jar Jar has nothing to do with the Caribbean\".[27]", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar's role in Attack of the Clones is much smaller, but his actions are significant. Ten years after helping to save his planet, he is a delegate to the Galactic Senate and as such, plays a role in bringing his old friends, Obi-Wan and Anakin (Hayden Christensen) back to Coruscant, where he greets them with enthusiasm. Later, on the behalf of the Naboo, he gives a speech to the assembled Senate in favor of granting Chancellor Palpatine (Ian McDiarmid) vast emergency powers. These are granted, giving Palpatine the power he needs to subsequently overthrow the senate and bring the galaxy into the dictatorial control of the Sith's Galactic Empire.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Many aspects of the scripting were criticized, especially that of the character Jar Jar Binks, who was regarded by many members of the older fan community as toyetic—a merchandising opportunity rather than a serious character.[135][136] Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described Binks as \"a major miscue, a comic-relief character who's frankly not funny.\"[137] Drew Grant of Salon.com wrote \"Perhaps the absolute creative freedom director George Lucas enjoyed while dreaming up the flick's 'comic' relief—with no studio execs and not many an independently minded actor involved—is a path to the dark side.\"[138]", "Jar Jar Binks. Leading up to the release of Star Wars: The Force Awakens in December 2015, numerous sources have denied elements of the theory. Kathleen Kennedy of Lucasfilm explicitly stated that Jar Jar Binks would not make an appearance in the upcoming movie.[34]", "Jar Jar Binks. Jar Jar later appears in the film's climactic battle scene, where he leads his fellow Gungans, as a general in the Gungan army, in defeating the Trade Federation. After the battle, he appears at the funeral of Qui-Gon Jinn and in the ending parade with his fellow Gungans.", "List of Star Wars creatures. Gungans are sentient amphibious creatures native to the swamps of Naboo. Gungans first appeared in Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. Jar Jar Binks, a main character, is a Gungan, and despite his lack of intelligence, he becomes a representative in the galactic senate in place of Padme Amadala.[24]", "Jar Jar Binks. George Lucas was inspired to develop Jar Jar based on the Disney character Goofy.[3] Singer Michael Jackson was originally considered for the role, but he wanted to portray the character using prosthetics while Lucas wanted him to be all CGI.[4] Ahmed Best, who would end up playing the character, would later hypothesize that Lucas might have felt uncomfortable with the thought of the singer's casting overshadowing the actual movie;[4] Best was chosen based on his work in the production of Stomp as Lucas wanted someone athletic for the role.[5] During his auditions he performed several Martial Arts moves and flips, which was a contrast to how Lucas pictured the character, which according to Best was more in line with comedic silent actors such as Buster Keaton.[5] Best would later remark that after Lucas walked out of the audition he felt he had failed it.[5]", "Jar Jar Binks. In an interview, director J.J. Abrams suggested that Jar Jar's death might be referenced in Star Wars: The Force Awakens,[9] but this did not happen.[10]", "Jar Jar Binks. In the game Star Wars: The Force Unleashed, Jar Jar is shown to have been frozen in carbonite by Darth Vader and kept in the Sith's lair.", "Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace. After the film's release, there was controversy over whether several alien characters reflect racial stereotypes. For example, the oafish, slow-witted Jar Jar Binks had long droopy ears reminiscent of dreadlocks and spoke with what many perceived as a Caribbean patois reminiscent of Jamaican Creole.[156] The greedy and corrupt Neimoidians of the Trade Federation spoke with East Asian accents and the unprincipled trader Watto has been interpreted as a Jewish stereotype reminiscent of Charles Dickens' character Fagin. Lucas has denied all of these implications,[135] instead criticizing the American media for using opinions from the Internet as a reliable source for news stories. Lucas added that it reflected more the racism of the commenters than it does the movie;[157] however, animator Rob Coleman said he viewed footage of Alec Guinness as Fagin in Oliver Twist to inspire his animators in the creation of Watto.[158] Drew Grant described Jar Jar Binks as \"[s]ervile and cowardly ... a black minstrel-ish stereotype on par with Stepin Fetchit.\"[138] Michael Eric Dyson, professor of African-American studies at Georgetown University, said the entire Gungan people seem oddly suggestive of a primitive African tribe. Dyson said \"The leader of Jar Jar's tribe is a fat, bumbling buffoon with a rumbling voice, and he seems to be a caricature of a stereotypical African tribal chieftain.\"[159]", "Ahmed Best. Best likewise collaborated with director George Lucas in three films and five episodes of the cartoon show, Star Wars: The Clone Wars. He won the Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production for lampooning Jar Jar Binks in Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II.", "Star Wars: The Vintage Collection. San Diego Comic Con 2012 exclusive. 6 Figures (1 from each movie of the Star Wars series) in a pack surrounding the Jar Jar Binks in Carbonite figure. The 6 figures were released on a never before seen card style—the so-called Kenner 'Lost Line' packaging—that was apparently considered for the original series release in 1978. The \"Jar Jar Binks (in Carbonite)\" figure appeared on a standard 'vintage collection' style card (with the Phantom Menace logo on it). All six regular figures were also released at retail on regular vintage style cards as wave 14. The Jar Jar Binks in Carbonite was never released in stores, nor assigned a \"VC\" number.", "Jedi. Kanan Jarrus was a human male Jedi who fought for the Rebellion during its formation. First introduced as a principle character of the animated television series Star Wars Rebels, Jarrus is known to be the leader of a small rebel cell called the Spectres, operating on the planet Lothal. As a survivor of Order 66, Jarrus is forced to break certain Jedi traditions to avoid being detected by Imperial forces that continue their mission to eliminate any Jedi on sight, such as eschewing traditional Jedi robes or occasionally using a blaster, a weapon typically shunned by Jedi. After the Spectres rescued the young Ezra Bridger, Jarrus discovered his Force potential and successfully trains him to become a Jedi. As he trains Bridger and battles Imperial forces, Jarrus' actions draw the attention of the Imperial Inquisitorius, a special task force of Force-attuned individuals who are specialized in hunting and eliminating Jedi, and he occasionally crosses paths with them. Jarrus later earned the title of Jedi Knight during his conflict with the Inquisitors, but shortly after the last of them were defeated at the Sith temple on Malachor, he was betrayed and blinded by the former Sith Lord known only as Maul, who assisted in eliminating them solely to pursue his own goals. Kanan then continued serving the Rebellion as it faced the Imperial tactician Grand Admiral Thrawn, before sacrificing his own life to help his fellow cell members succeed in rescuing one of their own, while simultaneously disrupting production of the Imperial TIE Defender, a powerful starfighter that could have doomed the growing Rebellion.", "Red Letter Media. Unlike many other fans and critics, Stoklasa only makes passing comments about the widely unpopular character Jar Jar Binks, though Plinkett does dismissively refer to him as a \"cartoon rabbit that steps in the poopy\". In a later interview, Stoklasa called Binks the \"most realistic and understandable thing\" in the film compared to all of the film's other problems and what most moviegoers could easily focus on when pointing out the film's faults.[8]", "List of Star Wars: The Clone Wars cast members. Actors from the live-action films who returned to reprise their roles for the show include Matthew Wood as the voices of the Battle Droids and General Grievous, Ahmed Best as Jar Jar Binks (although Binks was voiced by B.J. Hughes in three early episodes), Anthony Daniels as C-3PO, Peter Mayhew as Chewbacca, Daniel Logan as the voices of the Clone Cadets and the young Boba Fett, Liam Neeson as Qui-Gon Jinn, and Pernilla August as Shmi Skywalker. Additionally, Samuel L. Jackson and Christopher Lee reprised the roles of Mace Windu and Count Dooku in the animated film, but not on the show.", "Jar Jar Binks. Along with film critics, many have also accused the film's creators of excessive commercialization directed at young children (a criticism first leveled with the introduction of the Ewoks in Return of the Jedi).[17] Star Wars creator George Lucas stated that he feels there is a section of the fanbase who get upset with aspects of Star Wars because \"the movies are for children but they don't want to admit that... There is a small group of fans that do not like comic sidekicks. They want the films to be tough like The Terminator, and they get very upset and opinionated about anything that has anything to do with being childlike.\"[20]", "Jar Jar Binks. In July 2018, Best revealed that the widespread criticism of his character had led to him considering suicide.[21]", "I Dream of Jesus. Seth MacFarlane was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his role as Peter Griffin in this episode,[14] MacFarlane was also nominated for the Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form for his work in I Dream of Jesus, but lost to Ahmed Best for his role as Jar Jar Binks in Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II.[15] According to Seth MacFarlane, \"I Dream of Jesus\" was one of three episodes (along with \"Road to Germany\" and \"Family Gay\") submitted for consideration for \"Outstanding Comedy Series\" in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009. He explained, \"We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice. We figured if we are going to be damned, let's be damned for what we really are.\" The series was ultimately nominated for the award, the first time an animated series was nominated for the same category since the ABC sitcom The Flintstones in 1961.[16]", "Jabba the Hutt. Jabba Desilijic Tiure,[1] commonly known as Jabba the Hutt, is a fictional character and an antagonist in the Star Wars franchise created by George Lucas. He is depicted as a large, slug-like[2] alien. His appearance has been described by film critic Roger Ebert as a cross between a toad and the Cheshire Cat.[3]", "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. Ahmed Best, Pernilla August, Oliver Ford Davies, Andy Secombe, Silas Carson and Liam Neeson reprise their roles as Jar Jar Binks, Shmi Skywalker, Sio Bibble, Watto, Nute Gunray and Qui-Gon Jinn, respectively from The Phantom Menace, with the latter returning in an uncredited voice role cameo while Silas Carson also portrayed Ki-Adi-Mundi, a member of the Jedi Council. Alethea McGrath portrays Jocasta Nu, the chief librarian of the Jedi Archives. Temuera Morrison portrays Jango Fett, a Mandalorian bounty hunter who provides his DNA to use for cloning purposes in the creation of the clone army. Jimmy Smits portrays Bail Organa, a senator of the Republic, and Jay Laga'aia portrays Captain Typho, the head of security for Padmé Amidala. Daniel Logan portrays a young Boba Fett, Jango's son, who is created from his \"father\"'s DNA. Leeanna Walsman portrays Zam Wesell, a shape-shifting Clawdite bounty hunter and partner of Jango's, who is given the task of assassinating Padmé. Jack Thompson portrays Cliegg Lars, a moisture farmer who freed and married Shmi, thus becoming the stepfather of Anakin Skywalker. Joel Edgerton and Bonnie Piesse appear as Owen Lars, the son of Cliegg Lars and stepbrother of Anakin Skywalker, and Beru Whitesun, Owen's girlfriend. Ayesha Dharker appears as Jamillia, the Queen of Naboo, and Rose Byrne and Verónica Segura appear as Dormé and Cordé, Padmé's handmaidens and the latter who serves as a decoy to the senator and is killed during an assassination attempt.", "Star Wars: Episode II – Attack of the Clones. Numerous critics characterized the dialogue as \"stiff\" and \"flat\".[51] The acting (particularly by Christensen and Portman) was also disparaged by some critics.[52] Conversely, other critics felt fans would be pleased to see that Jar Jar Binks has only a minor role.[53] Additionally, Jar Jar's attempts at comic relief seen in The Phantom Menace were toned down; instead, C-3PO reprised some of his bumbling traditions in that role. McGregor referred to the swordplay in the film as \"unsatisfactory\" when comparing it to the climactic duel in Revenge of the Sith as it neared release.[54] ReelViews.net's James Berardinelli gave a positive review, saying \"in a time when, more often than not, sequels disappoint, it's refreshing to uncover something this high-profile that fulfills the promise of its name and adds another title to a storied legacy.\"[55]" ]

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[ "Gun laws in Texas. The handgun licensing law sets out the eligibility criteria that must be met. For example, an applicant must be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception is granted to active members of the military who are age 18 and over. Additionally, a number of factors may make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:", "Gun laws in Texas. Texas has no laws regarding possession of \"long-barreled firearms\" or \"long guns\" (shotguns, rifles and similar) by persons 18 years or older with valid identification, or handguns by persons 21 years or older, without felony convictions; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law. NFA weapons are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to \"regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime\".[4] Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.", "Gun laws in Texas. Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.", "Gun laws in Texas. In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,001.", "Gun laws in Texas. This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.", "Gun laws in Texas. An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun.[6] The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017.[8] Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee[9] (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those),[10] due to reciprocity agreements.[11] Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.[12]", "Gun laws in Oklahoma. Felons, mentally ill persons, drug addicts, and certain juvenile offenders are prohibited from buying or owning firearms. You must be 18 years of age to possess or own firearms, with a few exceptions for special circumstances. When purchasing a firearm from a dealer, you must complete a federal background check. This process (passing the background check) usually only takes a few minutes, but the government has up to three days to complete the background check. After three days, the dealer has the right to proceed or deny the transfer. There is no limit to the number of firearms that a person may buy or own under state law.", "Gun laws in Florida. Buyers must be at least 21 years old to purchase any firearm in Florida.[23] There is a waiting period of the longer of 3 business days or until background checks clear unless the purchaser has a concealed carry permit, is trading in a different firearm, the purchase is for a rifle or shotgun and the purchaser has completed a 16 hour hunter safety class in addition to holding a hunter safety certification card, or the purchaser is law enforcement or military. [24]", "Overview of gun laws by nation. Applicants must be a minimum age of 21 years to obtain a firearms licence, and go through a very thorough background check and mental evaluation. They must also state a genuine reason for wanting to own a firearm, which would include hunting, target shooting, collecting, security, and self-defence. All firearms must be registered. Gun permits are valid for five years and may be renewed.[50]", "Gun laws in Pennsylvania. To purchase a firearm, you must be at least 18 years of age. You also can never have been convicted of a violent crime, must not be an undocumented immigrant, declared mentally ill by the court, a drug addict or habitual drunkard, a fugitive from justice, have been convicted of three separate DUI charges within a five-year period or are subject to an active protection from abuse order.[4]", "Overview of gun laws by nation. People over age 18 may own firearms with a permit, which is denied to those with a criminal history, mental disorder, or history of alcohol or illegal substance abuse. There is a thorough background check with police having the final decision. Firearms must be stored in a \"safe place\", and may be confiscated by police if the owner is found irresponsible.", "Gun laws in Texas. There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm other than a handgun (pre-1899 black powder weapons, and replicas of such, are not legally firearms in Texas).[5] However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner \"calculated to cause alarm,\" then it is \"disorderly conduct\". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on property he/she owned or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. However, the 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. A License to Carry (LTC) is still required to carry a handgun openly or concealed in public.", "Gun Control Act of 1968. Under the Gun Control Act, a federally licensed importer, manufacturer, dealer or collector shall not sell or deliver any rifle or shotgun or ammunition for rifle or shotgun to any individual less than 18 years of age, nor any handgun or ammunition for a handgun to any individual less than 21 years of age.[14]", "Cut and Shoot, Texas. 27.9% of the population is under the age of 18. 11.9% are over the age of 65. The median age is 37.1. 50.6% of the population is female.", "Gun Control Act of 1968. Additionally, 18 U.S.C 922 (x) generally prohibits persons under 18 years of age from possessing handguns or handgun ammunition with certain exceptions for employment, target practice, education, and a handgun possessed while defending the home of the juvenile or a home in which they are an invited guest.[13]", "Gun violence in the United States. U.S. policy aims to maintain the right of most people to own most types of firearms, while restricting access to firearms by people considered to present a higher risk of misuse.[133] Gun dealers in the U.S. are prohibited from selling handguns to those under the age of 21, and long guns to those under the age of 18.[133] There are also restrictions on selling guns to people not resident in the state.[133] In 2017, the National Safety Council released a state ranking on firearms access indicators such as background checks, waiting periods, safe storage, training, and sharing of mental health records with the NICS database to restrict firearm access.[151]", "Gun laws in Iowa. A Permit To Acquire (PTA), obtained from the sheriff of the county of the applicant's residence, is required when purchasing or otherwise acquiring a handgun, either from a dealer or from a private party.[2] A Permit To Acquire shall be issued to qualified applicants aged 21 or older. The PTA becomes valid three days after the date of application, and is valid for five years. A PTA is not required when purchasing an antique handgun, defined as one made in or before 1898 and including post-1898 replicas of matchlock, flintlock, or percussion cap pistols.", "Gun laws in Texas. \"Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history\" is required only from new users.[7] Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.", "Gun laws in the United States by state. As of July 1, 2017, persons who a) are at least 18 years old, b) are protected by a protection order, c) have applied for a license, and d) are not prohibited from possessing a handgun may carry a handgun without a license for 60 days from the date of the protection order being issued.[35]", "Gun laws in Indiana. Firearms dealers or private individuals may not sell any firearm to someone less than 18 years old, or less than 23 years old if the buyer was \"adjudicated a delinquent child for an act that would be a felony if committed by an adult\", or to a person who is mentally incompetent or is a drug or alcohol abuser.[citation needed]", "Gun laws in Canada. By law, a potential customer must be 18 years of age or older to purchase a firearm or legally maintain possession of one. People under the age of 18 but over the age of 12 may procure a minor’s licence, which does not allow them to purchase a firearm but allows them to borrow a firearm unsupervised and purchase ammunition. Children under the age of 12 that are found to need a firearm to hunt or trap may also be awarded the minor's licence. This is generally reserved for children in remote locations, primarily aboriginal communities that engage in subsistence hunting.[32]", "Gun laws in Michigan. At the age of 18 or up, it is legal to buy a pistol with a purchase license from a private seller, at the age of 21, it is legal to buy a firearm from a Federally licensed (FFL) dealer. No purchase license is required to purchase a long gun (a firearm that is more than 26 inches long) in Michigan. According to state law, a long gun may be purchased by anyone aged 18 or over who is not subject to restrictions based on criminal history, mental health history, or other disqualifying factor. A person must be at least 18 years old to purchase a long gun from a federal dealer or a private seller under both federal and Michigan law.", "Overview of gun laws by nation. Persons are generally prohibited from purchasing a firearm if:[32]", "Sutherland Springs church shooting. Kelley purchased the semi-automatic rifle used in the shooting from an Academy Sports + Outdoors store in San Antonio in April 2016.[63] He filled out the required ATF Form 4473 and falsely indicated that he did not have a disqualifying criminal history. In Texas, an FBI National Instant Criminal Background Check System (NICS) check is required at the time of purchase for all firearms except for purchasers with a valid license to carry a handgun.[64][65]", "Overview of gun laws by nation. Police-issued firearm permits require applicants to be 18 years of age, provide a mental health certificate issued by a psychiatrist, have a clean criminal record with no domestic violence accusations, and pass a written test on firearm safety and knowledge. Final approval is in the hands of the police commander of the district, who can deny the permit in \"justified cases\" not detailed in the letter of the law. There are five types of permits:", "Gun laws in Texas. Possession of destructive devices, automatic firearms (machine guns), short-barrel shotguns (SBS), short-barrel rifles (SBR), suppressors, smoothbore pistols and other such NFA-restricted weapons is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item(s) into the NFA registry. This registration is legal if the owner possesses the proper forms, processed in accordance with the National Firearms Act which includes a paid tax stamp and approval by the NFA branch of the BATFE.[25]", "Legal issues in airsoft. Minors (under the age of 18) are able to purchase airsoft guns only with written permission from their legal guardians.", "Gun laws in Oklahoma. Minors may own firearms that are given to them by their parents, relatives, or legal guardians. However, they may not generally possess firearms unsupervised until they are 18 years of age. There are exceptions to this rule, such as when a minor possessing a hunting license (and having passed a hunter's safety course) is hunting, possession of firearm(s) on certain types of private property, and possession of firearm(s) in one's own home.", "Gun laws in Texas. Exceptions to Open Carry", "Gun laws in Texas. While a permitted resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:", "Gun laws in Texas. This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.", "Gun laws in Oklahoma. In Oklahoma (under state law), private sales of firearms are legal. However, knowingly selling a firearm to a person who cannot legally purchase or possess the firearm (such as a convicted felon or drug addict) is illegal, and punishable by up to 180 days in jail. Under state law, you must be 18 to buy a firearm of any type from a private seller." ]

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[ "Ishmael. Genesis 16:7-16 describes the naming of Ishmael, and God's promise to Hagar concerning Ishmael and his descendants. This occurred at the well of Beer-lahai-roi, located in the desert region between Abraham’s settlement and Shur. Hagar fled there after Sarai dealt harshly with her for showing contempt for her mistress following her having become pregnant. At the well, Hagar encountered an angel of God who said to her \"Behold, you are pregnant and shall bear a son. You shall call his name Ishmael, because the LORD has listened to your affliction. He shall be a wild donkey of a man, his hand against everyone and everyone’s hand against him, and he shall dwell over against all his kinsmen.\" Abraham was blessed so that his descendants would be as numerous as the dust of the earth, but that promise would be to a son of Sarai. God would make of Ishmael a great nation, because he was of the seed of Abraham. However God told Hagar that her son would be a warrior, living in conflict with his relatives. When Ishmael was born, Abraham was 86 years old.", "Ishmael. The name of an important 2nd century CE sage—Ishmael ben Elisha, known as \"Rabbi Ishmael\" (רבי ישמעאל), one of the Tannaim—indicates that the Biblical Ishmael enjoyed a positive image among Jews of the time.[citation needed]", "Ishmael. Cognates of Hebrew Yishma'el existed in various ancient Semitic cultures,[3] including early Babylonian and Minæan.[1] It is a theophoric name translated literally as \"God (El) has hearkened\", suggesting that \"a child so named was regarded as the fulfillment of a divine promise\".[3]", "Ishmael. The Bahá'í writings state that it was Ishmael, and not Isaac, who was the son that Abraham almost sacrificed.[58] However, the Bahá'í writings also state that the name is unimportant as either could be used: the importance is that both were symbols of sacrifice.[59] According to Shoghi Effendi, there has also been another Ishmael, a prophet of Israel, commonly known as Samuel.[60]", "Ishmael. Ishmael is mentioned over ten times in the Quran,[41][42] often alongside other patriarchs and prophets of ancient times. Ishmael is mentioned together with Elisha and Dhul-Kifl as one of \"the patiently enduring and righteous, whom God caused to enter into his mercy.\"[43] It is also said of Lot, Elisha, Jonah and Ishmael, that God gave each one \"preference above the worlds\".[44] These references to Ishmael are, in each case, part of a larger context in which other holy prophets are mentioned. In other chapters of the Quran, however, which date from the Medina period, Ishmael is mentioned closely with his father Abraham: Ishmael stands alongside Abraham in their attempt to set up the Kaaba in Mecca as a place of monotheistic pilgrimage[45] and Abraham thanks God for granting him Ishmael and Isaac in his old age.[46] Ishmael is further mentioned alongside the patriarchs who had been given revelations[47] and Jacob's sons promised to follow the faith of their forefathers, \"Abraham, Ishmael and Isaac\", when testifying their faith.[48] In the narrative of the near-sacrifice of Abraham's son,[49] the son is not named and, although the general interpretation is that it was Ishmael, Tabari[50] maintained that it was Isaac. Most modern commentators, however, regard the son's identification as least important in a narrative which is given for its moral lesson.[51]", "Ishmael. In Rabbinic Judaism, Ishmael has generally been viewed as wicked, though repentant[3] (whereas Christianity omits any reference to repentance, which is sourced in the Talmudic explanation of the Hebrew Bible).[26] According to the Book of Genesis, in the Hebrew Bible, Isaac rather than Ishmael was the true heir of the Abrahamic tradition and covenant.[27]", "Ishmael (novel). A wealthy Jewish merchant who is mentioned only in Ishmael's back story but has died by the time of the main story. His family was killed in the Holocaust, during which he migrated to the United States. While visiting a menagerie, he comes across a gorilla called Goliath (Ishmael's given alias at the menagerie). Sokolow buys Ishmael from the zoo and after he figures out that he and Ishmael can mentally speak to each other, the two study a vast array of subjects together. He is the one who gives the gorilla the new name of \"Ishmael\".", "Ishmael. Ishmael is recognized as an important prophet and patriarch of Islam. Muslims believe that Ishmael was the firstborn of Abraham, born to him from his second wife Hagar. Ishmael is recognized by Muslims as the ancestor of several prominent Arab tribes and being the forefather of Muhammad.[38] Muslims also believe that Muhammad was the descendant of Ishmael that would establish a great nation, as promised by God in the Old Testament.[39][40]", "Ishmael. At the age of 14, Ishmael was freed along with his mother. The Lord’s covenant made clear Ishmael was not to inherit Abraham’s house and that Isaac would be the seed of the covenant: \"Take your son, your only son, whom you love and go to the region of Moriah.\" (Genesis 22:2–8) Abraham gave Ishmael and his mother a supply of bread and water and sent them away. Hagar entered in the wilderness of Beer-sheba where the two soon ran out of water and Hagar, not wanting to witness the death of her son, set the boy some distance away from herself, and wept. \"And God heard the voice of the lad\" and sent his angel to tell Hagar, \"Arise, lift up the lad, and hold him in thine hand; for I will make him a great nation.\" And God \"opened her eyes, and she saw a well of water\", from which she drew to save Ishmael's life and her own. \"And God was with the lad; and he grew, and dwelt in the wilderness, and became an archer.\" (Genesis 21:14–21)", "Ishmael. Ishmael[a] is a figure in the Tanakh and the Quran and was Abraham's first son according to Jews, Christians and Muslims. Ishmael was born to Abraham's and Sarah's handmaiden Hagar (Hājar). (Genesis 16:3). According to the Genesis account, he died at the age of 137 (Genesis 25:17).[1]", "Ishmael. In some Rabbinic traditions Ishmael is said to have had two wives; one of them named Aisha.[28][29] This name corresponds to the Muslim tradition for the name of Muhammad's wife.[3] This is understood as a metaphoric representation of the Muslim world (first Arabs and then Turks) with Ishmael.[30][31]", "Ishmael. Historians and academics in the fields of linguistics and source criticism believe that the stories of Ishmael belong to the three strata of J, or Yahwist source, the P, or Priestly source, and the E, or Elohist source (See Documentary hypothesis).[1] For example, The narration in Genesis 16 is of J type and the narration in Genesis 21:8–21 is of E type.[17]", "Ishmael. It is also said that Sarah was motivated by Ishmael's sexually frivolous ways because of the reference to his \"making merry\" (Gen. 21:9), a translation of the Hebrew word \"Mitzachek\". This was developed into a reference to idolatry, sexual immorality or even murder; some rabbinic sources claim that Sarah worried that Ishmael would negatively influence Isaac, or that he would demand Isaac's inheritance on the grounds of being the firstborn. Regarding the word \"Mitzachek\" (again in Gen. 21:9) The Jewish Study Bible by Oxford University Press says this word in this particular context is associated with; \"Playing is another pun on Isaac's name (cf. 17.17; 18.12; 19.14; 26.8). Ishmael was 'Isaacing', or 'taking Isaac's place'.\"[36] Also others take a more positive view, emphasizing Hagar's piety, noting that she was \"the one who had sat by the well and besought him who is the life of the worlds, saying 'look upon my misery'\".[37]", "Ishmael. At the time of the covenant, God informed Abraham that his wife Sarah would give birth to a son, whom he was instructed to name Isaac. God told Abraham that He would establish his covenant through Isaac, and when Abraham inquired as to Ishmael's role, God answers that Ishmael has been blessed and that He \"will make him fruitful, and will multiply him exceedingly; twelve princes shall he beget, and I will make him a great nation.\" (Genesis 17). God also mentioned that \"He will be a wild donkey of a man, His hand will be against everyone, And everyone's hand will be against him; And he will live to the east of all his brothers.\"(Genesis 16).", "Ishmael. The Book of Genesis and Islamic traditions consider Ishmael to be the ancestor of the Ishmaelites and patriarch of Qaydār. According to Muslim tradition, Ishmael the Patriarch and his mother Hagar are said to be buried next to the Kaaba in Mecca.[2]", "Ishmael. On the day of feasting during which Abraham celebrated the weaning of Isaac, Ishmael was \"mocking\" or \"playing with\" Isaac (the Hebrew word מְצַחֵֽק [mə·ṣa·ḥêq],[5] thought to be from the root צָחַק [tsachaq],[6] is said to be ambiguous[7])[1] and Sarah asked Abraham to expel Ishmael and his mother, saying: \"Get rid of that slave woman and her son, for that slave woman's son will never share in the inheritance with my son Isaac.\"[8][9] This proposition was grievous in Abraham's sight because of his son and the bondwoman, Hagar. Abraham agreed only after God told him that \"in Isaac your seed shall be called\", and that He would \"make a nation of the son of the bondwoman\" Ishmael, since he was a descendant of Abraham (Genesis 21:11–13), God having previously told Abraham \"I will establish My covenant with [Isaac],\" making reference to the Ishmaelite nation as well (Genesis 17:18–21).", "Ishmael (novel). Ishmael explains that the Fall of Adam represents the belief that, once mankind usurps this responsibility - historically decided through natural ecology (i.e. food chains) - that mankind will perish. He cites as fulfillment of this prophecy contemporary environmental crises such as endangered or extinct species, global warming, and modern mental illnesses.", "Ishmael. However, according to other Jewish commentators, Ishmael's mother Hagar is identified with Keturah, the woman Abraham married after the death of Sarah, stating that Abraham sought her out after Sarah's death. It is suggested that Keturah was Hagar's personal name, and that \"Hagar\" was a descriptive label meaning \"stranger\".[32][33][34] This interpretation is discussed in the Midrash[35] and is supported by Rashi, Gur Aryeh, Keli Yakar, and Obadiah of Bertinoro. Rashi (Rabbi Shlomo Itzhaki) argues that \"Keturah\" was a name given to Hagar because her deeds were as beautiful as incense (hence: ketores), and/or that she remained chaste from the time she was separated from Abraham—keturah [ קְטוּרָה Q'turah ] derives from the Aramaic word for restrained.", "Ishmael. In Islamic belief, Abraham had prayed to God for a son and God heard his prayer. Muslim exegesis states that Sarah asked Abraham to marry her Egyptian handmaiden Hagar because she herself was barren.[38] Hagar soon bore Ishmael, who was the first son of Abraham. God then instructed Abraham to take his wife Hagar and their baby Ishmael out in to the desert and to leave them there. He did so taking them to the location of the Kaaba’s foundations (which now was in ruins) and as he turned away from Hagar and started to walk away she called out to him and asked “Why are you leaving us here?” to which Abraham didn’t reply the first two times she asked. She then changed her question and asked “Did God command you to do this?” to which Abraham stopped, turned around, looked back and replied “Yes.” and she responded “Then God will provide for us.” Abraham then continued on his return journey back to Sarah. In the desert, the baby Ishmael cried with thirst.[38] His mother placed him in the shade under a bush and went in a frantic search for water, which resulted in her running seven times between the Safa and Marwah hills trying to find a source of water or a passing caravan who she could trade with for water. Hagar, not finding any sources of water and fearing the death of her baby, sat down and cried asking for God’s help. God sent angel Gabriel to her informing her to lift up her baby and when she did, she noticed that his feet had scratched the ground allowing a spring of water to bubble up to the surface. Hagar quickly shifted the ground to form a well around the spring to contain the water forming the Zamzam well. Hagar refilled the bottle with water and gave her baby a drink. This spring became known to caravans that traveled through Arabia and Hagar negotiated deals with them for supplies in exchange for the water. From her actions, the city of Mecca (originally Becca or Baca in Hebrew) grew, and attracted settlers who stayed and provided protection for her and Ishmael as well as being sources of various goods brought in and exchanged with visiting caravans. To commemorate the blessing of the Zamzam well which God gave to Hagar and Ishmael, Muslims run between the Safa and Marwah hills retracing Hagar’s steps on her search for water, during the rites of Hajj.[38]", "Ishmael. Some Pre-Islamic poetry mentions Ishmael, his father Abraham, and the sacrifice story, such as the Pre-Islamic poet \"Umayyah Ibn Abi As-Salt\", who said in one of his poems: بكره لم يكن ليصبر عنه أو يراه في معشر أقتال ([The sacrifice] of his first-born of whose separation he [Abraham] could not bear neither could he see him surrounded in foes).[19][20][21]", "Outcast (person). In the Old Testament, Ishmael, the son of Abraham, was cast out after the birth of Isaac, his half-brother, who is considered the forebear of the Israelites. Genesis 16:12 of the Bible prophesies Ishmael's life as an outcast: \"And he will be a wild man; his hand will be against every man, and every man's hand against him; and he shall dwell in the presence of all his brethren.\"[3]", "Ishmael (novel). Ishmael proposes that the story of Genesis was written by the Semites and later adapted to work within Hebrew and Christian belief structures. He proposes that Abel's extinction metaphorically represents the nomadic Semites' losing in their conflict with agriculturalists. As they were driven further into the Arabian peninsula, the Semites became isolated from other herding cultures and, according to Ishmael, illustrated their plight through oral history, which was later adopted into the Hebrew book of Genesis.", "Ishmael (novel). Before proceeding Ishmael lays some ground definitions for his student. He defines:", "Ishmael (novel). A gorilla who was captured from the West African wild when young and sent to an American zoo. After the zoo sold him to a menagerie, Walter Sokolow bought him and discovered he could communicate with him through his mind. Ishmael, learning he can talk telepathically with humans, begins teaching humans a subject he calls \"captivity.\"", "Ishmael (novel). Ishmael denies that the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was forbidden to humans simply to test humans' self-control. Instead, he proposes that eating of the Tree would not actually give humans divine knowledge but would only make humans believe they had been given it, and that the Tree represents the choice to bear the responsibility of deciding which species live and which die. This is a decision agricultural peoples (i.e. Takers) make when deciding which organisms to cultivate, which to displace, and which to kill in protection of the first.", "Ishmael (novel). For three million years, man belonged to the world and because he belonged to the world, he grew and developed and became brighter and more dexterous until one day, he was so bright and so dexterous that we had to call him Homo sapiens sapiens-- which means he was us.", "Abraham. Ishmael was fourteen years old when Abraham's son Isaac was born to Sarah. When she found Ishmael teasing Isaac, Sarah told Abraham to send both Ishmael and Hagar away. She declared that Ishmael would not share in Isaac's inheritance. Abraham was greatly distressed by his wife's words and sought the advice of his God. God told Abraham not to be distressed but to do as his wife commanded. God reassured Abraham that \"in Isaac shall seed be called to thee.\"[Genesis 21:12] He also said that Ishmael would make a nation, \"because he is thy seed\".[Genesis 21:9–13]", "Ishmael (novel). Ishmael proceeds to tease from his pupil the premises of the story (i.e. myth) being enacted by the Takers: that they are the pinnacle of evolution, that the world was made for man, and that man is here to conquer and rule the world. This rule is meant to bring about a paradise, as man increases his mastery of the world, however, he is always failing because he is flawed. Man doesn't know how to live and never will because that knowledge is unobtainable. So, however hard he labors to save the world, he is just going to go on defiling and spoiling it.", "Ishmael. According to the Genesis account, Hagar ran away from the house of Abram, (as he was not yet renamed, Abraham). Sarai's (also not yet given her new name, Sarah, by God) harsh treatment of Hagar, after being treated with contempt by her, caused her to flee. She then was visited by an Angel of the Lord at the well of Beer-lahai-roi, which means, \"well of the Living One who sees me\" (Gen 16:14). He instructed her to return to Abraham's house and give birth to her son, whom she was to call Ishmael (\"God hears\")(Gen 16:11–12). So she returned and gave Abraham a son in his 86th year (Gen 16:15–16).", "Ishmael (novel). Ishmael begins with a newspaper ad: \"Teacher seeks pupil. Must have an earnest desire to save the world. Apply in person.\" The nameless narrator and protagonist begins his story, telling how he first reacted to this ad with scorn because of the absurdity of \"wanting to save the world,\" a notion he feels that once he foolishly embraced himself as an adolescent during the counterculture movement of the 1960s. However, he responds to the ad anyway and, upon arriving at the address, finds himself in a room with a gorilla. He notices a polysemous sign that reads \"With man gone, will there be hope for gorilla?\"", "Ishmael. In the book of Galatians (4:21–31), Paul uses the incident to symbolize the two covenants the old but fulfilled and new covenant which is universal by promise through Jehoshua ben Joseph .[3] In Galatians 4:28–31,[56] Hagar is associated with the Sinai covenant, while Sarah is associated with the covenant of grace into which her son Isaac enters.[57]", "Ishmael. When he was 13 years old, Ishmael was circumcised at the same time as all other males in Abraham's house becoming a part of the covenant in a mass circumcision. His father Abram, given the new name \"Abraham,\" was also at this time, at the age of 99, initiated into the covenant by having himself and the males of his entire household circumcised (Genesis 17)." ]

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[ "American football. On a kickoff, the ball is placed at the 35-yard line of the kicking team in professional and college play and at the 40-yard line in high school play. The ball may be drop-kicked or place-kicked. If a place kick is chosen, the ball can be placed on the ground or on a tee, and a holder may be used in either case. On a safety kick, the kicking team kicks the ball from their own 20-yard line. They can punt, drop-kick or place-kick the ball, but a tee may not be used in professional play. Any member of the receiving team may catch or advance the ball, and the ball may be recovered by the kicking team once it has gone at least ten yards and has touched the ground or has been touched by any member of the receiving team.[99][100][101]", "Kick-off (association football). The ball is initially stationary until it is put into play by being kicked. The player who has first kicked the ball may not touch it again until it has been touched by another player.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). The line where the ball is placed for kickoff varies among the rule books. It is placed on the kicking team's 30-yard line in six-man football, 35-yard line in college and professional outdoor football, 40-yard line in American high school football, 45-yard line in amateur Canadian football, and the goal line in indoor and arena football. For the 2016 season only, the Ivy League placed the ball on the 40-yard line in conference games.[1] All players on the kicking team except the kicker (and, if used, a holder) must not cross the line at which the ball is placed until the ball is kicked. The receiving team must stay behind the line that is 10 yards from where the ball is placed. The ball can be fielded by the receiving team at any point after it has been kicked, or by the kicking team after it has traveled 10 yards or has been touched by a member of the receiving team. In American football (but not Canadian) touchback and fair catch rules apply to the kicked ball. If it is fielded by the kicking team, it is called an onside kick. A low, bouncing kick is called a squib kick. Although a squib kick typically gives the receiving team better field position than they would if a normal kick had been used, a squib kick is sometimes used to avoid giving up a long return, as well as use up a valuable amount of time on the clock, as it is impossible to fair catch such a kick. It is usually done when a team takes the lead in the final seconds, and is done to safely run out the remainder of the clock. Squib kicking with more than 20 seconds remaining has had unfortunate results (a line drive kick is more common when there are 20 to 50 seconds remaining; the typical hurry-up offense drive takes over a minute), but has been done by some teams.", "Kick-off (association football). The kick-off is taken from the centre spot. All players must be in their own half of the field of play, and all opposing players must remain at least 10 yards (9.16m) from the ball (a distance marked on the pitch by the centre circle), until the ball is in play.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). If a team scores safety, the team that gave up the safety is required to kick the ball off from its own twenty-yard line, referred to as a free kick. Although this is not a requirement, most teams choose to punt the ball on the free kick (teams can also dropkick or placekick the ball); the National Football League, in contrast to most other leagues, prohibits the use of a kicking tee on a safety free kick. The same rules apply as on a normal kickoff, whereas the ball is a live ball if it travels at least ten yards without the receiving team fielding it.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). Kickoffs entering the end zone are handled differently in American and Canadian rules. In the American college and professional game, if the ball goes out of bounds in the receiving team's end zone or is recovered and downed in the receiving team's end zone, the ball is placed at the receiving team's 25-yard line, and possession is given to the receiving team; these are known as touchbacks. High school football immediately rules the ball dead when the ball crosses the goal line; the ball cannot be returned from the end zone, nor can it be recovered there for a touchdown. NFL immediatly rules the ball dead, when the ball touches the ground in the endzone, if not been touched by the receivers before. In the Canadian game if the ball goes into the end zone and then out of bounds without being touched, the receiving team scrimmages from the 25-yard line (no points are scored). If the receiving team gains possession of a kickoff in its own end zone and then fails to return it into the field of play, the kicking team scores one point, and the receiving team scrimmages from the 35-yard line. Various forms of indoor football also recognize the single, but the ball must not only cross the end zone, but pass through the uprights (as in a field goal) as well. If the kicking team recovers its own kickoff in the end zone in any version of the game (something that, as previously mentioned, is impossible in high school football), it scores a touchdown.", "American football rules. A member of the receiving team gaining possession of the ball on a kickoff may attempt to advance it as far as he can toward the kicking team's goal line before being downed. Once the ball carrier is downed, the play is whistled dead and the ball is placed by the officials at the point where the play ended; this spot then becomes the line of scrimmage for the ensuing play. A kick that travels through or goes out of bounds within the end zone without being touched, or is caught by the receiving team in the end zone but not advanced out of it, results in a touchback; the ball is then placed at the receiving team's 25-yard line, which becomes the line of scrimmage.", "List of gridiron football rules. Kickoffs – If a kickoff leaves the field of play on the fly, the ball comes out to the 25-yard line. The sideline walls and end zone walls are not out of bounds, and balls can be played off of them. If a kickoff leaves the field of play after making contact with the field or a player on either team, the ball comes out to the 5-yard line, or the point in which it leaves the field of play, whichever is closest to the kicking team’s goal line.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). To receive a kickoff and set up a kickoff return, the receiving team sets up their players starting from 10 yards back from the point the ball is kicked from. There are usually one or two players positioned deep (around the goal line) that will attempt to catch or pick up the ball after it is kicked off by the opposing team's kicker. They will then attempt to carry the ball as far as possible upfield, without being tackled or running out of bounds. The other players are to block the kickoff team from getting to their kickoff returner.", "Goal kick. Analogues of the goal kick are found in earlier codes of football. The first published set of rules for any code of football, that of Rugby School (1845), featured a \"kick out\" from ten yards or twenty-five yards after a team touched the ball down in its own goal area.[5] This was the ancestor of the 22-metre drop out in modern rugby union. A similar 25-yard \"kick out\" is found in the first version of the Sheffield rules (1858).\n[6] The Cambridge rules of 1856 provided for a kick-out from \"not more than ten paces\",[7] while the Melbourne Football Club rules of 1859 stipulated a 20-yard \"kick off\".[8] Published laws of the Eton field game (1857) and Harrow football (1858), meanwhile, provided for a defensive kick-off from the goal-line itself whenever the ball went behind the goal without the attacking team scoring.[9][10]", "Onside kick. The kicking team generally attempts to make the ball bounce early (to remove the possibility of being charged with interfering with a catch) and be available around 20 yards in front of the spot of the kick. One technique, useful especially on a hard or artificial surface, is to kick the ball in a way that it spins end-over-end near the ground and makes a sudden bounce high in the air. The oblong shape of an American football makes it bounce unpredictably, increasing the possibility that the receiving team will muff the catch. An alternative is to kick the ball with a great deal of force directly at an opposing player. If the ball touches the player, but he cannot secure it, it becomes live regardless of whether it has traveled 10 yards.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). A kickoff is a method of starting a drive in American football and Canadian football. Typically, a kickoff consists of one team – the \"kicking team\" – kicking the ball to the opposing team – the \"receiving team\". The receiving team is then entitled to return the ball, i.e., attempt to advance it towards the kicking team's end zone, until the player with the ball is tackled by the kicking team, goes out of bounds, or scores a touchdown. Kickoffs take place at the start of each half of play, the beginning of overtime in some overtime formats, and after some scoring plays.", "Kick-off (association football). A kick-off is used to start each half of play, and each period of extra time where applicable. The kick-off to start a game is awarded to the team that lost the pre-game coin toss (the team that won the coin-toss chooses which direction they wish to play). The kick-off begins when the referee blows the whistle. The kick-off to start the second half is taken by the other team. If extra time is played another coin-toss is used at the beginning of this period.", "American football rules. A kickoff that goes out of bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team is an illegal kick: the receiving team has the option of having the ball re-kicked from five yards closer to the kicking team's goal line, or they may choose to take possession of the ball at the point where it went out of bounds or 30 yards from the point of the kick (25 yards in high school, and in college as of 2012[update]), whichever is more advantageous.", "American football rules. A kickoff is a type of free kick where the ball is placed on a tee (or held) at the kicking team's 35-yard line (40 for high school). In the 2011 NFL Season, changes were made regarding kickoffs to limit injuries. Kickoffs were returned from the 30-yard line to the 35-yard line, repealing a 1994 rule change. In addition, players on the kickoff coverage team cannot line up more than 5 yards behind the kickoff line, minimizing running starts and thus reducing the speed of collisions.[11] The kicking team's players may not cross this line until the ball is kicked; members of the non-kicking (or \"receiving\") team are similarly restrained behind a line 10 yards further downfield (the 45-yard line, or 50 for high school). A valid kickoff must travel at least this 10-yard distance to the receiving team's restraining line, after which any player of either team may catch or pick up the ball and try to advance it (a member of the kicking team may only recover a kickoff and may not advance it) before being downed (see \"Downed player,\" below). In most cases, the ball is kicked as far as possible (typically 40 to 70 yards), after which a player of the receiving team is usually able to secure possession (since the members of the kicking team cannot start downfield until after the ball is kicked). Occasionally, for tactical reasons, the kicking team may instead choose to attempt an onside kick, in which the kicker tries to kick the ball along the ground just over the required 10-yard distance in such a manner that one of his own teammates can recover the ball for the kicking side. If it is touched before ten yards, the ball is dead and a re-kick or spot of the ball will be rewarded to the receiving team.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). Common variants on the typical kickoff format include the onside kick, in which the kicking team attempts to regain possession of the ball; a touchback, which may occur if the ball is kicked into the receiving team's end zone; or a fair catch, in which a player on the receiving team asks to catch the ball without interference from the kicking team, waiving his entitlement to attempt a return rush. Additionally, penalties exist for various infractions such as a player violating his position restrictions prior to the kick (5-yard penalty), or if the ball goes out of bounds before touching a player (25 yards or placed at receiving team's 40-yard line, whichever is farther).", "Direct free kick. The kick is taken from where the foul occurred, unless it was within the fouled team's own goal area, in which case it may be taken from anywhere within the goal area. The ball must be stationary prior to being kicked. Opponents must remain 10 yards (9.1 metres) from the ball (outside the penalty area if the kick is taken from within the defending team's penalty area) until the ball is in play. Observing the minimum distance limit, the opposite players may choose to form a \"wall\" between the ball and the goal.", "Penalty kick (association football). When the referee is satisfied that the players are properly positioned, he/she blows the whistle to indicate that the kicker may kick. The kicker may make feinting (deceptive or distracting) moves during the run-up to the ball, but once the run-up is completed he/she may no longer feint and must kick the ball. The ball must be stationary before the kick, and it must be kicked forward. The ball is in play once it is kicked and moves, and at that time other players may enter the penalty area. Once kicked, the kicker may not touch the ball again until it has been touched by another player of either team or goes out of play (including into the goal).", "Kick-off (association football). A kick-off is the method of starting and, in some cases, restarting play in a game of association football. The rules concerning the kick-off are part of Law 8 of the Laws of the Game.[1]", "Rugby league gameplay. Play commences once the ball has been kicked off from the ground in the centre of the field by one team to the other. The longer and higher the kick, the more advantageous, as this forces the team receiving the ball to return it from deeper within their own territory. However a kick that is too long or misdirected and goes out of the field of play without first bouncing in it results in a penalty being awarded to the non-kicking team from the halfway line. Conversely though if the kickoff exits the field of play after a bounce or more, the kicking team receives possession at the point of entry.\nA short kick off may be employed to regain possession, but it must travel at least beyond the 10 metre line; they are usually attempted towards the end of closely fought matches when time is scarce and points are needed.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). If the ball goes out of bounds without being touched by a player, the receiving team can choose either to have the ball moved back 5 yards and re-kicked, to take the ball 25 yards (25 yards under National Federation high school rules) past the spot of the kick (usually at their own 35-yard line), or to take the ball where it went out of bounds. On an onside kick, if the ball does not travel ten yards before the kicking team recovers the ball, they will take a 5-yard penalty and have the chance to kick another onside kick. If the onside kick goes less than 10 yards again, the receiving team will receive the ball at the spot the kicking team recovered it. However, if the receiving team touches the ball before it goes 10 yards, either team can recover it unpenalized.", "List of gridiron football rules. Each half begins with a kickoff. Teams also kick off after scoring touchdowns and field goals. The ball is kicked using a kicking tee from the team's own 35-yard (32 m) line in the NFL and college football (as of the 2011 season). The other team's kick returner tries to catch the ball and advance it as far as possible. Where he is stopped is the point where the offense will begin its drive, or series of offensive plays. If the kick returner catches the ball in his own end zone, he can either run with the ball, or elect for a touchback by kneeling in the end zone, in which case the receiving team then starts its offensive drive from its own 20-yard line (25-yard line in NFL, since 2015). A touchback also occurs when the kick goes out-of-bounds in the end zone. A kickoff that goes out-of-bounds anywhere other than the end zone before being touched by the receiving team is a foul, and the ball will be placed where it went out of bounds or 30 yards (27 m) from the kickoff spot, depending on which is more advantageous to the opposite team.[9] Unlike with punts, once a kickoff goes 10 yards and the ball has hit the ground, it can be recovered by the kicking team.[9] A team, especially one who is losing, can try to take advantage of this by attempting an onside kick. Punts and turnovers in the end zone can also end in a touchback.", "American football rules. A field goal is scored when the ball is place kicked, drop kicked, or free kicked after a fair catch or awarded fair catch (High School or NFL only) between the goal posts behind the opponent's end zone. The most common type of kick used is the place kick. For a place kick, the ball must first be snapped to a placeholder, who holds the ball upright on the ground with his fingertip so that it may be kicked. Three points are scored if the ball crosses between the two upright posts and above the crossbar and remains over. If a field goal is missed, the ball is returned to the original line of scrimmage (in the NFL, to the spot of the kick; in high school, to the 20-yard line if the ball enters the end zone, or otherwise where the ball becomes dead after the kick) or to the 20-yard line if that is further from the goal line, and possession is given to the other team. If the ball does not go out of bounds, the other team may catch the kicked ball and attempt to advance it, but this is usually not advantageous. One official is positioned under each goalpost; if either one rules the field goal no good, then the field goal is unsuccessful. A successful field goal is signaled by an official extending both arms vertically above the head. A team that successfully kicks a field goal kicks off to the opposing team on the next play.", "List of gridiron football rules. The ball is kicked off from the goal line. The team with the ball is given four downs to gain ten yards or score. Punting is illegal because of the size of the playing field. A receiver jumping to catch a pass needs to get only one foot down in bounds for the catch to be deemed a completed catch. Balls that bounce off the padded walls that surround the field are live. The defending team may return missed field goal attempts that fall short of the end zone. If a free kick strikes the ceiling or any object hanging from said ceiling, while over the field of play, it is immediately dead, and it belongs to the receiving team 5 yards from mid-field.", "Goal kick. A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball goes out of the field of play by crossing, either on the ground or in the air, the goal line, without a goal being scored, when the last person to touch the ball was from the attacking team. If the last person to touch the ball was a member of the defending side, a corner kick is instead awarded to the attackers.", "Kick-off (association football). It is an offence for the kicker to touch the ball a second time until it has been touched by another player; this is punishable by an indirect free kick to the defending team from where the offence occurred, unless the second touch was also a more serious handling offence, in which case it is punishable by a direct free kick.", "Goal kick. A goal kick is awarded to the defending team when the ball is struck directly into the goal by the attacking team from an indirect free kick or from the first touch following a properly taken dropped-ball[n 1].", "Corner kick. A corner kick is the method of restarting play in a game of association football when the ball goes out of play over the goal line, without a goal being scored, and having last been touched by a member of the defending team. The kick is taken from the corner of the field of play nearest to where it went out. Corners are considered to be a reasonable goal scoring opportunity for the attacking side, though not as much as a penalty kick or a direct free kick near the edge of the penalty area.", "Goal kick. When the ball is kicked behind the goal-line by one of the opposite side, it shall be kicked off by any one of the players behind whose goal line it went, within six yards of the nearest goal post; but if kicked behind by any one of the side whose goal line it is, a player of the opposite side shall kick it from the nearest corner flag-post. In either case no other player shall be allowed within six yards of the ball until kicked off.", "Kickoff (gridiron football). A kickoff occurs at the start of each half and before each overtime (in the National and Arena Football Leagues). It is also traditionally decided by a coin toss at the beginning of each game carried out by the referee. The visiting team captain calls either heads or tails. The winner of the coin toss elects whether to take first choice in the first half or the second half. The captain with first choice then picks either a team to kick off or an end of the field to defend. The other captain chooses the remaining option. At the beginning of the second half, the two captains choose in the reverse order. If an overtime is required, another coin toss takes place to decide who gets first possession during the overtime. After a touchdown the scoring team kicks the ball off to the opposing team. In American football a field goal also results in a kickoff by the scoring team, but in Canadian football the scored-against team has an option of scrimmaging from their 35-yard line or receiving a kickoff.", "Goal kick. This law was rewritten the next year (1873) on the basis of a proposal by Great Marlow FC: a goal kick was awarded when the ball was kicked out of play over the goal-line by the attacking side. The kick had to be taken from within six yards of the nearest goal post.[15] The 1873 law ran:", "Kickoff (gridiron football). Kickoffs into the end zone resulting in touchbacks became much more common in the NFL in 2011 as a result of a rule change. Whereas the kicking team previously kicked the ball off from their 30-yard line, the NFL moved the spot of the kickoff up 5 yards before the 2011 season in an attempt to avoid injuries from high-speed collisions. Only 16 percent of kickoffs in the 2010 season were touchbacks, but that jumped to almost 44 percent after the rule change.[2]" ]

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[ "Barbados (Typically Tropical song). \"Barbados\" was a UK Number 1 single released in May 1975 by Typically Tropical.[1] \"Barbados\" entered the UK Singles Chart at number 37 in late June 1975, and five weeks later was at Number 1 for a week.[1] In total, \"Barbados\" spent eleven weeks on the chart.[1] The track also reached Number 1 on the Irish Singles Chart, Number 1 on the South African Singles Chart,[2] and 20 on the Australian Singles Chart (Kent Music Report).[3] The track was later released on an album in 1975 by Gull Records. The album was named Barbados Sky.", "Barbados (Typically Tropical song). In 1999 a reworked version of the song, renamed \"We're Going to Ibiza\", also reached the UK Number 1 spot for The Vengaboys.[4]", "Typically Tropical. \"Barbados\" was later successfully covered by the Vengaboys in 1999 as \"We're Going to Ibiza\".[1]", "Barbados (Typically Tropical song). Follow-up singles \"Rocket Now\" and \"The Ghost Song\" failed to chart,[4] leaving \"Typically Tropical\" as one-hit wonders.", "Typically Tropical. After hearing the demo version of \"Barbados\", recorded in the spring of 1974, David Howell of Gull Records wanted to hear more, but instead Jeff and Max asked for £1500 to finish both \"Barbados\" and another track they'd written, \"The Ghost Song\", and to record \"Barbados\"' B-side, \"Sandy\". Having agreed, Gull then signed them up for three singles. \"Barbados\" was finished at the end of 1974, but Gull decided to wait until May 1975 to release it. In August that year it reached number one, and the duo, having performed it on Top Of The Pops, decided to write another nine songs for the album Barbados Sky, which was released at the same time as the follow-up single \"Rocket Now\" (backed with \"Hole In The Sky\"), and sold around 8000 copies.[citation needed]", "That's Why (You Go Away). Swedish band Barbados recorded a Swedish version, \"Bilder av dig (när kylan tar tag)\" for their 1997 album The Lion Sleeps Tonight.", "Typically Tropical. Typically Tropical were a British band, best known for their number one hit record \"Barbados\".[1]", "Typically Tropical. Typically Tropical had a 1975 number one hit single \"Barbados\". Jeff Calvert and Max West recorded together for another six years, although not always under the name Typically Tropical.[2]", "Barbados. In music, eight-time Grammy Award winner Robyn Rihanna Fenty (born in Saint Michael) is one of Barbados' best-known artists and one of the best selling music artists of all time, selling over 200 million records worldwide. In 2009 she was appointed as an Honorary Ambassador of Youth and Culture for Barbados by the late Prime Minister, David Thompson.[94]", "Barbados. Singer-songwriter Shontelle, the band Cover Drive, musician Rupee and Mark Morrison, singer of Top 10 hit \"Return of the Mack\" also originate from Barbados. Grandmaster Flash (born Joseph Saddler in Bridgetown in 1958) is a hugely influential musician of Barbadian origin, pioneering hip-hop DJing, cutting, and mixing in 1970s New York. The Merrymen are a well known Calypso band based in Barbados, performing from the 1960s into the 2010s.", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). Also in 1956, folk singer Bob Gibson, who had travelled to Jamaica and heard the song, taught his version to the folk band The Tarriers. They recorded a version of that song that incorporated the chorus of \"Hill and Gully Rider\", another Jamaican folk song. This release became their biggest hit, reaching number four on the pop charts, where it outperformed Belafonte's version. The Tarriers' version was recorded by Shirley Bassey in 1957 and it became a hit in the United Kingdom.[5] The Tarriers, or some subset of the three members of the group (Erik Darling, Bob Carey and Alan Arkin, later better known as an actor) are sometimes credited as the writers of the song; their version combined elements of another song and was thus newly created.", "Typically Tropical. Opening with \"Barbados\", the version on the album was slightly different. It began with an additional pre-take-off conversation between Captain Tobias Willcock and Air Traffic Control, whereas the single version begins with the Captain's welcome to his passengers. At the beginning of the single, but not on the album, is the unusual sound of grasshoppers chirruping (which also features at the end of Rocket Now), and a dog barking. The album version of the track curtails the single's original ending, fading out earlier.", "Calypso music. Calypso, especially a toned-down, commercial variant, became a worldwide craze with the release of the \"Banana Boat Song\", or \"Day-O\", a traditional Jamaican folk song, whose best-known rendition was done by Harry Belafonte on his album Calypso (1956); Calypso was the first full-length record to sell more than a million copies. The success of that album inspired hundreds of \"Folkies\", or the American folk music revival to imitate the \"Belafonte style\", but with a more folk-oriented flavor. The Kingston Trio would be a good example. 1956 also saw the massive international hit \"Jean and Dinah\" by Mighty Sparrow. This song too was a sly commentary as a \"plan of action\" for the calypsonian on the widespread prostitution and the prostitutes' desperation after the closing of the U.S. naval base on Trinidad at Chaguaramas.", "Byron Lee and the Dragonaires. The WIRL name had remained with its division in Barbados and had remained the ever-popular brand of Bajan music until 1995, when it changed its name to E.A. Best Music Ltd, and eventually to its current name, Caribbean Records - still the major record company and distributor of Barbados. Back in Jamaica, Dynamic had become a bigger force than ever before, investing in presenting more of Jamaica's talent to vinyl, including Toots & the Maytals, Eric Donaldson, John Holt, Barry Biggs, Freddie McKay, Tommy McCook, and Max Romeo, issued on imprints such as Jaguar, Panther, Afrik, and Dragon.", "Boney M.. After a slow start, the song became a hit in the Netherlands and Belgium. It was then that Farian decided to hire performers to 'front' the group for TV performances. Farian found Maizie Williams (originally from Montserrat) who brought in Bobby Farrell, a male exotic dancer from Aruba. Singer Marcia Barrett (also from Jamaica) joined the group, who brought in Liz Mitchell, former member of the Les Humphries Singers and Boney M was finalised.", "Boney M.. 1979 saw Boney M. release a brand new single, \"Hooray! Hooray! It's a Holi-Holiday\", which became another Top 10 hit across Europe. Later in the year they released their fourth album, Oceans of Fantasy, containing two hit singles – \"Gotta Go Home\"/\"El Lute\" and \"I'm Born Again\"/\"Bahama Mama\". The album also included a \"Lead\" and \"Backing Vocals\" credit for the first time. Oceans of Fantasy reached no.1 in the UK and was certified Platinum, though their run of Top 10 singles had now ended with \"Gotta Go Home\" peaking at no.12 and \"I'm Born Again\" peaking at 35.", "Rockin' All Over the World. Other versions of this song have been recorded by The Georgia Satellites and Bon Jovi, and also by artists outside the English-speaking world such as Dutch Bertus Staigerpaip, German Wolfgang Petry and Spanish Platero y Tú (outro of \"Si tú te vas\" song). Carl Wilson recorded it on his 1983 album Youngblood, and The Beach Boys themselves added the song to their live act in the mid-'80s. Bruce Springsteen has performed the song a number of times during his famous live shows, and it was the final song played in his 2009 Working on a Dream Tour. During Hard Rock Calling 2012, Springsteen appeared on stage with Fogerty to perform the song with him.", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Other major hits (with peak positions shown), included \"Gonna Make You Sweat (Everybody Dance Now)\" (3) by C+C Music Factory, \"Fantasy\" (3) by Black Box, \"You Could Be Mine\" (3) by Guns N' Roses, \"Here I Am (Come and Take Me)\" (3) by UB40, \"When Something Is Wrong with My Baby\" (3) by John Farnham and Jimmy Barnes, \"How to Dance\" (3) by the Bingoboys featuring Princessa, \"Better\" (4) by The Screaming Jets, \"The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss)\" (4) by Cher, \"I Wanna Sex You Up\" (4) by Color Me Badd, \"I've Got To Go Now\" (5) by Toni Childs, \"Ain't No Sunshine\" (5) by the Rockmelons featuring Deni Hines, \"Burn for You\" (5) by John Farnham, \"Black Cat\" (6) by Janet Jackson, \"When Your Love Is Gone\" (7) by Jimmy Barnes, \"Set Adrift on Memory Bliss\" (7) by P.M. Dawn, \"From a Distance\" (8) by Bette Midler, \"Can't Stop This Thing We Started\" (9) by Bryan Adams, \"Where the Streets Have No Name (I Can't Take My Eyes off You)\" (9) by the Pet Shop Boys, \"Crazy\" (9) by Seal, \"It Ain't Over 'til It's Over\" (10) by Lenny Kravitz, \"Treaty\" (11) by Yothu Yindi, \"Where Are You Now?\" (13) by Roxus.", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). \"Day-O (The Banana Boat Song)\" is a traditional Jamaican folk song; the best-known version was released by Jamaican-American singer Harry Belafonte in 1956 and later became one of his signature songs. That same year The Tarriers released an alternative version that incorporated the chorus of another Jamaican folk song, \"Hill and Gully Rider\". The Tarriers version was later recorded by Shirley Bassey. Other recordings were made of the song in 1956–57, as well as later. Song is in Just Dance Kids 2014 and on Just Dance Unlimited for Just Dance 2017 and Just Dance 2018", "Day-O (The Banana Boat Song). The song was first recorded by Trinidadian singer Edric Connor and his band \"Edric Connor and the Caribbeans\" on the 1952 album Songs From Jamaica; the song was called \"Day Dah Light\".[1] Belafonte based his version on Connor's 1952 and Louise Bennett's 1954 recordings.[2][3]", "The Hollies. Graham Nash was replaced in the Hollies in January 1969 by Terry Sylvester, formerly of both the Escorts, a second generation Merseybeat group who had a minor UK chart hit in 1964 with \"Dizzy Miss Lizzy\" and the Swinging Blue Jeans, best known for their hit singles with the HMV label; \"Hippy Hippy Shake\", \"Good Golly Miss Molly\", and \"You're No Good\", from 1966–1968. Sylvester also substituted for Nash as part of the group's songwriting team, with Clarke and Hicks. As planned before Nash's departure, the group's next album was Hollies Sing Dylan, which reached the No.3 position on the UK chart while the US version, Words And Music by Bob Dylan, was ignored. The next album Hollies Sing Hollies did not chart in the UK but did well in Canada and in the USA, charting at No.32.", "Crop Over. For the entire two months life for many islanders is one big party with a major feature of crop over being the calypso competition. Calypso music, originating in Trinidad, uses syncopated rhythm and topical lyrics and gives its exponents a medium in which to satirise local politics and comment on the issues of the day, while taking nothing away from the general bacchanal. Calypso tents, also originating in Trinidad, feature their cadre of calypsonians who perform biting social commentaries on the happenings of the past year, political exposés or rousing exhortations to wuk up or \"wine up\", \"jonesing\", roll de bumper, guh down (pronounced \"dung\") and \"six-thirty\" dance. There are craft markets, food tents and stalls, street parties and cavalcades every week supplemented by daily events at Tim’s on the Highway, the new home of the Barbados Crop Over Festival.", "Baby, Please Don't Go. Other recorded renditions include those by Mose Allison (Transfiguration of Hiram Brown, 1960),[48] Paul Revere & the Raiders (Just Like Us!, 1966),[49] the Amboy Dukes (reached number 106 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles record chart in 1968),[50] Beacon Street Union (The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens, 1968), Gary Glitter (Glitter, 1972), Budgie (Never Turn Your Back on a Friend, 1973)[51] and Renée Geyer (Swing, 2013).", "Red Red Wine. The song was covered by several artists shortly after Diamond's recording was released. In 1968, the Dutch singer Peter Tetteroo (from the band Tee Set) had a hit with a cover of the song in Netherlands. Tony Tribe covered the song in 1969 in a reggae-influenced style. In 1983, UB40 recorded perhaps the best known version of the song, in a lighter reggae style. The UB40 version topped the Billboard Hot 100 and the UK Singles Chart. Diamond later performed a UB40-inspired version of the song while on tour.", "Mental As Anything. Three further singles were lifted off Liar Liar in 1995 and 1996: Mombassa's \"Nigel\" which just failed to chart, a cover of Wreckless Eric's \"Whole Wide World\" which landed just out of the Top 50 (Top 30 in Victoria) and O'Doherty's tribute to Ms Faithful, \"Marianne\", which was released as the band supported Chris Issak on his 1996 tour of Australia.", "The Tremeloes. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes first charted in the UK in July 1963 with a version of \"Twist and Shout\", a song previously popularised in America by the Isley Brothers, and already released by the Beatles in the UK in March 1963 on their first British LP, Please Please Me. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes followed \"Twist and Shout\" with a chart topping cover of the Contours' US million-seller \"Do You Love Me\" in the same year, in turn followed by \"I Can Dance\". The group also had success in the UK in 1964 with covers of Roy Orbison's B-side, \"Candy Man\" and a previously obscure Crickets' B-side ballad, \"Someone, Someone\"; both entered the UK Singles Chart Top Ten, with the latter peaking at no. 2. Other Decca-era chart singles included \"Three Bells\" and a version of \"I Want Candy\".", "In Plenty and In Time of Need. \"In Plenty and In Time of Need\" is the national anthem of the country of Barbados. It was written by Irving Burgie (1926–) and was composed by C. Van Roland Edwards (1912–1985). As one part of the West Indies Federation from 1958–1962, Barbados' anthem was supposed to be Forged from the Love of Liberty (which is currently the national anthem of Trinidad and Tobago), however the current anthem was created with Barbados' moves toward full independence. This song was then adopted by Barbados when it became independent in 1966.", "Are You Gonna Go My Way. Are You Gonna Go My Way is the third studio album by American singer Lenny Kravitz, released on March 9, 1993 by Virgin Records. It was recorded at Waterfront Studios, Hoboken, New Jersey by Henry Hirsch. It became Kravitz's first top 20 album on the United States Billboard 200, and his first number one album in both Australia and the United Kingdom, achieving massive worldwide success that helped to establish his popularity as a performer.", "Mungo Jerry. In 1980 another Dorset song, \"Feels Like I'm in Love\", originally written for Elvis Presley, and recorded by the band as a B side of a single, became a British number one hit for Kelly Marie. They remained successful with overseas hits like \"On A Night Like This\", \"Knockin' on Heaven's Door\" (a reggae version of the Bob Dylan song) and \"Sunshine Reggae\" (British version by Mungo Jerry & Horizon).[6]", "Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da. Paul McCartney wrote the song around the time that highlife and reggae were beginning to become popular in Britain. The starting lyric, \"Desmond has a barrow in the market-place\", was a reference to the first internationally renowned Jamaican ska and reggae performer Desmond Dekker who had just had a successful tour of the UK.[4] The tag line \"ob-la-di, ob-la-da, life goes on, brah\" was an expression used by Nigerian conga player Jimmy Scott-Emuakpor, an acquaintance of McCartney.[5] Another example of the term in popular culture is the 1945 song 'In the Land of Oo-Bla-Dee', which Mary Lou Williams composed for Dizzy Gillespie (heard on Dizzy Digs Paris).", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Other major hits (with peak positions noted) included \"When You're Gone\" (4) by Bryan Adams and Melanie C, \"I Knew I Loved You\" (4) by Savage Garden, \"Livin' la Vida Loca\" (4) by Ricky Martin, \"2 Times\" (4) by Ann Lee, \"This Kiss\" (4) by Faith Hill, \"All Star\" (4) by Smash Mouth, \"Touch It\" (5) by Monifah, \"No Matter What\" (5) by Boyzone, \"Absolutely Everybody\" (5) by Vanessa Amorosi, \"Lullaby\" (5) by Shawn Mullins, \"Beautiful Stranger\" (5) by Madonna, \"Sweet Like Chocolate\" (6) by Shanks & Bigfoot, \"Honey to the Bee\" (6) by Billie Piper, \"Silence\" (6) by Delerium featuring Sarah McLachlan, \"Got the Feelin'\" (6) and \"(7) \"Changes\" by 2Pac, Until the Time Is Through\" (8) by Five, \"Doo Wop (That Thing)\" (8) by Lauryn Hill, \"Wild Wild West\" (8) by Will Smith featuring Dru Hill and Kool Moe Dee, \"Fly Away\" (8) by Lenny Kravitz, \"Thank ABBA for the Music\" (9) by B*Witched, Steps, Cleopatra, Tina Cousins and Billie Piper and \"Heartbreaker\" (10) by Mariah Carey featuring Jay-Z.", "Doo-Wops & Hooligans. The first two singles from Doo-Wops & Hooligans—\"Just the Way You Are\" and \"Grenade\"—gained international success, topping the charts in several countries worldwide, including the United States, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Subsequent singles \"The Lazy Song\" and \"Marry You\" were commercial successes as well, charting within the top 10 of more than 10 countries worldwide, with the former topping the charts n the United Kingdom and Denmark. \"Talking to the Moon\" and \"Count On Me\" had a limited release, while \"Liquor Store Blues\" featuring Damian Marley and \"Somewhere in Brooklyn\" were promotional singles." ]

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[ "Going concern. The going concern principle allows the company to defer some of its prepaid expenses until future accounting periods.[2] The going concern assumption is a fundamental assumption in the preparation of financial statements. Under the going concern assumption, an entity is ordinarily viewed as continuing in business for the foreseeable future with neither the intention nor the necessity of liquidation, ceasing trading or seeking protection from creditors pursuant to laws or regulations. Accordingly, unless the going concern assumption is inappropriate in the circumstances of the entity, assets and liabilities are recorded on the basis that the entity will be able to realize its assets, discharge its liabilities, and obtain refinancing (if necessary) in the normal course of business.[3]", "Going concern. This accounting principle assumes that, a company will continue to exist long enough to carry out its objectives and commitments and will not liquidate in the foreseeable future. If the company's financial situation is such that the accountant believes the company will not be able to continue on, the accountant is required to disclose this assessment.", "Going concern. A current definition of the going concern assumption can be found in the AICPA Statement on Auditing Standards No.1 Codification of Auditing Standards and Procedures, Section 341, “ The Auditor’s Consideration of an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern”(AU Section 341). The 'going concern' concept assumes that the business will remain in existence long enough for all the assets of the business to be fully utilized. Utilized assets means obtaining the complete benefit from their earning potential. (i.e. if you recently purchased equipment costing $5,000 that had 5 years of productive/useful life, then under the going concern assumption, the accountant would only write off one year's value $1,000 (1/5th) this year, leaving $4,000 to be treated as a fixed asset with future economic value for the business).", "Going concern. Under the going concern assumption, an entity is viewed as continuing in business for the foreseeable future. General purpose financial statements are prepared on a going concern basis, unless management either intends to liquidate the entity or to cease operations, or has no realistic alternative but to do so. Special purpose financial statements may or may not be prepared in accordance with a financial reporting framework for which the going concern basis is relevant (for example, the going concern basis is not relevant for some financial statements prepared on a tax basis in particular jurisdictions). When the use of the going concern assumption is appropriate, assets and liabilities are recorded on the basis that the entity will be able to realize its assets and discharge its liabilities in the normal course of business.[6]", "Going concern. A going concern is a business that functions without the threat of liquidation for the foreseeable future, usually regarded as at least within 12 months. It implies for the business the basic declaration of intention to keep running its activities at least for the next year, which is a basic assumption to prepare financial statements considering the conceptual framework of the IFRS. Hence, the declaration of going concern means that the entity has neither the intention nor the need to liquidate or curtail materially the scale of its operations.", "Going concern. Continuation of an entity as a going concern is assumed in financial reporting in the absence of significant information to the contrary. Ordinarily, information that significantly contradicts the going concern assumption relates to the entity's inability to continue to meet its obligations as they become due without substantial disposition of assets outside the ordinary course of business, restructuring of debt, externally forced revisions of its operations, or similar actions.", "Going concern. The going concern concept is not clearly defined anywhere in generally accepted accounting principles, and so is subject to a considerable amount of interpretation regarding when an entity should report it. However, generally accepted auditing standards (GAAS) do instruct an auditor regarding the consideration of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern.", "Going concern. An entity is assumed to be a going concern in the absence of significant information to the contrary. An example of such contrary information is an entity’s inability to meet its obligations as they come due without substantial asset sales or debt restructurings. If such were not the case, an entity would essentially be acquiring assets with the intention of closing its operations and reselling the assets to another party.[4]", "Going concern. The auditor evaluates an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern for a period not less than one year following the date of the financial statements being audited (a longer period may be considered if the auditor believes such extended period to be relevant). The auditor considers such items as negative trends in operating results, loan defaults, denial of trade credit from suppliers uneconomical long-term commitments, and legal proceedings in deciding if there is a substantial doubt about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. If so, the auditor must draw attention to the uncertainty regarding the entity's ability to continue as a going concern, in their auditor's report. On the other hand, inappropriate use of the going concern assumption by an entity may cause the auditor to issue an adverse opinion on the financial statements.[5] This Guidance provides a framework to assist directors, audit committees and finance teams in determining whether it is appropriate to adopt the going concern basis for preparing financial statements and in making balanced, proportionate and clear disclosures. Separate standards and guidance have been issued by the Auditing Practices Board to address the work of auditors in relation to going concern.", "Going concern. When, primarily because of the auditor's consideration of management's plans, he concludes that substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time is alleviated, he should consider the need for disclosure of the principal conditions and events that initially caused him to believe there was substantial doubt. The auditor's consideration of disclosure should include the possible effects of such conditions and events, and any mitigating factors, including management's plans.", "Going concern. The auditor should evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time in the following manner:", "Going concern. The auditor's consideration should be based on knowledge of the entity, its business, and its management and should include (a) reading of the prospective financial information and the underlying assumptions and (b) comparing prospective financial information in prior periods with actual results and comparing prospective information for the current period with results achieved to date. If the auditor becomes aware of factors, the effects of which are not reflected in such prospective financial information, he should discuss those factors with management and, if necessary, request revision of the prospective financial information.", "Going concern. If the auditor believes there is substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time, he should[7] obtain information about management's plans that are intended to mitigate the effect of such conditions or events, and[8] assess the likelihood that such plans can be effectively implemented.", "Going concern. The auditor is not responsible for predicting future conditions or events. The fact that the entity may cease to exist as a going concern subsequent to receiving a report from the auditor that does not refer to substantial doubt, even within one year following the date of the financial statements, does not, in itself, indicate inadequate performance by the auditor. Accordingly, the absence of reference to substantial doubt in an auditor's report should not be viewed as providing assurance as to an entity's ability to continue as a going concern.", "Going concern. If substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time existed at the date of prior period financial statements that are presented on a comparative basis, and that doubt has been removed in the current period, the explanatory paragraph included in the auditor's report (following the opinion paragraph) on the financial statements of the prior period should not be repeated.", "Going concern. If the auditor concludes that the entity's disclosures with respect to the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time are inadequate, a departure from generally accepted accounting principles exists. This may result in either a qualified (except for) or an adverse opinion. Reporting guidance for such situations is provided in section 508, Reports on Audited Financial Statements.", "Going concern. When, after considering management's plans, the auditor concludes there is substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time, the auditor should consider the possible effects on the financial statements and the adequacy of the related disclosure. Some of the information that might be disclosed includes—", "Going concern. If the accountant believes that an entity may no longer be a going concern, then this brings up the issue of whether its assets are impaired, which may call for the write-down of their carrying amount to their liquidation value, and/or the recognition of liabilities that arise on account of the entity's imminent closure (which may not arise otherwise). Thus, the value of an entity that is assumed to be a going concern is higher than its breakup value, since a going concern can potentially continue to earn profits.", "Going concern. The going concern assumption is universally understood and accepted by accounting professionals; however, it has never been formally incorporated into U.S GAAP.[1] In October 2008, FASB issued an Exposure Draft called \"Going Concern.\" It discusses the following possible pronouncements for the going concern:", "Going concern. Substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time that arose in the current period does not imply that a basis for such doubt existed in the prior period and, therefore, should not affect the auditor's report on the financial statements of the prior period that are presented on a comparative basis. When financial statements of one or more prior periods are presented on a comparative basis with financial statements of the current period, reporting guidance is provided in section 508.", "Going concern. The most critical reason that auditors might fail to issue a going-concern opinion, however, could be a fundamental misunderstanding of the assumption itself.", "Going concern. When prospective financial information is particularly significant to management's plans, the auditor should request management to provide that information and should consider the adequacy of support for significant assumptions underlying that information. The auditor should give particular attention to assumptions that are—", "Business valuation. The standard of value is the hypothetical conditions under which the business will be valued. The premise of value relates to the assumptions, such as assuming that the business will continue forever in its current form (going concern), or that the value of the business lies in the proceeds from the sale of all of its assets minus the related debt (sum of the parts or assemblage of business assets).", "Going concern. The auditor has a responsibility to evaluate whether there is substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed one year beyond the date of the financial statements being audited (hereinafter referred to as a reasonable period of time). The auditor's evaluation is based on his or her knowledge of relevant conditions and events that exist at or have occurred prior to the date of the auditor's report. Information about such conditions or events is obtained from the application of auditing procedures planned and performed to achieve audit objectives that are related to management's assertions embodied in the financial statements being audited, as described in Auditing Standard No. 15, Audit Evidence.", "Going concern. After the auditor has evaluated management's plans, he concludes whether he has substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. If the auditor concludes there is substantial doubt, he should consider[9] the adequacy of disclosure about the entity's possible inability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time,[10] and include an explanatory paragraph (following the opinion paragraph) in his audit report to reflect his conclusion. If the auditor concludes that substantial doubt does not exist, he should consider the need for disclosure.", "Going concern. In performing audit procedures such as those presented in paragraph .05, the auditor may identify information about certain conditions or events that, when considered in the aggregate, indicate there could be substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. The significance of such conditions and events will depend on the circumstances, and some may have significance only when viewed in conjunction with others. The following are examples of such conditions and events:", "Going concern. The auditor considers whether the results of his procedures performed in planning, gathering evidential matter relative to the various audit objectives, and completing the audit identify conditions and events that, when considered in the aggregate, indicate there could be substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time. It may be necessary to obtain additional information about such conditions and events, as well as the appropriate evidential matter to support information that mitigates the auditor's doubt.", "Going concern. If, after considering identified conditions and events and management's plans, the auditor concludes that substantial doubt about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time remains, the audit report should include an explanatory paragraph (following the opinion paragraph) to reflect that conclusion. fn 4 (?) The auditor's conclusion about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern should be expressed through the use of the phrase \"substantial doubt about its (the entity's) ability to continue as a going concern\" [or similar wording that includes the terms substantial doubt and going concern] as illustrated in paragraph .13. [As amended, effective for reports issued after December 31, 1990, by Statement on Auditing Standards No. 64.]", "Going concern. The fear is that a going-concern opinion can hasten the demise of an already troubled company, reduce a loan officer’s willingness to grant a line of credit to that troubled company, or increase the point spread that would be charged if that company were granted a loan. Auditors are placed at the center of a moral and ethical dilemma: whether to issue a going-concern opinion and risk escalating the financial distress of their client, or not issue a going-concern opinion and risk not informing interested parties of the possible failure of the company. The hope is that issuing a going-concern opinion might promote timelier rescue activity.", "Going concern. An example follows of an explanatory paragraph (following the opinion paragraph) in the auditor's report describing an uncertainty about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time.", "Going concern. Another, more troubling reason that auditors might fail to issue a going-concern opinion has been alluded to by the mainstream media in the WorldCom and Enron business failures: lack of auditor independence. Management determines the auditor’s tenure and remuneration. The threat of receiving a going-concern modification may send management to another auditor, in a phenomenon referred to as “opinion shopping.” Moreover, in an extreme case of a self-fulfilling prophecy, if the client does go bankrupt, the auditor loses future audit fees. This fear of losing future fees could compromise the auditor’s ability to render an unbiased opinion on a client’s financial statements.", "Going concern. Because the issuance of a going-concern opinion is feared to be a self-fulfilling prophecy, auditors may be reluctant to issue one. A going-concern opinion may lower stockholders’ and creditors’ confidence in the company; ratings agencies may then downgrade the debt, leading to an inability to obtain new capital and an increase in the cost of existing capital. In 1978, the AICPA formed an independent commission (the Cohen Commission) that issued a report expressing this sentiment:" ]

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[ "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Although Black's version of \"Alfie\" in F major had served as a promotional tool for the film's UK release rather than as the film's theme - being in fact featured nowhere on the soundtrack of the film's UK release - for the US release of the film Alfie the film's distributor United Artists wanted the song featured on the film's soundtrack despite the objections of the film's director Lewis Gilbert who felt the song \"Alfie\" would distract from the jazz score he had had Sonny Rollins provide for the film. United Artists compromised with Gilbert in keeping the prospective theme song out of the main body of the film Alfie but having it play during the closing credits.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). \"Alfie\" is a song written by Burt Bacharach and Hal David to promote the 1966 film Alfie. The song was a major hit for Cilla Black (UK) and Dionne Warwick (US).", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Although Bacharach and David suggested \"Alfie\" be recorded by Dionne Warwick, their most prolific interpreter, Paramount felt the film's setting demanded the song be recorded by a UK singer. Accordingly, Sandie Shaw, who had had a UK #1 hit with the Bacharach/David composition \"(There's) Always Something There to Remind Me\", was initially invited to record \"Alfie\". When Shaw declined, the song was offered to Cilla Black, who had also had a UK #1 with a Bacharach/David number, \"Anyone Who Had a Heart\".", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Joss Stone remade \"Alfie\" to play under the closing credits of the 2004 remake of the film Alfie.[17]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Although Bacharach has cited \"Alfie\" as his personal favorite of his compositions, he and Hal David were not eager to write a song to promote the film Alfie (a release from Paramount Pictures, which owned Famous Music) when approached by Ed Wolpin of the Composers' Guild. David thought the title character's name pedestrian: \"Writing a song about a man called 'Alfie' didn't seem too exciting at the time.\"", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). The composers agreed to submit an \"Alfie\" song if they could complete it within three weeks. Bacharach, in California, was inspired by a rough cut of the film about the Cockney womanizer played by Michael Caine. Bacharach felt that: \"with 'Alfie' the lyric had to come first because it had to say what that movie was all about\".[1] He arranged for David – in Long Island – to receive a script of the film to enable him to compose the lyrics. David utilized one of Caine's lines, \"What's it all about?\", as the opening phrase. David's lyrics were then set to music by Bacharach. The original was recorded in the key of F-sharp major, but Bacharach usually plays it live in B-flat major, the same key in which Cilla Black recorded it.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). \"Alfie\" was released in January 1966, four months prior to the opening of the film. The single was essentially intended as a specialty item to foster interest in the upcoming film rather than a mainstream hit. However the track accrued enough interest to enter the UK Top 50 in April 1966, reaching #9 that May.[6][7]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Other artists to record versions of \"Alfie\" include several versions by Bacharach himself, Patricia Barber, Tony Bennett, Jerry Butler, Liane Carroll, Randy Crawford, Blossom Dearie, Bill Evans, Percy Faith, Everything But The Girl, Maynard Ferguson, Renée Geyer, Stan Getz, Tony Hatch, Dick Hyman, Jack Jones, The Anita Kerr Singers, Chaka Khan, Rahsaan Roland Kirk, Earl Klugh, Cleo Laine, Tony Martin, Johnny Mathis, David McCallum, Carmen McCrae, Brad Mehldau, Pat Metheny, Matt Monro, Olivia Newton-John, Elaine Paige, Rita Reys, Buddy Rich, Rumer, The John Scofield Trio, The Sweet Inspirations, Joanie Sommers, McCoy Tyner, Midge Ure, Sylvia Vrethammar (Swedish rendering), Sarah Vaughan, Billy Vaughn, Nancy Wilson, Andy Williams, Vanessa Williams, Kerry Ellis and Nanette Workman.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). At the time the film Alfie premiered in New York City August 25, 1966 at least eight recorded versions of the song \"Alfie\" were in release in the US: besides the Cher version from the film and the Cilla Black original which had been issued in the US that July to peak at No.95 on the Billboard Hot 100, \"Alfie\" had been recorded by Vikki Carr, Jack Jones, Tony Martin, Carmen McRae, Joanie Sommers and Billy Vaughn. The five last-named singers had recorded \"Alfie\" in hopes of taking the song into the Billboard Easy Listening chart rather than scoring a mainstream Pop hit and both Joanie Sommers and Carmen McRae did score an Easy Listening hit with their respective versions of \"Alfie\" (Sommers - #9; McRae - #29).", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Despite the relative failure of the version of \"Alfie\" cut for the US film release, Cilla Black's UK success with the song had attracted sufficient attention in the US for several American singers besides Cher to cover the song by the time the film Alfie opened in the US in August 1966. Two of these covers actually predate the Cher recording although neither was released prior to Cher's, the first evident recording of \"Alfie\" by an American singer being that cut by Jerry Butler in May 1966 which first appeared as a track on the December 1967 album release Mr Dream Merchant. Also in the spring of 1966 Dee Dee Warwick, while on a promotional junket to the UK, made a recording of \"Alfie\" at the Philips Studio in Marble Arch with Johnny Franz producing the session and Peter Knight arranging and conducting the orchestra; this version was first issued over a year later as the B-side of Dee Dee Warwick's 1967 single \"Locked in Your Love\".", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). In a deleted scene from the movie Austin Powers in Goldmember, the song is parodied, with \"Austin\" replacing \"Alfie\" in the lyric. Alfie is sung by most of the main characters. Michael Caine, who plays Austin Powers' father, also played the character Alfie in the original 1966 movie, and scenes from the film appear in the background while he is singing. Susanna Hoffs made the recording of this version - entitled \"Alfie (What's It All About, Austin?)\" for the soundtrack album.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Rather than utilize Black's version, United Artists commissioned a new version of the song \"Alfie\" by the American singer/actress Cher who was on the roster of Imperial Records. Recorded at Gold Star Studios, Cher's version of \"Alfie\" was released at the end of June 1966 almost two months prior to the film's US premiere (August 25, 1966); Sonny Bono's production showcased the song à la Phil Spector. Despite being the follow-up to the #2 hit \"Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down)\" Cher's version of \"Alfie\" rose no higher than #32.[10] Cher's version was also a top 40 hit in Canada, reaching #36.[11]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Although the \"Alfie\" track on Warwick's Here Where There Is Love album began receiving radio airplay as early as January 1967, the track was not issued as a single until March 1967 and then as the intended B-side of the Bacharach/David composed \"The Beginning of Loneliness\"; however disc jockeys preferred \"Alfie\", flipped the single to its B-side, and the track began to ascend the Billboard Hot 100 in April 1967, with a major assist from Warwick's performance of \"Alfie\" on the 39th Academy Awards ceremony television broadcast live worldwide on April 10, 1967. Billboard's year end tally of the biggest Pop hits of 1967 ranked Warwick's version of \"Alfie\" at #44 in a Top 100 of the year composed otherwise of Top Ten hits.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Black was invited to record \"Alfie\" in a letter from Bacharach, and Black recalls him saying that the song had been written specially for her. Brian Epstein, her manager, was sent a demo[2] of the song, originally performed by 22-year-old Kenny Karen, with Bacharach on piano, accompanied by a string ensemble[3]. Black reacted negatively on hearing the demo \"of some fella singing 'Alfie' ... I actually said to Brian 'I can't do this.' For a start - Alfie?? You call your dog Alfie! ... [Couldn't] it be Tarquin or something like that?\"[4]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Mina recorded the song in 1971 for her album Mina, also known as \"the monkey album\".", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Bob Welch covered this song on his 2011 Album: Sings The Best Songs Ever Written", "Love, Simon. The soundtrack of the film includes music by Bleachers, Troye Sivan, Amy Shark, Brenton Wood, The 1975, Normani and Khalid, among others. The first track released from the soundtrack was \"Alfie's Song (Not So Typical Love Song)\" by Bleachers.[9][10]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Black's \"Alfie\" was released in Australia, New Zealand and the US in July 1966, a month prior to the release of the film in both countries. Despite the soundtrack appearance of a version of \"Alfie\" by Cher in the film's worldwide release, Black's \"Alfie\" was a sizable Australian hit at #22. It went to #20 in New Zealand.[8] In the US - where Black had previously enjoyed only one moderate success with \"You're My World\" in 1964 - her \"Alfie\" single just made the Billboard Hot 100 at #95, the pop mainstream sector's focus being primarily on Cher's version of the song, which was only a moderate hit in the US at #32. Interest in any one recorded version of \"Alfie\" was dissipated by the plethora of easy listening-oriented covers which were in release by the summer of 1966.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Black states that, rather than declining outright to record the song, she decided to set conditions: \"I said I'd only do it if Burt Bacharach himself did the arrangement, never thinking for one moment that he would. [When] the reply came back from America that he'd be happy to...I said I would only do it if Burt came over to London for the recording session. 'Yes,' came the reply. Next I said that as well as the arrangements and coming over, he had to play [piano] on the session. To my astonishment it was agreed that Burt would do all three. So by this time, coward that I was, I really couldn't back out.\"", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). \"Alfie\" would not become a Top 15 hit in the US until the spring and summer of 1967 when Dionne Warwick, the most prolific interpreter of Bacharach/David compositions and the composers' original choice to record the song. Warwick's version peaked to #15 on the Billboard Hot 100, #5 on the Billboard R&B Singles Chart and #10 on the Canadian Singles Chart. Introduced on the December 1966 album release Here Where There Is Love, Warwick's version of \"Alfie\" had been an impromptu addition to a recording session at A&R Studio in New York City whose scheduled tracks had been completed early; Scepter Records A&R man Steve Tyrell suggested to Burt Bacharach that the booked time remaining be put to use by having Warwick record a version of \"Alfie\". Warwick, though feeling it pointless to increase the song's massive cover version count (there were by then some forty-two recorded versions of the song), was persuaded to record the song, cutting her vocal in a single take.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). The session for Black's recording of \"Alfie\" took place in the autumn of 1965, in Studio One at Abbey Road, and was overseen by Black's regular producer George Martin. In addition to the agreed arranging and piano playing, Bacharach conducted a 48-piece orchestra, and the session also featured the Breakaways as background vocalists. According to Black, Bacharach had her record eighteen complete takes before he was satisfied with her vocal, while Bacharach's estimation of the total number of takes, including partial ones, is as high as \"twenty-eight or twenty-nine...I kept going [thinking] can we get it a little better...[add] just some magic[?]. Cilla was great and wound up delivering a killer vocal as she did on so many of my songs.\"[5]", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Recently, Gina Hayes recorded an updated/jazzy version of the song, which appears on her 2014 album \"Montage\".", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Santana Lopez (portrayed by Naya Rivera) performed this song on the sixth episode of Glee's sixth season, \"What The World Needs Now\". The episode aired in the US on 6 February 2015.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). The versions of \"Alfie\" by both Cilla Black and Cher were released in Australia in July 1966, with Black's becoming the major hit at #22; the Cher version's Australian chart peak was #96. \"Alfie\" was featured on the October 1966 album release entitled Chér.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). The Delfonics recorded \"Alfie\" for their 1968 La La Means I Love You album produced by Thom Bell; originally the B-side of the group's hit 1968 hit \"Break Your Promise\", the Delfonics' recording of \"Alfie\" had a belated A-side release in 1973 when it was a minor R&B hit (#88).", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Barbra Streisand recorded the song for her 1969 album What About Today? and performed it on her Timeless Tour in 2000.", "Alfie Allen. Allen was born in Hammersmith, London, the son of film producer Alison Owen and Welsh-born actor Keith Allen. His older sister is singer Lily Allen;[3] her song \"Alfie\" is about him.[4][5][6] He went to Windlesham House School in Sussex, Embley Park School near Romsey, St John's College in Portsmouth and the Fine Arts College in Hampstead, where he studied for his A-levels. He is also a third cousin of British singer Sam Smith.[7]", "The blind leading the blind. \"Blind leading the blind\" was a song written by Mick Jagger, performed by Mick Jagger and Dave Stewart for the soundtrack of the 2004 film Alfie.", "For the Love of You. The song also appeared in a scene in 2004's \"Alfie\", starring Jude Law and Sienna Miller.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). Jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius references the main melody to demonstrate the use of bass for melodic lines in his 1985 instructional video Modern Electric Bass.", "Till Death Us Do Part. Warren Mitchell also appeared solo on stage and TV as Alf Garnett, dispensing variations on Alf's homespun reactionary philosophy and singing old music hall songs, most notably in the London Weekend Television show An Audience With Alf Garnett.", "Alfie (Burt Bacharach song). In 1994, Whitney Houston performed the song on select dates during her Bodyguard Tour, and her 1997 HBO televised concert, Classic Whitney: Live from Washington, D.C.." ]

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[ "X Ambassadors. X Ambassadors (also stylized XA) is an American rock band from Ithaca, New York. Its members currently include lead vocalist Sam Harris, keyboardist Casey Harris, and drummer Adam Levin. Their most notable songs include \"Jungle\", \"Renegades\", and \"Unsteady\". The band's debut full-length album, VHS, was released on June 30, 2015.", "X Ambassadors. X Ambassadors appeared as a collaboration on their earlier title \"Comfortable\" with The Knocks', which was originally released back in 2013, as part of the duo's debut album, entitled 55, which was released in March 2016. However, later on in the year, X Ambassadors lead singer Sam Harris was reunited with the duo in their new collaboration, entitled \"Heat\", which was released in October 2016.", "X Ambassadors. X Ambassadors released four singles in 2017: \"Hoping\" in March, \"Torches\" in April, \"The Devil You Know\" in June, and \"Ahead of Myself\" in July.[7] They also performed at the 2017 National Scout Jamboree. X Ambassadors were featured in a song by Eminem, titled \"Bad Husband\", which was exclusively for his album Revival. The band was featured on a song titled \"Home\" on the soundtrack for the Netflix film Bright. The song also features pop singer Bebe Rexha and rapper Machine Gun Kelly. They released their second single entitled \"Joyful\" on January 26, 2018.[8] Later that day they announced their second album Joyful through their Instagram accounts and pre-orders became available through their website.[9]", "X Ambassadors. VHS is X Ambassadors' debut LP. The album was released June 30 via digital download, vinyl record and CD. The album features 20 tracks, including 7 interludes and 3 previously released songs for a total of 10 new songs. The album features collaborations with Jamie N Commons and Imagine Dragons.", "X Ambassadors. X Ambassadors released their debut major label EP, Love Songs Drug Songs in 2013. The EP included the track \"Stranger\" co-written by Dan Reynolds.[5] In promotion of the EP they toured supporting Imagine Dragons, Jimmy Eat World and The Mowglis. In 2014, the band released a second major label EP, The Reason. In promotion of the new EP, X Ambassadors supported Panic! at the Disco and Imagine Dragons on their respective tours. They also featured in The Knocks' single \"Comfortable\" from their second EP with the same name.", "X Ambassadors. Following the benefit show, X Ambassadors released the song “Hoping” on March 10[13][14]. All proceeds from the song for the six months following its release were donated to the ACLU[14].", "X Ambassadors. X Ambassadors began as a band titled simply Ambassadors, touring with artists such as LIGHTS. During this time, they self-released their debut EP, Ambassadors EP, creating a music video for its lead single, \"Tropisms\". Shortly after, the band self-released its debut LP, Litost, which included the song \"Litost\", which would later be used on the soundtrack for The Host. The band signed a music publishing deal in 2012 with SONGS Music Publishing.[1] The band started a Kickstarter account to shoot a video for the lead single, \"Unconsolable,\" which would be re-recorded later.[2] The group was noticed by Imagine Dragons while frontman Dan Reynolds was sick in the hospital in Norfolk, Virginia. Reynolds heard an acoustic version of \"Unconsolable\" on 96X WROX-FM and asked Interscope to sign the band as soon as possible.[3][4]", "X Ambassadors. On June 20, 2016, the band announced that Feldshuh would be taking an indefinite hiatus from the band to deal with personal issues.[6]", "X Ambassadors. In March 2017, X Ambassadors performed a special show to benefit Planned Parenthood on International Women’s Day.[12]", "X Ambassadors. In June 2017, X Ambassadors announced that they would donate all the proceeds from their Mississippi Coast Coliseum Show to Unity Mississippi - an LGBT charitable organization,[15] following the announcement that the State of Mississippi signed HB 1523 - the “Protecting Freedom of Conscience from Government Discrimination Act” into law[16].", "XXXTentacion. On May 16, 2017, X released his major-label debut commercial project, called Revenge. The mixtape consists of eight previously released songs.[43] The collaborative mixtape, Members Only, Vol. 3, with Members Only, was released on June 26, 2017.", "Dan Reynolds (singer). In 2013, Dan discovered then unsigned alternative band X Ambassadors. After connecting with the band, he brokered a record deal for them with KidinaKorner/Interscope Records.[49] Dan co-wrote a few songs on their debut album VHS, which has gone on to achieve Gold certification by the RIAA.[50]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). 17 was released on August 25, 2017, on iTunes,[30] Spotify[43] and Apple Music[30] for streaming. Following the release, the album was promoted on social media by numerous other artists including Kendrick Lamar,[44][45] Tory Lanez,[46] 9th Wonder[47] and Lil Yachty.[48] The sales projections for the album, managed by the magazine Hits estimated that 17 would collect over 80 million streams and would sell 74-79,000 album-equivalent units, including 16–18,000 pure sales.[49]", "XXXTentacion. X announced that he will be taking a small break from social media on July 20, 2017[44] until he came back two weeks later to announce the release date for his upcoming debut album, called 17.[45] Rapper D.R.A.M brought X out at a concert in the Staples Centre during Kendrick Lamar's DAMN. Tour, being the first time that X performed at the arena and the first time he was brought out as an opening act by a mainstream artist.[46] This was following Lamar's comments about rappers using ghostwriters for song lyrics[47] which may have been directed at Drake, whom X was in a rap feud with earlier that year.[48]", "Quiet Riot. Vocalist Jizzy Pearl departed the band at the end of 2016 to concentrate on his solo career, and was replaced by Adler's Appetite vocalist Seann Nicols.[40][41] On February 13, 2017, the band announced that they would release a new album Road Rage on April 21.[42] However, in March, it was announced that Nicols had left the band and that James Durbin was the new singer. The band subsequently announced that Road Rage would be delayed until summer 2017 so that all of Nicols' vocals could be replaced by Durbin's with new lyrics and melodies.[5] It was then announced that the new version of the album would be released on August 4 by Frontiers Music Srl.[43]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). While XXXTentacion was in prison for false imprisonment, witness tampering, and aggravated battery on his alleged pregnant ex-girlfriend,[6] including charges of domestic battery by strangulation placed by the victim,[7] he signed with Empire Distribution on exclusively a distribution deal.[8][9] Empire Distribution made an official announcement on March 2, 2017 while he was still in prison that his debut album Bad Vibes would be released in Spring 2017.[10][11] Talking to XXL while in prison, XXXTentacion announced 17, I Need Jesus and Members Only, Vol. 3 saying:", "XXXTentacion. On April 18, 2017, after his release from prison, X released three more songs on SoundCloud.[26] In an interview with WMIB, X announced that he is currently working on his studio albums of Bad Vibes and 17; as well as mixtape, I Need Jesus.[27][28][29] In an interview three days after his release from prison, X said to XXL, saying “I got this really really, really good album called 17. That’s more of an alternative, R&B sound — Then I’ve got this mixtape called I Need Jesus, which is mainly rap and the underground sound I did.\"[30]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). Speaking to XXL, X said the album would consist of \"an alternative R&B sound\".[12] Following the release of his solo mixtape Revenge (2017), and his collaborative mixtape Members Only Vol. 3 (2017), X began to promote the album on Snapchat. Speaking on the sound of 17, X explained that the album was different from his previous works, saying \"If you listen to me to get hype or to not think, don't buy this album, this one is for the depression, for the depressed ones, for the lost ones.\"[28]", "XXXTentacion. X released his debut album, 17, on August 25, 2017.[13] The album debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200.[14]", "X Ambassadors. In an interview with Caitlin White, X Ambassadors declared themselves distinctly rock with few characteristics commonly associated with indie bands.[3] They referenced Incubus and the Red Hot Chili Peppers as heroes.[3] These bands can be heard as influences on X Ambassadors' sound.", "August Burns Red. On November 21, 2016, a teaser for the Messengers 10th Anniversary Tour in Europe and the United States was uploaded to the band's Facebook page.[citation needed] The tour started on the January 4, 2017 with supporting artists, Protest the Hero, In Hearts Wake and '68.[citation needed] On July 26, 2017, August Burns Red announced their new album, Phantom Anthem, released on October 6, 2017.[41][needs update] The first single from the album, \"Invisible Enemy\", premiered on the SiriusXM Liquid Metal show the same day as the album announcement.[citation needed] On November 28, 2017, it was further announced that band had been nominated for another Grammy Award in \"Best Metal Performance\" for \"Invisible Enemy\".[42]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). He later said that 17 would be released after he finished working on Members Only Vol. 3 with his collective, \"Members Only\". Members Only Vol. 3 was released on June 26, 2017.[15] He began to preview short snippets on his Instagram page that were later taken down, one of the snippets had the caption \"Working on a the [sic] album, what do you think?\"", "17 (XXXTentacion album). 17 is the debut studio album by American rapper XXXTentacion,[4] released on August 25, 2017 by Bad Vibes Forever and Empire Distribution. It features 11 tracks and was supported by the lead single \"Revenge\". 17 is X's second solo commercial project, succeeding the compilation mixtape Revenge, also released in 2017. It includes a guest appearance from Trippie Redd and production from X himself, Nick Mira, Taz Taylor, Natra Average, and Potsu. The album experiments with a variety of genres, such as emo, indie rock, and lo-fi.", "YBN Nahmir. On July 13, 2018 Simmons announced via Twitter he will do a Tour in Europe in the fall 2018 with YBN Almighty Jay and YBN Cordae.[24] They will visit France, Germany, Poland, Sweden and more.[25] The collective YBN will release YBN: The Mixtape in 2018 with Gucci Mane, Machine Gun Kelly and Lil Skies, between others.[26]", "Bars and Melody. In 2016, they toured five cities with Kiera Weathers, a contestant on The X Factor, in February and April of that year. The cities included London, Birmingham, Bristol, Glasgow, and Liverpool.[29] They also became ambassadors for the Anti Bullying Charity campaign that year.[2] In August 2016, their album Teen Spirit was released by Syco.[2] They toured Australia and Japan by August 2016.[24]", "Year of the Snitch. The band posted a black and white image of text reading \"Year of the Snitch - new album coming soon...\" on their official webpage on March 22, 2018. Death Grips shared the album artwork for Year of the Snitch on April 6, 2018.[8][9] The band's imprint label Third Worlds' website was also updated with this information.[10][11][12]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). X later reaffirmed the announcement of 17, Revenge, Members Only Vol. 3 and I Need Jesus during an interview with WMIB following his release from prison in March 2017.[13] He later used the app Periscope to talk to his followers and announce the three albums once again.[14]", "Sad!. On March 1, 2018, X announced he was releasing two songs from his upcoming album ?, saying on Instagram \"Dropping two songs from my album tonight at 12:00 am est, play them more times than you can count.\"[11][unreliable source?] \"SAD!\" was released on March 2, 2018, on Spotify, Deezer, iTunes/Apple Music and Tidal alongside \"Changes\".[12][13]", "17 (XXXTentacion album). 17 released on August 25, 2017. The album was barely a LP with a total length of 22 minutes.[29] 17 is eleven tracks long with not a single track being longer than three minutes long, abnormal for a studio album.[30] The album takes a different style from X's traditional music which is often considered rap rock and trap music.[29] The album adapts different genres of music, including emo[31] and indie rock[1] to create an unconventional style that fits within the genre of alternative R&B.[12] The singer Shiloh Dynasty is sampled frequently on the album.[32] The album itself is produced mainly by X, Natra Average and Potsu, a producer who generally creates lo-fi instrumental hip hop[33] on the audio distribution platform, SoundCloud.[34]", "Year of the Snitch. Year of the Snitch is the sixth studio album by experimental hip hop group Death Grips, released on June 22, 2018, through Third Worlds and Harvest Records.", "Bars and Melody. On 15 February 2017 they released their second Japanese Album, titled Never Give Up, for distribution in Asia, by Rhythm Sound a division of Avex Music Creative.[32] In April they announced the future release of a new album, titled Generation Z, scheduled for September 2017 as well as the immediate digital release of new song Faded on 14 April.[33] In April they toured ten cities in the UK opening for the dance troupe Diversity.[33] Announced digital release of single Thousand Years on 26 May.[34] On 1 September, they released a new album titled Generation Z featuring the songs Thousand Years, Faded, Fast Car, and others.", "This Is Acting. During an online chat with fans in April 2015, Sia revealed that the album would \"probably\" be released in early 2016, but possibly before the end of 2015.[14]" ]

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[ "History of West Virginia. Returns from some counties were as low as 5%, e.g. Raleigh County 32–0 in favor of statehood, Clay 76–0, Braxton 22–0, and some gave no returns at all. The Constitutional Convention began on November 26, 1861, and finished its work on February 18, 1862. The instrument was ratified on April 11, 1862, with 18,162 votes for and 514 against.", "West Virginia. Despite that controversy, delegates (including many Methodist ministers) met to write a new Constitution for the new state, beginning on November 26, 1861. During that constitutional convention, a Mr. Lamb of Ohio County and a Mr. Carskadon claimed that in Hampshire County, out of 195 votes only 39 were cast by citizens of the state; the rest were cast illegally by Union soldiers.[44] One of the key figures was Rev. Gordon Battelle, who also represented Ohio County, and who proposed resolutions to establish public schools, as well as to limit movement of slaves into the new state, and to gradually abolish slavery. The education proposal succeeded, but the convention tabled the slavery proposals before finishing its work on February 18, 1862. The new constitution was more closely modeled on that of Ohio than of Virginia, adopting a township model of government rather than the \"courthouse cliques\" of Virginia which Carlile criticized, and a compromise demanded by the Kanawha region (Charleston lawyers Benjamin Smith and Brown) allowed counties and municipalities to vote subsidies for railroads or other improvement organizations.[45] The resulting instrument was ratified (18,162 for and 514 against) on April 11, 1862.", "History of West Virginia. The composition of all three Wheeling Conventions, the May (First) Convention, the June (Second) Convention, and the Constitutional Convention, was of an irregular nature. The members of the May Convention were chosen by groups of Unionists, mostly in the far Northwestern counties. Over one-third came from the counties around the northern panhandle.[9] The May Convention resolved to meet again in June 1861 should the Ordinance of Secession be ratified by public poll on May 23, 1861, which was the case. The June 1861 convention consisted of 104 members, 35 of which were members of the General Assembly in Richmond, some elected in the May 23 vote, and some hold-over State Senators. Arthur Laidley, elected to the General Assembly from Cabell County, attended the June Convention but refused to take part.[10] The other delegates to the June Convention were \"chosen even more irregularly-some in mass meetings, others by county committee, and still others were seemingly self-appointed\".[11] It was this June Convention which drafted the Statehood resolution. The Constitutional Convention met in November 1861, and consisted of 61 members. Its composition was just as irregular. A delegate representing Logan County was accepted as a member of this body, though he did not live in Logan County, and his \"credentials consisted of a petition signed by fifteen persons representing six families\".[12] The large number of Northerners in this convention caused great distrust over the new Constitution during Reconstruction years. In 1872, under the leadership of Samuel Price, former Lt. Governor of Virginia, the Wheeling constitution was discarded, and an entirely new one was written along ante-bellum principles.[13]", "History of West Virginia. When the First Wheeling Convention met, 425 delegates from 25 counties were present, but a division of sentiment soon arose. Some delegates favored the immediate formation of a new state, while others argued that, as Virginia's secession had not yet been ratified or become effective, such action would constitute revolution against the United States.[5] It was decided that if the ordinance were adopted (of which there was little doubt) another convention including the members-elect of the legislature should meet at Wheeling in June 1861.", "History of West Virginia. On April 17, 1861, the Richmond convention voted on the Ordinance of Secession. Of the 49 delegates from the future state of West Virginia, 17 voted in favor, and 30 voted against, and two abstained.[3] [4] Almost immediately after the adoption of the ordinance, a mass meeting at Clarksburg recommended that each county in northwestern Virginia send delegates to a convention to meet in Wheeling on May 13, 1861.", "History of West Virginia. The convention which met in 1829 to form a new constitution for Virginia, against the protest of the counties beyond the mountains, required a property qualification for suffrage, and gave the slave-holding counties the benefit of three-fifths of their slave population in apportioning the state's representation in the lower Federal house. As a result, every county beyond the Alleghenies except one voted to reject the constitution, which was nevertheless carried by eastern votes. Though the Virginia constitution of 1850 provided for white manhood suffrage, the distribution of representation among the counties was such as to give control to the section east of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Another grievance of the West was the large expenditure for internal improvements at state expense by the Virginia Board of Public Works in the East compared with the scanty proportion allotted to the West.", "Constitution of Virginia. By the 1820s, Virginia was one of only two states that limited voting to landowners. In addition, because representation was by county rather than population, the residents of increasingly populous Western Virginia (the area that would become West Virginia in 1863) had grown discontented at their limited representation in the legislature.[5] Pressure increased until a constitutional convention was convened in 1829–1830. This convention became largely a contest between eastern Virginia planters of the slaveholding elite and the less affluent yeomen farmers of Western Virginia. Issues of representation and suffrage dominated the debate.[6] Delegates to the convention included such prominent Virginians as James Madison, James Monroe, John Tyler, and John Marshall.[7]", "Virginia Conventions. The first Virginia Conventions replaced the British colonial government on the authority of \"the people\" until the initiation of state government under the 1776 Constitution. Subsequent to joining the union of the United States in 1788, Virginia's five unlimited state constitutional conventions took place in 1829–30, 1850, around the time of the Civil War in 1864, 1868, and finally in 1902. These early conventions without restrictions on their jurisdiction were primarily concerned with voting rights and representation in the General Assembly. The Conventions of 1861 on the eve of the American Civil War were called in Richmond for secession and in Wheeling for government loyal to the U.S. Constitution.", "Virginia Conventions. Virginia's second Convention of 1861 was a Unionist response to the secessionist movement in Virginia. The First Wheeling Convention meeting at Wheeling, Virginia (now West Virginia), sat on May 13–15. It called for elections to another meeting if Virginia's Ordinance of Secession were to pass referendum. After the vote was taken on May 23, the First Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from June 11 June 25 to establish the Restored Government of Virginia, electing Arthur I. Boreman its presiding officer.[53] The Second Session of the Second Wheeling Convention met from August 6 to August 21 to call for a new state from the territory of Virginia to be named Kanawha.[54]", "West Virginia. The Virginia Constitutional Convention of 1850–51, the Reform Convention, addressed a number of issues important to western Virginians. It extended the vote to all White males 21 years or older. The governor, lieutenant-governor, the judiciary, sheriffs, and other county officers were to be elected by public vote. The composition of the General Assembly was changed. Representation in the house of delegates was apportioned on the basis of the census of 1850, counting Whites only. The Senate representation was arbitrarily fixed at 50 seats, with the west receiving twenty, and the east thirty senators. This was made acceptable to the west by a provision that required the General Assembly to reapportion representation on the basis of White population in 1865, or else put the matter to a public referendum. But the east also gave itself a tax advantage in requiring a property tax at true and actual value, except for slaves. Slaves under the age of 12 years were not taxed and slaves over that age were taxed at only $300, a fraction of their true value. Small farmers, however, had all their assets, animals, and land taxed at full value. Despite this tax and the lack of internal improvements in the west, the vote was 75,748 for and 11,063 against the new Constitution. Most of the opposition came from delegates from eastern counties, who did not like the compromises made for the west.[27]", "Virginia Conventions. The Convention met from June 2–27, 1788, in the wooden \"Old Capitol\" building at Richmond VA, and elected Edmund Pendleton its presiding officer.[21] The Virginia Ratifying Convention narrowly approved joining the proposed United States under a constitution of supreme national law as authorized by \"We, the people\" of the United States. James Madison led those in favor, Patrick Henry, delegate to the First Continental Convention and Revolutionary wartime governor, led those opposed. Governor Edmund Randolph, who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution, now chose to support adoption for the sake of national unity. George Mason who had refused to sign the U.S. Constitution due to the lack of a Bill of Rights continued in his opposition.[22] The Virginia ratification included a recommendation for a Bill of Rights, and Madison subsequently led the First Congress to send the Bill of Rights to the states for ratification.[23]", "History of West Virginia. The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11, 1861, and adopted \"A Declaration of the People of Virginia\". This document, drafted by former state senator John S. Carlile, declared that the Virginia Declaration of Rights required any substantial change in the nature or form of the state government to be approved by the people. Therefore, since the Secession Convention had been called by the legislature and not the people, all its acts were illegal. It further declared the pro-secession government in Richmond void and called for a reorganization of the state government, taking the line that all who adhered to the Ordinance of Secession had effectively vacated their offices. The convention passed an act for the reorganization of the government on June 19, 1861. On the following day, the convention chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor of the \"Restored Government of Virginia\", elected other officers, and adjourned. The legislature of the Restored Government was composed of members from the western counties who had been elected on May 23, 1861, and some senators who had been elected in 1859. It met at Wheeling on July 1, 1861, filled the remainder of the state offices, completed the reorganization of the state government, and elected two United States senators who were quickly seated in Washington. There were, therefore, two governments claiming to represent all of Virginia, one owing allegiance to the United States and one to the Confederacy.", "Virginia Conventions. Following the creation of West Virginia, the remnant of Restored Virginian government held a Convention of delegates from a few periphery counties occupied by Union forces. The Convention met in Alexandria's U.S. District Court Room from February 13 – April 11, 1864, and elected LeRoy G. Edwards, a slaveholder with three sons in the Confederacy as its presiding officer. The Convention sought direction from President Lincoln whether the General Government would sustain the civil authority, or \"whether the civil is to become, as it is now, subordinate to the military\", so that the convened delegates could support the Administration's war effort in the midst of Grant's Wilderness Campaign. Debate ensued over whether to seek to disenfranchise all supporters of the rebellion, but with an eye to governing after cessation of hostilities, it limited disenfranchisement only to those who had held office in rebel state or Confederate governments.[61]", "Virginia Conventions. The convention amended, and on June 12 adopted, George Mason's Declaration of Rights, a precursor to the United States Bill of Rights. On June 29, the convention approved the first Constitution of Virginia. The convention chose Patrick Henry as the first governor of the new Commonwealth of Virginia, and he was inaugurated on June 29, 1776. Thus, Virginia had a functioning republican constitution before July 4, 1776.[19]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. After reconvening on August 6, the Second Wheeling Convention again debated secession from Virginia. The delegates adopted a resolution authorizing the secession of 39 counties, with the counties of Berkeley, Greenbrier, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Morgan, and Pocahontas to be added if their voters approved, and authorizing any contiguous counties with these to join the new state if they so voted as well.[14][16] On October 24, 1861, voters in the 39 counties plus voters in Hampshire and Hardy counties voted to secede from the commonwealth of Virginia. In eleven counties voter participation was less than 20%, with counties like Raleigh and Braxton showing only 5% and 2% voter turnout.[17][18] The ballot also allowed voters to choose delegates to a constitutional convention, which met from November 26, 1861, to February 18, 1862.[19] The convention chose the name \"West Virginia,\" but then engaged in lengthy and acrimonious debate over whether to extend the state's boundaries to other counties which had not voted to secede.[20] Added to the new state were McDowell, Mercer, and Monroe counties.[21] Berkeley, Frederick, Hampshire, Hardy, Jefferson, Morgan, and Pendleton counties were again offered the chance to join, which all but Frederick County did.[21] Eight counties, Greenbrier, Logan, McDowell, Mercer, Monroe, Pocahontas, Webster, and Wyoming, never participated in any of the polls initiated by the Wheeling government, although they were included in the new state.[17] A new constitution for West Virginia was adopted on February 18, 1862, which was approved by voters on April 4.[22]", "History of West Virginia. Even before the American Civil War, counties in northwest Virginia had desired to break away from Virginia to form a new state. However, the federal Constitution did not allow a new state to be created out of an existing state unless the existing state gave its consent. Soon after the Union government declared that the Restored Government was the legitimate government of the Commonwealth, the Restored Government asserted its authority to give such approval. It authorized the creation of the State of Kanawha, consisting of most of the counties that now comprise West Virginia. A little over one month later, Kanawha was renamed West Virginia. The Wheeling Convention, which had taken a recess until August 6, 1861, reassembled on August 20, 1861, and called for a popular vote on the formation of a new state and for a convention to frame a constitution if the vote should be favorable.", "West Virginia. The convention was reconvened on February 12, 1863, and the abolition demand of the federal enabling act was met. The revised constitution was adopted on March 26, 1863 and on April 20, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation admitting the state 60 days later on June 20, 1863. Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, while Gov. Pierpont moved his pro-Union Virginia capital to Union-occupied Alexandria, where he asserted and exercised jurisdiction over all of the remaining Virginia counties within the federal lines.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Unionist sentiment was so high in the northwestern counties that civil government began to disintegrate, and the Wheeling Intelligencer newspaper called for a convention of delegates to meet in the city of Wheeling to consider secession from the commonwealth of Virginia.[6] Delegates duly assembled, and at the First Wheeling Convention (also known as the May Convention), held May 13 to 15, the delegates voted to hold off on secession from Virginia until Virginia formally seceded from the United States.[7][8] Concerned that the irregular nature of the First Wheeling Convention might not democratically represent the will of the people, elections were scheduled for June 4 to formally elect delegates to a second convention, if necessary.[7][8] Virginians voted to approve secession on May 23. On June 4, elections were held and delegates to a Second Wheeling Convention elected. These elections were irregular as well: Some were held under military pressure, some counties sent no delegates, some delegates never appeared, and voter turnout varied significantly.[9][10] On June 19, the Second Wheeling Convention declared the offices of all government officials who had voted for secession vacant, and reconstituted the executive and legislative branches of the Virginia government from their own ranks.[3][11] The Second Wheeling Convention adjourned on June 25 with the intent of reconvening on August 6.[12]", "West Virginia. The Second Wheeling Convention met as agreed on June 11 and declared that, since the Secession Convention had been called without popular consent, all its acts were void and that all who adhered to it had vacated their offices. The Wheeling Conventions, and the delegates themselves, were never actually elected by public ballot to act on behalf of western Virginia.[36] Of its 103 members, 33 had been elected to the Virginia General Assembly[37] on May 23. This included some hold-over state senators whose four-year terms had begun in 1859, and some who vacated their offices to convene in Wheeling. Other members \"were chosen even more irregularly—some in mass meetings, others by county committee, and still others were seemingly self-appointed\"[38] An act for the reorganization of the government was passed on June 19. The next day convention delegates chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor of Virginia, and elected other officers to a rival state government and two U.S. senators (Willey and Carlile) to replace secessionists before adjourning. The federal government in Washington, D.C. promptly recognized the new government and seated the two new senators. Thus, there were two state governments in Virginia: one pledging allegiance to the United States and one to the Confederacy.", "Virginia v. West Virginia. But Berkeley, Frederick, and Jefferson counties never held votes on secession or the new West Virginia state constitution, as they were under the military control of the Confederacy at the time.[32] On January 31, 1863, the Reorganized legislature of Virginia passed legislation authorizing the Reorganized governor to hold elections in Berkeley County on whether to join West Virginia or not.[33] The Reorganized legislature similarly approved on February 4, 1863, an election for Jefferson County (among others).[34] These elections were held, voters approved secession, and Berkeley and Jefferson Counties were admitted to West Virginia.[35]", "History of West Virginia. At the Constitutional Convention on December 14, 1861, the issue of slavery was raised by Rev. Gordon Battelle, an Ohio native who sought to introduce a resolution for gradual emancipation. Granville Parker, originally from Massachusetts and a member of the convention, described the scene – \"I discovered on that occasion as I never had before, the mysterious and over-powering influence 'the peculiar institution' had on men otherwise sane and reliable. Why, when Mr. Battelle submitted his resolutions, a kind of tremor – a holy horror, was visible throughout the house!\"[23] Instead of Rev. Battelle's resolution a policy of \"Negro exclusion\" for the new state was adopted to keep any new slaves, or freemen, from taking up residence, in the hope that this would satisfy abolitionist sentiment in Congress. When the statehood bill reached Congress, however, the lack of an emancipation clause prompted opposition from Senator Charles Sumner and Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio. A compromise was reached known as the Willey Amendment which was approved by Unionist voters in the state on March 26, 1863. It called for the gradual emancipation of slaves based on age after July 4, 1863.[24] Slavery was officially abolished by West Virginia on February 3, 1865. To note, it took the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution accomplished on December 6, 1865, to abolish slavery nationwide.", "West Virginia. The second Wheeling Convention had recessed until August 6, then reassembled on August 20 and called for a popular vote on the formation of a new state and for a convention to frame a constitution if the vote should be favorable. At the October 24, 1861 election, 18,408 votes were cast for the new state and only 781 against. The election results were questioned, since the Union army then occupied the area and Union troops were stationed at many of the polls to prevent Confederate sympathizers from voting.[39] This was also election day for local offices, and elections were also held in camps of Confederate soldiers, who elected rival state officials, such as Robert E. Cowan. Most pro-statehood votes came from 16 counties around the Northern panhandle.[40] Over 50,000 votes had been cast on the Ordinance of Secession, yet the vote on statehood garnered little more than 19,000.[41] In Ohio County, home to Wheeling, only about one-quarter of the registered voters cast votes.[42] In most of what would become West Virginia, there was no vote at all, since as two-thirds of the territory of West Virginia had voted for secession and county officers remained loyal to Richmond. Votes recorded from pro-secession counties were mostly cast elsewhere by Unionist refugees from these counties.[43]", "West Virginia. Some delegates led by John S. Carlile favored the immediate formation of a new state, while others led by Waitman Willey argued that, as Virginia's secession had not yet been passed by the required referendum (as happened on May 23), such action would constitute revolution against the United States.[34] The convention decided that if Virginians adopted the secession ordinance (of which there was little doubt), another convention including the members-elect of the legislature would meet in Wheeling in June 1861. On May 23, 1861, secession was ratified by a large majority in Virginia as a whole, but in the western counties 34,677 voted against and 19,121 voted for the Ordinance.[35]", "Border states (American Civil War). The Second Wheeling Convention opened on June 11 with more than 100 delegates from 32 western counties; they represented nearly one-third of Virginia's total voting population.[37] It announced that state offices were vacant and chose Francis H. Pierpont as governor of Virginia (not West Virginia) on June 20. Pierpont headed the Restored Government of Virginia, which granted permission for the formation of a new state on August 20, 1861. The new West Virginia state constitution was passed by the Unionist counties in the spring of 1862, and this was approved by the restored Virginia government in May 1862. The statehood bill for West Virginia was passed by the United States Congress in December and signed by President Lincoln on December 31, 1862.[38]", "Virginia Conventions. The Constitutional Convention convened by the Articles of Confederation Congress in 1787 provided for a ratification process in the states that was duly transmitted by Congress to each state. As Virginians went to the polls to elect delegates to its state convention, six states had ratified including the two other largest states of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. But Virginia bisected the new nation from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi River; its admission into the prospective union was critical if the United States as a nation-state were to have contiguous continental territory.[20]", "West Virginia. West Virginia was the only state in the Union to separate from a Confederate state (Virginia) during the American Civil War.[30] In Richmond on April 17, 1861, the Virginia Secession Convention of 1861 voted to secede from the Union, but of the 49 delegates from the northwestern corner (which ultimately became West Virginia) only 17 voted in favor of the Ordinance of Secession, while 30 voted against[31] (with 2 abstentions).[32] Almost immediately after that vote, a mass meeting at Clarksburg recommended that each county in northwestern Virginia send delegates to a convention to meet in Wheeling on May 13, 1861. When this First Wheeling Convention met, 425 delegates from 25 counties were present, though more than one-third of the delegates were from the northern panhandle area,[33] but soon there was a division of sentiment.", "West Virginia. A convention that met in 1829 to form a new constitution for Virginia, against the protest of the counties beyond the mountains, required a property qualification for suffrage. This effectively disenfranchised some of the poorer yeoman farmers. In addition, it gave the slave-holding counties the benefit of three-fifths of their slave population in apportioning the state's representation in the U.S. House of Representatives. As a result, every county beyond the Alleghenies except one voted to reject the constitution, which nevertheless passed because of eastern support. The eastern planter elite dominated the legislature and saw to their own interests.[citation needed]", "West Virginia. Residents of the western and northern counties set up a separate government under Francis Pierpont in 1861, which they called the Restored Government. Most voted to separate from Virginia, and the new state was admitted to the Union in 1863. In 1864 a state constitutional convention drafted a constitution, which was ratified by the legislature without putting it to popular vote. West Virginia abolished slavery by a gradual process and temporarily disenfranchised men who had held Confederate office or fought for the Confederacy.", "Constitution of Virginia. When in 1861, the Virginia legislature voted for secession in the events leading up to the American Civil War, all of the western and several of the northern counties dissented They set up a separate government with Francis H. Pierpont as governor. During the Civil War, this separate or \"restored\" government approved the creation of West Virginia as a separate state (which was admitted to the Union in 1863) and in 1864 it approved a new Constitution.[11] The constitution was the product of a divided state and government; it was the first since the original 1776 Constitution to be adopted by the legislature without a popular vote.", "History of West Virginia. On May 13, 1862, the state legislature of the reorganized government approved the formation of the new state. An application for admission to the Union was made to Congress. On December 31, 1862, an enabling act was approved by President Lincoln, admitting West Virginia on the condition that a provision for the gradual abolition of slavery be inserted in the Constitution.[15][16] The Convention was reconvened on February 12, 1863, and the demand was met. The revised constitution was adopted on March 26, 1863, and on April 20, 1863, President Lincoln issued a proclamation admitting the state at the end of 60 days, on June 20, 1863. Meanwhile, officers for the new state were chosen, and Governor Pierpont moved the Restored Government to Alexandria from which he asserted jurisdiction over the counties of Virginia within the Federal lines.", "Kentucky Constitution. The first constitutional convention of Kentucky was called by Colonel Benjamin Logan on December 27, 1784 in Danville, the capital of Kentucky County, Virginia. Over the next eight years, ten constitutional conventions were called, each making some progress toward a viable constitution. The state's first constitution was accepted by the United States Congress on June 1, 1792, making Kentucky the fifteenth state.[1]", "Virginia v. West Virginia. Governor Pierpont recalled the Reorganized state legislature, which voted on May 13 to approve the secession (and to include Berkeley, Frederick, and Jefferson counties if they approved the new West Virginia constitution as well).[22][23] After much debate over whether Virginia had truly given its consent to the formation of the new state,[24][25] the United States Congress adopted a statehood bill on July 14, 1862, which contained the proviso that all blacks in the new state under the age of 21 on July 4, 1863, be freed.[26][27] President Lincoln was unsure of the bill's constitutionality, but, pressed by Northern senators, he signed the legislation on December 31, 1862.[28][29] Luckily, the West Virginia constitutional convention had not adjourned sine die, and was called back into session on February 12, 1863.[30] The convention amended the state's constitution on February 17 to include the congressionally required slave freedom provision, and adjourned sine die on February 20.[31] The state's voters ratified the slave freedom amendment on March 26, 1863.[31] On April 20, President Lincoln announced that West Virginia would become a state in 60 days.[31]" ]

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[ "Attitude (psychology). In psychology, attitude is a psychological construct, a mental and emotional entity that inheres in, or characterizes a person.[1] They are complex and an acquired state through experiences. It is an individual's predisposed state of mind regarding a value and it is precipitated through a responsive expression toward a person, place, thing, or event (the attitude object) which in turn influences the individual's thought and action. Prominent psychologist Gordon Allport described this latent psychological construct as \"the most distinctive and indispensable concept in contemporary social psychology.\"[2] Attitude can be formed from a person's past and present.[3] Key topics in the study of attitudes include attitude strength, attitude change, consumer behavior, and attitude-behavior relationships.[4][5]", "Social psychology. In social psychology, attitudes are defined as learned, global evaluations of a person, object, place, or issue that influence thought and action.[10][page needed] Put more simply, attitudes are basic expressions of approval or disapproval, favorability or unfavorability, or as Bem put it, likes and dislikes.[11] Examples would include liking chocolate ice cream, or endorsing the values of a particular political party.", "Attitude (psychology). An attitude is an evaluation of an attitude object, ranging from extremely negative to extremely positive. Most contemporary perspectives on attitudes also permit that people can also be conflicted or ambivalent toward an object by simultaneously holding both positive and negative attitudes toward the same object. This has led to some discussion of whether individual can hold multiple attitudes toward the same object.[6]", "Attitude (psychology). An attitude can be as a positive or negative evaluation of people, objects, events, activities, and ideas. It could be concrete, abstract or just about anything in your environment, but there is a debate about precise definitions. Eagly and Chaiken, for example, define an attitude as \"a psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favor or disfavor.\"[7] Though it is sometimes common to define an attitude as affect toward an object, affect (i.e., discrete emotions or overall arousal) is generally understood as an evaluative structure used to form attitude object.[8] Attitude may influence the attention to attitude objects, the use of categories for encoding information and the interpretation, judgement and recall of attitude-relevant information.[9] These influences tend to be more powerful for strong attitudes which are accessible and based on elaborate supportive knowledge structure. The durability and impactfulness of influence depend upon the strength formed from consistency of heuristics.[10] Attitudes can guide encoding information, attention and behaviors, even if the individual is pursuing unrelated goals.", "Attitude (psychology). Attitude is one of Jung's 57 definitions in Chapter XI of Psychological Types. Jung's definition of attitude is a \"readiness of the psyche to act or react in a certain way\".[11] Attitudes very often come in pairs, one conscious and the other unconscious. Within this broad definition Jung defines several attitudes.", "Appeal to emotion. A social psychology theory posits that attitudes have three components -- affect, cognition and behavior. The cognitive dimension refers \"to beliefs that one holds about the attitude object, and behavior has been used to describe overt actions and responses to the attitude object.\" Affect, meanwhile, describes \"the positive and negative feelings that one holds toward an attitude object\", that is, the emotional dimension of an attitude.[15] Modern theorists have modified the tripartite theory to argue that an attitude \"does not consist of these elements, but is instead a general evaluative summary of the information derived from these bases.\"[16]", "Social psychology. Social psychologists have studied attitude formation, the structure of attitudes, attitude change, the function of attitudes, and the relationship between attitudes and behavior. Because people are influenced by the situation, general attitudes are not always good predictors of specific behavior. For example, for a variety of reasons, a person may value the environment but not recycle a can on a particular day.", "Attitude (psychology). There is also a considerable interest in intra-attitudinal and inter-attitudinal structure, which is how an attitude is made (expectancy and value) and how different attitudes relate to one another. Which connects different attitudes to one another and to more underlying psychological structures, such as values or ideology.", "Attitude (psychology). The attitude of a person is determined by psychological factors like ideas, values, beliefs, perception, etc. All these have a complex role in determining a person's attitude. Values are ideals, guiding principles in one’s life, or overarching goals that people strive to obtain (Maio & Olson, 1998). Beliefs are cognitions about the world—subjective probabilities that an object has a particular attribute or that an action will lead to a particular outcome (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). Beliefs can be patently and unequivocally false. For example, surveys show that a third of U.S. adults think that vaccines cause autism, despite the preponderance of scientific research to the contrary (Dixon et al., 2015).[17][18] It was found that beliefs like these are tenaciously held and highly resistant to change. Another important factor that affects attitude is symbolic interactionism, these are rife with powerful symbols and charged with affect which can lead to a selective perception. Persuasion theories says that in politics, successful persuaders convince its message recipients into a selective perception or attitude polarization for turning against the opposite candidate through a repetitive process that they are in a noncommittal state and it is unacceptable and doesn't have any moral basis for it and for this they only require to chain the persuading message into a realm of plausibility (Gopnik, 2015 & O’Keefe, 2016).", "Attitude (psychology). Knowledge People need to maintain an organized, meaningful, and stable view of the world. That being said important values and general principles can provide a framework for our knowledge. Attitudes achieve this goal by making things fit together and make sense. Example:", "Attitude (psychology). The classic, tripartite view offered by Rosenberg and Hovland [19] is that an attitude contains cognitive, affective, and behavioral components. Empirical research, however, fails to support clear distinctions between thoughts, emotions, and behavioral intentions associated with a particular attitude.[20] A criticism of the tripartite view of attitudes is that it requires cognitive, affective, and behavioral associations of an attitude to be consistent, but this may be implausible. Thus some views of attitude structure see the cognitive and behavioral components as derivative of affect or affect and behavior as derivative of underlying beliefs.[21]", "Attitude (psychology). According to Doob (1947), learning can account for most of the attitudes we hold. The study of attitude formation is the study of how people form evaluations of persons, places or things. Theories of classical conditioning, instrumental conditioning and social learning are mainly responsible for formation of attitude. Unlike personality, attitudes are expected to change as a function of experience. In addition, exposure to the 'attitude' objects may have an effect on how a person forms his or her attitude. This concept was seen as the \"Mere-Exposure Effect\". Robert Zajonc showed that people were more likely to have a positive attitude on 'attitude objects' when they were exposed to it frequently than if they were not. Mere repeated exposure of the individual to a stimulus is a sufficient condition for the enhancement of his attitude toward it.[34] Tesser (1993) has argued that hereditary variables may affect attitudes - but believes that they may do so indirectly. For example, consistency theories, which imply that we must be consistent in our beliefs and values. As with any type of heritability, to determine if a particular trait has a basis in our genes, twin studies are used.[35] The most famous example of such a theory is Dissonance-reduction theory, associated with Leon Festinger, which explains that when the components of an attitude (including belief and behavior) are at odds an individual may adjust one to match the other (for example, adjusting a belief to match a behavior).[36] Other theories include balance theory, originally proposed by Heider (1958), and the self-perception theory, originally proposed by Daryl Bem.[37]", "Attitude (psychology). A person's attitude also depends on issues such as his salary, status, work as such, etc.", "Social psychology. Attitudes are also involved in several other areas of the discipline, such as conformity, interpersonal attraction, social perception, and prejudice.", "Attitude (psychology). This is the theory of attitude evaluation (motivation and opportunity as determinants of the attitude - behavior relation). When both are present, behavior will be deliberate. When one is absent, impact on behavior will be spontaneous. The MODE model was developed by Fazio. A person's attitude can be measured in two different ways:", "Transtheoretical model. The evaluation of pros and cons is part of the formation of attitudes. Attitude is defined as a \"psychological tendency that is expressed by evaluating a particular entity with some degree of favour or disfavour\".[33] This means that by evaluating pros and cons we form a positive or negative attitude about something or someone. During the change process individuals gradually shift from cons to pros, forming a more positive attitude towards the target behaviour. Attitudes are one of the core constructs explaining behaviour and behaviour change in various research domains.[34] Other behaviour models, such as the theory of planned behavior (TPB)[35] and the stage model of self-regulated change,[36] also emphasise attitude as an important determinant of behaviour. The progression through the different stages of change is reflected in a gradual change in attitude before the individual acts. Most of the processes of change aim at evaluating and reevaluating as well as reinforcing specific elements of the current and target behaviour. The processes of change contribute to a great degree on attitude formation.", "Attitude (psychology). Daniel Katz classified attitudes into four different groups based on their functions", "Attitude (psychology). The effects of attitudes on behaviors is a growing research enterprise within psychology. Icek Ajzen has led research and helped develop two prominent theoretical approaches within this field: the theory of reasoned action[39] and, its theoretical descendant, the theory of planned behavior.[40] Both theories help explain the link between attitude and behavior as a controlled and deliberative process.", "Attitude (psychology). Societies play an important role in formatting the attitudes of an individual. The culture, the tradition, the language, etc., influence a person's attitudes. Society, tradition, and the culture teach individuals what is and what is not acceptable.", "Attitude (psychology). Family plays a significant role in the primary stage of attitudes held by individuals. Initially, a person develops certain attitudes from his parents, brothers, sister, and elders in the family. There is a high degree of relationship between parent and children in attitudes found in them.", "Attitude (psychology). But many measurements and evidence proofed scales are used to examine attitudes. A Likert scale taps agreement or disagreement with a series of belief statements. The Guttman scale focuses on items that vary in their degree of psychological difficulty. The semantic differential uses bipolar adjectives to measure the meaning associated with attitude objects. Supplementing these are several indirect techniques such as unobtrusive, standard physiological, and neuroscientific measures.[43] Following the explicit-implicit dichotomy, attitudes can be examined through direct and indirect measures.", "Attitude (psychology). Value-Expressive", "Attitude change. Attitudes are associated beliefs and behaviors towards some object.[1] They are not stable, and because of the communication and behavior of other people, are subject to change by social influences, as well as by the individual's motivation to maintain cognitive consistency when cognitive dissonance occurs—when two attitudes or attitude and behavior conflict. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of affective and cognitive components. It has been suggested that the inter-structural composition of an associative network can be altered by the activation of a single node. Thus, by activating an affective or emotional node, attitude change may be possible, though affective and cognitive components tend to be intertwined.[2]", "Attitude (psychology). Another classic view of attitudes is that attitudes serve particular functions for individuals. That is, researchers have tried to understand why individuals hold particular attitudes or why they hold attitudes in general by considering how attitudes affect the individuals who hold them.[31] Daniel Katz, for example, writes that attitudes can serve \"instrumental, adjustive or utilitarian,\" \"ego-defensive,\" \"value-expressive,\" or \"knowledge\" functions.[32] This functional attitude theory suggests that in order for attitudes to change (e.g., via persuasion), appeals must be made to the function(s) that a particular attitude serves for the individual. As an example, the \"ego-defensive\" function might be used to influence the racially prejudicial attitudes of an individual who sees themselves as open-minded and tolerant. By appealing to that individual's image of themselves as tolerant and open-minded, it may be possible to change their prejudicial attitudes to be more consistent with their self-concept. Similarly, a persuasive message that threatens self-image is much more likely to be rejected.[33]", "Attitude (psychology). Emotion is a common component in persuasion, social influence, and attitude change. Much of attitude research emphasized the importance of affective or emotion components. Emotion works hand-in-hand with the cognitive process, or the way we think, about an issue or situation. Emotional appeals are commonly found in advertising, health campaigns and political messages. Recent examples include no-smoking health campaigns and political campaign advertising emphasizing the fear of terrorism. Attitudes and attitude objects are functions of cognitive, affective and conative components. Attitudes are part of the brain’s associative networks, the spider-like structures residing in long term memory that consist of affective and cognitive nodes.", "Social psychology. Social psychology is the scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the actual, imagined, or implied presence of others.[1] In this definition, scientific refers to the empirical investigation using the scientific method. The terms thoughts, feelings, and behavior refer to psychological variables that can be measured in humans. The statement that others' presence may be imagined or implied suggests that humans are malleable to social influences even when alone, such as when watching television or following internalized cultural norms. Social psychologists typically explain human behavior as a result of the interaction of mental states and social situations.", "Attitude (psychology). The main (but not only) attitude dualities that Jung defines are the following.", "Attitude (psychology). Attitude accessibility refers to the activation of an attitude from memory in other words, how readily available is an attitude about an object, issue, or situation. Issue involvement is the relevance and salience of an issue or situation to an individual. Issue involvement has been correlated with both attitude access and attitude strength. Past studies conclude accessible attitudes are more resistant to change.", "Attitude (psychology). In terms of research methodology, the challenge for researchers is measuring emotion and subsequent impacts on attitude. Since we cannot see into the brain, various models and measurement tools have been constructed to obtain emotion and attitude information. Measures may include the use of physiological cues like facial expressions, vocal changes, and other body rate measures. For instance, fear is associated with raised eyebrows, increased heart rate and increase body tension (Dillard, 1994). Other methods include concept or network mapping, and using primes or word cues in the era.", "Attitude (psychology). In 1928 Louis Leon Thurstone published an article titled \"Attitudes Can Be Measured\" in it he proposed an elaborate procedure to assess people’s views on social issues. Attitudes can be difficult to measure because measurement is arbitrary, because attitudes are ultimately a hypothetical construct that cannot be observed directly.", "Social psychology. One hypothesis on how attitudes are formed, first advanced by Abraham Tesser in 1983, is that strong likes and dislikes are ingrained in our genetic make-up. Tesser speculates that individuals are disposed to hold certain strong attitudes as a result of inborn physical, sensory, and cognitive skills, temperament, and personality traits. Whatever disposition nature elects to give us, our most treasured attitudes are often formed as a result of exposure to attitude objects; our history of rewards and punishments; the attitude that our parents, friends, and enemies express; the social and cultural context in which we live; and other types of experiences we have. Obviously, attitudes are formed through the basic process of learning. Numerous studies have shown that people can form strong positive and negative attitudes toward neutral objects that are in some way linked to emotionally charged stimuli.[14]:185–186", "Phenomenological sociology. The general thesis of the natural attitude is the ideational foundation for the fact-world of our straightforward, common sense social experience[further explanation needed]. It unites the world of individual objects into a unified world of meaning, which we assume is shared by any and all who share our culture (Schütz:1962) [clarification needed]. It forms the underpinning for our thoughts and actions. It is the projected assumption, or belief, in a naturally occurring social world that is both factually objective in its existential status, and unquestioned in its \"natural\" appearance; social objects [persons, language, institutions, etc.] have the same existential \"thing\" status as objects occurring in nature [rocks, trees, and animals, etc.]." ]

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[ "Only I Didn't Know (IU song). \"Only I Didn't Know\" is song by South Korean singer-songwriter and actress IU. It was released as single,[1] titled Real+, follow-up extended play (EP), Real and distributed by LOEN Entertainment on February 16, 2011. The single, a follow-up to Real (2010), consists of three tracks in total. One song in the album, \"Only I Didn't Know\", appears twice – the second time as a collaboration piece with pianist Kim Gwang-min.[2]", "Just So You Know (American Head Charge song). \"Just So You Know\" is the first single from the album The War of Art by the alternative metal band American Head Charge. The single contains several remixes of \"Just So You Know\", and one unreleased track \"Real Life\". The CD includes the \"Just So You Know\" music video, audio clips from \"The War of Art\", Chad Hanks missive and American Head Charge wallpaper. This was the last participation of Wayne Kyle on guitar, who was replaced by Bryan Ottoson, who appears in the music video. Shawn \"Clown\" Crahan did one remix on the single.", "No Jacket Required. Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that the album was \"refreshing\", and that Collins was \"adept\" at setting a suspenseful or menacing mood.[8] Holden described \"Only You Know and I Know\" as an \"angry love song\" that had some sampling of \"Motown\"-style music mixed in.[8] \"In 'One More Night', Mr. Collins's recent number-one hit, a ticking snare drum injects a whisper of lurking fear into a song that suggests a sweeter, tenderer reprise of 'Against All Odds'\", says Holden.[8] Holden concluded by saying \"On the surface, No Jacket Required, is an album bursting with soulful hooks and bright peppy tunes. But beneath its shiny exterior, Mr. Collins's drums and his voice carry on a disjunctive, enigmatic dialogue between heart and mind, obsession and repression.\"[8]", "Only I Didn't Know (IU song). The music video for the lead track, \"Only I Didn't Know\" (Hangul: 나만 몰랐던 이야기; RR: Naman Mollatdeon Iyagi), features actress Park Bo-young as she is caught in a dramatic break-up story. Her ex-lover is played by singer-songwriter Yoon Sang, who also composed this piece as a gift for IU.[3][4] The music video was released on the same day as the album.", "God Only Knows. The song inspired songwriter Margo Guryan to move into writing pop music. She said: \"I thought it was just gorgeous. I bought the record and played it a million times, then sat down and wrote 'Think of Rain.' That's really how I started writing that way. I just decided it was better than what was happening in jazz.\"[63] Bob Stanley of Saint Etienne wrote that \"It's impossible to exaggerate how beautiful this song is. Everywhere, it takes risks.\"[64] Bono said in October 2006 during Brian Wilson's induction into the UK Music Hall of Fame that \"the string arrangement on 'God Only Knows' is fact and proof of angels\".[need quotation to verify] Jimmy Webb, an American popular music composer, has also stated his love for the song, stating, \"I love 'God Only Knows' and its bow to the baroque that goes all the way back to 1740 and Johann Sebastian Bach. It represents the whole tradition of liturgical music that I feel is a spiritual part of Brian's music. And Carl's singing is pretty much at its pinnacle—as good as it ever got.\"[31] In a 2003 solo concert in Tel Aviv, Steven Wilson, frontman of Porcupine Tree, declared \"God Only Knows\" as his favorite song of all time. On the Insurgentes listening party that took place in Mexico City in 2009, Steven Wilson said it was a perfect song. Simon Neil of Scottish band Biffy Clyro has the lyrics \"God only knows what I'd be without you\" tattooed across his chest.[65]", "The Only Way I Know. \"The Only Way I Know\" is a song written by David Lee Murphy and Ben Hayslip and recorded by American country music artist Jason Aldean with Luke Bryan and Eric Church. It is the second single released from Aldean's 2012 album, Night Train.", "Dave Mason. After Traffic, Mason pursued a moderately successful solo career. His first single was \"Just for You\"; on the B-side, \"Little Woman,\" he was backed by the band Family, following his production of Family's first album, 1968's Music in a Doll's House (which included \"Never Like This,\" an original Mason song). His songwriting and sound culminated on his 1970 album Alone Together[8] featuring \"Only You Know and I Know,\" which reached No. 42 on the Billboard chart, as well as the lesser hit \"Look at You, Look at Me.\" In the early 1970s he enlisted his friend, singer-songwriter Ray Kennedy, to tour and write for his next album. In the mid- to late 1970s, he toured and recorded with guitarist Jim Krueger, keyboardist Mike Finnigan, bassist Gerald Johnson and drummer Rick Jaeger. In 1977, Mason had his biggest hit with \"We Just Disagree,\" written by Krueger. Reaching No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100, it was later successfully recorded by country singer Billy Dean. Mason played himself in the film Skatetown, U.S.A., performing two songs in a roller disco as well as writing and performing the film's theme song.", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. We Sing of Only Blood or Love (erroneously titled We Sing Only of Blood or Love on the vinyl format) is the debut solo album released by American singer and songwriter Dax Riggs. It was slated to be the next Deadboy and the Elephantmen album before that band's dissolution. Riggs decided to release it under his own name, on August 21, 2007. Matt Sweeney provided a combination of guitar, bass, piano and backing vocals for all of the tracks, as well as producing the record.", "Dave Mason. For a brief period in the 1990s, Mason joined Fleetwood Mac and released the album Time with them in 1995. In 1997 Mason was scheduled to be a member of Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band, performing \"Only You Know and I Know\", \"We Just Disagree\" and \"Feelin Alright\", but he was dropped from rehearsals before the tour started.", "The Only Way I Know. This song is about hard work, loyalty, small town values, and southern work ethic. The singers explain that they were raised in a small town southern atmosphere and were taught to work hard to earn a living. They had not realized that other lifestyles existed and were practiced and the one by which they grew up is \"the only way [they] know.\" Its verses are largely spoken-word, with Aldean on the first verse, Bryan on the second, and Church on the third. Aldean also sings the choruses.", "Only I Didn't Know (IU song). IU made her promotional comeback with \"Only I Didn't Know\" in the television show Music Bank (KBS) on February 18, 2011, two days after the album's release.[5]", "Lita (wrestler). Dumas contributed vocals to the song \"From The Shadows\" (appearing on the track alongside Dez Cadena of Black Flag/Misfits) from Recognise, the debut album from UK band JD & the FDCs, which was released in July 2012.[75] A video for the song was released in March 2013.[76]", "Bobby Hebb. After a recording gap of 35 years, Hebb recorded That's All I Wanna Know, his first commercial release since Love Games for Epic Records in 1970. It was released in Europe in late 2005 by Tuition, a pop indie label. Two new duet versions of \"Sunny\" were issued, one with Astrid North and the other with Pat Appleton. In October 2008, he toured and played in Osaka and Tokyo in Japan.", "Sherman Brothers. The Sherman Brothers wrote \"Only a Woman Like You\" with adult contemporary/pop singer/songwriter Michael Bolton as a trio and a single from the album of the same name and it features during the end credits of the 2007 Disney film Super Sleuth Christmas Movie.", "Chris Martin. In February 2016, Martin collaborated with Australian singer and songwriter Conrad Sewell to work on released \"Remind Me\" for his debut extended play, All I Know.", "Mia Sable. Upon graduation from UCLA, Sable toured and performed at venues in London, Nashville, New York, Los Angeles, including SXSW in Austin,[15] NXNE in Toronto, Folk Alliance Conference in Memphis,[16] and Sundance Film Festival in Park City, with an appearance on Park City TV.[17] At the end of 2008 Sable released X-Mas, a small collection of Christmas songs, and began work on a second full-length album with Roger Greenawalt (Ben Kweller, The Pierces) in Williamsburg, Brooklyn. She finished the album back in LA at 4th Street Recording with Wirt and Bartock, and LIGHT was released in August 2009. Her song “You Should Know”[18] won the 2009 Malibu Music Award for “Adult Contemporary Artist”,[19] and the music video was subsequently programmed by FUSE TV On Demand.", "God Only Knows. The Beach Boys", "God Only Knows. Wilson said: \"All of the artists did such a beautiful job ... I can’t thank them enough, I'm just honored that 'God Only Knows' was chosen. 'God Only Knows' is a very special song. An extremely spiritual song and one of the best I've ever written.\"[74]", "Kings of Leon. On August 22, 2012, Jared and Nick Brown from Mona released their song \"No Tell\" under the name Smoke & Jackal. On August 23, 2012, when asked if it was the end of Kings of Leon with Smoke & Jackal announced, Jared said \"Not even close. Working on album six very soon\".[36] Kings of Leon bassist Jared Followill confirmed that the band had finished recording their sixth LP, which was reported by NME to be released in September.[37][38] The album title Mechanical Bull was revealed on June 7, and the album was released on September 24.[39] The album's first single, entitled \"Supersoaker\", was released on July 17, 2013.[40] The second single \"Wait for Me\" was released in the United Kingdom in August 2013 and debuted at number 31 in the UK Singles Chart. \"Last Mile Home\", a song originally from the deluxe version of Mechanical Bull, had a stripped down version written for the soundtrack of the film August: Osage County.", "God Only Knows. Lauren Laverne, Gareth Malone, and Zane Lowe also appear in the video.[79]", "Bill Medley. Medley released several solo albums during the 1970s and 1980s, and enjoyed a resurgence in his career in the 1980s. He released an album, Sweet Thunder in 1980, containing a version of Don't Know Much, which was originally written and performed by Barry Mann the same year. He signed with Planet Records in 1982 and later with RCA Records. In 1984 and 1985, he charted 5 singles on the country charts with the biggest of these being the Top 20 country hit, \"I Still Do,\" which also crossed over to the adult contemporary charts and later became a \"cult\" hit with the Carolina Beach/Shag dance club circuit. One of Medley's minor entries, \"All I Need to Know\" was later recorded as \"Don't Know Much\" by Grammy-winning duet Linda Ronstadt and Aaron Neville was a long running No. 2 Hot 100 and No. 1 Adult Contemporary in 1989-90.", "Ski Mask the Slump God. Following Goulbourne's release from detention, he formed the rap group \"Very Rare\" and released his first song \"Catch Me\" on the streaming service SoundCloud. Goulbourne eventually co-founded XXXTentacion's collective Members Only[3][11] after the release of Members Only Vol. 1, a collaboration mixtape with XXXTentacion, in 2015. The mixtape would eventually be followed up with Members Only, Vol 2 and then Members Only, Vol 3 on June 26, 2017.[12][13]", "IU (singer). A follow-up extended play to Real was released on February 16, 2011 with the title, Real+, containing three songs.[58] The lead single, \"Only I Didn't Know\" (Korean: 나만 몰랐던 이야기), was composed by singer-songwriter Yoon Sang with lyrics written by Kim Eana. Yoon Sang wrote the song for IU after spotting her momentary sad expression on a television broadcast.[59] The ballad's tone was a departure from her more recent releases, with IU describing it as \"dark\", \"sad\" yet \"nostalgic\", which is closer to her music preference.[13][53] The song performed well commercially, debuting at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart.[60]", "I Know Why (And So Do You). The personnel on the 1941 recording by Glenn Miller and his Orchestra released as a 78 single were: Paula Kelly, The Modernaires (vo), Billy May, John Best, Ray Anthony, R.D. McMickle (tp), Glenn Miller, Jim Priddy, Paul Tanner, Frank D'Annolfo (tb), Hal McIntyre, Wilbur Schwartz (cl, as), Tex Beneke, Al Klink (ts), Ernie Caceres (bar), J.C. McGregor (p), Jack Lathrop (g), Trigger Alpert (sb), and Maurice Purtill (dm).", "God Only Knows. Jim DeRogatis states that, as was common in psychedelic rock, the spiritual invocations in \"God Only Knows\" express non-specific sentiments which could be addressed to any higher force, and that it is \"less of a prayer than a sensitive meditation about moving forward in the face of loss\".[41] Even though the Wilson family did not grow up in \"a particularly religious household\",[42] younger brother and bandmate Carl Wilson was described as \"the most truly religious person I know\" by Brian, and Carl was forthcoming about the group's spiritual beliefs stating: \"We believe in God as a kind of universal consciousness. God is love. God is you. God is me. God is everything right here in this room. It's a spiritual concept which inspires a great deal of our music.\"[43] Gil writes: \"It’s a love song, yes, but again, echoing its classical forebears, there is something not quite secular about it. Yes, 'God Only Knows' is a common, casual phrase, but in this context it feels much more literal.\"[19]", "Ryan Tedder. In late 2009, Tedder launched his own record company, Patriot Records. Recently signed buzz artist My Name Is Kay, released her debut EP through Interscope in 2012. Nikki Flores' single \"City Lights\" was released in the fall of 2010 on Universal/Republic Records. Tedder also formed his own publishing company, Patriot Games Publishing, in 2009 in alliance with Kobalt Music Publishing Worldwide. To date he has a stable of top notch writers and producers such as Inflo, Noel Zancanella, and Brent Kutzle, cellist/bassist of OneRepublic. The Patriot team of writers and producers with Tedder are credited with \"I Was Here\" by Beyoncé, \"Good Life\" by OneRepublic, \"I Just Had Sex\" by The Lonely Island featuring Akon, \"Lost Then Found\" by Leona Lewis and OneRepublic, \"Just a Guy\" by BC Jean, \"Count on You\" by Big Time Rush featuring Jordin Sparks, and \"And Then We Dance\", from Australia's Got Talent winners Justice Crew.", "We Sing of Only Blood or Love. The album features, along with Dax Riggs, members of the last incarnation of Deadboy and the Elephantmen: Alex Bergeron (bass), Adam Clement (drums), and Sean Keating (keyboards).", "Don't Know Much. In 1985, Audrey Landers recorded the song as \"All I Need to Know\" for her second album for the German market, Paradise Generation, by Glenn Jones on his 1987 self-titled album for Jive Records, and gospel singer Cynthia Clawson also has a version under this title on her 1990 album Words Will Never Do.", "Only I Didn't Know (IU song). As of 2011, the album sold over 23,500 copies in South Korea.[6]", "Only I Didn't Know (IU song). ※ Bolded tracks identify singles from the album.", "God Only Knows. Accompanied by the BBC Concert Orchestra, each of the following performers are listed in order of appearance, singing vocals unless otherwise specified:[77]", "Somewhere Only We Know. \"Somewhere Only We Know\" is a song composed and performed by English alternative rock band Keane, officially released as the first single from their debut album Hopes and Fears (2004). The single became one of the biggest hits of 2004 worldwide and peaking on the UK Singles Chart at number three during its first week of sale. It was also Keane's best-selling single until \"Is It Any Wonder?\" in 2006." ]

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[ "Brit Awards. According to The BRIT Awards website, the list of eligible artists, albums, and singles is compiled by the Official Charts Company and submitted to the voting academy, which consists of over 1,000 members of the music industry, including the previous year's nominees and winners. The voters use a secure online website to vote, and the voting is scrutinized by Electoral Reform Services.[56]", "Brit Awards. The BRIT Awards (often simply called The BRITs) are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. The name was originally a shortened form of \"British\", \"Britain\" or \"Britannia\" (in the early days the awards were sponsored by Britannia Music Club), but subsequently became a backronym for British Record Industry Trusts Show.[1] In addition, an equivalent awards ceremony for classical music, called the Classic BRIT Awards, is held in the month of May. Robbie Williams holds the record for the most BRIT Awards, 13 as a solo artist and another five as part of Take That.", "Classic Brit Awards. Voting for the awards is done by \"an academy of industry executives, the media, the British Association of Record Dealers (BARD), members of the Musicians Union, lawyers, promoters, and orchestra leaders,\" except for \"Album of the Year\" which is voted for by listeners of Classic FM.", "List of awards and nominations received by Michael Jackson. The BRIT Awards, often simply called \"The BRITs\", are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. The name was originally a shortened form of British or Britannia, but has subsequently become a \"backronym\" for British Record Industry Trust.", "BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer. Unlike many of the other BAFTA Awards, which are decided by a membership vote, the Outstanding Debut Award's nominees and winner are decided by a jury of industry experts who view and consider eligible films over the course of the year. The jury can choose to nominate any combination of debut writer, director or producer involved in a film.[1]", "Brit Awards. The first awards ceremony was in 1977, as \"The BRITish Record Industry BRITannia Awards\", to mark the Queen's Silver Jubilee and was televised by Thames Television. There have been 37 editions to date.[9]", "Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist. The Brit Award for British Male Solo Artist is an award given by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), an organisation which represents record companies and artists in the United Kingdom.[1] The accolade is presented at the Brit Awards, an annual celebration of British and international music.[2] The winners and nominees are determined by the Brit Awards voting academy with over one-thousand members, which comprise record labels, publishers, managers, agents, media, and previous winners and nominees.[3] The award was first presented in 1977 as British Male Solo Artist.", "Brit Awards. The BRIT Award statuette given to the winners features Britannia, the female personification of Britain. Since 2011, the statuette has been regularly redesigned by some of the best known British designers, stylists and artists, including Vivienne Westwood, Damien Hirst, Tracey Emin, Peter Blake, Zaha Hadid and Anish Kapoor.[6][7][8]", "Brit Awards. The 2018 ceremony garnered controversy when Harry Styles was announced as the winner of the British Video of the Year. The official Brits leaderboard for these votes showed Little Mix consistently maintaining the number one spot each week, followed by Styles at number two. During the final voting event on the night of the ceremony Little Mix and Styles alternated between the top spot on numerous occasions. The last leaderboard update placed Little Mix at the top spot, with Styles at number two. After the announcement of Styles as a winner, the Brit Awards were accused by Little Mix fans of rigging the votes for this category.[32][33] The Brits responded to the claim, saying: \"The final leaderboard was displayed on The BRITs website prior to the final count being checked and verified independently by the Electoral Reform Services, the company that independently run all BRITs voting processes. The leaderboard doesn’t work in real time and the vote was incredibly tight at the top. Fans can have complete confidence in the BRITs public vote.\" The Electoral Reform Services added: \"Robust vote-counting rules and filters are in place which are in accordance with ITV's voting regulations, and agreed and tested prior to any vote taking place. We are confident that the vote integrity has not been compromised.\"[34][35]", "Classic Brit Awards. The awards are organised by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) and were inaugurated in 2000 \"in recognition of the achievements of classical musicians and the growth of classical music sales in the UK.\" The ceremony takes place in the Royal Albert Hall each May.", "2018 Brit Awards. The 2018 ceremony garnered controversy when Harry Styles was announced as the winner of the British Video of the Year. The official Brits leaderboard for these votes showed Little Mix consistently maintaining the number one spot each week, followed by Styles at number two. During the final voting event on the night of the ceremony Little Mix and Styles alternated between the top spot on numerous occasions. The last leaderboard update placed Little Mix at the top spot, with Styles at number two. After the announcement of Styles as a winner, the Brit Awards were accused by Little Mix fans of rigging the votes for this category.[8][9] The Brits responed to the claim, saying: \"The final leaderboard was displayed on The BRITs website prior to the final count being checked and verified independently by the Electoral Reform Services, the company that independently run all BRITs voting processes. The leaderboard doesn’t work in real time and the vote was incredibly tight at the top. Fans can have complete confidence in the BRITs public vote.\" The Electoral Reform Services added: \"Robust vote-counting rules and filters are in place which are in accordance with ITV's voting regulations, and agreed and tested prior to any vote taking place. We are confident that the vote integrity has not been compromised.\"[10][11]", "2018 Brit Awards. Note: The Winners are shown in Bold.", "2018 Brit Awards. The 2018 Brit Awards was held on 21 February 2018 at the O2 Arena in London.[1] It was the 38th edition of the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. On 8 December 2017, Jack Whitehall was announced as the host.[2] Sculptor Sir Anish Kapoor designed the Brit Award statuette that was given to the winners.[3] Foo Fighters, Dua Lipa and Ed Sheeran were among the global stars nominated for awards in the ceremony.[4]", "List of awards and nominations received by Beyoncé. The BRIT Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Beyoncé has won two awards from eight nominations.", "Brit Awards. The awards were first held in 1977 and originated as an annual event in 1982 under the auspices of the British record industry's trade association, the BPI. In 1989, they were renamed The BRIT Awards.[2] MasterCard has been the long-term sponsor of the event.[3] The highest profile music awards ceremony in the UK, The BRIT Awards have featured some of the most notable events in British popular culture, such as the final public appearance of Freddie Mercury, the Jarvis Cocker protest against Michael Jackson, and the Union Jack dress worn by Geri Halliwell of the Spice Girls.", "Classic Brit Awards. Since 2011, the ceremony has been known as \"Classic BRIT Awards\".", "Spandau Ballet. The BRIT Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Spandau Ballet has received one award from one nomination.[51]", "Royal Albert Hall. Since 2000, the Classic Brit Awards has been hosted annually in May at the Hall. It is organised by the British Phonographic Industry.", "Brit Awards. The BRIT Awards were broadcast live until 1989, when Samantha Fox and Mick Fleetwood hosted a widely criticised show in which little went as rehearsed.[4] From 1990 to 2006, the event was recorded and broadcast the following night. From 2007, The BRIT Awards reverted to a live broadcast on British television, on 14 February on ITV.[4] That year, comedian Russell Brand was the host and three awards were dropped from the ceremony: Best British Rock Act, Best British Urban Act and Best Pop Act.[4] For the last time, on 16 February 2010, the venue for The BRITs was the Earls Court Exhibition Centre in London. The BRIT Awards were held at The O2 Arena in London for the first time in 2011.[5]", "Brit Awards. In 1999, the Indie band Belle & Sebastian were nominated for Best British Newcomers, despite having released three albums before the 1999 Awards. The award was sponsored by Radio One and voted for online by their listeners. At the time, Steps were arguably Britain's biggest boy/girl pop group and were also nominated. Despite this, the award was won by Belle & Sebastian. On the Saturday after the awards, a story appeared in the press alleging that the group had rigged the vote in their favour, encouraging students from two universities to vote online. However, fans argued that the band had a predominantly large student following, that band member Isobel Campbell had attended one of the universities in question, and in particular, the award ought to be given on artistic merit as opposed to popularity or CD sales.", "Classic Brit Awards. The Classic BRIT Awards (previously Classical BRIT Awards) are an annual awards ceremony held in the United Kingdom covering aspects of classical and crossover music, and are the equivalent of pop music's Brit Awards.", "BAFTA Award for Best Direction. Winners of the BAFTA Award for Best Direction presented by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. John Schlesinger, Roman Polanski, Woody Allen, Alan Parker, Louis Malle, Joel Coen, Peter Weir and Ang Lee tie for the most wins in this category, with two each. Martin Scorsese holds the record for most nominations, with nine.", "2018 Brit Awards. The nominations were revealed on 13 January 2018.", "Brit Awards. There have been numerous acts, both groups and individuals, that have won multiple awards. The table below shows those that have won four or more awards.[57][58][59]", "Booker Prize. The selection process for the winner of the prize commences with the formation of an advisory committee, which includes a writer, two publishers, a literary agent, a bookseller, a librarian, and a chairperson appointed by the Booker Prize Foundation. The advisory committee then selects the judging panel, the membership of which changes each year, although on rare occasions a judge may be selected a second time. Judges are selected from amongst leading literary critics, writers, academics and leading public figures.", "Brit Awards. The 1988 BPI Awards was the first of the ceremonies to be broadcast on live television. The BBC had previously broadcast the ceremony from 1985, with the shows from 1982 to 1984 not broadcast on television. The BBC continued to broadcast the renamed BRIT Awards, live in 1989 and pre-recorded from 1990 to 1992. ITV have broadcast the awards since 1993, pre-recorded until 2006 and live from 2007 onwards.[4] BBC Radio 1 has provided backstage radio coverage since 2008.", "List of awards and nominations received by Justin Bieber. The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards. Bieber won the \"International Breakthrough Act\" award in 2011 and \"Best International Male and Solo Artist\" and Best look award in the 2016 event.", "Earls Court Exhibition Centre. The Brit Awards, the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards, were first held at Earl's Court in 1997 and then from 2000 to 2010. The awards show moved to the O2 Arena in 2011.[5] The name was originally a shortened form of \"British\", \"Britain\" or \"Britannia\", but subsequently became a backronym for British Record Industry Trust.[6]", "Brit Awards. Take That, band member Robbie Williams and Coldplay have performed the most number of ceremonies, performing seven times each. Rihanna and Adele have performed at four ceremonies each, with all four performances taking place on the same evenings (2008, 2011, 2012 and 2016).", "List of awards and nominations received by Bruno Mars. The Brit Awards are the British Phonographic Industry's annual pop music awards.[59] Bruno Mars has received three awards from six nominations.", "Emmy Award. Voting is done by peer judging panels. The NATAS solicits anybody with significant experience in national sports production to serve as judges. The panels are organized so that they only have one representative from each corporate entity (i.e. CBS Corporation, Disney, NBCUniversal, 21st Century Fox, Time Warner etc.) Most categories only have a single voting round using preferential scoring system. The top 5 entries in each category are announced as the nominations, and then the top entry is announced as the Emmy winner later at the awards ceremony.[22]", "BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer. The BAFTA Award for Outstanding Debut by a British Writer, Director or Producer is presented annually at the British Academy Film Awards in London. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), is a British organisation that hosts annual awards shows for film, television, children's film and television, and interactive media. The Outstanding Debut award recognises the work of writers, directors and producers whose first films have been released in cinemas during the award's qualification window. It is presented in honour of screenwriter and producer Carl Foreman.[1]" ]

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[ "Khudai Khidmatgar. Under the influence of Abdul Ghaffar Khan the movement advocated non-violent protests and justified their actions through an Islamic context. Khan did not find Islam and non-violence as incompatible. Despite that the movement was intrinsically non-sectarian. In more than one occasion when Hindus and Sikhs were attacked in Peshawar, Khidmatgar members helped protect their lives and property.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Formed out of the Society for the Reformation of Pashtuns (Anjuman-e-Islah-e-Afghan), it initially targeted social reformation and launched campaigns against prostitution. Bacha Khan as its founder seemed to be influenced by the realisation that whenever British troops were faced with an armed uprising they eventually always overcame the rebellion. The same could not be said when using non violence against the troops.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. An exception to the rule of nonviolence occurred when Badshah Khan's son Ghani Khan on 26/27 April 1947 founded the breakaway group Zalmai Pukhtoon (Pashtun Youth), a militant, organisation of Pukhtoon youth, carrying fire-arms, the aim of which was to protect the Khudai Khidmatgars (Servants of God) and members of the Congress Party from violence feared at the hands of Muslim League activists. It had no connection as such with the Khudai Khidmatgars.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Initially the movement focussed on social reform as a means of improving the status of Pashtuns against the British. Ghaffar Khan founded several reform movements prior to the formation of the Khudai Khidmatgar, the Anjumen-e Islah ul-Afghan in 1921, the farmers' organisation Anjuman-e Zamidaran in 1927 and the youth movement Pashtun Jirga in 1927. Trying to further spread awareness on Pashtun issues Abdul Ghaffar Khan founded the magazine Pakhtun in May 1928. Finally in March 1930, almost on the eve of the Qissa Khwani Bazaar Massacre the Khudai Khidmatgar were formed.[1]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Also called \"Surkh Posh\" or \"Red Shirts\", it was originally a social reform organisation focussing on education and the elimination of blood feuds known as the Anjuman-e-Islah-e Afghania (society for reformation of Afghans). The movement was led by Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan, known locally as Bacha Khan or Badshah Khan.[1]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Khudai Khidmatgar (Pashto: خدايي خدمتگار‎) literally translates as the servants of God, represented a non-violent struggle against the British Empire by the Pashtuns (also known as Pathans, Pakhtuns or Afghans) of the North-West Frontier Province of British India (now in Pakistan).", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Volunteers who took the oath formed platoons with commanding officers and learned basic army discipline. The volunteers had their own flags: red in the beginning, later tri-colour and bands: bagpipe and drums. The men wore red uniforms and the women black. They had drills, badges, a flag, the entire military hierarchy of rank and even a bagpipe corps.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. In 1930, soldiers of the Garhwal Rifles refused to fire on non-violent protests led by Khudai Khidmatgars in Peshawar. By disobeying direct orders, the regiment sent a clear message to London that loyalty of India's armed forces could not be taken for granted to enact harsh measures. However, by 1931, 5,000 members of the Khudai Khidmatgar and 2,000 members of the Congress Party were arrested.[7] This was followed by the shooting of unarmed protestors in Utmanzai and the Takkar Massacre followed by the Hathikhel massacre.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. As a result, it has been seen as a secessionist movement in Pakistan, and in the 1950s and 1960s it was also perceived as pro communist, an argument that was used by conservative elements to discredit it as anti-Islam. The movement's claim to total non-violence seems flawed as well; some critics argue that while the movement proved a success against the British, it like other non-violent movements would not have proved a success against another Imperial power. This is supposedly proved by its failure to pose a challenge to the Pakistani government amidst a crackdown that was far more brutal than any done by the British.[3] Others have also suggested that the Khudai Khidmatgar movement was not in fact as non-violent as its supporters would argue. Writers like Schofiled and Bannerjee have documented cases of attacks on British personnel and soldiers.[21]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. The Khudai Khidmatgar movement was a success in the terms of its opposition to British rule. However, the social effects of the movement have not survived. While the Ghaffar Khan family maintains a hold over the political philosophy of the movement, its history has largely been wiped out from official memory in Pakistan. The movement has also been criticized for its opposition to partition, and by that virtue the creation of Pakistan.[10]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Nehru's fateful visit to the Frontier in October 1946 and its tragic aftermath in a gradual erosion of the popular base of the incumbent Khan Sahib Ministry. Despite this, the movement stayed true to its non-communal leanings, when the Khudai Khitmatgar came out to protect thousands of Sikhs and Hindus worried they would be attacked in the increasing pre-partition violence between Hindus and Muslims.[16]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. “There is nothing surprising in a Muslim or a Pathan like me subscribing to the creed of nonviolence. It is not a new creed. It was followed fourteen hundred years ago by the Prophet all the time he was in Mecca.” – Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan", "Salt March. In Peshawar, satyagraha was led by a Muslim Pashto disciple of Gandhi, Ghaffar Khan, who had trained 50,000 nonviolent activists called Khudai Khidmatgar.[62] On 23 April 1930, Ghaffar Khan was arrested. A crowd of Khudai Khidmatgar gathered in Peshawar's Kissa Khani (Storytellers) Bazaar. The British ordered troops of 2/18 battalion of Royal Garhwal Rifles to open fire with machine guns on the unarmed crowd, killing an estimated 200–250.[63] The Pashtun satyagrahis acted in accord with their training in nonviolence, willingly facing bullets as the troops fired on them.[64] One British Indian Army Soldier Chandra Singh Garwali and troops of the renowned Royal Garhwal Rifles, refused to fire at the crowds. The entire platoon was arrested and many received heavy penalties, including life imprisonment.[63]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. The movement started prior to the Qissa Khwani bazaar massacre, when a demonstration of hundreds of non violent supporters were fired upon by British soldiers in Peshawar. Its low point and eventual dissipation was after Pakistan's independence in 1947, when the Muslim League Chief Minister Abdul Qayyum Khan banned the movement and launched a brutal crackdown on its members, which culminated in the Babra massacre. At its peak, the KK movement consisted of almost 100,000 members.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Volunteers went to the villages and opened schools, helped on work projects, and maintained order at public gatherings. From time to time they drilled in work camps and took long military-style marches into the hills.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. In 1932, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement changed its tactics and involved women in the movement. This unnerved many Indian officers working in the region as in those days of conservative India it was considered a grave insult to attack women, more so in a conservative Pashtun society. However the brutality increased and in one case five police officers in Benares had to be suspended due to \"horrific reports about violence used against young female volunteers\".", "Khudai Khidmatgar. British troops employed a wide variety of tactics against KK activists.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. \"The British used to torture us, throw us into ponds in wintertime, shave our beards, but even then Badshah Khan told his followers not to lose patience. He said 'there is an answer to violence, which is more violence. But nothing can conquer nonviolence. You cannot kill it. It keeps standing up. The British sent their horses and cars to run over us, but I took my shawl in my mouth to keep from screaming. We were human beings, but we should not cry or express in any way that we were injured or weak.\" – Musharraf Din (Baldauf).", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Khan drew his first recruits from the young men who had graduated from his schools. Trained and uniformed, they served behind their officers and filed out into various villages to seek recruits. They began by wearing a simple white overshirt, but the white was soon dirtied. A couple of men had their shirts dyed at the local tannery, and the brick-red colour proved a breakthrough, it was this distinctive colour that earned the Khudai khidmatgar movement activists the name \"the Red shirts\" or surkh posh. Other reason for the choice of red color was a symbolic adherence of the anti colonial movements to the revolutionary and socialist discourse.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Despite the provocation and its obvious ambivalence over Pakistan's creation, the Khudai Khidmatgar leaders reconvened at Sardaryab on 3 and 4 September 1947 and passed a resolution[18] that stated, \"The Khudai Khidmagars regard Pakistan as their own country and pledge that they shall do their utmost to strengthen and safeguard its interest and make every sacrifice for the cause; The dismissal of Dr. Khan Sahib’s ministry and the setting up of Abdul Qaiyum’s ministry is undemocratic, but as our country is passing through a critical stage, the Khudai Khidmatgars shall take no step which might create difficulties in the way of either the Provincial or Central Government; After the division of the country the Khudai Khidmatgars sever their connection with the All-India Congress organization and, therefore, instead of the Tricolor, adopt the Red Flag as the symbol of their party.\"", "Islamic Principlism in Iran. The Combatant Clergy Association was the majority party in the 4th and 5th parliaments after the Iranian revolution.[56] It was founded in 1977 by a group of clerics with intentions to use cultural approach to overthrow the Shah. Its founding members were Ali Khamenei, Motahhari, Beheshti, Bahonar, Rafsanjani and Mohammad Mofatteh[57] and its current members include Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Ahmad Jannati, Mahdavi Kani, Reza Akrami and Hassan Rohani.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Another tactic employed against non-violent protesters who were blocking roads was to charge them with cars and horses.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. However, Qayyum Khan and the central government had already decided that there would be no accord with the movement. The Khudai Khidmatgar organisation was declared unlawful in mid-September 1948, mass arrests followed and the centre at Sardaryab (Markaz-e-Khudai Khidmatgaran), built in 1942, was destroyed by the Provincial Government. This crackdown ultimately led to the Babra Sharif massacre.[19]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. The movement was also hit by defections as party members switched sides out of fear or for benefit. Those members that wished to survive politically rallied behind a former ally, turned opponent of Qayyum Khan, the Pir of Manki Sharif. The Pir created a breakaway Muslim League, however, it proved no match for Qayyum who engineered his re-election in 1951.[19]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Khan set up a network of committees called jirgas, named and modelled after the traditional tribal councils. Villages were grouped into larger groups, responsible to district-wide committees. The Provincial Jirgah was the ultimate authority.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Pakistan's Independence in August 1947 marked the beginning of the end of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement. While the Congress government remained in power briefly it was eventually dismissed by the Governor under the orders of Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Dr. Khan Sahib was replaced by former Congressite Abdul Qayyum Khan. He successfully stopped an attempted rapprochement between Ghaffar Khan and Muhammad Ali Jinnah by stopping a planned meeting between the two citing security threats.[17] With that, Jinnah gave Qayyum Khan a free hand in dealing with the Congress and the Khudai Khidmatgars. The crackdown that followed culminated with the Babra Sharif massacre.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. In 1940, a split occurred within the Pakhtun Zalmey, the youth organisation affiliated with Bacha Khan's Khudai Khidmatgar movement. It occurred after Bacha Khan refused to accept the results of the internal party 1940 elections in which Salar Aslam Khan of Kohat won the contest as president of Pakhtun Zalmey with overwhelming majority. The refusal by Bacha Khan to accept Salaar Aslam caused a great damage to the party in southern districts of the province where Khudai Khidmatgars won all the seats of the provincial as well as national assemblies in the previous elections. Salar Aslam was also a member of the Forward Block and Bacha Khan's argument was that he could not trust anyone but his elder son, Ghani Khan, whom he wanted to lead Pakhtun Zalmey. \"It was a mistake of Bacha Khan. He was not happy about his decision later, but had to argue that at that sensitive stage of the political struggle, he could only trust Ghani Khan.[11]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. The Khudai Khidmatgar (KK) movement faced another crackdown for its role in the Quit India Movement after 1940, in that period it started facing increasing opposition from the Muslim League in the province. Its Congress affiliate won the 1946 election again, however it faced an increasing protest by supporters of the Pakistan movement. Amidst negotiations for the British departure from India, the Congress party agreed to the partition of India on the provision that a referendum was held to ascertain whether NWFP would prefer to be part of the new state of Pakistan or India. Realising they were in an untenable position the KK movement decided to boycott the referendum which allowed a landsliding victory for the Pakistan vote.over 99% votes were in favor of Pakistan. The KK movement faced a backlash from the new Pakistani government following partition, its government was dismissed and the movement banned.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. The movement lingered on till 1955, when it was again banned by the central government because of Ghaffar Khan's opposition to the One Unit. An aborted attempt was made to bring Ghaffar Khan into the government as a minister as well as turning the KK movement into a national organization, but Ghaffar Khan turned down the offer.[20]", "Khudai Khidmatgar. Although the ban on the movement was lifted in 1972, the Khudai Khidmatgar movement had been broken.", "Khudai Khidmatgar. We are the army of God\nBy death or wealth unmoved,\nWe march, our leader and we,\nReady to die!\n\nIn the name of God, we march\nAnd in his name, We die\nWe serve in the name of God\nGod's servant are we!\n\nGod is our king,\nAnd great is he,\nWe serve our Lord,\nHis slaves are we!\n\nOur country's cause\nWe serve with our breath,\nFor such an end,\nGlorious is death\n\nWe serve and we love\nOur people and our cause\nFreedom is our aim,\nAnd our lives are its price.\n\nWe love our country\nAnd respect our country\nZealously we protect it\nFor the glory of God\n\nBy cannon or gun undismayed\nSoldiers and horsemen,\nNone can come between,\nOur work and our duty.[6]", "Iranian Revolution. The Revolutionary Guard, or Pasdaran-e Enqelab, was established by Khomeini on 5 May 1979, as a counterweight both to the armed groups of the left, and to the Shah's military. The guard eventually grew into \"a full-scale\" military force,[199] becoming \"the strongest institution of the revolution.\"[200]" ]

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[ "MS Independence of the Seas. MS Independence of the Seas is a Freedom-class cruise ship operated by the Royal Caribbean cruise line that entered service in April 2008. The 15-deck ship can accommodate 4,370 passengers and is served by 1,360 crew. She was built in the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, builder of Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas, her sister ships of the Freedom class. At 154,407 GT,[4] she joined Freedom of the Seas and Liberty of the Seas as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels yet built. She is 1,112 feet (339 m) long, and typically cruises at 21.6 knots (40.0 km/h; 24.9 mph). The vessel operates from Fort Lauderdale, Florida during the Fall and Winter months and Southampton, England during the Spring and Summer months.", "MS Independence of the Seas. Independence of the Seas is the third of the Freedom-class vessels. In October 2009, Oasis of the Seas, the first ship in the Oasis class, displaced the Freedom class as the world's largest passenger ship.", "Royal Caribbean International. Construction commenced on Freedom of the Seas, the line's newest ship, at Aker Finnyards in 2005, and the vessel launched the next year as the largest passenger vessel in the world. Freedom of the Seas' sister ship, Liberty of the Seas, was launched in 2007, and Independence of the Seas was delivered in 2008.", "MS Independence of the Seas. The ship was christened on April 30, 2008 during a ceremony in Southampton by its godmother, Elizabeth Hill of Chesterfield, the founder of a children's disability charity.[5]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. MS Liberty of the Seas is a Royal Caribbean International Freedom-class cruise ship which entered regular service in May 2007. It was initially announced that she would be called Endeavour of the Seas, however this name was later changed.[4] The 15-deck ship accommodates 3,634 passengers served by 1,360 crew. She was built in 18 months at the Aker Finnyards Turku Shipyard, Finland, where her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, was also built. Initially built at 154,407 gross tonnage (GT), she joined her sister ship, Freedom of the Seas, as the largest cruise ships and passenger vessels then ever built. She is 1,111.9 ft (338.91 m) long, 184 ft (56.08 m) wide, and cruises at 21.6-knot (40 km/h; 25 mph).", "MS Independence of the Seas. Independence of the Seas generally sails from Port Everglades, Florida during the winter and Southampton, England during the summer. Between 2010 and 2012, Independence of the Seas sailed from Southampton year-round. From fall 2014 to spring 2016, Independence of the Seas sailed from Port Everglades, Florida year-round offering Eastern and Western Caribbean sailings.", "MS Independence of the Seas. Like the other Freedom-class vessels, Independence of the Seas features an interactive water park, the H2O Zone, a dedicated sports pool for volleyball and basketball, and whirlpools which extend from the ship's sides. It houses an internal shopping \"street\", the Promenade, lined with shops, pubs and wine bars. The Promenade features a \"sky bridge\" which can be lowered from the ceiling to provide a performance space above the crowds during parades. There is also the two story Alhambra theater, seating 1,200, and a complete conference center. The show cabaret lounge, called the Pyramid Lounge, is themed to ancient Egypt. On a lower level is an ice skating rink named Studio B, which home to a series of professional ice shows and is also available for personal skating. This facility was first featured on the Voyager class and Independence of the Seas is the eighth ship to feature a rink. The ship also features a range of eating outlets, Wi-Fi and mobile phone connectivity throughout, and flat-screen televisions in all staterooms. Independence of the Seas is also the first Royal Caribbean ship to feature heated, fresh water pools, although the pools are only heated when sailing from the UK. On the Sports Deck, there is a rock climbing wall, a basketball/hockey court, a mini golf course, and a FlowRider for surfing. It also has 3 seating areas around the FlowRider to allow people to watch.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. Liberty of the Seas is the second of the Freedom class vessels. A third ship, Independence of the Seas, was delivered in April 2008. In 2009, the first in a new Oasis Class of ships measuring 220,000 gross tons displaced the Freedom class as the world's largest passenger ships.", "MS Independence of the Seas. As of 2016[update] Independence of the Seas was scheduled to sail 4- and 5-night western Caribbean and Mexico cruises during the winter and spring, and a variety of European cruises during the summer and fall, including three-night cruises to Le Havre (near Paris) and Zeebrugge (near Bruges), 8- to 14-night cruises to Norway, 10- to 14-night Mediterranean cruises, and 12- to 14-night cruises to the Canary Islands.[citation needed]", "MS Independence of the Seas. The ship will undergo an extensive dry dock in April 2018: additional cabins will be added, as well as the first trampoline park at sea, laser tag, water slides and an Escape Room.[citation needed] The first sailing after the dry dock will be a 2-night cruise on May 15, 2018.{{", "MS Freedom of the Seas. MS Freedom of the Seas is a cruise ship operated by Royal Caribbean International. It is the namesake of Royal Caribbean's Freedom class, and can accommodate 3,634 passengers and 1,300 crew [4] on fifteen passenger decks. Freedom of the Seas was the largest passenger ship ever built (by gross tonnage) from 2006 until construction of the Royal Caribbean International's Oasis-class ships in late 2009.", "MS Independence of the Seas. Since 2016, Independence of the Seas is home to the successful 70000 Tons of Metal music festival, scheduled yearly in January–February as a 4-night cruise in the Caribbean.", "MS Freedom of the Seas. The Freedom of the Seas was built at the Aker Yards Turku Shipyard, Finland, which built the ships of the Voyager class as well as the other ships of the Freedom class. Upon its completion, it became the largest passenger ship ever built, taking that honor from Cunard's Queen Mary 2.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. Liberty of the Seas, like her sister ships Freedom of the Seas & Independence of the Seas, features extensive sports facilities including the FlowRider onboard wave generator for surfing, an interactive water play area for children, a full-sized volleyball / basketball court, an ice skating rink, a boxing ring, and a large fitness center. A 2016 drydock refurbishment added the \"Perfect Storm\" water slide complex, featuring two racing slides and a boomerang-style slide, and the \"Splashaway Bay\" kids-only water play area, featuring smaller waterslides.", "MS Freedom of the Seas. The ship underwent its first dry dock refurbishment in late March 2011, where it received some of the new features found on the Oasis and Allure of the Seas such as new touchscreen kiosks around the ship as well as making the theater capable of showing 3-D movies. A Clean Shave was removed from the promenade and replaced with the Cupcake Cupboard. Also, a large movie screen was fitted on the pool deck.[15][16]", "MS Harmony of the Seas. The success of the first two Oasis-class ships led Royal Caribbean Cruises to order a third ship of the type in December 2012.[1] Harmony of the Seas was floated out on 19 June 2015, began her first sea trials on 10 March 2016,[15] and was delivered to Royal Caribbean on 12 May 2016.[5][16] After a construction time of 32 months, the ship first set sail on 15 May 2016 from the STX France docks in Saint-Nazaire, viewed by some 70,000 people.[17] Her first destination was Southampton, England, although her home port was Barcelona until 23 October 2016 when she crossed the Atlantic.[18]", "MS Freedom of the Seas. Freedom of the Seas was docked at Blohm und Voss in Hamburg, Germany on 17 April 2006 to repair a damaged bearing in one of the three Azipod propulsion units and to put on some of the finishing touches prior to her official handover to Royal Caribbean International on 24 April 2006. She then departed to Oslo, Norway on 25 April for official festivities. She then sailed for Southampton, England on 27 April and arrived at 9am on 29 April. The ship sailed on its first transatlantic crossing on 3 May 2006.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. The DreamWorks Experience was first introduced on the Oasis class ship, Allure of the Seas,[15] on December 12, 2010, and later on the Oasis class ship Oasis of the Seas on February 26, 2011 and Freedom of the Seas on March 27, 2011.[8]", "History of the United States Marine Corps. On 4 July 1776, the Declaration of Independence was signed. The Continental sailors and Marines aboard Reprisal and then headed south to the Caribbean Islands on 27 July. Their assignment was to bring William Bingham, who had been appointed agent from the American colonies to Martinique, in acquiring intelligence, and additional arms and supplies for George Washington's armies. While en route, they encountered the British sloop-of-war HMS Shark off the coast of Martinique and forced her out of the area. Reprisal and her accompanying Marines returned to Philadelphia from the West Indies on 13 September.", "SS Constitution. The SS Constitution was an ocean liner owned by American Export Lines. Commissioned in 1951, she started her long career sailing on the New York City-Genoa-Naples-Gibraltar route to Europe. Constitution was a sister ship to the SS Independence.", "United States Declaration of Independence. Some colonists still held out hope for reconciliation, but developments in early 1776 further strengthened public support for independence. In February 1776, colonists learned of Parliament's passage of the Prohibitory Act, which established a blockade of American ports and declared American ships to be enemy vessels. John Adams, a strong supporter of independence, believed that Parliament had effectively declared American independence before Congress had been able to. Adams labeled the Prohibitory Act the \"Act of Independency\", calling it \"a compleat Dismemberment of the British Empire\".[30] Support for declaring independence grew even more when it was confirmed that King George had hired German mercenaries to use against his American subjects.[31]", "MS Liberty of the Seas. In January 2011, Liberty of the Seas underwent renovations to include features introduced on Oasis class ships that have proven to be popular. Features of this renovation included an outdoor video screen in the main pool area and the inclusion of the DreamWorks Experience.[8]", "USS Constitution. Constitution entered dry dock in 1992 for an inspection and minor repair period that turned out to be her most comprehensive structural restoration and repair since she was launched in 1797. Multiple refittings over the 200 years of her career had removed most of her original construction components and design, as her mission changed from a fighting warship to a training ship and eventually to a receiving ship. In 1993, the Naval History & Heritage Command Detachment Boston reviewed Humphreys' original plans and identified five main structural components that were required to prevent hogging of the hull,[205] as Constitution had 13 in (330 mm) of hog at that point. Using a 1:16 scale model of the ship, they were able to determine that restoring the original components would result in a 10% increase in hull stiffness.[206]", "Grease (musical). Independence of the Seas", "Panama. As the Spanish American wars of independence were heating up all across Latin America, Panama City was preparing for independence; however, their plans were accelerated by the unilateral Grito de La Villa de Los Santos (Cry From the Town of Saints), issued on November 10, 1821, by the residents of Azuero without backing from Panama City to declare their separation from the Spanish Empire. In both Veraguas and the capital this act was met with disdain, although on differing levels. To Veraguas, it was the ultimate act of treason, while to the capital, it was seen as inefficient and irregular, and furthermore forced them to accelerate their plans.", "MS Majesty of the Seas. A 1/8th scale model of the Majesty of the Seas was built in Morsbach, by François Zanella. The Majesty of the Seas (mini) was launched in 2005. She does river cruises in and around Paris.", "Declaration of Independence (Trumbull). Trumbull painted a smaller version (20.875 by 31 inches (53.02 cm × 78.74 cm)) entitled The Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776 (1786–1820) that is now on view at the Yale University Art Gallery in New Haven, Connecticut.[1]", "Independence Day (Philippines). At the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. Navy. On May 1, 1898, Dewey defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay, and had effectively put the U.S. in control of the Spanish colonial government. Later that month, the U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the Philippines.[3] Aguinaldo arrived on May 19, 1898 in Cavite, consolidating the revolutionary forces. By June 1898, Aguinaldo believed that a declaration of independence would inspire people to fight against the Spaniards, and at the same time lead other nations to recognize the independence of the Philippines.", "MS Harmony of the Seas. MS Harmony of the Seas is an Oasis-class cruise ship built by STX France at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard in Saint-Nazaire, France[14] for Royal Caribbean International. With a gross tonnage of 226,963 GT,[2] she is the largest passenger ship in the world, surpassing her older sisters Oasis of the Seas and Allure of the Seas.", "MS Liberty of the Seas. On April 19, 2007, Liberty of the Seas was delivered to parent company Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.[5] On April 22, 2007 she made her first port of call Southampton, on a promotional visit.[6] She arrived at Cape Liberty Cruise Port on May 3, 2007.", "Second Continental Congress. Congress finally approved the resolution of independence on July 2, 1776. They next turned their attention to a formal explanation of this decision, the United States Declaration of Independence which was approved on July 4 and published soon thereafter.", "Freedom of the seas. In 1609, Dutch jurist and philosopy Hugo Grotius wrote what is considered the foundation of the international legal doctrine regarding the seas and oceans – Mare Liberum, a Latin title that translates to \"freedom of the seas\". While it is generally assumed that Grotius first propounded the principle of freedom of the seas, countries in the Indian Ocean and other Asian seas accepted the right of unobstructed navigation long before Grotius wrote his De Jure Praedae (On the Law of Spoils) in the year of 1604. Previously, in the 16th century, Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria postulated the idea of freedom of the seas in a more rudimentary fashion under the principles of jus gentium.[1]" ]

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[ "Nola Ochs. On May 14, 2007, Ochs became a Guinness World Record holder as the world's oldest college graduate when she received her diploma at Fort Hays State University (FHSU) in Hays, Kansas.[6][5][2] She earned a general studies degree with an emphasis in history, graduating alongside her granddaughter, Alexandra Ochs, who was 21 years old at the time.[2][3]", "Nola Ochs. Nola Ochs (née Hill) (November 22, 1911 – December 9, 2016)[1] was an American woman, from Jetmore, Kansas who was certified by Guinness World Records as the world's oldest college graduate, in 2007, aged 95.", "Linus Pauling. At age 15, the high school senior had enough credits to enter Oregon State University (OSU), known then as Oregon Agricultural College.[24] Lacking two American history courses required for his high school diploma, Pauling asked the school principal if he could take the courses concurrently during the spring semester. Denied, he left Washington High School in June without a diploma.[25] The school awarded him an honorary diploma 45 years later, after he was awarded two Nobel Prizes.[12][26][27]", "Nola Ochs. After taking time to help with the family wheat harvest, Ochs started pursuing her master’s degree in liberal studies from Fort Hays State University in August 2007. She received her master's on May 15, 2010, making her the oldest recipient of a master's degree at age 98. According to an August 11, 2006 press release from FHSU, Ochs said “I don't keep track of my age, but I can tell you I was born in November of 1911.” She also commented, “I've led a long, interesting life. We went through the dust storms. We had some difficult times in our marriage, financially. But it's been the Lord's will that I've lived this long life, and I thank Him kindly for it.”[2] As of her 100th birthday in November 2011 she was an M.A. student at FHSU and a graduate teaching assistant.[10] Ochs died on December 9, 2016 at the age of 105.[11]", "Harvard Extension School. Both the oldest and youngest graduates in the more than 375-year history of Harvard University received their degrees from the Extension School. In 1997 Mary Fasano became the oldest undergraduate degree recipient,[97] and in 1983 Thomas Small became the oldest student to ever earn a master's degree.[98] Both were in their 90th year. The youngest degree earner in Harvard history was 18-year-old Amit Chatterjee who earned an ALB in 2002.[99]", "List of supercentenarians from the United States. Emma Verona Johnston (née Calhoun) (August 6, 1890 – December 1, 2004) was an American supercentenarian recognized as the \"oldest living American\" from Charlotte Benkner's death in May 2004 until her own death almost 7 months later at age 114 years, 117 days. Johnston was born in Indianola, Iowa to a large family.[99] She was the oldest living graduate of Drake University, where she was a member of the Class of 1912.[100]", "The Graduate. There are considerable age discrepancies between the lead roles and the actors who portrayed them. Benjamin Braddock says, \"I will be 21 next week\"; at the time of filming, Dustin Hoffman was 29. William Daniels, who plays Hoffman's father, was, at 39, only 10 years older than Hoffman. Mrs. Robinson states, \"Benjamin, I am twice your age.\" Anne Bancroft was 35, only six years older than Hoffman. Mrs. Robinson's daughter Elaine is 19 and was portrayed by Katharine Ross, who was 27 at the time. Elaine May, who portrayed Elaine's college roommate and delivered a note to Benjamin from Elaine, was 35 at the time and only seven months younger than Anne Bancroft. Mrs. Singleman and Miss DeWitte, party guests in one of the Taft Hotel scenes, were said to be sisters, though there was a 38-year age difference between their portrayors, Alice Ghostley (age 44) and Marion Lorne (age 82).", "Harry J. Anslinger. After attending local schools, Harry Anslinger enrolled at Altoona Business College at the age of 17. He followed his father in going to work for the Pennsylvania Railroad. In 1913, he was granted a furlough so he could enroll at Pennsylvania State College, where he studied in a two-year associate degree program in business and engineering.[citation needed]", "Syracuse University. Among the individuals who have attended or graduated from Syracuse University include writers Kathrine Switzer, George Saunders, Stephen Crane, Joyce Carol Oates, John D. MacDonald, Cheryl Strayed, Shirley Jackson, and Alice Sebold; William Safire, Pulitzer Prize winning commentator; Pierre Ramond, string theorist; Cambridge University historian Sir Moses I. Finley; Sir John Stanley, British Member of Parliament; Arthur Rock, legendary venture capitalist and cofounder of Intel; Vishal Sikka, Former CEO and MD of Infosys; Donna Shalala, CEO of the Clinton Foundation; Joe Biden, former Vice President of the United States; Robert Jarvik, inventor of the first artificial heart implanted into human beings; Eileen Collins, first female commander of a Space Shuttle; Prince Sultan bin Salman, first Arab, first Muslim and the youngest person to travel to space; Robert Menschel, legendary partner/director at Goldman Sachs; Marilyn Loden, who coined the phrase \"glass ceiling\"; Samuel Irving Newhouse, Jr., owner of Conde Nast publications; Lowell Paxson, founder of Home Shopping Network; musician Lou Reed; Betsey Johnson fashion designer; David P. Weber, lawyer and certified fraud examiner, who reported misconduct in the Bernard L. Madoff and R. Allen Stanford frauds; and Prince Al-Waleed bin Talal, a prominent investor and member of the Saudi royal family. Emily C. Gorman, former director of the United States Women's Army Corps, completed her graduate studies at Syracuse.", "The Graduate. The Graduate is a 1967 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Mike Nichols[3] and written by Buck Henry and Calder Willingham, based on the 1963 novel of the same name by Charles Webb, who wrote it shortly after graduating from Williams College. A bildungsroman that follows its protagonist's transition into adulthood, the film tells the story of 21-year-old Benjamin Braddock (Dustin Hoffman), a recent college graduate with no well-defined aim in life, who is seduced by an older woman, Mrs. Robinson (Anne Bancroft), and then falls in love with her daughter Elaine (Katharine Ross).", "Jefferson Davis. His brother Joseph, who was 24 years older, acted as a surrogate father and encouraged Jefferson in his education. Two years later, Davis entered the Catholic school of Saint Thomas at St. Rose Priory, a school operated by the Dominican Order in Washington County, Kentucky. At the time, he was the only Protestant student at the school. In 1818 Davis returned to Mississippi, studying at Jefferson College at Washington. Three years later in 1821, he returned to Kentucky, where he studied at Transylvania University in Lexington. (At the time, these colleges were like academies, roughly equivalent to high schools.)[12] His father Samuel died on July 4, 1824, when Jefferson was 16 years old.[13]", "John B. Watson. A precocious student, he entered college at the age of 16, and left with a master's degree at the age of 21. Watson made his way through college with significant effort, succeeding in classes that other students simply failed. He held a few jobs on campus to pay for his college expenses. He continued to see himself as \"unsocial\" and made few friends. After graduating, he spent a year at \"Batesburg Institute\", the name he gave to a one-room school in Greenville. He was principal, janitor, and handyman for the entire school.", "Horace Mann. Horace Mann was born on May 4, 1796 in Franklin, Massachusetts.[4] His father was a farmer without much money. From ten years of age to twenty, he had no more than six weeks' schooling during any year,[5] but he made use of the town library. At the age of 20, he enrolled at Brown University and graduated in three years[6] as valedictorian (1819). The theme of his oration was \"The Progressive Character of the Human Race.\"[5] He then studied law for a short time in Wrentham, Massachusetts and was a tutor of Latin and Greek (1820–1822) and a librarian (1821–1823) at Brown University. During 1822, he also studied at Litchfield Law School and, in 1823, was admitted to the bar in Dedham, Massachusetts.[7]", "Solomon S. Huebner. During the next two years, Huebner pursued his studies for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Huebner was highly acclaimed for receiving it in the shortest time possible and was among the youngest students to receive that honor in University of Pennsylvania history. He was only 23 years old.[5]", "Oscar Munoz (executive). Munoz was born in January 1959,[8] the oldest of nine children in a Mexican-American family living in California, and was the first in his family to graduate from college. Munoz earned a BS in business from the University of Southern California, and an MBA from Pepperdine University.[9]", "Martin Luther. In 1501, at the age of 17, he entered the University of Erfurt, which he later described as a beerhouse and whorehouse.[15] He was made to wake at four every morning for what has been described as \"a day of rote learning and often wearying spiritual exercises.\"[15] He received his master's degree in 1505.[16]", "Hugh Trevor-Roper. In 1980 at the age of 67, he became Master of Peterhouse, the oldest and smallest college in the University of Cambridge. His election, which surprised his friends, was engineered by a group of Fellows led by Maurice Cowling, then the leading Peterhouse historian. The Fellows chose him because Cowling's reactionary clique thought he would be an arch-conservative who would oppose the admission of women. In the event, Trevor-Roper feuded constantly with Cowling and his allies, while launching a series of administrative reforms. Women were admitted in 1983 at his urging. The British historian Neal Ascherson summarised the quarrel between Cowling and Trevor-Roper as:", "Benjamin Bolger. Benjamin Bradley Bolger (born 1975) is a perpetual student who has earned 14 degrees and claims to be the second-most credentialed person in modern history after Michael W. Nicholson (who has 29 degrees).[1][2] Like Nicholson, Bolger hails from Michigan. Bolger is a visiting assistant professor in sociology at the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia.", "Dorothy Allison. The family moved to central Florida to escape debt. Allison had witnessed family members die because of the extreme poverty. She was the first person in her family to graduate from high school, succeeding as a student despite her chaotic home life. She qualified as a National Merit Scholar. At age 18, she left home and enrolled in college.", "Jean-Baptiste de La Salle. La Salle received the tonsure at age eleven and was named canon of Rheims Cathedral when he was sixteen.[2] He was sent to the College des Bons Enfants, where he pursued higher studies and, on July 10, 1669, he took the degree of Master of Arts. When De La Salle had completed his classical, literary, and philosophical courses, he was sent to Paris to enter the Seminary of Saint-Sulpice on October 18, 1670. His mother died on July 19, 1671, and on April 9, 1672, his father died. This circumstance obliged him to leave Saint-Sulpice on April 19, 1672. He was now twenty-one, the head of the family, and as such had the responsibility of educating his four brothers and two sisters. He completed his theological studies and was ordained to the priesthood at the age of 26 on April 9, 1678. Two years later he received a Doctorate in Theology.[3]", "Maharashtra. Scottish missionary John Wilson, Indian Nationalists such as Vasudev Balwant Phadke and Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Social reformers such as Jyotirao Phule, Dhondo Keshav Karve and Bhaurao Patil all played a leading role in the setting up of modern schools and colleges during the British colonial era .[177][178][179][180] The forerunner of Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute was established in 1821. The Shreemati Nathibai Damodar Thackersey Women's University, the oldest women's liberal arts college in South Asia, started its journey in 1916. College of Engineering Pune, established in 1854, is the third oldest college in Asia.[181] Government Polytechnic Nagpur, established in 1914, is one of the oldest polytechnic in India[citation needed].", "James Meredith. During the anniversary year, Meredith, 69, was the special guest speaker for a seminar at Mississippi State University. Among other topics, Meredith spoke of his experiences at Ole Miss. During a question-and-answer session, a young white male asked Meredith if he had taken part in a formal rush program. Meredith replied, \"Doesn't that have something to do with being in a fraternity?\" The young man replied \"Yes,\" and Meredith did not respond further. Meredith, a 29-year-old veteran when he entered the university, had to be accompanied at the time by armed military personnel to secure his safety.[citation needed]", "Fatima al-Fihri. Fatima bint Muhammad Al-Fihriya Al-Qurashiya (Arabic: فاطمة بنت محمد الفهرية القرشية‎) was an Arab Muslim woman who is credited for founding the oldest existing, continually operating and first degree-awarding educational institution in the world, The University of Al Quaraouiyine in Fes, Morocco in 859 CE.[1]", "Doc Holliday. In 1870, 19-year-old Holliday left home for Philadelphia. On March 1, 1872, at age 20, he received his Doctor of Dental Surgery degree from the Pennsylvania College of Dental Surgery (now part of the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine).[4] Holliday graduated five months before his 21st birthday, so the school held his degree until he turned 21, the minimum age required to practice dentistry.[8]:50", "Ball State University. Ball State University includes more than 178,000 living alumni.[A] A few of Ball State's most distinguished graduates include David Letterman (BA, 1969), former host of the Late Show, Angela Ahrendts, former CEO of Burberry and current Apple Inc. executive (BA, 1981; DHL, 2010), John Schnatter, founder and CEO of Papa John's International (BA, 1983; LLD, 2015), Jim Davis, creator of the Garfield comic strip (BA, 1967; LittD (h.c.), 1991), actor Doug Jones (BA, 1982), actress Joyce DeWitt (BA, 1972), Kent C. Nelson, former president and CEO of UPS (BA, 1959), Jeffrey D. Feltman, United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs, former U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon (BS, 1981), Brent McMillan, National Political Director of the Green Party (BS and BArch, 1991), Angelin Chang, Grammy Award-winning classical pianist (BA and BM, 1990), and Vince Bertram, President and Chief Executive Officer of Project Lead The Way.[91]", "The Graduate. Benjamin Braddock, aged twenty-one, has earned his bachelor's degree from Williams College and has returned home to a party celebrating his graduation at his parents' house in Pasadena, California. Benjamin, visibly uncomfortable as his parents deliver accolades and neighborhood friends ask him about his future plans, evades those who try to congratulate him. Mrs. Robinson, the neglected wife of his father's law partner, insists that he drive her home. Benjamin is coerced inside to have a drink and Mrs. Robinson attempts to seduce him. She invites him up to her daughter Elaine's room to see her portrait and then enters the room naked, making it clear that she is available to him. Benjamin initially rebuffs her but a few days later after his scuba demonstration on his birthday, he clumsily organizes a tryst at the Taft hotel.", "Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Helen Keller, who was 24 and graduated from Radcliffe College, gave a lecture in the main auditorium.[48]", "Eureka College. Eureka College is the smallest college or university in American history to graduate a future U.S. President with a bachelor's degree. Among its alumni throughout history are forty-two college and university presidents, seven Governors and members of U.S. Congress, and the 40th President of the United States, Ronald Wilson Reagan, class of 1932.[18] Among more than 4,900 American institutions of higher learning today, only 22 have given a future U.S. President an undergraduate diploma.", "Candice Bergen. She began appearing on her father's radio program at a young age,[5] and in 1958, at age 11, with her father on Groucho Marx's quiz show You Bet Your Life, as Candy Bergen. She said that when she grew up, she wanted to design clothes. She later attended the University of Pennsylvania, where she was elected both Homecoming Queen and Miss University, but, as Bergen later acknowledged, she failed to take her education seriously and after failing two courses in art and opera, she was asked to leave at the end of her sophomore year. She ultimately received an honorary doctorate from Penn in May 1992.[6]", "Deng Xiaoping. In the summer of 1919 Deng Xiaoping graduated from the Chongqing School. He and 80 schoolmates travelled by ship to France (traveling steerage) to participate in the Diligent Work-Frugal Study Movement, a work-study program in which 4,001 Chinese would participate by 1927. Deng, the youngest of all the Chinese students in the group, had just turned 15.[11] Wu Yuzhang, local leader of the Movement in Chongqing, enrolled Deng and his paternal uncle, Deng Shaosheng, in the program. Deng's father strongly supported his son's participation in the work-study abroad program.[12] The night before his departure, Deng's father took his son aside and asked him what he hoped to learn in France. He repeated the words he had learned from his teachers: \"To learn knowledge and truth from the West in order to save China.\" Deng was aware that China was suffering greatly, and that the Chinese people must have a modern education to save their country.[13]", "Percival Lowell. Percival graduated from the Noble and Greenough School in 1872 and Harvard University in 1876 with distinction in mathematics.[2] At his college graduation, he gave a speech, considered very advanced for its time, on the nebular hypothesis. He was later awarded honorary degrees from Amherst College and Clark University.[3] After graduation he ran a cotton mill for six years.[1]", "Jack Weinberg. He began college at the University of Buffalo.[2] At the age of 21 he transferred to the University of California, Berkeley, majoring in mathematics.[5] He graduated in January 1963[5][6] \"with great distinction\".[7]" ]

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[ "More Than You Know (Axwell and Ingrosso song). \"More Than You Know\" is a song by Swedish dance music duo Axwell Λ Ingrosso and features uncredited vocals from Kristoffer Fogelmark. The song was released in Sweden as a digital download on 27 May 2017, and as the second single from their EP More Than You Know. The song was written by Sebastian Ingrosso, Salem Al Fakir, Axel Hedfors, Vincent Pontare and Richard Zastenker. The song peaked at number two on the Swedish Singles Chart.", "More Than You Know (Youmans, Rose and Eliscu song). \"More Than You Know\" is a popular song, composed by Vincent Youmans with lyrics by Billy Rose and Edward Eliscu. The song was published in 1929.", "More Than You Know (Youmans, Rose and Eliscu song). The song was subsequently featured in three musical films: Hit the Deck (1955), sung by Tony Martin; Funny Lady (1975), sung by Barbra Streisand (who first recorded it for her 1967 studio album, Simply Streisand); and The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989) sung by Michelle Pfeiffer. It has been recorded by many artists.", "More Than You Know (Youmans, Rose and Eliscu song). The song was introduced in the Broadway musical Great Day where it was sung by Mayo Methot. It was also popularized on the stage and radio by Jane Froman.[1] The most popular contemporary recordings[1] were by Helen Morgan (Victor catalog number 22149),[1][2] and by Libby Holman (Brunswick catalog number 4613).[1][3]", "Rashida Jones. In 2001, Jones appeared in the video to \"More Than A Woman\" by Aaliyah alongside her sister Kidada Jones and then-boyfriend Mark Ronson [47] Jones has also appeared in music videos for The Boy Least Likely To song \"Be Gentle With Me\", and the Foo Fighters' single \"Long Road to Ruin\". In the latter she was credited as Racinda Jules and played the role of Susan Belfontaine.[48] In 2013, Jones directed the music video for Sara Bareilles' song \"Brave\". It marked her debut as a director.", "Mariska Hargitay. Hargitay appeared in the 17th season of NBC's The More You Know public service announcements in 2006,[49] and again in the spring of 2009.[50] She is an honorary board member director of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation.[51]", "Rashida Jones. Jones made her professional acting debut in The Last Don, a 1997 miniseries based on the novel by Mario Puzo. She next appeared in Myth America, East of A and If These Walls Could Talk 2. In 2000, she guest starred as Karen Scarfolli on Freaks and Geeks before landing the role of Louisa Fenn on Boston Public. Between 2000 and 2002, she appeared in 26 episodes, earning an NAACP Image Award nomination in her final year.[21] Although she had a minor supporting role in the series, film opportunities quickly surfaced. She had a small role in Full Frontal, directed by Steven Soderbergh, and starred in Now You Know, written and directed by Kevin Smith regular Jeff Anderson. She also starred in the short film Roadside Assistance with Adam Brody.", "The Amazing Mrs Pritchard. Emily Pritchard is Ros's older daughter. Emily finds her mother's new fame hard to deal with. Initially a student at the University of Sussex, she soon drops out. A magazine deal sees naked pictures of her projected onto the Houses of Parliament. And when her father admits his money laundering to Emily, it is a secret she finds hard to keep.", "Lindsay Wagner. Wagner continued to act into the 1990s and 2000s, though in less prominent roles, such as a small part in the action movie Ricochet (1991). Her most recent projects have included the 2005 television film Thicker than Water with Melissa Gilbert, Buckaroo: The Movie (2005), and Four Extraordinary Women (2006). In 2010, Wagner began a recurring role as Dr. Vanessa Calder in the SyFy channel's hit drama Warehouse 13 and played the character again in its Syfy sister show Alphas in 2011.", "Jean Fergusson. In theatre, Fergusson's show She Knows You Know!, in which she portrayed the comedian Hylda Baker, performed at the Vaudeville Theatre, was nominated for a 1998 Laurence Olivier Theatre Award for Best Entertainment of the 1997 season.[1] and she was part of the cast of the touring play Seven Deadly Sins Four Deadly Sinners. In 2010 she took on the role of Dorothy Hoyle in Coronation Street, having previously played Gary Mallet's mother in 1999 and Dr Lowther's sister-in-law Helen Ashcroft in 1987. She reappeared in 2011, and was part of a large kidnapping storyline involving her husband Alan, John Stape and Chesney Battersby-Brown.[2]", "More Than You'll Ever Know. The song's music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered on Country Music Television on July 15, 1996. The video features an old man, who turns out to be played by Travis Tritt wearing prosthetic make-up. Tritt plays himself and the old man in the video.", "More Than You'll Ever Know. \"More Than You'll Ever Know\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Travis Tritt. It was released in July 1996 as the lead-off single from his album The Restless Kind. It peaked at number 3 in the United States, and number 7 in Canada.", "Rachel Riley. She has also made brief appearances in such shows as The IT Crowd, Dispatches, Britain's Brightest and 1001 Things You Should Know.", "Hilary Duff. Hilary Erhard Duff (born September 28, 1987) is an American actress, singer, songwriter, businesswoman, and author. Duff began her acting career at a young age and quickly became labeled a teen idol as the title character of the Disney Channel television series Lizzie McGuire (2001–2004) and in the theatrical film based off the series, The Lizzie McGuire Movie (2003). Thereafter, Duff appeared in numerous films, with leading roles in Agent Cody Banks (2003), Cheaper by the Dozen (2003), A Cinderella Story (2004), and Cheaper by the Dozen 2 (2005). After experiencing commercial and critical failure in Material Girls (2006), Duff began appearing in independent films such as War, Inc. (2008), According to Greta (2009), and Bloodworth (2010). Since 2015, she has starred as Kelsey Peters on the TV Land comedy-drama series Younger, for which she has received nominations for People's Choice Awards in 2016 and 2017.", "Morena Baccarin. Morena Baccarin (/məˈreɪnə ˈbækərɪn/;[1] Portuguese: [moˈɾenɐ ˈbakaɾĩ]; born June 2, 1979)[2] is a Brazilian-American actress. She is known for portraying Inara Serra in the series Firefly and the follow-up film Serenity, Adria in the series Stargate SG-1 and the follow-up film Stargate: The Ark of Truth, Anna in the 2009 version of the series V, Vanessa in the superhero comedy film Deadpool and its sequel Deadpool 2, and Jessica Brody in the Showtime series Homeland (for which she received an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013). She plays the role of Dr. Leslie Thompkins in the Fox television series Gotham.", "Chloë Grace Moretz. In 2017, Moretz co-starred again with Ansel Elgort, in the crime drama November Criminals. She also appeared in that year's controversial comedy-drama I Love You, Daddy. In 2018, she will star in the horror film Suspiria, the drama film The Miseducation of Cameron Post and the thriller film The Widow.", "Gary Seven. His colleagues, Agents 201 and 347, had been using the cover of researching for a new encyclopedia, and had hired Miss Roberta Lincoln (Teri Garr) as their secretary. She is originally unaware of Seven's origins, but as she \"possesses high I.Q.\",[4] she realizes swiftly that he is not what he seems; she even guesses that he is alien or from the future.", "Chloë Grace Moretz. Chloë Grace Moretz (/məˈrɛts/;[1] born February 10, 1997) is an American actress and model. She began her film career at age seven, with roles in The Amityville Horror (2005), The Poker House (2008), (500) Days of Summer (2009), Diary of a Wimpy Kid (2010) and Let Me In (2010).[2]", "Milana Vayntrub. Vayntrub has appeared in short films and in the web series Let's Talk About Something More Interesting,[4] co-starring Stevie Nelson. She starred in the Yahoo! Screen series Other Space.", "A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More \"Touch Me\". The song was originally titled \"A Little Less Molly Ringwald, a Little More Samantha Fox\".[3] Molly Ringwald is an actress who starred in the 1984 movie Sixteen Candles, referenced in the final song title. \"Touch Me\" is a reference to the hit song by Samantha Fox. The accompanying music video to \"A Little Less Sixteen Candles, a Little More \"Touch Me\"\" was nominated for Best Video Inspired by a Film at the First Annual Fuse Fangoria Chainsaw Awards 2006.[4]", "The Less I Know the Better. A music video for the song was uploaded on 26 November 2015 to the group's Vevo channel. The video follows a high school basketball player in love with a cheerleader, who soon begins a relationship with the team's gorilla mascot (named Trevor).[6] Lars Brandle of Billboard described it thus: \"the clip is a strange tale of high school lust and jealousy (and King Kong) played out in a technicolor trip.\" The clip was filmed by the Barcelona based creative collective and directors known as \"Canada\".[7] The cheerleader is portrayed by Spanish actress Laia Manzanares[8] and the basketball player is portayed by Spanish actor Albert Baró.[9]", "Jodie Whittaker. In Whittaker's first major role, she co-starred as Jessie / Venus in the film Venus. Her radio credits include a 2008 adaptation of Blinded by the Sun by Stephen Poliakoff[5] and Lydia Bennett in Unseen Austen, an original drama by Judith French. In 2009, she worked on the film Ollie Kepler's Expanding Purple World, the BBC2 drama Royal Wedding,[6] and the short film Wish 143,[7] which was nominated for the Academy Award for Live Action Short Film at the 83rd Academy Awards.[8]", "Drew Barrymore. In 2009, Barrymore starred in the ensemble comedy He's Just Not That Into You, which garnered mixed reviews from critics, who observed her limited time on screen,[78][79][80] while it grossed US$178 million worldwide.[81] She played the lead role of Edith Bouvier Beale, the daughter of Edith Ewing Bouvier Beale (Jessica Lange), in the HBO film Grey Gardens, directed by Michael Sucsy and based on the 1975 documentary of the same name. The television film was a huge success, winning five Primetime Emmy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards. Rolling Stone writer Peter Travels found Barrymore to be a \"revelation\" in her role[82] and she won the Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her performance.", "Morena Baccarin. Baccarin appeared alongside Melissa McCarthy in the 2015 action-comedy Spy as agent Karen Walker. In 2016, Baccarin appeared alongside Ryan Reynolds in the hit movie Deadpool as Vanessa Carlysle.[18]", "Lorna Morello. In her fictional backstory, Morello grew up in Boston, after her Brooklyn mother married an Italian Bostonian man.[4] Morello's home life was shown in the fourth episode of the second season. Morello's mother needed constant care, as she was ill, while her father and brother just sat around the house watching the television.[7] Morello escaped by going to the movies and committing mail fraud by purchasing designer clothing online, then claiming she never received the items to get a refund.[7] Her bedroom walls were shown to be covered in posters and collages, which prompted Eliza Berman from Slate to note that Morello had created a \"teenaged refuge\" and that she was \"stuck in adolescence\".[7] Morello received a 34-month sentence for her crime, the nature of which was not initially revealed. It also emerged that Morello had a fiancé, Christopher, on the outside and she was \"a hopeless romantic\".[7] Morello was the first inmate Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling) met at Litchfield, as she was the prison's transport driver. Stone told Seanna Cronin from The Toowoomba Chronicle that Morello's role in the prison was to welcome new inmates and show them around.[8] Stone said Morello was a positive person and \"a really vulnerable human being\", who was dealing with her situation the best she could.[8] She also described Morello as being \"pretty bold sometimes, and weirdly opinionated.\"[9]", "Susan Misner. Susan Misner (/ˈmɪsnər/; born February 8, 1971) is an American dancer, television and film actress. She has appeared in a number of TV series as a guest star, as well as several recurring roles.", "Tracy Reiner. Tracy Reiner (born Tracy Henry; July 7, 1964) is an American actress who is the daughter of filmmaker Penny Marshall. She was adopted by Marshall's second husband, filmmaker Rob Reiner, taking the Reiner family name. She is known for her roles in When Harry Met Sally..., Masque of the Red Death, A League of Their Own, and Apollo 13.", "Jennifer Love Hewitt. Hewitt's first feature film role was in the independent film Munchie (1992).[27] A year later, she achieved her first starring film role in Little Miss Millions (1993). She appeared as a choir member in Sister Act 2: Back in the Habit (1993).[28] Hewitt became a film star after a lead role in the horror film I Know What You Did Last Summer (1997),[29] which enjoyed great box office success ($125,000,000 USD).[30] Hewitt and her co-stars gained popular exposure from the film. She appeared in the sequel I Still Know What You Did Last Summer (1998), which, though not as successful as the first film, took in more money on its opening weekend.[31] She starred in the high-school comedy Can't Hardly Wait (1998).[32]", "Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly. Rae'Ven Larrymore Kelly (born June 28, 1985) is an American film and television actress.", "Amber Valletta. In the 2000s, Valletta began to focus on her career as an actress. She had her first major film role as a poltergeist in Robert Zemeckis's supernatural thriller What Lies Beneath (2000). She has since appeared in films such as Hitch (2005), Transporter 2 (2005), Man About Town (2006), Dead Silence (2007), Gamer (2009), and The Spy Next Door (2010). In 2011, she moved to television, appearing in a recurring role as the fallen socialite Lydia Davis on the ABC prime time soap opera Revenge. In 2015, Valletta starred as villainous Carla Briggs in another ABC soap opera, Blood & Oil.", "Marguerite Moreau. Returning to television, she starred as Susan Atkins in Helter Skelter, a television movie about Charles Manson, and had a regular role on the ABC network series Life As We Know It in the 2004–2005 season. She played Monica Young, a high school teacher having an affair with one of her students.", "Renée Zellweger. Renée Kathleen Zellweger (/rəˈneɪ ˈzɛlwɛɡər/; born April 25, 1969) is an American actress and producer. She has received critical acclaim and numerous accolades, including an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, three Golden Globe Awards, and three Screen Actors Guild Awards. She was also named Hasty Pudding's Woman of the Year in 2009,[3] and established herself as one of the highest-paid Hollywood actresses in 2007.[4]" ]

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[ "Ray Donovan. The drama is set in Los Angeles, California, where Irish-American Ray Donovan (Liev Schreiber), originally from South Boston, works for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous. Donovan is a \"fixer\": a person who arranges bribes, payoffs, threats, and other shady activities, to ensure the outcome desired by the client. Good at his job, and no common hood, Ray is normally a devoted family man as well. He experiences his own problems when his menacing father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison, and the FBI attempts to bring down Ray and his associates.", "List of Ray Donovan episodes. Ray Donovan is an American crime drama television series created by Ann Biderman, which premiered on Showtime on June 30, 2013.[1] Liev Schreiber stars as the titular character, a \"fixer\" for the powerful law firm Goldman & Drexler, representing the rich and famous of Los Angeles, California. Ray experiences his own problems when his father, Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight), is unexpectedly released from prison.", "Ray Donovan. Ray Donovan is an American television crime drama series created by Ann Biderman for Showtime. The twelve-episode first season premiered on June 30, 2013.[1][2][3] The pilot episode broke viewership records, becoming the biggest premiere of all time on Showtime.[4] Showtime renewed the show for a fourth season, which premiered on June 26, 2016.[5] On August 11, 2016, Showtime renewed the show for a fifth season, which premiered on August 6, 2017.[6][7] On October 23, 2017, the series was renewed for a 12-episode sixth season, to be filmed in New York City and debut in 2018.[8]", "The Bag or the Bat. In Massachusetts, following his release from prison, Irish gangster Mickey Donovan is driven to a church and murders a priest. In California, Mickey's son Ray works as a fixer for the high-powered Los Angeles law firm of Goldman & Drexler. Ray and his associate Avi are summoned to a hotel room, where Deonte Frasier has woken up next to a dead girl after a night of partying. Ray's employer, Lee Drexler, sends him to rectify a situation involving Tommy Wheeler, a young movie star and closeted homosexual who is rumored to have picked up a transvestite hooker. Ray decides to merge the two cases and replace Deonte with Tommy, clearing Deonte of any involvement with the dead girl and drawing attention away from the rumors about Tommy. With Lena acting as Tommy's publicist, the swap is successful, and Tommy is taken to rehab to complete the ruse.", "The Bag or the Bat. The pilot episode introduces all members of the main cast as well as a number of recurring characters. The titular character of Ray Donovan (played by Liev Schreiber) works as a \"fixer\" for Lee Drexler (Peter Jacobson) and Ezra Goldman (Elliott Gould), cleaning up serious situations for elite Hollywood players. Donovan is aided by his team of Avi (Steven Bauer) and Lena (Katherine Moennig), and works to balance his demanding job schedule with his family life. His wife, Abby (Paula Malcomson) is aware of her husband's profession, as are their children Bridget (Kerris Dorsey) and Connor (Devon Bagby). Ray's brothers Terry (Eddie Marsan) and Bunchy (Dash Mihok) run a local gym, using their skills as past boxers to make a living. Also at the gym and in training is their half-brother, Daryll (Pooch Hall). The series begins when Mickey Donovan (Jon Voight) is unexpectedly released from prison 5 years early and is anxious to reunite with his family. Ray is responsible for his father's incarceration and will stop at nothing to protect his family from Mickey.", "Guy Burnet. After years on the New York stage Burnet moved on to cable TV work and film. He is currently on Showtime series \"Ray Donovan\"", "Queen Sugar. The series follows the life of three siblings: two sisters, Nova Bordelon (played by Rutina Wesley), a formidable journalist and activist from New Orleans, and Charley Bordelon (Dawn-Lyen Gardner), a working wife and mother, who, with her teenaged son Micah, leaves her upscale home in Los Angeles and moves to the heart of Louisiana to claim an inheritance from her recently departed father – an 800-acre sugarcane farm; and their brother, Ralph Angel Bordelon (Kofi Siriboe), a single parent struggling with unemployment and raising his son alone after his father's death.", "Ray Donovan. Ray Donovan has received positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives the first season a rating of 76% based on reviews from 38 critics, with the sites consensus stating: \"Ray Donovan moves quickly between genres and tones, with Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight's performances making the whiplash worth it\".[17] Metacritic gives the first season a weighted average score of 75 out of 100, based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating \"generally positive reviews\".[18]", "For the Love of Ray J (season 1). The show, which premiered on February 2, 2009, follows Ray J and his entourage of female suitors to clubs in Los Angeles, to Las Vegas where they’ll party with his friends, and to Ray’s childhood home where they’ll meet his family and older sister Brandy Norwood.", "The Vampire Diaries. The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia, a town charged with supernatural history since its settlement of migrants from New England in the late 19th century. It follows the life of Elena Gilbert (Nina Dobrev), a teenage girl who has just lost both parents in a car accident, as she falls in love with a 162-year-old vampire named Stefan Salvatore (Paul Wesley). Their relationship becomes increasingly complicated as Stefan's mysterious older brother Damon Salvatore (Ian Somerhalder) returns, with a plan to bring back their past lover Katherine Pierce, a vampire who looks exactly like Elena. Although Damon is initially the villain and harbors a grudge against his brother for forcing him to become a vampire, he later reconciles with Stefan and falls in love with Elena, creating a love triangle among the three. Both brothers protect Elena as they face various villains and threats to their town, including Katherine. The brothers' history and the town's mythology are revealed through flashbacks as the series goes on.", "Arrowverse. Centered on the character Raymond \"Ray\" Terrill (Russell Tovey) who is a reporter who gains light-based powers after being exposed to a genetic light bomb. Ray discovers the bomb in his investigation of a secret government project attempting to harness the power of light and weaponize it. The series was inspired by Grant Morrison's Multiversity.[22] Guggenheim noted there was \"a very specific reason\" the series was titled as it was, in order to introduce the Freedom Fighters and Earth-X. He continued, \"Morrison came up with an idea we really responded to: The Freedom Fighters are made up of various minorities targeted by Nazis-women, gay men, Jews. We wanted to honor that idea. At the same time, it's an origin story about the Earth-1 iteration of The Ray.\"[68]", "Tate Donovan. Donovan was born in Tenafly, New Jersey,[3] to John Timothy Donovan, a surgeon,[4][5][6] and Eileen Frances (née McAllister), both Roman Catholics of Irish descent.[7][8] Donovan is the youngest of seven children.[9] He attended Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey, before transferring to Tenafly High School and attending the University of Southern California.[10] He appeared on television since his teenage years.", "Jeffrey Donovan. Donovan was born in Amesbury, Massachusetts,[1] and raised along with two brothers, Michael and Sean, by their mother, Nancy Matthews.[3] Of his childhood, Donovan recalled:", "Twerking. On July 14, 2013, Showtime broadcast Season 1 Episode 3, of the series, \"Ray Donovan\", entitled \"Twerk,\" in which actor John Voight's character enters a college library and pays a student to give up his computer terminal so that he can watch online videos of women twerking.[58] A YouTube video of the scene has more than 38,000views.[59]", "Shut Eye. The series centers around the life of failed magician Charlie Haverford (Donovan), who now works as a psychic.[3]", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. The series is set in the fictional town of Mystic Falls, Virginia. The focal points of the show are a love triangle – involving Elena Gilbert and vampire brothers Stefan and Damon Salvatore – and the town's supernatural history, involving Elena's friends and relatives.", "Doug Ross. During Season 2, Ray tries to reconcile with Doug, who has difficulty reconnecting with the man who abandoned him and his mother. Ray owns a ritzy hotel in Chicago, and Doug lets his guard down a little but is disappointed when his father offers to take him to a Chicago Bulls game and then stands him up. Ross later reveals the reason that he and his mother were abused by his father. Doug later has an affair with Ray's girlfriend, a woman from whom Ray stole money, but ends the relationship when it becomes clear that she has a lot of problems.", "Raymond J. Donovan. Donovan was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, on August 31, 1930. He attended the Notre Dame Seminary in New Orleans, Louisiana. He worked as a union laborer in summers and received a B.A. in philosophy. He married Catherine Sblendorio in 1957. They had three children: Kenneth, Mary Ellen, and Keith Donovan. Donovan worked for the American Insurance Company and Schiavone Construction Company, becoming the Vice President in charge of labor relations, finance, bonding and real estate in 1959, and by 1971 its Executive Vice President.[citation needed]", "The Bag or the Bat. \"The Bag or the Bat\" received mixed to positive critical reviews after being released. Writing for IGN, Roth Cornet gave the episode an 8.5/10, praising the performances of both Schreiber and Voight in particular.[15] Writing for The A.V. Club, Todd VanDerWerff rated the episode a \"C\", and wrote that \"There are good moments in every episode sent out to critics—five in total—but they’re not enough to overcome the crushing sameness of so much of what happens here, nor are they enough to overcome the sense that this show, ambitious as it is, has absolutely no center.\" VanDerWerff did note that \"At every level of Ray Donovan, it’s evident that talented people are working on the show\", and praised Schreiber's performance as Donovan, writing \"The strongest reason to watch the show is the cast, which is stocked to the gills with great actors. That starts with Ray himself, Liev Schreiber, who’s long been among the most mesmerizing thing onscreen in any of his films and repeats that performance here, in a role that has enough confidence in its leading man to let him be silent often.\"[16] Writing for The Boston Globe, Matthew Gilbert called the series \"the most vital new series of the year so far.\"[17]", "I Love Lucy. Originally set in an apartment building in New York City, I Love Lucy centers on Lucy Ricardo (Lucille Ball) and her singer/bandleader husband Ricky Ricardo (Desi Arnaz), along with their best friends and landlords Fred Mertz (William Frawley) and Ethel Mertz (Vivian Vance). During the second season, Lucy and Ricky have a son named Ricky Ricardo Jr. (\"Little Ricky\"), whose birth was timed to coincide with Ball's real-life delivery of her son Desi Arnaz Jr.[10]", "Jeffrey Donovan. From 2007 to 2013, Donovan starred in Burn Notice, as Michael Westen, a spy who was burned, seemingly by the CIA or Homeland Security, for reasons unknown to him, and marooned in Miami, Florida. The show follows Westen as he attempts to find out why he was burned and regain his job as a covert intelligence agent, in addition to bringing justice to the good people of Miami. Donovan made his directorial debut with the series' episode, \"Made Man\" which first aired on June 17, 2010. Donovan also directed a prequel film starring co-star Bruce Campbell, titled Burn Notice: The Fall of Sam Axe, which first aired on USA Network on April 17, 2011. The series lasted for seven seasons, received positive reviews from both fans and critics, and was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards.", "Desi Arnaz. In addition to I Love Lucy, he executive produced The Ann Sothern Show and Those Whiting Girls (starring Margaret Whiting and Barbara Whiting Smith), and was involved in several other series such as The Untouchables, Whirlybirds, and Sheriff of Cochise / United States Marshal. He also produced the feature film Forever, Darling (1956), in which Ball and he starred. In the late 1950s, Arnaz proposed a Western television series to his then neighbor, Victor Orsatti, who formed a production company, Ror-Vic, in partnership with actor Rory Calhoun. Ror-Vic produced The Texan, which aired on Monday evenings on CBS from 1958 to 1960. Episodes were budgeted at $40,000 each, with two black-and-white segments filmed weekly through Desilu Studios. Despite the name, the series was mostly in Pearl Flats in the Mojave Desert of Southern California. The program could have been renewed for a third season had Calhoun not desired to return to films.[8]", "Raymond J. Donovan. Raymond James \"Ray\" Donovan (born August 31, 1930) is an American businessman and former politician. He served as U.S. Secretary of Labor under President Reagan.", "Atom (Ray Palmer). Raymond \"Ray\" Palmer, is a physicist and professor at Ivy University in the fictional city of Ivy Town, somewhere in New England, specializing in matter compression as a means to fight overpopulation, famine and other world problems. Using a mass of white dwarf star matter he finds after it lands on Earth, Palmer fashions a lens that enables him to shrink any object to any degree he wishes. Compression destabilizes an object's molecular structure, however, causing it to explode.", "Ray Donovan. Tim Goodman, writing for The Hollywood Reporter, said that \"Showtime has another gem on their hands\" and the casting of Liev Schreiber and Jon Voight was \"gold\".[19]", "Trading Places. Duke brothers Randolph and Mortimer own a successful commodities brokerage in Philadelphia. Holding opposing views on the issue of nature versus nurture, they make a wager and agree to conduct an experiment switching the lives of two unwitting people at opposite sides of the social hierarchy and observing the results. They witness an encounter between their managing director—the well-mannered and educated Louis Winthorpe III, engaged to the Dukes' grand-niece Penelope—and a poor street hustler named Billy Ray Valentine; Valentine is arrested at Winthorpe's insistence because of a suspected robbery attempt. The Dukes decide to use the two men for their experiment.", "The Bag or the Bat. \"The Bag or the Bat\" is the pilot episode of the Showtime original series Ray Donovan, and premiered on June 30, 2013. The series premiere was directed by Allen Coulter and written by series creator Ann Biderman.[1] Prior to the premiere television airing, the episode was uploaded to YouTube by Showtime and was previewed over 150,000 times.[2][3]", "Jeffrey Donovan. Donovan has guest-starred in several television shows, including CSI: Miami, Spin City, Monk, Millennium, Witchblade, The Pretender, Homicide: Life on the Street and Law & Order. In the short-lived TV series Threshold, Donovan played the antihero Dr. Sloan. Donovan also played the recurring role of William Ivers in Crossing Jordan. In 2004, he had his first leading role in the American remake of the British television series Touching Evil with Vera Farmiga on the USA Network.", "Jeffrey Donovan. Jeffrey Donovan (born May 11, 1968)[1] is an American actor and director. He played Michael Westen in the television series Burn Notice, and starred in films such as Hitch, Believe in Me, Changeling and Come Early Morning. He played Robert F. Kennedy in Clint Eastwood's J. Edgar (2011)[2] and his brother John F. Kennedy in Rob Reiner's LBJ. He had a recurring role in the second season of the TV series Fargo (2015).", "For the Love of Ray J (season 1). Multi-platinum hip-hop artist Ray J has traveled the world and lived the life of a superstar, but now he's ready to find true love. 14 lovely women join Ray at an exclusive concert in Hollywood where Ray performs his hit single \"Sexy Can I\". After the stunning performance, they are whisked away to Ray J's palatial mansion and treated to a sumptuous dinner, as well as more and more drinks. After one-on-one interviews marked by stripper splits, drunkenness and tears, Ray sends two of the girls home.", "For the Love of Ray J (season 1). After the three remaining girls were given a chance to meet all of Ray's friends and family, Ray decides he needs to flip the script and go and meet their families. But the journey for Danger has become too much and she must leave the house before they go any further. In a shocking farewell, she packs her bags and says goodbye, but that this matter is far from finished!. The show must go on however, so Ray and the remaining two girls pack their bags. Unique's turn is first, so she gets on Ray's private jet to travel to Cleveland to meet her parents! Meanwhile arrangements are made for Cocktail to fly to Sacramento to be ready at the airport when he arrives. After quite an intense experience with Unique's family, Ray J leaves in his private jet for Sacramento to meet up with Cocktail, leaving Unique behind in Cleveland, but arranging for her flight to Las Vegas to meet later. Ray's goal of getting a better understanding of the two remaining girls works when he learns more than he ever expected. His experience with Cocktail's family is quite a different one from Unique's family! After meeting the ladies' families Ray decides that it's time to finish things right...so he and Cocktail get back on the jet and head to Vegas, where they meet up with Unique, much to Cocktail's buzzkill. So Ray spends quality time with each girl.", "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. The series follows \"The Gang\", a group of five depraved underachievers: twins Dennis Reynolds (Glenn Howerton) and Deandra \"Sweet Dee\" Reynolds (Kaitlin Olson), their friends Charlie Kelly (Charlie Day) and Ronald \"Mac\" McDonald (Rob McElhenney), and (from season 2 onward) Frank Reynolds (Danny DeVito), Dennis' and Dee's legal father. The Gang runs the dilapidated Paddy's Pub, an Irish bar in South Philadelphia." ]

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[ "Medical license. In most countries, the medical profession requires occupational licenses and only persons with a medical license bestowed either by a specified government-approved professional association or a government agency are authorized to practice medicine. Licenses are not granted automatically to all people with medical degrees. A medical school graduate must receive a license to practice medicine before he or she can be called a physician in a legal sense, a process that usually entails testing or examinations by a medical board. The medical license is the documentation of authority to practice medicine within a certain locality.", "Medical school. Although medical schools confer upon graduates a medical degree, a physician typically may not legally practice medicine until licensed by the local government authority.[3] Licensing may also require passing a test, undergoing a criminal background check, checking references, paying a fee, and undergoing several years of postgraduate training. Medical schools are regulated by each country and appear in the World Directory of Medical Schools which was formed by the merger of the AVICENNA Directory for medicine and the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory.", "United States Medical Licensing Examination. The United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) is a three-step examination for medical licensure in the United States and is sponsored by the Federation of State Medical Boards (FSMB) and the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME).[1] Physicians with an MD degree are required to pass this examination before being permitted to practice medicine in the United States; see below for requirements of physicians with a DO degree.", "Healthcare in Canada. Each province regulates its medical profession through a self-governing College of Physicians and Surgeons, which is responsible for licensing physicians, setting practice standards, and investigating and disciplining its members.", "Medical education in the Philippines. The licensure exams for physicians (board exam for doctors) are administered by the Philippine Board of Medicine, a professional regulatory body under the general control and supervision of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) of the Philippines.[1]", "Osteopathic medicine in the United States. In the United States, laws regulating physician licenses are governed by the states. Between 1901 and 1989, osteopathic physicians lobbied state legislatures to pass laws giving those with a D.O. degree the same legal privilege to practice medicine as those with an M.D. degree. In many states, the debate was long and protracted. Both the AOA and the AMA were heavily involved in influencing the legislative process. The first state to pass such a law was California in 1901, the last was Nebraska in 1989.[40]", "General Medical Council. Other countries, including New Zealand, South Africa, Australia and Singapore, have a central regulator similar to the GMC. In the United States, each state has its own regulatory board for doctors. In Germany, each state has an Ärztekammer with lawful authority to regulate the medical profession; there is no federal level authority for the Federal Republic of Germany, although regulations of University Training and qualification (medical state examinations) are set by federal law in the Bundestag (the federal parliament in Germany) . Nevertheless, the Bundesärztekammer, a voluntary association of private law, was founded to support the professions' interests.", "Medical license. The term \"Medical License\" is US-centric terminology. In the UK and in other commonwealth countries the analogous instrument is called registration; i.e. being on the register or being/getting struck off (the register). The General Medical Council is the regulatory body for doctor's licensing in the UK. Currently, there are two types of basic registration: \"Provisional Registration\" and \"Full Registration\", and two types of specialty registration: \"Specialist Registration\" and \"GP registration\".[5] In November 2009, the GMC introduced the \"licence to practise\", and it is required by law that to practise medicine in the UK, all doctors need to be registered and hold a licence to practise.[6] The registration information for all doctors holding or that have previously held a license in the UK is available online at the GMC website.[7]", "Health professional. Practicing without a license that is valid and current is typically illegal. In most jurisdictions, the provision of health care services is regulated by the government. Individuals found to be providing medical, nursing or other professional services without the appropriate certification or license may face sanctions and criminal charges leading to a prison term. The number of professions subject to regulation, requisites for individuals to receive professional licensure, and nature of sanctions that can be imposed for failure to comply vary across jurisdictions.", "Admission to practice law. Regulation of the legal profession is a power reserved to the states pursuant to the Tenth Amendment to the US Constitution. Each state, territory and the District of Columbia has its own rules. Unlike many other countries, US jurisdictions do not license legal practitioners as solicitors and barristers, but all licensed attorneys are qualified to practice as both.", "Professional certification. Medical specialty certification in the United States is a voluntary process. While medical licensure sets the minimum competency requirements to diagnose and treat patients, it is not specialty specific.[47] Board certification demonstrates a physician’s exceptional expertise in a particular specialty or sub-specialty of medical practice.", "Scope of practice. In most jurisdictions, health care professions with scope of practice laws and regulations include any profession within health care that requires a license to practice such as physicians, surgeon's assistant, nurses, dietitians, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, occupational therapists and dentists among many others.[1][2]", "Health professional requisites. For instance, in the United States, under Michigan state laws, an individual is guilty of a felony if he practices or holds himself out as practicing a health profession subject to regulation without a license or registration or under a suspended, revoked, lapsed, void, or fraudulently obtained license or registration, or exceeding what a limited license or registration allows, or who uses the license or registration of another person as his own. The \"practice of medicine\" may be defined as any diagnosis, treatment, prevention, cure, or relieving of a human disease, ailment, defect, complaint, or other physical or mental condition, by attendance, advice, device, diagnostic test, or other means, or offering, undertaking, attempting to do, or holding oneself out as able to do, any of these acts.[7]", "Medical license. Beyond the more general criticisms of occupational licensing that licensing increases costs and fails to improve quality, licensing in the medical profession specifically has been criticized as failing to enforce the standard practices they are charged with enforcing. In 1986, Inspector General at the US Health Department said that medical boards took \"strikingly few disciplinary actions\" for physician misconduct.[10] There have been a number of cases involving patient deaths where physicians only had their licenses removed years after multiple wrongful patient deaths had happened.[10] [11]", "Medical school. Licensing of medical doctors in the United States is coordinated at the state level. Most states require that prospective licensees complete the following requirements:", "United States Medical Licensing Examination. All three steps of the USMLE exam must be passed before a physician with an M.D. degree is eligible to apply for an unrestricted license to practice medicine in the United States. U.S. osteopathic medical school graduates are permitted to take either the USMLE or the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination (COMLEX) exam for medical licensure. Students who have graduated from medical schools outside the US and Canada must pass all three steps of the USMLE to be licensed to practice in the US, regardless of the title of their degree.", "Medical school. Medical education is regulated by the Irish Medical Council, the statutory body that is also responsible for maintaining a register of medical practitioners[60]. After graduation with the degrees of BM BS (Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery) or MB BCh BAO (Medicinae Baccalaureus, Baccalaureus in Chirurgia, Baccalaureus in Arte Obstetricia), a doctor is required to spend one year as an intern under supervision before full registration is permitted. Graduates of the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland also receive the traditional \"Licenciate of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons and Physicians in Ireland\" (LRCP&SI), which was awarded before the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland became an Affiliate of the National University of Ireland and thus was allowed grant degrees, under the Medical Practitioners Act (1978).", "Medical license. The Instituto Colombiano para el Fomento de la Educación Superior (ICFES) and the Ministry of Education regulate the medical schools that are licensed to offer medical degrees. After completing all the schools' requirements to obtain a medical degree, physicians must serve the \"obligatory social service\" (in rural areas, research, public health or special populations e.g. orphan children) which usually lasts one year. After completing the social service, the \"medical registration\" may be obtained at the governor's office (Gobernación) of the Department (province/state) in which the obligatory term was served. This registration is homologous to a license in other countries and authorizes the physician to practice medicine in all the national territory. However, in order to practice in other departments, an inscription in that department must be performed. Unlike the US, there is no official licensing exam for medical graduates in Colombia, since this responsibility is delegated in medical schools upon receiving permission to confer medical degrees.", "Profession. Originally, any regulation of the professions was self-regulation through bodies such as the College of Physicians or the Inns of Court. With the growing role of government, statutory bodies have increasingly taken on this role, their members being appointed either by the profession or (increasingly) by government. Proposals for the introduction or enhancement of statutory regulation may be welcomed by a profession as protecting clients and enhancing its quality and reputation, or as restricting access to the profession and hence enabling higher fees to be charged. It may be resisted as limiting the members' freedom to innovate or to practice as in their professional judgement they consider best.", "Practicing without a license. License requirements vary widely with jurisdiction, sometimes even within a single country. Practicing a professional discipline without a license may be legal in some jurisdictions. For example, nine U.S. states have passed health freedom laws that protect alternative practitioners such as herbalists from prosecution for \"practicing medicine without a license.\"[4] In the area of mental health, Oregon offers broad licensing exemptions for professional counselors and marriage and family therapists, allowing people to practice these professions either with or without a license.[3] Colorado requires registration but not licensing for psychotherapists.[5] Other states also have exemptions or registration requirements instead of, or in addition to licensing for some professions.", "General Medical Council. The GMC regulates medical education and training in the United Kingdom. It runs 'quality assurance' programmes for UK medical schools and postgraduate deaneries to ensure that the necessary standards and outcomes are achieved.[20]", "Continuing medical education. In the United States, many states require CME for medical professionals to maintain their licenses.[4] Within the United States, CME for physicians is regulated by the Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education (ACCME) and the American Osteopathic Association (AOA).", "General Medical Council. Secondly, the GMC regulates and sets the standards for medical schools in the UK, and liaises with other nations' medical and university regulatory bodies over medical schools overseas, leading to some qualifications being mutually recognised. Since 2010, it also regulates postgraduate medical education.", "Talk:Naturopathy/Archive 5. Because the practicing of diagnosing and treating disease is reserved to licensed individuals the practice of naturopathic medicine as defined by the profession is unlawful in those states that do not regulate naturopathic medicine.", "Health care in the United States. Healthcare is subject to extensive regulation at both the federal and the state level, much of which \"arose haphazardly\".[86] Under this system, the federal government cedes primary responsibility to the states under the McCarran-Ferguson Act. Essential regulation includes the licensure of health care providers at the state level and the testing and approval of pharmaceuticals and medical devices by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and laboratory testing. These regulations are designed to protect consumers from ineffective or fraudulent healthcare. Additionally, states regulate the health insurance market and they often have laws which require that health insurance companies cover certain procedures,[87] although state mandates generally do not apply to the self-funded health care plans offered by large employers, which exempt from state laws under preemption clause of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act.", "United States Medical Licensing Examination. The USMLE assesses a physician's ability to apply knowledge, concepts, and principles, and to determine fundamental patient-centered skills that are important in health and disease and that constitute the basis of safe and effective patient care. Examination committees composed of medical educators and clinicians from across the United States and its territories create the examination materials each year. At least two committees critically appraise each test item or case, revising or discarding any materials that are in doubt.[2]", "Medical license. The federal government does not grant licenses. A physician practicing in a federal facility, federal prison, US Military, and/or an Indian Reservation may have a license from any state, not just the one they are residing in. The practice of \"tele-medicine\" has made it common for physicians to consult or interpret images and information from a distant location. Some states have special licensure for this.", "American Medical Association. Profession and Monopoly, a book published in 1975, also condemned the AMA for limiting the supply of physicians and inflating the cost of medical care in the U.S. The book asserted that physician supply is kept low by the AMA to ensure high pay for practicing physicians. It states that in the United States the number, curriculum, and size of medical schools are restricted by state licensing boards controlled by representatives of state medical societies associated with the AMA. The book is also critical of the ethical rules adopted by the AMA which restrict advertisement and other types of competition between professionals. It points out that advertising and bargaining can result in expulsion from the AMA and legal revocation of licenses. Restrictions against advertising that is not false or deceptive were dropped from the AMA Code of Medical Ethics in 1980 (AMA Ethical Policy E-5.02). The book also states that before 1912 the AMA included uniform fees for specific medical procedures in its official code of ethics. The AMA's influence on hospital regulation was also criticized in the book.[29]", "Medical license. The licensure process for most physicians takes between 3 and 6 months due to the extensive background checks, educational, training, and historical primary source verifications which are required.", "Traditional Chinese medicine. As of July 2012, only six states do not have existing legislation to regulate the professional practice of TCM. These six states are Alabama, Kansas, North Dakota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and Wyoming. In 1976, California established an Acupuncture Board and became the first state licensing professional acupuncturists.[219]", "Health care in the United States. State governments maintain state health departments, and local governments (counties and municipalities) often have their own health departments, usually branches of the state health department. Regulations of a state board may have executive and police strength to enforce state health laws. In some states, all members of state boards must be health care professionals. Members of state boards may be assigned by the governor or elected by the state committee. Members of local boards may be elected by the mayor council. The McCarran–Ferguson Act, which cedes regulation to the states, does not itself regulate insurance, nor does it mandate that states regulate insurance. \"Acts of Congress\" that do not expressly purport to regulate the \"business of insurance\" will not preempt state laws or regulations that regulate the \"business of insurance.\" The Act also provides that federal anti-trust laws will not apply to the \"business of insurance\" as long as the state regulates in that area, but federal anti-trust laws will apply in cases of boycott, coercion, and intimidation. By contrast, most other federal laws will not apply to insurance whether the states regulate in that area or not.[citation needed]", "Medical license. In the United States, medical licenses are usually granted by individual states. Only those with medical degrees from schools listed in the AVICENNA Directory for medicine or the FAIMER International Medical Education Directory are permitted to apply for medical licensure.[8]" ]

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[ "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The novel is written primarily as a third-person narrative with minimal dialogue until the final chapter. This chapter includes dialogue-intensive scenes alternately involving Stephen, Davin and Cranly. An example of such a scene is the one in which Stephen posits his complex Thomist aesthetic theory in an extended dialogue. Joyce employs first-person narration for Stephen's diary entries in the concluding pages of the novel, perhaps to suggest that Stephen has finally found his own voice and no longer needs to absorb the stories of others.[28] Joyce fully employs the free indirect style to demonstrate Stephen's intellectual development from his childhood, through his education, to his increasing independence and ultimate exile from Ireland as a young man. The style of the work progresses through each of its five chapters, as the complexity of language and Stephen's ability to comprehend the world around him both gradually increase.[29] The book's opening pages communicate Stephen's first stirrings of consciousness when he is a child. Throughout the work language is used to describe indirectly the state of mind of the protagonist and the subjective effect of the events of his life.[30]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Stephen's father gets into debt and the family leaves its pleasant suburban home to live in Dublin. Stephen realises that he will not return to Clongowes. However, thanks to a scholarship obtained for him by Father Conmee, Stephen is able to attend Belvedere College, where he excels academically and becomes a class leader.[19] Stephen squanders a large cash prize from school, and begins to see prostitutes, as distance grows between him and his drunken father.[20]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. As a student at University College, Dublin, Stephen grows increasingly wary of the institutions around him: Church, school, politics and family. In the midst of the disintegration of his family's fortunes his father berates him and his mother urges him to return to the Church.[24] An increasingly dry, humourless Stephen explains his alienation from the Church and the aesthetic theory he has developed to his friends, who find that they cannot accept either of them.[25] Stephen concludes that Ireland is too restricted to allow him to express himself fully as an artist, so he decides that he will have to leave. He sets his mind on self-imposed exile, but not without declaring in his diary his ties to his homeland:[26]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man is the first novel by Irish writer James Joyce. A Künstlerroman in a modernist style, it traces the religious and intellectual awakening of young Stephen Dedalus, a fictional alter ego of Joyce and an allusion to Daedalus, the consummate craftsman of Greek mythology. Stephen questions and rebels against the Catholic and Irish conventions under which he has grown, culminating in his self-exile from Ireland to Europe. The work uses techniques that Joyce developed more fully in Ulysses (1922) and Finnegans Wake (1939).", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. At the request of its editors, Joyce submitted a work of philosophical fiction entitled \"A Portrait of the Artist\" to the Irish literary magazine Dana on 7 January 1904.[3] Dana's editor, W. K. Magee, rejected it, telling Joyce, \"I can't print what I can't understand.\"[4] On his 22nd birthday, 2 February 1904, Joyce began a realist autobiographical novel, Stephen Hero, which incorporated aspects of the aesthetic philosophy expounded in A Portrait.[5] He worked on the book until mid-1905 and brought the manuscript with him when he moved to Trieste that year. Though his main attention turned to the stories that made up Dubliners, Joyce continued work on Stephen Hero. At 914 manuscript pages, Joyce considered the book about half-finished, having completed 25 of its 63 intended chapters.[6] In September 1907, however, he abandoned this work, and began a complete revision of the text and its structure, producing what became A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.[7] By 1909 the work had taken shape and Joyce showed some of the draft chapters to Ettore Schmitz, one of his language students, as an exercise. Schmitz, himself a respected writer, was impressed and with his encouragement Joyce continued work on the book.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Joyce showed, in his own words, \"a scrupulous meanness\" in his use of materials for the novel.[9] He recycled the two earlier attempts at explaining his aesthetics and youth, A Portrait of the Artist and Stephen Hero, as well as his notebooks from Trieste concerning the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas; they all came together in five carefully paced chapters.[10]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The childhood of Stephen Dedalus is recounted using vocabulary that changes as he grows, in a voice not his own but sensitive to his feelings. The reader experiences Stephen's fears and bewilderment as he comes to terms with the world[15] in a series of disjointed episodes.[16] Stephen attends the Jesuit-run Clongowes Wood College, where the apprehensive, intellectually gifted boy suffers the ridicule of his classmates while he learns the schoolboy codes of behaviour. While he cannot grasp their significance, at a Christmas dinner he is witness to the social, political and religious tensions in Ireland involving Charles Stewart Parnell, which drive wedges between members of his family, leaving Stephen with doubts over which social institutions he can place his faith in.[17] Back at Clongowes, word spreads that a number of older boys have been caught \"smugging\"; discipline is tightened, and the Jesuits increase use of corporal punishment. Stephen is strapped when one of his instructors believes he has broken his glasses to avoid studying, but, prodded by his classmates, Stephen works up the courage to complain to the rector, Father Conmee, who assures him there will be no such recurrence, leaving Stephen with a sense of triumph.[18]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. As Stephen abandons himself to sensual pleasures, his class is taken on a religious retreat, where the boys sit through sermons.[21] Stephen pays special attention to those on pride, guilt, punishment and the Four Last Things (death, judgement, Hell, and Heaven). He feels that the words of the sermon, describing horrific eternal punishment in hell, are directed at himself and, overwhelmed, comes to desire forgiveness. Overjoyed at his return to the Church, he devotes himself to acts of ascetic repentance, though they soon devolve to mere acts of routine, as his thoughts turn elsewhere. His devotion comes to the attention of the Jesuits, and they encourage him to consider entering the priesthood.[22] Stephen takes time to consider, but has a crisis of faith because of the conflict between his spiritual beliefs and his aesthetic ambitions. Along Dollymount Strand he spots a girl wading, and has an epiphany in which he is overcome with the desire to find a way to express her beauty in his writing.[23]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Lynch – Stephen's friend from university who has a rather dry personality.[14]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Stephen Dedalus – The main character of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Growing up, Stephen goes through long phases of hedonism and deep religiosity. He eventually adopts a philosophy of aestheticism, greatly valuing beauty and art. Stephen is essentially Joyce's alter ego, and many of the events of Stephen's life mirror events from Joyce's own youth.[14] His surname is taken from the ancient Greek mythical figure Daedalus, who also engaged in a struggle for autonomy.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. According to the literary scholar Hugh Kenner, \"every theme in the entire life-work of James Joyce is stated on the first two pages of the Portrait\".[31] The highly condensed recounting of young Stephen's growing consciousness \"enact[s] the entire action [of the novel] in microcosm. An Aristotelian catalogue of senses, faculties, and mental activities is counterpointed against the unfolding of the infant conscience\",[32] and themes that run through Joyce's later novels find expression there.[33]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. A Portrait won Joyce a reputation for his literary skills, as well as a patron, Harriet Shaw Weaver, the business manager of The Egoist.[3]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Cranly – Stephen's best friend at university, in whom he confides some of his thoughts and feelings. In this sense Cranly represents a secular confessor for Stephen. Eventually Cranly begins to encourage Stephen to conform to the wishes of his family and to try harder to fit in with his peers, advice that Stephen fiercely resents. Towards the conclusion of the novel he bears witness to Stephen's exposition of his aesthetic philosophy. It is partly due to Cranly that Stephen decides to leave, after witnessing Cranly's budding (and reciprocated) romantic interest in Emma.[14]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The writing style is notable also for Joyce's omission of quotation marks: he indicates dialogue by beginning a paragraph with a dash, as is commonly used in French, Spanish or Russian publications.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. His father told him that story: his father looked at him through a glass: he had a hairy face.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. The novel mixes third-person narrative with free indirect speech, which allows both identification with and distance from Stephen. The narrator refrains from judgement. The omniscient narrator of the earlier Stephen Hero informs the reader as Stephen sets out to write \"some pages of sorry verse,\" while Portrait gives only Stephen's attempts, leaving the evaluation to the reader.[27]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Emma Clery – Stephen's beloved, the young girl to whom he is fiercely attracted over the course of many years. Stephen constructs Emma as an ideal of femininity, even though (or because) he does not know her well.[14]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. A Portrait belongs to the genre of Künstlerroman, a story of artistic development, of which A Portrait is the primary example in English.[34]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Once upon a time and a very good time it was there was a moocow coming down along the road and this moocow that was coming down along the road met a nicens little boy named baby tuckoo ...", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. A Portrait began life in 1904 as Stephen Hero—a projected 63-chapter autobiographical novel in a realistic style. After 25 chapters, Joyce abandoned Stephen Hero in 1907 and set to reworking its themes and protagonist into a condensed five-chapter novel, dispensing with strict realism and making extensive use of free indirect speech that allows the reader to peer into Stephen's developing consciousness. American modernist poet Ezra Pound had the novel serialised in the English literary magazine The Egoist in 1914 and 1915, and published as a book in 1916 by B. W. Huebsch of New York. The publication of A Portrait and the short story collection Dubliners (1914) earned Joyce a place at the forefront of literary modernism.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Et ignotas animum dimittit in artes.\n(\"And he turned his mind to unknown arts.\")", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Computer scientists and literature scholars at University College Dublin, Ireland are in a collaboration to create the multimedia version this work, by charting the social networks of characters in the novel. Animations in the multimedia editions express the relation of every character in the chapter to the others.[39]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Born into a middle-class family in Dublin, Ireland, James Joyce (1882–1941) excelled as a student, graduating from University College, Dublin, in 1902. He moved to Paris to study medicine, but soon gave it up. He returned to Ireland at his family's request as his mother was dying of cancer. Despite her pleas, the impious Joyce and his brother Stanislaus refused to make confession or take communion, and when she passed into a coma they refused to kneel and pray for her.[1] After a stretch of failed attempts to get published and launch his own newspaper, Joyce then took jobs teaching, singing and reviewing books, while drinking heavily.[1]", "90210 (season 5). Episode 18: \"A Portrait of the Artist As a Young Call Girl\" is a reference to \"A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man\" a novel by Irish writer James Joyce", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Stephen Hero is written from the point of view of an omniscient third-person narrator, but in Portrait Joyce adopts the free indirect style, a change that reflects the moving of the narrative centre of consciousness firmly and uniquely onto Stephen. Persons and events take their significance from Stephen, and are perceived from his point of view.[11] Characters and places are no longer mentioned simply because the young Joyce had known them. Salient details are carefully chosen and fitted into the aesthetic pattern of the novel.[11]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. There was difficulty finding a British publisher for the finished novel, so Pound arranged for its publication by an American publishing house, B. W. Huebsch, which issued it on 29 December 1916.[3] The Egoist Press republished it in the United Kingdom on 12 February 1917 and Jonathan Cape took over its publication in 1924. In 1964 Viking Press issued a corrected version overseen by Chester Anderson. Garland released a \"copy text\" edition by Hans Walter Gabler in 1993.[13]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. ... I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Simon Dedalus – Stephen's father, an impoverished former medical student with a strong sense of Irish nationalism. Sentimental about his past, Simon Dedalus frequently reminisces about his youth.[14] Loosely based on Joyce's own father and their relationship.", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Mary Dedalus – Stephen's mother who is very religious and often argues with Stephen about attending services.[14]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Stephen Hero is a directly autobiographical novel, including people and events because Joyce had personally experienced them. In contrast, in A Portrait Joyce refines his approach by selectively drawing on life events and reflecting them through the consciousness of Stephen Dedalus, a fictional character.[29]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1913 the Irish poet W. B. Yeats recommended Joyce's work to the avant-garde American poet Ezra Pound, who was assembling an anthology of verse. Pound wrote to Joyce,[12] and in 1914 Joyce submitted the first chapter of the unfinished Portrait to Pound, who was so taken with it that he pressed to have the work serialised in the London literary magazine The Egoist. Joyce hurried to complete the novel,[3] and it appeared in The Egoist in twenty-five instalments from 2 February 1914 to 1 September 1915.[13]", "A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. In 1911 Joyce flew into a fit of rage over the continued refusals by publishers to print Dubliners and threw the manuscript of Portrait into the fire. It was saved by a \"family fire brigade\" including his sister Eileen.[6][7][a] Chamber Music, a book of Joyce's poems, was published in 1907.[8]" ]

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[ "Air Bud. Norm Snively, an alcoholic clown, and his Golden Retriever, Old Blue, are doing a show at a child's birthday party. After Old Blue causes havoc at the party, Snively angrily takes him in a kennel to a dog pound, until the kennel falls out of his truck. Old Blue is homeless until he meets 12-year-old Josh Framm. After the death of his father, a pilot who died in a plane crash during a test flight due to fuel shortage, Josh has relocated with his mother Jackie and two-year-old sister Andrea from Virginia to Fernfield, Washington. Due to heartbreak over his father's death, he is too shy to try out for his middle school's basketball team and to make any friends. He instead becomes the basketball team's manager, an awkward offer by Coach Joe Barker which he accepts. He practices basketball by himself in a makeshift court that he sets up in an abandoned allotment, where he meets Old Blue and renames him Buddy. Josh soon discovers that Buddy has the uncanny ability to play basketball, and decides to let Buddy come home with him.", "Air Bud. Air Bud is a 1997 Walt Disney Pictures comedy film[2] that sparked the franchise centered on the real-life dog, Air Buddy, a cross-bred Golden Retriever, who shoots basketball hoops and appears as Old Blue/Buddy, The film was financially successful, grossing $4 million in its opening weekend and totaling $27.8 million in its run, against an estimated $3 million budget.[1]", "Urban Cowboy. Bud Davis moves to Houston for a job in the city's oil refinery industry. He hopes to save enough money to move back to his hometown of Spur, Texas and buy some land. Bud stays with his Uncle Bob and his family, with whom Bud is close. Bob takes Bud to the local honky tonk, Gilley's, an actual bar in Pasadena, co-owned by singer Mickey Gilley and his record producer Sherwood Cryer. Bud quickly embraces the local nightlife. Bud gets a job at the oil refinery where Bob works and quickly befriends his co-workers.", "Air Bud (series). By April 1998, DiCicco and Robert Vince, the film's producer at Keystone, had a falling out. As Keystone and Vince had gone forward with a sequel, Air Bud: Golden Receiver, without DiCicco. Also, DiCicco claimed he was not paid anything for the first film and that he owns the Air Bud rights (based on the name of this production company name). DiCicco bred three offsprings of Buddy and training them like Buddy was for sports. The puppies were signed to an endorsement deal by DiCicco for Milk-Bone dog biscuits for the puppies. He then intends to make his own sequel, Air Bud: The Next Generation, to start producing in fall of 1999. The concept was “cross between ‘Ferris Bueller’ and ‘Home Alone'”.[1]", "Air Bud. The film received mixed reviews. It holds a Rotten Tomatoes score of 45% based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 4.8/10.[3]", "Air Bud. Snively goes on the scene and attempts to sue the Framm family for custody of Buddy, despite that his ownership papers were ruined when he crashed into the lake. Upon seeing Buddy, Judge Cranfield is disgusted and initially reluctant to judge a case over a dog, but agrees only under a strict condition that the case be executed seriously. During the trial, Josh protests against letting Snively have Buddy and mentions he had been abused. When Cranfield asks him why, Josh mentions that he caught Snively chaining Buddy to the fence and even admitting he has seen how much Buddy hates the man for it. Jackie also protests, mentioning that Buddy was much happier with their family and that she too has seen how abusive he is when he threatened to sue them earlier. After hearing a number of protest against Snively, Cranfield doesn't believe that neither one has any real evidence in claiming ownership to Buddy. Soon Chaney arrives and suggests that Buddy chooses his owner. As a fan of Chaney, Cranfield accepts his proposal and moves the court outside to the front lawn for Buddy to choose. Buddy attacks Snively and chooses Josh. When Snively angrily attempts to get Buddy back by force, police officers quickly stop him. Being convinced of what he's seen, Cranfield orders for Snively to be arrested for animal cruelty, while Josh and the rest of the citizens rejoice and gather around Buddy to welcome him to his new home. At the end of the credits when Josh and Buddy can still be seen playing, the same bird from the start can be seen in the tree.", "Air Bud. The film generated one theater-released sequel and many direct-to-video sequels and a spin-off film series. In each film, Buddy learns to play a different sport while the spin offs focus on the offspring of Buddy, the Buddies.", "Air Bud (series). The Air Bud film series (also known as Air Buddies or Disney Buddies) is an American film franchise based on a sports-playing Golden Retriever named Buddy, portrayed by Air Buddy.[1] The franchise began in 1997 with the theatrical release of Air Bud, followed by the theatrical release of Air Bud: Golden Receiver in 1998.[1][2] The rest of the films in the series were released in direct-to-video form. The Air Buddies or Disney Buddies spin-off series began in 2006 with the release of Air Buddies and it focuses on the adventures of Buddy's talking Golden Retriever puppies.[2]", "Air Bud (series). Kevin DiCicco's golden retriever Buddy was featured on “America’s Funniest Home Videos” and David Letterman’s “Stupid Pet Tricks”. He then approached in 1991 the independent production company Keystone Entertainment to produce, Air Bud, a film based on Buddy. He also formed his production company, Air Bud Productions, that year.[1] Disney's Miramax was brought on as the distribution company.[1][5] Buddy had his leg amputated. Keystone indicated that no sequel was planned. The film did well in the home video market.[1]", "Air Bud. Air Bud was released to VHS on December 23, 1997, and to DVD on February 3, 1998 (with an open matte aspect ratio).[3] It was released again on March 3, 2009, in a special edition DVD set, featuring commentary from B-Dawg, Budderball, Rosebud, Buddha, Mudbud, Molly, and Buddy himself and presents the film in its Original Theatrical Aspect Ratio.", "Air Bud (series). The Air Buddies films are considered spin-offs of the original series, focusing on Buddy's puppies, and were all direct-to-video releases.", "Bud, Not Buddy. Bud runs away with Bugs. They try to hop on a train, but Bud fails to make it and is left behind. Bud starts walking to go to Grand Rapids, Michigan. On the way, he meets Lefty Lewis, who gives him a ride in his car to Grand Rapids to find his father, as he calls him, Herman E. Calloway. He stays with Lefty for a short while, then leaves to find his father.", "Air Buddy (dog). After \"Full House\" ended in 1995 he was cast as Fluke, a talking Golden Retriever in Fluke (film). In 1997, he was cast as Buddy in the Disney movie \"Air Bud\", a Golden Retriever abandoned by his alcoholic abusive owner. In the movie, he moved in with a boy named Josh Framm who was depressed after his father died in a plane crash. He appeared on the Kids' Choice Awards in 1998, where he was nominated for a Blimp Award for the movie. Prior to his death, Buddy sired nine puppies.[5][6] Air Bud was Buddy's final acting role.", "Air Bud (series). Disney Buddies is one of the top direct to DVD franchise, just behind Disney Fairies at $300 million, with the first 12 films grossing $220 million by March 2014.[3] As of now, there are fourteen movies in the franchise, including five in the Air Bud series, seven in the Air Buddies series,[4] and two Christmas spin-offs of the Air Buddies series.", "Air Bud (series). In December 2011, Disney and William Morris Agency were sued over its Santa Paws movies as being unauthorized copies of their Santa Paws movies. The plaintiffs Ray Harter, Richard Kearney and Ed Corno, claimed they are based on their 1991 copyrighted script entitled, Santa Paws: The Story of Santa's Dog.[6]", "Splendor in the Grass. While Deanie is in the institution, she meets another patient, Johnny Masterson (Charles Robinson), who has anger issues targeted at his parents, who want him to be a surgeon. The two patients form a bond. Meanwhile, Bud is sent to Yale, where he fails practically all his subjects. While at school, he meets Angelina (Zohra Lampert), the daughter of Italian immigrants who run a local restaurant in New Haven. In October 1929, Bud's father travels to New Haven in an attempt to persuade the dean not to expel Bud from school; Bud tells the dean he only aspires to own a ranch. While Ace is in New Haven, the stock market crashes, and he loses everything. He takes Bud to New York for a weekend, including to a cabaret nightclub, after which he commits suicide. Bud has to identify the body.", "Air America (film). While airdropping livestock into rural villages in their C-123 cargo aircraft, Billy and Jack Neely (Art LaFleur) are shot down. The Pilatus PC-6 of General Soong (Burt Kwouk) arrives at the crash site and his soldiers load bags of opium on board, but leave Billy and Jack behind with Communist forces moving in. Gene and another pilot arrive and rescue them; Billy boards Gene's helicopter while the rest of the crew escape in another aircraft.", "The War in the Air. When bankruptcy threatens one summer, he and his partner abandon the shop, devise a singing act (\"the Desert Dervishes\"), and resolve to try their fortunes in English sea resorts. As chance would have, their initial performance is interrupted by a balloon which lands on the beach before them, and which turns out to contain one Mr. Butteridge. Butteridge is famous for his successful invention of an easily manoeuvrable fixed-wing aircraft whose secret he has not revealed and that he is seeking to sell to the British government or, failing that, to Germany. Prior to Butteridge, nobody had succeeded in producing a practical heavier-than-air machine, only a few awkward devices of limited utility such as the German \"Drachenflieger\", which had to be towed aloft and released from an airship. Butteridge's invention is a major breakthrough, as it is highly manoeuvrable, capable of both very fast and very slow flight, and requires only a small area to take off and land, reminiscent of the later autogyro.", "Air Bud. Just before the championship game, Snively appears after seeing Buddy on television. Hoping to abuse Buddy's newfound fame, he forces Jackie to hand over Buddy, using papers proving that he is Buddy's legal owner. Knowing they do not have a choice, Jackie forces Josh to give Buddy back to Snively. After noticing that he's feeling withdrawn and depressed, Jackie regrets making Josh give up Buddy. Josh decides to rescue Buddy, suspecting he's being abused by Snively. He sneaks into Snively's backyard and finds Buddy chained up and abused again. Snively catches Josh escaping with Buddy, and pursues them in his dilapidated clown truck before crashing into a lake. Josh then decides to set Buddy free in the forest to find a new home. Initially, his team is losing at the next championship to the opposing team, which Larry turns out to have joined. Then Buddy shows up for a joyful reunion for Josh and the team. When it is discovered that there is no rule that a dog could not play basketball, Buddy joins the roster. At the end, there was 20 seconds left and the Warriors had the ball. Buddy rams the ball into Larry, injuring him. It isn’t a foul since only the ball touched Larry and not the dog. Buddy leads the team to a come from behind championship victory scoring 83-82.", "Air Bud. Following Christmas, Josh finds a tryout invitation in his locker and further realizes Buddy's talent when he discovers that he can actually shoot a hoop. These facts together prompt Josh to try out, and he gets a place on the team. At his first game, he befriends teammate Tom Stewart, but earns the disdain of star player and team bully Larry Willingham. Meanwhile, Buddy leaves the backyard, goes to the school and shows up while the game is underway. He runs into the court, disrupts the game, and causes mayhem, but the audience loves him after he scores a basket.", "Air America (film). Air America is a 1990 American action comedy film directed by Roger Spottiswoode, starring Mel Gibson and Robert Downey Jr. as Air America pilots flying missions in Laos during the Vietnam War.[1] When the protagonists discover their aircraft is being used by government agents to smuggle heroin, they must avoid being framed as the drug-smugglers.", "Bud, Not Buddy. After escaping the shed, Bud takes revenge on Todd by making him wet his bed by putting Todd's hand in warm water. He escapes and sleeps under a Christmas tree for the night. His friend Bugs wakes him up so they can go to the West.", "Dunno. Doono proposes to build a hot air balloon and go on an adventure. He and his friends begin extracting rubber, weaving the basket, and making emergency parachutes out of dandelions. A large rubber balloon is then inflated, fastened to the basket, and filled with hot air. The parachutes and other supplies are loaded, and sixteen seats are accommodated for. Everyone helps with preparations except for Dunno, who is too busy bossing everyone around and providing useless advice. The day of the departure comes, and Doono, Dunno, and fourteen other Mites come on board. Shot takes with him his dog, Dot. By this time, half the town still does not believe the balloon will be able to fly, but the balloon successfully rises off the ground, and all the shorties of Flower Town cheer. Gunky waves to Dunno from the ground but Dunno shuns him.", "Budweiser. In 2010, Budweiser produced an online reality TV series, called Bud House, centered around the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa, following the lives of 32 international football fans (one representing each nation in the World Cup) living together in a house in South Africa.[18]", "Air Bud. Buddy is later caught by Josh after the game. Soon after, the dog witnesses Coach Barker abusing Tom by violently pelting him with basketballs in an attempt to make him catch better. He leads Josh, Jackie, and the school principal Ms. Pepper to the scene. As a result, Barker is fired and replaced by the school's kind-hearted engineer, former NBA player Arthur Chaney, at Josh's suggestion. As the new basketball coach, Chaney starts implementing changes in the team, including benching Larry during a game for constant ball-hogging. Angry by Chaney's decision, Buck Willingham, Larry's overbearing father, forces Larry to leave the team. Buddy becomes the mascot of the school's basketball team and begins appearing in their halftime shows. After the Timberwolves lose one game, the team has subsequent success and qualifies for the State Final.", "Sarah Michelle Gellar. In The Air I Breathe, Gellar appeared with Forest Whitaker, Brendan Fraser and Kevin Bacon, portraying an up-and-coming pop singer with the stage name \"Trista\". The movie is based on an ancient Chinese proverb that breaks life down into four emotional cornerstones – happiness, pleasure, sorrow and love – and each of the four protagonists represents one of the four emotions. It received a limited theatrical release in January 2008, to a poor overall reception.[139][140] The New York Times called it a \"gangster movie with delusions of grandeur\",[141] while DVD Talk noted that \"her character here has the deepest emotional arc, and she hits all the right notes.\"[142]", "Splendor in the Grass. Bud's parents are ashamed of his older sister Ginny (Barbara Loden), a flapper and party girl who is sexually promiscuous, smokes, drinks, and has recently been brought back from Chicago, where her parents had a marriage annulled to someone who married her solely for her money. Rumors in town, however, have been swirling that the real reason was that she had an abortion. Being so disappointed in their daughter, Bud's parents \"pin all their hopes\" on Bud, pressuring him to attend Yale University. The emotional pressure is too much for Bud, who suffers a physical breakdown and nearly dies from pneumonia.", "Bud, Not Buddy. The story opens with Bud being placed with a new foster family, the Amoses. Bud soon meets Todd Amos, their 12-year-old son, who teases him mercilessly and calls him Buddy. After a fight with Todd, Bud is forced to spend the night in the garden shed. In the shed, he mistakes a hornet nest for a vampire bat and hits the nest with a rake. This upsets the hornets and Bud gets stung. During his adrenaline rush, he breaks through the window of the shed.", "Bud, Not Buddy. Bud Caldwell is a ten-year-old orphan, living in Flint, Michigan, in 1936. Since the death of his mother four years earlier, Bud has been living in an orphanage and had short stints in several foster homes. The few items he has left of his mother include a blanket, a bag of rocks, a photograph of his mother as a child, and flyers that show Herman E. Calloway and his jazz band, the Dusky Devastators of the Depression.", "Planet Terror. In rural Texas, go-go dancer Cherry Darling, resigning from her low-paying job, runs into her mysterious ex-boyfriend El Wray at the Bone Shack, a restaurant owned by brothers J.T. and Sheriff Hague. Meanwhile, the demented Lt. Muldoon and his men are making a transaction with chemical engineer Abby for mass quantities of DC2 (codename \"Project Terror\"), a deadly biochemical agent. When Muldoon learns that Abby has an extra supply, he attempts to take Abby hostage. The latter intentionally releases the gas into the air, mutating most of the town's residents into deformed zombies. The infected townspeople are treated by the sinister Dr. William Block and his unhappy, unfaithful, bisexual anesthesiologist wife, Dakota, at a local hospital.", "Full House. Comet, the family dog, was a golden retriever named Air Buddy. Air Buddy later appeared as the central character in the original film Air Bud (1997), before dying of lung cancer at the age of nine.[2]", "Air America (film). Unemployed and unable to find work, Billy takes the job. In Laos, he is introduced to Air America's unorthodox pilots and aircraft, being taken under the wing of Gene Ryack (Mel Gibson), a cynical and eccentric pilot and an arms dealer who uses official flights to buy black market weapons for his private cache. His dream, which he refers to as his \"retirement plan\", is to make a sale big enough so that he can afford to quit his job at Air America." ]

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[ "College Park–University of Maryland station. College Park–University of Maryland is a Washington Metro station in Prince George's County, Maryland on the Green Line. It also serves MARC's Camden Line.", "College Park, Maryland. The City of College Park is in Prince George's County, Maryland[5] and is about 4 miles (6.4 km) from the northeast border of Washington, D.C. The population was 30,413 at the 2010 United States Census. It is best known as the home of the University of Maryland, College Park, and since 1994 the city has also been home to the National Archives at College Park, a facility of the U.S. National Archives, as well as to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Weather and Climate Prediction (NCWCP).[6]", "University of Maryland, College Park. The University of Maryland, College Park (commonly referred to as the University of Maryland, UMD, or simply Maryland) is a public research university located in the city of College Park in Prince George's County, Maryland, approximately 4 miles (6.4 km) from the northeast border of Washington, D.C.[10] Founded in 1856, the university is the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland. The University of Maryland is the largest university in the state and the largest in the Washington metropolitan area, with a fall 2016 enrollment of more than 39,000 students, as well as over 100 undergraduate majors and 120 graduate programs.[11] It is a member of the Association of American Universities and competes in intercollegiate athletics as a member of the Big Ten Conference. The University of Maryland has been labeled as one of the \"Public Ivies,\" a publicly funded university considered as providing a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League.[12][13]", "College Park, Maryland. The University of Maryland, College Park, the flagship institution of the University System of Maryland, is located within the College Park city limits.", "Prince George's County, Maryland. The University of Maryland System headquarters are in the unincorporated area of Adelphi.[57]", "College Park, Maryland. College Park is served by Prince George's County Public Schools. The city is zoned to several different schools.[21]", "Prince George's County, Maryland. Northern Prince George's County includes Laurel, Beltsville, Adelphi, College Park and Greenbelt. This area of the county is anchored by the Capital Beltway and the Baltimore–Washington Parkway. Laurel is experiencing a population boom with the construction of the Inter-County Connector. The key employers in this region are the University of Maryland, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, and NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center. Areas of geographic distinction include Greenbelt Park, a wooded reserve adjacent to the planned environmental community of Greenbelt, and University Park, a collection of historic homes adjacent to the University of Maryland. Riversdale Mansion, along with the historic homes of Berwyn Heights, Mt. Rainier and Hyattsville, along with Langley Park are also located in this area. The hidden Lake Artemesia, a park constructed during the completion of the Washington Metro Green Line, incorporates a stocked fishing lake and serves as the trail-head for an extensive Anacostia Tributary Trails system that runs along the Anacostia River and its tributaries. The south and central tracts of the Patuxent Wildlife Research Center also lie in this part of the county; the north tract lies north of the Patuxent River in Anne Arundel County.", "University of Maryland, College Park. Under the administration of former President C. Daniel Mote Jr., the university was the primary source of opposition in Prince George's County to the installation of one or more light-rail stops on campus as a part of the proposed Maryland Transit Administration's Purple Line out of concern for student safety and to protect sensitive lab equipment.[165][166] This sentiment was similar to previous transit positions taken by the university in the 1980s, specifically when the administration rejected Washington Metro's first proposal of having the College Park-University of Maryland station run underground through campus connecting to Adele H. Stamp Student Union, and strongly opposed Metro's second proposal to put the stop right next to campus in downtown College Park on Route 1, with the reasoning to protect student and resident safety.[167][168]", "Prince George's County, Maryland. Prince George’s County is home to the United States Department of Agriculture's Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center, the United States Census Bureau, Andrews Air Force Base, the National Archives and Records Administration's College Park facility, the University of Maryland’s flagship College Park campus, Six Flags America and Six Flags Hurricane Harbor, FedExField (home of the Washington Redskins), and the National Harbor, which its developers, Peterson Companies and Gaylord Entertainment Company, bill as the largest single mixed-use project and combined convention center–hotel complex on the East Coast.", "College Park, Maryland. As of September 2011, College Park belongs to Maryland's 5th congressional district.", "University of Maryland, College Park. The University of Maryland's University District Plan, developed in 2011 under President Wallace Loh and the College Park City Council, seeks to make the City of College Park a top 20 college town by 2020 by improving housing and development, transportation, public safety, local pre-K-12 education, and supporting sustainability projects.[47] As of 2018, the University of Maryland is involved with over 30 projects and 1.5 million square feet of development as part of its Greater College Park Initiative, worth over $1 billion in public-private investments.[48] The university's vision is to revitalize the campus to foster a dynamic and innovative academic environment, as well as to collaborate with the surrounding neighborhoods and local government to create a vibrant downtown community for students and faculty alike.[49][50][51]", "University of Maryland, College Park. The DC Metrobus and the Prince George's County TheBus bus services also stop on campus. Beginning in early 2012, Prince George's County TheBus services for Route1Ride (Route 17) were made free of charge to all University of Maryland students and staff, providing service on Route 1 from the Washington, D.C. border to the IKEA in College Park, with a stop at the College Park–University of Maryland Metro station.[154][155] There is an additional service called Nite Ride which is a curb-to-curb service offered every night from 5:30 p.m. to 7:30 a.m. The service is designed to serve the areas of campus that are not included on the evening service routes.", "College Park–University of Maryland station. The station is located in College Park near the University of Maryland, College Park, with entrances at the intersection of Calvert Road and Bowdoin Avenue, and near the intersection of Paint Branch Parkway and River Road. It adjoins the headquarters of the American Physical Society and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Service at College Park began on December 11, 1993.", "College Park, Maryland. College Park was developed beginning in 1889 near the Maryland Agricultural College (later the University of Maryland) and the College Station stop of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. The suburb was incorporated in 1945 and included the subdivisions of College Park, Lakeland, Berwyn, Oak Spring, Branchville, Daniel's Park, and Hollywood.", "College Park–University of Maryland station. The station's bus terminal is host to several Metrobus lines, the 14 and 17 lines of The Bus, and the G Route of the Laurel Connect-a-Ride, as well as the University's complimentary Shuttle-UM running from the station to the Stamp Student Union on campus, connecting residents and passengers to Prince George's County, the University, and to Washington, D.C. The 104 bus shuttles students from the Metro to Stamp Student Union.", "College Park, Maryland. By the late 1930s, most of the original subdivision had been partially developed. Several fraternities and sororities from the University of Maryland built houses in the neighborhood. After World War II, construction consisted mostly of infill of ranch and split-level houses. After incorporation in 1945, the city continued to grow, and a municipal center was built in 1959.[7]", "College Park, Maryland. The city is part of the Washington, D.C. television market (DMA #9). The city of College Park and the campus of the University of Maryland are the setting for the 2016 novel, \"Journey\" {Sunfall, book 1} by D. Gideon.", "Prince George's County, Maryland. The College Park Airport (est. 1909) is the world’s oldest continuously operated airport and is home to the adjacent College Park Aviation Museum.", "University of Maryland, College Park. On March 6, 1856, the forerunner of today's University of Maryland was chartered as the Maryland Agricultural College. Two years later, Charles Benedict Calvert (1808-1864), a future U.S. Representative (Congressman) from the sixth congressional district of Maryland, 1861-1863, during the American Civil War and descendent of the first Lord Baltimores, colonial proprietors of the Province of Maryland in 1634, purchased 420 acres (1.7 km2) of the Riversdale Mansion estate nearby today's College Park, Maryland.[28] Later that year, Calvert founded the school and was the acting president from 1859-1860.[29] On October 5, 1859, the first 34 students entered the Maryland Agricultural College.[1] The school became a land grant college in February 1864.[1]", "College Park, Maryland. By the turn of the 21st century, College Park began experiencing significant development pressure. Both students and city residents acknowledged the city's lack of amenities and poor sense of place. In 2002, the city and county passed the Route 1 Sector Plan, which allowed and encouraged mixed use development along College Park's main roadway. Recent projects—like the East Campus Redevelopment Initiative, The University View, The Varsity, and Landmark student apartments and the Northgate Condos—give many in the community hope that the city, like other notable American college towns, might one day have a vibrant downtown and a diverse population.", "College Park, Maryland. The following is a list of historic sites in College Park identified by the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission.[18] Part of the city is located within the Calvert Hills Historic District; listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.[19]", "University of Maryland, College Park. In 2017, former Maryland Governor and Prince George's County Executive Parris Glendening admitted that the decision made by the university to have the Metro station as far away from campus as possible (1.6 miles) was a \"disaster\" and racially biased, largely due to administrators and community residents saying they did not want crime or undesirable people coming to campus on the Green Line from the poorer neighborhoods of Washington, D.C.[168][169]", "College Park, Maryland. Elementary school students are zoned to:[22]", "University of Maryland, College Park. A free shuttle service, known as Shuttle-UM, is available for UMD students, faculty, staff, and some residents of College Park and Greenbelt.[152][153] The university is served by an off-campus stop on the Washington DC Metro Green Line called College Park – University of Maryland. The station is also served by the Camden Line of the MARC train, which runs between Baltimore and Washington. A Shuttle-UM bus (Route 104) arrives at the metro station every five minutes during fall and spring semesters (every ten minutes during the summer) to bring all visitors to campus (stopping in front of the Stamp Student Union).", "College Park, Maryland. College Park is located at 38°59′48″N 76°55′39″W / 38.99667°N 76.92750°W / 38.99667; -76.92750 (38.996560, -76.927509).[14]", "College Park, Maryland. College Park has six government departments:", "University of Maryland, College Park. The Adele H. Stamp Student Union sits along Campus Drive near the center of campus, and serves as a transit center for campus, where Shuttle-UM (the university's bus service) and municipal buses pick up and drop off passengers. Hornbake Plaza home to Hornbake Library and several buildings housing academic departments also lies on Campus Drive, east of Stamp.", "University of Maryland, College Park. The university is also divided by U.S. Route 1, known locally as \"Baltimore Avenue.\" While most of campus lies to the west of Baltimore Avenue, fixtures such as fraternity row and the Leonardtown Communities lie to the east. Sitting on the western edge of Baltimore Avenue are the Visitors' Center, also known as The Dairy, The Reckord Armory, and The Rossborough Inn, which, built during the years of 1798 to 1812, is the oldest building on campus (and is older than the university itself).[115] There are five regularly used entrances to campus; the main entrance, off of Baltimore Avenue and onto Campus Drive, is referred to as North Gate and features The Gatehouse, an ornate gateway honoring the university's founders.[116] The 140-acre (57 ha), 18-hole University of Maryland Golf Course sits at the northern edge of campus, as does the Observatory. The campus is also home to one of the Root Servers, responsible with operating DNS.", "University of Maryland, College Park. Additionally, there are nearly 400 acres (1.6 km2) of urban forest located on campus[110] and the National Arbor Day Foundation has named the university to its 'Tree Campus USA' list.[111] The recreational Paint Branch Trail, part of the Anacostia Tributary Trails system, cuts through campus, as does the Paint Branch stream, a tributary of the Northeast Branch Anacostia River.[112]", "College Park, Maryland. College Park–University of Maryland Station on the Washington Metro's Green Line is in College Park; a large commuter parking garage was completed in 2004 adjacent to the Metro station. MARC trains run on CSX tracks adjacent to the Green Line and stop at a small station next to the College Park Metro station. The Metro station lies at what had been the historic junction of Calvert Road and the CSX tracks.", "College Park, Maryland. College Park's United States Postal Service ZIP Codes are 20740, 20741 (Berwyn Heights; North College Park) and 20742 (University of Maryland).", "Prince George's County, Maryland. In addition, nearly all of the incorporated cities and towns in the county have their own municipal police force. Notable exceptions include the city of College Park." ]

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[ "Lawyer. A lawyer or attorney is a person who practices law, as an advocate, attorney, attorney at law, barrister, barrister-at-law, bar-at-law, counsel, counselor, counsellor, counselor at law, or solicitor, but not as a paralegal or charter executive secretary.[1] Working as a lawyer involves the practical application of abstract legal theories and knowledge to solve specific individualized problems, or to advance the interests of those who hire lawyers to perform legal services.", "Lawyer. In practice, legal jurisdictions exercise their right to determine who is recognized as being a lawyer. As a result, the meaning of the term \"lawyer\" may vary from place to place. Some jurisdictions have two types of lawyers, barristers and solicitors. Whilst others fuse the two. A barrister is a lawyer who specialises in higher court appearances. A solicitor is a lawyer who is trained to prepare cases and give advice on legal subjects and can represent people in lower courts. Both barristers and solicitors have gone through law school and have been admitted as members of the bar.[4]", "Lawyer. In many countries, lawyers are general practitioners who represent clients in a broad field of legal matters.[106] In others, there has been a tendency since the start of the 20th century for lawyers to specialize early in their careers.[107][108]", "Lawyer. The role of the lawyer varies greatly across legal jurisdictions, and so it can be treated here in only the most general terms.[2][3]", "Barrister. A barrister, who can be considered as a jurist, is a lawyer who represents a litigant as advocate before a court of appropriate jurisdiction. A barrister speaks in court and presents the case before a judge or jury. In some jurisdictions, a barrister receives additional training in evidence law, ethics, and court practice and procedure. In contrast, a solicitor generally meets with clients, does preparatory and administrative work and provides legal advice. In this role, he or she may draft and review legal documents, interact with the client as necessary, prepare evidence, and generally manage the day-to-day administration of a lawsuit. A solicitor can provide a crucial support role to a barrister when in court, such as managing large volumes of documents in the case or even negotiating a settlement outside the courtroom while the trial continues inside.", "Lawyer. In many civil law countries, prosecutors are trained and employed as part of the judiciary; they are law-trained jurists, but may not necessarily be lawyers in the sense that the word is used in the common law world.[64] In common law countries, prosecutors are usually lawyers holding regular licenses who simply happen to work for the government office that files criminal charges against suspects. Criminal defense lawyers specialize in the defense of those charged with any crimes.[65]", "Barrister. The United States does not draw a distinction between lawyers as pleaders (barristers) and lawyers as agents (or solicitors). All lawyers who have passed a bar examination and have been admitted to practice may prosecute or defend in the courts of the state where they are admitted. Historically, a distinction was made, and a separate label for barristers (called \"counselors\", hence the expression \"attorney and counselor at law\") existed in certain states, though both professions have long since been fused into the all-purpose attorney.[15] Attorneys specializing in court procedure, combining advocacy and case preparation, are called trial attorneys or litigators.", "Lawyer. Legal advice is the application of abstract principles of law to the concrete facts of the client's case in order to advise the client about what they should do next. In many countries, only a properly licensed lawyer may provide legal advice to clients for good consideration, even if no lawsuit is contemplated or is in progress.[42][43][44] Therefore, even conveyancers and corporate in-house counsel must first get a license to practice, though they may actually spend very little of their careers in court. Failure to obey such a rule is the crime of unauthorized practice of law.[45]", "Barrister. A barrister (also known as barrister-at-law or bar-at-law) is a type of lawyer in common law jurisdictions. Barristers mostly specialise in courtroom advocacy and litigation. Their tasks include taking cases in superior courts and tribunals, drafting legal pleadings, researching the philosophy, hypothesis and history of law, and giving expert legal opinions. Often, barristers are also recognised as legal scholars.", "Solicitor. A solicitor is a legal practitioner who traditionally deals with most of the legal matters in some jurisdictions. A person must have legally-defined qualifications, which vary from one jurisdiction to another, to be described as a solicitor and enabled to practise there as such. For example, in England and Wales a solicitor is admitted to practise under the provisions of the Solicitors Act 1974. With some exceptions, practising solicitors must possess a practising certificate. There are many more solicitors than barristers in England; they undertake the general aspects of giving legal advice and conducting legal proceedings.[1]", "Law. Once accredited, a lawyer will often work in a law firm, in a chambers as a sole practitioner, in a government post or in a private corporation as an internal counsel. In addition a lawyer may become a legal researcher who provides on-demand legal research through a library, a commercial service or freelance work. Many people trained in law put their skills to use outside the legal field entirely.[127]", "Lawyer. In England, the usual division of labor is that a solicitor will obtain the facts of the case from the client and then brief a barrister (usually in writing).[30] The barrister then researches and drafts the necessary court pleadings (which will be filed and served by the solicitor) and orally argues the case.[31]", "Paralegal. The greatest differences between lawyers and paralegals are that lawyers give legal advice, can set fees, appear as counsel of record in court, and sign pleadings (and other court documents) in a representative capacity. A paralegal who attempts to do any of these acts will be in violation of the unauthorized practice of law statutes in most U.S. states. Paralegals are responsible for handling tasks such as legal writing, research, and other forms of documentation for the lawyers for whom they work.", "Canadian English. Lawyers in all parts of Canada, except Quebec, which has its own civil law system, are called \"barristers and solicitors\" because any lawyer licensed in any of the common law provinces and territories must pass bar exams for, and is permitted to engage in, both types of legal practice in contrast to other common-law jurisdictions such as England, Wales and Ireland where the two are traditionally separated (i.e., Canada has a fused legal profession). The words lawyer and counsel (not counsellor) predominate in everyday contexts; the word attorney refers to any personal representative. Canadian lawyers generally do not refer to themselves as \"attorneys\", a term which is common in the United States.", "Lawyer. In most countries, particularly civil law countries, there has been a tradition of giving many legal tasks to a variety of civil law notaries, clerks, and scriveners.[9][10] These countries do not have \"lawyers\" in the American sense, insofar as that term refers to a single type of general-purpose legal services provider;[11] rather, their legal professions consist of a large number of different kinds of law-trained persons, known as jurists, some of whom are advocates who are licensed to practice in the courts.[12][13][14] It is difficult to formulate accurate generalizations that cover all the countries with multiple legal professions, because each country has traditionally had its own peculiar method of dividing up legal work among all its different types of legal professionals.[15]", "Prosecutor. Prosecutors are typically lawyers who possess a law degree, and are recognized as legal professionals by the court in which they intend to represent society (that is, they have been admitted to the bar).", "Criminal defense lawyer. A criminal defense lawyer is a lawyer (mostly barristers) specializing in the defense of individuals and companies charged with criminal activity. Some criminal defense lawyers are privately retained, while others are employed by the various jurisdictions with criminal courts for appointment to represent indigent persons; the latter are generally called public defenders. The terminology is imprecise because each jurisdiction may have different practices with various levels of input from state and federal law or consent decrees. Some jurisdictions use a rotating system of appointments, with judges appointing a private practice attorney or firm for each case.", "Lawyer. Several countries that originally had two or more legal professions have since fused or united their professions into a single type of lawyer.[19][20][21][22] Most countries in this category are common law countries, though France, a civil law country, merged its jurists in 1990 and 1991 in response to Anglo-American competition.[23] In countries with fused professions, a lawyer is usually permitted to carry out all or nearly all the responsibilities listed below.", "Lawyer. An important aspect of a lawyer's job is developing and managing relationships with clients (or the client's employees, if the lawyer works in-house for a government or corporation). The client-lawyer relationship often begins with an intake interview where the lawyer gets to know the client personally, discovers the facts of the client's case, clarifies what the client wants to accomplish, shapes the client's expectations as to what actually can be accomplished, begins to develop various claims or defenses, and explains her or his fees to the client.[36][37]", "Lawyer. Arguing a client's case before a judge or jury in a court of law is the traditional province of the barrister in England, and of advocates in some civil law jurisdictions.[24] However, the boundary between barristers and solicitors has evolved. In England today, the barrister monopoly covers only appellate courts, and barristers must compete directly with solicitors in many trial courts.[25] In countries like the United States, that have fused legal professions, there are trial lawyers who specialize in trying cases in court, but trial lawyers do not have a de jure monopoly like barristers. In some countries, litigants have the option of arguing pro se, or on their own behalf. It is common for litigants to appear unrepresented before certain courts like small claims courts; indeed, many such courts do not allow lawyers to speak for their clients, in an effort to save money for all participants in a small case.[26] In other countries, like Venezuela, no one may appear before a judge unless represented by a lawyer.[27] The advantage of the latter regime is that lawyers are familiar with the court's customs and procedures, and make the legal system more efficient for all involved. Unrepresented parties often damage their own credibility or slow the court down as a result of their inexperience.[28][29]", "Barrister. In the common law tradition, the respective roles of a lawyer – that is as legal adviser and advocate – were formally split into two separate, regulated sub-professions, the other being the office of solicitor. Historically, the distinction was absolute, but in the modern legal age, some countries that had a split legal profession now have a fused profession – anyone entitled to practise as a barrister may also practise as a solicitor, and vice versa. In practice, the distinction may be non-existent, minor, or marked, depending on the jurisdiction. In some jurisdictions, such Australia, Scotland and Ireland, there is little overlap.", "Lawyer. In most common law countries, especially those with fused professions, lawyers have many options over the course of their careers. Besides private practice, they can become a prosecutor, government counsel, corporate in-house counsel, administrative law judge, judge, arbitrator, or law professor.[97] There are also many non-legal jobs for which legal training is good preparation, such as politician, corporate executive, government administrator, investment banker, entrepreneur, or journalist.[98] In developing countries like India, a large majority of law students never actually practice, but simply use their law degree as a foundation for careers in other fields.[99]", "Attorney at law. The term was also used in England and Wales for lawyers who practised in the common law courts. They were officers of the courts and were under judicial supervision.[1] Solicitors, those lawyers who practised in the courts of equity, were considered to be more respectable than attorneys and by the mid-19th century many attorneys were calling themselves solicitors.[1] In 1873, the Supreme Court of Judicature Act abolished the term \"attorney\", and attorneys were redesignated solicitors.[2] Attorneys did not generally actually appear as advocates in the higher courts, a role reserved (as it still usually is) for barristers.", "Of counsel. Of counsel is, in the legal profession of the United States, often the title of an attorney who has a relationship with a law firm or an organization, but is not an associate or a partner. Some firms use titles such as \"counsel\", \"special counsel\", and \"senior counsel\" for the same concept. According to American Bar Association Formal Opinion 90-357, the term \"of counsel\" is to describe a \"close, personal, continuous, and regular relationship\" between the firm and counsel lawyer.[1] In large law firms, the title generally denotes a lawyer with the experience of a partner, but who does not carry the same workload or business development responsibility.[2]", "Criminal justice. The prosecutor, or district attorney, is a lawyer who brings charges against a person, persons or corporate entity. It is the prosecutor's duty to explain to the court what crime was committed and to detail what evidence has been found which incriminates the accused. The prosecutor should not be confused with a plaintiff or plaintiff's counsel. Although both serve the function of bringing a complaint before the court, the prosecutor is a servant of the state who makes accusations on behalf of the state in criminal proceedings, while the plaintiff is the complaining party in civil proceedings.", "Practice of law. In its most general sense, the practice of law involves giving legal advice to clients, drafting legal documents for clients, and representing clients in legal negotiations and court proceedings such as lawsuits, and is applied to the professional services of a lawyer or attorney at law, barrister, solicitor, or civil law notary. However, there is a substantial amount of overlap between the practice of law and various other professions where clients are represented by agents. These professions include real estate, banking, accounting, and insurance. Moreover, a growing number of legal document assistants (LDAs) are offering services which have traditionally been offered only by lawyers and their employee paralegals. Many documents may now be created by computer-assisted drafting libraries, where the clients are asked a series of questions that are posed by the software in order to construct the legal documents.", "Solicitor. In the jurisdictions of England and Wales and in Northern Ireland, in a few Australian states, Hong Kong, South Africa (where they are called attorneys) and the Republic of Ireland, the legal profession is split between solicitors and barristers (called advocates in some countries), and a lawyer will usually only hold one of the two titles. (In Scotland, the split is between solicitors and advocates). However, in Canada, Malaysia, New Zealand, Singapore and most Australian states, the legal profession is now for practical purposes \"fused\", allowing lawyers to hold the title of \"barrister and solicitor\" and practise as both. Some legal graduates will start off as one and then also qualify as the other.[2]", "Paralegal. A paralegal is an individual, qualified by education, training or work experience, who is employed or retained by a lawyer, law office, corporation, governmental agency, or other entity and who performs specifically delegated substantive legal work for which a lawyer is responsible. However, this definition can vary depending on the jurisdiction, for example in Ontario, Canadian paralegals are independent legal practitioners, licensed by the Law Society of Upper Canada to provide legal services within their scope of practice to members of the public. Licensed paralegals in Ontario may manage their own legal firm or be appointed as a justice of the peace and have the opportunity to seek employment as a municipal or provincial prosecutor.", "Law firm. A law firm is a business entity formed by one or more lawyers to engage in the practice of law. The primary service rendered by a law firm is to advise clients (individuals or corporations) about their legal rights and responsibilities, and to represent clients in civil or criminal cases, business transactions, and other matters in which legal advice and other assistance are sought.", "Lawyer. The career structure of lawyers varies widely from one country to the next.", "Lawyer. Lawyers working directly on the payroll of governments, nonprofits, and corporations usually earn a regular annual salary.[186] In many countries, with the notable exception of Germany,[187] lawyers can also volunteer their labor in the service of worthy causes through an arrangement called pro bono (short for pro bono publico, \"for the common good\").[188] Traditionally such work was performed on behalf of the poor, but in some countries it has now expanded to many other causes such as the environment.", "Paralegal. A paralegal is a person trained in legal matters who performs tasks requiring knowledge of the law and legal procedures. A paralegal, like a lawyer, can be employed by a law office or work freelance at a company or law office. Paralegals are not allowed to offer legal services directly to the public on their own and must perform their legal work under an attorney or law firm (except in Ontario Canada). Many paralegals may have their own company and be called Law Agents,[citation needed] providing services such as settlements, court filings, legal research and other auxiliary legal services. These tasks often have instructions from a solicitor attached. Other tasks may only be the title of a task to be performed with no instructions of how it is to be completed. Often the instructing legal entity relies on the expertise of a paralegal in regard to how compliance is to be met in completing tasks." ]

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[ "What's It Gonna Be?!. \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" is the third single released by American rapper Busta Rhymes from his third studio album E.L.E. (Extinction Level Event): The Final World Front (1999), featuring guest vocals from American singer Janet Jackson. The song was a commercial and critical success, reaching number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and the top ten of various countries. It also hit number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks and Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks charts, and was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group at the 2000 Grammy Awards.", "What's It Gonna Be (Beyoncé song). \"What's It Gonna Be\" is a song by American recording artist Beyoncé. It was written by Beyoncé, Kandice Love, and Soul Diggaz production team members LaShaun Owens, Karrim Mack, and Corte Ellis for her debut studio album, Dangerously in Love (2003), while production on the track was overseen by Beyoncé and Soul Diggaz. A funk and soul song, \"What's It Gonna Be\" samples from \"Do It Roger\" (1981), written and performed by Roger Troutman along with his brother Larry.", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). \"What's It Gonna Be?\" is a bassline (subgenre of UK garage) song performed by the duo known as H \"Two\" O (Selim Ben Rabha, \"Solution\", and Simon McDevitt, \"Oz\", who also go by \"Hit 'Em\" and \"Hard\") and the British three-person bassline vocal group Platnum (Aaron Evers, Mina Poli, and Michelle McKenna). Digital formats were released to online retailers in the UK on 11 February 2008. Physical formats, including a two-track CD single, maxi CD single, and 12\" vinyl, was released in the UK on 18 February 2008. The track was released by the dance label Hard2Beat, and has thus far peaked at #2 for three weeks on the UK Singles Chart. The video was filmed in January 2008 at Dulwich College, an independent school in South London.", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). Because of the popularity, the song had in the underground scene (it had been circling around Sheffield nightclubs for a while), record label Hard2Beat decided to release it into mainstream success. The track has been generally well received on radio. It has been placed on the coveted A-list at BBC Radio 1. The track entered the UK Singles Chart at #7 on downloads alone on the chart dated 17 February 2008, following the single's CD release, 'What's It Gonna Be?' rose to #2 on the chart dated 24 February 2008. The song also reached number #28 in Polish official chart.", "What's It Gonna Be?!. The song peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 and reached number one on both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks and Hot Rap Tracks charts. It also reached number five on the Rhythmic Top 40. It was a top ten hit in the United Kingdom, Australia, and South Africa. It was a moderate success in Europe, reaching the top forty in most countries. The song sold 800,000 copies in the United States and was certified Gold by the RIAA.[1][2] The single entered at #1 on the UK R&B Singles chart.[3]", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). CD maxi single", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). Although the track was briefly very popular, some critics claimed its two-step beat and characterless vocals made it banal.[1]", "Janet Jackson. As the tour concluded, Jackson lent guest vocals to several collaborations, including Shaggy's \"Luv Me, Luv Me\",[103] used for the film How Stella Got Her Groove Back, as well as \"Girlfriend/Boyfriend\" with Teddy Riley's group Blackstreet,[104] and \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" with Busta Rhymes.[105] The latter two music videos are both among the most expensive music videos ever produced, with \"What's It Gonna Be?!\" becoming a number-one hit on the Billboard Hip-Hop Singles and Hot Rap Tracks charts, reaching the top three of the Hot 100.[105]", "How's It Going to Be. \"How's It Going to Be\" is a song by the American rock band Third Eye Blind. It was written by Kevin Cadogan and Stephan Jenkins. It was released in November 1997 as the third single from their self-titled debut album. The song deals with the trauma of the ending of a relationship and how the transition from friends to acquaintances is a brutal one.[1] It reached number nine on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart, to become the band's second consecutive top 10 single, following \"Semi-Charmed Life\".[2] In the UK, the single peaked at number 51.", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). 2-track CD single", "What's It Gonna Be (H \"Two\" O song). 12\" vinyl single", "What's It Gonna Be?!. The song appears on Rhymes' compilation albums Total Devastation: The Best of Busta Rhymes and Turn It Up! The Very Best of Busta Rhymes as well as Jackson's Number Ones greatest hits album.", "What's It Gonna Be?!. The music video for the song was directed by Hype Williams on March 12, 1999. It is one of the most expensive videos ever made, costing upwards of $2 million, and focused largely on special effects. The video begins with a glass of a silver liquid moving toward the edge of its resting area, which spills and transforms into Busta Rhymes as a knight in shining armor and begins singing. Jackson is portrayed as a dominatrix, in a purple latex suit adorned with cock rings and baring her cleavage.", "What's It Gonna Be (Beyoncé song). The song was not included on the final track listing of the album but appears as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of Dangerously in Love. It also appeared on the additional audio disc of her live album Live at Wembley, which was released in 2004.[1] \"What's It Gonna Be\" was released to US iTunes Store as a digital single on July 29, 2003, through Columbia Records. Website Allmusic praised the composition, writing that it \"rips honeyed harmonies over a funky beat.\"[2]", "Paul Revere & the Raiders. Paul Revere & the Raiders is an American rock band that saw considerable U.S. mainstream success in the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s. Among their hits were the songs \"Kicks\" (1966; ranked No. 400 on Rolling Stone's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time), \"Hungry\" (1966), \"Him Or Me – What's It Gonna Be?\" (1967) and the Platinum-certified classic No. 1 single \"Indian Reservation\" (1971).[1]", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles). \"I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)\" is a song written and performed by Scottish duo The Proclaimers, and first released as the lead single from their 1988 album Sunshine on Leith. The song reached number 11 in the UK Singles Chart on its initial release, and it has since become their most popular song worldwide, initially becoming a number 1 hit in Iceland, before reaching number 1 in both Australia and New Zealand in early 1990.[2]", "What's It Gonna Be?!. The music video, directed by Rhymes & Hype Williams, was critically lauded, and received four MTV Video Music Awards nominations at the 1999 MTV Video Music Awards. It is one of the most expensive music videos ever made.", "It's Gonna Be Me. \"It's Gonna Be Me\" is a song by American boy band NSYNC. It was released on June 13, 2000 as the second single in the United States and third in Europe from their second studio album No Strings Attached. The song was NSYNC's only Billboard Hot 100 number-one hit, making it their highest-charting single. It topped the chart for two consecutive weeks and has been certified Gold by the RIAA. The song serves as the opening track of the 2000 compilation album Now That's What I Call Music! 5.", "Wher'm I Gonna Live?. \"Wher'm I Gonna Live?\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music singer Billy Ray Cyrus. It was released in October 1992 as the third single from his debut album Some Gave All. The song was written by Cyrus and his then-wife Cindy.", "What's It Gonna Be?!. The video contains frequent sexual innuendo, visually based on the song's lyrical themes, portraying imagery alluding to wet dreams and stimulated wetness. Jackson appears in a liquid tunnel as Rhymes morphs into a sperm-like creature and floats towards her. A marching band of miniature Rhymes passes through the tunnel's walls as Rhymes transforms into one himself, before morphing again to rise through the tunnel's ceiling. Electric sparks fly as miniature versions of himself pour like raindrops onto Jackson's breasts. Towards the finale, Rhymes and Jackson are united to perform together, as their bodies rub up on each other. The remaining scenery then combusts into little as they continue transforming into a silver liquid.", "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'. Since March 2009, Jackson was preparing to perform \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\" during his This Is It concert series from 2009 to 2010.[27] During rehearsals for the This Is It concerts, Jackson's performance of \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\" contained an a cappella snippet of \"Speechless\", from Jackson's studio album Invincible (2001). Following Jackson's death in June of the same year, video footage of Jackson rehearsing the song was used as the opening song in the 2009 concert documentary, Michael Jackson's This Is It.[28]", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles). As part of what has become a now legendary performance, Phish covered this song at their Madison Square Garden concert in the middle of a fantastic narration that Trey Anastasio told in the middle of the song Harpua on 30 Dec 1997. Tom Marshall sang the vocals.[31]", "What's It Gonna Be?!. Jackson included the song as an interlude on her Number Ones: Up Close and Personal tour.", "We're Not Gonna Take It (Twisted Sister song). The song was part of the intro for progressive talk host Stephanie Miller until the 2008 election of Barack Obama, when it was replaced by \"Walking on Sunshine\" by Katrina and the Waves. The song was sung by the characters Mordecai & Rigby in the Regular Show episode \"Karaoke Video\". The song is the theme song of the American reality comedy television series Betty White's Off Their Rockers.", "Ruby Turner. Turner achieved a no. 1 R&B chart success in the US in February 1990 with \"It's Gonna Be Alright\",[7][8] becoming one of the few British artists to top that chart.[9] Four other US R&B chart entries followed in 1990 and 1991, including \"Paradise\" from the movie Dancin' thru the Dark.[7][8]", "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles). In 1993, following its appearance in the American film Benny & Joon, the song was released in North America and many other countries around the world, it reached the top five on both the US Billboard Hot 100 and Canadian Hot 100 charts.[3] In 2007, the Proclaimers re-recorded the song with English comedians Peter Kay and Matt Lucas for the UK's Comic Relief charity telethon, scoring a number one hit in the UK, outperforming their original UK singles performance.", "Tonight (Silk album). Most of the production duties were split between group member Gary Jenkins and producer Darrell \"Delite\" Allamby. The latter was brought in due to his previous work with Gerald Levert (\"Thinkin' Bout It\" and \"Taking Everything\"), Busta Rhymes (\"What's It Gonna Be?!\") and LSG (\"My Body\").[7][8] They also have production from John Michael Howcott and Donald Parks (H.O.P. Productions) and Maurice Wilcher, a singer that was formerly signed to Dr. Dre's label Aftermath Entertainment.", "Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright). \"Tonight's the Night (Gonna Be Alright)\" is a song by Rod Stewart, recorded at Muscle Shoals Sound Studio in Sheffield, Alabama for his 1976 album A Night on the Town. The song became his second US chart topper on the Billboard Hot 100. It made its debut at number 81 on October 2, 1976 and rose quickly, climbing from number eight to the top of the chart on November 13, 1976, and remained on top for eight consecutive weeks until January 8, 1977. It was the longest stay of any song during 1976, as well as the longest stay at number one for Rod Stewart in his entire recording career. The song also peaked at No. 5 in the UK, No. 3 in Australia and charted well in other parts of the world. It was the number 1 song on Billboard's 1977 year-end chart. It became the best-selling single of 1977 in the United States. As of 2015, it is the seventeenth most popular song in the history of the chart.", "Four Tops. Their first major hit in a long time came in the form of 1970's \"It's All in the Game\", a pop Top 30/R&B Top Ten hit produced by Frank Wilson. Wilson and the Tops began working on a number of innovative tracks and albums together, echoing Whitfield's psychedelic soul work with The Temptations. Their 1970 album Still Waters Run Deep was a forerunner of the concept album. It also served as an inspiration for Marvin Gaye's 1971 classic album What's Going On, the title track of which was co-written by the Tops' Obie Benson.", "What Am I Gonna Do with You. \"What Am I Gonna Do with You\" is a popular song recorded by Barry White. Written and produced by White, the song was White's fifth top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, reaching number eight and spent a week at number one on the Billboard Hot Soul Singles chart during the spring of 1975.[2] In the UK, it peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. It appeared on White's 1975 album, Just Another Way to Say I Love You.", "Kenny Rogers and The First Edition. After the success of a pilot shot in late 1970, the fall of 1971 saw Kenny Rogers and the First Edition become hosts of their own television series Rollin' On the River. Later to be shortened to Rollin, this was a variety show that was taped in Canada (taking advantage of recently imposed Canadian content requirements) which geared itself toward rock, blues, and folk performers and groups. Unlike the more Las Vegas-styled The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, Rollin was focused on harder-edged guests like Ike and Tina Turner, veterans like Bo Diddley, veteran Canadian based artists such as Ronnie Hawkins, and up and coming performers such as Jim Croce. The show also gave the First Edition a chance to do the comedy Kenny and Terry had long made a part of their act. Though it got good ratings, Rollin did have one ill side effect: the First Edition were now seen as television personalities instead of recording stars. Terry Williams' signature song, \"What Am I Gonna Do\", was to become the group's next single in late fall of 1971. It was the first First Edition 45 not to chart since 1968, and the poor reception to their bigger artistic risks was the cause of some concern.", "Dottie West. In 1977, she was recording the song \"Every Time Two Fools Collide\" when, according to legend, Kenny Rogers suddenly entered the studio and began singing along. Released as a duet, the single hit number one, West's first; the duo's 1979 \"All I Ever Need Is You\" and 1981 \"What Are We Doin' in Love\" topped the charts as well. A 1979 duets album, Classics, also proved successful.[10] The duo proved popular enough to be booked in some of the biggest venues in the United States and other countries. In 1978 and 1979, the duo won the Country Music Association's \"Vocal Duo of the Year\" award, one of West's few major awards." ]

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[ "List of Friends characters. Will Colbert (Brad Pitt): formerly overweight friend of Monica from Ross's class in high school with a grudge against Rachel. Monica invites him over for Thanksgiving dinner in \"The One with the Rumor\" (airdate November 22, 2001; Season 8, No. 9). Will has lost 150 pounds and now looks great—which makes Phoebe flirt with him. Here they find out that Will hates Rachel due to all the bullying he had suffered at her hands in high school and had co-founded the \"I Hate Rachel Green Club\" with Ross and spread rumors about her being a hermaphrodite. He is last seen looking bemused but amused when Joey enters the room wearing Phoebe's maternity pants (under the deluded belief that he would need to change into a new pair of pants to achieve his goal of eating an entire turkey all by himself). Pitt was married to Jennifer Aniston in real life at the time, and his given name is in fact \"William\".", "Elliott Gould. He became known to a new generation of viewers thanks to a semi-recurring role as Jack Geller, the father of Courteney Cox and David Schwimmer's characters Monica and Ross on the hit NBC sitcom Friends. Around the same time he took a more dramatic role, as the boyfriend of the protagonist's mother, in the controversial drama American History X. He co-starred in Steven Soderbergh's Ocean's Eleven, a 2001 remake of the classic Rat Pack caper film. He reprised the role for its sequels, Ocean's Twelve in 2004 and Ocean's Thirteen in 2007. He had another supporting turn in Soderbergh's Contagion, followed by Ruby Sparks in 2012.", "Chandler Bing. Chandler's best friend is Ross Geller (David Schwimmer), who was his college roommate. He and Ross were in a band named Way/No Way during college. He met Ross's sister, Monica Geller (Courteney Cox), and her friend, Rachel Green (Jennifer Aniston), while celebrating Thanksgiving at Ross's House. Chandler was the first person to know about Ross's love for Rachel. He moved to New York City and lives across the hall from Monica and, through her, meets Phoebe Buffay (Lisa Kudrow). At some point during this time, Joey Tribbiani (Matt LeBlanc) moves in with him and they become best friends. Chandler has a very good sense of humor, and is notoriously sarcastic. He is the highest earning member of his friends circle on account of responsible income management, having learned the value of money from a young age. He suffers from commitment issues, but later marries Monica.", "Monica Geller. Monica E. Geller[1][2] is a fictional character, one of the six main characters who appeared in the American sitcom Friends. Created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, and portrayed by actress Courteney Cox, Monica appears in each of the show's 236 episodes, from its premiere on September 24, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. A chef known for her cleanliness, competitiveness and obsessive-compulsive nature, Monica is the younger sister of Ross and best friend of Rachel, the latter of whom she invites to live with her after Rachel forsakes her own wedding. The two characters spend several years living together as roommates until Monica begins a romantic relationship with long-time neighbor and friend Chandler, whom she marries. Unable to conceive children on their own, the couple eventually adopts twins and moves out of their apartment into a larger house in the suburbs.", "Monica Geller. A hardworking [3][4] Monica is introduced in the pilot as one of five close-knit friends who live in New York City, including her older brother Ross (David Schwimmer), neighbors Joey (Matt Leblanc) and Chandler (Matthew Perry), and former roommate Phoebe (Lisa Kudrow).[5] When her privileged, inexperienced childhood best friend Rachel (Jennifer Aniston), with whom she had long lost contact, suddenly arrives in her neighborhood unannounced as a runaway bride after abandoning her own wedding, Monica allows her to move in with her while she attempts to reorganize her life, and the two reconnect.", "Tom Selleck. In the mid-nineties, Selleck played the role of Richard Burke, Monica's older boyfriend, starting at the end of the second season of the hugely successful TV series Friends. Richard was a divorced ophthalmologist who was a friend of Monica's parents, and at first the relationship was hidden from her parents. The relationship eventually ended over Richard's reluctance to commit to having children, though Selleck did make a few extra appearances in later shows.", "John Allen Nelson. Nelson also appeared as Paul, Monica Geller's boyfriend (aka \"The Wine Guy\") in the first episode of Friends.", "Will Wright (actor). Wright made his west coast film debut in 1940 Blondie Plays Cupid. In 1942, he provided the voice of Friend Owl in Walt Disney's animated film Bambi. Wright also had roles in Shadow of the Thin Man (1941), The Major and the Minor (1943), So Proudly We Hail! (1943), Road to Utopia (1946), Mother Wore Tights (1947), Mr. Blandings Builds His Dream House (1948), Little Women (1949), Walk Softly, Stranger (1950), People Will Talk (1951), The Happy Time (1952), River of No Return (1954), The Man with the Golden Arm (1955), Jeanne Eagels (1957), and Gunman's Walk (1958).", "List of Friends characters. Chip Matthews (Dan Gauthier): A man who many years prior to the events of the show had attended the same high school as Rachel, Monica and Ross; although he was outwardly friendly and charismatic enough to become the most popular guy in the high school, he is depicted as being an inwardly selfish, careless and unpleasant person who emotionally hurts and plays immature pranks on other people. His first appearance is a very brief cameo in \"The One with the Prom Video\" (airdate February 1, 1996; Season 2, No. 14) as Rachel's senior prom date; in this episode he is played by an unknown, uncredited actor and his face is not seen on screen. He fully appears in the episode \"The One with the Cat\" (airdate October 2, 1997; Season 4, No. 2), where it is revealed that Monica always had a crush on Chip and was saddened by the fact that he would never date her for her obesity throughout her teenage years, even despite the fact that he abandoned and cheated on Rachel at the prom; apparently, she could not find him for two hours because he was having sex with a girl named Amy Welch. Monica and Chip meet again and, seeing that she has lost a lot of weight since he saw her last and is now a very attractive woman, Chip asks her out, much to her delight as she still has a crush on him. Rachel is upset when she learns that Monica intends to date the man who once cheated on her, but she eventually allows this to happen out of sympathy for her formerly obese friend. She does however react coldly when she answers the door to him when he arrives to pick up Monica, and asks him, \"So Chip, how's Amy Welch?\", to which he replies, \"Amy Welch? Wow, I haven't seen her since...\" He then becomes embarrassed and quickly changes the subject. Monica's dream is soon shattered when she realizes that not only is Chip as unpleasant as he was back in high school, he has not matured and done nothing to better himself since then. As it becomes clearer and clearer to her that mentally, he is still a teenager, she asks him if he still lives with his parents, to which he replies \"Yeah, but I can stay out as late as I want.\" Finally seeing him for the immature loser he always was, Monica shows for the first time accurate insight into Chip when she later tells Rachel \"You know how I always wanted to go out with Chip Matthews in high school? Well tonight, I actually did go out with Chip Matthews in high school.\" She finds happiness however, in the fact that she got to dump \"Chip Matthews in high school.\"", "List of Friends characters. Eric (Sean Penn): Ursula Buffay's boyfriend, whom she brings to Monica's Halloween party in \"The One with the Halloween Party\" (airdate November 1, 2001; Season 8, No. 6). Phoebe is attracted to him but learns that Ursula has lied about herself in order to marry him. He dumps her between \"The One with the Halloween Party\" and \"The One with the Stain\" and tries to get together with Phoebe, but cannot stand to look at her as she reminds him of her sister. Penn got the role after he made several visits to the Friends set with his children, who were fans of the show.[46]", "Emma Pillsbury. Jayma Mays commented of their relationship: \"Oh no! I don’t know if I can say! That’s a hard question because when you see the scenes of Emma and Will, you obviously think 'Oh of course they’re supposed to be together, of course, of course!' but the fact is, is that he’s a married man and Emma knows that’s wrong, and she doesn’t want to be a homewrecker. She doesn’t want to ruin a relationship. So I guess in a perfect world, she could find someone like Will, or maybe Ken Tanaka (laughs) can become a little bit more like Will. But maybe it’s all about respect. Maybe if she can respect Ken enough, that will develop into true love.\"[24] She also commented of her co-star Matthew Morrison (Will): \"We were friends. We knew each other before we started this job. We worked together once before. So, that’s always helpful when you know the person that you’re working with, and you already feel comfortable around them. But yeah, he’s a really good friend, so that makes that stuff a little bit easier.\"[24]", "Monica Geller. When Friends premiered in September 1994, critics initially perceived Monica as the show's main character; Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker attributes this to the fact that Cox was the show's most famous cast member at the time.[79] The actress has garnered largely positive reviews for her performance, with Tucker concluding that Cox successfully \"plays straight woman ... with alluring modesty\".[79] Tony Scott of Variety commended the entire cast for \"appear[ing] resourceful and display[ing] sharp sitcom skills ... especially Cox\",[120] while The Baltimore Sun's David Zurawik described her acting as \"terrific\".[20] John Kiesewetter of The Cincinnati Enquirer praised Cox's ability to \"deliver both verbal and physical comedy\".[121] Contactmusic.com's Sophie Miskiw commended Cox for portraying Monica with \"endearing neurosis\".[122] As a character, Lifetime described Monica as \"neurotic yet lovable\".[123] Bustle's Emma Lord wrote, \"I can't imagine why anyone wouldn't want to be Monica Geller\", describing her as a \"smart\" and \"savvy\" character.[124] Admitting that Monica is \"probably not our favourite character\", TalkTalk described the character as \"wonderfully neurotic,\"[125] while Nick at Nite reviewed her as \"just as lovable as she is neurotic\" despite her overbearing personality.[4] Howard Rosenberg of the Los Angeles Times was receptive towards the entire cast, especially Cox and her character, both of whom he described as \"strong\" and \"likable and funny\".[126] Also writing for the Los Angeles Times, Glenn Whipp lauded Cox's tenure on Friends, enthusing that the actress successfully \"took a character loaded with obsessive-compulsive quirks and a goofy, overly competitive nature and fashioned a flesh-and-blood woman\".[91] Describing the actress' comic timing as \"impeccable\", Whipp went on to write that Cox \"brought out Monica's insecurities in a way that turned self-deprecation into an art form\".[91] Jenna Mullins of E! dubbed Cox \"a fantastic comedic actress\".[127] Alec Harvey of The Birmingham News described Monica as a \"very, very funny\" character.[128] Kayla Upadhyaya of The Michigan Daily appreciated the fact that \"Cox brought moments of sincerity and severity to Monica\".[129] However, The Washington Post panned Cox's performance as \"degrading\",[130] while Mike Ryan of ScreenCrush dismissed Monica as a \"fairly normal, but boring\" character.[131]", "List of Friends characters. Dr. Richard Burke (Tom Selleck): an ophthalmologist and best friend of Jack Geller. Richard is introduced in \"The One Where Ross and Rachel … You Know\"[e 64] when Monica caters an event at his apartment. He begins to date her despite being 21 years older, infuriating Monica's parents when they find out.[e 65] He and Monica break up in \"The One with Barry and Mindy's Wedding\"[e 5] when he tells her he does not want more children, his own having already reached adulthood. Despite the two still being in love, they cannot reconcile this difference, and are both devastated for months. He makes a brief voice cameo in \"The One Where No One's Ready\",[e 66] and later they briefly attempt to rekindle their romance as \"friends\" before accepting that the reasons they broke up remain valid.[e 67] In \"The One with the Proposal\",[e 68] he proposes to Monica after she leaves Chandler, who's planning to propose but pretends to be against marriage because he \"wants it to be a surprise\". Eventually, Chandler comes to his apartment searching for Monica and tells Richard of his own proposal plan. Richard seems to lack sympathy for Chandler at first, responding to Chandler explaining away his plan to make her initially think he was against marriage by stating it had \"worked very well\" but when Chandler angrily tells him he has no right to ruin another man's relationship with her because he's already ruined his own, he realizes Chandler is right and tells him, \"You go get her, Chandler. And can I give you a bit of advice? If you get her, don't let her go. Trust me\"—noting that he hates the fact that he is a nice guy when Chandler thanks him. His apartment is put up for sale in Season 9, in \"The One with Ross's Inappropriate Song\",[e 69] but Richard is not seen. While there, Chandler finds out that Richard made a sex tape with Monica which he steals and watches, but he and Monica later discover that Richard taped over her, relieving Chandler but leaving Monica feeling insulted.", "List of Friends characters. Pete Becker (Jon Favreau): a computer software genius and multi-millionaire. Pete tips Monica $20,000 at the Moondance diner in \"The One with the Hypnosis Tape\", which she assumes is a joke. He asks her out on a date and takes her to Rome. They start seeing each other but initially break up because Monica is not attracted to him. They reconcile after Monica kisses him when he offers her a job in his restaurant (which she turns down), and then realizes that she is attracted to him after all. Monica thinks he is going to propose in \"The One with Ross's Thing\" (airdate May 1, 1997; Season 3, No. 23); instead, he tells her he wants to become the Ultimate Fighting Champion. He gets badly beaten by Tank Abbott,[e 87] and Monica ends it with him after he refuses to quit.", "List of Friends characters. Monica is an intelligent, kind-hearted person who works primarily as a chef at a variety of restaurants throughout the show.", "Monica Geller. The creators' first choice for the role of Monica was comedian Janeane Garofalo. Cox had originally been offered the role of Rachel but declined in favor of playing the character's best friend Monica because she was drawn to her strong personality. Meanwhile, the role of Rachel went to actress Jennifer Aniston, Cox's co-star to whom the role of Monica had originally been offered. Before Friends aired, Monica's characterization was greatly debated among writers in regards to the character sleeping with a man on their first date during the pilot. Kauffman in particular greatly defended Monica, arguing with NBC executive Don Ohlmeyer over whether or not this would make the character too promiscuous. Ultimately, the episode aired unchanged after the studio surveyed the audience, the results of which returned in favor of Monica's existing storyline. The character's struggles with childhood obesity, challenges with romantic relationships and complicated relationship with her mother would eventually become popular staples of the show.", "List of Friends characters. Missy Goldberg (Ellen Pompeo): a woman from Ross' and Chandler's college, at which they both made a pact to not ask her out so it would not damage their friendship, introduced in \"The One Where the Stripper Cries\" (airdate February 5, 2004; Season 10, No. 11). At a reunion, Chandler gives Ross permission to break the pact, now that he is married, where it is revealed that Chandler and Missy made out numerous times during college after school hours in the school's science labs, which Ross calls his \"turf\".", "List of Friends characters. In the second season, Monica falls for her father Jack's (Elliott Gould) friend, Richard Burke (Tom Selleck). Despite the twenty-one year age difference, Monica and Richard are happy, and her parents accept their relationship. However, as a result of Monica yearning for a family but Richard having already had one, they break up at the end of the second season. Monica then pursues a chain of various men until she unexpectedly begins a relationship with her longtime friend, Chandler Bing, at the end of the fourth season, during her brother Ross' wedding to Emily Waltham. Monica and Chandler try to hide their relationship from the rest of the group for much of the fifth season, but eventually everyone finds out. After celebrating their first anniversary in Las Vegas, they move in together and get engaged by the sixth-season finale. After their marriage, Monica and Chandler try to conceive children, only to discover that they are unable to do so. In the final season of the series, they adopt two children, whom they name Erica and Jack.", "Jack McFarland. Since the first season, Jack has established a close bond with alcoholic socialite Karen Walker (Megan Mullally), who chooses to work merely as a source of distraction. Karen is his closest female friend, and they bond due to their shared narcissism and materialism. Jack also strikes up a friendship with Will's other best friend Grace Adler (Debra Messing), through association with Will and Karen.", "Monica Geller. Monica is portrayed by American actress Courteney Cox.[43] Crane and Kauffman had originally written the role of Monica for comedian Janeane Garofalo,[44] their first choice,[45] because they were attracted to her \"edgier and snarkier\" voice.[44] However, Garofalo ultimately turned down the offer.[46] Actress Jami Gertz was also offered the role but declined,[47][48] while actress Leah Remini auditioned for Monica before ultimately being cast as Carrie Heffernan in the sitcom The King of Queens in 1998;[49] Remini would eventually guest star in an episode of Friends.[50] Before being cast as Monica in Friends, Cox was best known for appearing in singer Bruce Springsteen's \"Dancing in the Dark\" music video;[13] within the television industry for her recurring role as Lauren Miller, Alex P. Keaton's girlfriend, on the sitcom Family Ties; and Melissa Robinson in the comedy film Ace Ventura: Pet Detective (1994), opposite Jim Carrey.[20] After guest starring on the sitcom Seinfeld as Meryl,[51] main character Jerry Seinfeld's girlfriend,[52] the producers offered Cox the role of Monica's spoiled best friend Rachel because the actress \"had this cheery, upbeat energy\", which was significantly different than how they had envisioned Monica at the time.[15] Feeling she was not \"quirky\" enough to portray Rachel,[53] Cox lobbied in favor of playing Monica instead because she was drawn to the character's \"strong\" personality,[21] but the producers feared that she was not \"tough\" enough for the role,[54] which was offered to actress Jennifer Aniston, alongside whom Cox would eventually co-star.[54] Meanwhile, a close competitor for the role was actress Nancy McKeon;[55][56] Littlefield recalled having greatly enjoyed both actress' auditions equally, and left the final decision up to Crane and Kauffman.[11] Ultimately, Cox won the role over McKeon because the creators noticed \"something fresh\" in her audition;[11] Kauffman elaborated that Cox ultimately \"brought a whole bunch of other colors\" to Monica than what they had first envisioned back when they were considering Garofalo for the part.[57] Meanwhile, Aniston ultimately won the role of Rachel.[54]", "Phoebe Buffay. Phoebe Buffay-Hannigan is a fictional character, portrayed by Lisa Kudrow, one of the six main characters from the American sitcom Friends, created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman. She appeared in each of the show's 236 episodes, from its premiere on September 24, 1994 to its finale on May 6, 2004. A masseuse and musician, notable for her offbeat and sometimes ditzy behavior. She was Monica's roommate before Rachel. She plays guitar and sings at Central Perk. During the show's ninth season, Phoebe is introduced to Mike Hannigan, played by actor Paul Rudd, by Joey, and the two begin a romantic relationship. The two later get engaged, then married. She is the daughter of Frank Buffay and Lily Buffay and her birth-mother's name was Phoebe Abbott. She has a twin sister named Ursula Buffay. She can speak several languages, including French and Italian.", "Megan Cavanagh. She appears in the American sitcom Friends as Luisa the ex-classmate of Rachel (Jennifer Aniston) and Monica (Courteney Cox) who works for animal control. She is only in one episode.", "Courteney Cox. Courteney Bass Cox (born June 15, 1964)[1][2] is an American actress, producer, and director. She is best known for her roles as Monica Geller on the NBC sitcom Friends, Gale Weathers in the horror series Scream, and Jules Cobb in the ABC/TBS sitcom Cougar Town, for which she earned her first Golden Globe nomination. Cox also starred in the FX series Dirt. She owns a production company, called Coquette Productions, which was created by Cox and her then-husband David Arquette. Cox also worked as a director on her sitcom Cougar Town and the television film Talhotblond.", "List of Friends characters. Alan (Geoffrey Lower) is Monica's boyfriend in \"The One with the Thumb\".[e 103] Everyone likes him more than Monica does. At the end of the episode Monica breaks up with him, and has the break-up talk with the other friends as if they broke up with him, too.", "The One with the Rumor. Monica invites an old school friend of hers and Ross' for Thanksgiving, Will Colbert (Brad Pitt). She also tells a crestfallen Joey Tribbiani that she won't be cooking a turkey because of Will's, Chandler's, Rachel's and Phoebe's aversion to the poultry. Joey admonishes Monica and demands the tradition, and so Monica obliges with a monstrous bird. Throughout the episode, Joey battles the enormous turkey, eventually changing into Phoebe's maternity clothing to ease the strain on his stomach.", "Rachel Green. The role of Rachel was originally offered to actresses Téa Leoni, the producer's first choice, and Courteney Cox, both of whom declined, Leoni in favor of starring in the sitcom The Naked Truth, and Cox in favor of playing Rachel's best friend Monica in Friends.[5] A virtually unknown actress at the time who had previously starred in five short-lived sitcoms, Aniston auditioned for the role of Rachel after turning down an offer as a cast member on the sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live. After acquiring the role and before Friends aired, Aniston was temporarily at risk of being recast because she had also been involved with another sitcom, Muddling Through, at the time, which was ultimately canceled and allowed Aniston to remain on Friends.", "List of Friends characters. Jean-Claude Van Damme (himself): an actor in the movie Susie's producing, whom Rachel and Monica compete for his attention. Monica has a crush on him but is too shy to ask him out so Rachel attempts to for her but he says he'd rather go out with her (Rachel) instead. Rachel asks Monica for permission, which she unhappily gives. after Rachel goes on a date with him it causes a fight between her and Monica that ends with Rachel telling Monica she will not see him anymore so Monica can go out with him and when she goes on a date with him she finds out he only agreed to go out with her (Monica) because Rachel told him that Monica was \"dying to have a threesome with him and Drew Barrymore\". Monica immediately dumps him. when she get home she and Rachel fight again but this time end up apologizing to each other agree they should not have let him come between them. He is last seen being greatly irritated by Joey's stupidity while trying to act alongside him, along with everyone else on the studio set.[e 18]", "List of Friends characters. Zach (John Stamos), a prospective sperm donor for Monica, who finds out that Chandler cannot get her pregnant.[e 41]", "Brian Hallisay. On The CW's drama Privileged, Hallisay played Will Davis, a charming and wealthy Palm Beach bachelor who is delighted to learn that his next-door neighbors have hired a beautiful tutor named Megan Smith (Joanna García).[4] He continued in various television series, such as Without a Trace and Cold Case. Since then, he has landed roles in Bones, Medium, Bionic Woman, and CSI: NY, opposite Gary Sinise.[5]", "Monica Geller. Television writers David Crane and Marta Kauffman originally pitched Friends as a show about \"that special time in your life when your friends are your family\"[11] to then-NBC president Warren Littlefield shortly after their short-lived sitcom Family Album was canceled by CBS.[11] Inspired by their own experiences as young adults living in New York City, the writers loosely based the six main characters on some of their own friends and family;[12] Monica is based on Kauffman herself.[11] Observing that each main character was originally written as a \"one-note stereotype\", Jonathan Bernstein of The Daily Telegraph identified Monica as the group's \"uptight fun-killer\".[13] When Friends first aired, the majority of its earliest episodes revolved around Monica,[5] via whom each character appears to be interconnected; Friends stars the character's brother, her best friend, her former roommate and her two neighbors socializing in Monica's apartment.[5]", "Ken Marino. Marino also made guest appearances in Will & Grace (in the season 3 episode, \"Three's a Crowd, Six Is a Freakshow\"), Angel (season 1), Reno 911! (Season 1, Episode 2 and Season 3, Episode 3), Stella (season 1), Grey's Anatomy (season 2), Monk (in season 3's \"Mr. Monk Takes His Medicine\"), Private Practice (season 3), and Happy Endings (season 2, episode 10, \"The Shrink, the Dare, Her Date and Her Brother\").", "Kathleen Turner. Turner later had roles in The Virgin Suicides (1999), Baby Geniuses (1999), and Beautiful (2000), as well as guest-starring on the NBC sitcom Friends as Chandler Bing's cross-dressing[1] father Charles Bing, and in the third season of Showtime's Californication as Sue Collini, the jaded, sex-crazed owner of a talent agency. Turner has also done considerable work as a voice actress, namely as Jessica Rabbit in Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988), as well as Monster House (2006), and the television series The Simpsons and King of the Hill." ]

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[ "Solitary confinement. The inmate held in solitary confinement for the longest time in U.S. federal prison is Thomas Silverstein, in solitary since 1983. He now resides in ADX Florence federal penitentiary in Colorado.[19][20] The inmate held in solitary confinement for the longest time in the United States is Albert Woodfox, the last of the Angola Three, in solitary in Louisiana State Penitentiary from 1972 to 2016.[21] A May 2013 report on California's Pelican Bay State Prison in Mother Jones magazine also cites one inmate there who \"recently marked his 40th year in solitary\".[22]", "Human rights in the United States. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on torture, Juan E. Méndez, has requested that the United States stop holding prisoners in solitary confinement as \"it often causes mental and physical suffering or humiliation, amounting to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and if the resulting pain or sufferings are severe, solitary confinement even amounts to torture.\" The U.N. estimates there are about 80,000 prisoners in solitary confinement in the U.S., and 12,000 of those are in California.[161] Two prisoners at the Angola prison in Louisiana, Herman Wallace and Albert Woodfox, have each spent more than 40 years in solitary confinement.[162]", "Solitary confinement. Dr. Eisenman, an Art History professor and activist, who is involved in many “stop max” movements centered in Illinois, studies solitary confinement and explains its eventual decline.[89] Since the 1800s solitary confinement was practiced in the penitentiary systems and its implementation and popularity at various prisons grew throughout the centuries.[89] The practice of solitary confinement grew partly because of stigmatizing language used to refer to certain prisoners like ‘the worst of the worst,’ which became a form of “self-justifying the logic of torture”.[89] Yet, as the use of solitary confinement progressed, public discourse around solitary confinement transitioned from a legitimate form of punishment to torture.[89] Because many prisoners in solitary confinement suffered severe mental and physical illnesses, Eisenman describes that by the end of the nineteenth century “prisoner isolation and sensory deprivation were widely understood to be forms of torture”.[89] Therefore, human rights groups condemned the use of solitary confinement or ‘supermax’ systems, and national and local ‘stop max’ movements have initiated in America and worldwide to stop the use of solitary confinement.[89]", "Incarceration in the United States. Solitary confinement is widely used in US prisons, yet it is underreported by most states, while some don't report it at all. Isolation of prisoners has been condemned by the UN in 2011 as a form of torture. At over 80,000 at any given time, the US has more prisoners confined in isolation than any other country in the world. In Louisiana, with 843 prisoners per 100,000 citizens, there have been prisoners, such as the Angola Three, held for as long as forty years in isolation.[128][129]", "Solitary confinement. In November 2014. the United Nations Committee Against Torture noted that full isolation for 22–23 hours a day in super-maximum security prisons is unacceptable.[64]", "Solitary confinement. These facilities, supermax prisons, were originally designed to contain and control the worst criminals and those who did not adhere to the rules of prisons, AKA \"the worst of the worst\".[29] As of 2001, the count of inmates in administrative segregation in California was 5,982 representing an 80.2% change over time, but this number is not quite correct due to deficient files provided.[18] Increasingly, the practice of using solitary confinement long term, instead of the intended three-month period, in the supermax prisons as inmate management has become the norm.[29] The selected inmates, who wear jumpsuits that differentiate them from the general population, will spend around 23 hours a day alone in a cell where they are offered very little and fully monitored as is procedure at Pelican Bay State Prison which is one of the largest supermax prisons in the United States.[29] In order to be sent to Pelican Bay, the inmate has either committed murder, assault, riots, threatening staff or fellow inmates, and even gang affiliation which must be validated by the prison staff.[29]", "Solitary confinement. The New York City Department of Corrections reported that in fiscal year 2012 more than 14.4 percent of all adolescents detained at Rikers Island between the ages of 16 and 18 were held in at least one period of solitary confinement while detained.[10]:131–132 The average length of time young people spent in solitary confinement at Rikers Island was 43 days. More than 48 percent of adolescents at this institution have diagnosed mental health problems.[10]:132 As violence associated with the crack epidemic became increasingly common, new measures were taken. The Red ID card system, instituted in the early 1990s, was a way of identifying inmates with histories of inciting riots, cuttings, stabbings, and other dangerous behaviors. It almost always meant the convict had spent time in a notorious ward designated for punitive confinement called \"The Bing\" (HDM 5 Block). Prisoners Pavle Stanimirović, James Rosado, Tyrone Green, Pedro Hernandez, Willie Bosket, Hector Rivera, Ángel Díaz, John Maldonado and Dominick Pollatti all spent time in \"The Bing.\"", "Solitary confinement. Woodbourne Correctional Facility houses the inmate in with the most time spent in New York state's solitary confinement units.[clarification needed] Inmate Willie Bosket, now suffering mental and health problems, was confined in Woodbourne Correctional Facility. He has been in SHU for over 20 years after violent incidents directed at prison staff. Allowed no physical contact with humans, he is watched on camera at all times, takes showers in his cell (the water turns on for 10 minutes every two days) and is fed through a metal slot. He is currently serving a sentence of 82 years to life at Five Points Correctional Facility.[citation needed] Luis Rosado, known as 'Blue Boy', is another prisoner with a violent history facing indefinite solitary confinement in New York State's Correctional system. Pavle Stanimirovic writes about both inmates or as he distinguishes between convict and inmate in a book about his 4 years time in Solitary Confinement and long term keep lock . True Crime Author Burl Barer talks about Pavle Stanimirovic and how it was in SHU with Blue Boy, in Danamora Clinton .CF, Upstate NY a SHU 2000 Box Punch as the convict a person that has suffered a traumatic experience, his true story is a great inspiration for people that might go through the same experience entering into a sub -world of violence, was part violence and many riots, Upstate was part of gangs growing in the 1990s to 2000s is the only known comprehensive first hand account about treatment in Solitary Confinement in the NYSDOCS", "Solitary confinement. Solitary confinement is a form of imprisonment in which an inmate is isolated from any human contact, often with the exception of members of prison staff, for 22–24 hours a day, with a sentence ranging from days to decades.[1] It is mostly employed as a form of punishment beyond incarceration for a prisoner, usually for violations of prison regulations. However, it is also used as an additional measure of protection for vulnerable inmates. In the case of prisoners at high risk of suicide, it can be used to prevent access to items that could allow the prisoner to self-harm.", "Solitary confinement. Many states such as Colorado, Mississippi, and Maine have implemented plans to reduce use of supermax prisons and solitary confinement and have begun to show signs of reform.[90] Joseph Ponte, Corrections Commissioner of Maine, cut supermax prison population by half.[90] Colorado has announced reforms to limit the use of solitary confinement in prisons following a study that showed significant levels of confinement and isolation in prisons.[90] Washington has also showed signs of decreased use of solitary confinement, low segregation of overall prison population, and emphasis on alternative methods.[90]", "Louisiana State Penitentiary. On March 11, 2014 Glenn Ford, a convicted murderer and Louisiana's longest-serving death row prisoner, walked free after a court overturned his conviction a day earlier when petitioned by prosecutors. Ford had spent nearly three decades at the prison, with 26 years in solitary confinement on death row.[40] The state's policy was to house death row prisoners in solitary confinement, but lengthy appeals have created new harsh conditions of extended solitary. Convicts and their defense counsels have challenged such lengthy stays in solitary confinement, which has been shown to be deleterious to both mental and physical health, and has been considered to be \"cruel and unusual punishment\" under the US Constitution.", "Solitary confinement. The prisoners are kept confined to their cells almost twenty-three hours a day and all forms of human contact through refined locking and monitoring systems are minimized. Pelican Bay SHU was one of the first visible “super-maximum security” facilities and thus it attracted lots of media attention.[28] Those opposing the conditions of California’s “supermax” resulted in the federal court criticizing certain features of the prison but left the basic regimen of segregation and isolation largely intact.[28]", "Solitary confinement. The most \"notorious example of the extreme social isolation found in supermaximum custody units\" is the SHU at SouthPort NYDOCS Upstate Correctional Facility & Pelican Bay State Prison.[5] From studying conditions at Pelican Bay, researchers argue that long-term social isolation \"carries major psychiatric risks.\" [5] Prisoners are susceptible to developing mental illnesses because they are confined to coffin-like conditions and denied access to basic health services.[5] Illnesses range from anxiety, clinical depression, and self-mutilation to suicidal thoughts and SHU syndrome.[5] Yet, it is important to note that the duration of the isolation is the most important factor in determining the effects of solitary confinement.[5]", "Solitary confinement. In more recent years, UN representatives have strengthened their efforts to stop solitary confinement from being used worldwide.[78] The urgency with which representatives have undertaken these efforts is largely due to the UN Special Rapporteurs on Torture, Manfred Nowak and Juan Méndez.[78] Nowak and Méndez have both \"repeatedly unequivocally stated that prolonged solitary confinement is cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, and may amount to torture\".[78] Nowak and Méndez have been especially critical of long-term or prolonged solitary confinement, which they define as lasting fifteen days or more.[78] Their authority and explicit characterization of solitary confinement as cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment has led the UN to include long-term to indefinite solitary confinement in the group of practices that violate the provisions outlined in the UDHR, ICCPR, and CAT. Solitary confinement lasting for a short period of time, however, is allowed under international law when used as a last resort, though Nowak, Mendez, and many other UN representatives believe that the practice should be abolished altogether.[78]", "Solitary confinement. In the U.S., opponents of solitary confinement have argued (with varying success) that the practice violates prisoners’ Constitutional rights. Despite the long history of litigation over the practice, the Supreme Court has yet to definitively state whether or not solitary confinement is unconstitutional. The Supreme Court considered the constitutionality of long-term solitary confinement only once in the ‘‘Wilkinson v. Austin'’ case. In contrast to the Supreme Court’s inaction, lower courts of the U.S. have imposed constitutional limitations on the use of solitary confinement.[46] Despite such limitations, the federal courts have refused to find that solitary confinement is per se unconstitutional.[46] The U.S. has also effectively “insulated itself from any official sanction for international violations by not submitting to the jurisdiction” of committees that enforce the ICCPR or CAT.[78]", "Solitary confinement. Solitary confinement is becoming more and more popular throughout the U.S. with some \"supermax\" prisons have nothing but solitary confinement cells. \"Some people are held in solitary confinement in special \"supermax\" prisons, such as California’s Pelican Bay,[26] Virginia’s Red Onion, and the federal government’s ADX in Florence, Colorado. At least 44 states[27] and the federal system now have supermax prisons, which are generally composed solely of solitary confinement cells. Other prisoners live in SHUs, RHUs, and IMUs within ordinary prisons, and even inside local jails.\"[1]", "Solitary confinement. Since the 1980s, the New York City Department of Correction has increased the use of segregation as a discipline and management tool. In effect, segregation is a secondary sentence imposed by the correctional facility, which is usually unrelated to the conviction for which the person is incarcerated.[36] There are high rates of use of solitary confinement in New York when compared to other U.S. states. Within the New York prison system, solitary confinement is frequently imposed for nonviolent, “trivial prisoner offenses.” Usually the common misconception is that solitary confinement is a punishment of last resort, reserved for inmates who present a threat of violence or escape.[37] Inmates that are released from solitary confinement go through a “transitional unit” but failure in the program results in their return to solitary confinement. Overall, most of the inmates fail and return to solitary confinement.[38] New York has the highest rate of “disciplinary segregation” in the country, making solitary confinement a regular every day action among the prison. Although prisons nationwide have decreased use of solitary confinement, the New York City Department of Correction expanded its capacity by 27 percent in 2011 and another 44 percent in 2012, according to the NYC Jails Action Coalition. Although the DOC housed 1,000 more inmates in 1990 than it does today, its jails have more solitary cells now. Due to this the city is topping the charts of municipalities with a high rate of solitary confinement.[39] On any given day, there are about 4,500 men, women, and children in some form of isolated confinement in New York State prisons. This is not including New York City’s jails, which are run under a separate system, where those in solitary confinement reach close to 1,000 or more.[37]", "Solitary confinement. In San Quentin State Prison, the violence rates were still high in the 1980s despite the similar lockdowns and procedures of Pelican Bay because these prisoners use the small windows out of lockdown to either harm themselves or others.[30] They typically will try not to harm themselves while in the psychiatric hospital ward either, but they will plan out while in lockdown until they can see their plan through.[30] However even as they near their release dates, they are moved to “prerelease programs” out of the SHU which are successful with some prisoners, but it causes most others to become even more uncontrollable and unpredictable due to their mental states that aren’t properly cared for or screened.[30]", "Solitary confinement. In May 2012, California's prison system faced a lawsuit from the Center for Constitutional Rights and a group of California attorneys for the use of long terms of solitary confinement, some lasting for decades.[31]", "Solitary confinement. Solitary confinement as a disciplinary measure for prisoners in Europe was largely reduced or eliminated during the twentieth century.[6] In 2004, only 40 out of 75,000 inmates held in England and Wales were placed in solitary confinement cells.[43]", "Solitary confinement. Research surrounding the possible psychological and physiological effects of solitary confinement dates back to the 1830s. When the new prison discipline of separate confinement was introduced at the Eastern State Penitentiary in Philadelphia in 1829, commentators attributed the high rates of mental breakdown to the system of isolating prisoners in their cells. Charles Dickens, who visited the Philadelphia Penitentiary during his travels to America, described the \"slow and daily tampering with the mysteries of the brain to be immeasurably worse than any torture of the body\".[8] Prison records from the Denmark institute in 1870 to 1920 indicate that staff noticed inmates were exhibiting signs of mental illnesses while in isolation, revealing that the persistent problem has been around for decades.[9]", "Solitary confinement. Misuse of solitary confinement has been widely controversial. In immigration detention centers, reports have surfaced concerning its use against detainees in order to keep those knowledgeable about their rights away from other detainees.[65] In the prison-industrial complex itself, reports of solitary confinement as punishment in work labor prisons have also summoned much criticism.[66] One issue prison reform activists have fought against is the use of Security Housing Units (extreme forms of solitary confinement). They argue that they do not rehabilitate inmates but rather serve only to cause inmates psychological harm.[67] Further reports of placing prisoners into solitary confinement based on sexual orientation, race and religion have been an ongoing but very contentious subject in the last century.[36]", "Solitary confinement. In recent circuit court cases, courts have ruled that solitary confinement of 305 days or more constitutes an “atypical and significant hardship” that implicates due process.[46]", "Solitary confinement. The practice is used when a prisoner is considered dangerous to themselves or to others, is suspected of organizing or being engaged in illegal activities outside of the prison, or, as in the case of a prisoner such as a pedophile or witness, is at a high risk of being harmed by another inmate or inmates. The latter example is a form of protective custody. Solitary confinement is also the norm in Supermax prisons where prisoners who are deemed dangerous or of high risk are held. It may be hard to determine the number of people currently being held in solitary confinement because some prisons have a hard time defining it. However, it is estimated that 80,000 to 100,000 people are currently in solitary confinement.[1]", "Solitary confinement. Juveniles are held in solitary confinement in jails and prisons across the United States, often for days, weeks, months, or even years in order to punish, protect, house, or treat some of the youth held there.[10]:2 There is significant controversy surrounding the use of solitary confinement in cases of juveniles.", "Solitary confinement. One study has shown that “inmates ever assigned to solitary confinement were 3.2 times as likely to commit an act of self-harm per 1000 days at some time during their incarceration as those never assigned to solitary.”[47] The study has concluded that there is a direct correlation between inmates who self-harm and inmates that are punished into solitary confinement. Many of the inmates look to self-harm as a way to “avoid the rigors of solitary confinement.”[47] Mental health professionals ran a series of tests that ultimately concluded that “self-harm and potentially fatal self-harm associated with solitary confinement was higher independent of mental illness status and age group.”[47]", "Solitary confinement. The documented psychological effects led one judge in a 2001 suit to rule that \"Solitary confinement units are virtual incubators of psychoses—seeding illness in otherwise healthy inmates and exacerbating illness in those already suffering from mental infirmities.\"[61] In fact, as of 2016, there have been thirty-five U.S. Supreme Court cases petitioning solitary confinement.[62]", "List of prisoners with whole-life orders. He has served much of his sentence in solitary confinement to prevent him from attacking or killing any more inmates, some of it at Parkhurst prison, but mostly at Wakefield prison in a cell said to resemble Hannibal Lecter's in the film The Silence of the Lambs with cardboard furniture. He became Britains longest serving prisoner after the death of Ian Brady in May 2017.[11][12][13][14]", "Solitary confinement. Within the US legal system, too, courts have held that the solitary confinement of the mentally ill is “cruel and unusual”.[78] In fact, David Fathi, Director of the ACLU’s National Prison Project, found that “every federal court that has considered claims by severely mentally ill prisoners held in solitary confinement has found this treatment unconstitutional”.[46] These court rulings are significant in light of the fact that more than half of the prisoners currently serving jail time in the US are mentally ill according to the US Bureau of Prisons.[78] Furthermore, approximately 30% or more of prisoners in solitary confinement are mentally ill.[78] These rulings have the potential to dramatically change how prisons deal with mentally ill inmates, as prison officials would no longer be able to “warehouse” “difficult” prisoners if they have a preexisting mental illness.[78] It should be noted, however, that these rulings do not guarantee that the mentally ill will not be put in solitary confinement; while they are considered a vulnerable group, these prisoners still have “limited” recourse to the Eighth Amendment.[82]", "Solitary confinement. The use of long-term solitary confinement, along with other grievances, has triggered organized resistance from prisoners and advocacy groups in the United States. Prisoners in California and elsewhere have launched hunger strikes, citing cruel and unusual uses of solitary confinement as a major reason. Hundreds of prisoners in the United States, acting through the Center for Human Rights and Constitutional Law, have in 2012 filed a petition against solitary confinement at the United Nations. The petition alleges that solitary confinement constitutes torture and should be addressed by the international community.[83]", "Alcatraz Federal Penitentiary. D-Block gained notoriety as a \"Treatment block\" for some of the worst inmates, with varying degrees of punishment, including Isolation, Solitary and Strip.[77] Prisoners usually spent anything from 3 to 19 days in Solitary.[77] Prisoners held here would be given their meals in their cells, were not permitted to work and could only shower twice a week. After a 1939 escape attempt in which Arthur \"Doc\" Barker was killed, the Bureau of Prisons tightened security in the D-Block. The Birdman of Alcatraz inhabited cell 42 in D-Block in solitary confinement for 6 years.", "Solitary confinement. The first comment by the Supreme Court of the United States about solitary confinement's effect on prisoner mental status was made in 1890 (In re Medley 134 U.S. 160).[5] In it the court found that the use of solitary confinement produced reduced mental and physical capabilities.[5] The use of solitary confinement in prisons was first introduced to regulate unruly prisoners and keep them away from the rest of the prison society (Haney, Craig; Lynch, Mona). However, solitary confinement has been linked to several developments of mental disorders, one of which being Ganser syndrome. A man developed Ganser syndrome after being held in solitary confinement for a long term sentence; however, that development is seen as rare and is unlikely in most cases." ]

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[ "Hand sanitizer. Alcohol has been used as an antiseptic at least as early as 1363 with evidence to support its use becoming available in the late 1800s.[10] Alcohol-based hand sanitizer has been commonly used in Europe since at least the 1980s.[11] The alcohol-based version is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most effective and safe medicines needed in a health system.[12] The wholesale cost in the developing world is about 1.40 to 3.70 USD per liter bottle.[13][5]", "History of wound care. Various types of alcohol were also used in ancient medical practices. One of the first uses was by the Sumerians, who used beer as an antiseptic along with the dressing of wounds, using up to 19 different types of beer.[10] Other Ancient Arabic cultures, including the Sumerians and Akkadians used wine with sesame infusions, which were \"purified and pulverized\" before application along with the many beers.[11] Another peoples to take advantage of the cleansing properties of alcohol were the Greeks. They used wine along with boiled water and vinegar to cleanse wounds. The Greeks, specifically Hippocrates (430-377 bc), were also the first to establish the four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat and pain.[10] Alcohol is still in use today as a wound cleanser largely as rubbing alcohol. However the side effects can be skin cell death resulting in inflammation and itchiness at the site of application.[12]", "Victorian era. Medicine also benefited from the introduction of antiseptics by Joseph Lister in 1867 in the form of carbolic acid (phenol).[64] He instructed the hospital staff to wear gloves and wash their hands, instruments, and dressings with a phenol solution and in 1869, he invented a machine that would spray carbolic acid in the operating theatre during surgery.[64]", "History of alcoholic drinks. The medicinal use of alcohol was mentioned in Sumerian and Egyptian texts dating from about 2100 BC. The Hebrew Bible recommends giving alcoholic drinks to those who are dying or depressed, so that they can forget their misery (Proverbs 31:6-7).", "Medical microbiology. In 1867 Joseph Lister is considered to be the father of antiseptic surgery. By sterilizing the instruments with diluted carbolic acid and using it to clean wounds, post-operative infections were reduced, making surgery safer for patients.", "Antiseptic. The widespread introduction of antiseptic surgical methods followed the publishing of the paper Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery in 1867 by Joseph Lister, inspired by Louis Pasteur's germ theory of putrefaction.[5] In this paper, Lister advocated the use of carbolic acid (phenol) as a method of ensuring that any germs present were killed. Some of this work was anticipated by:", "Phenol. Phenol once was widely used as an antiseptic, its use pioneered by Joseph Lister (see History section).", "History of alcoholic drinks. At times and places of poor public sanitation (such as Medieval Europe), the consumption of alcoholic drinks was a way of avoiding water-borne diseases such as cholera.[citation needed] Small beer and faux wine, in particular, were used for this purpose. Although alcohol kills bacteria, its low concentration in these beverages would have had only a limited effect. More important was that the boiling of water (required for the brewing of beer) and the growth of yeast (required for fermentation of beer and wine) would kill dangerous microorganisms. The alcohol content of these beverages allowed them to be stored for months or years in simple wood or clay containers without spoiling. For this reason, they were commonly kept aboard sailing vessels as an important (or even the sole) source of hydration for the crew, especially during the long voyages of the early modern period.", "Phenol. The antiseptic properties of phenol were used by Sir Joseph Lister (1827–1912) in his pioneering technique of antiseptic surgery. Lister decided that the wounds themselves had to be thoroughly cleaned. He then covered the wounds with a piece of rag or lint[38] covered in phenol, or carbolic acid as he called it. The skin irritation caused by continual exposure to phenol eventually led to the introduction of aseptic (anti-septic, germ-free) techniques in surgery.", "Asepsis. The modern concept of asepsis evolved in the 19th century. Ignaz Semmelweis showed that washing hands prior to delivery reduced puerperal fever. After the suggestion by Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister introduced the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, and in doing so, reduced surgical infection rates. Lawson Tait went from antisepsis to asepsis, introducing principles and the iconic statutes that have remained valid to this day. Ernst von Bergmann introduced the autoclave, a device used for the practice of the sterilization of surgical instruments.[1]", "Joseph Lister. Applying Louis Pasteur's advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of carbolic acid as an antiseptic, such that it became the first widely used antiseptic in surgery. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste. He presumed it was safe because fields treated with carbolic acid produced no apparent ill-effects on the livestock that later grazed upon them.", "Ethanol. The term “alcohol” now refers to a wider class of substances in chemistry nomenclature, but in common parlance it remains the name of ethanol. The Oxford English Dictionary claims that it is a medieval loan from Arabic al-kuḥl, a powdered ore of antimony used since antiquity as a cosmetic, and retained that meaning in Middle Latin.[10] The use of “alcohol” for ethanol (in full, “alcohol of wine”) is modern, first recorded 1753, and by the later 17th century referred to “any sublimated substance; distilled spirit” use for “the spirit of wine” (shortened from a full expression alcohol of wine). The systematic use in chemistry dates to 1850.", "History of alcoholic drinks. However, the production and distribution of spirits spread slowly. Spirit drinking was still largely for medicinal purposes throughout most of the 16th century. It has been said of distilled alcohol that \"the sixteenth century created it; the seventeenth century consolidated it; the eighteenth popularized it.\"", "Hand washing. A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a non-water-based hand hygiene agent. In the late 1990s and early part of the 21st century, alcohol rub non-water-based hand hygiene agents (also known as alcohol-based hand rubs, antiseptic hand rubs, or hand sanitizers) began to gain popularity. Most are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulated together with a thickening agent such as Carbomer into a gel, or a humectant such as glycerin into a liquid, or foam for ease of use and to decrease the drying effect of the alcohol.", "Rubbing alcohol. The term \"rubbing alcohol\" came into prominence in North America in the mid-1920s. The original rubbing alcohol was literally used as a liniment for massage; hence the name. This original rubbing alcohol was rather different from today's precisely formulated surgical spirit; in some formulations it was perfumed and included different additives, notably a higher concentration of methyl salicylate.", "Health effects of wine. Wine has a long history of use as an early form of medication, being recommended variously as a safe alternative to drinking water, an antiseptic for treating wounds, a digestive aid, and as a cure for a wide range of ailments including lethargy, diarrhea and pain from child birth.[12] Ancient Egyptian papyri and Sumerian tablets dating back to 2200 BC detail the medicinal role of wine, making it the world's oldest documented human-made medicine.[13] Wine continued to play a major role in medicine until the late 19th and early 20th century, when changing opinions and medical research on alcohol and alcoholism cast doubt on its role as part of a healthy lifestyle.", "History of alcoholic drinks. Alcoholic beverages played an important role in the Thirteen Colonies from their early days. For example, the Mayflower shipped more beer than water when it departed for the New World in 1620. While this may seem strange viewed from the modern context, note that drinking wine and beer at that time was safer than drinking water - which was usually taken from sources also used to dispose of sewage and garbage.[citation needed] Experience showed that it was safer to drink alcohol than the typically polluted water in Europe. Alcohol was also an effective analgesic, provided energy necessary for hard work, and generally enhanced the quality of life.[citation needed]", "Alcoholism. Historically the name \"dipsomania\" was coined by German physician C. W. Hufeland in 1819 before it was superseded by \"alcoholism\".[163][164] That term now has a more specific meaning.[165] The term \"alcoholism\" was first used in 1849 by the Swedish physician Magnus Huss to describe the systematic adverse effects of alcohol.[166] Alcohol has a long history of use and misuse throughout recorded history. Biblical, Egyptian and Babylonian sources record the history of abuse and dependence on alcohol. In some ancient cultures alcohol was worshiped and in others, its abuse was condemned. Excessive alcohol misuse and drunkenness were recognized as causing social problems even thousands of years ago. However, the defining of habitual drunkenness as it was then known as and its adverse consequences were not well established medically until the 18th century. In 1647 a Greek monk named Agapios was the first to document that chronic alcohol misuse was associated with toxicity to the nervous system and body which resulted in a range of medical disorders such as seizures, paralysis, and internal bleeding. In 1920 the effects of alcohol abuse and chronic drunkenness led to the failed prohibition of alcohol in the United States, a nationwide constitutional ban on the production, importation, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages that remained in place until 1933. In 2005 alcohol dependence and abuse was estimated to cost the US economy approximately 220 billion dollars per year, more than cancer and obesity.[167]", "History of alcoholic drinks. Evidence of alcoholic beverages has also been found dating from 3150 BC in ancient Egypt,[7] 3000 BC in Babylon,[8] 2000 BC in pre-Hispanic Mexico,[8] and 1500 BC in Sudan.[9]", "History of alcoholic drinks. Xenophon (431-351 BC) and Plato (429-347 BC) both praised the moderate use of wine as beneficial to health and happiness, but both were critical of drunkenness, which appears to have become a problem. Plato also believed that no one under the age of eighteen should be allowed to touch wine. Hippocrates (cir. 460-370 BC) identified numerous medicinal properties of wine, which had long been used for its therapeutic value. Later, both Aristotle (384-322 BC) and Zeno (cir. 336-264 BC) were very critical of drunkenness.[15]", "Alcohol. The word \"alcohol\" is from the Arabic kohl (Arabic: الكحل‎, translit. al-kuḥl), a powder used as an eyeliner.[11] Al- is the Arabic definite article, equivalent to the in English. Alcohol was originally used for the very fine powder produced by the sublimation of the natural mineral stibnite to form antimony trisulfide Sb2S3. It was considered to be the essence or \"spirit\" of this mineral. It was used as an antiseptic, eyeliner, and cosmetic. The meaning of alcohol was extended to distilled substances in general, and then narrowed to ethanol, when \"spirits\" was a synonym for hard liquor.[12]", "Antimony potassium tartrate. Tartar emetic was used in the late 19th and early 20th century in patent medicine as a remedy for alcohol intoxication, and was first ruled ineffective in the United States in 1941, in United States v. 11 1/4 Dozen Packages of Articles Labeled in Part Mrs. Moffat’s Shoo-Fly Powders for Drunkenness.[16][17]", "Hand sanitizer. Consumer alcohol-based hand sanitizers, and health care hand alcohol or alcohol hand antiseptic agents, are antiseptic products used to avoid transmission of pathogens. These exist in liquid, foam, and easy-flowing gel formulations. The level of alcohol varies between 60% and 95%.", "Surgery. Until the pioneering work of British surgeon Joseph Lister in the 1860s, most medical men believed that chemical damage from exposures to bad air (see \"miasma\") was responsible for infections in wounds, and facilities for washing hands or a patient's wounds were not available.[50] Lister became aware of the work of French chemist Louis Pasteur, who showed that rotting and fermentation could occur under anaerobic conditions if micro-organisms were present. Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate the micro-organisms responsible for gangrene: filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to chemical solutions. Lister confirmed Pasteur's conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop antiseptic techniques for wounds. As the first two methods suggested by Pasteur were inappropriate for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third, spraying carbolic acid on his instruments. He found that this remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene and he published his results in The Lancet.[51] Later, on 9 August 1867, he read a paper before the British Medical Association in Dublin, on the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, which was reprinted in The British Medical Journal.[52][53][54] His work was groundbreaking and laid the foundations for a rapid advance in infection control that saw modern antiseptic operating theatres widely used within 50 years.", "Ethanol. Ethanol is used in medical wipes and most common antibacterial hand sanitizer gels as an antiseptic. Ethanol kills organisms by denaturing their proteins and dissolving their lipids and is effective against most bacteria and fungi, and many viruses. However, ethanol is ineffective against bacterial spores.[11] 70% ethanol is the most effective concentration, particularly because of osmotic pressure. Absolute ethanol may inactivate microbes without destroying them because the alcohol is unable to fully permeate the microbe's membrane.[12] [13]", "History of alcoholic drinks. In colonial America, water contamination was common. Two means to ensure that waterborne illness, for example typhoid and cholera, was not conveyed by water was to boil it in the process of making tea or coffee, or to use it to make alcohol. As a result, alcohol consumption was much higher in the nineteenth century than it is today -- 7.1 US gallons (27 l) of pure alcohol per person per year.[37] Before the construction of the Erie Canal, transportation of grain from the west was cost prohibitive; farmers instead converted their grain to alcohol for shipping eastward. This dependence on alcohol as a revenue source led to the Whiskey Rebellion of 1794. Later in the nineteenth century opposition to alcohol grew in the form of the temperance movement, culminating in Prohibition in the United States from 1920 to 1933.", "Alcohol. Alcohol distillation was known to Islamic chemists as early as the eighth century.[3][4]", "Benzoic acid. Benzoic acid was used as an expectorant, analgesic, and antiseptic in the early 20th century.[30]", "Rubbing alcohol. The name \"rubbing\" also emphasized that the alcohol was not intended for consumption, a significant distinction in Prohibition-era America; nonetheless it had become a well-documented surrogate alcohol as early as 1925.", "Physiology. In 1858, Joseph Lister studied the cause of blood coagulation and inflammation that resulted after previous injuries and surgical wounds. He later discovered and implemented antiseptics in the operating room, and as a result decreases death rate from surgery by a substantial amount.[5][15]", "Alcohol. The 1657 Lexicon Chymicum, by William Johnson glosses the word as \"antimonium sive stibium.\"[14] By extension, the word came to refer to any fluid obtained by distillation, including \"alcohol of wine,\" the distilled essence of wine. Libavius in Alchymia (1594) refers to \"vini alcohol vel vinum alcalisatum\". Johnson (1657) glosses alcohol vini as \"quando omnis superfluitas vini a vino separatur, ita ut accensum ardeat donec totum consumatur, nihilque fæcum aut phlegmatis in fundo remaneat.\" The word's meaning became restricted to \"spirit of wine\" (the chemical known today as ethanol) in the 18th century and was extended to the class of substances so-called as \"alcohols\" in modern chemistry after 1850.[13]", "History of alcoholic drinks. Alcoholic beverages were widely used in all segments of Chinese society, were used as a source of inspiration, were important for hospitality, were considered an antidote for fatigue, and were sometimes misused. Laws against making wine were enacted and repealed forty-one times between 1100 BC and AD 1400. However, a commentator writing around 650 BC asserted that people \"will not do without beer. To prohibit it and secure total abstinence from it is beyond the power even of sages. Hence, therefore, we have warnings on the abuse of it.\"[12]" ]

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[ "Italian language. The Italian alphabet is typically considered to consist of 21 letters. The letters j, k, w, x, y are traditionally excluded, though they appear in loanwords such as jeans, whisky, taxi, xenofobo, xilofono. The letter ⟨x⟩ has become common in standard Italian with the prefix extra-, although (e)stra- is traditionally used; it is also common to use of the Latin particle ex(-) to mean \"former(ly)\" as in: la mia ex (\"my ex-girlfriend\"), \"Ex-Jugoslavia\" (\"Former Yugoslavia\"). The letter ⟨j⟩ appears in the first name Jacopo and in some Italian place-names, such as Bajardo, Bojano, Joppolo, Jerzu, Jesolo, Jesi, Ajaccio, among others, and in Mar Jonio, an alternative spelling of Mar Ionio (the Ionian Sea). The letter ⟨j⟩ may appear in dialectal words, but its use is discouraged in contemporary standard Italian.[72] Letters used in Foreign words can be replaced with phonetically equivalent native Italian letters and digraphs: ⟨gi⟩, ⟨ge⟩, or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨j⟩; ⟨c⟩ or ⟨ch⟩ for ⟨k⟩ (including in the standard prefix kilo-); ⟨o⟩, ⟨u⟩ or ⟨v⟩ for ⟨w⟩; ⟨s⟩, ⟨ss⟩, ⟨z⟩, ⟨zz⟩ or ⟨cs⟩ for ⟨x⟩; and ⟨e⟩ or ⟨i⟩ for ⟨y⟩.", "J. In modern standard Italian spelling, only Latin words, proper nouns (such as Jesi, Letojanni, Juventus etc.) or those borrowed from foreign languages have ⟨j⟩. Until the 19th century, ⟨j⟩ was used instead of ⟨i⟩ in diphthongs, as a replacement for final -ii, and in vowel groups (as in Savoja); this rule was quite strict for official writing. ⟨j⟩ is also used to render /j/ in dialect, e.g. Romanesque ajo for standard aglio (–/ʎ/–) (garlic). The Italian novelist Luigi Pirandello used ⟨j⟩ in vowel groups in his works written in Italian; he also wrote in his native Sicilian language, which still uses the letter ⟨j⟩ to represent /j/ (and sometimes also [dʒ] or [gj], depending on its environment).[9]", "Italian orthography. The base alphabet consists of 21 letters: five vowels (A, E, I, O U) and 16 consonants. The letters J, K, W, X and Y are not part of the proper alphabet, and are used only for loanwords (e.g. 'jeans') and foreign names (with very few exceptions, such as in the native names Jesolo, Bettino Craxi, and Juventus, all of which are derived from regional languages). In addition, grave, acute and circumflex accents may be used to modify vowel letters.", "J. The letter J originated as a swash letter I, used for the letter I at the end of Roman numerals when following another I, as in XXIIJ or xxiij instead of XXIII or xxiii for the Roman numeral representing 23. A distinctive usage emerged in Middle High German.[3] Gian Giorgio Trissino (1478–1550) was the first to explicitly distinguish I and J as representing separate sounds, in his Ɛpistola del Trissino de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua italiana (\"Trissino's epistle about the letters recently added in the Italian language\") of 1524.[4] Originally, 'I' and 'J' were different shapes for the same letter, both equally representing /i/, /iː/, and /j/; but, Romance languages developed new sounds (from former /j/ and /ɡ/) that came to be represented as 'I' and 'J'; therefore, English J, acquired from the French J, has a sound value quite different from /j/ (which represents the initial sound in the English word \"yet\").", "J. Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin script, ⟨j⟩ stands for /ʒ/ in Turkish and Azerbaijani, for /ʐ/ in Tatar. ⟨j⟩ stands for /dʒ/ in Indonesian, Somali, Malay, Igbo, Shona, Oromo, Turkmen, and Zulu. It represents a voiced palatal plosive /ɟ/ in Konkani, Yoruba, and Swahili. In Kiowa, ⟨j⟩ stands for a voiceless alveolar plosive, /t/.", "J. J is the tenth letter in the modern English alphabet and the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its normal name in English is jay /dʒeɪ/ or, now uncommonly, jy /dʒaɪ/.[1][2] When used for the palatal approximant, it may be called yod (/jɒd/ or /joʊd/) or yot (/jɒt/ or /joʊt/).", "J. The great majority of Germanic languages, such as German, Dutch, Icelandic, Swedish, Danish and Norwegian, use ⟨j⟩ for the palatal approximant /j/, which is usually represented by the letter ⟨y⟩ in English. Notable exceptions are English, Scots and (to a lesser degree) Luxembourgish. ⟨j⟩ also represents /j/ in Albanian, and those Uralic, Slavic and Baltic languages that use the Latin alphabet, such as Hungarian, Finnish, Estonian, Polish, Czech, Serbo-Croatian, Slovak, Latvian and Lithuanian. Some related languages, such as Serbo-Croatian and Macedonian, also adopted ⟨j⟩ into the Cyrillic alphabet for the same purpose. Because of this standard, the lower case letter was chosen to be used in the IPA as the phonetic symbol for the sound.", "Italian orthography. The Italian alphabet has five vowel letters, ⟨a e i o u⟩. Of those, only ⟨a⟩ represents one sound value while each of the others has two. In addition, ⟨e⟩ and ⟨i⟩ indicate a different pronunciation of a preceding ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ (see below).", "Italian orthography. The name for J is I lunga ('long I'), K is cappa, W is V doppia or doppia V ('double V'), X is ics, and Y is ipsilon or I greca ('Greek I').", "Italian orthography. Like mentioned above, the letters J, K , W , X and Y are used for loanwords and foreign names only with few exceptions.", "Italian orthography. Normally, ⟨c⟩ and ⟨g⟩ represent the plosives /k/ and /ɡ/, respectively, unless they precede a front vowel (⟨i⟩ or ⟨e⟩) when they represent the affricates /tʃ/ (like English ch) and /dʒ/ (like English j).", "Sicilian language. The letter j at the start of a word can have three separate sounds, depending on what precedes the word.[29] For instance, in jornu (day), the j is pronounced [j] as in English y, [ˈjɔɾnʊ]. However, after a nasal consonant, it is pronounced [ɡ] as in un jornu, [uŋˈɡɔɾnʊ]. Tri jorna (three days) is pronounced [ˌʈ͡ʂiɡˈɡjɔɾna], the j becoming [ɡj] (like English gu in \"argue\"), after a vowel.", "Roman numerals. Since the Middle Ages, a \"j\" has sometimes been substituted for the final \"i\" of a \"lower-case\" Roman numeral, such as \"iij\" for 3 or \"vij\" for 7. This \"j\" can be considered a swash variant of \"i\" (see example [1]). The use of a final \"j\" is still used in medical prescriptions to prevent tampering with or misinterpretation of a number after it is written.[18][19]", "Italian orthography. In addition to representing the respective vowels /i/ and /u/, ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ also typically represent the semivowels /j/ and /w/, respectively, when unstressed and occurring before another vowel. Many exceptions exist (e.g. attuale, deciduo, deviare, dioscuro, fatuo, iato, inebriare, ingenuo, liana, proficuo, riarso, viaggio). Unstressed ⟨i⟩ may represent that a preceding or following ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ is 'soft' (dolce).", "J. In the Romance languages, ⟨j⟩ has generally developed from its original palatal approximant value in Latin to some kind of fricative. In French, Portuguese, Catalan, and Romanian it has been fronted to the postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ (like ⟨s⟩ in English measure). In Spanish, by contrast, it has been both devoiced and backed from an earlier /ʝ/ to a present-day /x ~ h/,[8] with the actual phonetic realization depending on the speaker's dialect/s.", "Italian orthography. The letter ⟨i⟩ may also function merely as an indicator that the preceding ⟨c⟩ or ⟨g⟩ is soft, e.g. cia (/tʃa/), giu (/dʒu/). When the hard pronunciation occurs before a front vowel, digraphs ⟨ch⟩ and ⟨gh⟩ are used, so that ⟨che⟩ represents /ke/ or /kɛ/ and ⟨chi⟩ represents /ki/ or /kj/. In the evolution of the Latin language, the postalveolar affricates /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ were contextual variants of the velar consonants /k/ and /ɡ/. They eventually came to be full phonemes, and the said orthographic practice was introduced to distinguish them. The phonemicity of the affricates can be demonstrated with the minimal pairs:", "J. In English, ⟨j⟩ is the fourth least frequently used letter in words, being more frequent only than ⟨z⟩, ⟨q⟩, and ⟨x⟩. It is, however, quite common in proper nouns, especially personal names.", "J. In Unicode, a duplicate of 'J' for use as a special phonetic character in historical Greek linguistics is encoded in the Greek script block as ϳ (Unicode U+03F3). It is used to denote the palatal glide /j/ in the context of Greek script. It is called \"Yot\" in the Unicode standard, after the German name of the letter J.[14][15] An uppercase version of this letter was added to the Unicode Standard at U+037F with the release of version 7.0 in June 2014.[16][17]", "W. In Italian, while the letter ⟨w⟩ is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet, the character is often used in place of Viva (hooray for...), while the same symbol written upside down indicates abbasso (down with...).", "Scrabble letter distributions. Diacritic marks are ignored. The letters J, K, W, X, and Y are absent since these letters do not exist in Italian and are only used in loanwords. Another set uses these 120 tiles:", "Italian orthography. ⟨G⟩ is also used to mark that a following ⟨l⟩ or ⟨n⟩ is palatal, i.e. /ʎ/ (only before ⟨i⟩) or /ɲ/ (everywhere), respectively (this is not true in words derived from Greek, where ⟨gl⟩ is a plain /ɡl/, like in glicine, 'wisteria').", "John (given name). In the Roman sphere of influence, Johannes became the Italian Giovanni (also Gianni, Gian and other derivatives). In the Black Sea region, the name became the Romanian Ioan.\nIn Iberia the name eventually changed to the Spanish Juan, feminine Juana; in the medieval Portuguese it was Juo / Joane / Joan, now João (pronounced [ʒuˈʌ̃ũ]), feminine Joana, and also Ivo; in Galician, the orthography is Xan or Xoán, feminine Xoana. In Gaul, it became the Old French Jehan (the 16th century John Calvin still spelled his name Jehan Cauvin) and later Jean (pronounced [ʒɑ̃]); the female form was Jehanne (the 15th century Joan of Arc still spelled her name Jehanne) and later Jeanne. In the Occitano-Romance area it became Joan (feminine, Joana) and Jan in Occitan and Catalan, from older Iouan and Iohan. In Ladin it became Giuani.", "Esperanto. All unaccented letters are pronounced approximately as in the IPA, with the exception of c. Esperanto j and c are used in a way familiar to speakers of many European languages, but which is largely unfamiliar to English speakers: j has a y sound [j~i̯], as in yellow and boy, and c has a ts sound [t͡s], as in hits or the zz in pizza.[48] The accented letters are a bit like h-digraphs in English: Ĉ is pronounced like English ch, and ŝ like sh. Ĝ is the g in gem, ĵ a zh sound, as in fusion or French Jacques, and the rare ĥ is like the German Bach, Scottish Gaelic, Scots and Scottish Standard English loch, or how Scouse people sometimes pronounce the 'k' in book and 'ck' in chicken.", "Italian language. The voiced postalveolar fricative /ʒ/ is only present in loanwords: for example, garage [ɡaˈraːʒ].", "National identification number. In Italy, the fiscal code (Italian: Codice fiscale) is issued to Italians at birth. It is in the format \"SSSNNNYYMDDZZZZX\", where: SSS are the first three consonants in the family name (the first vowel and then an X are used if there are not enough consonants); NNN is the first name, of which the first, third and fourth consonants are used—exceptions are handled as in family names; YY are the last digits of the birth year; M is the letter for the month of birth—letters are used in alphabetical order, but only the letters A to E, H, L, M, P, R to T are used (thus, January is A and October is R); DD is the day of the month of birth—in order to differentiate between genders, 40 is added to the day of birth for women (thus a woman born on May 3 has ...E43...); ZZZZ is an area code specific to the municipality where the person was born—country-wide codes are used for foreign countries; X is a parity character as calculated by adding together characters in the even and odd positions, and dividing them by 26. Numerical values are used for letters in even positions according to their alphabetical order. Characters in odd positions have different values.", "Italian orthography. Italian orthography uses a variant of the Latin alphabet consisting of 21 letters to write the Italian language.", "Lamborghini Aventador. The J designation was thought to have come from Appendix J in the FIA rulebook that describes the technical specifications of race cars.[46] However, during an interview with designer Filippo Perini, it was revealed that the 'J' actually stands for Jota, in reference to a 1970s one off Lamborghini Miura Jota, which also conformed to the FIA's Appendix J regulations.", "Christogram. The Greek letter iota is represented by I, and the eta by H, while the Greek letter sigma is either in its lunate form, represented by C, or its final form, represented by S. Because the Latin-alphabet letters I and J were not systematically distinguished until the 17th century, \"JHS\" and \"JHC\" are equivalent to \"IHS\" and \"IHC\".", "History of the alphabet. A tribe known as the Latins, who became the Romans, also lived in the Italian peninsula like the Western Greeks. From the Etruscans, a tribe living in the first millennium BCE in central Italy, and the Western Greeks, the Latins adopted writing in about the seventh century. In adopting writing from these two groups, the Latins dropped four characters from the Western Greek alphabet. They also adapted the Etruscan letter F, pronounced 'w,' giving it the 'f' sound, and the Etruscan S, which had three zigzag lines, was curved to make the modern S. To represent the G sound in Greek and the K sound in Etruscan, the Gamma was used. These changes produced the modern alphabet without the letters G, J, U, W, Y, and Z, as well as some other differences.", "NATO phonetic alphabet. In the official[32] version of the alphabet, the non-English spellings Alfa and Juliett are used. Alfa is spelled with an f as it is in most European languages because the English and French spelling alpha would not be pronounced properly by native speakers of some other languages – who may not know that ph should be pronounced as f.  Juliett is spelled with a tt for French speakers, because they may otherwise treat a single final t as silent. In some English versions of the alphabet, one or both of these may have their standard English spelling.[12]", "Latin. W was created in the 11th century from VV. It represented /w/ in Germanic languages, not Latin, which still uses V for the purpose. J was distinguished from the original I only during the late Middle Ages, as was the letter U from V.[44] Although some Latin dictionaries use J, it is rarely used for Latin text, as it was not used in classical times, but many other languages use it.", "J. In romanized Pashto, ⟨j⟩ represents ځ, pronounced [dz]." ]

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[ "Barber's pole. A barber's pole is a type of sign used by barbers to signify the place or shop where they perform their craft. The trade sign is, by a tradition dating back to the Middle Ages, a staff or pole with a helix of colored stripes (often red and white in many countries, but usually red, blue, and white in the United States). The pole may be stationary or may revolve, often with the aid of an electric motor.[1][2]", "Barber's pole. After the formation of the United Barber Surgeon's Company in England, a statute required the barber to use a blue and white pole and the surgeon to use a red pole. In France, surgeons used a red pole with a basin attached to identify their offices. Blue often appears on poles in the United States, possibly as a homage to its national colors. Another, more fanciful interpretation of these barber pole colors is that red represents arterial blood, blue is symbolic of venous blood, and white depicts the bandage.[5]", "Barber's pole. Because of its bright bands and colors, the redbanded rockfish Sebastes babcocki is referred to as \"barber pole\". Other pseudonyms include bandit, convict, canary, Hollywood, and Spanish flag.[27]", "Barber's pole. A spinning barber pole creates a visual illusion, in which the stripes appear to be traveling up or down the length of the pole,[14] rather than around it.[15]", "Barber's pole. During World War I and World War II, the pattern has also been used as an insignia for aircraft identification.[37] Spad XIIIs of the 94th Aero Squadron USAS in early 1919 used variations on barber pole patterns including: 'Barber Pole' of Lt Dudley 'Red' Outcault; S.16546 'Flag Bus' of Captain Reed Chambers; and 'Rising Sun' of Lt John Jeffers.[38]", "Barber's pole. Barberpole is a phrase used to describe the striped output of indicators used during the Apollo and Shuttle programs. Typically the indicator would show all grey or a grey and white striped pattern, known as barberpole, to allow the astronauts a quick visual reference of the status of the spacecraft systems. Various indicators in the Apollo Command Modules indicated barberpole when the corresponding system was inactive. Astronaut Jim Lovell can also be found describing system indications as \"barber poled\" in the transcript of radio transmissions during the Apollo 13 accident.[34]", "Barber's pole. A \"barber's pole\" with a helical stripe is a familiar sight, and is used as a secondary metaphor to describe objects in many other contexts. For example, if the shaft or tower of a lighthouse has been painted with a helical stripe as a daymark, the lighthouse could be described as having been painted in \"barber's pole\" colors. Likewise, borders may be marked and warnings highlighted.", "Barber's pole. The old-fashioned American stick candy is sometimes also referred to as \"barber pole candy\" due to its colorful, swirled appearance. See also, Candy cane. \"Candy stripe\" is a generic description of the candy cane color scheme. Among many other names, the candy has been called Polkagris.[28]", "Barber's pole. The term on the barber pole is pilot jargon that refers to flying an aircraft at the maximum safe velocity. The airspeed Indicator on aircraft capable of flying at altitude features a red/white striped needle resembling a barber pole. This needle displays the VMO (Maximum Operating Velocity) or—at altitude—the MMO (Mach Limit Maximum Operating Speed) of the aircraft.[32] This needle also indicates the maximum operating Mach number above the VMO/MMO changeover level. As the aircraft increases in altitude and the air decreases in density and temperature, the speed of sound also decreases. Close to the speed of sound, an aircraft becomes susceptible to buffeting caused by shock waves produced by flying at transonic speeds. Thus, as the speed of sound decreases, so the maximum safe operating speed of the aircraft is reduced. The \"barber pole\" needle moves to indicate this speed. Flying \"on the barber pole\" therefore means to be flying the aircraft as fast as is safe to do so in the current conditions.[33]", "Barber's pole. Barber pole is also sometimes used to describe a text pattern where a line of text is rolled left or right one character on the line below. The CHARGEN service generates a form of this pattern. It is used to test RAM, hard disks and printers. A similar pattern is also used in secure erasure of media.[citation needed]", "Barber's pole. Possibly as early as the later Roman Empire, and certainly continuing through the Renaissance into Industrialization (maybe even until the 1700s in some places) a \"barber-surgeon\" also performed tooth extraction, cupping, leeching, bloodletting, enemas, amputations, etc. However, today's barber poles represent little more than being a barber shop that cuts hair and does shaves.[10] Barber poles have actually become a topic of controversy in the hairstyling business. In some states, such as Michigan in March 2012, legislation has emerged proposing that barber poles should only be permitted outside barbershops, but not traditional beauty salons. Barbers and cosmetologists have engaged in several legal battles claiming the right to use the barber pole symbol to indicate to potential customers that the business offers haircutting services. Barbers claim that they are entitled to exclusive rights to use the barber pole because of the tradition tied to the craft, whereas cosmetologists think that they are equally capable of cutting men's hair (though many cosmetologists are not permitted to use razors, depending on their state's laws).[11]", "Barber's pole. The phrase barber pole is derisive jargon in craps, and refers to the commingling of \"gaming cheques of different denominations.\" Wagers that combine different denominations are \"supposed to be stacked with the highest denomination at the bottom.\"[40][41]", "Barber's pole. In UI design, a barber pole-like pattern is used in progress bars when the wait time is indefinite. It is intended to be used like a throbber to tell the user that processing is continuing, although it is not known when the processing will complete.", "Barber's pole. In the insect world, there is the barber pole grasshopper, Dactylotum bicolor.[25] It is also known as the \"painted grasshopper\" and is said to be the \"most beautiful\" grasshopper.[26]", "Barber's pole. The consistent use of this symbol for advertising was analogous to an apothecary's show globe, a tobacconist's cigar store Indian and a pawn broker's three gold balls.", "Barber's pole. In South Korea, barber's poles are used both for actual barbershops and for brothels.[12] Brothels disguised as barbershops, referred to as 이발소 (ibalso) or 미용실 (miyongsil), are more likely to use two poles next to each other, often spinning in opposite directions, though the use of a single pole for the same reason is also quite common.[13] Actual barbershops, or 미용실 (miyongsil), are more likely to be hair salons; to avoid confusion, they will usually use a pole that shows a picture of a woman with flowing hair on it with the words hair salon written on the pole.", "Barber's pole. Barbasol cans use a barber pole motif.[67] See Barbasol Can image.[68] The can's motif is a registered trademark of Barbasol.[69][B]", "Barber's pole. The \"Barberpole Cat\" group, a/k/a \"Polecats\"—perhaps a portmanteau of \"barber's pole\" and \"catalogue\"—is an essential repertoire of 12 songs that every barber shop quartet should know.[61]\nThe Barberpole Cat Program was created many years ago and features popular Barbershop songs arranged and voiced so all singers can learn and participate. For decades these have been the standard arrangements where singers can meet at conventions and sing together having never met before.", "Barber's pole. During medieval times, barbers performed surgery on customers, as well as tooth extractions. The original pole had a brass wash basin at the top (representing the vessel in which leeches were kept) and bottom (representing the basin that received the blood). The pole itself represents the staff that the patient gripped during the procedure to encourage blood flow.[citation needed]", "Cape Hatteras Light. The light displays a highly visible black and white diagonal Daymark paint job. It shares similar markings with the St. Augustine Light. Another lighthouse, with helical markings—red and white 'candy cane stripe'-- is the White Shoal Light (Michigan), which is the only true 'barber pole' lighthouse in the United States.[8][9] Its distinctive \"barber pole\" paint job is consistent with other North Carolina black-and-white lighthouses, \"each with their own pattern to help sailors identify lighthouses during daylight hours.\"[5]", "Ottawa Senators (original). In 1896, the club first adopted the \"barber-pole\" design, with which the team became synonymous. The design was simple: strong horizontal stripes of red, black and white. Players wore white pants and red, white and black striped stockings. The basic design would be used for the rest of the organization's existence, except for one season, 1909–10, where the stripes were vertical and Montreal fans nicknamed the team derisively as 'les suisses', a slang term for chipmunk.[160] The \"barber-pole\" uniform was later adopted by the Ottawa 67's junior ice hockey team.", "Bloodletting. Even after the humoral system fell into disuse, the practice was continued by surgeons and barber-surgeons. Though the bloodletting was often recommended by physicians, it was carried out by barbers. This led to the distinction between physicians and surgeons. The red-and-white-striped pole of the barbershop, still in use today, is derived from this practice: the red symbolizes blood while the white symbolizes the bandages. Bloodletting was used to \"treat\" a wide range of diseases, becoming a standard treatment for almost every ailment, and was practiced prophylactically as well as therapeutically.", "Barber's pole. Prior to 1950, there were four manufacturers of barber poles in the United States. In 1950, William Marvy of St. Paul, Minnesota, started manufacturing barber poles. Marvy made his 50,000th barber pole in 1967, and, by 2010, over 82,000 had been produced.[6] The William Marvy Company is now the sole manufacturer of barber poles in North America, and sells only 500 per year (compared to 5,100 in the 1960s).[7] In recent years, the sale of spinning barber poles has dropped considerably, since few barber shops are opening, and many jurisdictions prohibit moving signs. Koken of St. Louis, Missouri, manufactured barber equipment such as chairs and assorted poles in the 19th century.", "Barber's pole. The strength and direction of magnetic fields and electric currents can be measured using a \"magnetoresistive barber-pole sensor\" (also called a \"hermetic proximity sensor\"), and its performance can be depicted using a mathematical formula.[29] Such a sensor interleaves a series of permanent magnet strips with a series of magnetoresistive strips. The \"conductive barberpole strips are canted across the sensor and connect one magnetoresistive strip, over a permanent magnet strip, to another magnetoresistive strip.\" This is said to provide a \"uniform magnetic field throughout the sensor\" thereby enhancing its resistance to external magnetic fields.[30] The technology is used in wireless sensor networks which \"have gathered a lot of attention as an important research domain\" and were \"deployed in many applications, e.g., navigation, military, ambient intelligence, medical, and industrial tasks. Context-based processing and services, in particular location-context, are of key interest ...\"[31] (See Music (acoustic illusion), infra.)", "Craps. The phrase “barber pole” is derisive jargon in craps, and refers to the commingling of “gaming cheques of different denominations”. Wagers that combine different denominations are “supposed to be stacked with the highest denomination at the bottom\".", "Barber's pole. The famous Barber Pole Group was originally a group of 120 Flower-class corvettes built in Canada during World War II, and charged primarily with protecting freighter convoys. The original group was Escort Group C-3. This group of ships, with its red and white barber pole stripes painted on the funnel, is still represented in the current Royal Canadian Navy: all Atlantic fleet ships wear this insignia. HMCS Sackville is the last remaining Flower-class corvette.[50][51][52]", "Barber's pole. Red or rubric posts were sometimes used by booksellers in England prior to 1800. William Roberts reports in The Book Hunter in London that certain 18th-century bookshops in the Little Britain district of London sported such poles:", "Confederate States Army. Officers' uniforms bore a braid design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. The color of the piping and kepi denoted the military branch. The braid was sometimes left off by officers since it made them conspicuous targets. The kepi was rarely used, the common slouch hat being preferred for its practicality in the Southern climate.", "Barber. A barber (from the Latin barba, \"beard\") is a person whose occupation is mainly to cut, dress, groom, style and shave men's and boys' hair. A barber's place of work is known as a \"barber shop\" or a \"barber's\". Barber shops are also places of social interaction and public discourse. In some instances, barbershops are also public forums. They are the locations of open debates, voicing public concerns, and engaging citizens in discussions about contemporary issues. They were also influential in helping shape male identity.", "Utility pole. In the United States, utility poles are marked with information concerning the manufacturer, pole height, ANSI strength class, wood species, original preservative, and year manufactured[18] (vintage) in accordance with ANSI standard O5.1.2008.[19] This is called branding, as it is usually burned into the surface; the resulting mark is sometimes called the \"birth mark\". Although the position of the brand is determined by ANSI specification, it is essentially just below \"eye level\" after installation. A rule of thumb for understanding a pole's brand is the manufacturer's name or logo at the top with a two-digit date beneath (sometimes preceded by a month).", "Barber's pole. In Forest Grove, Oregon, the \"World's Tallest Barber Shop Pole\" measures 72 feet (22 m).[9]", "Battle of the Brazos. In 1936 Baylor students awoke to find Texas A&M signs plastered across campus, with red paint applied to turn the Baylor flagpole into a barber pole. A huge sign on Waco Hall predicted, \"A and M 50, Baylor 0.\"" ]

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[ "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. The Death Cure will be released on Blu-Ray and DVD on April 24, 2018.[28]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure was originally set to be released on February 17, 2017, in the United States by 20th Century Fox, but the studio rescheduled the film's release for January 26, 2018 in theatres and IMAX, allowing time for O'Brien to recover from injuries he sustained during filming. The film received mixed reviews from critics and has grossed over $284 million worldwide, making it the 7th highest-grossing film of 2018.", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. It was originally scheduled to be released in the United States on February 17, 2017.[15] However, due to Dylan O'Brien's injuries, the studio said that it was unlikely that this date was going to be met.[9] On May 27, 2016, 20th Century Fox rescheduled the film for January 12, 2018,[16] allowing time for Dylan O'Brien to fully recover.[17]", "The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure will be released on January 26, 2018. Wes Ball confirmed that, if he returns to direct, the film will not be split into two films.[8] In March 2015, T.S. Nowlin was confirmed to write the script.[9] On July 9, 2015, it was revealed that filming is set to begin in February 2016.[10] On September 16, 2015, it was confirmed that Ball would return to direct the third film.[11] The film began principal photography on March 14, 2016 in Cache Creek, British Columbia. On March 19, 2016, Maze Runner star Dylan O'Brien was critically injured on-set when he was struck by a car during a stunt sequence.[12] On March 20, 2016, director Wes Ball announced production was shut down to allow O'Brien time to recuperate from his injuries. Dylan O'Brien, who plays the protagonist, Thomas, has recovered. On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again in order to allow more time for post-production.[13]", "Death Race 2. The film was released direct-to-DVD on December 27, 2010 in the United Kingdom and on January 18, 2011 in the United States.[4] A trailer was released on October 3, 2010.[6]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. On April 22, 2017, the studio delayed the release date once again, to February 9, 2018, in order to allow more time for post-production; months later, on August 25, the studio moved the release forward two weeks.[18] The film premiered on January 26, 2018 in theatres and IMAX.[19][20]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Maze Runner: The Death Cure (also known simply as The Death Cure) is a 2018 American dystopian science fiction action film directed by Wes Ball and written by T.S. Nowlin, based on the novel The Death Cure written by James Dashner. It is the sequel to the 2015 film Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials and the third and final installment in the Maze Runner film series. The film stars Dylan O'Brien, Kaya Scodelario, Thomas Brodie-Sangster, Dexter Darden, Nathalie Emmanuel, Giancarlo Esposito, Aidan Gillen, Walton Goggins, Ki Hong Lee, Jacob Lofland, Katherine McNamara, Barry Pepper, Will Poulter, Rosa Salazar, and Patricia Clarkson.", "The Maze Runner (series). The Death Cure is the third book released in the series, on October 11, 2011.", "The Maze Runner (film). A second sequel, Maze Runner: The Death Cure was released on January 26, 2018.", "Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials. The concluding entry, titled Maze Runner: The Death Cure, was released on January 26, 2018.", "Death Race 2. A straight to DVD and Blu-ray sequel called Death Race 3: Inferno was released in January 2013.", "The Running Man (1987 film). Artisan Entertainment released the film on DVD in 2002, and again in 2004. The 2004 release includes new special features, audio commentaries and sound mix.[12] In 2010, Lionsgate released the film on Blu-ray.[13]", "The Death Cure. The Death Cure is a 2011 young adult dystopian science fiction novel written by American writer James Dashner and the third book, fifth chronologically, in the Maze Runner series.[1] It was published on October 11, 2011 by Delacorte Press and was preceded by The Maze Runner and The Scorch Trials and followed by the series prequels, The Kill Order and The Fever Code.", "Death Wish (1974 film). The film was first released on VHS and LaserDisc in 1980. It was later released on DVD in 2001 and 2006. Currently, the VHS, laserdisc, and DVDs are out of print. A 40th Anniversary Edition was released on Blu-ray in 2014.The DVD was rereleased in 2017.[20]", "The Maze Runner (film). A sequel, Maze Runner: The Scorch Trials, was released on September 18, 2015 in the United States. A third and final film, Maze Runner: The Death Cure, was released on January 26, 2018.", "A Cure for Wellness. The film premiered on December 10, 2016, at the Butt-Numb-A-Thon Film Festival in Austin, Texas, and was theatrically released in the United States on February 17, 2017, by 20th Century Fox, after initially being slated for September 23, 2016.[2]", "Over Her Dead Body. The movie was released to DVD on May 6, 2008.[10]", "Death Race: Beyond Anarchy. Death Race: Beyond Anarchy is a 2018 American action film. It is a sequel to the 2008 film Death Race and was directed by Don Michael Paul. The film was released on October 2, 2018 and the fourth film in the Death Race remake series.[1]", "Pretty Cure. Beginning with Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart, each television series has received a theatrical animated film based on the series, with Max Heart receiving two films. Starting in March 2009, crossover films featuring characters from multiple series have been released annually, with nine crossover films released to date.", "Planet Terror. Released on April 6, 2007, Grindhouse ticket sales were significantly below box office analysts expectations, despite mostly positive reviews. Outside the U.S and released separately, Planet Terror and Death Proof screened in extended versions.[2] Two soundtracks were also released for the features and include music and audio snippets from the film. Planet Terror was released on DVD in the United States and Canada on October 23, 2007.", "Long Time Running. The film was released on DVD in November 2017.[7] It is available both as a standalone DVD and as part of a box set with the DVD release of the Man Machine Poem tour's final concert in Kingston.[7]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Principal photography began on March 14, 2016, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[4][5] Previously it was revealed at San Diego Comic-Con International that filming would begin in February 2016.[6]", "Max Steel (film). Universal Pictures Home Entertainment released Max Steel on Digital HD on January 3, 2017, then released the movie on Blu-ray/DVD on January 10, 2017.[27]", "John Tucker Must Die. The DVD was released on November 14, 2006.[9]", "Chicken Run. Chicken Run was released on VHS and DVD on November 21, 2000.[12]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. Filming resumed on March 6, 2017 in Cape Town, South Africa.[10][11][12] In May 2017, it was announced that Walton Goggins would play the part of Lawrence, described as \"an unusual and dangerous character who is part-revolutionary, part-anarchist, and a voice for the voiceless people.\"[13] Principal photography wrapped on June 3, 2017.[14]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. As of April 8, 2018[update], Maze Runner: The Death Cure has grossed $58 million in the United States and Canada, and $226.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $284.5 million, against a production budget of $62 million.[2]", "Happy Death Day. The film was released on digital HD on January 2, 2018 and was released on DVD and Blu-Ray on January 16, 2018. The home release features the original ending.[28]", "The Dungeonmaster. On October 29, 2013, Scream Factory released the film on DVD for the first time, along with Contamination 7, Catacombs and Cellar Dweller as part of the second volume of their Scream Factory All-Night Horror Marathon series.", "Stay Alive. The DVD was released in the United States on September 19, 2006. It was made available in an unrated edition (100 minutes) and a \"13\" edition (85 minutes). The 15 minutes of new unrated footage include a new character and subplot. Like Miramax Films, the unrated edition features more adult material. As of December 2011, 874,827 DVD units have been sold, bringing in $13,636,869 in revenue.[1]", "Maze Runner: The Death Cure. On March 18, 2016, it was reported that actor Dylan O'Brien was injured on set and was hospitalized. James Dashner announced via Twitter that the production was postponed after the accident.[7] It was said that the producers were \"looking to\" resume filming around mid-May.[8] According to the Directors Guild of Canada's production list, the film was scheduled to resume filming on May 9, and complete principal photography on July 26. However, on April 29, 2016, production was shut down indefinitely as O'Brien's injuries were more serious than previously thought.[9]", "Cool Runnings. On November 11, 1994, the film was released on VHS by Walt Disney Home Video in the United States. On August 24, 1999, the film was released on DVD by Walt Disney Home Video in the United States in Region 1. On September 1, 2000, the film was released on VHS by Walt Disney Studios in the United Kingdom. On January 22, 2001, the film was released on DVD by Walt Disney Studios in the United Kingdom in Region 2.[25] [26] On March 28, 2017, the film was released on region free Blu-ray as a Disney Movie Club Exclusive title." ]

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[ "Yellow line (road marking). Double yellow lines mean no waiting at any time, unless there are signs that specifically indicate seasonal restrictions.[7] They were first introduced in the UK by section 51[9] of the Road Traffic Act 1960[10] (repealed in 1972 and replaced by later legislation).", "Yellow line (road marking). Double yellow lines along the edge of the carriageway indicate that waiting restrictions apply to the road[6] (which includes the carriageway, footway and verge). A driver may stop for passengers to board or alight and to load or unload (unless there are also 'loading restrictions' - see below). The regulation applies to all vehicles. The restriction applies from the centre of the carriageway to the back of the footway.", "Yellow line (road marking). Singapore, a former crown colony of the UK, also uses double yellow lines to indicate no parking at the sides.", "Yellow line (road marking). Mauritius was once a British colony, and today still applies double yellow lines to mark restricted parking areas at all hours on the sides of carriageways.", "Road surface marking. A double yellow line (commonly known as just a \"Double Yellow\") next to the kerb means that no parking is allowed at any time, whilst a single yellow line is used in conjunction with signs to denote that parking is restricted at certain times. Double and single red lines mean that stopping is not allowed at any time or between certain times respectively.", "Yellow line (road marking). Loading and unloading is allowed on double yellow lines at any time, unless there are additional markings indicating that there are 'loading restrictions'. Two short yellow stripes at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicate that loading and unloading is not permitted at any time (these are not accompanied by sign plates). A single short yellow stripe at regular intervals across the kerb or edge of the carriageway indicates that loading and unloading is not permitted at the times shown on accompanying black and white sign plates.[7] Loading/unloading time is restricted to either 20 or 40 minutes depending upon the location (borough) if loading is observed. One must not cause an obstruction to traffic or pedestrians.[8]", "Yellow line (road marking). Double yellow lines on the side of the road have a similar meaning (no parking at any time) as in the United Kingdom.[5] Single yellow line adjacent to a kerb means parking is restricted at certain times. A broken yellow line marks the edge of the carriageway.", "Yellow line (road marking). A single yellow line is a road marking that is present on the side of the carriageway in the United Kingdom. It indicates that parking or waiting at that roadside is prohibited at certain times of day. The exact times vary by area and are indicated by signs at the roadside. Stopping to load and to pick up or set down passengers is generally allowed unless additional restrictions apply.[1]", "Traffic. In the United Kingdom and Canada, notably on extra-urban roads, a solid white or yellow line closer to the driver is used to indicate that no overtaking is allowed in that lane. A double white or yellow line means that neither side may overtake.", "Yellow line (road marking). Malaysia was once part of the British Empire, and today still applies double yellow line to mark parking restriction for all times. This line can be found in major towns or cities like Kuala Lumpur.", "Yellow line (road marking). A double yellow line, in contrast with a double white line, indicates a no-passing restriction. Double white is just a no-passing suggestion.", "Yellow line (road marking). Hong Kong is one of the regions outside the UK using double yellow lines on the side of carriageways.", "Yellow line (road marking). Some parts of the US use a doubled set of double yellow lines to demarcate a painted median strip, which vehicles are not permitted to cross. This differs from a single set of double yellow lines, which may be crossed in certain circumstances.[14]", "Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom. There is a long history of colour changes; prior to 1964 white was used instead of yellow as the second phase, and before World War II, a black earth and a green third phase in place of green earth and white phase was permitted. The regulations actually permitted (and still do) the use of any wire colour that is not an earth colour, providing it is unambiguously identified at all connections by clear labelling or by correctly coloured over-sleeving. It was not uncommon on commercial builds of the 1960s with a three phase supply for the phase colours (red, yellow, blue) to be used throughout single phase sub circuits thus indicating the phase origin of the supply, in this case no oversleeving was used and can give rise to confusion when encountered today.", "Double-decker bus. The red double-decker buses in London have become a national symbol of England and United Kingdom. The majority of buses in London are double-deckers. A particularly iconic example was the AEC Routemaster bus, which had been a staple of the public transport network in London for nearly half a century following its introduction in 1956. Because of cited difficulties accommodating disabled passengers, the last remaining Routemasters in use finally retired from general service in 2005. Transport for London has continued to keep these vintage buses in operation on heritage route 15H,[6] there was formerly a second heritage route (9H) but this ceased operation in 2014 due to low patronage and increased operation costs.[7]", "Yellow line (road marking). A double yellow line means no stopping. This means that unloading of goods and alighting of passengers is not permitted.[2]", "Road surface marking. As in the UK, solid yellow lines are painted along the kerbside to indicate that no parking is allowed, with double solid yellow lines meaning no parking is allowed at any time. Zig-zag lines are used on both ends of zebra crossings. Road studs are also used as in the UK.[44]", "Yellow line (road marking). A yellow line (solid or dashed) indicates that crossing the line will place a driver in a lane where opposing traffic is coming at the driver. A double yellow line is a painted marking separating two lanes of a road. It consists of two parallel, solid yellow lines, and its presence usually indicates a no-passing restriction or no passing zone, where crossing the line is prohibited. Obvious exceptions to this no-passing restriction include emergency maneuvers or temporary traffic flow changes due to road work. Often the double yellow line has sections where one of the lines becomes dashed (in which case it is no longer a \"double yellow\"), indicating to the drivers traveling on the side closest to the dashed line that they may pass when it is safe. Double-yellow lines may be used to separate lanes of traffic traveling in opposite directions where passing would be dangerous, or to restrict access to lanes traveling in the same direction, such as HOV and express lanes on a highway.", "Zebra crossing. Crossings were originally marked by beacons and parallel rows of studs. After isolated experiments, the zebra crossing was first used at 1000 sites in the United Kingdom in 1949 in its original form of alternating strips of blue and yellow, and a 1951 measure introduced them into law. In 1971, the Green Cross Code was introduced to teach children safer crossing habits, replacing the earlier \"kerb drill\".", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Drivers in Britain drive on the left. Research shows that countries driving on the left have a lower collision rates than those that drive on the right, and it has been suggested that this is partly because the predominantly better-performing right eye is used to monitor oncoming traffic and the driver's wing mirror.[362] The name of the zebra crossing is attributed to British MP and subsequent Prime Minister, James Callaghan, who in 1948 visited the Transport Research Laboratory which was working on a new idea for safe pedestrian crossings. On being shown a design he is said to have remarked that it resembled a zebra.[363] Located in Birmingham, the Gravelly Hill Interchange's colloquial name \"Spaghetti Junction\" was coined by journalists from the Birmingham Evening Mail on 1 June 1965. In 1971, the Green Cross Code was introduced to teach children safer road crossing habits. From 1987, Mungo Jerry's song \"In the Summertime\" featured in drink driving adverts. The building of roundabouts (circular junctions) grew rapidly in the 1960s; there are now more than 10,000 in the UK [364] The Cat's eye retroreflective safety device used in road marking was invented by Percy Shaw in 1933.", "Yellow line (road marking). Countries formerly part of the British Empire are likely to retain a modified version of the British laws including the basic principles regarding road safety.[citation needed] In Malta for example, a single yellow line, means no waiting (i.e. no parking, but alighting of passengers is permitted). The sign is applicable all day.[2]", "Electrical wiring in the United Kingdom. Direct current mains supplies are now only of historical interest in the UK but the colour coding was red for live and black for earthed (regardless of the actual polarity). Hardly any loads were polarity sensitive when D.C. systems were introduced (principally incandescent lighting, heating systems or series D.C. motors) and it was considered more important to identify the live wire than the polarity. In later years of D.C. supplies, however, much more equipment became sensitive to polarity, such as many domestic radios & television sets. Where all three wires were available, the historical colour code was red (positive), black (middle) and white (negative). The negative line changed to yellow in 1964, and then to blue in 1966.", "Yellow line (road marking). In Canada, a double yellow line in the centre of the road means that it is unsafe for traffic travelling in either direction to pass (overtake). This is usually found on rolling hills or through corners where visibility is limited.", "Roads in the United Kingdom. The signage system currently in use was developed in the late 1950s and the early 1960s by the Anderson Committee, which established the motorway signing system, and by the Worboys Committee, which reformed signing for existing all-purpose (non-motorway) roads. It was introduced in 1965 and is governed by the Traffic Signs Regulations and General Directions.[specify] Signs may be of an informative, warning or instructional nature.[specify] Instructional signs are generally circular, warnings are triangular and informative signs are rectangular or square.[specify] Motorway informative signs use white text on a blue background, primary routes are indicated by green directional and distance signs with yellow text, whilst secondary roads use black text on a white background.[20]", "Road surface marking. In Norway, yellow lines are used to separate traffic moving in opposite directions and on the left shoulders of paved roads, and white lines are used to separate traffic moving in the same direction, and on the right shoulders of paved roads. On roads narrower than six metres (20 ft), the centerline is removed, and the shoulder lines are broken. Short, broken lines means passing is allowed, long, broken lines means passing is allowed but dangerous, and a double yellow line means passing is forbidden. Roads with speed limits below 60 km/h that indicate that passing is allowed but dangerous, has a very short yellow line instead of a long one. On motorways, the left shoulder is a yellow line, like in the US. Most other European countries use white lines for all these types of lines.", "Liverpool and Manchester Railway. In 1837 the London and Birmingham Railway conducted trials using a Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph to direct signalling[20] and in 1841 held a conference to propose a uniform national system of coloured signals to control trains,[23] but despite these advances elsewhere the Liverpool and Manchester Railway continued to be controlled by policemen and flags until its merger with the Grand Junction Railway in 1845.[24]", "Yellow line (road marking). Two municipalities in the state of Rhode Island, Bristol and Warwick, replace the double yellow line with red, white, and blue striping along certain routes.", "Road surface marking. In the UK, the first \"white line\" road markings appeared on a number of dangerous bends on the London-Folkestone road at Ashford, Kent, in 1914, and during the 1920s the rise of painted lines on UK roads grew dramatically.[48] In 1926 official guidelines were issued by the Ministry of Transport that defined where and how white lines on roads should be used. A broken white line in the direction of travel, where the gaps are longer than the painted lines, indicates the centre of the road and that there are no hazards specific to the design and layout of the road, i.e. no turnings, sharp bends ahead etc. A broken white line in which the gaps are shorter than the painted lines indicates an upcoming hazard, the proportion of white to black indicates the degree of hazard i.e. more white means more hazard.[48][not in citation given]", "Great Western Railway. More conventional semaphore signals replaced the discs and crossbars over time. The GWR persisted with the lower quadrant form, where a \"proceed\" aspect is indicated by lowering the signal arm, despite other British railways changing to an upper quadrant form. Electric light signals of the \"searchlight\" pattern were later introduced at busy stations; these could show the same red/green or yellow/green aspects that semaphore signals showed at night. An \"automatic train control\" system was introduced from 1906 which was a safety system that applied a train's brakes if it passed a danger signal.[90]", "Road signs in the United Kingdom. The system currently in use was mainly developed in the late 1950s and the early 1960s, with additional colour-coding introduced in the mid-1980s. There were three major steps in the development of the system.", "Liverpool and Manchester Railway. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway was the first railway to have a system of signalling.[4] This was undertaken by policemen, who were stationed along the line at distances of a mile or less.[18] Initially these policemen signalled that the line was clear by standing straight with their arms outstretched. If the policeman was not present, or was standing at ease, this indicated that there was an obstruction on the line ahead.[18] Gradually a system of hand-held flags was developed, with a red flag being used to stop a train, green indicating that a train should proceed at caution, blue indicating to drivers of baggage trains that there were new wagons for them to take on and a black flag being used by platelayers to indicate works on the track.[18] Any flag waved violently, or at night a lamp waved up and down, indicated that a train should stop.[19] Until 1844 handbells were used as emergency signals in foggy weather, though in that year small explosive boxes placed on the line began to be used instead.[20]", "Double-track railway. When the capacity of a double-track railway is in excess of requirements, the two tracks may be reduced to one. In some countries this is called singling. Notable examples of this in the United Kingdom occurred on the Oxford-Worcester-Hereford, Princes Risborough-Banbury and Salisbury-Exeter main lines during the 1970s and 1980s. In all these cases, increases in traffic from the late 1990s have led to the partial reinstatement of double track. In New Zealand the Melling Line was singled to the Western Hutt Railway Station in Lower Hutt in 1958 after it became a branch line rather than part of the main Hutt Valley Line." ]

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[ "Sharavati. The river Sharavati originates at a place called Ambutheertha in the Thirthahalli taluk. According to ancient legend, the god Rama shot at the ground with his Ambu (translates to bow and arrow) because his wife, Sita, was thirsty. When his arrow hit the ground, water poured out (translates to Thirtha) and quenched her thirst. Because the river, according to the legend, originated with this event, the river is called \"Sharavathi\" as \"Shara\" translates to arrow.[1]", "Sharavati. Sharavati is a river which originates and flows entirely within the state of Karnataka in India. It is one of the few westward flowing rivers of India and a major part of the river basin lies in the Western Ghats. The famous Jog Falls, located about 24 km from Sagara, are formed by this river. The river itself and the region around it are rich in biodiversity and are home to many rare species of flora and fauna.", "Amaravati. Amaravati is the de facto capital city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh.[6] The planned city is located on the southern banks of the Krishna river in Guntur district, within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.[2][7][8] The word \"Amaravati\" derives its name from the historical Amaravathi Temple town, the ancient capital of the Telugu Rulers of the Satavahana dynasty.[9] The foundation stone was laid on 22 October 2015, at Uddandarayunipalem area by the Prime Minister, Narendra Modi.[10] The metropolitan area of Guntur and Vijayawada are the major conurbations of Amaravati.[11]", "Sharavati. The total length of the river is around 128 km (80 mi) and it joins the Arabian Sea at Honnavar in Uttara Kannada district.[2] On its way, the Sharavati forms the Jog Falls where the river falls from a height of 253 m. The river is dammed at Linganamakki; the portion of the river above the dam is upstream and the remaining is downstream. The major tributaries of the river are Nandihole, Haridravathi, Mavinahole, Hilkunji, Yennehole, Hurlihole, and Nagodihole.[2] Sharavati river basin falls into two districts of Karnataka namely Uttara Kannada and Shimoga. The upstream river basin is extended to two taluks i e Hosanagar and Sagar. The entire basin has an area of 2,985.66 km2 (1,153 sq mi). with upstream being 1,988.99 km2 (768 sq mi). and the downstream being 996.67 km2 (385 sq mi).[2]", "Amaravati. The city is being built in Guntur district, on the banks of the Krishna River. The city will be 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) south-west of Vijayawada and 24 kilometres (15 mi) north of Guntur.[19]", "Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation. Amaravati, the new capital of the state, has been included under the AMRUT scheme. The work for planning was started to fulfill the different criteria like sewerage system, 135 litres per capita per day etc.[6]", "Vijayawada. Vijayawada lies on the banks of Krishna River,[24] covered by hills and canals.[8] It is 18.5 km (11.5 mi) from the state capital, Amaravati.[25] and at an altitude of 11 m (36 ft) above sea level.[3] Three canals originating from the north side of the Prakasham barrage reservoir — Eluru, Bandar, and Ryves — flow through the city.[26]", "Thar Desert. The Sarasvati River is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers mentioned in ancient Hindu texts. The Nadistuti hymn in the Rigveda mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later Vedic texts like Tandya and Jaiminiya Brahmanas as well as the Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.", "Sharavati. With a major part of the river lying in the Western Ghats, the Sharavati river basin receives a large amount of rainfall. Mean annual rainfall ranges from 6000 mm in the western side to 1700 mm in the eastern side of the basin. About 95% of the rainfall is received during the month of June to September (July being the rainiest) when the southwest monsoon is at its peak.[2] There is some rainfall in the post monsoon season in the form of thundershowers mostly during October and some rainfall also occurs during the summer months of April and May.[2]", "Sharavati. A part of the Sharavati river basin was declared as a wildlife sanctuary on 20 April 1972.[9] Spread over an area of 431.23 km2 (166 sq mi), it has dense evergreen and semi-evergreen forests. Linganamakki reservoir, with an area of 128.7 km2 (50 sq mi), is a part of this sanctuary. The remaining area has been divided into core zone (74.33 km2.), buffer zone (170.67 km2) and tourism zone (57.53 km2).[9] The altitude in the sanctuary varies from 94 m to 1102 m, the highest point being Devarakonda on the southern edge of the sanctuary. Temperatures range from 15° to 38 °C and the mean annual rainfall is 4500 mm.[9]", "Sharavati. The Sharavati river basin is rich in biodiversity. In a survey conducted in the basin, 23 amphibians belonging to the families of Bufonidae, Ichthyophiidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae were recorded. Of these, 15 species are endemic to the Western Ghats. The river lends its name to the following species of fish that have been discovered in its waters:", "Sharavati. The river basin mainly consists of Pre-Cambrian rocks. The two major groups of rocks found in the Sharavati river basin are the Dharwar system and the peninsular gneiss.[2]", "Indo-Aryan migration theory. The Sarasvati River is one of the chief Rigvedic rivers. The Nadistuti sukta in the Rigveda mentions the Sarasvati between the Yamuna in the east and the Sutlej in the west, and later texts like the Brahmanas and Mahabharata mention that the Sarasvati dried up in a desert.[214]", "Betwa River. In Sanskrit \"Betwa\" is Vetravati. This river is mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with the Charmanwati river[citation needed]. Both are tributaries of Yamuna. Vetravati was also known as Shuktimati. The capital of Chedi Kingdom was on the banks of this river.The total length of the river from its origin to its confluence with Yamuna is 590 kilometres (370 mi), out of which 232 kilometres (144 mi) lies in Madhya Pradesh and the balance of 358 kilometres (222 mi) in Uttar Pradesh. In accordance with an inter-state agreement between the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh in 1973, Betwa River Board (BRB) was constituted under the Betwa River Board Act, 1976. The Union Minister of Ministry of Water Resources the Chairman of the Board and the Union Minister of Power, Union Minister of State for Water Resources, Chief Ministers and Ministers in-charge of Finance, Irrigation and Power of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh are its Members.[4]", "Narmada River. Below Handia and Nemawar to Hiran fall (the deer's leap), the river is approached by hills from both sides. In this stretch the character of the river is varied. The Omkareshwar island, sacred to the Lord Shiva, is the most important river island in Madhya Pradesh. At first, the descent is rapid and the stream, quickening in pace, rushes over a barrier of rocks. The Sikta and the Kaveri join it below the Khandwa plain. At two points, at Mandhar, about 40 km (24.9 mi) below Nemawar, and Dadrai, 40 km (24.9 mi) further down near Punasa, the river falls over a height of about 12 m (39.4 ft).", "Betwa River. The Betwa or Betravati is a river in Northern India, and a tributary of the Yamuna. It rises in the Vindhya Range just north of Hoshangabad in Madhya Pradesh and flows north-east through Madhya Pradesh and Orchha to Uttar Pradesh. Nearly half of its course, which is not navigable, runs over the Malwa Plateau. The confluence of the Betwa and the Yamuna rivers is Hamirpur town in Uttar Pradesh, in the vicinity of Orchha.[2]", "Sharavati. The Sharavati Hydroelectric project was started to tap the electricity generating potential of the river. There are three power generating stations in this project:", "Aihole. The entrance of the Ravanaphadi cave has a Nidhi and seated guardian on each side. Then, on left, is an image of Ardhanarishvara portraying the equivalence and essential interdependence of the masculine left Shiva and feminine right Parvati.[70] Past this fused image, is the first mandapa to the left of which is a niche carved space. In it is 6th century artwork showing dancing Shiva (Nataraja) with Parvati, Saptamatrikas or seven mothers of Shaktism tradition, Ganesha and Kartikeya.[70] On the right side of the main mandapa is Harihara portraying a fused image of Shaivism and Vaishnavism, with left Shiva and right Vishnu. On the opposite wall of Harihara is Shiva with three primary river goddesses of Hindu theology, and he stands with Parvati and the skeletal ascetic Bhringi.[71]", "Narmada River. Below Makrai, the river flows between Vadodara district and Narmada district and then meanders through the rich plain of Bharuch district of Gujarat state. The banks are high between the layers of old alluvial deposits, hardened mud, gravels of nodular limestone and sand. The width of the river spans from about 1.5 km (0.9 mi) at Makrai to 3 km (1.9 mi) near Bharuch and to an estuary of 21 km (13.0 mi) at the Gulf of Cambay. An old channel of the river, 1 km (0.6 mi) to 2 km (1.2 mi) south from the present one, is very clear below Bharuch. The Karanjan and the Orsing are the most important tributaries in the original course. The former joins at Rundh and the latter at Vyas in Vadodara district of Gujarat, opposite each other and form a Triveni (confluence of three rivers) on the Narmada. The Amaravati and the Bhukhi are other tributaries of significance. Opposite the mouth of the Bhukhi is a large drift called Alia Bet or Kadaria Bet.", "Satavahana dynasty. Sculptures of Amravati represent the architectural development of the Satavahana periods. They built Buddhist stupas in Amravati (95 feet high). They also constructed a large number of stupas at Goli, Jaggiahpeta, Gantasala, Amravati Bhattiprolu, and Shri Parvatam. Caves IX and X, containing Ajanta paintings, were patronized by Satavahana, and the painting throughout the caves appear to have started with them. Ashokan Stupas were enlarged, the earlier bricks and wood works being replaced with stone works. The most famous of these monuments are the stupas, the most famous among them being the Amravati Stupa and the Nagarjunakonda Stupa.", "Sardar Sarovar Dam. To the south west Malwa plateau, the dissected hill tracts culminate in the Mathwar hills, located in Alirajpur district of Madhya Pradesh. Below these hills Narmada river flows through a long, terrific gorge. This gorge extends into Gujarat where the river is tapped by the Sardar Sarovar dam.", "Elephanta Caves. Each wall has large carvings of Shiva, each more than 5 metres (16 ft) in height. The central Shiva relief Trimurti is located on the south wall and is flanked by Ardhanarisvara (a half-man, half-woman representation of Shiva) on its left and Gangadhara to its right, which denotes the River Ganges' descent from Shiva's matted locks. Other carvings related to the legend of Shiva are also seen in the main hall at strategic locations in exclusive cubicles; these include Kalyanasundaramurti, depicting Shiva's marriage to the goddess Parvati, Andhakasuravadamurti or Andhakasuramardana, the slaying of the demon Andhaka by Shiva, Shiva-Parvati on Mount Kailash (the abode of Shiva), and Ravananugraha, depicting the demon-king Ravana shaking Kailash.[1][5][6][8]", "Amaravati. The APCRDA has its jurisdiction over the city and its the conurbation covering Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.[23] The capital city is spread over an area of 217.23 km2 (83.87 sq mi),[24] and will comprise villages (including some hamlets) from three mandals viz., Mangalagiri, Thullur and Tadepalle.[25] While, the seed capital is spread over an area of 16.94 km2 (6.54 sq mi).[26]", "Narmada River. The Narmada basin, hemmed between Vindya and Satpura ranges, extends over an area of 98,796 km2 (38,145.3 sq mi) and lies between east longitudes 72 degrees 32' to 81 degrees 45' and north latitudes 21 degrees 20' to 23 degrees 45' lying on the northern extremity of the Deccan Plateau. The basin covers large areas in the states of Madhya Pradesh (81%), Gujarat (12%) and a comparatively smaller area (4%) in Maharashtra, (2%) in Chhattisgarh and (1%) in Andhra Pradesh. In the river course of 1,312 km (815.2 mi) explained above, there are 41 tributaries, out of which 22 are from the Satpura range and the rest on the right bank are from the Vindhya range.[6] Dhupgarh (1,350m), near Pachmarhi is the highest point of the Narmada basin[13].", "Amba (Mahabharata). The goddess Ganga appeared before Amba and listened to Amba's tale that her austerities were aimed to destroy Bhishma, Ganga's son. The angry goddess Ganga replied that since Amba's mind was crooked, she would be become a crooked and tortuous river, which will remain dry for eight months and flow in the four months of the rainy season. Ganga declared that the bathing places along the river's course would be in difficult terrain, and it will be infested with crocodiles and other fierce creatures.However due to the merits of her severe tapasya, only half her body would flow as a river,the other half would still be a maiden.Amba wandered practising severe vows and forgoing food and water for months. She visited many tirthas in this time and finally returned to Vatsa, where Ganga's curse materialized.[1][14]", "Eran. Eran is located on the south bank of Bina River in Madhya Pradesh.[1] It is about 100 kilometres (62 mi) north-northeast of the ancient Vidisha-Sanchi-Udayagiri site, about 80 kilometres (50 mi) west-northwest of Sagar, and about 160 kilometres (99 mi) northeast of Bhopal. At the site, the river makes an inverted \"U\" turn, surrounding it with water on three sides, which Cunningham stated made it \"a very favorite position for Hindu towns\".[1] The terrain is forested and hilly, with high grounds shielding the south of the Eran town.[1]", "Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad lies at 23°02′N 72°35′E / 23.03°N 72.58°E / 23.03; 72.58 in western India at 53 metres (174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north-central Gujarat. It covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi).[2] The Sabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a small stream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However with the execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, the waters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati to keep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminating Ahmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann of Kutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area and much of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected to alleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej-Jodhpur Tekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood of Maninagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Gujarat, Kutb-ud-din, in 1451.[65]", "Ahmedabad. Ahmedabad (/ˈɑːmɪdəbɑːd/ ( listen)), also known as Amdavad[8] is the largest city and former capital of the Indian state of Gujarat. It is the administrative headquarter of the Ahmedabad district and the seat of the Gujarat High Court. Ahmedabad's population of 5,633,927 (as per 2011 population census) makes it the fifth most populous city in India,[4] and the encompassing urban agglomeration population estimated at 6,357,693 is the seventh most populous in India.[9][10] Ahmedabad is located on the banks of the Sabarmati River, 30 km (19 mi) from the state capital Gandhinagar, which is its twin city.[11]", "Dharavi. Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. To the west of Dharavi are Mahim and Bandra, and to the north lies the Mithi River. The Mithi River empties into the Arabian Sea through the Mahim Creek.The area of Antop Hill lies to the east while the locality called Matunga is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the wet season.", "Thar Desert. In the Rigveda there is also mention of a river named Aśvanvatī along with the river Drishadvati.[20] Some scholars consider both the Sarasvati and Aśvanvatī to be the same river.[16]", "Krishna River. The first holy place on the river Krishna is \"Dakshin Kashi Wai\", known for the Mahaganpati Mandir and Kashivishweshwar temple. It has seven ghats along the river. Temples like Dattadeva temple, which is revered by the people of Maharashtra, are located on the banks of Krishna at Nrusinha Waadi and Audumbar near Sangli. Also, located on the banks of the river Krishna are the Sangameshwar Shiva temple at Haripur, goddess Durga temple in Vijayawada and Ramling temple near Sangli, Mallikarjuna temple (Srisailam), Amareshwara Swamy temple (Amaravati (state capital)), Dattadeva temple, Sangameshwara Shiva temples at Alampur in Telangana, Ramling temple, etc. as well as, villages such as Jihe.", "Amaravati. Amaravati is an Urban Notified Area and its urban development and planning activities are undertaken by the Amaravati Development Corporation Limited[20] and Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority (APCRDA).[21] The Andhra Pradesh Secretariat at Velagapudi is the administrative block for the employees of the state government.[22]" ]

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[ "All in the Family. Since the late 1980s, All in the Family has been rerun on various cable and satellite networks including TBS (although they had the rights locally in Atlanta, as well), TV Land, and Nick at Nite. From January 3, 2011 to December 31, 2017, the show aired on Antenna TV. As of January 1, 2018, the show now airs on GetTV.", "All in the Family. On February 6, 2018, Sony released All in the Family- Seasons 1-5 on DVD in Region 1. The 15-disc set features all episodes from the first five seasons.[47]", "All in the Family. All in the Family is an American sitcom TV-series that was originally broadcast on the CBS television network for nine seasons, from January 1971 to April 1979. The following September, it was retitled Archie Bunker's Place, which picked up where All in the Family had ended and ran for four more seasons.", "All in the Family. On October 30, 2012, Shout! Factory released All in the Family - The Complete Series on DVD in Region 1. The 28-disc boxed set features all 208 episodes of the series, as well as bonus features.[46]", "All in the Family. During the show's sixth season, starting on December 1, 1975, CBS began showing reruns on weekdays at 3 pm (EST), replacing long-running soap opera The Edge of Night, which had been purchased by ABC. It would later move to 3:30 pm and in September 1978, 10 am. This lasted until September 1979, when the reruns entered off-network syndication by Viacom. The show was picked up in most television markets as such. In 1991, the show began to be syndicated by Columbia Pictures Television and has been by their heirs since then.", "Sitcom. All in the Family, premiered on January 1971, is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time.[81] Following a lackluster first season, the show became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns[82] and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976. It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years. The episode \"Sammy's Visit\" was ranked number 13 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.[83] TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four. Bravo also named the show's protagonist, Archie Bunker, TV's greatest character of all time.[84] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth-best written TV series ever,[85] and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth-greatest show of all time.[86]", "All in the Family. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment (formerly Columbia TriStar Home Entertainment) released the first six seasons of All in the Family on DVD in Region 1 between 2002 and 2007. No further seasons were released, because the sales figures did not match Sony's expectations.", "All in the Family. After stations' and viewers' complaints caused ABC to cancel Turn-On after only one episode in February 1969, the network became uneasy about airing a show with a \"foul-mouthed, bigoted lead\" character, and rejected the series[21][22] at about the time Richard Dreyfuss sought the role of Michael. Rival network CBS was eager to update its image and was looking to replace much of its then popular \"rural\" programming (Mayberry R.F.D., The Beverly Hillbillies, Petticoat Junction, and Green Acres) with more \"urban\", contemporary series and was interested in Lear's project. CBS bought the rights from ABC and retitled the show All in the Family. The pilot episode CBS developed had the final cast and was the series' first episode.", "All in the Family. On June 23, 2010, Shout! Factory announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and has since released the remaining three seasons.[42][43][44][45]", "All in the Family. A 90-minute retrospective, All in the Family 20th Anniversary Special, was produced to commemorate the show's 20th anniversary and aired on CBS on February 16, 1991. It was hosted by Norman Lear, and featured a compilation of clips from the show's best moments, and interviews with the four main cast members. The special was so well received by the viewing audience CBS aired reruns of All in the Family during their summer schedule in 1991,[41] garnering higher ratings than the new series scheduled next to it, Norman Lear's sitcom Sunday Dinner. The latter was Lear's return to TV series producing after a seven-year absence, and was cancelled after the six-week tryout run.[citation needed]", "List of All in the Family episodes. This is a listing of all of the episodes of the television sitcom All in the Family, which originally aired on CBS from 1971-79.", "All in the Family. All in the Family is one of three television shows (The Cosby Show and American Idol being the others) that have been number one in the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive TV seasons. The show remained in the top 10 for seven of its nine seasons.", "All in the Family. All in the Family is the first of four sitcoms in which all the lead actors (O'Connor, Stapleton, Struthers, and Reiner) won Primetime Emmy Awards. The other three are The Golden Girls, The Simpsons, and Will and Grace.", "Carroll O'Connor. The show also starred a Broadway actress, also from New York City, Jean Stapleton, in the role of Bunker's long-suffering wife, Edith Bunker, whom Lear remembered from seeing in the play and film Damn Yankees. The producer sent the show over to ABC twice, but it did not get picked up. They then approached CBS with more success, and accordingly, All in the Family was retooled and debuted early in 1971. The show also starred unknown character actors, such as Rob Reiner as Archie's liberal son-in-law, Michael \"Meathead\" Stivic, and Sally Struthers as Archie and Edith's only child and Mike's wife, Gloria. The cast had a unique on- and off-camera chemistry, especially Reiner, who became O'Connor's best friend and favorite actor.", "All in the Family. According to The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946–Present, All in the Family has the most spin-offs for a prime-time television series, spawning five other shows, three of which were very successful and two of which are spin-offs from spin-offs.[39]", "All in the Family. All in the Family was the first major American series to be videotaped in front of a live studio audience. In the 1960s, most sitcoms had been filmed in the single-camera format without audiences, with a laugh track simulating an audience response. Lear employed the multiple-camera format of shooting in front of an audience, but used tape, whereas previous multiple-camera shows like Mary Tyler Moore had used film. Due to the success of All in the Family, videotaping sitcoms in front of an audience became a common format for the genre during the 1970s, '80s, and '90s. The use of videotape also gave All in the Family the look and feel of early live television, including the original live broadcasts of The Honeymooners, to which All in the Family is sometimes compared.", "Carroll O'Connor. In July 1991, O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Reiner, and Sally Struthers were reunited to celebrate the 20th anniversary of All in the Family. Due to reruns which aired in syndication, TV Land, Antenna TV, and CBS, the show continued to be popular.", "All in the Family. All in the Family was produced by Norman Lear and Bud Yorkin. It starred Carroll O'Connor, Jean Stapleton, Sally Struthers, and Rob Reiner. The show revolves around the life of a working-class bigot and his family. The show broke ground in its depiction of issues previously considered unsuitable for a U.S. network television comedy, such as racism, infidelity, homosexuality, women's liberation, rape, religion, miscarriages, abortion, breast cancer, the Vietnam War, menopause, and impotence. Through depicting these controversial issues, the series became arguably one of television's most influential comedic programs, as it injected the sitcom format with more dramatic moments and realistic, topical conflicts.[1]", "All in the Family. As one of US television's most acclaimed and groundbreaking programs, All in the Family has been referenced or parodied in countless other forms of media. References on other sitcoms include That '70s Show and The Simpsons. The animated series Family Guy pays homage to All in the Family in the opening sequence which features Peter and Lois Griffin playing the piano and singing a lament on the loss of traditional values and also paid tribute to the ending credits of the show at the end of the episode \"Stewie Loves Lois\".", "All in the Family. At the height of the show's popularity, Henry Fonda hosted a special one-hour retrospective of All in the Family and its impact on American television. Included were clips from the show's most memorable episodes up to that time. It was titled The Best of \"All in the Family\", and aired on December 21, 1974.", "Ball in the Family. Ball in the Family is an American reality web television series that airs on Facebook Watch every Sunday and premiered on September 10, 2017. The show documents the personal and professional lives of the Ball family.[1]", "All in the Family. In 2013, the Television Critics Association honored All in the Family with its Heritage Award for its cultural and social impact on society.[55]", "Ball in the Family. The show premiered on Facebook Watch on August 29, 2017 and the first episode was viewed by more than 26 million people.[4] The show is referred to internally by Facebook as one of their \"hero shows\" alongside other programs such as Strangers and Returning the Favor.[5]", "All in the Family. Based on the BBC1 sitcom Till Death Us Do Part (with Archie Bunker modeled after Alf Garnett), All in the Family is often regarded in the United States as one of the greatest television series of all time.[2] Following a lackluster first season, the show soon became the most watched show in the United States during summer reruns[3] and afterwards ranked number one in the yearly Nielsen ratings from 1971 to 1976.[4] It became the first television series to reach the milestone of having topped the Nielsen ratings for five consecutive years. The episode \"Sammy's Visit\" was ranked number 13 on TV Guide's 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time.[5] TV Guide's 50 Greatest TV Shows of All Time ranked All in the Family as number four. Bravo also named the show's protagonist, Archie Bunker, TV's greatest character of all time.[6] In 2013, the Writers Guild of America ranked All in the Family the fourth-best written TV series ever,[7] and TV Guide ranked it as the fourth-greatest show of all time.[8]", "Laugh track. The resurgence of live audiences began to gradually take hold. More sitcoms began to veer away from the single-camera, movie-style format, reverting to the multi-camera format with a live studio audience providing real laughter, which producers found more pleasing because it had a better comic rhythm and helped them write better jokes. Creator Norman Lear's All in the Family (CBS, 1971–1979) followed suit in 1971. Videotaped live, Lear was more spontaneous; he wanted the studio audience to act like the performer, with hopes of the two developing a rapport with each other. Lear was not a fan of pretaped audiences, resulting in no laugh track being employed, not even during post-production when Lear could have had the luxury of sweetening any failed jokes (Lear relented somewhat in later seasons, and allowed Douglass to insert an occasional laugh).[11] Lear's decision resulted in the show being a huge success, and ushered in the return of live audiences to the U.S. sitcom mainstream. To make his point clear, an announcement proclaimed over the closing credits each week that \"All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience\" or during the show's final seasons where live audiences no longer attended tapings of the show, \"All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses.\"[11]", "All in the Family. In the original 1968 pilot episode an additional verse was sung:", "Can't Pay? We'll Take It Away!. The premiere date for the second half of the fifth series was confirmed on 18 August, with broadcast set for 30 August. This half series is expected to contain eighteen episodes; despite only eight episodes airing initially, and the DCBL twitter page confirming that the series had ended on 17 October, with a new series confirmed for 2018.[citation needed] However, after just two weeks off air, DCBL made the surprise announcement that the series was to return to screens on 8 November, replacing a previously listed episode of Big Family Values in the schedules.[citation needed] New agent Mitchell Starr made his debut during this series[citation needed], with Aron Graves, having previously appeared as a guest in the first half of the series, returning as recurring cast member. Otherwise, the cast remains unchanged from the first half of the series.", "The Family-Ness. In the mid-1990s Hallmark and Carlton Home Entertainment released one video with the first 9 episodes of 1984.", "All in the Family. The original pilot was titled Justice for All[19] and was developed for ABC. Tom Bosley, Jack Warden, and Jackie Gleason were all considered for the role of Archie Bunker. In fact, CBS wanted to buy the rights to the original show and retool it specifically for Gleason, who was under contract to them, but producer Lear beat out CBS for the rights and offered the show to ABC.", "Family (Star Trek: The Next Generation). \"Family\" was first released on VHS cassette in the United States and Canada on February 6, 1996.[15] The episode was later released in the United States on September 3, 2002, as part of the Star Trek: The Next Generation season four DVD box set.[16] The first Blu Ray release was in the United Kingdom on July 29, 2013,[17] followed by the United States on July 30.[18]", "All in the Family. For the show's final season, the practice of being taped before a live audience changed to playing the already taped and edited show to an audience and recording their laughter to add to the original sound track. Thus, the voice-over during the end credits was changed from Rob Reiner's \"All in the Family was recorded on tape before a live audience\" to Carroll O'Connor's \"All in the Family was played to a studio audience for live responses\". (Typically, the audience was gathered for a taping of One Day at a Time, and got to see All In the Family as a bonus.) Throughout its run, Norman Lear took pride in the fact that canned laughter was never used (mentioning this on many occasions); the laughter heard in the episodes was genuine.", "Family (Star Trek: The Next Generation). \"Family\" aired in broadcast syndication during the week commencing October 1, 1990.[8] It received Nielsen ratings of 9.6, reflecting the percentage of all households watching the episode during its timeslot.[9] It was the least watched episode of the season,[1] and one of only two episodes, alongside \"In Theory\", to receive a rating of less than 10 percent.[9] Marvin V. Rush's work in \"Family\" was nominated for Outstanding Cinematography for a Series at the 43rd Primetime Emmy Awards.[10]" ]

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[ "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (1935 song). \"The Most Beautiful Girl In The World\" is a show tune from the 1935 Rodgers and Hart musical Jumbo.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). Mayte Garcia later recorded her own version called \"The Most Beautiful Boy in the World\". The song appears on her album Child of the Sun. It has the same instrumental backing track with extra reverb, and her vocals, with a few slight ad-lib changes. It was released by NPG Records.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" is the lead single from the 1994 EP The Beautiful Experience by Prince (The Artist Formerly Known As Prince), and his 1995 album The Gold Experience. In his singles chronology, it was his third major release since changing his stage name to \"The Artist Formerly Known As Prince\" or \"TAFKAP.\" In his albums chronology, it along with the EP was his second release after changing his name. With the consent of Prince's usual record distributor Warner Bros. Records, \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" was released by NPG Records and Edel Music, and independently distributed by Bellmark Records, under the control and guidance of Music of Life, as a one-off single, topping five different charts.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). The single was released in February 1994 in the United Kingdom, and remains Prince's only number one single in the UK Singles Chart,[1] and was shortly followed by an EP of remixes titled The Beautiful Experience that also charted on #18 in the chart in the United Kingdom. The version that was released on The Gold Experience is a different mix of the song.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). United Kingdom 12\"", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). The original track is a slow-grooving ballad that serenades a beautiful woman, his soon-to-be fiancé, Mayte Garcia. The song was played during the Miss USA pageant in 1994, but not in full. It was widely advertised in news and trade magazines that a new song from Prince would be premiered at the pageant. The ads had Prince sitting in a chair with a hat pulled down over his face, and Garcia standing next to his chair. The song was officially released on February 24, 1994. It later appeared on The Gold Experience.", "The Most Beautiful Girl. \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" was also recorded by Slim Whitman in the 1970s. Andy Williams released a version in 1974 on his album The Way We Were. In 1975 ABBA singer Anni-Frid Lyngstad recorded a Swedish-language version called \"Vill du lÃ¥na en man?\" (with Swedish lyrics by Stig Anderson) on her solo album Frida ensam. Sergio Franchi recorded the song on his 1976 DynaHouse album 20 Magnificent Songs. Country music boy band South 65 recorded an updated version of the song, titled \"The Most Beautiful Girl (2001 Version)\", on their 2001 album Dream Large.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (1935 song). A 1953 recording by Tommy Dorsey was a Billboard Top 40 hit per Joel Whitburn's Pop Memories 1890-1954. Other recordings include those by Sonny Rollins, Les and Larry Elgart, Vaughn Monroe, Vic Damone, Perry Como, and Frank Sinatra.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). The song was a worldwide hit and established Prince's ability to succeed commercially under his new name, peaking at No. 3 on the Billboard Hot 100. It was certified gold by the RIAA and sold 700,000 copies domestically.[2][3] However, the song was his last top 10 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 during his lifetime.[4]", "The Most Beautiful Girl. \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" is a song recorded by Charlie Rich and written by Bill Sherrill, Norris Wilson, and Rory Bourke. The country and western ballad reached number 1 in the United States in 1973 on three Billboard music charts: the pop chart (two weeks), the country chart (three weeks), and the adult contemporary chart (three weeks),[1] as well as in Canada on three RPM charts: the RPM 100 Top Singles chart, the Country Tracks chart, and the Adult Contemporary chart. Billboard ranked it as the No. 23 song for 1974.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). The version on The Gold Experience is remixed. The drums are more crisp in the mix, and there are slight instrumental changes. There are also added sound effects and instrumental breaks in the second version. The bridge is slightly more robust as well. The song is still based in light guitar, keyboards and live drums. Although most of the song is sung in falsetto with Prince reaching some extremely high notes, the final bridge has him using his regular voice as well as a lower baritone range in one small segment.", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (1935 song). In the 1962 MGM movie, Jumbo, the song was sung by renowned session singer, Jimmy Joyce, replacing the voice of actor Stephen Boyd", "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World (Prince song). It became his first and only United Kingdom No. 1 single under any name as a performer.[1] He did have two other United Kingdom number ones as a songwriter: the 1984 hit single \"I Feel for You\" covered by Chaka Khan and Sinéad O'Connor's 1990 cover of \"Nothing Compares 2 U\". Prince danced to his own song \"The Most Beautiful Girl In The World\" after the World Music Awards at an after show event with Kylie Minogue in 1994.", "The Most Beautiful Girl. The song was originally recorded as \"Hey Mister\" in 1968 by co-writer Wilson. The song also uses a part of \"Mama McCluskie\", also by Wilson.", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song). Upon its release, \"Beautiful\" received universal acclaim from music critics, who have ranked it among Aguilera's strongest material. It won a Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and was also nominated for Song of the Year at the 2004 ceremony. \"Beautiful\" was also a commercial success, topping the charts in Australia, Belgium, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand and the United Kingdom. The song peaked at number two on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States, where it was certified Gold for 500,000 units shipped. It was kept from the number one spot by \"Bump, Bump, Bump\" by B2K featuring P. Diddy.", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song). Since its release, \"Beautiful\" has been covered by many performers. In 2003, indie rock band Clem Snide released the song as part of their A Beautiful EP recording.[60] Kidz Bop covered the original version for Kidz Bop 4 in 2003, and later recorded a dance edit three years later for Kidz Bop 6.[61][62] Kenny G and Chaka Khan performed the song for the former's 2003 project At Last...The Duets Album.[63] In 2004, it appears on the French girl band L5's live album Le Live, recorded during their concert tour in 2003.[64] In 2012 David Archuleta included his rendition on his fifth studio album Begin.[65] Other performers that have recorded their own versions of the song are G4 in 2005,[66] Girl Authority in 2006,[67] The Lemonheads in 2009,[68] Zebrahead in 2009,[69] The Rebeatles Project in 2010,[70] Insane Clown Posse in 2012,[71] Me First and the Gimme Gimmes in 2014,[72] and Jordan Smith in 2016.[73] Many performers have also played \"Beautiful\" live on shows and concerts. British rock band The Zutons performed the song on their BBC Radio 1 Live Launch show, on May 28, 2008;[74] this version of the song was later released as part of the compilation album Radio 1's Live Lounge – Volume 3. In 2011, child singer Savannah Robinson performed the song on The Ellen DeGeneres Show,[75] and in 2012 American singer Kelly Clarkson sang \"Beautiful\" during her Stronger Tour, by audience request.[76] Other notable performers that have covered the song are Gloria Gaynor,[77] Jason Mraz,[78] Brett Anderson,[79] and The All-American Rejects.[68]", "Vanessa Marcil. On June 14, 1993 she appeared in the Prince music video \"Poorgoo\", which was released officially in very limited numbers. In 1994, she was cast in the Prince music video, \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\", and made People's 50 Most Beautiful list the next year.[6] She made her feature-film debut in the film The Rock (1996), in which she appeared opposite Nicolas Cage, Sean Connery, and Ed Harris.", "The Most Beautiful Girl. Rich's B-side, his own \"I Feel Like Going Home\", was later covered by Rita Coolidge and was released on her 1974 album Fall into Spring. British pop singer Engelbert Humperdinck included \"The Most Beautiful Girl\" on his 1973 album Engelbert: King of Hearts.", "Prince (musician). Prince pushed to have his next album The Gold Experience released simultaneously with Love Symbol-era material. Warner Bros. allowed the single \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" to be released via a small, independent distributor, Bellmark Records, in February 1994. The release reached No. 3 on the US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 in many other countries, but it did not prove to be a model for subsequent releases. Warner Bros. still resisted releasing The Gold Experience, fearing poor sales and citing \"market saturation\" as a defense. When released in September 1995, The Gold Experience reached the top 10 of the Billboard 200 initially. The album is now out of print.", "Big Girl (You Are Beautiful). The song was met with mixed reviews from music critics. The song peaked at number 9 in the United Kingdom (his third top 10 hit in that country), and reached the top ten in Ireland, Finland, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands.", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song). \"Beautiful\" was quickly released after the underperformance of the album's first single, \"Dirrty\" in the United States.[31] It achieved international success and was the highest-charting single from Stripped in several territories. The song peaked at number 2 on the US Billboard Hot 100 for one week behind B2K's \"Bump Bump Bump\" and became Aguilera's longest-charting solo track, spending twenty-seven weeks on the chart.[32][33] The song additionally topped Billboard Adult Contemporary, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Pop Songs component charts.[32] By March 2006, it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 copies.[34]. As of August 2014, the single has sold 1,512,000 digital copies in that country.[35] In Canada, the song reached number 1 on the Billboard Canadian Hot 100.[36]", "1994 in British music. 1994 also saw a first for Prince, who scored his only UK No.1 single with \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the world\"", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song). \"Beautiful\" is considered to be Aguilera's signature song and has been recognized as being among her strongest tracks. The song was recognized as her third-best single by Rachel McRady of Wetpaint, who commented that \"Xtina's inspiration ballad motivated an entire generation\".[27] PopCrush's Alexandra Capotorto named it as her favorite track by Aguilera, opining that the song is \"definitely one of the most memorable and greatest Christina Aguilera songs to date\".[28] Rolling Stone ranked \"Beautiful\" at number 52 on their list of the 100 best songs of the 2000s (decade), elaborating that it is \"delivered with full-fathom force by the bottle-blond with the biggest voice\".[29] Similarly, VH1 positioned the track at number 18 on their list of the 100 greatest songs of the past decade.[30]", "Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria. Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria – also abbreviated as MBGN – is a pageant organised by Silverbird Group with the main purpose of sending representatives to international competitions. Originally known as Miss Universe Nigeria, it was renamed Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria after news publishers Daily Times lost its license to send delegates from rival contest Miss Nigeria to Miss World and Miss Universe.[2]", "Big Girl (You Are Beautiful). UK CD Single", "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song). \"Girlfriend\" received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. The song was No. 35 on Rolling Stone's list of the 100 Best Songs of 2007.[9] This song was also No. 77 on MTV Asia's list of Top 100 Hits of 2007.[10] Also was listed as the number 1 hit of 2007 according to MTV Latin America.[11] \"Girlfriend\" also won the Best Song of the Year at the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards. It beat \"Big Girls Don't Cry\", \"Don't Matter\", and \"Beautiful Girls\". Billboard ranked \"Girlfriend\" the twelfth best song of 2007.", "Beautiful (Christina Aguilera song). The song has also been performed by contestants on televised talent competitions. In 2003, Alex Parks, the eventual winner of the first season of Fame Academy, covered the song on the series and re-recorded a version for her debut studio album Introduction.[80] In 2007, Angy Fernández sang \"Beautiful\" during the inaugural season of Factor X in Spain.[81] In 2010, Sally Chatfield chose the song during the second season of the Australian version of The X Factor.[82] The following year, Aguilera performed the song alongside her finalist Beverly McClellan on the first-season finale of The Voice.[83] The following week, it debuted at number 74 on the US Billboard Hot 100[84] and peaked at number 52 on the Hot Digital Songs diagram with first-week sales of 42,000 downloads on the iTunes Store.[85] Later in 2011, both Janet Devlin and Little Mix covered the song during the eighth series of The X Factor in the United Kingdom.[86][87] Additionally, cover versions of the song have been featured on scripted television series such as A.N.T. Farm, Glee, House, Smash, and Orange Is the New Black.[88][89][90][91][92]", "Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria. Former publisher Ben Murray-Bruce ventured into show business after his magazine Silverbird flopped. He took a loan of N200,000 from his father which he used to organise a number of successful concerts which saw artists like Shalamar and Kool and the Gang perform in Nigeria, after which he promoted a new pageant known as Miss Universe Nigeria in 1983, but it only gained public attention after it changed its name to Most Beautiful Girl in Nigeria in 1986,[2] and its first winner was model Lynda Chuba.[5]", "Big Girl (You Are Beautiful). \"Big Girl (You Are Beautiful)\" is the fourth single from the debut album Life in Cartoon Motion of singer Mika. It reached number 9 in the UK charts after it was released on 23 July 2007. It was inspired by, and written for the Butterfly Lounge, the first Size Acceptance nightclub in Orange County, California.[1] The club is mentioned specifically in the lyrics \"Get yourself to the Butterfly Lounge. Find yourself a big lady\", and is now their theme song.[2] A B-side of the single is \"Standing in the Way of Control\".", "Prince albums discography. In return for co-operating with Warner's The Hits/The B-Sides compilation albums, Prince, under his new name, was granted the opportunity to trial-release independently of Warner on his NPG imprint using an external distributor and label. The one-off experiment, his single \"The Most Beautiful Girl in the World\" should have demonstrated that he needed the clout of Warner Bros. for continued success but the single instead became an international smash, his first UK number one single, and wrangles between the parties continued with Warner Bros. gradually coming round to the idea of ending their arrangement.", "LFO (American band). They appeared on The Amanda Show as guest stars, singing a song while Amanda danced in the background with the show's signature 'dancing lobsters'. At the end, LFO described Amanda as 'the most beautiful girl in the world'. The episode has been repeated on Nickelodeon since its creation.", "Melanie (singer). The Dutch singer Mathilde Santing had a gold record and the first Top 10 hit version of \"Beautiful People\" in 1997. Die Goldenen Zitronen covered the song on their 2009 album Die Entstehung der Nacht. Sandra Bernhard covered the song on her I Love Being Me, Don't You? live album." ]

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[ "99 Luftballons. A direct translation of the title is sometimes given as \"Ninety-Nine Air Balloons\", but the song became known in English as \"Ninety-Nine Red Balloons\".[4][5] The title \"99 Red Balloons\" almost scans correctly with the syllables falling in the right places within the rhythm of the first line of lyrics: \"red\" partially replacing a flourish of the singer before \"Luft\". Neunundneunzig (99) has one syllable more than \"ninety-nine\", so the last syllable and \"Luft\" are blended in the English translation and become \"red\".", "99 Luftballons. The English version retains the spirit of the original narrative, but many of the lyrics are translated poetically rather than directly translated: red helium balloons are casually released by an anonymous civilian into the sky and are registered as missiles by a faulty early warning system; the balloons are mistaken for military aircraft which results in panic and eventually nuclear war.[6]", "99 Luftballons. \"99 Luftballons\" (German: Neunundneunzig Luftballons, \"99 balloons\") is an anti-war protest song by the German band Nena from their 1983 self-titled album. An English-language version titled \"99 Red Balloons\", with lyrics by Kevin McAlea, was also released on the album 99 Luftballons in 1984 after widespread success of the original in Europe and Japan. The English version is not a direct translation of the German original and contains somewhat different lyrics.[1]", "99 Luftballons. The lyrics of the original German version tell a story: 99 balloons are mistaken for UFOs, causing a General to send pilots to investigate. Finding nothing but children's balloons, the pilots decide to put on a show and shoot them down. The display of force worries the nations along the borders and the Defence ministers on each side bang the drums of conflict to grab power for themselves. In the end, a 99-year war results from the otherwise harmless flight of balloons, causing devastation on all sides without a victor. At the end, the singer walks through the devastated ruins and lets loose a balloon, watching it fly away.[6]", "99 Luftballons. American and Australian audiences preferred the original German version, which became a very successful non-English-language song, topping charts in both countries, reaching No. 1 on the Cash Box chart, Kent Music Report, and No. 2 on the Billboard Hot 100, behind \"Jump\" by Van Halen.[15] It was certified Gold by the RIAA. The later-released English translation, \"99 Red Balloons\", topped the charts in the UK, Canada and Ireland.[16][17][18]", "99 Luftballons. From the outset Nena and other members of the band expressed disapproval for the English version of the song, \"99 Red Balloons\". In March 1984, the band's keyboardist and song co-writer Uwe Fahrenkrog Petersen said, \"We made a mistake there. I think the song loses something in translation and even sounds silly.\"[8] In another interview that month the band including Nena herself were quoted as being \"not completely satisfied\" with the English version since it was \"too blatant\" for a group not wishing to be seen as a protest band.[9] Despite having given in excess of 500 concerts over a period of more than 30 years, Nena has never sung \"99 Red Balloons\" live, even at her rare concerts in England, always performing the German version instead.[10][not in citation given]", "99 Luftballons. Also cited by the band was a newspaper article from the Las Vegas Review-Journal about five local high school students who in 1973 played a prank to simulate a UFO by launching 99 (one was lost from the original 100) aluminized Mylar balloons attached with ribbons to a traffic flare. The red flame from the flare reflected by the balloons gave the appearance of a large pulsating red object floating over Red Rock Canyon outside the Las Vegas valley. [3]", "Black Balloon (Goo Goo Dolls song). The song, according to lead singer Johnny Rzeznik, is based on a woman who is struggling with a heroin addiction and her lover who is desperately trying to save her. He has also said that it is about \"seeing someone you love that is so great just screw up so bad.\" Speculation as to the exact subject matter of the song has also been attributed to the ex-wife of bassist Robby Takac (who had overdosed on heroin).", "Keep Your Hands to Yourself. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic wrote that the song \"rocked as hard as an old Chuck Berry song, as well as being almost as clever.\"[2] In the book 99 Red Balloons: And 100 All-Time One-Hit Wonders, Brent Mann wrote that \"it's just a timeless, kick-out-the-jams rock 'n' roll number. Dan Baird digs into the song's vocals with a no-holds-barred zest straight out of a Texas honky-tonk.\"[3]", "99 Luftballons. According to David Frum, the political context of the song was the protests against NATO nuclear missile deployments.[7]", "Voices Carry. The success of the single was largely attributed to the video,[27] which received wide exposure on MTV,[4][28] along with positive reactions from critics and nominations to numerous awards. Keith Thomas of Knight Ridder newspapers called the video \"a clever and stunning effort\". Praising the dialogue and acting he said that it \"looks better than most feature films\", adding that \"everything about the clip is grand\".[26] Robert Hilburn of the Los Angeles Times also praised Mann's acting, saying that she appears \"marvelously charismatic\" in it,[10] while Dennis Hunt from the same newspaper said that it was \"cleverly conceived\".[9] Debbie del Condo of the Orlando Sentinel called it the \"Most Memorable Video of 1985\", and added that she will \"keep waiting for their next video\".[29] In his book Totally awesome 80s, author Matthew Rettenmund called it a \"great story video\".[30] Author Brent Mann in his book 99 Red Balloons..., called the video \"pure New Wave\" and added that it was \"perfect for MTV and VH1 consumption\".[13]", "Culture during the Cold War. Probably the most famous of the 1980s songs against increased confrontation between the Soviets and the Americans was Nena's \"99 Luftballons\", which described the events - ostensibly starting with the innocent release of 99 (red) toy balloons - that could lead to a nuclear war.", "Alice's Restaurant Massacree. In a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Guthrie pointed out that he believes that there are such things as just wars and that his message was targeted at the Vietnam War in particular.[17] Interviews with Ron Bennington in 2009 and NPR in 2005 describe the song not so much as an anti-war song but as an \"anti-stupidity\" song.[19][21] Guthrie considers the song as relevant today as in 1965.[22]", "Red Roses for a Blue Lady. The song is about a man who wishes to give flowers as a gift to a woman he loves after the two have had what he describes as a \"silly quarrel the other day,\" and that he made her blue (i.e., sad). He hopes that if she accepts his plea for forgiveness, the two will marry and that he will soon return to pick out \"your best white orchid for her wedding gown.\"", "Black Balloon (Goo Goo Dolls song). \"Black Balloon\" is a song recorded by the Goo Goo Dolls. It was released in June 1999 as the fourth single from the band's 1998 album, Dizzy Up the Girl.", "Alice's Restaurant. In a 2014 interview with Rolling Stone, Guthrie pointed out that he believes that there are such things as just wars and that his message was targeted at the Vietnam War in particular.[14] Interviews with Ron Bennington in 2009 and NPR in 2005 describe the song not so much as an anti-war song but as an \"anti-stupidity\" song.[15][17] Guthrie considers the song as relevant today as in 1965.[18]", "99 Luftballons. While at a June 1982 concert by the Rolling Stones in West Berlin, Nena's guitarist Carlo Karges noticed that balloons were being released. As he watched them move toward the horizon, he noticed them shifting and changing shapes, where they looked like strange spacecraft (referred to in the German lyrics as a \"UFO\"). He thought about what might happen if they floated over the Berlin Wall to the Soviet sector.[2]", "Born in the U.S.A. (song). During a September 21 concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen responded negatively by introducing his song \"Johnny 99\", a song about an unemployed auto worker who turns to murder, \"The President was mentioning my name the other day, and I kinda got to wondering what his favorite album musta been. I don't think it was the Nebraska album. I don't think he's been listening to this one.\"[8]", "99 Problems. Jack White has hailed the song, describing it as \"the story of America ... in a nutshell, [it's] the story of all the struggles in America, black or white, [and of] class systems\".[12]", "Something Like That. The song recounts the narrator’s youthful experience of falling in love for the very first time at age seventeen. The man sees a woman at a county fair on Labor Day weekend when he is seventeen, and then five years later, sees her on a plane, while the man is heading to Mardi Gras. The bridge talks about how a love can never go away no matter how long the two people are apart.", "High Hopes (Frank Sinatra song). The song describes two scenarios where animals do seemingly impossible acts. First, an ant moves a rubber tree plant by itself, then a ram single-handedly destroys a \"billion kilowatt dam.\" The desires of these animals are described as \"pie in the sky,\" although the song implies they ultimately accomplish them. The song finishes comparing troubles and hardships and sorrows to balloons; the problem has gone away when the balloon is popped.", "Tennessee Flat Top Box. The song is a story of a little boy aspiring to be a country singer, who starts his career at a local cabaret in a South Texas border town. He has no physical abilities, only his ability to play the guitar, which he loves so much that making money is secondary to him. He becomes so popular that girls \"from there to Austin\" would secretly leave home and pawn jewelry for money to make the trip to hear him play, and \"all the girls from nine to ninety, were snapping fingers, tapping toes, and begging him: 'Don't stop.'\"", "What Made the Red Man Red?. Complex notes that in the 21st century, \"you can't just ask people 'What Makes the Red Man Red?'\", and comments on the Lost Boys' musical number: \"Jeez, you racist little monsters, no wonder you're orphans.\"[9] Althouse said the song has \"obvious political correctness problems\".[10] AllDay notes that \"the one time they break into song\" is the only time the Native Americans do not speak in broken English throughout the film.[11] In the article \"Caught on Film: The Racist Ghosts of Disney's Past\", DivineCaroline writes \"The best part of the song is when the singers say that their version is the right one, 'no matter what's been written or said.'\"[12] Bustle deems the song a \"big ol' pile of racism\".[13] MediaDiversed says the \"horror that was the song\" serves to reinforce stereotypes and racist attitudes.[14] The site Great Indian Moments From Pop Culture calls the \"insipid tune\" the \"worst\" of the \"troublesome Native stereotypes\" in Disney's Peter Pan. It notes that \"the chorus, with its 'nonsense' words, simply reduces indigenous languages (and semantics) to sheer gibberish\".[15]", "Lucky Charms. Then, with the addition of the purple horseshoe marbit, it was extended into a jingle describing the contents of the box.[20] This was later revised with the addition of red balloons to the now-familiar \"Hearts, stars and horse-shoes, clovers and blue-moons. Pots of gold and rainbows, and tasty red balloons!\" In 2008, the pot of gold was replaced with the hourglass in the theme song.", "Holiday in Cambodia. The song is an attack on a stereotypical, moralizing, privileged American college student. Its lyrics offer a satirical view of young, well-to-do and self-righteous Americans, contrasting such a lifestyle with the genocidal dictatorship of the Khmer Rouge, led by Pol Pot (depicted on the original single's label and mentioned in the lyrics), which is estimated to have been responsible for the deaths of some two million people[1] in Cambodia between 1975 and 1979.", "Double entendre. Singer and songwriter Bob Dylan, in his somewhat controversial song \"Rainy Day Women #12 & 35\", repeats the line \"Everybody must get stoned\". In context, the phrase refers to the punishment of execution by stoning, but on another level it means to 'get stoned', a common slang term for being high on cannabis. In their song \"Big Balls\" on the album Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap, AC/DC the chorus \"we've got big balls\" can be read as referring to either formal dances or testicles. During the 1940s, Benny Bell recorded several \"party records\" that contained double entendre including \"Everybody Wants My Fanny\".", "Pentecost. In some cases, red fans, or red handkerchiefs, are distributed to the congregation to be waved during the procession, etc. Other congregations have incorporated the use of red balloons, signifying the \"Birthday of the Church\". These may be borne by the congregants, decorate the sanctuary, or released all at once.", "21-gun salute. In the film Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, when the Grandfather sings \"Posh\" whilst dangling from a hot air balloon, there is a line \"they 21 gun salute me\".", "Bridge to Your Heart. The song opens with Gold counting from one to two, backed by drums; he then restarts the countdown, counting to four – \"hold it.. NOW!\". A majority of the song features Gold singing, backed by drums and pop-influenced music. The song also features a horn section, opened by Gold shouting \"Horn!\". The section starts after the song's final verse.", "99 Luftballons. VH1 Classic, an American cable television station, ran a charity event for Hurricane Katrina relief in 2006. Viewers who made donations were allowed to choose which music videos the station would play. One viewer donated $35,000 for the right to program an entire hour and requested continuous play of \"99 Luftballons\" and \"99 Red Balloons\" videos. The station broadcast the videos as requested from 2:00 to 3:00 pm EST on 26 March 2006.[19][20]", "Bruce Springsteen. The song was widely misinterpreted as jingoistic, and in connection with the 1984 presidential campaign became the subject of considerable folklore. In 1984, conservative columnist George Will attended a Springsteen concert and then wrote a column praising Springsteen's work ethic. Six days after the column was printed, in a campaign rally in Hammonton, New Jersey, Reagan said, \"America's future rests in a thousand dreams inside your hearts. It rests in the message of hope in the songs of a man so many young Americans admire—New Jersey's own, Bruce Springsteen.\" Two nights later, at a concert in Pittsburgh, Springsteen told the crowd, \"Well, the president was mentioning my name in his speech the other day and I kind of got to wondering what his favorite album of mine must've been, you know? I don't think it was the Nebraska album. I don't think he's been listening to this one.\" He then began playing \"Johnny 99\", with its allusions to closing factories and criminals.[33]", "List of number-one singles in Australia during the 1990s. Other hits\nSongs which peaked at number two were \"Boom Boom Boom\" by The Outhere Brothers, \"One Sweet Day\" by Mariah Carey and Boyz II Men, \"Be My Lover\" by La Bouche, \"Missing\" by Everything but the Girl, \"Father and Son\" by Boyzone, \"X-Files Theme\" by Triple X, \"Nobody Knows\" by The Tony Rich Project, \"Theme from Mission: Impossible\" by Adam Clayton and Larry Mullen, \"Return of the Mack\" by Mark Morrison, \"Macarena\" by Los del Mar, \"Hero of the Day\" by Metallica, \"You're Makin' Me High\" by Toni Braxton, \"I Love You Always Forever\" by Donna Lewis, \"What's Love Got to Do with It\" by Warren G featuring Adina Howard, and \"Where Do You Go\" by No Mercy." ]

[ 2.6953125, 2.91015625, 4.0625, 2.53125, -0.697265625, -0.262451171875, 0.14306640625, -4.47265625, -1.3076171875, 2.033203125, -2.142578125, 1.44921875, -5.015625, -5.00390625, -8.2421875, -4.484375, -0.72509765625, -5.41015625, -2.623046875, -4.63671875, -2.955078125, -3.291015625, -4.203125, -2.396484375, -1.4677734375, -5.7890625, -3.126953125, -7.375, -6.9140625, -1.8681640625, -4.05078125, -7.453125 ]

[ "Guys and Dolls (film). Guys and Dolls is a 1955 musical film starring Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra and Vivian Blaine. The film was made by Samuel Goldwyn Productions and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM). It was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz, who also wrote the screenplay. The film is based on the 1950 Broadway musical by composer and lyricist Frank Loesser, with a book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows, which, in turn, was loosely based on \"The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown\" and \"Blood Pressure\", two short stories by Damon Runyon.[1] Dances were choreographed by Michael Kidd, who had also staged the dances for the Broadway production.", "Guys and Dolls. In 1995, a Las Vegas production, performed without intermission, starred Jack Jones, Maureen McGovern and Frank Gorshin.[citation needed]", "Guys and Dolls (film). Robert Alda had originated the role of Sky Masterson on Broadway in 1950. For the movie, Gene Kelly at first seemed a serious candidate for the part, but it went to Marlon Brando as a matter of course, partly because MGM would not loan Kelly for the production, but mainly because Goldwyn wanted to cast Brando, the world's biggest box office draw by a wide margin at that time. The film ended up being distributed by MGM, Kelly's home studio. Frank Sinatra had coveted the role of Sky Masterson, and relations between him and Brando were strained. Hollywood critic James Bacon quotes Sinatra telling director Joe Mankiewicz, \"When Mumbles is through rehearsing, I'll come out\".[3] Sinatra had also been considered for the part of Terry Malloy in On the Waterfront;[4] both roles went to Brando.", "Guys and Dolls (film). In addition to Blaine, Stubby Kaye, B.S. Pully, and Johnny Silver all repeated their Broadway roles in the film.", "Guys and Dolls. An Australian remount of the Michael Grandage West End production of Guys and Dolls opened in Melbourne, Australia on April 5, 2008. The show starred Lisa McCune, Marina Prior, Garry McDonald, Ian Stenlake, Shane Jacobson, Wayne Scott Kermond, and Magda Szubanski, and ran at the Princess Theatre.[69] The Melbourne season closed in August 2008 and transferred to Sydney from March 13, 2009 to May 31, 2009 at the Capitol Theatre, retaining the Melbourne cast.[70]", "Ewan McGregor. From June 2005 to April 2007, McGregor starred alongside Jane Krakowski, Douglas Hodge and Jenna Russell in the Donmar Warehouse revival of Guys and Dolls after it transferred to the Piccadilly Theatre in London.[46] He played the leading role of Sky Masterson. McGregor received the LastMinute.com award for Best Actor for his performance in 2005,[47] and he was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Musical in 2007.[48]", "Guys and Dolls (film). Gambler Nathan Detroit (Frank Sinatra) seeks to organize an unlicensed crap game, but the police, led by Lieutenant Brannigan (Robert Keith), are \"putting on the heat\". All the places where Nathan usually holds his games refuse him entry due to Brannigan's intimidating pressure. Adding to Nathan's problems, his fiancée, Miss Adelaide (Vivian Blaine), a nightclub singer, wants to bring an end to their 14-year engagement and actually tie the knot. She also wants him to go straight, but organizing illegal gambling is the only thing he's good at.", "Guys and Dolls. Following Ian Charleson's untimely death from AIDS at the age of 40, in November 1990 two reunion performances of Guys and Dolls, with almost all of the original 1982 cast and musicians, were given at the National Theatre as a tribute to Charleson. The tickets sold out immediately, and the dress rehearsal was also packed. The proceeds from the performances were donated to the new Ian Charleson Day Centre HIV clinic at the Royal Free Hospital, and to scholarships in Charleson's name at LAMDA.[30]", "Guys 'n' Dolls. Guys 'n' Dolls were formed in November 1974, after Ammo Productions held auditions for three young men and three young women to perform as a vocal group. The six original members were: Paul Griggs, David Van Day, Dominic Grant, Thereza Bazar, Martine Howard, and Julie Forsyth (daughter of Sir Bruce Forsyth).", "Guys and Dolls. The premiere on Broadway was in 1950. It ran for 1200 performances and won the Tony Award for Best Musical. The musical has had several Broadway and London revivals, as well as a 1955 film adaptation starring Marlon Brando, Jean Simmons, Frank Sinatra and Vivian Blaine.", "Jean Simmons. Simmons and Granger returned to England to make a thriller, Footsteps in the Fog (1955). Then Joseph Mankiewicz cast her opposite Brando in the big screen adaptation of Guys and Dolls (1955), playing a role turned down by Grace Kelly; it was a huge hit.", "Guys and Dolls. In August 2009, a concert version ran at The Hollywood Bowl, Hollywood, California, starring Scott Bakula (Nathan Detroit), Brian Stokes Mitchell (Sky Masterson), Ellen Greene (Miss Adelaide), and Jessica Biel (Sarah Brown).[71]", "Guys and Dolls. In October 1982, Hoskins was replaced by Trevor Peacock, Charleson by Paul Jones, and Covington by Belinda Sinclair; in the spring of 1983 McKenzie was replaced by Imelda Staunton and Fiona Hendley replaced Sinclair. This production closed in late 1983 to make way for a Broadway try-out of the ill-fated musical Jean Seberg, which following critical failure closed after four months.[25] Eyre's Guys and Dolls returned to the National from April through September 1984, this time starring Lulu, Norman Rossington, Clarke Peters and Betsy Brantley.[26][27] After a nationwide tour, this production transferred to the West End at the Prince of Wales Theatre, where it ran from June 1985 to April 1986.[28][29]", "Guys and Dolls. In April 2014, a one-night-only performance took place at Carnegie Hall, starring Nathan Lane reprising the role that made him a star, Megan Mullally, Patrick Wilson and Sierra Boggess. It was directed by Jack O'Brien and featured the Orchestra of St. Luke's playing the original orchestrations.[75]", "Guys and Dolls (film). The musical numbers performed by Jean Simmons and Marlon Brando were sung by the actors themselves, without dubbing by professional singers.[8][9][10]", "Guys and Dolls. A one-hour documentary film captured the recording sessions of the production's original cast album. Titled Guys and Dolls: Off the Record, the film aired on PBS's Great Performances series in December 1992, and was released on DVD in 2007.[32][33] Complete takes of most of the show's songs are featured, as well as coaching from director Zaks, and commentary sessions by stars Gallagher, de Guzman, Lane, and Prince on the production and their characters.", "Guys and Dolls (film). Goldwyn wanted Grace Kelly for Sarah Brown, the Save-a-Soul sister. When she turned the part down because of other commitments, Goldwyn tried Deborah Kerr, who was also unavailable. The third choice was Jean Simmons, who had recently played opposite Brando in Désirée. Goldwyn was surprised by Simmons' sweet voice and strong acting and ultimately believed the love story worked better in the film than onstage. \"I'm so happy\" he said after seeing the rushes one day \"that I couldn't get Grace Kelly\". Director Joe Mankiewicz later called Simmons \"the dream ... a fantastically talented and enormously underestimated girl. In terms of talent, Jean Simmons is so many heads and shoulders above most of her contemporaries, one wonders why she didn't become the great star she could have been.\"[7]", "Guys and Dolls (film). Meanwhile, confident that he will win his bet with Sky, Nathan has gathered together all the gamblers, including a visitor that Harry the Horse (Sheldon Leonard) has invited: Big Jule (B.S. Pully), a Chicago mobster. When Lieutenant Brannigan appears, Benny Southstreet (Johnny Silver), covers it up by claiming that they are celebrating the fact that Nathan is getting married to Adelaide. Nathan is shocked by this, but is forced to play along. Later he realizes he has lost his bet and must marry Adelaide.", "Guys and Dolls. The musical premiered on Broadway at the 46th Street Theatre (now Richard Rodgers Theatre) on November 24, 1950. It was directed by George S. Kaufman, with dances and musical numbers by Michael Kidd, scenic and lighting design by Jo Mielziner, costumes by Alvin Colt, and orchestrations by George Bassman and Ted Royal, with vocal arrangements by Herbert Greene[11] It starred Robert Alda (Sky), Sam Levene (Nathan), Isabel Bigley (Sarah), and Vivian Blaine (Adelaide). Iva Withers was a replacement as Adelaide. The musical ran for 1,200 performances, winning five 1951 Tony Awards, including the award for Best Musical. Decca Records issued the original cast recording on 78 rpm records, which was later expanded and re-issued on LP, and then transferred to CD in the 1980s.", "Guys and Dolls (film). Nathan meets an old acquaintance, Sky Masterson (Marlon Brando), a gambler willing to bet on virtually anything and for high amounts. Nathan proposes a $1,000 bet, by which Sky must take a girl of Nathan's choosing to dinner in Havana, Cuba. The bet seems impossible for Sky to win when Nathan nominates Sergeant Sarah Brown (Jean Simmons), a sister at the Save a Soul Mission, which opposes gambling.", "Guys and Dolls. On November 3, 1955 the film version of the musical was released, starring Marlon Brando as Sky, Frank Sinatra as Nathan Detroit, and Jean Simmons as Sarah, with Vivian Blaine reprising her role as Adelaide. The film was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and produced by Samuel Goldwyn.", "Steve Schirripa. On April 3, 2014, Steve Schirripa gave a theatrical performance in a special production of Guys and Dolls alongside Nathan Lane, Patrick Wilson (American actor), and Megan Mullally at Carnegie Hall.[11]", "Guys and Dolls (film). Guys and Dolls opened on November 3, 1955, to mostly positive reviews. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 90% out of 29 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 7.7/10.[12] Casting Marlon Brando has long been somewhat controversial, although Variety wrote \"The casting is good all the way.\"[citation needed] This was the only Samuel Goldwyn film released through MGM.[citation needed] With an estimated budget of over $5 million, it garnered rentals in excess of $13 million.[citation needed] Variety ranked it as the No. 1 moneymaking film of 1956;[citation needed] when a film is released late in a calendar year (October to December), its income is reported in the following year's compendium, unless the film made a particularly fast impact. Guys and Dolls went on to gross $1.1 million in the United Kingdom, $1 million in Japan, and over $20 million globally.[citation needed]", "Jane Krakowski. In 2005, she starred as Miss Adelaide in Michael Grandage's West End revival of Guys and Dolls at London's Piccadilly Theatre. She starred alongside Jenna Russell, Ewan McGregor and Douglas Hodge. Krakowski received the 2006 Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her performance[12] and performed a cabaret show called Better When It's Banned, which featured various songs from the 1920s and '30s[18] that were all deemed racy at the times of their original popularity.", "Michael Kidd. His next play, Frank Loesser’s Guys and Dolls (1950), cemented his reputation as a Broadway choreographer. It was based on Damon Runyon short stories, with book by Abe Burrows, and earned Kidd his second Tony Award. The play attracted the attention of movie producers, and he was lured to Hollywood.[4]", "Guys and Dolls. In 1982, Richard Eyre directed a major revival at London's National Theatre. Eyre called it a \"re-thinking\" of the musical, and his production featured an award-winning neon-lit set design inspired by Rudi Stern's 1979 book Let There Be Neon,[18] and brassier orchestrations with vintage yet innovative harmonies.[19][20] The show's choreography by David Toguri included a large-scale tap dance number of the \"Guys and Dolls\" finale, performed by the principals and entire cast. The revival opened March 9, 1982, and was an overnight sensation,[21] running for nearly four years and breaking all box office records.[22][23] The original cast featured Bob Hoskins as Nathan Detroit, Julia McKenzie as Adelaide, Ian Charleson as Sky and Julie Covington as Sarah.[24] The production won five Olivier Awards, including for McKenzie and Eyre and for Best Musical. Eyre also won the Evening Standard Award, and Hoskins won the Critics' Circle Theatre Award.", "Guys and Dolls. A 2009 Broadway revival of the show opened on March 1, 2009 at the Nederlander Theatre. The cast starred Oliver Platt as Nathan Detroit, Lauren Graham, in her Broadway debut, as Adelaide, Craig Bierko as Sky and Kate Jennings Grant as Sarah. Des McAnuff was the director, and the choreographer was Sergio Trujillo.[39][40] The show opened to generally negative reviews.[41] The New York Times called it \"static\" and \"uninspired\",[42] the New York Post said, \"How can something so zippy be so tedious?\"[43] and Time Out New York wrote, \"Few things are more enervating than watching good material deflate.\"[44] However, the show received a highly favorable review from The New Yorker,[45] and the producers decided to keep the show open in hopes of positive audience response. The New York Post reported on March 4 that producer Howard Panter \"[said] he'll give Guys and Dolls at least seven weeks to find an audience.\"[46] The revival closed on June 14, 2009 after 28 previews and 113 performances.[47]", "Guys and Dolls. Guys and Dolls was conceived by producers Cy Feuer and Ernest Martin as an adaptation of Damon Runyon's short stories.[5] These stories, written in the 1920s and 1930s, concerned gangsters, gamblers, and other characters of the New York underworld. Runyon was known for the unique dialect he employed in his stories, mixing highly formal language and slang.[6] Frank Loesser, who had spent most of his career as a lyricist for movie musicals, was hired as composer and lyricist. George S. Kaufman was hired as director. When the first version of the show's book, or dialogue, written by Jo Swerling was deemed unusable, Feuer and Martin asked radio comedy writer Abe Burrows to rewrite it.[5][7]", "Guys and Dolls. The following table shows the principal casts of the major productions of Guys and Dolls:", "Guys and Dolls. Guys and Dolls is a musical with music and lyrics by Frank Loesser and book by Jo Swerling and Abe Burrows. It is based on \"The Idyll of Miss Sarah Brown\" and \"Blood Pressure\" – two short stories by Damon Runyon[1][2] – and also borrows characters and plot elements from other Runyon stories – most notably \"Pick the Winner\".[3]", "Guys and Dolls (film). To approach Sarah, Sky pretends that he is a gambler who wants to change. Sky suggests a bargain. He will get a dozen sinners into the Mission for her Thursday night meeting in return for her having dinner with him in Havana. With General Matilda Cartwright (Kathryn Givney) threatening to close the Broadway branch for lack of participation, Sarah has little choice left, and agrees to the date.", "Guys and Dolls. A concert performance ran at London's Cadogan Hall from 22–25 August 2012, featuring Dennis Waterman, Ruthie Henshall, Anna-Jane Casey, and Lance Ellington (Strictly Come Dancing), with musical director Richard Balcombe and the Royal Philharmonic Concert Orchestra and Choir.[74]" ]

[ 9.1953125, 5.28125, 6.75390625, 5.31640625, 2.783203125, 2.583984375, 4.640625, 1.966796875, 1.42578125, 4.27734375, 3.685546875, 5, 3.234375, 4.20703125, 2.849609375, 3.236328125, 5.85546875, 3.9765625, 3.25390625, 4.44921875, 5.22265625, 2.4609375, 6.05859375, 1.7822265625, 0.34130859375, 2.80078125, 1.56640625, 0.8681640625, -2.140625, -2.18359375, 2.1484375, 1.69921875 ]

[ "Honda Fit. A \"dot\" on the \"J\" in Jazz on the rear of the first-generation model indicates whether it is powered by a 1.5- or 1.3-litre engine. The 1.5-litre version (VTi) has a blue dot and 1.3-litre version (GLi) has a red dot. The second-generation models can be differentiated by the presence (VTi) or absence (GLi) of audio controls on the steering wheel. The body kit for the VTi-S has changed since its introduction in 2003. The picture to the right illustrates the differences. The white Jazz VTi-S in the middle is a December 2003 model, while the left silver Jazz is a 2004 VTi with optional bodykit, the right silver Jazz is a 2004 model VTi-S.", "Honda Fit. For the 2008 model, US models feature the Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) to alert the driver of low pressure in any of the four stock wheels.[21] Unlike some systems, the system in the 2008 Fit notifies the driver that a tyre is low, but not which tyre. The Fit narrowly missed qualifying for the Canadian government's $1,000 rebate, which is only offered for cars that meet the new federal fuel efficiency rating.[22] Honda Canada Inc. decided to reimburse consumers the rebate for 2007, and a revision to the federal ratings allowed the 2008 Fit to qualify for the $1,000 rebate.", "Honda Fit. The Fit was offered in two variants in the United States (Base and Sport), and three in Canada (DX, LX and Sport). Differences were primarily limited to cosmetics and standard equipment, since all models shared the same 1.5 L 109 hp (81 kW) engine and standard five-speed manual transmission. A conventional five-speed automatic transmission was optional, instead of the CVT automatic found throughout the rest of the world. The Fit Sport received paddle shifters mounted behind the steering-wheel when ordered with the automatic.", "Honda Fit. United States and Canada", "Honda Fit. Honda Fit Hybrid", "Honda Fit. Two engines (1.3 i-DSI and 1.5 VTEC) were offered, each with a number of trim lines ranging from the basic \"Y\" to the sporty \"S\". The 1.3 L i-DSI was available with only the regular CVT automatic. The 1.5 L VTEC model with the CVT-7 was added in September 2002.[18] A five-speed manual was added in June 2004 for FWD model with the larger engine. Unique to the Japanese market, the Fit is also available in 4WD. Starting at a price of about JPY1,123,000 is the basic 1.3Y model. At the top of the range is the 1.5W four-wheel-drive version for JPY1,743,000. A bewildering range of options and accessories are available at most levels, including Honda's HDD GPS Navigation System called Internavi with its 6.5-inch (170 mm) colour screen. This system incorporates TV and FM radio. In Japan, the Fit replaced the market segment previously served by the Honda Civic and shared a platform with the Honda City when the Civic no longer complied with Japanese Government dimension regulations when the Civic exceeded the 1700mm width dimension.", "Red dot sight. Most red dot sights have either active or passive adjustments for the dot brightness, allowing a very bright dot for high visibility in bright conditions, and a very dim dot to prevent loss of night vision in low light conditions.", "Honda Fit. The 2008 Honda Fit was largely unchanged from the 2007 with the exception of the TPMS and new windshield wipers that abandon the large rubber blade design to a more traditional rigid plastic with thin rubber blade design. MSRP was also increased by roughly US$100. Total sales in the United States for the year were 79,794, an increase of almost 41% over previous year.[24]", "Honda Fit. and 2 engine configurations:", "Honda Fit. Frontal Driver and Passenger:", "Honda Fit. The Fit's central fuel tank location under the front rather than rear seats — combined with a compact, semi-independent, H-shaped[12] torsion beam rear suspension — allows for a lower load platform and increased cargo volume.[13] Noted for its \"class leading utilization of interior space and maximum flexibility for people or cargo,\"[12] the Fit offered approximately twice the storage space behind its rear seat compared with the Toyota Yaris hatchback.[14]", "Honda Fit. The Sumare-built new Fit was introduced in October 2008 in Brazil at the Sao Paulo Auto Show. There are four versions: LX and LXL, with the 1.35-liter (marketed as 1.4) 16V engine, and EX and EXL, with the 1.5-liter 16V engine. Both engines have VTEC and flex fuel capabilities as standard. Manual and automatic – both five-speed – gearboxes are offered; CVT is no longer available.", "Honda Fit. All first generation Fit/Jazz models throughout the world utilized the following distinct codes, found in the vehicle's identification number (VIN):", "Honda Fit. The first generation Fit was sold in 6 variations whilst its City/Fit Aria sedan sibling was sold in 4 variations.", "Honda Fit. Fit/Jazz", "Honda Fit. Honda marketed the Fit as \"Small is the New Big\".[25] Car and Driver magazine described that \"[n]ot only is it endowed with an impressive array of standard features and an upscale interior, but its dynamics rival the responses of cars with much fancier pedigrees and price tags.\" The magazine even cited its lane-change number of 71.4 mph edged the best run by a Ferrari F430 Spider F1 tested.[26] And the car was included in Car and Driver's 10 Best Lists for three times.[27] In May 2006, Fit was placed first in a Car and Driver comparison of seven economy cars that included Nissan Versa and Toyota Yaris.[28] Consumer Guide said in its review, \"While prices seem steep for a subcompact (compared to the Toyota Yaris and Nissan Versa), this is one in name and exterior size only; it's really a small wagon that challenges some compact SUVs for room while getting significantly better fuel economy\".[29][30]", "Honda Fit. The second generation Fit featured improved ride and handling.[41]", "Red dot sight. Red dot sights generally fall into two categories, \"tube\" or \"open\" designs. \"Tube sights\" look similar to a standard telescopic sight, with a cylindrical tube containing the optics. Tube sights offer the option of fitted dust covers and the ability to add filters, such as polarizing or haze filters, and glare reducing sunshades. Since a reflector sight really needs only a single optical surface, the \"reflector\", the tube is not needed. This allows for non-tubed \"open sights\" that consist of a flat base, with a single loop of material to support the reflective optics.", "Honda Fit. Hitomi, as reported by Automotive News, believed that the second generation Fit offered in North American market had very good fuel mileage as it was and questioned if buyers were willing to pay extra for marginal mileage gains.", "Honda Fit. The second generation Honda Fit went on sale in North America around August 26, 2008, for the 2009 model year. It was considered the most expensive within the subcompact class when equipped as such, but was also described as modestly priced.[65] It was reported in September 2009 that Honda is considering producing the Fit in North America in response to the increasing strength of the Japanese yen against the U.S. dollar.[66]", "Honda Fit. In keeping with Honda's safety initiative, the Fit was offered in North America with power windows, standard side airbags, side-curtain airbags, and ABS, in addition to the mandatory front airbags. Due to differing safety regulations, North American Fits have larger bumpers, and a longer front clip, than the rest of the world, resulting in a slight increase in overall length.", "Honda Fit. Non-hybrid models include the 13G (Earth Dreams 1.3-liter Atkinson cycle DOHC i-VTEC engine and CVT transmission), 15X (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine), RS (Earth Dreams 1.5-liter direct injection DOHC i-VTEC engine).[88] The RS variant just like the outgoing model, features cosmetic enhancements featuring a sporty all round bodykit, 16 inch wheels, red interior stitching and sports pedals.", "Honda Fit. In April 2006, American Honda and its ad agency RPA launched the all-new small car, the Honda Fit, with six five-second and two 30-second TV ads, with the slogan 'The Fit Is Go'.[109] These ads ran only briefly as demand quickly outstripped supply.", "Honda Fit. Although the second generation Honda Fit was introduced in the Japanese market in 2007, the first generation Fit was still sold in the North American market for the 2008 model year. The second generation Fit for the North American market was unveiled on 19 March 2008, at the 2008 New York International Auto Show for the 2009 model year.[63][64] The North American Fit's front overhang is several inches longer to improve U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) crash test ratings. The engine is a 1.5 L (92 cu in) i-VTEC 4-cylinder with 117 horsepower at 6600 rpm mated to a five-speed manual transmission or a five-speed automatic transmission.", "Red dot sight. A red dot sight is a common classification[1] for a type of non-magnifying reflector (or reflex) sight for firearms, and other devices that require aiming, that gives the user an aimpoint in the form of an illuminated red dot. A standard design uses a red light-emitting diode (LED) at the focus of collimating optics which generates a dot style illuminated reticle that stays in alignment with the weapon the sight is attached to regardless of eye position (nearly parallax free). They are considered to be fast acquisition and easy to use gun sights for target shooting, hunting, and in police and military applications. Aside from firearm applications, they are also used on cameras and telescopes. On cameras they are used to photograph flying aircraft, birds in flight, and other distant, quickly moving subjects. Telescopes have a narrow field of view and therefore are often equipped with a secondary \"finder scope\" such as a red dot sight.", "Honda Fit. The second generation Fit debuted on 17 October 2007 at the Tokyo Motor Show. At its introduction in 2007, it won the Car of the Year Japan Award for the second time. The vehicle offered a longer wheelbase than its predecessor and is wider and longer overall. Overall height is unchanged, while interior height increased by .3 in. Multi-mode seating and cargo configurations were retained (US models were no longer capable of Refresh/Relax Mode until the following gen), with redesigned headrests enabling more convenient folding of the rear seats. The cabin featured greater interior volume, and boot capacity decreased from 21.3 to 20.6 cubic feet (0.58 m3).[39][40]", "Honda Fit. All Fits trim levels include a multi-angle rear-view backup camera; higher trims include dynamic guidelines. Honda's LaneWatch passenger side-view mirror camera is also optional.[89]", "Honda Fit. Honda uses the nameplate \"Jazz\" in Europe, Oceania, the Middle East, Africa, and most parts of Asia — and the name \"Fit\" in Japan, Sri Lanka, China, and the Americas.", "Honda Fit. The second-generation Jazz was launched around October 2008, with two trim levels; available in 1.3 S and 1.5 V models. The 1.3.S is available in 5 speed manual or 5 speed automatic while the 1.5.V is only available in 5 speed automatic with paddle shifters and receives a different style alloy wheels fog lights is not installed between the two trims it is a choice for the owners to add fog lights to the Jazz in 2011 a facelift version has launched receiving new designed front bumpers for both 1.3. And 1.5. Variants and new designed alloy wheels for both variants fog lights is now available in the 1.5. Variant and new colors has been added Brilliant Orange (1.5.V only) and Fresh Lime for both variants.", "Honda Fit. Depending on the region, the Fit is available with a 1.2-, 1.3- (in Europe referred as 1.4 L model), 1.5-litre i-DSI engine, or 1.5-litre VTEC engine. All four engines are based on Honda's L-series engine family. The eight-valve i-DSI (intelligent dual and sequential) engines use two spark plugs per cylinder, allowing petrol to burn more completely; therefore, fuel consumption and emissions are reduced while maximum torque at mid-range rpm is maintained. The 1.5 L VTEC engine has the typical 16-valve configuration that can maximise output at high rpm.", "Honda Fit. For 2012, the Fit features revised floor, front fenders, A-pillars, and front corner-window glass. The Fit Sport features a revised grille, dark \"machined surface\" finish alloy wheels, a black monochrome theme interior with chrome accents. The base model receives body-color exterior mirrors (previously black), standard security system and new wheel covers for 2012.[69][70]", "Honda Fit. All models were upgraded to LED tail lamps as standard and also the 1.3 L Gli Jazz models have its antenna mounted at the front just above the front windscreen." ]

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[ "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget Jones is a British-American romantic comedy film series based on the Helen Fielding novels of the same name. The series consists of Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (2004), and Bridget Jones's Baby (2016). The film series has grossed over $756 million worldwide against a combined budget of $100 million.", "Bridget Jones (film series). The second film was released on DVD in 2004 with a variety of bonus features.", "Bridget Jones. The first novel was turned into a movie of the same name in 2001, directed by Sharon Maguire. The movie starred Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver and Colin Firth as Mark Darcy. Before the film was released, a considerable amount of controversy surrounded the casting of the American Zellweger as what some saw as a quintessentially British heroine: however, her performance is widely considered to be of a high standard, including a perfect English accent, and garnered Zellweger an Academy Award nomination. A second film was released in 2004, directed by Beeban Kidron. There are many differences between the books and the films. A third movie, Bridget Jones's Baby, was released on 16 September 2016.[23] Patrick Dempsey was cast as Jack Qwant. [24]", "Bridget Jones (film series). The first film on VHS was released in 2001 containing over 35 minutes of bonus material which includes: Deleted Scenes, Exclusive Interviews, Bridget’s Guide to “Getting It Right”. There was also a VHS of \"The Making of Bridget Jones\". In 2001 the film was released on DVD containing brand new bonus material and in 2011 a Blu-ray version of the film was released. A Collective Edition of the film was released in 2004 with new bonus material including; The Bridget Phenomenon, The Young And The Mateless, Portrait Of The Makeup Artist, Domestic and International TV Spots, Bridget Jones: The Edge Of Reason Theatrical Trailer, Bridget Jones's Diary Reviews and A Guide to Bridget Britishism.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget Jones's Diary received positive reviews and was a commercial success, grossing over $280 million worldwide. Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for her role in the film. A sequel, Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, was released in 2004, and another sequel, Bridget Jones's Baby, was released in 2016.", "Bridget Jones (film series). The first film received positive reviews and holds a 81% approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 6.9/10, based on 154 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: \"Though there was controversy over the choice of casting, Zellweger's Bridget Jones is a sympathetic, likable, funny character, giving this romantic comedy a lot of charm.\"[9] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 66, based on 33 reviews, considered to be \"generally favorable reviews\".[10] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film 3.5 out of 4 possible stars.[16]", "Bridget Jones. Both novels were adapted for the big screen in 2001 and 2004, starring Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, and Hugh Grant and Colin Firth as the men in her life: Daniel Cleaver and Mark Darcy, respectively. After Fielding had ceased to work for The Daily Telegraph in late 1998, the feature began again in The Independent on 4 August 2005 and finished in June 2006. Helen Fielding released a third novel in 2013, Bridget Jones: Mad About the Boy, which is set 14 years after the events of the second novel.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). The sequel to Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), the film was released in the United Kingdom on 12 November 2004 and in the United States a week later on 19 November 2004 to generally negative reviews from critics. Despite this, the film was a box office success, grossing over $260 million worldwide.", "Bridget Jones. Bridget Jones is a franchise based on a fictional character of the same name. British writer Helen Fielding started her Bridget Jones's Diary column in The Independent in 1995, while chronicling the life of Jones as a thirtysomething single woman in London as she tries to make sense of life and love with the help of a surrogate \"urban family\" of friends in the 1990s. The column lampooned the obsession of women with women's magazines such as Cosmopolitan and wider social trends in Britain at the time. Fielding published the novelisation of the column in 1996, followed by a sequel in 1999 called Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason.", "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget Jones is alcoholic binger, smoker, overweight thirty-something British woman who tries to keep things in order and while also dealing with her job as a publisher. When she attends a Christmas party with her parents, they try to set her up with their neighbours' son, Mark. After being snubbed by Mark, she starts to fall for her boss Daniel, a handsome man who begins to send her suggestive e-mails that leads to a dinner date. Daniel reveals that he and Mark attended college together, in that time Mark had an affair with his fiancée. Bridget decides to get a new job as a TV presenter after finding Daniel being frisky with a colleague. At a dinner party, she runs into Mark who expresses his affection for her, Daniel claims he wants Bridget back, the two fight over her and Bridget must make a decision who she wants to be with.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. Internationally, where Universal Pictures handled most of the releases, the film fared better and especially in the UK where the previous two installments registered the biggest grossers. It debuted day-and-date in conjuncture with its North American release in 41 countries, including big markets like the UK and Ireland, Russia, Australia, Mexico and Spain in its opening weekend.[34][38] The film will be released in a total of 62 countries.[39][40] It scored the biggest opening day in the franchise in the UK, the Netherlands and Latin America including Mexico, Panama and Peru, and had number-one opening days in the UK, Australia, Spain, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Croatia, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa and Ukraine.[39] Through Sunday, 18 September, it had an opening weekend of $29.9 million from 39 markets and debuted at number one in 24 of them.[41] It was in second place at the box office, behind A Chinese Odyssey Part Three.[42] It topped the international box office in its second weekend, earning $21.9 million from 47 markets.[43] It recorded the biggest debut in the franchise and had number-one openings in certain markets like Australia ($4.2 million), the Netherlands ($1.9 million), Spain ($1.7 million), Iceland and New Zealand and bowed at second place in France ($3.7 million) and Russia ($1.4 million).[41][43][44]", "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget Jones is struggling with her current state of life, including her break up with her love Mark Darcy. As she pushes forward and works hard to find fulfilment in her life seems to do wonders until she meets a dashing and handsome American named Jack Qwant. Things from then on go great, until she discovers that she is pregnant but the biggest twist of all, she does not know if Mark or Jack is the father of her child.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. In July 2009, Variety announced that a third instalment of the Bridget Jones films was in the early stages of development. Working Title Films confirmed that it would not be based on Helen Fielding's third Bridget Jones novel, but instead would be based on the columns she wrote for The Independent in 2005.[4][5] On 1 March 2011, it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth were interested in reprising their roles.[6] In July 2011, Paul Feig was in final talks to direct the film based on the script by author Fielding.[7] On 11 August 2011, Universal Studios and Working Title greenlit the third film.[8] On 4 October 2011, Deadline reported that Feig had exited the project due to creative differences with Working Title, and Feig had also worked on the recent draft of the script.[9][10] Production was slated to begin in January 2012 with the returning cast including Zellweger, Firth, and Hugh Grant.[9] On 30 November 2011, Peter Cattaneo came on board to direct the sequel, newly titled \"Bridget Jones's Baby\" from a script by Fielding, Feig, and David Nicholls.[11] Producers on board were Tim Bevan and Eric Fellner of Working Title, along with Jonathan Cavendish of Little Bird.[11] The production was delayed due to creative differences between the script of the film and actors, especially Grant as he disliked the script and reportedly Grant had left the project, though this was denied by producer Bevan.[10] However, the producer confirmed that they were working on the script and the film would be made as planned.[10]", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). In July 2009, the BBC reported that a third film was in the early stages of production. On 1 March 2011 it was reported that both Renée Zellweger and Colin Firth had shown interest in reprising their roles.[7] An announcement was made on August 11, 2011 that a third film was greenlit by Universal Pictures, Miramax and Working Title.[8]", "Bridget Jones's Baby. Bridget Jones's Baby is a 2016 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Helen Fielding, Dan Mazer and Emma Thompson, based on the fictional columns by Fielding. It is the third film in the franchise and a sequel to 2004 film Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason. The film stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, who after becoming pregnant is unsure if Mark Darcy (Colin Firth, also reprising his role) or Jack Qwant (Patrick Dempsey) is the father.[3]", "Bridget Jones (film series). The film was nominated at the 2017 Diversity in Media Awards for Movie of the Year and won the ASPAC Award.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. In the United Kingdom and Ireland – the biggest market for the first two films – the film opened on Friday, 16 September, and recorded the biggest comedy/romantic comedy opening day ever, as well as the biggest Working Title and September opening of all time with $4 million at 641 theaters.[39] It went on to score a record breaking £8.11 million ($10.5 million) opening and dominated 57% of the total market share which is the biggest romantic comedy opening weekend ever in the UK; the biggest opening weekend ever for Working Title; and the biggest September launch weekend of all time.[41] Excluding previews, the film has the seventh biggest debut of the year.[45] The film fell just 20% in its second weekend to £6.4 million ($8.3 million)[46] and continued to lead the box office for the third consecutive weekend, despite the influx of a row of competitions.[47] After three straight wins, it was surpassed by The Girl on the Train in its fourth weekend.[44] It broke a number of records including the fastest romantic comedy to earn £30 million, doing so on its seventeenth day (the first film took 31 days and the second film took 24 days).[48] It has so far grossed a total of $54 million there becoming the biggest market outside of North America like its predecessors.[40] Adjusted for inflation it is the lowest-grossing film behind both the films (£73.1 million and £57.8 million respectively).[49]", "Bridget Jones. Bridget Jones graduated from Bangor University. She is a 32-year-old single woman whose life is a satirized version of the stereotypical single London 30-something in the 1990s trying to go out there and look for love. She has some bad habits—smoking and drinking too much—but she annually writes her New Year's resolutions in her diary, determined to stop smoking, drink no more than 14 alcohol units a week, and eat more \"pulses\" and try her best to lose weight. In the two novels and screen adaptations, Bridget's mother is bored with her life as a housewife in the country and leaves Bridget's father. Bridget repeatedly flirts with her boss, Daniel Cleaver. A successful barrister named Mark Darcy also keeps popping into Bridget's life, being extremely awkward, and sometimes coming off a bit rude. After Bridget and Mark reach an understanding of each other and find a sort of happiness together, she gains some self-esteem and cuts down on her cigarette consumption. However, Bridget's obsession with self-help books plus several misunderstandings cannot keep the couple together forever.", "Renée Zellweger. Following her six-year withdrawal from acting, Zellweger made her career comeback in the romantic comedy Bridget Jones's Baby (2016), the third part in the Bridget Jones franchise. In the film, co-starring Colin Firth and Patrick Dempsey, she portrayed her part in her forties and single, struggling with the trials of life as she discovers that she is pregnant and must work out who the father is. Bridget Jones's Baby, released on September 16, 2016, was met with a highly positive response by critics and grossed US$211.9 million worldwide.[118][119] Village Voice found the movie to be \"the warmest and most satisfying of the series\" and concluded that her \"wise, light-hearted performance anchors this happy reunion, a surprising and refreshing gift from a creative well that seemed to have run dry\".[120]", "Cinema of the United Kingdom. The first decade of the 21st century was a relatively successful one for the British film industry. Many British films found a wide international audience due to funding from BBC Films, Film 4 and the UK Film Council, and some independent production companies, such as Working Title, secured financing and distribution deals with major American studios. Working Title scored three major international successes, all starring Hugh Grant and Colin Firth, with the romantic comedies Bridget Jones's Diary (2001), which grossed $254 million worldwide; the sequel Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, which earned $228 million; and Richard Curtis's directorial debut Love Actually (2003), which grossed $239 million. Most successful of all, Phyllida Lloyd's Mamma Mia! (2008), which grossed $601 million.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason is a 2004 romantic comedy film directed by Beeban Kidron and written by Adam Brooks, Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding, based on Fielding's 1999 novel of the same name. It stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget Jones, Colin Firth as Mark Darcy, and Hugh Grant as Daniel Cleaver.", "Bridget Jones (film series). The film was voted Evening Standard Readers' Film of 2004. It was on the shortlist for the Orange Film of the Year Award at the 2005 BAFTAs. For her performance as Bridget Jones, Zellweger gained another Golden Globe Award nomination and won the People's Choice Awards for Favorite Leading Lady in 2005.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). In an interview in October 2014, Hugh Grant mentioned an existing script for a sequel, however also expressed his dislike for it and that he would not star in a third film.[10] Filming officially began on 2 October 2015. The movie opened on 16 September 2016.", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). Bridget Jones's Diary is a 2001 romantic comedy film directed by Sharon Maguire and written by Richard Curtis, Andrew Davies, and Helen Fielding. It is based on Fielding's 1996 novel of the same name, which is a reinterpretation of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice. The adaptation stars Renée Zellweger as Bridget, Hugh Grant as the caddish Daniel Cleaver, and Colin Firth as Bridget's \"true love\", Mark Darcy. Production began in August 2000 and ended in November 2000, and took place largely on location in London and the Home Counties. The film premiered on 4 April 2001 in the United Kingdom and was released to theatres on 13 April 2001 simultaneously in the United Kingdom and in the United States.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. After 31 days of playing in theaters, the film became the biggest film in the franchise in the United Kingdom with £42.24 million, surpassing the first film's final gross of £42 million. It currently sits as the third biggest film of 2016 behind Finding Dory (£42.25 million) and The Jungle Book (£46.1 million).[50] In Netherlands, it is the highest-grossing Working Title picture of all time with $8.1 million — passing Notting Hill (1999), which held the record for 17 years.[40]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). The film holds an 80% approval rating on aggregate review site Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 6.9/10, based on 158 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads: \"Though there was controversy over the choice of casting, Zellweger's Bridget Jones is a sympathetic, likable, funny character, giving this romantic comedy a lot of charm.\"[23] Another review aggregator, Metacritic, which assigns a weighted mean rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 66, based on 33 reviews, considered to be \"generally favorable reviews\".[24] Critic Roger Ebert gave the film ​3 1⁄2 out of 4 possible stars.[25]", "Bridget Jones's Baby. Bridget Jones's Baby received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 77%, based on 188 reviews, with an average rating of 6.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Bridget Jones's Baby might be late on arrival, but fans of the series should still find its third installment a bouncing bundle of joy.\"[51] On Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating to reviews, the film has a score 59 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[52] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of \"B+\" on an A+ to F scale.[53]", "Bridget Jones's Diary (film). The VHS was released in 2001 containing over 35 minutes of bonus material which includes: Deleted Scenes, Exclusive Interviews, Bridget's Guide to \"Getting It Right\". There was also a VHS of \"The Making of Bridget Jones\". In 2001, the film was released on DVD containing brand new bonus material and in 2011 a Blu-ray version of the film was released. A Collective Edition of the film was released in 2004 with new bonus material including; The Bridget Phenomenon, The Young And The Mateless, Portrait Of The Makeup Artist, Domestic and International TV Spots, Bridget Jones: The Edge Of Reason Theatrical Trailer, Bridget Jones's Diary Reviews and A Guide to Bridget Britishism.", "Bridget Jones's Baby. The film was released in North America on 16 September 2016 and was projected to gross $12–16 million in its opening weekend from 2,927 theaters.[34][35] It made $364,000 from its Thursday night previews and $3 million on its first day.[36] In total, the film made $8.2 million in its opening weekend, falling below projections and scoring the lowest opening of the series.[37]", "Bridget Jones (film series). Renée Zellweger was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress, the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role, the Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress, the Empire Award for Best Actress, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, the MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss (shared with Colin Firth), the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role, the Teen Choice Award for Choice Chemistry (shared with Hugh Grant), the Teen Choice Award for Choice Liplock (shared with Grant), and the Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress.", "Bridget Jones (film series). Bridget is currently living a happy life with her lawyer boyfriend Mark Darcy, however not only does she starts to become threatened and jealous of Mark's new young intern, she is angered by the fact Mark is a conservative voter. With so many issues already at hand, things get worse for Bridget as her ex-lover, Daniel Cleaver, re-enters her life; the only help she has are her friends and her reliable diary.", "Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason (film). The film was released on DVD in 2004 with a variety of bonus features." ]

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[ "Indian Air Force. The President of India is the Supreme Commander of all Indian armed forces and by virtue of that fact is the national Commander-in-chief of the Air Force. The Chief of the Air Staff with the rank of air chief marshal is the Commander of the Indian Air Force. He is assisted by six officers, all with the rank of air marshal:", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). Chief of the Air Staff is the professional head and the commander of the Indian Air Force.[3] The position is abbreviated as CAS in the Indian Air Force cables and communication, and is usually held by a four-star air officer of the rank Air Chief Marshal. The current CAS is Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa who took office on 31 December 2016, following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha.[4][5][6]", "Air Force ranks and insignia of India. The Indian Air Force's rank structure is based on that of the Royal Air Force. The highest rank attainable in the Indian Air Force is Marshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal. The current Chief of the Air Staff is Air Chief Marshal Birender Singh Dhanoa, appointed on 31 December 2016, following the retirement of Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha.", "Indian Air Force. The President of India holds the rank of Supreme Commander of the IAF.[8] The Chief of Air Staff, an air chief marshal, is a four-star officer and is responsible for the bulk of operational command of the Air Force. There is never more than one serving ACM at any given time in the IAF. The rank of Marshal of the Air Force has been conferred by the President of India on one occasion in history, to Arjan Singh. On 26 January 2002 Singh became the first five-star rank officer of the IAF.[citation needed]", "Indian Air Force. The rank structure of the Indian Air Force is based on that of the Royal Air Force. The highest rank attainable in the IAF is Marshal of the Indian Air Force, conferred by the President of India after exceptional service during wartime. MIAF Arjan Singh is the only officer to have achieved this rank. The head of the Indian Air Force is the Chief of the Air Staff, who holds the rank of Air Chief Marshal.", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). The position was held by an Air Commodore (1919–1923), by an Air Vice-Marshal (1923–1929) and by an Air Marshal (1929–1965). In 1966, the position was upgraded to that of an Air Chief Marshal. The highest rank in the India's IAF is Marshal of the Air Force, which is conferred by the President of India only in exceptional circumstances. It has only been given once in January 2002 to Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh. This is a five-star rank and is equivalent to a Field Marshal in the Army and Admiral of the Fleet in the Navy.", "Indian Air Force. In January 2002, the government conferred the rank of Marshal of the Air Force on Arjan Singh making him the first and only Five-star officer with the Indian Air Force and ceremonial chief of the air force.[97]", "Subroto Mukerjee. On returning to India in 1954, Mukerjee took over as the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Air Force on 1 April 1954, in the rank of Air Marshal. When the Change in Designation Act, 1955, was passed, the title of \"Commander-in-Chief\" was replaced by Chief of the Air Staff, IAF. Thus Mukerjee became the first Indian Commander-in-Chief as well as Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.", "Arjan Singh. Singh was Chief of the Air Staff (CAS), from 1 August 1964 to 15 July 1969, and was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1965.[12] When appointed as Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force, he was just about 45.[13] He has been the only Chief of the Air Staff to have headed the Air Force for five years as opposed to the regular tenure of two and a half to three years.[10]", "Subroto Mukerjee. Air Marshal Subroto Mukerjee, OBE (Bengali: সুব্রত মুখার্জী Shubroto Mukharji) (5 March 1911 – 8 November 1960) was the first Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force (IAF). Born in a Bengali family of repute, he was educated in India as well as England. He joined the Royal Air Force and later was one of the first recruits of the Indian Air Force. He had an illustrious career and had been awarded with many honours until his accidental death in 1960. He has been called the \"Father of the Indian Air Force\".", "Arjan Singh. Singh also became the first Chief of the Air Staff of the Indian Air Force to be upgraded to the rank of Air Chief Marshal from the rank of Air Marshal in recognition of his Air Force’s contribution in the 1965 war.[13] He took retirement from his services in 1970 at the age of 50.[10]", "Arjan Singh. On 14 April 2016 at an event to mark the Marshal's 97th birthday, the then Chief of Air Staff Air Chief Marshal Arup Raha announced that Indian Air Force base at Panagarh in West Bengal will be named after MIAF Arjan Singh in honor of his service, and will be called Air Force Station Arjan Singh from then.[23][22][24]", "List of Indian Air Force stations. The Indian Air Force currently operates seven Air Commands. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of the rank of Air Marshal.", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). Only once has this rank ever been given:", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). (**Seconded from the Royal Air Force)", "Arjan Singh. Marshal of the Indian Air Force Arjan Singh, DFC (16 April 1919 – 16 September 2017) was an Indian Air Force marshal who served as Chief of the Air Staff from 1964 to 1969. For his distinguished service in commanding the IAF during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan and in 1966 became the first IAF officer to be promoted to air chief marshal.[1] After retiring from the IAF, he served as a diplomat, politician and advisor to the Indian government. He was Lieutenant Governor of Delhi from 1989 to 1990. In 2002, he became the first and only officer of the Indian Air Force to be promoted to five-star rank as Marshal of the Indian Air Force, equal to the army rank of Field Marshal.[2]", "Indian MRCA competition. Indian Air Force chief Air Chief Marshal N A K Browne went on a four-day tour of France from 21 May 2012. The tour was to include a visit to a French Rafale squadron and see Rafale's production facilities at Merignac. He would also meet the French Chief of Defence Staff Admiral Edouard Guillaud and his French Air force counterpart General Jean-Paul Palomeros to discuss the ongoing defence cooperation between India and France.[158]", "Indian Air Force. Within each operational command are anywhere from three to 10 bases or stations, each commanded by an air commodore.", "Indian Air Force. Over the years reliable sources provided notably divergent estimates of the personnel strength of the Indian Air Force after analysing open-source intelligence. The public policy organisation GlobalSecurity.org had estimated that the IAF had an estimated strength of 110,000 active personnel in 1994.[98] In 2006, Anthony Cordesman estimated that strength to be 170,000 in the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) publication \"The Asian Conventional Military Balance in 2006\".[117] In 2010, James Hackett revised that estimate to an approximate strength of 127,000 active personnel in the IISS publication \"Military Balance 2010\".[118] Indian defence minister, Manohar Parrikar, officially released the sanctioned strength of the Indian Air Force in reply to a question in the Lok Sabha.[119]", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). (On 15 August 1947, the unified RIAF was separated into the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Pakistan Air Force)", "Chief of the Air Staff (India). The following tables chronicle the appointees to the office of the Chief of the Air Staff or its preceding positions since the independence of India.[8]", "Subroto Mukerjee. Aspy Engineer, a close associate of Mukerjee, assumed the role of Chief of Air Staff of IAF from 1 December 1960. He issued a Special Order of the Day paying tribute to Subroto Mukerjee and called him as the \"Father of the Indian Air Force\". Mukerjee, an eminent football lover and a regular member of Mohun Bagan Athletic Club, had conceived the idea of an inter-school all-India football tournament. This was implemented after his death. The tournament, known as Subroto Cup Football Tournament still helps find talented players from Indian schools.", "Indian Air Force. The Indian Air Force is divided into five operational and two functional commands. Each Command is headed by an Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief with the rank of Air Marshal. The purpose of an operational command is to conduct military operations using aircraft within its area of responsibility, whereas the responsibility of functional commands is to maintain combat readiness. Aside from the Training Command at Bangalore, the primary flight training is done at the Air Force Academy, Dundigul (located in Hyderabad), followed by operational training at various other schools. Advanced officer training for command positions is also conducted at the Defence Services Staff College; specialised advanced flight training schools are located at Bidar, Karnataka and Hakimpet, Telangana (also the location for helicopter training). Technical schools are found at a number of other locations.[98]", "Indian Air Force. Air Marshal Shirish Baban Deo, PVSM, AVSM, VSM, VM, ADC", "Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force. The current Chief of Staff of the Air Force is General David L. Goldfein.", "Subroto Mukerjee. India became independent from British rule on 15 August 1947. However, due to partition of India, assets of the Indian Air Force (like other branches of the military) had to be divided between the new countries of India and Pakistan. The first three Air Chiefs of independent India, Air Marshals Sir Thomas Elmhirst KBE, CB, AFC, Sir Ronald Ivelaw Chapman, KBE, CBE, DFC, AFC, and Sir Gerald Ernest Gibbs, KBE, CIE, MC, were from the RAF. The IAF had to reorganise itself after the partition. Subroto assisted the Air Chiefs in reorganising the IAF. He went to the Imperial Defence College in England for further training in 1952.", "Arjan Singh. Acting Squadron Leader Arjan Singh (IND/1577), Indian Air Force, No. 1 (I. A. F) Squadron", "Indian Air Force. The smallest unit is the section, led by a flight lieutenant. Each section consists of three aircraft.", "Arjan Singh. Singh almost faced a court-martial in February 1945 when he tried to raise the morale of a trainee pilot (later rumored to be the future Air Chief Marshal Dilbagh Singh) by conducting a low level air pass over a house in Kerala.[8] In his defence, he insisted that such tricks were needed for every cadet to be a fighter pilot.[8] Later that year, he commanded the Indian Air Force Exhibition Flight.[10] As part of the celebrations for Independence Day on 15 August 1947, Singh, by then a wing commander and acting group captain, led the first fly-past of RIAF aircraft over the Red Fort in Delhi.[11]", "Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force. The current Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force is Chief Kaleth O. Wright. On February 17, 2017, Chief Kaleth O. Wright succeeded Chief James A. Cody, to become the 18th Chief Master Sergeant of the Air Force.[2]", "One Rank, One Pension. Wing Commander Suresh Damodar Karnik, 80, winner of the Vir Chakra for combat action in the eastern and western theatres, in 1971 War, and former flight commander No 16 Bomber Squadron (Black Cobras), Indian Air Force (IAF), refused to meet with Manohar Parrikar, Defence Minister, and Devendra Fadnavis, Chief Minister, Maharashtra, to protest BJP's failure to honour its commitment to implement OROP. The wing commander, on 28 May 2015, in Pune, said that he and his colleagues are unable to 'accept the invite' from the present Government because of its policy of NATO or ‘NO ACTION TALK ONLY’.[81]", "Indian Air Force. In 2017, the Indian Air Force had an authorised strength of 12,244 officers and 138,596 enlisted personnel. There was a shortage of 273 officers with the held strength of 11,971 officers. Similarly, there was a shortage of 10,428 enlisted personnel with the held strength of 128,168.[120]" ]

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[ "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. Debra is vulnerable and emotionally sensitive. She is unhappy as a housewife, having to put up not only with Ray’s immature jokes and lazy behavior, but more with his intrusive family members, who often barge in uninvited, leaving havoc in their wake. Though Ray's parents frustrate her, she rarely shows her feelings to them, resulting in occasional bursts in private of yelling, stomping, and throwing objects.", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. Debra Louise Whelan-Barone (Patricia Heaton), is the wife of Ray. She was raised by wealthy parents, Lois (Katherine Helmond) and Warren Whelan (Robert Culp), and grew up in an upper-class background, unlike the other major characters in the sitcom. She has a sister, Jennifer Whelan (Ashley Crow), who is seen only once in the entire series. Following her graduation from high school, she traveled a lot and dated many famous sportspeople. Before marrying Ray, she worked in public relations for the New York Rangers hockey team.", "Patricia Heaton. Patricia Helen Heaton (born March 4, 1958[1]) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Debra Barone on the CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond from (1996–2005), and as Frances \"Frankie\" Heck on the ABC sitcom The Middle from (2009–2018).", "Maggie Wheeler. She also auditioned for the role of Debra Barone, on the American sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond. Although she was the producers' choice, CBS ended up selecting Patricia Heaton. Instead, Wheeler played the recurring role of Debra's friend, Linda.", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. Debra has a feud with Marie, who shows a large amount of distaste of her ability to be a mother and a wife. Throughout the series, Debra often finds Robert the most patient of the Barones, and at times she is shown to get along well with Frank, who thinks of her as a daughter and understands Debra's intolerance towards Marie.", "Debra Jo Rupp. Rupp has often returned to Massachusetts and New York to appear in regional and off-Broadway stage productions. In 2004, she played Dotty Otley in Michael Frayn's Noises Off at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis, Massachusetts.[14] In 2006, she appeared on stage in Pittsfield, Massachusetts as a kooky mother in French playwright Jean Anouilh's comedy Ring Round the Moon at Barrington Stage Company.[15]", "Patricia Heaton. Heaton was featured in three short-lived sitcoms—Room for Two, Someone Like Me and Women of the House—before landing the role of Debra Barone on Everybody Loves Raymond. She was nominated in each of the series' last seven seasons for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, winning in 2000 and 2001. With her win in 2000, she became the first of the cast members on the show to win an Emmy. She has also collected two Viewers for Quality Television Awards and a Screen Actors Guild trophy for her work on the series.", "Everybody Loves Raymond. Raymond and Debra have a daughter Ally (Alexandra) and twin sons Michael and Geoffrey (originally Matthew and Gregory in the pilot). The Barone children are regular characters but not a major focus. Raymond's parents, Marie and Frank, live across the street with older son Robert (who, later in the series, has his own apartment). All Barone relatives frequently make their presence known to the annoyance of Raymond and Debra; Debra's justifiable complaints about Raymond's overbearing family serve as one of the show's comedic elements. Out of the three unwanted visitors, Debra is particularly irritated by Marie, an insulting, controlling, manipulative (though ultimately caring) woman who criticizes Debra passive-aggressively and praises Ray, clearly favoring him over other son \"Robbie\", whose birth necessitated her marriage (a fact revealed in the episode \"Good Girls\").", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. Throughout the series, she is shown to have favorites with certain people, with her son Raymond being the first and Debra being possibly the last. Other than Frank, everyone has a hard time standing up to Marie due to her ability of making people feel guilty, although Debra does occasionally take a stand. She is well aware of Raymond’s reluctance to stand up to her, and in many situations takes advantage of this to achieve her own interests.", "Italy (Everybody Loves Raymond). Frank (Peter Boyle) and Marie (Doris Roberts) announce to their family that they're all going to Italy for two weeks. The latter reasons that with her birthday coming up, she is using the money she had kept aside for 45 years to pay for the family to meet her cousin Colletta (Silvana De Santis), who lives in a small village outside of Rome. Everyone is excited to go, except Raymond (Ray Romano). Ray informs Debra (Patricia Heaton) that he doesn't want to go on the trip because he has no interest in other cultures. Debra replies that she doesn't want his \"dumbness\" to ruin the vacation.", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. It is established in the flashbacks of \"How They Met\" that she has never liked Debra ever since Debra asked Ray to fix her futon at dinner time, but Marie has never admitted her dislike of Debra outright and is careful about not saying it out loud, but she never ceases the chance to annoy her or indirectly insult her on many occasions just for her own pleasure.", "Debra Jo Rupp. That '70s Show ended in 2006. Rupp appeared soon after in a dramatic television role as the wife of a murdered pharmaceutical CEO, on the crime drama Law & Order: Special Victims Unit. In the episode, entitled \"Infiltrated\", Rupp's character desperately attempts to hide her slain husband's past sexual abuses. In early 2007, the feature film Kickin It Old Skool was released, in which Rupp was cast as Jamie Kennedy's mother. In 2008, she appeared as a restaurant owner who helps two homeless men in the comedy-drama-musical, Jackson, written and directed by J. F. Lawton. In the same year, she returned to daytime television in a guest role on As the World Turns.[1]", "Doris Roberts. Roberts started in films in 1961, and had prominent roles in movies, including playing opposite Shirley Stoler in The Honeymoon Killers (1969), Elliott Gould in Little Murders (1971), Steven Keats in Hester Street (1975), Billy Crystal in Rabbit Test (1978), Robert Carradine in Number One with a Bullet (1987), and Cady McClain in Simple Justice (1989), among many others. She received five Emmy Awards and a Screen Actors Guild award during her acting career, which began in 1951. She achieved continuing success for her co-starring role as Raymond Barone's mother, Marie Barone, on the long-running CBS sitcom Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2005). She played Mildred Krebs in Remington Steele from 1983 to 1987. Towards the end of her acting career, she also had a prominent role opposite Tyler Perry in Madea's Witness Protection (2012).", "Allison Janney. Janney appeared in the short-lived Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip in a guest appearance as herself in the episode \"The Disaster Show\". In 2010, she appeared as Allison Pearson in In Plain Sight. In May 2010, she appeared in the antepenultimate episode of the ABC television series Lost as the adoptive mother of the show's two mythological opponents, Jacob and The Man in Black. She starred in the ABC network comedy Mr. Sunshine. The series, which was created by Matthew Perry, was a mid-season replacement for the 2010–11 television season.[6][7] For her role in the sitcom Mom, opposite Anna Faris, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 2014 and 2015. In 2014, she won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Drama Series for her recurring role in the period drama Masters of Sex. On the Disney Channel animated show Phineas and Ferb, Janney voiced Charlene.", "Ray Romano. Romano also remained close to Doris Roberts, who played his character's mother on Everyone Loves Raymond. At the time of her death, Romano said he was inspired by her desire to continue learning throughout her life. She also served as a mentor, helping him to feel more comfortable on set.[10]", "Pilot (Everybody Loves Raymond). Debra is at home feeding the kids when Ray returns from a road trip. They start to discuss Debra's birthday plans before being interrupted by Marie. Debra then leaves Ray in charge of the kids as she goes to the movies with Linda.", "Katherine Helmond. Helmond appeared in such feature films as Family Plot (1976) and Brazil (1985), playing the mother of Jonathan Pryce's character. In 1983, she studied at the American Film Institute's Directing Workshop, and went on to direct four episodes of the television series Benson, as well as one episode of Who's the Boss? (1984). She picked up Emmy nominations for her role as Mona Robinson in Who's the Boss, and as Lois Whelan in Everybody Loves Raymond. She has continued working, receiving acclaim for her stage performance in Eve Ensler's The Vagina Monologues. (2001)", "Debra Winger. Debra Lynn Winger was born in Cleveland Heights, Ohio, into an Orthodox Jewish family, to Robert Winger, a meat packer, and Ruth (née Felder), an office manager.[2][3][4] Over the years, she told many interviewers that she volunteered on an Israeli kibbutz, sometimes even saying she had trained with the Israel Defense Forces,[5] but in a 2008 interview she said she was merely on a typical youth tour that visited the kibbutz.[6] At the age of 18, after returning to the United States, she was involved in a car accident and suffered a cerebral hemorrhage; as a result, she was left partially paralyzed and blind for 10 months, having initially been told that she would never see again. With time on her hands to think about her life, she decided that, if she recovered, she would move to California and become an actress.[7]", "Debra Jo Rupp. Her distinctive voice was heard as the character of Mrs. Helperman in Disney's animated series Teacher's Pet in 2000, and again for the 2004 movie version. She starred as a stand-up comic with a secret in the highly acclaimed independent short film The Act, directed by Susan Kraker and Pi Ware, and received praise for her performance. The short film was an official selection at the Sundance Film Festival and won several awards at film festivals around the world.[13] In 2004, she played Brad Hunt's nagging mother in Lucky 13, a full-length independent film starring Lauren Graham. She returned to All My Children for one episode in December 2005, playing a homeless woman named Victoria.[1]", "Katherine Helmond. Helmond appeared in The Legend of Lizzie Borden (1975), as Emma Borden, the title character's sister. She appeared in an episode of the short-lived 1976 CBS adventure series, Spencer's Pilots, starring Gene Evans. Helmond gained prominence as Jessica Tate, the ditzy matriarch of the Tate family in Soap (1977–1981) on ABC. From 1984 to 1992, she played the role of Mona Robinson on the ABC sitcom Who's the Boss?. The show was a ratings success, running for eight seasons and finishing in the Nielsen 'Top 10' four straight years. In 1993, she appeared in one episode of the British version of Who's the Boss?, The Upper Hand.[3] From 1995 to 1997, she starred in the ABC sitcom Coach as Doris Sherman, eccentric owner of the fictional Orlando Breakers professional football team. From 1996 to 2004, she had a recurring role on Everybody Loves Raymond as Lois Whelan (Ray Barone's mother-in-law). On July 25, 2010, she guest-starred on A&E's The Glades. She also guest starred as Caroline Bellefleur on HBO's True Blood.", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. They also come into conflict over Debra, whom Frank, unlike Marie, overwhelmingly loves, and even tends to be more affectionate with than he is with either of his sons. True to his blunt personality, in one episode in which the entire family (the adults) were at a counseling session with their church priest Father Hubley, he yelled out in front of everyone that the main reason why Marie looks down on Debra – \"She [Debra] married him [Raymond], and [Marie] still can't deal with it.\"", "Debra Winger. In 2001 a critically acclaimed documentary film titled Searching for Debra Winger was made by Rosanna Arquette and released in 2002 after Winger returned to film acting. She subsequently starred in the films Radio, Eulogy, Sometimes in April and received positive reviews for portraying Anne Hathaway's estranged mother in Rachel Getting Married.[18]", "Debra Jo Rupp. In 1990, Rupp returned to New York City to perform in a Broadway stage production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Kathleen Turner at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. In it, Rupp portrayed Mae (Sister Woman).[11] Her television work during the early 1990s included recurring roles as Ms. Higgins on the television Davis Rules with Randy Quaid, and as Sister Mary Incarnata on Phenom with Judith Light, as well as guest roles on Blossom, Family Matters, L.A. Law, and ER.[1]", "Ray Romano. Romano's family has made various appearances in the show. Romano's real-life daughter Alexandra \"Ally\" Romano made several appearances on Everybody Loves Raymond as Molly, the best friend of his on-screen daughter, Ally, and the daughter of Ray Barone's nemesis, Peggy the Cookie Lady. Romano's father, Albert Romano, has made various appearances as Albert, one of Frank Barone's lodge buddies in various episodes such as \"Debra at the Lodge\", and \"Boys' Therapy\". Romano's brother, Richard Romano, appeared in the episodes \"Golf For It\", \"Just a Formality\" and \"The Toaster\". Romano's wife Anna appeared as one of the moms in the background at Geoffrey and Michael's school in season 6's episode titled \"The Angry Family.\"", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. A running gag in the show is how much Ray was mothered and spoiled by his mother, while Robert was neglected. Raymond was pampered by Marie, which in turn, made him lazy and causing him to act like a child, and very often, to defend himself to Debra, he goes to Marie for advice and protection. He is also very scared of her and often sides with her instead of Debra.", "Anna Maria Horsford. Her first major role in television was as a producer for the PBS show, Soul!, hosted by Ellis Haizlip, which aired between 1967 and 1973. Horsford made guest appearances on such sitcoms as The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air, Sparks, Moesha, The Bernie Mac Show, The Shield, Girlfriends, and Everybody Hates Chris. She had main roles on the sitcoms The Wayans Bros. as \"Dee Baxter\" and \"Thelma Frye\" on Amen. She appeared on the drama Judging Amy.[5]", "Doris Packer. Packer portrayed the mother of millionaire playboy Chatsworth Osborne, Jr. (Steve Franken), on CBS's The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis, with Dwayne Hickman in the title role. Prior to playing Chatsworth's mother, she had been cast as Clarice Armitage, mother of Milton Armitage (Warren Beatty), whose character on the series Chatsworth replaced. In most of her screen roles, she was known for her aristocratic and intellectual bearing and precise use of the English language.", "Debra Jo Rupp. Debra Jo Rupp (born February 24, 1951) is an American film and television actress, best known for her roles as Kitty Forman on the Fox sitcom That '70s Show and Alice Knight-Buffay on the third, fourth, and fifth seasons of Friends. She voiced \"Mary Helperman\" in the animated series Teacher's Pet and its sequel film, as well as timid secretary Miss Patterson in Big (1988).[1]", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. She has saved a little money on the side every day and admitted to Debra that she collected over $46,000 since her wedding. She also sends money to South America to a fundraiser. She is also shown to actually control the family's finances in front of Frank, who always thought he was the one in charge and remained oblivious to much of her savings or expenses.", "Katherine Helmond. Katherine Marie Helmond (born July 5, 1929)[1] is an American film, theater and television actress and director. In her five decades of television acting, she is known her starring role as the ditzy matriarch, Jessica Tate, on the ABC prime time soap opera sitcom, Soap (1977–1981) and her co-starring role as feisty mother, Mona Robinson on Who's the Boss? (1984–1992). She also played Doris Sherman on Coach and Lois Whelan on Everybody Loves Raymond. She has also appeared as a guest on several talk and variety shows.", "List of Everybody Loves Raymond characters. Amy Louise MacDougall (Monica Horan) is Robert's on-and-off girlfriend, and eventual wife. They met because Amy is Debra's best friend. She and Debra share the same middle name. Although Amy marries Robert in Season 7, Episode 24: \"Robert's Wedding\", she also appears in the previous seasons. Many issues have caused Amy and Robert to break up in the first six seasons, with one being caused by Raymond and another being that Robert had sex with another woman. Frequently, Amy apologizes to someone even if she didn't do anything wrong.", "The Honeymooners. Some of the actors who appeared multiple times on the show include George O. Petrie and Frank Marth as various characters, Ethel Waite Owen as Alice's mother, Zamah Cunningham as apartment building neighbor Mrs. Manicotti, and Cliff Hall as the Raccoon Lodge president." ]

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[ "None of Us Are Free. \"None of Us Are Free\" is a rhythm and blues song written by Barry Mann, Cynthia Weil, and Brenda Russell.", "Redemption Song. The song urges listeners to \"Emancipate yourself from mental slavery,\" because \"None but ourselves can free our minds.\" These lines were taken from a speech given by Marcus Garvey in at St. Phillip's African Orthodox Church in Sydney, Nova Scotia, during October 1937 and published in his Black Man magazine:[7][8]", "Joni Mitchell. In 2003, playwright Bryden MacDonald launched When All the Slaves Are Free, a musical revue based on Mitchell's music.[99]", "Garth Brooks. After spending time in Los Angeles during the 1992 riots, Brooks co-wrote a gospel-country-rock hybrid single, \"We Shall Be Free\", to express his desire for tolerance.[33] The song became the first single off his fourth album The Chase. The album only reached No. 12 on the Billboard Top Country Albums chart, Brooks' first song in three years to fail to make the top 10.[34][35] Nonetheless, \"We Shall Be Free\" peaked at No. 22 on the Billboard Christian Songs charts through a marketing deal with Rick Hendrix Company, and earned Brooks a 1993 GLAAD Media Award.[36][37] The next single released from The Chase was \"Somewhere Other Than the Night\", followed by \"Learning to Live Again\", which peaked at numbers one and two on the Hot Country Songs chart, respectively. The album's final single, \"That Summer\", would go on to be the most successful single from the album, reaching No. 1 in July 1993.[citation needed]", "She Must and Shall Go Free. She Must and Shall Go Free is the first solo studio album from singer-songwriter Derek Webb following his 2003 departure from Caedmon's Call. Named for the last line of a 175-year-old hymn written by William Gadsby, according to Webb, She Must and Shall Go Free \"is an emphatic statement about the liberation and ultimate security of the people of god -- the church.\" A result of Webb's questioning his role in the \"church\" and its role in culture, She Must and Shall Go Free is a poignant and challenging look at what it means to pursue faith in today's church-laden culture.", "Paul Robeson. Black 47's album Home of The Brave includes the song \"Paul Robeson (Born To Be Free)\", which features spoken quotes of Robeson as part of the song.[328] These quotes are drawn from Robeson's testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee in June 1956.", "Lisa Gerrard. Gerrard sings many of her songs, such as \"Now We Are Free\", \"Come Tenderness\", \"Serenity\", \"The Valley of the Moon\", \"Tempest\", \"Pilgrimage of Lost Children\", \"Coming Home\" and \"Sanvean\" in idioglossia. With respect to such work she has said, \"I sing in the language of the Heart. It's an invented language that I've had for a very long time. I believe I started singing in it when I was about 12. Roughly that time. And I believed that I was speaking to God when I sang in that language.\"[16]", "Now thank we all our God (Rutter). \"Now thank we all our God\" is a sacred choral composition by John Rutter, based on the hymn of the same name. Rutter scored the Festival hymn with introductory fanfare for four vocal parts (SATB), brass ensemble (four trumpets, two trombones or two horns, bass trombone and optional tuba), timpani, percussion and organ, adding other versions.[1] The work was published by Oxford University Press in 1974, as No. 1 of Two Hymns of Praise. It takes about four minutes to perform.[1]", "Anne Feeney. Feeney's music has been recorded by Peter, Paul and Mary[7] and played in concert as well. Political cartoonist Mike Konopacki included her recording of \"Union Maid\" in a flash animation in 2003. Feeney's music is frequently featured on the broadcast radio program Democracy Now! and her anthem \"Have You Been to Jail for Justice?\" is featured in the documentaries This is What Democracy Looks Like,[10] Isn't This a Time: A Tribute to Harold Leventhal[11] and Get Up/Stand Up: The History of Pop and Protest.", "Pomp and Circumstance Marches. In World War II, No. 4 also acquired words: a patriotic poem by A. P. Herbert with the refrain beginning \"All men must be free\" was used as \"Song of Liberty\".[22]", "All Right Now. \"All Right Now\" is a single by the English rock band Free. The song, released in 1970, hit #2 on the UK singles chart and #4 on the US Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[2] \"All Right Now\" originally appeared on the album Fire and Water, which Free recorded on the Island Records label, formed by Chris Blackwell. In 1991, the song was remixed and re-released, reaching #8 on the UK singles chart.", "She Must and Shall Go Free. After ten years in a Christian band, backstage in the music industry and in the hallways of church buildings across America, my attention as a songwriter has turned to a fresh affection for the Church. It seems we know all too little of who She is, how She should dress, or what She was made for. I have found that Scripture is provocative when it comes to these issues and so these songs are not for the faint of heart. Truth is, God would rather die than be without Her, and She is both wretched and radiant. I’m convinced that there is only one righteousness suitable for Jesus’s bride, and He is jealous for Her love. For the believer, truth is freedom. Even truth that is hard to hear. May these songs stir all of us to see, as if for the first time, that we have (still) a great need for a Savior, and a great Savior for our need.", "Akon. Akon released his third album Freedom on December 2, 2008, which spawned four singles: \"Right Now (Na Na Na)\", \"I'm So Paid\" (featuring Lil Wayne and Young Jeezy), \"Beautiful\" (featuring Colby O'Donis and Kardinal Offishall) and \"We Don't Care\". Freedom was certified platinum in US. Rap singer Nelly suggested that Akon, Pharrell, and T-Pain had talked about forming a rap supergroup in 2009.[17] Akon and Konvict Muzik produced hip hop/rock group Flipsyde's 2009 release, State of Survival, released via Kon Live Distribution and Cherrytree Records.[18] He was also the executive producer of Kardinal Offishall's fourth solo album Not 4 Sale. The first single \"Dangerous\", which featured Akon peaked at No. 5 on the Billboard Hot 100. He co-wrote Kon Live artist Lady Gaga's hit \"Just Dance\", and which earned a Grammy nomination for Best Dance Recording at the 51st Grammy Awards.", "John Lennon. Lennon and Ono showed their solidarity with the Clydeside UCS workers' work-in of 1971 by sending a bouquet of red roses and a cheque for £5,000.[203] On moving to New York City in August that year, they befriended two of the Chicago Seven, Yippie peace activists Jerry Rubin and Abbie Hoffman.[204] Another political activist, John Sinclair, poet and co-founder of the White Panther Party, was serving ten years in prison for selling two joints of marijuana after previous convictions for possession of the drug.[205] In December 1971 at Ann Arbor, Michigan, 15,000 people attended the \"John Sinclair Freedom Rally\", a protest and benefit concert with contributions from Lennon, Stevie Wonder, Bob Seger, Bobby Seale of the Black Panther Party, and others.[206] Lennon and Ono, backed by David Peel and Rubin, performed an acoustic set of four songs from their forthcoming Some Time in New York City album including \"John Sinclair\", whose lyrics called for his release. The day before the rally, the Michigan Senate passed a bill that significantly reduced the penalties for possession of marijuana and four days later Sinclair was released on an appeal bond.[207] The performance was recorded and two of the tracks later appeared on John Lennon Anthology (1998).[208]", "Strangers No Longer. In 2005, American folk singer Alexander Sands composed the song Strangers No Longer, based upon the social teachings and challenges found in the pastoral letter. The song's opening line \"They say: hey here we are in beautiful Texas\", is reported to come from the opening of Game 3 of the 2005 World Series played in Houston Texas. In a 2006 radio interview, the composer himself discussed the speculation: \"I used that line from the baseball game to mock the hypocrisy- the same people who spit on immigrants trying to come to America and earn a decent wage are the same ones who are cheering at their favorite Latino ball players to win their pennants and trophies. Suddenly people are off their seats screaming, 'we love you', and the money involved is just gross.\"", "I'm Free (The Rolling Stones song). \"I'm Free\" is a song by the Rolling Stones written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, first released as the final track on the UK Out of Our Heads album on 24 September 1965. It was also released at the same time as a single in the US and later included on the American December's Children (And Everybody's) album.", "Joseph Warren. In 1774, he authored a song, \"Free America\", which was published in colonial newspapers. The poem was set to a traditional British tune, \"The British Grenadiers.\"[8]", "Garth Brooks. In January 2009, Brooks made another one of few public appearances since his retirement, performing at the We Are One: The Obama Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial concert in Washington, D.C.. In his three-song set, Brooks performed \"We Shall Be Free\", along with covers of Don McLean's \"American Pie\" and The Isley Brothers' \"Shout\".", "Henry Cowell. Despite the pardon—which allowed him to work at the Office of War Information, creating radio programs for broadcast overseas—arrest, incarceration, and attendant notoriety had a devastating effect on Cowell. Conlon Nancarrow, on meeting him for the first time in 1947, reported, \"The impression I got was that he was a terrified person, with a feeling that 'they're going to get him.'\"[31] The experience took a lasting toll on his music: Cowell's compositional output became strikingly more conservative soon after his release from San Quentin, with simpler rhythms and a more traditional harmonic language. Many of his later works are based on American folk music, such as the series of eighteen Hymn and Fuguing Tunes (1943–64); folk music had certainly played a role in a number of Cowell's prewar compositions, but the provocative transformations that had been his signature were now largely abandoned. And, as Nancarrow observed, there were other consequences to Cowell's imprisonment: \"Of course, after that, politically, he kept his mouth completely shut. He had been radical politically, too, before.\"[31]", "Newsboys. More radio hits came in 2006 with a live version of \"I Am Free\" (originally written by Jon Egan of the Desperation Band), and \"Wherever We Go\". On 31 October 2006, The Newsboys released a pop/rock record entitled GO. GO featured David Eri as a co-writer and the songs \"Something Beautiful\" and \"In Wonder\" were big hits on Christian Radio.[11] That December, Joel announced that he would leave the band to pursue his own projects and albums. On 8 May 2007 the band released GO Remixed which was made up of new versions of the songs from GO and featured remixes by Tedd T., Jeff Frankenstein, Max Hsu of Superchick and Lee Bridges.", "Henry Cowell. Cowell had contributed to the Eiffel Tower project at the behest of Cage, who was not alone in lending support to his friend and former teacher. Cowell's cause had been taken up by composers and musicians around the country, although a few, including Ives, broke contact with him. Cowell was eventually paroled in 1940; he relocated to the East Coast and the following year married Sidney Hawkins Robertson (1903–1995, married name Sidney Robertson Cowell), a prominent folk-music scholar who had been instrumental in winning his freedom. Cowell was granted a pardon in 1942.", "Bradley Nowell. About a year later, Tazy Phillipz took a copy of 40oz. to Freedom to Los Angeles radio station KROQ-FM, requesting that Sublime's song, \"Date Rape\", be added to the playlist.[10] Soon after, MCA Records picked up 40oz. to Freedom for national distribution, and Sublime was scheduled to tour throughout Europe. Nowell, an avid reader who enjoyed quoting historians and philosophers, began studying European history to prepare for the trip.[10] Attention from a major label did not curb Nowell's drug use, which sometimes led him to pawn his instruments and sell drugs, as reflected in the song \"Pawn Shop\".[11] In February 1996, Sublime returned to the studio to record the bulk of their self-titled album, which would be their debut with MCA. Production was done by Paul Leary of the Butthole Surfers (and producer of Marcy Playground and Meat Puppets) at Willie Nelson's Pedernales Studio in Austin, Texas.", "Garth Brooks. In a 1999 interview with George, Brooks said, \"[...]But if you're in love, you've got to follow your heart and trust that God will explain to us why we sometimes fall in love with people of the same sex.\"[97][98] Lyrics to his song, \"We Shall Be Free\", features the line, \"When we're free to love anyone we choose,\" which has been interpreted as a reference to gay relationships.[97] Brooks won a 1993 GLAAD Media Award for the song.", "The Power of Now. When Paris Hilton was incarcerated at the Century Regional Detention Facility in California in June 2007 she brought with her a copy of The Power of Now.[8] Singer Annie Lennox chose The Power of Now as one of her \"desert island books\", as did the comedian Tony Hawks.[8] Singer Katy Perry stated that she was inspired to write \"This Moment\", a song from her 2013 album Prism, after she heard the audio book of The Power of Now.[17]", "Craig T. Nelson. During the early 1990s, he made a guest appearance in the music video for country singer Garth Brooks's song \"We Shall Be Free\".", "She Must and Shall Go Free. She Must and Shall Go Free has received universal acclaim from the six critics to judge the album to date. The album got four five-star and/or ten-star perfect ratings from Christianity Today, Cross Rhythms, New Release Tuesday and The Phantom Tollbooth. Russ Breimeier of Christianity Today cautioned that \"It should be mentioned that She Must and Shall Go Free is worded so passionately, some might initially react negatively to it.\"[2] However, Breimeier noted that \"Perhaps most admirable is Derek's tone, which despite his strong criticisms of religion, is very humble. Derek tempers his points nicely with perspective, often pointing the finger at himself and allowing the listeners to convict themselves if the shoe fits – just don't be surprised to find that one size fits all. There's an urgent need for the Christian church to hear the bold and convicting songs of Derek Webb. With a message you need to hear and an album you'll want to hear, She Must and Shall Go Free is already a surefire contender for one of the best albums of 2003.\"[2] Mike Rimmer of Cross Rhythms noted that \"It’s a shame that one of the most important albums of 2003 will probably go largely unnoticed in the general Christian music scene. Why so? Because rather than penning a pile of soft songs about love and grace, Derek Webb has chosen to write songs of such powerful prophetic intention that it’s impossible not to be challenged. The former Caedmon’s Call member tackles head on the state of the Church, its corruption and God’s unchanging sacrificial love. Lyrically a lot of these songs are speaking to the listener from God’s perspective and it’s not always a comfortable listen and yet it’s essential that we are creating music that speaks honestly and creatively about realities.\"[3] Kevin Davis of New Release Tuesday evoked how the album contents \"are all can't miss songs and this is one of my favorite albums ever.\"[5] Brian A. Smith of The Phantom Tollbooth proclaimed that \"With many quality guests (Jars of Clay, Sandra McCracken) and outstanding songwriting, She Shall and Must Go Free is my early nominee for album of the year. Webb achieves a rarity in music by producing a superior solo effort to that of his former group's recordings.\"[6]", "You Don't Have to Be in the Army to Fight in the War. Like the group's debut single, \"In the Summertime,\" and following singles, it was a maxi-single playing at 33 rpm, issued in a picture sleeve. Other tracks on the extended play single were \"The Sun is Shining\" and \"We Shall Be Free\", a rework of the song recorded by Woody Guthrie and by Lead Belly, and \"O'Reilly\", both traditional songs adapted by Dorset. It subsequently became the title track of their third album.", "We Were Us. \"We Were Us\" is a song written by Nicolle Galyon, Jimmy Robbins, and Jon Nite and recorded by New Zealand-born Australian country music singer Keith Urban as a duet with American country music singer Miranda Lambert. It was released in September 2013 as the second international single and third overall from Urban's 2013 album Fuse.", "Freedom Songs. Nina Simone and other professional artists are also known for writing or singing such songs. Two examples being:", "I Wanna Be Free (The Monkees song). \"I Wanna Be Free\" is a song written by Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart that was first performed by The Monkees and appeared on their debut album The Monkees in 1966. It was released as a single in some countries, reaching the Top 20 in Australia. It was also covered by The Lettermen.", "I Shall Be Released. The song is influenced by gospel music, combining imagery of religious redemption, or release from sin, with implied literal release from prison. David Yaffe describes it as a song about \"redeemed prisoners\".[2] The singer describes life behind a wall reflecting on every man \"who put me here\" and a man \"who swears he's not to blame\" who is \"crying out that he was framed\". He repeats that \"any day now\" he will be released. Mike Marqusee says that \"the first person narrator speaks from a prison cell. Prison – and more broadly the cruelty of the justice system – is a leitmotif in Dylan's work\", but that Dylan broadens the idea of imprisonment to link social issues with a seemingly ancient urge for freedom.[3] Clinton Heylin writes in his book \"Revolution In The Air\":[4]", "Protest songs in the United States. After the death of Michael Brown, J Cole went to Ferguson, MO to speak with the protestors.[85] In response to the shooting, Cole released \"Be, Free\". Cole wrote that \"We become distracted. We become numb. I became numb. But not anymore. That coulda been me, easily. It could have been my best friend... I made a song. This is how we feel.\"[86] The lyrics of the song include \"I'm letting' you know / That there ain't no gun they make that can kill my soul / Oh, no.\" Cole performed \"Be, Free\" on the David Letterman's late show in 2014.[87]" ]

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[ "Steve DeBerg. He retired after the 1993 season, but briefly returned to the NFL in 1998, at age 44, reuniting with head coach Dan Reeves as a backup with the Atlanta Falcons.[7] On October 25, with Chris Chandler unable to play, Deberg became the oldest quarterback to ever start an NFL game when he led the Falcons against the New York Jets.[6] He also became the oldest player ever included on a Super Bowl roster, at the age of 45 years, 12 days, when the Falcons appeared in Super Bowl XXXIII, though he did not play.", "Super Bowl XLIV. The Colts offense took the field for the first time, with the ball spotted at their own 27-yard line. The Colts put together a drive that went 53 yards and resulted in a 38-yard field goal by kicker Matt Stover. At 42 years old, Stover became the oldest person in NFL history to play in a Super Bowl.", "Matt Bryant. Bryant appeared in his first career Super Bowl in Super Bowl LI against the New England Patriots. He became the third-oldest player in NFL history to appear in a Super Bowl, behind Matt Stover and Jeff Feagles.[80] Late in the fourth quarter of the game, the Patriots trailed 28–20 and the Falcons had the ball on the New England 23-yard line. Well-within Bryant's field goal range, quarterback Matt Ryan took a 12-yard sack, and they lost 10 more yards on the next play due to a holding penalty from offensive lineman Jake Matthews. The drawbacks forced the Falcons to punt and prevented Bryant from potentially putting the Falcons up two possessions late in the fourth quarter.[81] The Falcons went on to lose 34–28 in overtime. Bryant was 4-for-4 on extra points in the Super Bowl.[82]", "Emmitt Smith. In 2004, new head coach Dennis Green was hired and named Smith as the team's starter at running back. He posted 937 rushing yards and 9 touchdowns. He also became the oldest player in NFL history ever to throw his first touchdown pass, throwing a 21-yard touchdown strike on a halfback option play, the only passing attempt of his career.", "Darrell Green. Green retired after the 2002 season at the age of 42, the oldest Redskin, having played for six head coaches: Joe Gibbs, Richie Petitbon, Norv Turner, Terry Robiskie, Marty Schottenheimer and Steve Spurrier. For several years, Green and former Los Angeles/St. Louis Rams offensive tackle Jackie Slater were the only players in NFL history to play for the same team for 20 seasons; kicker Jason Hanson broke this record when he retired after 21 seasons with the Detroit Lions.[15]", "History of the Pittsburgh Steelers. The Pittsburgh Pirates notched their first victory a week later, defeating the Chicago Cardinals[23] 14–13, in front of about 5,000 fans.[8] The team scored its first ever touchdown when Martin \"Butch\" Kottler returned an interception 99 yards. The other hero that day was Mose Kelsch, who at 36 years of age was the oldest player in the NFL – four years older even than team owner Rooney. Kelsch, a holdover from the sandlot Majestics, kicked the extra point that was the margin of victory.[19]", "George Blanda. In the AFC title game against the Baltimore Colts, Blanda again relieved an injured Lamonica, completing 17 of 32 passes for 217 yards and 2 touchdowns while also kicking a 48-yard field goal and two extra points, keeping the Raiders in the game until the final quarter, when he was intercepted twice. Aged 43, he became the oldest quarterback ever to play in a championship game, and was one of the few remaining straight-ahead kickers in the NFL.", "Super Bowl XXXIII. Aided by quarterback John Elway's 80-yard touchdown pass to receiver Rod Smith, Denver scored 17 consecutive points to build a 17–3 lead in the second quarter from which Atlanta could not recover. At 38 years old, Elway became the oldest player, at the time, to be named Super Bowl MVP (Tom Brady became the oldest in 2017 at the age of 39, coincidentally also against the Atlanta Falcons). In the final game of his career, he completed 18 of 29 passes for 336 yards with one touchdown and one interception, and also scored a 3-yard rushing touchdown. Elway retired on May 2, 1999 before the following season.", "Adam Vinatieri. Adam Matthew Vinatieri (born December 28, 1972) is an American football placekicker for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League (NFL). He has played in five Super Bowls: four with the New England Patriots and one with the Colts. Vinatieri won Super Bowls in 2001, 2003, and 2004 with the Patriots, as well as in 2006 with the Colts. Among placekickers, he holds NFL records for most Super Bowl appearances (5) and most Super Bowl wins (4). He also holds NFL records, among all players, for most postseason points scored (234), and most overtime field goals made (12). He is the only player ever to score 1,000 points with two different teams. As of the 2017 season, Vinatieri, 45, is the oldest active player in the NFL.[1] Vinatieri has converted the 2nd most field-goals in NFL history (553) as well as attempted the 3rd most field-goals in NFL history (655).[2][3]", "Jim Brown. In 1983, 17 years after retiring from professional football, Brown mused about coming out of retirement to play for the Los Angeles Raiders when it appeared that Pittsburgh Steelers running back Franco Harris would break his all-time rushing record.[27] Brown disliked Harris' style of running, criticizing the Steelers' running back's tendency to run out of bounds, a marked contrast to Brown's approach of fighting for every yard and taking on the oncoming tackler.[citation needed] Eventually, Walter Payton of the Chicago Bears broke the record on October 7, 1984, with Brown having ended thoughts of a comeback. Harris himself, who retired after the 1984 season after playing eight games with the Seattle Seahawks, fell short of Brown's mark. Following Harris's last season, in that January, a challenge between Brown and Harris in a 40-yard dash was nationally televised. Brown, at 48 years old, was certain he could beat Harris, though Harris was only 34 years old and just ending his elite career. Harris clocked in at 5.16 seconds, and Brown in at 5.72 seconds.[28]", "Rickey Henderson. In February 2002, Henderson signed as a free agent with the Boston Red Sox, where at age 43 he became the oldest player to play center field in major league history when he replaced Johnny Damon for three games in April and another in July. Henderson's arrival was marked by a statistical oddity. During the 22-1/2 years from his June 1979 debut through the end of the 2001 season, he had stolen more bases by himself than his new team had: 1,395 steals for Henderson, 1,382 for the Boston franchise. The Red Sox finally \"passed\" Henderson on April 30, 2002. At 43, Henderson was the oldest player in the American League.[53]", "Super Bowl 50. Peyton Manning reached his fourth Super Bowl, with appearances under as many head coaches (Tony Dungy, Jim Caldwell, John Fox, and Gary Kubiak). He became the first quarterback ever to lead two different teams to multiple Super Bowls.[37][38] He is also the oldest quarterback ever to play in a Super Bowl at age 39. The previous record was held by John Elway, who led the Broncos to victory in Super Bowl XXXIII at age 38 and is currently Denver's Executive Vice President of Football Operations and General Manager.[39]", "Ralph Wilson. Ralph Cookerly Wilson Jr. (October 17, 1918 – March 25, 2014) was as an American businessman and sports executive. He was best known as the founder and owner of the Buffalo Bills, a team in the National Football League (NFL). He was one of the founding owners of the American Football League (AFL), the league with which the NFL merged in 1970, and was the last of the original AFL owners to own his team. At the time of his death he was the oldest owner in the NFL, at age 95, and the third-longest tenured owner in NFL history (over 54 years, behind the 63 years George Halas owned the Chicago Bears and almost equal to the 55 years Art Rooney owned the Pittsburgh Steelers, although Rooney's ownership and team operations were interrupted in the 1940s due to some complicated dealings). He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2009.", "2017–18 NFL playoffs. At 7004147730000000000♠40 years, 163 days, Brady became the oldest quarterback ever to lead his team to victory in a postseason game, finishing the day 35-of-53 for 337 yards and three touchdowns.[10] Amendola caught 11 passes for 112 yards, while also returning three punts for 18 yards. Lewis rushed for 62 yards, caught nine passes for 79 yards, and returned a kickoff for 27 yards.[10] Linebacker Geneo Grissom and defensive tackle Deatrich Wise Jr. each had two sacks for New England.[10] Mariota completed 22 of 37 passes for 225 yards and two touchdowns.", "Darrell Green. In his last game on December 29, 2002, Green and the Redskins defeated the Dallas Cowboys 20–14 at FedExField.[13] During the game, he returned a punt on a reverse from Champ Bailey for 35 yards which is the longest gain of any kind for a player his age (42 years, 327 days).[14]", "Brett Favre. Favre is the holder of several firsts in NFL history, including the only quarterback to win three consecutive NFL most valuable player awards, first quarterback to defeat every one of the league's 32 franchises, and the first quarterback to win a playoff game over age 40.", "Clay Matthews Jr.. Matthews was drafted by the Browns out of the University of Southern California with the 12th pick in the first round of the 1978 NFL Draft. Clay was a four-time Pro Bowler for Cleveland and was a cornerstone of the defense for well over a decade. In 1984, Clay recorded 12.0 sacks. He was present at the infamous Browns playoff losses known as Red Right 88, The Drive, and The Fumble, that kept some very good teams from appearing in a Super Bowl. One of his most memorable moments as a Brown was in a playoff game against the Bills on January 6, 1990. Jim Kelly and the high flying Bills offense came to Cleveland for a memorable shootout. With only seconds left in the 4th quarter and clinging to a 34-30 lead, Matthews intercepted a Kelly pass on the Brown's two yard line to seal a Cleveland victory. After the 1993 season, Clay became an Atlanta Falcon. In 1995 at the age of 39, Matthews started all 16 games for the Falcons. He was also the oldest player to record a sack at 40 years, 282 days. Matthews was one of the first players to negotiate a large contract going into the NFL.[citation needed]", "Darrell Green. The self-proclaimed \"itty bitty guy,\"[2] Green was nicknamed the \"Ageless Wonder\" by his peers and the general media[3][4] for his remarkable ability to maintain a high level of play well into the twilight of his career. Green was also known for his speed and was one of the fastest players in the history of the NFL.[3][5]", "George Blanda. George Frederick Blanda (September 17, 1927 – September 27, 2010) was an American football quarterback and placekicker who played professionally in the American Football League (AFL) and National Football League (NFL). Blanda played 26 seasons of professional football, the most in the sport's history, and had scored more points than anyone in history at the time of his retirement. Blanda retired from pro football in 1976 at the age of 48. He was one of only two players to play in four different decades (John Carney 1988–2010, is the other), and he holds the record for most extra points kicked.[1] During his career, he played under head coaches Bear Bryant, George Halas, and John Madden.", "List of athletes who played in Major League Baseball and the National Football League. In 1920, the inaugural season of the NFL, 11 veterans of MLB (including George Halas and Jim Thorpe) became the first athletes to accomplish the feat. Since 1970, only seven athletes have done so, including Bo Jackson and Deion Sanders. Jackson was the first athlete to be selected as an All-Star in both MLB and the NFL. Sanders holds the longevity record, having appeared in 641 MLB games and 189 NFL games.", "Kurt Warner. Terry Bradshaw from Fox: \"You're not going to like this, but you're the third oldest quarterback to ever play in the Super Bowl. How does that make you feel?\"\nKurt Warner: \"Everybody's going to be tired of hearing this, but I never get tired of saying it. There's one reason that I'm standing up on this stage today. That's because of my Lord up above. I've got to say thanks to Jesus; you knew I was going to do it, but I've got to do it. And secondly, I've gotta say thanks to you guys (motioning to the Arizona fans); when nobody else believed in us, when nobody else believed in me, you guys did. And we're going to the Super Bowl!\"[71]", "Julio Franco. In 2004, Franco passed Cap Anson as the oldest regularly playing position player in MLB history. (A few regularly playing pitchers, including knuckleballers Phil Niekro and Hoyt Wilhelm, were older than Franco, and a few non-pitchers, like Minnie Miñoso and Jim O'Rourke, appeared as publicity stunts at old ages but did not play regularly.)", "Walter Payton. Payton was eager to improve his performance. During the 1976 NFL season, Payton rushed for 1,390 yards and scored 13 touchdowns.[21] After the season, he was selected to play in the 1977 Pro Bowl, where he was declared the Pro Bowl MVP. The next year, he rushed for 1,852 yards and scored 16 touchdowns, becoming the league’s leading scorer for the season. He earned numerous awards that season, including the Associated Press and Pro Football Writers of America's Most Valuable Player awards. A memorable game of the 1977 NFL season was against the Minnesota Vikings on November 20. He rushed for a then-record 275 yards, breaking the previous record of 273 yards held by O. J. Simpson.[22] In that record-setting game against the Vikings, Payton was suffering with a 101-degree fever and intense flu. His longest run was for 58 yards, and he caught one pass for 6 yards. His record stood for 23 years until Corey Dillon of the Cincinnati Bengals ran for 278 yards on October 22, 2000. (Adrian Peterson of the Minnesota Vikings set the current record of 296 rushing yards in 2007.) By the end of the decade, Payton had received additional accolades for his exploits as a blocker, receiver, emergency punter, and quarterback.[8][9][4]", "Jim Brown. In his professional career, Brown carried the ball 2,359 times for 12,312 rushing yards and 106 touchdowns, which were all records when he retired. He averaged 104.1 rushing yards per game, and is the only player in NFL history to average over 100 rushing yards per game for his career. His 5.2 yards per rush is third-best among running backs. Brown was enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1971. He was named to the NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, comprising the best players in NFL history. His number 32 jersey is retired by the Browns. Shortly after his football career, Brown became an actor, and had several leading roles throughout the 1970s.", "History of the Detroit Lions. The 2012 season saw the Lions try to improve over their impressive 2011 season. They started 4–4, then lost their last 8 games, their longest streak since 2008, to finish 4–12. This was the last season for PK Jason Hanson, the oldest then-active player in the NFL at 42 years old, who retired after the season ended.", "Jerry Rice. Jerry Lee Rice (born October 13, 1962) is a former American football wide receiver who played 20 seasons in the National Football League (NFL), primarily with the San Francisco 49ers. He is widely considered the greatest wide receiver in NFL history,[1][2] as well as the greatest NFL player of all time.[3][4]", "2017–18 NFL playoffs. This game set the NFL postseason record for largest the age difference between opposing quarterbacks: Brady was 40 and Mariota was 24.[12]", "Jim Brown. Every season he played, Brown was voted into the Pro Bowl, and he left the league in style by scoring three touchdowns in his final Pro Bowl game. He accomplished these records despite not playing past 29 years of age. Brown's six games with at least four touchdowns remains an NFL record. Tomlinson and Marshall Faulk both have five games with four touchdowns.", "Jim Brown. James Nathaniel Brown (born February 17, 1936) is a former professional American football player and actor. He was a fullback for the Cleveland Browns of the National Football League (NFL) from 1957 through 1965. Considered to be among the greatest football players of all time,[1] Brown was a Pro Bowl invitee every season he was in the league, was recognized as the AP NFL Most Valuable Player three times, and won an NFL championship with the Browns in 1964. He led the league in rushing yards in eight out of his nine seasons, and by the time he retired, he had shattered most major rushing records. In 2002, he was named by The Sporting News as the greatest professional football player ever.[2]", "Teddy Sheringham. Sheringham then dropped down a division to West Ham United in the Football League Championship,[38] and was the division's third-highest goalscorer with 20 goals (21 in all competitions) – one of the highest scoring seasons of his career. He won the Championship Player of the Season award,[39] and helped the Hammers reach the 2005 Football League Championship play-off Final where they beat Preston North End to return to the Premiership after two seasons in the Football League. At the end of the 2004–05 season, Sheringham's one-year contract expired and he agreed to sign on for another season, this time back in the Premiership, at Upton Park.[40] After a second-half appearance against Charlton Athletic on 2 April 2006, Sheringham joined a small group of footballers, including Les Sealey, John Burridge and Gordon Strachan, who have played top-flight football while in their forties.[41] On 19 August 2006, he became the oldest outfield player in the history of the division, at 40 years 139 days.[42] Sheringham signed a contract to play for West Ham until the end of the 2006–07 season,[43] and was a player at the club after his 41st birthday. On 13 May 2006, Sheringham became the third oldest player to appear in an FA Cup final, at 40 years and 41 days old. The game ended 3–3, with Liverpool winning the trophy in a penalty shootout. Sheringham was the only West Ham player to convert his kick as Liverpool won the shootout 3–1. On 26 December 2006, at the age of 40 years and 266 days, he beat his own record for oldest Premiership scorer, with the goal in a 2–1 defeat to Portsmouth. On 30 December 2006 he broke the record for oldest Premiership outfield player once more, starting in the 1–0 defeat against Manchester City, aged 40 years and 270 days. Sheringham also appeared in 11 FA Cup, League Cup, and UEFA Cup games for West Ham, scoring two goals.", "Matthew Stafford. On November 6, in Week 9 against the Green Bay Packers, Stafford recorded his 200th career touchdown in the first quarter of the game, becoming the fourth quarterback in NFL history to do so before the age of 30, a list also occupied by Brett Favre, Dan Marino, and Peyton Manning.[86]", "David Ortiz. On August 24, in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays at Tropicana Field, Ortiz hit his 30th home run of the season. He became the oldest MLB player to ever do so. In the same game he also reached 100 RBI for the season. It was the tenth time in his career he reached both milestones, a Red Sox record.[41] He hit his 625th career double two days later against the Royals, passing Hank Aaron for tenth place all-time.[42]" ]

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[ "List of Criminal Minds characters. Played by Meredith Monroe, Haley Hotchner was the wife of Aaron Hotchner. She and Hotchner have a son, Jack.E204 They divorced due to her inability to cope with Hotch's job and duties. In season three, Aaron Hotchner picks up his home phone when someone calls, but when he answers it, the caller hangs up. Haley's cellphone starts ringing immediately afterward. Hotch looks at Haley, but she does not say anything. It is implied that Haley might be cheating on Aaron, and that is why the person who called the home phone did not speak when a man answered. She is shot and killed by Hotch's nemesis, George Foyet (a.k.a. \"The Boston Reaper\").E509 She returned in season nine, episode five, in a vision while Hotch was recovering from complications from his stabbing 100 episodes earlier.E905 E501", "Haley James Scott. Haley initially did not have any significant scenes but appeared in several scenes with Lucas, Nathan and Jamie. Haley is the one who breaks the news to Nathan that Quentin was shot and killed. Haley gets a call from a nurse from Tree Hill hospital informing her that Dan is dying. Knowing that Jamie didn't get a chance to say goodbye to his grandfather, she takes him to see Dan after getting a call that he was close to death. However, she did not realize that it was Carrie, who had kidnapped Dan and was using him to lure Jamie. Once there, Haley tells Jamie to wait in the car and goes inside where she sees Dan restrained to the bed and heavily drugged. She undoes the restraints and asks what's going on. Dan, through blurred vision, sees Carrie sneak up behind her. He tries to warn her, but Carrie hits her on the head, knocking her unconscious. She wakes up later on and finds Jamie in the cornfield trying to escape from Carrie. As they are hiding, Haley's phone rings from a return call from Nathan. She and Jamie make a run for it with Carrie giving chase. Before she catches them, she is knocked out by Deb, by hitting Carrie from a bottle to the face. Carrie soon regains consciousness and comes at Haley with an ax, but is stopped when Dan shoots her. Nathan gets a chance to play Slamball, which Haley watches with trepidation, yet decides to support Nathan. During a game, Nathan gets knocked out of a window by a former rival and decides to give up Slamball as it is not worth losing his family over. Haley performs in Peyton's USO show and battles stage fright, although she eventually goes on singing \"Feel This\". Her performance is amazing and the crowd loves her. In the episode following Chad Michael Murray's 40s episode, Haley helps Jamie prepare for his school talent show, where he is to follow in his mother's footsteps and play the piano. He wants to do stand-up, and decides to do a mixture of both. When Nathan receives the news that he has just been accepted to the Charleston Chiefs, Haley is very excited for him and hugs him and they kiss. Haley supports Nathan after he makes the Charleston Chiefs basketball team. She also helps Mia find inspiration for her next album and is the first (after Lucas of course) to find out about Peyton's pregnancy, already calling dibs on godmother. After Nathan returns home for the weekend, she and Nathan leave Jamie and Andre with Luke and Peyton and go on a double date at TRIC with Mia and Chase. As a joke, Mia and Haley sign Nathan and Chase up for karaoke. Haley goes to Nathan's basketball games, and she and Jamie are sad that Nathan doesn't get to play. After she tells Nathan to keep pushing, and after Jamie adorably calls his coach and asks him to give Nathan another chance, Nathan gets a chance to play and Haley is ecstatic. Haley chooses Sam's essay to win an essay contest, and she will put the essay into the school newspaper. However, the strict new principal tells Haley she doesn't like the essay because of the sex and drug references, and she tells Haley to either not publish the essay or be fired. Haley chooses to publish the essay anyway, and Sam watches Haley follow the principal into her office to receive her punishment. She lures Nathan to a creepy old house in Charleston, where he now plays basketball, and sets up a romantic dinner to celebrate their anniversary. Here, she reveals that she was suspended from her teaching job for publishing Sam's essay. She also talks about moving here, and the two discuss Haley possibly going back on tour. In the end, it's decided that if the house is still available many years from now when Jamie's all grown up, they will return.", "Haley James Scott. When troubled teen, Jimmy Edwards, brings a gun to school, Haley and Nathan end up trapped in the tutor center with him during the shooting. After the death of Keith Scott they realize how they need each other and decide to move back in together. During a weekend getaway at a friend's cabin, Haley ecstatically accepts Nathan' proposal to renew their marriage vows in front of all their loved ones. The wedding takes place in the season three finale, along with a shocking cliffhanger in which Haley might be pregnant and Nathan' fate is unknown. The episode ends with Haley's calling for help.", "Haley James Scott. In the premiere of the eighth season, Haley heads over to Clay and Quinn's wanting to tell her older sister about her second pregnancy. Instead, she finds them both critically injured by gunshot wounds and she breaks down while calling 911. While Quinn is unconscious in the hospital Haley names her the godmother of the child and is desperate not to lose her sister as they had recently lost their mother. Haley is relieved when Quinn awakens and recovers rather quickly. Meanwhile, Nathan tells her that the nerves in his back are deteriorating and that this season playing in the NBA will be his last.", "Haley James Scott. Haley is moving on after giving birth to Lydia, taking on a new partner at the studio. However, she's dismayed to discover the partner is none other than Chris Keller, who's already convinced the label to let him stay on. At her godsons - Davis and Jude - christening, Haley is thrown when Dan comes to her, saying he has lost his restaurant in a fire and asks to stay at their home for a few days. While reluctant, Haley decides to let him stay without telling Nathan first. However Nathan has been kidnapped and doesn't come home so Lucas comes back to Tree Hill to take Jamie and Lydia home and let them live with him until Haley finds Nathan. Haley then goes to the police to ask for help to find Nathan. One of the police officers is actually one of the kidnappers who is getting paid to kill Nathan. So, when the cops don't do anything, Haley takes matters into her own hands and reaches the point where she begs Dan for help. Nathan is eventually returned to Haley with the help of Dan (who would later die from a gunshot suffered in the rescue), Julian and Chris Keller. The series finale shows Nathan and Haley continuing to lead happy lives after Nathan's kidnapping and also shows a final rain kiss. In a flashfoward, Nathan and Haley are still happily married and Haley still owns Karen's Cafe. The show ends with Nathan, Haley and Lydia watching Jamie's high school basketball game where it is revealed that Jamie beat Nathan's scoring record. The show ends by coming full circle.", "Aaron Hotchner. Hotch begins the series married to his high school sweetheart Haley (Meredith Monroe). They have a son named Jack (Cade Owens), though they later separated over Hotch's dedication to his job. Meredith Monroe's character Haley was later killed in season five by serial killer George Foyet. Two years after Haley's death, he met triathlon runner Beth Clemmons, and had been in a relationship with her, until season ten when it is revealed he broke things off with her when she was offered a job in Hong Kong.", "Meredith Monroe. She is also known for her role in Criminal Minds as Haley Hotchner, Aaron Hotchner's wife. Monroe left the series after her character was murdered by a recurring villain, The Boston Reaper (C. Thomas Howell), in its 100th episode.", "Haley James Scott. Though it is made clear numerous times that she regrets leaving Nathan, when he visits her on tour, he is unable to convince her to return to Tree Hill. Near the end of Season 2, she receives a petition for annulment for the marriage to Nathan Scott, leaving Haley heartbroken and filled with regret. Shortly after, Haley is visited by Lucas and Brooke at one of her shows in New York. Lucas tells Haley that although he is so proud of everything she has accomplished, her absence is simply \"killing\" Nathan. In the end, it is Lucas and Brooke's visit that convinces her to return to Tree Hill and to Nathan. In one of the final scenes of the (second season) finale, she shows up at the Scott residence doorstep. Her intentions aren't made clear until the third-season premiere.", "Jamie Scott (One Tree Hill). Haley and Nathan break the news to Jamie that Quentin (Jamie’s close friend) was shot and killed he is upset but wants to go to the funeral where he lays a red cape he made for Quentin on his coffin. Jamie also becomes friends with Quentin's younger brother, Andre, who is the same age as Jamie, and they both help each other grieve for Quentin. Haley gets a call from a nurse from Tree Hill hospital informing her that Dan is dying. Knowing that Jamie didn't get a chance to say goodbye to his grandfather, she takes him to see Dan after getting a call that he was close to death. However, she did not realize that it was Carrie, who had kidnapped Dan and was using him to lure Jamie. Once there, Haley tells Jamie to wait in the car and goes inside but Carrie knocks her unconscious and Carrie goes out to the car to get Jamie to come out but Jamie doesn't. So she then gets a sledge hammer to smash the glass but Jamie is already running into the cornfields to get away from her. Haley soon finds Jamie in the cornfield while he is trying to escape from Carrie. As Haley and Jamie are hiding from nanny Carrie, Haley's phone rings from Nathan returning a call, who was worried about becoming a team for the NBA and also was right about Dan's almost death. She and Jamie make a run for it with Carrie giving chase. Before she catches them, she is knocked out by Deb from a bottle to the face. Carrie soon regains consciousness and comes at Haley with axe, but is stopped when Dan shoots her twice", "Haley James Scott. Two years before the start of season 5, Haley is seen with a two-year-old Jamie. There she attends Nathan's national championship game. Four months before the start of Season 5, she accompanies Nathan to celebrate his eponymous shoe, but leaves early to look after their son Jamie. It is later that night that in an accident Nathan (temporarily) loses the use of his legs.[2]", "Haley James Scott. When Haley's birthday comes, it appears no one remembered it. Later, Jamie decorates the house and Nathan surprises her with a new car, a Porsche Cayman. Haley's mom comes to town and tells her, Quinn, and Taylor that she has pancreatic cancer and doesn't have much time left. Haley continues to try to make her mom fight, and convinces her to let her medical records be seen by Nathan's team doctor. However, the results are the same and there's nothing to be done. Haley also tries to deal with helping Jamie cope since Lydia has told him the truth about how she will soon be with his grandfather. Haley spends one final \"Christmas\" with her mom after Lydia tells Jamie she will not be there for the next one. Later, Lydia and Haley are making chicken dumpling soup, a long time birthday tradition between them. Haley leaves for a while, and returns to find Lydia unconscious on the floor. Lydia is rushed to the hospital, where she is told she will die soon. Haley spends many moments with her mother in the hospital. At the end, Taylor comes to say goodbye to Lydia, and all three sisters lie with Lydia in her hospital during her last moments.", "Haley James Scott. Season 7 begins with Haley (now the head of Red BedRoom records.) in Peyton's recording studio, which she has now taken ownership of, recording a new song called \"Quicksand\". She throws a massive party for Jamie's 7th birthday party, which many people attend, including her sister Quinn. Quinn later reveals to Haley she lied about missing her husband David, not because they are away from each other but because she left him. Haley gets a phone call to go to the studio and finds a label executive named Miranda Stone there. She is there to permanently shut the label down. Haley enlists Mia's help. Mia tells Miranda if she closes the label, she will never record again, and Haley won't either. After Miranda considers the fact that the label might lose their most popular artist, she convinces John Knight, the label owner and Peyton's old boss, to keep the label. Nathan comes home and explains that a woman named Renee is claiming to be pregnant with Nathan's child. Haley gets furious when she finds out Clay wants to pay the woman to keep her quiet, but after Brooke and Quinn help her deal with this issue, she eventually starts thinking it's a good idea if it means protecting their family, especially Jamie, from the fallout if Renee takes her claim public. After Nathan decides to tell Renee that she's getting no money, they realize this will provoke Renee to publicly reveal her pregnancy, and they decide Jamie needs to find out from them first, and Nathan goes to tell him. Haley begins to get suspicious of Renee's intentions after hearing nothing from her in three days, but while shopping at the supermarket with Quinn and Jamie, Jamie finds a tabloid magazine with one of the pictures Renee showed Clay on the cover, officially publicizing the whole scandal.", "Nathan Scott. Later in the season, Nathan helps Haley and James come to terms with Haley's mother's death. Nathan also spends a day bonding with Jamie, who asks Nathan about his relationship with Lucas. Nathan replies that although they were not close when they were younger, they became more like real brothers as they got older. In addition, he finds out Jamie would like a brother or sister. Haley then confesses to Nathan that she took a pregnancy test that morning, but it turned out negative. Still distraught over her mother's death, Haley jumps into the swimming pool hoping to feel emotion again. Nathan gets to her just in time and pulls her out of the pool after she has flashbacks about her life with Nathan. On a trip to Utah, Haley begins to get through her depression and is overjoyed when she finds out she's pregnant. Haley tells Nathan she thinks the baby is a girl.[31]", "Nathan Scott. Afterwards, Daunte, angry about Nathan's failure by not losing, tries to run him over with his car. Haley pushes him out of the way and is struck herself. Furious, Nathan beats Daunte with his fists. Dan stops him and covers for his son by pounding the ground, which breaks his hand. He is arrested for the beating of Daunte, who dies. (It's later revealed at the autopsy, that the crash is what killed Daunte, not Nathan's beating.) Meanwhile, as the paramedics are working on Haley, Lucas falls unconscious after a heart attack. They are both rushed to the hospital. In the next episode, Haley wakes up and an ultrasound is done to check the baby. They hear the heartbeat, proving that the baby is indeed fine. After Deb attempts suicide by taking an overdose, Nathan is racked with guilt. He and Haley decide to help Deb by moving out of their apartment and into the Scott mansion.", "Haley James Scott. During the premiere of season four, Brooke was viewed as being the one pregnant, but after a few episodes, it was discovered that Brooke was covering for Haley's pregnancy. When Brooke finally told Haley she couldn't pretend to be pregnant any more, Haley realized it was time to face Nathan and tell him about their baby. Because of Haley's and Nathan's debt, she's been working shifts at Karen's Cafe and has been tutoring Rachel in Calculus. On the day of the State Championship game Haley is found on the bathroom floor in pain, the other girls including Rachel, Peyton, Bevin and Brooke rush her to the emergency room. The doctor told her she would be fine but it was stress causing her problems, and told her she was having a son. After the State Championship game, Haley jumped in the way of a car that was about to hit Nathan. The car was being driven by Daunte, as revenge for Nathan's betrayal after he was lent money. After a string of operations, she was fine and to her and Nathan's delight, they find that the baby has a heartbeat of their son. After Nathan tells her what he did, she freaks out and leaves; but eventually forgives him. He then buys her a maternity prom gown after winning the stripping contest.", "Meredith Monroe. Meredith Monroe (born December 30, 1969) is an American actress best known for portaying Andie McPhee on Dawson's Creek from 1998 to 2000, and her recurring role as Haley Hotchner on Criminal Minds.", "Nathan Scott. Nathan goes to the door and there stands Haley. She returns to Tree Hill for good, but Nathan has not yet forgiven her or Lucas. Nathan learns that Haley is suffering musicians' block and pays Chris to come back to Tree Hill and help Haley with her music. Nathan and Haley grow close again and eventually have make-up sex and get back together. Dan is crowned Mayor of Tree Hill and Deb tells Nathan that she started the dealership fire in an attempt to kill Dan; Nathan is angry with his mother and sends her away for a while to get her life in order. After some inspirational words from Lucas, they gradually begin speaking again, before making up properly. When Jimmy Edwards brings a gun to school, Nathan races inside to find Haley. They are held hostage in the Tutor Center and the deaths of Edwards and Keith leave Nathan and Haley realizing that life is too short. They move back in together and Nathan asks Haley to 'marry' him again, to renew their vows.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). The third season focuses on the characters' first half of their senior year, and also has the return of basketball. It features the arrival of Rachel Gatina, who brings conflict to the romance between Brooke and Lucas when she sets out to date Lucas. Peyton deals with the return of her mom, and tries to get to know her when she finds out she is dying from cancer. Jake and Peyton's relationship draws to a close and Peyton's romantic feelings for Lucas resurface later in the season. Chris Keller returns and helps Nathan and Haley reunite, also causing damage between Brooke and Lucas. The later of the season sees Nathan and Haley plan their wedding. A major subplot consists of Dan's efforts to solve the murder attempt that was made against him during the previous season's cliffhanger. A major episode (\"With Tired Eyes, Tired Minds, Tired Souls, We Slept\") involves most of the main cast in a hostage situation at Tree Hill High and culminates in Peyton getting shot in the leg, Jimmy Edwards committing suicide and Dan murdering Keith. At the end of the season finale after Nathan and Haley renew their vows he, Rachel, and Cooper are fighting for their lives after a car accident.", "One Tree Hill (season 9). Haley gets a phone call that may change her life forever. Clay receives life changing news while revisiting his past. While Dan revisits his past during his search for Nathan, Deb returns. Haley goes to identify a body that is thought to be Nathan. Chase goes to extreme measures to protect Chuck.", "Haley James Scott. At the outset of Season 3, Haley returned to Tree Hill to find that many things have changed during her absence. Although she professes her undying love for Nathan and begs for his forgiveness, their marriage continues to fall apart. Nathans' anger and inability to trust Haley leads him to strongly consider a divorce. (However, the state requires a year-long period of separation, which circumstances improved.) Haley also finds that her close friend, Peyton, has flat-out refused to speak to her, as Peyton is also angry and hurt by Haley's sudden departure. Haley is faced with a dilemma because, since Nathan moved back into his parents' house and her own parents are traveling the country in an RV, she has nowhere to live. In the end, she moves into her former apartment with Brooke Davis (Sophia Bush) and becomes a cheerleader.", "Haley James Scott. A couple of days after her mother's funeral, Haley is taking a pregnancy test. Nathan tells Haley that he wants more children to which Haley confesses taking a pregnancy test that morning, but it turned out negative. Nathan then tells her that that's okay and they'll try again. Later that night, Haley sneaks out of bed and travels outside, where she has a breakdown and begins to sob. Haley jumps into the pool so she can 'feel again', but gets pulled out by Nathan. When she's in the water she sees flashbacks of her, Nathan, and Jamie. She also starts seeing a therapist, and says that seeing those flashbacks made her want to 'feel again'. On a trip to Utah to watch Julian's movie premiere, Haley tells Nathan she's pregnant and she thinks it will be a girl.", "One Tree Hill (season 8). Alex becomes a success as a bartender, Mia opens up to Chase. Julian and Jamie bond while Clay and Quinn lie in a coma in the hospital. Haley struggles with what has happened while Nathan decides to stay in Tree Hill a little bit longer to help her through the tragedy. Meanwhile, Brooke deals with publicity and finding a way to keep her from going to jail for Victoria's actions.", "List of Criminal Minds characters. In the season nine two-part finale, Blake becomes distraught and depressed when Reid is shot in the neck by the UnSub after pushing Blake out of the way and nearly dies, even commenting that it should have been her who was shot instead. She is also further upset when rescuing a young boy who was being used by the UnSub as leverage against his mother. Though Reid survives, Alex is greatly shaken by the case, and reveals to Reid that both he and the young boy reminded her of her deceased son Ethan, who died of an unnamed neurological disease at age nine. Her guilt and distress over Reid's brush with death touched a major nerve with her, seemingly pushing her to the breaking point. At the end of the \"Demons\", she sits apart from the rest of the group on the plane ride home, and it is implied that she sends a text message to Hotch handing in her resignation. After taking Reid home, telling him about Ethan, and departing, Reid finds her FBI badge in his bag, and watches her leave, saddened but accepting, from his window.", "Haley James Scott. Haley wanted to make sure everyone was ready for the arrival of her baby, so she faked going into labor to see what Quinn, Brooke, Julian, Nathan and Clay would do. The first time she tricked Quinn, she didn't know what to do, but she caught on and was ready the second time Haley tricked her. Quinn asked what if Nathan and her were not there to help her, prompting Haley to call Brooke. Brooke comes over and freaks when Haley tells her, causing her to drop her keys in the air vent. They called Julian to retrieve the keys, and Haley plays her trick on Julian, who faints from the shock. She tries with Nathan and Clay but they wouldn't fall for it because they were told all about it. At the end of the episode, Haley is really going into labor, along with Chloe (who is carrying Brooke and Julian's adopted baby). Haley delivers her baby girl, which she names Lydia Bob Scott.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). The ninth and final season deals with Haley facing multiple problems involving a busy Karen's Cafe, putting up with Dan and searching for Nathan as he is kidnapped after returning from Europe. Brooke and Julian adjust to life as parents which leads Julian to make a life-changing mistake. A mysterious problem haunts Clay, while Quinn attempts to get him help. Clay is hospitalized at a sanitarium, where he meets his son, Logan, with the support of Quinn. Millicent is forced to deal with Mouth's sudden weight gain, and Chase starts a friendship with Chris Keller. Chase Adams takes care of Chuck. Lucas returns to Tree Hill as Haley reaches out to him for help. The series ends as Tric celebrates its tenth anniversary while the Tree Hill family face new and exciting possibilities for their futures.", "Criminal Minds (season 11). Jennifer Love Hewitt was announced to be leaving the show after the season ten finale. Her character, Kate Callahan, handed in her resignation at the end of the season ten finale, due to her real-life pregnancy and decision to devote the next year to her newborn baby. A. J. Cook was also revealed to be pregnant, a fact that was carried over to her character Jennifer \"JJ\" Jareau as well. Showrunner Erica Messer informed in an interview that Cook's character JJ will not appear for the first five episodes of the season as Cook is on maternity leave. Messer continued talking about a guest star to replace Cook during her absence from the show as she said, \"My hope is we could have a fun guest star when A.J.'s on maternity leave. It will be different because JJ won't be there. There is no replacing her as we know, but there's an opportunity there to have fun for a few episodes.\"[4]", "One Tree Hill (season 6). Brooke begins her battle with her mom, Victoria, who battles to claim Clothes Over Bro's. Lucas and the Ravens basketball team must come to terms with the death of the star player. Nathan begins his comeback, Haley also hits the recording studio, while Peyton and Lucas settle down and begin a family. Brooke, left broken and shaken after her attack, takes in foster child Sam, who was responsible for the attack, and the attacker also turned out to be Q's killer. Nanny Carrie returns, after hitting Dan with a car, and taking him hostage, she lures Haley and Jamie to her, and attacks them, only to be killed by Dan, after weeks of torture. Mouth and Millicent have dramas and depart, while newcomer Julian Baker, rocks Brooke's world and begins to turn Lucas' book into a movie. With Peyton's alarming pregnancy, Lucas' finally allows for a wedding, only for Peyton to collapse at home, and go into a coma. The season finale ends with Brooke and Julian declaring their love for one another, Nathan making it into the NBA, and Lucas and Peyton leave Tree Hill.", "Nathan Scott. Dan later comes to Nathan's rescue, with the help of Julian and Chris Keller. Dan manages to make his way to Nathan by killing most of Dimitri's men. As they are about to leave, Dimitri catches up to them and fires a shot at Nathan, but not before Dan can jump between them and take the bullet intended for his son. Dan secretly gives Nathan his gun, which Nathan then uses to shoot and kill a distracted Dimitri. Officer Stevens comes to the scene, holding Nathan at gunpoint, but is knocked out cold by Julian. The series finale shows Nathan and Haley continuing to lead happy lives after Nathan's kidnapping and also shows a final rain kiss between the two of them.", "One Tree Hill (TV series). The seventh season jumps fourteen months ahead. Rachel returns and two new regular characters are introduced: Haley's sister Quinn and Nathan's agent Clay. Lucas and Peyton have moved away, Quinn and Clay's relationship develops after the death of Clay's wife Sarah. Nathan's NBA career is jeopardized by a growing scandal that also affects Haley. Dan becomes a motivational speaker with the support of his new wife, Rachel Gatina. Brooke releases her new clothing line in the midst of conflicts with Julian and Alex, a model she hired for her company. Millicent struggles with a drug addiction which causes Mouth to break it off with her. The second half of the season deals with Haley's depression due to her mother's death. At the end of the season, the characters travel to Utah for the premiere of Julian's completed film, Haley announces she's pregnant, Julian proposes to Brooke, and Clay and Quinn are shot by Katie.", "Haley James Scott. Haley and her family are nearly devastated with tragedy yet again when Brooke nearly drowns trying to save Jamie during a hurricane. Since Brooke has no job, she gets creative by making superhero costumes for her, Quinn and Haley. They soon helped a girl who was being picked on by popular girls at her school. Haley, who was previously a teacher, found out the bullies names and found out little bits and pieces about them. She used it to her advantage and the bullies stopped picking on the girl.", "Elliot Stabler. In the season 12 finale, Stabler is forced to shoot and kill a young woman who opens fire in the Special Victims squad room. Before dying in Stabler's arms, she had killed two suspects involved in the rape and murder of her mother and injured a third, as well as killing recurring character Sister Peg (Charlayne Woodard).[10] After the shootout, Stabler is placed on administrative leave by IAB.[11] Although he is eventually cleared, it is nonetheless his sixth career \"good shooting\" and according to Cragen, IAB \"wants to go over his entire jacket...if Elliot wants to keep his job, he's gonna have to submit to a psych eval, anger management, a lot of hoops.\" Confirming Benson's assurance that he will instead tell them to \"go to hell\", Stabler subsequently retires from the police force off screen during the thirteenth season premiere.[12] Benson and Cragen agree that he's earned it \"and then some\". Nevertheless, Benson is quietly devastated by his resignation as she breaks down sobbing in the interrogation room.", "Haley James Scott. She attends Brooke's fashion show at TRIC, and when she leaves, she finds Renee outside. Renee starts telling Haley about her and Nathan having sex and Haley hits Renee, making her fall to the ground. Renee decides to press charges on Haley for slapping her and Haley is arrested, spending a few hours in jail before Renee decides to drop the charges. Renee visits her while she's in jail and continues to tell Haley that Nathan is the father. Renee writes her phone number down and tells Haley to look at Nathan's old cell phone bills to prove that they knew each other. After she gets out, she fights with Nathan after she slowly starts realizing Renee's accusations may be true. He holds a press conference to take the claims head-on and he thinks Haley won't show after their fight, but she does come to support her husband, though she is seen at the end of the episode looking at the old phone bills, and she finds Renee's number on them. She confronts Nathan, and he tells her girls get hold of his phone number all the time and it was nothing. They are angry with each other, especially after Haley decides to pay off Renee after Nathan loses his endorsement deals. Renee has decided to demand $250,000, and Haley decides not to pay her off. Haley and Nathan later reconcile, and Nathan encourages her that she made the right choice. Renee then agrees to come onto Dan's television show to reveal her pregnancy to the world. In a surprising turn of events, Dan submits Renee to a surprise lie detector test, and all of the answers she gives come across true, which appears to shock her. He goads her into revealing that she did have sex the night of the party and got knocked up, but not by Nathan." ]

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[ "Shoe size. The labeling should typically include foot length, followed by an optional foot width - a shoe size of 280/110 indicates a foot length of 280 millimetres (11.0 in) and width of 110 millimetres (4.3 in). Other customary markings, such as EU, UK and US sizes, can also be used.", "Shoe size. The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers. The A–E width indicators used by most American, Canadian, and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot, and common step sizes are ​3⁄16 inch (4.8 mm).", "Shoe. Units for shoe sizes vary widely around the world. European sizes are measured in Paris Points, which are worth two-thirds of a centimeter. The UK and American units are approximately one-quarter of an inch, starting at 8¼ inches. Men's and women's shoe sizes often have different scales. Shoes size is often measured using a Brannock Device, which can determine both the width and length size values of the foot.", "Shoe size. In the \"standard\" or \"FIA\" (Footwear Industries of America) scale, women's sizes are men's sizes plus 1 (so a men's 10.5 is a women's 11.5).", "Shoe size. All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe. For example, the inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15 mm longer than the foot, and the shoe last would be 2 size points larger than the foot, but this varies between different types of shoes and the shoe size system used. The typical range lies between 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 inch (12.7 to 16.9 mm) for the UK/US size system and 4⁄3 to 5⁄3 cm (13.3 to 16.7 mm) for the European size system, but may extend to 1⁄4 to 3⁄4 inch (6.4 to 19.1 mm) and 2⁄3 to 6⁄3 cm (6.7 to 20.0 mm).", "Foot (unit). The length of the international foot corresponds to a human foot with shoe size of 13 (UK), 14 (US male), 15.5 (US female) or 46 (EU sizing).", "Shoe size. In United States and Canada, there are different systems that are used concurrently. The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes. The most common is the customary, described in more detail below, which for men's shoes is one size shorter than the UK equivalent, making a men's 13 in the US or Canada the same size as a men's 12 in the UK.", "Shoe size. Infant sizes start at 16 (95 mm) and pre-school kids at 23 (140 mm); schoolchildren sizes span 32 (202.5 mm) to 40 (255 mm) for girls and 32 to 44 (285 mm) for boys. Adult sizes span 33 (210 mm) to 44 for women and 38 (245 mm) to 48 (310 mm) for men.", "Shoe size. The calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is:", "Shoe. Shoe size is an alphanumerical indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. Often it just consists of a number indicating the length because many shoemakers only provide a standard width for economic reasons. There are several different shoe-size systems that are used worldwide. These systems differ in what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Only a few systems also take the width of the feet into account. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g., men's, women's, children's, sport, or safety shoes).", "Shoe size. Historically the USSR used the European (Paris point) system, but the Mondopoint metric system was introduced in 1980s by GOST 24382-80 \"Sizes of Sport Shoes\" and GOST 11373-88 \"Shoe Sizes\". Foot lengths are aligned to 5 mm and 7.5 mm intervals.", "Shoe size. Shoe size in the United Kingdom, Ireland, India, and South Africa is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes, measured in barleycorn (​1⁄3 inch) starting from the smallest size deemed practical, which is called size zero. It is not formally standardised. Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by about 1⁄2 to 2⁄3 inch (13 to 17 mm).", "Shoe size. Exact foot lengths may contain repeating decimals because the formulas include division by 3; in practice, approximate interval steps of 6.67 mm and 8.47 mm are used, then resulting lengths are rounded up to 0.1 mm, and shoe sizes are rounded to either 0.5 size points or closest matching Mondopoint size.", "Shoe size. The adult shoe sizes are calculated from typical last length, which is converted from foot length in mm by adding an allowance of two shoe sizes:", "Shoe size. In the Continental European system, the shoe size is the length of the last, expressed in Paris points, for both sexes and for adults and children alike. Because a Paris point is ​2⁄3 of a centimetre, the formula is as follows:", "Shoe size. A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device, a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores. The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length 2⁄3 in (1.7 cm) less than the length of the last; thus, men's size 1 is equivalent to a foot's length of 7 2⁄3 in (19.47 cm).[4] Women's sizes are one size up.", "Shoe size. Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths, typically limited by half-point of the shoe size system.", "Shoe size. Please note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above.", "Shoe size. The last is typically 2 to 2.5 Paris points or 4⁄3 to 5⁄3 cm (13.3 to 16.7 mm) longer than the foot, so to determine the size based on actual foot length from heel to toe, one must add 2 points:", "Shoe size. where \n\n\n\n\nL\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {L}}\n\n is foot length in mm.", "Shoe size. Children's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13, after which the adult range starts at 1. Alternatively, a scale running from K4 to K13 and then 1 to 7 is in use.[3] K4 to K9 are toddler sizes, K10 to 3 are pre-school and 1 to 7 are grade school sizes.", "Shoe size. The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA, AA, A, B, C, D, E, EE, or EEE. The widths are 3/16 in apart and differ by shoe length.[4]", "Shoe size. The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero, so equivalent sizes are one greater.", "Shoe size. Unofficial adult shoe sizes comparison", "Shoe size. A child's size zero is equivalent to 4 inches (a hand = 12 barleycorns = 10.16 cm), and the sizes go up to size ​13 1⁄2 (measuring ​25 1⁄2 barleycorns, or 8 1⁄2 inches (21.59 cm)). Thus, the calculation for a children's shoe size in the UK is:", "Shoe size. Standard metric foot sizes can be converted to the nearest Paris point (​2⁄3 cm) sizes using approximate conversion tables; shoes can be marked with both foot length in mm, as for Pointe ballet shoe sizes, and/or last length in European Paris point sizes (although such converted 'Stichmass' sizes typically come ½ to 1 size smaller than comparable European-made adult footwear, and up to 1½ size smaller for children's footwear, according to ISO 19407 shoe size definitions). Optional foot width designations includes narrow, normal (medium or regular), and wide grades.", "Shoe size. A shoe-size system can refer to three characteristic lengths:", "Shoe size. The length of a foot is commonly defined as (a) the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and (b) in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed between both feet.", "Shoe size. There is also the \"common\" scale, where women's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 1.5.", "Shoe size. An adult size one is then the next size up (26 barleycorns, or 8 2⁄3 in (22.01 cm)) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns.[2] The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus:", "Shoe size. The length is followed by designators for girth (A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G), which are specified in an indexed table as foot circumference in millimeters for each given foot length; foot width is also included as supplemental information. There are different tables for men's, women's, and children's (less than 12 years of age) shoes. Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries. For example, the largest girth for women in Taiwan is EEEE, whereas in Japan, it is F.", "Shoe size. The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems:" ]

[ -2.521484375, -2.865234375, -2.859375, -4.43359375, -3.328125, -4.1171875, -4.56640625, -2.9375, -4.21875, -4.58984375, -4.96875, -5.1328125, -5.0390625, -5.84375, -5.546875, -4.8046875, -5.96484375, -6.55859375, -4.8203125, -5.3046875, -4.31640625, -5.70703125, -6.08984375, -4.78515625, -5.3671875, -4.48046875, -6.13671875, -6.65234375, -4.53515625, -4.82421875, -3.755859375, -6.29296875 ]

[ "United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment (1791) was included in the Bill of Rights to further define the balance of power between the federal government and the states. The amendment states that the federal government has only those powers specifically granted by the Constitution. These powers include the power to declare war, to collect taxes, to regulate interstate business activities and others that are listed in the articles or in subsequent constitutional amendments. Any power not listed is, says the Tenth Amendment, left to the states or the people. While there is no specific list of what these \"reserved powers\" may be, the Supreme Court has ruled that laws affecting family relations, commerce within a state's own borders, and local law enforcement activities, are among those specifically reserved to the states or the people.[75]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment, which makes explicit the idea that the federal government is limited to only the powers granted in the Constitution, has been declared to be a truism by the Supreme Court. In United States v. Sprague (1931) the Supreme Court asserted that the amendment \"added nothing to the [Constitution] as originally ratified.\"[15]", "State government. Under the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, all governmental powers not granted to the Federal government of the United States nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.", "United States Bill of Rights. The Tenth Amendment reinforces the principles of separation of powers and federalism by providing that powers not granted to the federal government by the Constitution, nor prohibited to the states, are reserved to the states or the people. The amendment provides no new powers or rights to the states, but rather preserves their authority in all matters not specifically granted to the federal government.[116]", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. and the belief that the exercise of a power not granted to Congress, is a violation of the Tenth Amendment, which states that powers not granted to the Federal government are retained by either the states or by the people", "Limited government. The Tenth Amendment states “The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.”[7] This limits the authority of the United States government to those powers listed in the Constitution and concedes the premise that individual States retain the powers not granted to the national government but that are also not barred to the States by the Constitution. Also, it grants that the people themselves retain power under this system of government as well. These are key points of the concept of limited government established by the Constitution in the United States because they overtly state the power of the federal government is not unlimited.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, which is part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791.[1] It expresses the principle of federalism and states' rights, which strictly supports the entire plan of the original Constitution for the United States of America, by stating that the federal government possesses only those powers delegated to it by the United States Constitution. All remaining powers are reserved for the states or the people.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.[5]", "Limited government. The Ninth and Tenth Amendments to the Constitution are examples of how the government acknowledges it doesn't have complete dominion over every facet of the people's lives, and that the federal government is not the only entity with governmental power in the United States. The Ninth Amendment reads “The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others held by the people.”[6] This shows the federal government doesn’t have the ability to infringe upon the rights of the people in any circumstance, even if the rights aren’t explicitly protected by the Constitution.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The states decided to ratify the Tenth Amendment, and thus declined to signal that there are unenumerated powers in addition to unenumerated rights.[11][12] The amendment rendered unambiguous what had previously been at most a mere suggestion or implication.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The amendment states but a truism that all is retained which has not been surrendered. There is nothing in the history of its adoption to suggest that it was more than declaratory of the relationship between the national and state governments as it had been established by the Constitution before the amendment or that its purpose was other than to allay fears that the new national government might seek to exercise powers not granted, and that the states might not be able to exercise fully their reserved powers.", "Laboratories of democracy. The Tenth Amendment of the United States Constitution provides that \"all powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" This is a basis for the \"laboratories of democracy\" concept, because the Tenth Amendment assigns most day-to-day governance responsibilities, including general \"police power\", to the state and local governments. Because there are 50 semi-autonomous states, different policies can be enacted and tested at the state level without directly affecting the entire country. As a result, a diverse patchwork of state-level government practices is created. If any one or more of those policies are successful, they can be expanded to the national level by acts of Congress. For example, Massachusetts established a health care reform law in 2006 that became the model for the subsequent Affordable Care Act at the national level in 2010, or the various concealed carry state reciprocity agreements that motivated the subsequent federal Concealed Carry Reciprocity Act of 2017.", "State constitution (United States). The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, part of the Bill of Rights, provides that \"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.\" The Guarantee Clause of Article 4 of the Constitution states that \"The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government.\" These two provisions indicate states did not surrender their wide latitude to adopt a constitution, the fundamental documents of state law, when the U.S. Constitution was adopted.", "U.S. state. States' rights are understood mainly with reference to the Tenth Amendment. The Constitution delegates some powers to the national government, and it forbids some powers to the states. The Tenth Amendment reserves all other powers to the states, or to the people. Powers of the U.S Congress are enumerated in Article I, Section 8, for example, the power to declare war. Making treaties is a power forbidden to the states, listed among other such powers in Article I, Section 10.", "Talk:Federal Reserve System/Archive 3. ref is http://www.usconstitution.net/const.html Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People. Ratified 12/15/1791. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The federal system limits the ability of the federal government to use state governments as an instrument of the national government, as held in Printz v. United States.[19] However, where Congress or the Executive has the power to implement programs, or otherwise regulate, there are, arguably, certain incentives in the national government encouraging States to become the instruments of such national policy, rather than to implement the program directly. One incentive is that state implementation of national programs places implementation in the hands of local officials who are closer to local circumstances. Another incentive is that implementation of federal programs at the state level would in principle limit the growth of the national bureaucracy.[citation needed]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Tenth Amendment is similar to an earlier provision of the Articles of Confederation: \"Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly delegated to the United States, in Congress assembled.\"[6] After the Constitution was ratified, South Carolina Representative Thomas Tudor Tucker and Massachusetts Representative Elbridge Gerry separately proposed similar amendments limiting the federal government to powers \"expressly\" delegated, which would have denied implied powers.[7] James Madison opposed the amendments, stating that \"it was impossible to confine a Government to the exercise of express powers; there must necessarily be admitted powers by implication, unless the Constitution descended to recount every minutia.\"[7] When a vote on this version of the amendment with \"expressly delegated\" was defeated, Connecticut Representative Roger Sherman drafted the Tenth Amendment in its ratified form, omitting \"expressly.\"[8] Sherman's language allowed for an expansive reading of the powers implied by the Necessary and Proper Clause.[8][9]", "Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Ninth Amendment has generally been regarded by the courts as negating any expansion of governmental power on account of the enumeration of rights in the Constitution, but the Amendment has not been regarded as further limiting governmental power. The U.S. Supreme Court explained this, in U.S. Public Workers v. Mitchell 330 U.S. 75 (1947): \"If granted power is found, necessarily the objection of invasion of those rights, reserved by the Ninth and Tenth Amendments, must fail.\"", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Supreme Court rarely declares laws unconstitutional for violating the Tenth Amendment. In the modern era, the Court has only done so where the federal government compels the states to enforce federal statutes. In 1992, in New York v. United States,[17] for only the second time in 55 years, the Supreme Court invalidated a portion of a federal law for violating the Tenth Amendment. The case challenged a portion of the Low-Level Radioactive Waste Policy Amendments Act of 1985. The act provided three incentives for states to comply with statutory obligations to provide for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste. The first two incentives were monetary. The third, which was challenged in the case, obliged states to take title to any waste within their borders that was not disposed of prior to January 1, 1996, and made each state liable for all damages directly related to the waste. The Court, in a 6–3 decision, ruled that the imposition of that obligation on the states violated the Tenth Amendment. Justice Sandra Day O'Connor wrote that the federal government can encourage the states to adopt certain regulations through the spending power (e.g. by attaching conditions to the receipt of federal funds, see South Dakota v. Dole,[18] or through the commerce power (by directly pre-empting state law). However, Congress cannot directly compel states to enforce federal regulations.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. I find, from looking into the amendments proposed by the State conventions, that several are particularly anxious that it should be declared in the Constitution, that the powers not therein delegated should be reserved to the several States. Perhaps words which may define this more precisely than the whole of the instrument now does, may be considered as superfluous. I admit they may be deemed unnecessary: but there can be no harm in making such a declaration, if gentlemen will allow that the fact is as stated. I am sure I understand it so, and do therefore propose it.[10]", "Federal government of the United States. The state governments tend to have the greatest influence over most Americans' daily lives. The Tenth Amendment prohibits the federal government from exercising any power not delegated to it by the States in the Constitution; as a result, states handle the majority of issues most relevant to individuals within their jurisdiction. Because state governments are not authorized to print currency, they generally have to raise revenue through either taxes or bonds. As a result, state governments tend to impose severe budget cuts or raise taxes any time the economy is faltering.[23]", "Commerce Clause. During the Rehnquist court and to present, the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has played an integral part in the Court's view of the Commerce Clause. The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has only the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution while other powers are reserved to the states, or to the people. The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress, and therefore its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life. The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly interpreted clause in the Constitution, making way for many laws which, some argue, contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution. Justice Clarence Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to Gonzales,", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In United States v. Lopez,[25] a federal law mandating a \"gun-free zone\" on and around public school campuses was struck down because, the Supreme Court ruled, there was no clause in the Constitution authorizing it. This was the first modern Supreme Court opinion to limit the government's power under the Commerce Clause. The opinion did not mention the Tenth Amendment, and the Court's 1985 Garcia opinion remains the controlling authority on that subject.", "Federation. Federal government is the government at the level of the sovereign state. Usual responsibilities of this level of government are maintaining national security and exercising international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, a modern federal government, within the limits defined by its constitution, has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike local governments. As originally written, the United States Constitution was created to limit the federal government from exerting power over the states by enumerating only specific powers. It was further limited by the addition of the Tenth Amendment contained in the Bill of Rights and the Eleventh Amendment. However, later amendments, particularly the Fourteenth Amendment, gave the federal government considerable authority over states.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. States and local governments have occasionally attempted to assert exemption from various federal regulations, especially in the areas of labor and environmental controls, using the Tenth Amendment as a basis for their claim. An often-repeated quote, from United States v. Darby Lumber Co.,[16] reads as follows:", "Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It has been said, by way of objection to a bill of rights....that in the Federal Government they are unnecessary, because the powers are enumerated, and it follows, that all that are not granted by the constitution are retained; that the constitution is a bill of powers, the great residuum being the rights of the people; and, therefore, a bill of rights cannot be so necessary as if the residuum was thrown into the hands of the Government. I admit that these arguments are not entirely without foundation, but they are not as conclusive to the extent it has been proposed. It is true the powers of the general government are circumscribed; they are directed to particular objects; but even if government keeps within those limits, it has certain discretionary powers with respect to the means, which may admit of abuse.[6]", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. In drafting this amendment, its framers had two purposes in mind: first, as a necessary rule of construction; and second, as a reaffirmation of the nature of federalism.[3][4]", "McCulloch v. Maryland. Though Marshall rejected the 10th amendment's provision of states rights arguing that it did not include the word \"expressly\" unlike the Articles of Confederation, which was replaced by the Constitution,[7] controversy over the authority of the amendment being violated by the decision has existed. Compact theory also argues that the federal government is a creation of the states where the states maintain superiority. Unlike Marshall, his successor, Roger B. Taney, established Dual federalism, where separate but equal branches of government were believed to be a better option.[8]", "Reserved powers. In comparative federalism and comparative constitutionalism, reserved powers or residual powers are those powers which are not \"enumerated\" (written down, assigned). In various federal and decentralized political systems, certain subjects are assigned to either the central (or federal) government or the regional (or state or provincial) government; however it is not possible to list all possible subjects that might be legislated on for all time. Therefore, the framers of major constitutional documents tend to assign all other subjects that may arise after the document is enacted to one of the two orders of government. This is considered a major power in its own right.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. For this reason, Congress often seeks to exercise its powers by offering or encouraging States to implement national programs consistent with national minimum standards; a system known as cooperative federalism. One example of the exercise of this device was to condition allocation of federal funding where certain state laws do not conform to federal guidelines. For example, federal educational funds may not be accepted without implementation of special education programs in compliance with IDEA. Similarly, the nationwide state 55 mph (90 km/h) speed limit, .08 legal blood alcohol limit, and the nationwide state 21-year drinking age[18] were imposed through this method; the states would lose highway funding if they refused to pass such laws (though the national speed limit has since been repealed).", "Federalism. Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states.[21] The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.", "Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The full text of the amendment reads as follows:" ]

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[ "Rolling in the Deep. \"Rolling in the Deep\" is a song recorded by British singer Adele for her second studio album, 21. It is the lead single and opening track on the album. The song was written by Adele and Paul Epworth. The singer herself describes it as a \"dark blues-y gospel disco tune\".[1] The largest crossover hit in the United States from the past 25 years, \"Rolling in the Deep\" gained radio airplay from many different radio formats.[2] It was first released on 29 November 2010 as the lead single from 21 in digital download format. The lyrics describe the emotions of a scorned lover.", "Rolling in the Deep. In the UK, \"Rolling in the Deep\" debuted at number 2 (her second number 2 debut, after \"Chasing Pavements\"), behind Bruno Mars's \"Grenade\". The song spent the first ten weeks of its chart run in the top ten.", "Rolling in the Deep. The song was reportedly inspired by a Nashville-schooled US tour bus driver,[17] and composed by Epworth and Adele in a single afternoon following Adele's breakup with her boyfriend.[18] It was \"her reaction to, 'being told that my life was going to be boring and lonely and rubbish, and that I was a weak person if I didn't stay in the relationship. I was very insulted, and wrote that as a sort of \"fuck you\".'\"[19]", "Rolling in the Deep. \"Rolling in the Deep\" is the fourth song to top the Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles chart and to win both Grammy Award for Record of the Year and Song of the Year in the same year, after \"Bridge over Troubled Water\" by Simon & Garfunkel in 1970/1971, \"The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face\" by Roberta Flack in 1972/1973, and \"Bette Davis Eyes\" by Kim Carnes in 1981/1982.", "Rolling in the Deep. As of 26 July 2011, \"Rolling in the Deep\" was the third-best-selling digital single across Europe with 1.26 million copies sold.[35] As of 5 November 2011 issue of Billboard, it had been number one on the Adult Contemporary chart for 19 consecutive weeks. \"Rolling in the Deep\" became Adele's label XL Recordings' best-selling single, overtaking M.I.A.'s \"Paper Planes\" released in 2008 which until 2011 held the record.[36] The song became also the longest-charting release in Finland, peaking at number one and charting for 50 weeks.[37][38]", "Rolling in the Deep. The writers of Rolling Stone placed \"Rolling in the Deep\" at number one on their list of \"50 Best Singles of 2011\".[23] Claire Suddath of Time magazine named \"Rolling in the Deep\" one of the Top 10 Songs of 2011.[24] \"Rolling in the Deep\" won in the category for Best Track at the 2011 Q Awards.[25] MTV chose the song as their \"Song of the Year\".[26] Amy Lee of the American rock band Evanescence chose the song as her \"Song of the Year\" while voting Adele as the artist of the year.[27] \"Rolling in the Deep\" received the Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video at the 54th annual ceremony. The Village Voice's Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked \"Rolling in the Deep\" as the top single of 2011 to find the best music of that year.", "Rolling in the Deep. The song became popular and has been covered by various artists including David Cook, Ariana Grande,[190] Haley Reinhart, Nicole Scherzinger,[191][192][193] The Overtones[194] and rapper Lil Wayne.[195] In January 2011, Jamie xx remixed the song, on top of which Childish Gambino later added a rap verse.[196] In February 2011, Mike Posner released a cover of the song. Idolator described his version as \"a very cool electronic piece that still somehow manages to retain the heartbroken feel of Adele's original tune.\"[197] The same month, Scottish band Kassidy also covered the song.[196] John Legend uploaded an R&B a cappella version of the song in April 2011 on SoundCloud.[198] \"Rolling in the Deep\" was then covered by Lea Michele and Jonathan Groff of Glee for the second season episode \"Prom Queen\". The single charted at number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at 49 on the UK Singles Chart and was later released on the album Glee: The Music, Volume 6. At the 2011 iTunes Festival, Linkin Park performed an acoustic version of the song as part of their set, with Chester Bennington as the lead vocalist and Mike Shinoda on the piano. This recording was released to the iTunes Store as a single, debuting at number 42 on the UK Singles Chart.[189] Black Stone Cherry have covered the song live on several occasions, and it was covered by Celine Dion on her Las Vegas Show.", "Rolling in the Deep. \"Rolling in the Deep\" first gained attention when it was used in a trailer for the film I Am Number Four and in the film itself.[46] It has since been featured in several television series such as in 90210's third season,[47] in Doctor Who's sixth series premiere,[48] in One Tree Hill's eighth season,[49] in Gossip Girl's fourth-season finale,[50] The Secret Life of the American Teenager's fourth season.[51] and in the Scandal's Pilot promo. \"Rolling in the Deep\" was used as the theme song for E4's reality series Made in Chelsea[52] and appeared in So You Think You Can Dance's eighth season during contestant Mitchell Kelly's solo performance.[46] In Renny Harlin's 2016 film Skiptrace, a drunk Jackie Chan sang \"Rolling in the Deep\" at the tune of local instruments in a Mongolian village only to be taken by surprise by how the song was already popular among the non-English speaking locals, when they started to sing with him.[53]", "Rolling in the Deep. The Sun called the song \"an epic, foot-stomper of a pop anthem with thumping piano and a vocal you would expect from a veteran of 20 years on the road.\"[20] Lamb gave it a score of 5 out of 5, saying: \"'Rolling In the Deep' [...] wastes no time in presenting the stunning bluesy authority of her voice....Here is a voice that can raise chills up the spine, and, when she is in a mood like this, the sense of foreboding will rivet your attention.\"[13] Jason Lipshutz of Billboard magazine complimented the song's \"sweeping chorus\" and felt that the song \"places a similar emphasis on its refrain but its multilayered instrumentation gives the English singer's wail a previously unheard depth\".[21] Lipshutz said, \"Adele's noticeable leap in vocal confidence highlights the track. She gracefully lingers on the last line of the verses and attacks the sorrowful chorus' first words, 'We could have had it all,' head on.\"[21] Rolling Stone magazine's Barry Walters stated, \"'Rolling in the Deep' finds the 22-year-old in bluesy gospel mode, sounding powerful but not particularly pop. Starting with a stroked acoustic guitar, this breakup-mourning track builds to a stomping, hand-clapping climax that affirms the British knack for rejiggering the sound of American roots music.\"[22]", "Rolling in the Deep. \"Rolling in the Deep\" was acclaimed by music critics and represented a commercial breakthrough for Adele, propelling her to international success. The song reached number one in 11 countries and the top five in many more regions. It was Adele's first number-one song in the United States, reaching the top spot on many Billboard charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 where it was number one for seven weeks. By February 2012, \"Rolling in the Deep\" had sold over 7.6 million copies in the United States, making it the highest-selling digital song by a female artist in the US,[3] the second-best-selling digital song in the US and Adele's best-selling single outside her native country, topping her previous best-selling \"Chasing Pavements\". Worldwide, it was the fifth-best-selling digital single of 2011 with sales of 8.2 million copies,[4] later going on to sell over 15 million copies.[5][6][7] The song spent 65 weeks on the chart, making the song at that time the fourth-most weeks spent on the chart, tying the place with Jewel with her double single \"Foolish Games\"/\"You Were Meant for Me\".", "Rolling in the Deep. In early 2016, US businessman and media personality Donald Trump began using \"Rolling in the Deep\" as warm-up music at rallies during his campaign to become that year's Republican Party candidate for President of the United States, prompting Adele to issue a statement distancing herself from Trump. A spokesperson for the singer confirmed that \"Adele has not given permission for her music to be used for any political campaigning.\"[58] The song is one of two by Adele that Trump used as part of his campaign, the other being \"Skyfall\".[59] Trump continued to use the songs despite Adele's objections.[60] Commentators, including David Lister of The Independent, have noted that United States Copyright law does not prevent politicians from using pieces of music at their rallies, providing the venue has a public performance licence.[61]", "Rolling in the Deep. \"Rolling in the Deep\" was covered by American rock band Linkin Park and was included in their live EP, iTunes Festival. It has entered the UK Rock Singles Charts at number 1, and UK Singles chart at number 42 although it has not been released as a single. The song was covered twice by the band, one was a LPU meeting and one was in The Roundhouse during the ITunes Festival. The song was well received by the UK. \"Rolling in the Deep\" was sent to alternative radio stations as a promotional single on 8 July 2011.", "Rolling in the Deep. Upon its American release, \"Rolling in the Deep\" became Adele's second single to chart in the country. The song debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 at number 68 on 25 December 2010. Later on, it became her first ever single to top a Billboard chart when it reached number one on the Hot Adult Top 40 Tracks chart in March 2011,[28] and became her first number one hit in the country when it topped the Billboard Hot 100 in May 2011.[29] As a result, Adele became the first British singer to have topped both the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200 charts in the same week since Leona Lewis did the same back in 2008.[30] In its 24th charting week, \"Rolling in the Deep\" stayed at number one, making it the latest single at the top since Lady Gaga's \"Just Dance\" spent its third and final week at number one in its 24th charting week as well.[31] It stayed on top of the chart for seven straight weeks, the second longest run in 2011 behind Rihanna's \"We Found Love\", which spent eight weeks on top in 2011, and two weeks in 2012. It has been certified 8× platinum, and as of October 2015, \"Rolling in the Deep\" has sold 8.4 million digital copies in the United States, becoming the second-best-selling digital song overall and the best-selling digital song by a female artist.[32] It was the second song to have crossed 8 million digital copies sold in the country.[33] In France, despite not having been certified, the single has sold 348,900 copies and became one of the best-selling singles in France.[34]", "Rolling in the Deep. In an interview Adele expressed her initial reservations prior to meeting Paul Epworth due to their divergent musical styles, but characterised their collaboration as \"a match made in heaven.\"[12] She also credited Epworth for her increased vocal confidence, stating, \"He brought a lot out of me. He brought my voice out as well—there's notes that I hit in that song (\"Rolling in the Deep\") that I never even knew I could hit.\"[12] According to reviewer Bill Lamb, \"Rolling in the Deep\" features \"martial beats, pounding piano keys and chanting backing singers\".[13] Adele's vocals have been described as having a \"hint of Wanda Jackson's dirty-blues growl\".[14] According to Nadine Cheung from AOL Radio Blog the song is \"sung from the perspective of a scorned lover, who is finally able to see the light, but despite regretful sentiments, reconciliation is not an option here.\"[15] \"Rolling in the Deep\" is written in the key of C minor (B minor for live performances), in common time with a tempo of 105 beats per minute. The accompaniment uses open fifths, in a progression of C5–G5–B♭5–G5–B♭5. Adele's voice spans from B♭3 to D5,[16] the highest note sung using the head voice.", "Rolling in the Deep. The music video for \"Rolling in the Deep,\" directed by Sam Brown, premiered on Channel 4 on 3 December 2010.[40][41] The video begins in an abandoned house, where Adele is sitting in a chair singing. During the video, the scenes show hundreds of glasses filled with water that vibrate to the beat of a drum. Jennifer White, who also choreographed the sequence, dances in a room kicking up white flour.[42] The drummer plays his drums under the stairs, and china is thrown breaking on a piece of suspended plywood at the bottom of a staircase. There is a white model of a city which is set on fire by five bursting light bulbs at the end of the song.", "Rolling in the Deep. Adele performed the song several times. On 25 November 2010, the singer appeared on Dutch presenter Paul de Leeuw's Madiwodovrij Show to perform the song for the first time. She also performed it on The Ellen DeGeneres Show in the United States on 3 December 2010.[44] The song was also performed in front of the Royal Family at the Royal Variety Performance, on 9 December 2010; the performance was broadcast 16 December 2010. On Alan Carr: Chatty Man in the United Kingdom on 17 January 2011. On 21 January 2011, Adele performed \"Rolling in the Deep\" in the finale of The Voice of Holland where she also performed \"Make You Feel My Love\" with finalist Kim de Boer. On 26 January 2011, she performed the song in the French television show Le Grand Journal. The song has also been featured in a television spot for the 2011 film I Am Number Four, in which it is also featured.[45] As part of a promotional tour in North America for the album, Adele performed the song on Late Show with David Letterman on 21 February 2011, on Jimmy Kimmel Live! on 24 February 2011, on 1 March 2011 on MTV Live, and Dancing with the Stars on 10 May 2011.", "Rolling in the Deep. On 14 July 2011, Patti Smith covered \"Rolling in the Deep\" during a performance at the Castle Clinton.[199] In July 2011, PS22 Chorus sang the song at the Newport Folk Festival.[196] Quentin Elias released a cover of the song as a single on 6 September 2011. It also appears on his EP I Can Do Bad All By Myself released simultaneously.[200] Pop-Punk band, Go Radio covered the song for the compilation CD Punk Goes Pop 4, released by Fearless Records. The Collective performed the song on the third season of The Sing-Off. A version as also done by The Piano Guys that was uploaded to YouTube on 7 September 2011.[201] October 2011, Misha B performed a 'show-stopping'[202] cover of the track on the eighth season of The X Factor regarded by the Daily Telegraph as one of the highlights of the series.[203] The Telegraph noted that Misha B delivered \"impressive soulful vocals and a quirky rapping style\" injecting it with a \"fresh UK urban twist\".[204] Mexican sibling trio Vazquez Sounds released a cover version which quickly became popular on YouTube. It was later released as a single in Mexico and was certified platinum by AMPROFON.[205] Popular child singer and Britain's Got Talent 2007 finalist Connie Talbot has also covered the song on her YouTube channel on YouTube and received over 20 million hits. Because Connie's version was recorded with a camera, it was later re-mixed on YouTube in order for the music to be heard better. On 12 June 2012, Celine Dion covered the song at her Vegas show at The Colosseum at Caesars Palace, before she performed the song, she told the crowd, \"I love Adele so much. She's amazing.\"[206] A cover by metalcore band Amyst was played to Adele by Jonathan Ross on his TV show in September 2011, to a poor reception from Adele, who along with Ross dismissed it as \"screamo\".[207] The Spanish Band Auryn covered the song in their album Endless Road, 7058 released on 18 October 2011.[208]", "Rolling in the Deep. In 2014, Aretha Franklin covered the song on her Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics album.[213] It was released 29 September 2014 as the collection's lead single. This version peaked at number one on the US dance chart, giving Aretha Franklin her sixth number one on the chart. It also debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Franklin thus becomes the first female, and fourth artist overall (following Lil Wayne, Jay Z and James Brown), to place 100 songs on the charts (with her first entry on the chart being \"Today I Sing the Blues\" in 1960).[214]", "Rolling in the Deep. Credits adapted from 21 liner notes:[66]", "Rolling in the Deep. Gille, a mysterious Japanese singer who became an online sensation for her English covers of Japanese pop songs, uploaded a cover of \"Rolling in the Deep\" to her YouTube channel on 31 January 2012.[209] This version was later released in Japan as part of her debut album on 18 July 2012.[210]", "Rolling in the Deep. In 2013, Straight No Chaser covered the song on their Under the Influence album.[211]", "Rolling in the Deep. In July, the video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards nominations, making it the most nominated music video of the year.[8] The video won three awards: Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction.[9] \"Rolling in the Deep\" was also the Billboard Year End Hot 100 Number One Single of 2011. On 12 February 2012, \"Rolling in the Deep\" received three Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, and Best Short Form Music Video.[10][11] Critics and music publications ranked the song highly on their end-of-year lists.", "Rolling in the Deep. On 2 April 2016, Kevin Simm performed the song in the semi-final stage of The Voice UK.[212]", "Aretha Franklin. On September 29, 2014, Franklin performed to a standing ovation, with Cissy Houston as backup, a compilation of Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\" and \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\" on the Late Show with David Letterman.[31] Franklin's cover of \"Rolling in the Deep\" would be featured among nine other songs in her first RCA release, Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics, released on October 21, 2014.", "Rolling in the Deep. In 2013, as a celebration of the chart's 55th Anniversary, Billboard counted down the 100 biggest Hot 100 hits ever, the song was ranked at #31.[39] As of 2015, it stands on the said chart at #32.", "Rolling in the Deep. The instrumental of the song was used in Apple Inc's marketing video for the iPhone 4S.[54] It was also featured in CBC's intro to Game 1 of the hockey 2011 Stanley Cup Finals between the Vancouver Canucks and the Boston Bruins.[55] while the song's instrumentals were played heavily in promos during the 2011 NBA Draft.[46][56] The song was played in the background during the parade of athletes at the 2012 Summer Olympics.[57]", "Rolling in the Deep. The Piano Guys adapted the melody for piano and cello, overlaying it with the orchestral suite \"Jupiter\" by Gustav Holst.[62]", "Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics. The first single released from the album is a cover of singer Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\", subtitled as \"The Aretha Version\", which also includes an interpolation of the Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell hit, \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\".[10] The single debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Aretha Franklin thus becomes the first female, and fourth artist overall (following Lil Wayne, Jay Z and James Brown), to place 100 songs on the chart (with her first entry on the chart being \"Today I Sing the Blues\" in 1960).[11]", "Prom Queen (Glee). \"Rolling in the Deep\" as sung by Rachel and Jesse received considerable praise, though Berk gave it a single star because it was an Adele song, and Entertainment Weekly's Sandra Gonzalez would have given it an \"A\" if she had \"never heard the Adele version\", but as she had, gave it a \"B−\" instead.[33][34] Among the many favorable comments, John Kubicek of BuddyTV called it \"one of the best vocal performances this show has ever seen\".[35] Benigno complimented Groff and Michele's \"fantastic voices\", gave the song an \"A\" and wrote simply, \"they crush it\".[32] Rolling Stone's Erica Futterman called the performance a \"passion-filled winner\", though she detected \"some oversinging\".[14]", "Carson Robison. Although he played country music for most of his career, he is also remembered for writing the lyrics for \"Barnacle Bill the Sailor\" with music composed by Frank Luther. Also, in 1956, he recorded the novelty rock & roll song \"Rockin' and Rollin' With Grandmaw.\"[1]", "Rolling in the Deep. On 20 July 2011, the music video was nominated for seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year, Best Female Video, Best Pop Video and Best Direction, and won three for Best Editing, Best Cinematography and Best Art Direction.[9] The video won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video on 12 February 2012. As of May 2017, the music video has received over 1.1 billion views on YouTube.[43]", "Aretha Franklin. In October 2014 Franklin became the first woman to have 100 songs on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart with the success of her cover of Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\", which debuted at number 47 on the chart.[32]" ]

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[ "You'll Never Walk Alone. The song is also sung at association football clubs around the world, where it is performed by a massed chorus of supporters on matchday; this tradition began at Liverpool F.C. in the early 1960s.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. During the 2014 Hong Kong protests, legislator Tam Yiu Chung quoted the song during a Legislative Council of Hong Kong meeting, to salute the Hong Kong Police,[26] who had received widespread criticism for using excessive force against pro-democracy protesters. More than 2,000 Liverpool Football Club fans in Hong Kong condemned his inappropriate use of the song, comparing his support of the police action to the police actions in the 1989 Hillsborough disaster, where South Yorkshire Police were found to have distorted facts relating to the unlawful killing by negligence of 96 Liverpool supporters.[27][28][29]", "Roy Hamilton. Hamilton's \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" disc was brought in from the US by a sailor friend of Gerry and the Pacemakers leader Gerry Marsden.[41] As a result, the band recorded a UK version of the song which became the anthem for Liverpool Football Club, sung by the crowd before every home game. The sailor friend noted that Marsden \"puts very similar inflections into the song, trying to get it very similar to Roy Hamilton’s version.\"[42]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. The song was adopted by Scottish team Celtic after a 1966 Cup Winners Cup semi-final against Liverpool at Anfield.[13][16] It is now sung by Celtic fans prior to every home European tie.[13][16][19] The song has also been adopted by Dutch teams Feyenoord, FC Twente and SC Cambuur,[20] Germany's Borussia Dortmund, FSV Mainz 05, 1. FC Kaiserslautern, SV Darmstadt 98, Eintracht Braunschweig, Borussia Mönchengladbach, VfL Osnabrück, Alemannia Aachen, FC St Pauli, TSV 1860 Munich,[21] Belgium's Club Brugge, Japan's F.C. Tokyo,[22] Spain's CD Lugo.[23] and the Marist St. Pats MSP 80/80 Blues. In Ice Hockey, the song has been adopted by German Deutsche Eishockey Liga side Krefeld Pinguine and Croatian Medveščak Zagreb.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. In the UK, the song's most successful cover was released in 1963 by the Liverpudlian Merseybeat group Gerry and the Pacemakers, peaking at number one on the UK singles chart for four consecutive weeks. Sung by Liverpool fans in 1963, the song quickly became the anthem of Liverpool F.C. and is invariably sung by its supporters moments before the start of each home game with the Gerry and the Pacemakers version played over the PA system.[11][12][13]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" is a show tune from the 1945 Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel. In the second act of the musical, Nettie Fowler, the cousin of the female protagonist Julie Jordan, sings \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" to comfort and encourage Julie when her husband, Billy Bigelow, the male lead, commits suicide after a failed robbery attempt. It is reprised in the final scene to encourage a graduation class of which Louise (Billy and Julie's daughter) is a member. The now invisible Billy, who has been granted the chance to return to Earth for one day in order to redeem himself, watches the ceremony and is able to silently motivate the unhappy Louise to join in the song.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. Marsden told BBC Radio how, in the 1960s, the disc jockey at Anfield would play the top-ten commercial records in descending order, with the number one single played last, shortly before kickoff. Liverpool fans on the Kop would sing along, but unlike with other hit singles, once \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top-ten, instead of disregarding the song, supporters continued to sing it.[17][18]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. In 1990 at the Nelson Mandela: An International Tribute for a Free South Africa concert at Wembley Stadium London, the audience spontaneously broke out into a mass rendition. Mandela turned to Adelaide Tambo who accompanied him onto the stage and asked what the song was. She replied, \"A football song\".", "You'll Never Walk Alone. According to former player Tommy Smith, lead vocalist Gerry Marsden presented Liverpool manager Bill Shankly with a recording of his forthcoming cover single during a pre-season coach trip in the summer of 1963. \"Shanks was in awe of what he heard. ... Football writers from the local newspapers were travelling with our party and, thirsty for a story of any kind between games, filed copy back to their editors to the effect that we had adopted Gerry Marsden's forthcoming single as the club song.\"[14] The squad was subsequently invited to perform the track with the band on The Ed Sullivan Show[13] and Shankly later picked the song as his eighth and final selection for the BBC's Desert Island Discs on the eve of the 1965 FA Cup Final.[15] As Liverpool fans sang \"You’ll Never Walk Alone\" at Wembley during the 1965 FA Cup Final win over Leeds, commentator Kenneth Wolstenholme referred to the song as “Liverpool’s signature tune”.[16]", "Liverpool F.C.. The song \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", originally from the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel and later recorded by Liverpool musicians Gerry & The Pacemakers, is the club's anthem and has been sung by the Anfield crowd since the early 1960s. It has since gained popularity among fans of other clubs around the world.[75] The song's title adorns the top of the Shankly Gates, which were unveiled on 2 August 1982 in memory of former manager Bill Shankly. The \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" portion of the Shankly Gates is also reproduced on the club's crest.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. Some years later, after witnessing a rendition of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to his country's wordless national anthem, the Marcha Real, ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games.[24][25]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. It has been the song of the Madison Scouts Drum and Bugle Corps song since 1954, where they first performed it as a part of their first field show in 1954. Challenged by the Rosemont Cavaliers singing \"Over the Rainbow\" in 1957, the corps responded with \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", and it has been the official corps song ever since.", "11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. In a December 2, 2016 video, Ken Casey discussed the reasons behind the band covering \"You'll Never Walk Alone\". \"As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in (the Boston) area. I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al's lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad, but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone. I hope you like our version\"[citation needed] Casey said.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. A special recording of the song was made in solidarity with Bradford City following the Valley Parade fire in 1985, when 56 spectators died and many more were seriously injured. The song was performed by The Crowd, which was a supergroup featuring Gerry Marsden, Paul McCartney and others, and spent two weeks at number-one in the UK.", "Bradford City stadium fire. For the 30th anniversary of the fire a new version of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" was recorded at Voltage Studios in Bradford. On the recording are Dene Michael (Black Lace), The Chuckle Brothers, Clive Jackson of Dr & The Medics, Owen Paul, Billy Pearce, Billy Shears, Flint Bedrock, Danny Tetley and Rick Wild of The Overlanders. It was the brainchild of Bradford City fan Lloyd Spencer with all profits going to the Bradford Royal Infirmary Burns Unit.[26]", "Carousel (musical). Irving Berlin later stated that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had the same sort of effect on him as the 23rd Psalm.[97] When singer Mel Tormé told Rodgers that \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" had made him cry, Rodgers nodded impatiently. \"You're supposed to.\"[98] The frequently recorded song has become a widely accepted hymn.[99][100] The cast recording of Carousel proved popular in Liverpool, like many Broadway albums, and in 1963, the Brian Epstein-managed band, Gerry and the Pacemakers had a number-one hit with the song. At the time, the top ten hits were played before Liverpool F.C. home matches; even after \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" dropped out of the top ten, fans continued to sing it, and it has become closely associated with the soccer team and the city of Liverpool.[101] A BBC program, Soul Music, ranked it alongside \"Silent Night\" and \"Abide With Me\" in terms of its emotional impact and iconic status.[99]", "Music at sporting events. Liverpool adopted \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", specifically the version performed by Merseybeat band Gerry & The Pacemakers, as its theme song.[2] Manchester City have adopted Blue Moon as their song whilst I'm Forever Blowing Bubbles can be heard at games involving West Ham United.[3] Stoke City fans' anthem has been Delilah since the 1970s.[4]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. In 2010, this was sung during the festivities of the Last Night of the Proms, with the choir at the Royal Albert Hall joined by crowds of the public from Hillsborough Castle, Northern Ireland; Caird Hall, Dundee; Hyde Park, London; Salford, Greater Manchester; and Wales, to mark the fiftieth anniversary of the death of Oscar Hammerstein II.[citation needed]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. Punk band Dropkick Murphys covered the song for their 2017 album 11 Short Stories of Pain & Glory. \"As you may know, opiate overdoses are an epidemic in America now particularly in this area (Boston). I've been to thirty wakes in two years, three this week, one being my cousin, Al lost a brother in law. It's hit home close to us. I was leaving one of the wakes and this song came on and as I was listening to the lyrics it summed up exactly how I was feeling. Sad but knowing there is hope. You never have to be alone\" vocalist/bassist Ken Casey said in a December 2016 interview discussing the reason behind their version.", "Marcha Real. After witnessing a rendition of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" at Anfield in 2007, the President of the Spanish Olympic Committee, Alejandro Blanco, said he felt inspired to seek lyrics to La Marcha Real ahead of Madrid's bid to host the 2016 Olympic Games.[9][10][11] A number of the autonomous communities of Spain have their own anthems. An open competition for the lyrics resulted in 7,000 entries.[12]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. Besides the recordings of the song on the Carousel cast albums and the film soundtrack, the song has been recorded by many artists, with notable hit versions made by Roy Hamilton,[2] Frank Sinatra, Gerry and the Pacemakers, Judy Garland, Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Andy Williams, Johnny Maestro and The Brooklyn Bridge, Olivia Newton-John and Doris Day. Progressive rock group Pink Floyd took a recording by the Liverpool Kop choir, and \"interpolated\" it into their own song, \"Fearless\", on their 1971 album Meddle.", "Hillsborough disaster. On 11 April 2009 Liverpool fans sang \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" as a tribute to the upcoming anniversary of the disaster before the home game against Blackburn Rovers (which ended in Liverpool winning 4–0) and was followed by former Liverpool player, Stephen Warnock presenting a memorial wreath to the Kop showing the figure 96 in red flowers.", "You'll Never Walk Alone. From 1964 through 2010, Jerry Lewis concluded the annual Jerry Lewis Labor Day MDA Telethon by singing the song.[3] After the end of a concert by the rock band Queen, the audience spontaneously sang this song, according to lead guitarist Brian May,[4] and this helped to inspire the creation of their songs \"We Are the Champions\" and \"We Will Rock You\". Italian-American tenor Sergio Franchi sang a notable version accompanied by the Welsh Men's Choir on the June 9, 1968 telecast of The Ed Sullivan Show.[5] He also covered this song in his 1964 RCA Victor album The Exciting Voice of Sergio Franchi.[6] American singer and songwriter Barbra Streisand sang this song in a surprise appearance at the close of the 2001 Emmy Awards, in honor of the victims of the September 11, 2001 attacks.[7]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. Christine Johnson, who created the role of Nettie Fowler, introduced the song in the original Broadway production.[1] Later in the show Jan Clayton, as Julie Jordan, reprised it, with the chorus joining in.", "Bradford City stadium fire. Part of the Appeal funds were raised by The Crowd's recording of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\"[25] from Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical Carousel, which reached number 1 in the UK Singles chart. The money raised from this record was contributed to fund the internationally renowned burns unit that was established in partnership between the University of Bradford and Bradford Royal Infirmary, immediately after the fire, which has also been Bradford City's official charity for well over a decade.", "Roy Hamilton. In mid-1953, Hamilton was discovered singing in a Newark, New Jersey night club, The Caravan, by Bill Cook, who became his manager.[8] Cook held the distinction of being the first African American radio disc jockey and television personality on the East Coast.[9] Cook made a demo tape of Hamilton's singing and brought it to the attention of Columbia Records. Columbia was impressed enough to sign Hamilton to their rhythm and blues subsidiary, Okeh Records.[6] On November 11, 1953, Hamilton made his first recordings for the label in New York City. The session produced Rodgers and Hammerstein's \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" from the musical Carousel. [10] The tune, one of the few secular numbers that Hamilton knew at the time, had been his live-performance specialty since 1947.[11]\nBut before it was released, Columbia had second thoughts and placed Hamilton with their newly-launched \"pop\" subsidiary label Epic.[8] In the early 1950s, there were only two black male singers who were widely accepted by white audiences as mainstream pop stars: Nat King Cole and Billy Eckstine.[12] Epic saw that same kind of \"crossover\" star potential in Hamilton[6], placing a nearly full-page ad in the January 23, 1954 edition of Billboard magazine which read, “a great new voice makes news with a great song! Roy Hamilton, You’ll Never Walk Alone…”[13] In spite of poor musical backing, Hamilton's performance on \"Walk Alone\" is sensational[14] and is the primary reason why it topped the Billboard R&B chart for eight weeks and became a national US Top-30 hit.[15] His follow-up single, \"If I Loved You\", was another Rodgers and Hammerstein tune from Carousel. Although not as big a hit for Hamilton as \"Walk Alone\", it still reached number four on the US R&B chart.[16]", "Roy Hamilton. Hamilton's greatest commercial success came from 1954 through 1961, when he was Epic Records' most prolific artist.[3] His two most influential recordings, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"Unchained Melody\", became Epic's first two number-one hits when they topped the Billboard R&B chart in March 1954 and May 1955, respectively.[1][4] Hamilton also became the first solo artist in the label’s history to have a US top-ten pop hit when “Unchained Melody” peaked at #6 in May 1955.[5]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. In the second season of American Horror Story, this song was recited as a poem.", "Roy Hamilton. On Saturday night, September 11, 1954, Hamilton made his national television debut on CBS's Stage Show, hosted by big band leaders and brothers Tommy and Jimmy Dorsey.[21] But the national television appearance that put Hamilton's career on the fast track to crossover success was the one he made on the night of March 6, 1955 when he sang \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" on CBS's top-rated Ed Sullivan Show. In reviewing his performance, Variety magazine summed up Hamilton's new way of singing the Great American Songbook by writing: \"Hamilton made good with his single, 'You'll Never Walk Alone', which he endowed with the values of a spiritual.\"[22]", "You'll Never Walk Alone. In the film, it is first sung by Claramae Turner as Nettie. The weeping Julie Jordan (Shirley Jones) tries to sing it but cannot; it is later reprised by Julie and those attending the graduation.", "Port Adelaide Football Club. Port Adelaide's use of the song stemmed from a trip the club took to Anfield in November 2012 while they were in England to play an exhibition match against the Western Bulldogs.[82] In light of the very positive reviews given by the club's players towards the Anfield crowd's rendition of \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", Matthew Richardson, Port's general manager of marketing and consumer business, along with the club's management, sought to replicate the pre-match experience they experienced at Anfield. At a meeting in mid-2013, the idea of an anthem was raised; a number of various songs were suggested, including \"Power and the Passion\" by Midnight Oil and \"Power to the People\" by John Schumann. Eventually, \"Never Tear Us Apart\" by INXS was suggested by Port Adelaide's events manager, Tara MacLeod. It was eventually accepted, due to the fact that the song resonated with the club's history.[82]", "Roy Hamilton. Hamilton was Epic Records' first star,[33] giving the company its first number-one hit of any kind, \"You'll Never Walk Alone\", which topped the Billboard R&B chart for eight weeks in 1954.[34] A year later, he gave the label its second number-one hit of any kind when his version of \"Unchained Melody\" topped the Billboard R&B chart for three weeks.[35] Also, with \"Unchained Melody\", Hamilton became the first solo artist to deliver a top-ten pop hit for Epic.[36]" ]

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[ "Armies in the American Civil War. TYPICAL CIVIL WAR SMALL ARMS", "Armies in the American Civil War. Divisions were formed of two or more brigades. Union divisions contained 2,500 to 4,000 men, while the Confederate division was somewhat larger, containing 5,000 to 6,000 men. As with brigades, Union divisions were designated by a number in the Corps, while each Confederate division took the name of its current or former commander. Corps were formed of two or more divisions. The strength of a Union corps averaged 9,000 to 12,000 officers and men, those of Confederate armies might average 20,000. Two or more corps usually constituted an army, the largest operational organization. During the Civil War there were at least 16 armies on the Union side, and 23 on the Confederate side . In the Eastern Theater the two principal adversaries were the Union Army of the Potomac and the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. There were generally seven corps in the Union Army of the Potomac, although by the spring of 1864 the number was reduced to four. From the Peninsula campaign through the Battle of Antietam the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was organized into Longstreet's and Jackson's \"commands,\" of about 20,000 men each. In November 1862 the Confederate Congress officially designated these commands as corps. After Jackson's death in May 1863 his corps was divided in two, and thereafter the Army of Northern Virginia consisted of three corps.[7]", "Armies in the American Civil War. worth of cavalry troops. Later in the campaign, at Cold Harbor, one of Butler’s corps, the XVIII under Major General William F. Smith, was temporarily attached to the Army of the Potomac. The initial strength of the Army of the Potomac and the IX Corps at the beginning of the Overland Campaign was slightly under 120,000 men. There are some factors affecting the strength, quality, and organization of the Union forces that should be noted. First, just prior to the campaign, the Army of the Potomac had abolished two of its infantry corps (the I and III Corps, both of which had been decimated at Gettysburg) and consolidated their subordinate units into the remaining three corps (II, V, and VI). This definitely streamlined the Army’s command and control, but it also meant that some divisions and brigades were not accustomed to their new corps’ methods and procedures at the start of the campaign. Second, soldiers in a large number of the Federal regiments were approaching the expiration dates of their enlistments just as the campaign was set to begin in May 1864. Most of the troops in these regiments had enlisted for three years in 1861, and they represented the most experienced fighters in the Army. A surprisingly large number of these soldiers reenlisted (over 50 percent), but there was still a large turnover and much disruption as many of the regiments that reenlisted returned to their home states for furloughs and to recruit replacements. Finally, the Union did tap a new source for soldiers in 1864: the “heavy artillery” regiments. These were units designed to man the heavy artillery in the fortifications around Washington, DC. Grant decided to strip many of these regiments from the forts and use them as infantry in the 1864 campaign, and he employed these forces more extensively as his losses accumulated. The heavy artillery regiments had a slightly different structure than the traditional infantry regiments, and they had not suffered battle casualties; thus, they often still possessed about 1,200 soldiers in a regiment. This was as large as a veteran Union brigade in 1864. On the Confederate side, there was no overall commander in chief or even a theater commander with authority similar to that of Grant. Officially, only President Jefferson Davis had the authority to coordinate separate Confederate armies and military districts. However, the commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, General Robert E. Lee, had considerable influence over affairs in the entire eastern theater due to the immense respect he had earned from Davis and other Confederate leaders. Lee’s army consisted of three infantry corps and a cavalry corps. One of these corps (Lieutenant General James Longstreet’s I Corps) had been on detached duty just prior to the opening of the campaign and would not join the rest of Lee’s army until the second day of the battle of the Wilderness", "Armies in the American Civil War. This article is designed to give background into the organization and tactics of Civil War armies. This brief survey is by no means exhaustive, but it should give enough material to have a better understanding of the capabilities of the forces that fought the American Civil War. Understanding these capabilities should give insight into the reasoning behind the decisions made by commanders on both sides.[1]", "Armies in the American Civil War. The Regular Army of the United States on the eve of the Civil War was essentially a frontier constabulary whose 16,000 officers and men were organized into 198 companies scattered across the nation at 79 different posts. In 1861, this Army was under the command of Brevet Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, the 75‑year‑old hero of the Mexican‑American War. His position as general in chief was traditional, not statutory, because secretaries of war since 1821 had designated a general to be in charge of the field forces without formal congressional approval. During the course of the war, Lincoln would appoint other generals in chief with little success until finally appointing Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant to the position prior to the Overland Campaign. The field forces were controlled through a series of geographic departments whose commanders reported directly to the general in chief. This department system, frequently modified, would be used by both sides throughout the Civil War for administering regions under Army control. Army administration was handled by a system of bureaus whose senior officers were, by 1860, in the twilight of long careers in their technical fields. Six of the 10 bureau chiefs were over 70 years old. These bureaus, modeled after the British system, answered directly to the War Department and were not subject to the orders of the general in chief. The bureaus reflected many of today’s combat support and combat service support branches; however, there was no operational planning or intelligence staff. American commanders before the Civil War had never required such a structure.[2] This system provided suitable civilian control and administrative support to the small field army prior to 1861. Ultimately, the bureau system would respond sufficiently, if not always efficiently, to the mass mobilization required over the next four years. Indeed, it would remain essentially intact until the early 20th century. The Confederate government, forced to create an army and support organization from scratch, established a parallel structure to that of the US Army. In fact, many important figures in Confederate bureaus had served in the prewar Federal bureaus.[3]", "Armies in the American Civil War. Major General Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee was organized into four infantry corps. Major General Stephen A. Hurlbut's XVI Corps, however, remained headquartered in Memphis performing rear-area missions throughout the campaign, although nearly two divisions did join Grant during the siege. The remaining three corps, containing ten divisions with over 44,000 effectives, composed Grant's maneuver force during the campaign. Although some recently recruited \"green\" regiments participated, the bulk of Grant's army consisted of veteran units, many of which had fought with distinction at Forts Henry and Donelson, Shiloh, and Chickasaw Bayou. Of Grant's senior subordinates, the XV Corps commander, Major General William T. Sherman, was his most trusted. Ultimately to prove an exceptional operational commander, Sherman was an adequate tactician with considerable wartime command experience. He and Major General James B. McPherson, commander of XVII Corps, were West Pointers. McPherson was young and inexperienced, but both Grant and Sherman felt he held great promise. Grant's other corps commander, Major General John A. McClernand, was a prewar Democratic congressman who had raised much of his XIII Corps specifically so that he could command an independent Vicksburg expedition. A self-serving and politically ambitious man who neither enjoyed nor curried Grant's favor, he nonetheless was an able organizer and tactical commander who had served bravely at Shiloh. The division commanders were a mix of trained regular officers and volunteers who formed a better-than-average set of Civil War commanders.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The unit structure into which the expanding armies were organized was generally the same for Federals and Confederates, reflecting the common roots of both armies. The Federals began the war with a Regular Army organized into an essentially Napoleonic, musket-equipped structure. Both sides used a variant of the old Regular Army structure for newly formed volunteer regiments. The Federal War Department established a volunteer infantry regimental organization with a strength that could range from 866 to 1,046 (varying in authorized strength by up to 180 infantry privates). The Confederate Congress field its 10‑company infantry regiment at 1,045 men. Combat strength in battle, however, was always much lower (especially by the time of the Overland Campaign) because of casualties, sickness, leaves, details, desertions, and straggling.", "Armies in the American Civil War. Victory on Civil War battlefields seldom hinged on the quality or quantity of tactical logistics. At the operational and strategic levels, however, logistical capabilities and concerns always shaped the plans and sometimes the outcomes of campaigns. As the war lengthened, the logistical advantage shifted inexorably to the North. The Federals controlled the majority of the financial and industrial resources of the nation. With their ability to import any needed materials, they ultimately created the best‑supplied army the world had yet seen. Despite suffering from shortages of raw materials, the Confederates generated adequate ordnance but faltered gradually in their ability to acquire other war materiel. The food supply for Southern armies was often on the verge of collapse, largely because limitations of the transportation network were compounded by political‑military mismanagement. Still, the state of supply within field armies on both sides depended more on the caliber of the people managing resources than on the constraints of available materiel. In Lee’s case, the Army of Northern Virginia managed to scrape by in 1864, although the need for forage and food sometimes forced Lee to disperse units to gather supplies. The situation grew worse throughout the year, but did not become critical until after the loss of the Shenandoah Valley added to the gradual decay of the Army during the siege at Petersburg.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The Confederates tended to keep their batteries decentralized, usually attached to the infantry brigades within the divisions to which they were assigned. Lee’s army did not have an artillery reserve. The Union tended to centralize their artillery, even after disbanding the army-level reserve. This often meant keeping reserve batteries at corps-level, other batteries in division reserves, and occasionally assigning batteries to brigades as needed. In the Overland Campaign, the Confederate cavalry had an advantage over its Union counterpart in reconnaissance and screening missions. This was largely due to personalities and the mission focus of the two sides, rather than to any organizational or tactical differences between them. The Army of the Potomac’s cavalry corps was commanded by Major General Philip H. Sheridan, who clashed with the Army commander, Meade, over the role of the cavalry. After the opening of the Spotsylvania fight, Sheridan got his wish and conducted a large raid toward Richmond. Stuart countered with part of his force, but the remaining Confederate cavalry kept Lee well informed while the Federals were almost blind. Stuart was killed at the battle of Yellow Tavern, but his eventual replacement, Major General Wade Hampton, filled in admirably. Later in the war, Sheridan would make better use of the cavalry as a striking force, but he never really mastered its reconnaissance role.[23]", "Armies in the American Civil War. Two or more brigades comprised a division. When a division attacked, its brigades often advanced in sequence, from left to right or vice versa, depending on terrain, suspected enemy location, and number of brigades available to attack. At times, divisions attacked with two or more brigades leading, followed by one or more brigades ready to reinforce the lead brigades or maneuver to the flanks. Two or more divisions comprised a corps that might conduct an attack as part of a larger plan controlled by the army commander. More often, groups of divisions attacked under the control of a corps‑level commander. Division and corps commanders generally took a position to the rear of the main line in order to control the flow of reinforcements into the battle, but they often rode forward into the battle lines to influence the action personally. Of the three basic branches, cavalry made the greatest adaptation during the war. It learned to use its horses for mobility, then dismount and fight on foot like infantry. Cavalry regained a useful battlefield role by employing this tactic, especially after repeating and breech‑loading rifles gave it the firepower to contend with enemy infantry. Still the most effective role for the cavalry was in reconnaissance and security in overall support of the main armies’ operations. On the other hand, many cavalry leaders were enamored with using their troops in large-scale raids, often as a pretext for seeking out the enemy’s cavalry for a decisive battle. In many cases, raids failed to produce either desired result: a decisive defeat of the enemy cavalry or significant destruction of enemy supply and transportation systems. During the Overland Campaign, Sheridan attempted a raid that ultimately led to the Battle of Yellow Tavern and, by chance, the death of Jeb Stuart. However, this raid effectively left the Army of the Potomac blind for two weeks during the campaign.", "Armies in the American Civil War. As the war dragged on, tactical maneuver focused more on larger formations: brigade, division, and corps. In most of the major battles fought after 1861, brigades were employed as the primary maneuver formations. But brigade maneuver was at the upper limit of command and control for most Civil War commanders at the beginning of the war. Brigades might be able to retain coherent formations if the terrain were suitably open, but often brigade attacks degenerated into a series of poorly coordinated regimental lunges through broken and wooded terrain. Thus, brigade commanders were often on the main battle line trying to influence regimental fights. Typically, defending brigades stood in line of battle and blazed away at attackers as rapidly as possible. Volley fire usually did not continue beyond the first round. Most of the time, soldiers fired as soon as they were ready, and it was common for two soldiers to work together, one loading for the other to fire. Brigades were generally invulnerable to attacks on their front if units to the left and right held their ground.", "Seven Days Battles. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia was larger than the one he inherited from Johnston, and, at about 92,000 men,[3] the largest Confederate army assembled during the war.[15]", "Armies in the American Civil War. (6 June). Additional Confederate forces in the theater included Major General John C. Breckinridge’s small army in the Shenandoah Valley and General P.G.T. Beauregard’s forces protecting Richmond, southern Virginia, and northern North Carolina. In the course of the campaign, Lee received some reinforcements from both Breckinridge and Beauregard. The Army of Northern Virginia (including Longstreet’s I Corps) began the campaign with about 64,000 soldiers. Although plagued by an overall shortage in numbers, Lee had fewer worries about the organization and quality of his manpower. Most of his soldiers had enlisted for the duration of the war, thus his army lost few regiments due to expired terms of service. Also, thanks to its better replacement system, Confederate regiments were usually closer to a consistent strength of 350 to 600 men instead of the wild disparity of their Union counterparts (as low as 150 soldiers in the decimated veteran regiments and as much as 1,200 in the heavy artillery regiments). Overall, Lee could count on the quality and consistency of his units, and he did not have to endure the turmoil of troop turnover and organizational changes that hindered Grant’s forces. As for staffs, on the Union side Grant maintained a surprisingly small staff for a commander in chief. His personal chief of staff was Major General John A. Rawlins, a capable officer who generally produced concise and well‑crafted orders. In addition, he was Grant’s alter ego, a trusted friend who took it upon himself to keep Grant sober. In fact, recent scholarship indicates that Grant’s drinking was far less of a problem than formerly indicated, and there were certainly no drinking difficulties during the Overland Campaign. The rest of Grant’s small staff consisted of a coterie of friends who had earned Grant’s trust from their common service in the western theater campaigns. In general, this staff performed well, although a few glaring mistakes would come back to haunt the Union effort. Of course, one of the major reasons Grant could afford to keep such a small staff in the field was that the chief of staff for the Union armies, Major General Henry W. Halleck, remained in Washington with a large staff that handled Grant’s administrative duties as general in chief. In fact, Halleck was a superb staff officer who tactfully navigated the political seas of Washington and gave Grant the freedom to accompany the Army of the Potomac in the field. In contrast to Grant’s field staff, Meade had a huge staff that Grant once jokingly described as fitting for an Imperial Roman Emperor. Meade’s chief of staff was Major General Andrew A. Humphreys, an extremely capable officer who only reluctantly agreed to leave field command to", "Military history of the United States. The American Civil War caught both sides unprepared. Neither the North's small standing army nor the South's scattered state militias were capable of winning a civil war. Both sides raced to raise armies — larger than any U.S. forces before — first with repeated calls for volunteers, but eventually resorting to unpopular large-scale conscription for the first time in U.S. history.", "Infantry in the American Civil War. Individual regiments (usually three to five, although the number varied) were organized and grouped into a larger body (a brigade) which soon became the main structure for battlefield maneuvers. Generally, the brigade was commanded by a brigadier general, or senior colonel, when merit was clearly evident in that colonel and a general was not available. Two to four brigades typically comprised a division, which in theory was commanded by a major general, but theory was often not put into practical application, especially when an officer exhibited exceptional merit or the division was smaller and trusted to a more junior officer. Several divisions would constitute a corps, and multiple corps together made up an army, often commanded by a lieutenant general or full general in the Confederate forces, and by a major general in the Union forces.", "Infantry in the American Civil War. The infantry in the American Civil War comprised foot-soldiers who fought primarily with small arms, and carried the brunt of the fighting on battlefields across the United States. Historians have long debated whether the evolution of tactics between 1861 and 1865 marked a seminal point in the evolution of warfare.[1] The conventional narrative is that generals and other officers adhered stubbornly to the tactics of the Napoleonic Wars, in which armies employed linear formations and favored open fields over the usage of cover (whether constructed or natural in origin). Presumably, the greater accuracy and range of the rifle musket rendered that approach obsolete, and the Civil War armies' transition to longer battles in 1864 is taken by numerous scholars as proof of the new technology's transformative impact. More recently, however, academics have begun to reject this narrative. Earl J. Hess judges the tactical training of the Civil War as critical to the armies' success, and maintains that the dearth of overwhelming victories during the conflict was actually consistent with the infrequency of such battles throughout history.[2] Allen C. Guelzo contends that rifle muskets did not revolutionize land warfare due to a combination of inadequate firearms training and the poor visibility caused by black powder.[3] This debate has implications not only for the nature of the soldier's experience, but also for the broader question of the Civil War's relative modernity. Williamson Murray and Wayne Wei-Siang Hsieh argue that the conflict was resulted from \"the combination...of the Industrial Revolution and French Revolution [which] allowed the opposing sides to mobilize immense numbers of soldiers while projecting military power over great distances.\"[4] The Civil War involved a number of other recently-introduced and new technologies, including military balloons, repeating rifles, the telegraph, and railroads.", "American Civil War. From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the \"largest and most efficient armies in the world\" within a few years. European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan's assessment is that each outmatched the French, Prussian and Russian armies of the time, and but for the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat.[123]", "Armies in the American Civil War. With the outbreak of war in April 1861, both sides faced the monumental task of organizing and equipping armies that far exceeded the prewar structure in size and complexity. The Federals maintained control of the Regular Army, and the Confederates initially created a Regular force, though in reality it was mostly on paper. Almost immediately, the North lost many of its officers to the South, including some of exceptional quality. Of 1,108 Regular Army officers serving as of 1 January 1861, 270 ultimately resigned to join the South. Only a few hundred of 15,135 enlisted men, however, left the ranks.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The variety of weapons available to both armies during the Civil War is reflected in the battles of the Overland Campaign. To a limited extent, the Army of Northern Virginia’s infantry had more uniformity in its small arms than the Army of the Potomac. In fact, some regiments of the famous Pennsylvania Reserves Brigade were still equipped with smoothbore muskets. In any case, both armies relied heavily on the Springfield and Enfield, which were the most common weapons used (although almost every other type of Civil War small arms could be found in the campaign). The variety of weapons and calibers of ammunition required on the battlefield by each army presented sustainment challenges that ranged from production and procurement to supplying soldiers in the field. Amazingly, operations were not often affected by the need to resupply a diverse mixture of ammunition types.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The Confederates possessed a sizeable artillery capability but could not match Federal firepower. Taken together, the Confederate forces under Pemberton and Johnston possessed a total of about 62 batteries of artillery with some 221 tubes. Pemberton's force besieged in Vicksburg included 172 cannon-approximately 103 fieldpieces, and 69 siege weapons. Thirty-seven of the siege guns, plus thirteen fieldpieces, occupied positions overlooking the Mississippi. (The number of big guns along the river dropped to thirty-one by the end of the siege-apparently some weapons were shifted elsewhere.) The thirteen field pieces were distributed along the river to counter amphibious assault. The heavy ordnance was grouped into thirteen distinct river-front batteries. These large river-defense weapons included twenty smoothbores, ranging in size from 32-pounder siege guns to 10-inch Columbiads, and seventeen rifled pieces, ranging from a 2.75-inch Whitworth to a 7.44-inch Blakely.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The offensive may have been the decisive form of battle, but it was very hard to coordinate and even harder to control. The better generals often tried to attack the enemy’s flanks and rear, but seldom achieved success because of the difficulty involved. Not only did the commander have to identify the enemy’s flank or rear correctly, he also had to move his force into position to attack and then do so in conjunction with attacks made by other friendly units. Command and control of the type required to conduct these attacks was quite beyond the ability of most Civil War commanders. Therefore, Civil War armies repeatedly attacked each other frontally, with resulting high casualties, because that was the easiest way to conduct offensive operations. When attacking frontally, a commander had to choose between attacking on a broad front or a narrow front. Attacking on a broad front rarely succeeded except against weak and scattered defenders. Attacking on a narrow front promised greater success but required immediate reinforcement to continue the attack and achieve decisive results. As the war dragged on, experiments with attacking forces on narrow fronts against specific objectives were attempted (Upton at Spotsylvania), but no single offensive doctrine emerged as a key to success.[25]", "Armies in the American Civil War. For both sides, the infantry unit structure above regimental level was similar to today’s structure, with a brigade controlling three to five regiments and a division controlling two or more brigades. Federal brigades generally contained regiments from more than one state, while Confederate brigades often consisted of regiments from the same state. In the Confederate Army, a brigadier general usually commanded a brigade, and a major general commanded a division. The Federal Army, with no rank higher than major general until 1864, often had colonels commanding brigades, brigadier generals commanding divisions, and major generals commanding corps and armies. Grant received the revived rank of lieutenant general in 1864, placing him with clear authority over all of the Federal armies, but rank squabbles between the major generals appeared within the Union command structure throughout the Overland Campaign.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The infantry regiment was the basic administrative and tactical unit of the Civil War armies. Regimental headquarters consisted of a colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, adjutant, quartermaster, surgeon (with rank of major), two assistant surgeons, a chaplain, sergeant major, quartermaster sergeant, commissary sergeant, hospital steward, and two principal musicians. Each regiment was staffed by a captain, a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, a first sergeant, four sergeants, eight corporals, two musicians, and one wagoner. The authorized strength of a Civil War infantry regiment was about 1,000 officers and men, arranged in ten companies plus a headquarters and (for the first half of the war at least) a band. Discharges for physical disability, disease, special assignments (bakers, hospital nurses, or wagoners), court martial, and battle injuries all combined to reduce effective combat strength. Before too long a typical regiment might be reduced to less than 500. Brigades were made up of two or more regiments, with four regiments being most common. Union brigades averaged 1,000 to 1,500 men, while on the Confederate side they averaged 1,500 to 1,800. Union brigades were designated by a number within their division, and each Confederate brigade was designated by the name of its current or former commander.", "Armies in the American Civil War. For the most part, the government opted to keep the Regulars together. During the course of the war, battle losses and disease thinned the ranks of Regulars, and officials could never recruit sufficient replacements in the face of stiff competition from the states that were forming volunteer regiments. By November 1864, many Regular units had been so depleted that they were withdrawn from front-line service, although some Regular regiments fought with the Army of the Potomac in the Overland Campaign. In any case, the war was fought primarily with volunteer officers and men, the vast majority of whom started the war with no previous military training or experience. However, by 1864, both the Army of the Potomac and the Army of Northern Virginia were largely experienced forces that made up for a lack of formal training with three years of hard combat experience. Neither side had difficulty in recruiting the numbers initially required to fill the expanding ranks. In April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln called for 75,000 men from the states’ militias for a three‑month period.", "American Civil War. The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865, with 671 vessels, having a tonnage of 510,396.[127][128] Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy.[129] Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland, if the U.S. Navy could take control. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about, and occasionally shelled Confederate installations.", "Confederate States Army. Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of men in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. Two to four brigades usually formed a division. Two to four divisions usually formed a corps. Two to four corps usually formed an army. Occasionally, a single corps might operate independently as if it were a small army. The Confederate States Army consisted of several field armies, named after their primary area of operation. The largest Confederate field army was the Army of Northern Virginia, whose surrender at Appomattox Courthouse in 1865 marked the end of major combat operations in the US Civil War.", "Armies in the American Civil War. The large numbers of organizations formed, are a reflection of the politics of the time. The War Department in 1861 considered making recruitment a Federal responsibility, but this proposal seemed to be an unnecessary expense for the short war initially envisioned. Therefore, the responsibility for recruiting remained with the states, and on both sides state governors continually encouraged local constituents to form new volunteer regiments. This practice served to strengthen support for local, state, and national politicians and provided an opportunity for glory and high rank for ambitious men. Although such local recruiting created regiments with strong bonds among the men, it also hindered filing the ranks of existing regiments with new replacements. As the war progressed, the Confederates attempted to funnel replacements into units from their same state or region, but the Federals continued to create new regiments. Existing Federal regiments detailed men back home to recruit replacements, but these efforts could never successfully compete for men joining new local regiments. The newly formed regiments thus had no seasoned veterans to train the recruits, and the battle-tested regiments lost men faster than they could recruit replacements. Many regiments on both sides (particularly for the North) were reduced to combat ineffectiveness as the war progressed. Seasoned regiments were often disbanded or consolidated, usually against the wishes of the men assigned.[6]", "Armies in the American Civil War. Because the organization, equipment, tactics, and training of the Confederate and Federal armies were similar, the performance of units in battle often depended on the quality and performance of their individual leaders. Both sides sought ways to find this leadership for their armies. The respective central governments appointed the general officers. At the start of the war, most, but certainly not all, of the more senior officers had West Point or other military school experience. In 1861, Lincoln appointed 126 general officers, of which 82 were or had been professionally trained officers. Jefferson Davis appointed 89, of which 44 had received professional training. The rest were political appointees, but of these only 16 Federal and 7 Confederate generals lacked military experience. Of the lower ranking volunteer officers who comprised the bulk of the leadership for both armies, state governors normally appointed colonels (regimental commanders). States also appointed other field grade officers, although many were initially elected within their units. Company grade officers were usually elected by their men. This long‑established militia tradition, which seldom made military leadership and capability a primary consideration, was largely an extension of states’ rights and sustained political patronage in both the Union and the Confederacy. Much has been made of the West Point backgrounds of the men who ultimately dominated the senior leadership positions of both armies, but the graduates of military colleges were not prepared by such institutions to command divisions, corps, or armies. Moreover, though many leaders had some combat experience from the Mexican War era, very few had experience above the company or battery level in the peacetime years prior to 1861. As a result, the war was not initially conducted at any level by “professional officers” in today’s terminology. Leaders became more professional through experience and at the cost of thousands of lives. General William T. Sherman would later note that the war did not enter its “professional stage” until 1863. By the time of the Overland Campaign, many officers, though varying in skill, were at least comfortable at commanding their formations.[8]", "Armies in the American Civil War. One trend that was common in the Overland Campaign was the tendency of the Union forces to attack in more narrow formations than the Confederate forces. Often, Union brigades advanced with half of their regiments in the front line and half in a second line. The division would in turn have two of its brigades forward with one or two behind. This allowed many Union offensives to bring fresh units into their attacks, but it often prevented the Northerners from using their numbers for an overwhelming initial assault, as their units were committed piecemeal. The Confederate brigades often put all of their regiments on line, which occasionally allowed them to overlap a Union flank. Did these formations reflect evolving doctrinal ideas? Were they responses to the restrictive nature of the terrain? Did commanders choose these methods to improve their ability to control their units? Perhaps the answers lie in the personalities, experiences, and abilities of the commanders on both sides. In any case, as the Overland Campaign wore on, the Confederates were forced to rely on the defense, and in most cases, extensive entrenchments allowed them to deploy regiments on a relatively thin line, with divisions putting two or three brigades forward and one in reserve (as at Cold Harbor).", "Armies in the American Civil War. The federal government had two basic options for the use of the Regular Army. The government could divide the Regulars into training and leadership cadre for newly formed volunteer regiments or retain them in “pure” units to provide a reliable nucleus for the Federal Army in coming battles.", "Armies in the American Civil War. By May 1864, Civil War battle tactics had evolved to the point that brigades were the basic maneuver units (as opposed to individual regiments). Often, division commanders had some skill at using their brigades in a coordinated fashion, but it was still difficult to bring entire corps into unified action. Thus, both sides fought the tactical battles of the campaign by maneuvering brigades and divisions in combat. However, when conducting operational movements, both sides often moved at corps level with each corps having its own route (or occasionally, two corps following each other on the same route). Tactical battlefield fighting and the operational maneuvering between battles required tremendous coordination and synchronization, which the Civil War command system all too often failed to provide. Further, the terrain in Virginia, while not as rugged as much of the ground in the western theater, contained some heavily wooded areas such as the Wilderness, roads that could alternate between mud and dust, and numerous rivers, all of which made maneuver difficult. Much of the tactical confusion in the campaign’s battles resulted from the difficulty of maneuvering large bodies of troops through difficult terrain with a command system that depended mainly on voice commands.", "United States Army. The American Civil War was the costliest war for the U.S. in terms of casualties. After most slave states, located in the southern U.S., formed the Confederate States, the Confederate States Army, led by former U.S. Army officers, mobilized a large fraction of Southern white manpower. Forces of the United States (the \"Union\" or \"the North\") formed the Union Army, consisting of a small body of regular army units and a large body of volunteer units raised from every state, north and south, except South Carolina.[22]" ]

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[ "Go Rest High on That Mountain. \"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in August 1995 as the sixth single from his album When Love Finds You. It is a eulogic ballad. Gill began writing the song following the death of country music superstar Keith Whitley, who died in 1989. Gill did not finish the song until a few years later following the death of his older brother Bob, in 1993, of a heart attack. Ricky Skaggs and Patty Loveless both sang background vocals on the record.", "Go Rest High on That Mountain. Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably calling the song \"beautiful, majestic, and easily one of the best singles of Gill's already distinguished career.\" She goes on to say that the composition \"boasts a touching spiritual lyric and Gill's consistently impeccable vocal delivery.\"[7]", "Go Rest High on That Mountain. On May 2, 2013, Gill performed the song with Loveless at the funeral of fellow country artist George Jones. At one point during the performance, Gill became too emotional to sing some of the words, but was able to complete the song by focusing primarily on his guitar playing. In a speech just prior to Gill's and Loveless' performance, Gill underlined their duet by stating that he always was aware of a \"special anointing\" in his duets with Loveless, and compared them particularly to Jones' duets with singer Melba Montgomery during the 1960s.[6]", "Go Rest High on That Mountain. The song won the CMA's Song of the Year award in 1996[1] and a BMI Most-Performed Song award in 1997.[2] It also received two Grammy Awards for Best Male Country Vocal Performance and Best Country Song in the 38th Grammy Awards.[3] The single reached No. 14 on the Country Singles chart in 1995.[4] It has sold 648,000 digital copies in the US since becoming available for download.[5]", "I Still Believe in You (album). I Still Believe in You is the fifth studio album from American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in 1992 on MCA Nashville. It features the singles \"I Still Believe in You\" (Gill's first Number One country hit), \"Don't Let Our Love Start Slippin' Away\", \"No Future in the Past,\" \"One More Last Chance\" and \"Tryin' to Get Over You.\"", "Go Rest High on That Mountain. The music video was directed by John Lloyd Miller and premiered in mid-1995.", "Go Rest High on That Mountain. \"Go Rest High on That Mountain\" debuted at number 70 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks for the week of September 2, 1995. The song has sold 670,000 digital copies as of March 2016 after it became available for download in the U.S.[8]", "Peaceful Easy Feeling. Country singer Vince Gill covered this song live at the Grand Ole Opry following the death of Glenn Frey.", "Let There Be Peace on Earth (song). In 1993, the song was famously covered by American country music artist Vince Gill in a duet with his daughter Jenny. Gill released the cover as part of his platinum-selling Christmas album Let There Be Peace on Earth, named after the song.", "Look at Us (Vince Gill song). \"Look at Us\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country artist Vince Gill. It was released in September 1991 as the third single from the album Pocket Full of Gold. The song reached number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] Gill wrote the song with Max D. Barnes.", "Little Big Town. In February 2016, they appeared on \"Take Me Down\", a track on Down to My Last Bad Habit, the fourteenth album by Vince Gill.", "When I Call Your Name (Vince Gill song). \"When I Call Your Name\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Vince Gill. It was released in May 1990 as the third single and title track from the album When I Call Your Name. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] It was written by Gill and Tim DuBois. Patty Loveless performed backing vocals on the song. Session veteran Barry Beckett played piano on the track. The Common Linnets performed a cover of the song to celebrate 50 years of the CMA Awards.[2]", "One More Last Chance. \"One More Last Chance\" is a song recorded by American country music singer Vince Gill. Gill co-wrote the song with Gary Nicholson. It was released in July 1993 as the fourth single from his album, I Still Believe in You. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart.[1]", "Reba McEntire. Christopher John Farley of Time magazine wrote that the album ranged from being \"relaxing\" to \"cathartic\", and \"these vocals from one of the best country singers linger in the mind\".[26] The album's preceding singles—\"The Heart Won't Lie\" (a duet with then-labelmate Vince Gill) and \"Take It Back\"—were Top 10 hits on the Billboard country chart, reaching No. 1 and No. 5 respectively.[24] Like its preceding album, It's Your Call sold over a million copies, eventually certifying by the RIAA in sales of double-platinum.[27]", "Aretha Franklin Sings the Great Diva Classics. The first single released from the album is a cover of singer Adele's \"Rolling in the Deep\", subtitled as \"The Aretha Version\", which also includes an interpolation of the Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell hit, \"Ain't No Mountain High Enough\".[10] The single debuted at number 47 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Aretha Franklin thus becomes the first female, and fourth artist overall (following Lil Wayne, Jay Z and James Brown), to place 100 songs on the chart (with her first entry on the chart being \"Today I Sing the Blues\" in 1960).[11]", "Summertime Blues. The 1958 Liberty Records single by Eddie Cochran was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 1999 and the song is ranked number 73 in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time. In March 2005, Q magazine placed it at number 77 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks.[8] The song is also on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum list of \"The Songs That Shaped Rock and Roll\".[9] The song appears on the soundtrack for the movie Caddyshack, as well as opening season 4 of Beverly Hills, 90210.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. A midtempo love ballad,[5] \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" features tender, seductive lyrics.[6] The group incorporated country-influenced pedal steel guitar in the song after a country band had used it at Paradise Recording Studio, where they recorded the song.[7] Gil Griffin of The Washington Post writes that the song is informed by \"the sensual moods of Barry White and Isaac Hayes\".[8]", "Barry Corbin. From 2003–2008, Corbin played Whitey Durham, the basketball coach for the Tree Hill Ravens on The WB/CW teenage drama series One Tree Hill.[6] He also had a role in 2008's Oscar-winning film No Country for Old Men. Corbin lost most of his hair in the 1990s due to alopecia areata. Since then, he has played various roles with a shaved head, wearing a cowboy hat, or occasionally wearing a full toupee. Corbin is the signature voice of radio station KPLX in Fort Worth, Texas, and has also voiced trailers and promos for CMT and various other country radio stations.[7] In 2014 he became the spokesman for The Texas Veterans Land Board.", "Sacrifice (song). A country music cover of the song was performed by Don Henley and Vince Gill as part of the 2018 tribute album Restoration: Reimagining the Songs of Elton John and Bernie Taupin.", "How Great Thou Art. On 4 April 2011, Carrie Underwood performed this song on ACM Presents: Girls Night Out show. Carrie sang together with Vince Gill and received a standing ovation. It was televised on CBS on 22 April 2011, and shortly after the show had ended, Carrie's version of How Great Thou Art single reached No. 1 spot in iTunes Top Gospel Song and Top 40 in iTunes All-Genre Songs.[84] It debuted at the No. 2 position on Billboard Christian Digital songs chart and No. 35 on the Country Digital Songs chart.[85][86] As of December 2014, it has sold 599,000 digital copies in the USA.[87] Underwood's version, featuring Gill, is included on her 2014 compilation album, Greatest Hits: Decade No. 1.[88]", "T. Graham Brown. In 2014 Brown again collaborated with producer Mark Carman to produce the Grammy Nominated album, Forever Changed, featuring guest appearances by industry giants; Leon Russell, The Oak Ridge Boys, Steve Cropper, Jeff and Sheri Easter, The Booth Brothers, Three Bridges, Jimmy Fortune, Sonya Isaacs, and Jason Crabb.[6] In July 2014 the first single from the album was released on the MCM World Media Label. The song, \"He'll Take Care of You\" was written by well known, award-winning songwriters; Dan Penn, Gary Nicholson, and Donnie Fritts. It features vocal and guitar performances by country superstar, Vince Gill.[citation needed]", "There! I've Said It Again. A cover by Mickey Gilley peaked at No. 53 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989.[22]", "I Don't Need Your Rockin' Chair. Jones, who by 1992 had taken his place as one of the true legends of country music, used the composition as a personal statement, asserting his determination to carry on singing as he always had. Its final chorus is done as a call and response, with several other country singers providing the response: Vince Gill, Mark Chesnutt, Garth Brooks, Travis Tritt, Joe Diffie, Alan Jackson, Pam Tillis, T. Graham Brown, Patty Loveless and Clint Black.[1] The song was praised by critics. In the book The Life and Times of a Honky Tonk Legend, Bob Allen describes it as a \"boisterous musical declaration[…]about a man's determination to keep right on honky tonkin' into his golden years.\"[2] Richard Carlin, in the book Country Music: A Biographical Dictionary, called it \"a good-natured but defiant statement of where this old fella's comin' from.\"[3] Brian Mansfield, in his review of Walls Can Fall, called the song \"scarier because of George's past\",[4] while Jones himself described the song as \"my attitude set to music.\"[5] However, the single only rose to #34, and Jones remained frustrated at how many country radio stations had turned their backs on him. \"There has never been a time when country radio was so disrespectful to its elders,\" he declared in his 1995 memoir. The song won the 1993 Country Music Association award for Vocal Event of the Year.[6]", "Up to the Mountain (MLK Song). A live recording of the Clarkson-Beck performance was made available for download on iTunes shortly after being broadcast on television and \"Up To The Mountain\" entered the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 56. This became the highest chart placement for a Griffin song.[6] Clarkson added the song to the setlist for her 2007 My December Tour, and sang it together with Reba McEntire on the pair's 2 Worlds 2 Voices Tour in 2008.", "Look at Us (Vince Gill song). \"Look at Us\" features a pedal steel guitar intro from John Hughey, who was known for his \"crying steel\" method of playing by using the higher ranges of the instrument. Of this solo, Gill said that it \"makes that song recognizable by what happens before any words even get sung.\"[2]", "Let Me Love You Tonight. Taken as the first single from their 1980 album, Firin' Up, \"Let Me Love You Tonight\" became the band's first (and, to date, only) song to enter the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, where it peaked at number ten during the summer of 1980, and remained in the Top 40 for eleven weeks.[1] The song also spent three weeks at number one on the Billboard adult contemporary chart.[2] The lead vocalist for the band at the time was Vince Gill, who would later become a very successful country music singer in his own right. Noted saxophonist David Sanborn can also be heard on the track.", "When I Call Your Name (Vince Gill song). The music video was directed by Bill Pope and premiered in mid-1990. Country singer Matraca Berg appeared in the video, lip-syncing to Patty Loveless's vocals.[3]", "David Gilmour. In March 1987, Bush, notorious for the rarity of her live performances, sang \"Running Up That Hill\" at The Secret Policeman's Third Ball with Gilmour on guitar.[28] A three DVD set of The Secret Policeman's Balls benefit concerts that includes their performance was released in 2009.[48] In 2002, she performed \"Comfortably Numb\", singing the part of the doctor, at Gilmour's concert at the Royal Festival Hall in London.", "Matewan. The film score features Appalachian music of the period composed and performed by Mason Daring, who frequently works on John Sayles' films. West Virginia bluegrass singer Hazel Dickens sings the film's title track, \"Fire in the Hole\", and appears in the film as a member of the Freewill Baptist Church whose voice is heard leading the congregation in an a cappella hymn (\"What A Friend We Have in Jesus\") and also sings over the grave of a fallen union miner, Hillard Elkins, (\"Gathering Storm\"). Dickens also sings \"Hills of Galilee\" over the closing credits.[9]", "Boomhauer. Boomhauer's speech is satirical of \"rednecks\" using phrases such as \"dang ol'\", \"dad gum\" and \"yeah, man talkin' 'bout\" and has the cadence and style of a Cajun accent. Nevertheless, he sings clearly, as evidenced by his rendition of \"Blue Moon of Kentucky\" in Episode 113 (\"The Bluegrass Is Always Greener\"); this same episode reveals that he also has a talent for the banjo and the accordion. The singing was done by country star Vince Gill. Mike Judge has stated that the inspiration for Boomhauer's voice came from a message left on his answering machine by an irate viewer of Beavis & Butt-Head as well as the voice patterns of an acquaintance in Dallas and an Oklahoma City resident reciting directions over the telephone.[4]", "Whenever You Come Around. \"Whenever You Come Around\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country artist Vince Gill. It was released in April 1994 as the first single from the album When Love Finds You. The song reached number 2 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.[1] It was written by Gill and Pete Wasner. The song was covered by Willie Nelson in 2014 for his Band of Brothers album.", "Hier encore. In the United States, the best-known version was recorded by country music performer Roy Clark. His version became his biggest hit up to that time on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart, peaking at No. 9 in August 1969, and indeed, it became his only top 40 pop hit, peaking at No. 19. Clark performed the song at Mickey Mantle's funeral in 1995, at Mantle's personal request.[2] In Canada, the song reached number seven on the pop chart, number two on the country chart, and number one AC." ]

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[ "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. A player has taken two hat-tricks in the same Test match only once. Playing for Australia against South Africa in the first match of the 1912 Triangular Tournament at Old Trafford, Manchester, England, leg spinner Jimmy Matthews took a hat-trick in South Africa's first and second innings, both taken on 28 May 1912. He completed both hat-tricks by dismissing South Africa's Tommy Ward.[4] Only three other cricketers have taken more than one Test hat-trick: Australian off spinner Hugh Trumble (two years apart, between the same teams at the same ground), Pakistani fast bowler Wasim Akram (just over a week apart, in consecutive matches between the same teams) and English fast bowler Stuart Broad. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their Test debut: English medium pace bowler Maurice Allom in 1930, New Zealand off-spinner Peter Petherick in 1976, and Australian pace bowler Damien Fleming in 1994.[3] Geoff Griffin took the fewest total Test wickets of any player who recorded a hat-trick, taking only eight wickets in his entire Test career.[3] During the match in which he took his hat-trick, Griffin was repeatedly called for throwing by the umpires and never bowled again in a Test match.[5] Australian Peter Siddle is the only bowler to take a hat-trick on his birthday,[6] and Bangladeshi off spinner Sohag Gazi is the only player to score a century and take a hat-trick in the same Test match.[7]", "Hat-trick. Nuwan Zoysa of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to achieve a hat-trick off his first three balls in a Test, dismissing Murray Goodwin, Neil Johnson and Trevor Gripper of Zimbabwe.[15] In 2006 Irfan Pathan of India achieved a hat-trick in the first over of the test match, off the last three balls, when dismissing Salman Butt, Younis Khan and Mohammad Yousuf of Pakistan. Chaminda Vaas is the only one to achieve a hat-trick of the very first deliveries in one day internationals, against Bangladesh in the tenth match of 2003 ICC World Cup at City Oval, Pietermaritzburg. He got Hannan Sarkar, Mohammad Ashraful and Ehsanul Haque out in the first three balls and took his fourth wicket in the fifth ball of the same over, just missing the double-hat-trick.", "Anil Kumble. Kumble is one of the 4 bowlers, alongside Richard Hadlee, Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan, and the only Indian bowler ever, to have taken 5 wickets in a Test innings more than 30 times.[81] He also holds the world record for the largest number of caught-and-bowled dismissals in tests, 35 – which forms 5.65% of his total wickets.[82] He is also one of 4 Indian bowlers to have conceded over 250 runs in a Test match, although he took 12 wickets in that match.[83] He is known for bowling tirelessly, having bowled 72 overs in a Test innings once.[84] He is also remembered for his tenacity in bowling even when injured, especially after an incident in a match against West Indies where, despite having his broken jaw being heavily taped, he came back and took the wicket of Brian Lara.[85]", "Hat-trick. Hat-tricks are rare, and as such are treasured by bowlers. In Test cricket history there have been just 43 hat-tricks, the first achieved by Fred Spofforth for Australia against England in 1879. In 1912, Australian Jimmy Matthews achieved the feat twice in one game against South Africa. The only other players to achieve two hat-tricks are Australia's Hugh Trumble, against England in 1902 and 1904, Pakistan's Wasim Akram, in separate games against Sri Lanka in 1999, and England's Stuart Broad.", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. Australian Merv Hughes is the only bowler to take a hat-trick where the wickets fell over three overs. He took a wicket with the final ball of an over. With the first ball of the next over he took the final wicket of the West Indies innings. He then removed the opener Gordon Greenidge with the first ball of the West Indies second innings.[8]", "Hat-trick. Albert Trott and Joginder Rao are the only two bowlers credited with two hat-tricks in the same innings in first-class cricket. One of Trott's two hat-tricks, for Middlesex against Somerset at Lords in 1907, was a four in four.", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. In the sport of cricket, a hat-trick is an occasion where a bowler takes three wickets in consecutive deliveries. As of 31 July 2017, this feat has only been achieved 43 times in more than two thousand Test matches,[2] the form of the sport in which national representative teams compete in matches of up to five days' duration. The first Test hat-trick was recorded on 2 January 1879, in only the third Test match to take place, by the Australian pace bowler Fred Spofforth, nicknamed \"The Demon Bowler\", who dismissed three English batsmen with consecutive deliveries at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. The most recent bowler to achieve the feat was English spin bowler Moeen Ali against South Africa on 31 July 2017. At least one bowler from each of the ten nations that have played Test cricket have taken a Test hat-trick.[3]", "Hat-trick. Some hat-tricks are particularly extraordinary. On 2 December 1988, Merv Hughes, playing for Australia, dismissed Curtly Ambrose with the last ball of his penultimate over and Patrick Patterson with the first ball of his next over, wrapping up the West Indies first innings. When Hughes returned to bowl in the West Indies second innings, he trapped Gordon Greenidge lbw with his first ball, completing a hat-trick over two different innings and becoming the only player in Test cricket history to achieve the three wickets of a hat-trick in three different overs.", "Hat-trick. Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka is the only bowler to take three hat-tricks in any form of international cricket with his three in ODI. Three players have taken at least two ODI hat-tricks in their careers: Wasim Akram and Saqlain Mushtaq of Pakistan and Chaminda Vaas of Sri Lanka. (Akram therefore has four international hat-tricks in total).", "List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks. The only bowler to have taken three career hat-tricks is Lasith Malinga of Sri Lanka, while three other bowlers (Wasim Akram, Saqlain Mushtaq and Chaminda Vaas) have taken two hat-tricks. Hat-tricks are dominated by fast bowlers with Pakistan's Saqlain Mushtaq, Bangladesh's Abdur Razzak and Taijul Islam, Zimbabwe's Prosper Utseya, South Africa's JP Duminy, Sri Lanka's Wanidu Hasaranga and India's Kuldeep Yadav, the only seven spinners to have taken an ODI hat-trick.[1] Vaas of Sri Lanka became the only bowler to claim a hat-trick in the first three balls of any form of international cricket when he took the first three wickets off the opening three balls of their match against Bangladesh during the 2003 World Cup. Lasith Malinga is also the only player to claim 4 consecutive wickets in 4 balls, a feat he achieved against South Africa. Three players have taken a hat-trick on their ODI debut: Taijul Islam from Bangladesh in a match against Zimbabwe,[2] Kagiso Rabada from South Africa against Bangladesh,[3] and Wanidu Hasaranga from Sri Lanka against Zimbabwe.[4] Eight hat-tricks have occurred in World Cup matches.", "List of England Test cricket records. There have been two occasions in Test cricket where a bowler has taken all ten wickets in a single innings – Jim Laker of England took 10/53 against Australia in 1956 and India's Anil Kumble in 1999 returned figures of 10/74 against Pakistan. George Lohmann, one of fifteen bowlers who have taken nine wickets in a Test match innings, sits third on the list taking figures of 9/28 against South Africa in 1896.[110]", "Anil Kumble. On 6 October 2004, Kumble became only the third spinner in the history of Test cricket after Shane Warne and Muttiah Muralitharan and the second Indian bowler after Kapil Dev to capture 400 Test wickets.[51] Reaching the mark took him 30 fewer Test matches than it took Kapil Dev, and 7 fewer than Warne. In the India-West Indies series of 2006, Kumble took 6–78 in the second innings of the final Test in Sabina Park, Jamaica, and bowled India to a historic series win; it had been 35 years since a similar series victory. During the first innings of the match, Kumble scored 45 and became the second player in the history of the game after Shane Warne to score 2000 runs and take over 500 Test wickets. Kumble also holds the world record for trapping most batsmen leg before wicket.[52] On 10 December 2004, Kumble became India's highest wicket taker when he trapped Mohammad Rafique of Bangladesh to surpass Kapil Dev's haul of 434 wickets.", "Anil Kumble. Kumble is one of only two bowlers ever (the only other being Jim Laker of England in 1956) to have taken all ten wickets in a Test innings, taking 10 for 74. Kumble achieved this against Pakistan in the second Test played in Delhi in February 1999.[46] Although by failing to dismiss Pakistan's Waqar Younis in either innings, he missed out on the achievement of dismissing all eleven batsmen in a Test match. It has been said that once he had got nine wickets his friend and teammate Javagal Srinath started bowling wide outside the off stump, so that Kumble could take the 10th.[47] The performance was rated by Wisden as the second best \"Bowling performance of all time\".[48] The achievement was commemorated by naming a traffic circle in Bengaluru after him,[49] and gifting him a car with the customized license plate: KA-10-N-10.[50] In 1999 he was the third highest wicket taker with 88 wickets at the average of 30.03 behind Glenn Mcgrath and Shane Warne.[34]", "Jim Laker. Laker was the first player to take all 10 wickets in a Test match innings, ten for 53 in the Australians' 2nd innings of the 4th Ashes Test at Old Trafford in 1956 (the only other bowler to take all 10 wickets is Anil Kumble of India in 1999). Having also taken 9 for 37 in the first innings, Laker's match bowling figures were 19 for 90: no other bowler has taken more than seventeen wickets in a first-class match.[2] Laker was married to an Austrian who did not know much about cricket. On the day of his achievement when he arrived home, his wife asked him, \"Jim, did you do something good today?\" after she had taken hundreds of congratulatory telephone calls.[3] Remarkably, Laker had also taken all 10 wickets in an innings for Surrey against the same Australians earlier in the season, the first time a bowler had taken all ten against the Australians since Ted Barratt did so in 1878.[4]", "Ishant Sharma. In the 2014 tour of England, Sharma secured his career best figures of 7/74 at the Lord's, with an aggressive spell in England's second innings, bowling India to a 95-run win.[41] During the first test of the series, Sharma suffered the slight ignominy of becoming Alastair Cook's sole Test wicket when caught down the leg side.[42] India finished the series losing 3–1. He finished the 2015 three-match Test series in Sri Lanka with 13 wickets, including a 5-wicket haul in the third Test at SSC. At the end of the match, he was handed a one match ban by the International Cricket Council (ICC), following an altercation with Dhammika Prasad in the course of the match.[43] The series also saw him pick his 200th wicket in Tests.[44] India won the series 2–1.", "Ishant Sharma. During the 2008 Test series against Australia in India, Ishant was the leading wicket-taker, with 16, and was named man-of-the-series as India won 2–0. He thereby became the first Indian paceman to win such an award in a Test series on Indian soil after Kapil Dev who won the award in 1983. He was noted for achieving reverse swing on balls sometimes as young as eight overs, and along with senior opening bowler Zaheer Khan, troubled the touring Australians.[19] He took Australian captain Ricky Ponting's wicket three times during the series, and six times in as many Tests, making the Indian press label Ponting as Ishant's bunny.[20]", "List of Australia Test cricket records. There has been two occasions in Test cricket where a bowler has taken all ten wickets in a single innings – Jim Laker of England took 10/53 against Australia in 1956 and India's Anil Kumble in 1999 returned figures of 10/74 against Pakistan. Arthur Mailey is one of 15 bowlers who has taken nine wickets in a Test match innings.[94]", "Hat-trick. The most involved hat-trick was perhaps when Melbourne club cricketer Stephen Hickman, playing for Power House in March 2002, achieved a hat-trick spread over three overs, two days, two innings, involving the same batsman twice, and observed by the same non-striker, with the hat-trick ball being bowled from the opposite end to the first two. In the Mercantile Cricket Association C Grade semi-final at Fawkner Park, South Yarra, Gunbower United Cricket Club were 8 for 109 when Hickman came on to bowl his off spin. He took a wicket with the last ball of his third over and then bowled number 11 batsman Richard Higgins with the first ball of his next over to complete the Gunbower innings, leaving Chris Taylor the not out batsman. Power House scored 361, putting the game out of reach of Gunbower. In the second innings opener Taylor was joined by Higgins at the fall of the fourth wicket as Hickman returned to the attack. With his first ball, observed by an incredulous Taylor at the non-striker's end, he clean bowled Higgins, leaving Higgins with a pair of golden ducks.[17]", "India national cricket team. India has also had some very strong bowling figures, with spin bowler Anil Kumble being a member of the elite group of 3 bowlers who have taken 600 Test wickets. In 1999, Anil Kumble emulated Jim Laker to become the second bowler to take all ten wickets in a Test match innings when he took 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan at the Feroz Shah Kotla in Delhi.", "Border–Gavaskar Trophy. The Second Test at Eden Gardens in Kolkata on 11 March-15 March is regarded by many as one of the most exciting games of cricket ever played. It began with Australia electing to bat and scoring 445, captain Steve Waugh contributing 110. Harbhajan Singh took 7–123, including a hat-trick, which was the first Test hat-trick by an Indian bowler in 69 years of Indian cricketing history. India's woes continued, being dismissed for only 171, with McGrath taking 4–18 in a brilliant bowling performance. Australia enforced the follow-on, and at the end of day 3 India were 254/4, still 20 runs behind forcing Australia to bat again. For many spectators, commentators, and even players, the match and the series were as good as lost for India.", "Rahul Dravid. Dravid's sole Test wicket was of Ridley Jacobs in the fourth Test match against the West Indies during the 2001–2002 series. While he has no pretensions to being a bowler, Dravid often kept wicket for India in ODIs. Dravid is now a specialist batsman, averaging 63.51 in matches played since 1 January 2000.", "List of first-class cricket records. In 1907, Albert Trott of Middlesex took four wickets in four balls, and another hat-trick, in the same Somerset innings.[116] In 1963–64, Joginder Rao playing for Services took two hat-tricks in the same Northern Punjab innings during his second first-class match, after having also taken a hat-trick in his début match.[117] Other instances of two hat-tricks in a match have been achieved by Alfred Shaw (in 1884), Jimmy Matthews (1912 in a Test match), Charlie Parker (1924), Roly Jenkins (1949), Amin Lakhani (1978–79), and Mitchell Starc (2017-18).[118]", "B. S. Chandrasekhar. In a Test against New Zealand in 1976, Chandrasekhar and Prasanna took 19 wickets and were crucial in setting up India's win. Attributed to him is a famous umpire-directed quote, made during a day of bad decisions in New Zealand after several of his lbw appeals were given not out: \"I know he is bowled, but is he out?\"[6][7] Chandrasekhar also played a major role in India's victory in Australia in 1977–78.[1]During that series he became the first bowler in test history to register the identical figures in a same test(6/52 in both innings).[8]", "List of One Day International cricket hat-tricks. A hat-trick in cricket is when a bowler takes three wickets on consecutive deliveries, dismissing three different batsmen. It is a relatively rare event in One Day International (ODI) cricket with only 43 occurrences in more than 3,800 matches since the first ODI, between Australia and England on 5 January 1971. The first ODI hat-trick was taken by Jalal-ud-Din of Pakistan, playing against Australia in Hyderabad, Sindh in September 1982 and the first world cup hat trick was taken by Chetan Sharma of India against New Zealand.", "List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records. Muttiah Muralitharan's 9 wickets for 51 runs against Zimbabwe is Test cricket's fifth-best bowling figures in a single innings.[46] Also Rangana Herath's 9 wickets for 127 runs against Pakistan is the Best bowling figures by a left hand bowler in Test cricket history.[47]", "List of bowlers who have taken 300 or more wickets in Test cricket. As of August 2015, the retired Sri Lankan bowler Muttiah Muralitharan has the highest aggregate with 800 wickets.[6] He has also taken the most five-wicket hauls in an innings and ten-wicket hauls in a match, 67 and 22 times respectively, and has the fifth best bowling performance in a match, 16 wickets for 220 runs against England in 1998.[7][8][9] Australian fast bowler Dennis Lillee is the fastest to accomplish the feat, taking 56 Tests to do so while West Indian Malcolm Marshall has the best bowling average among those to achieve the milestone, taking 376 wickets at an average of 20.94 runs.[10] West Indian Lance Gibbs is the most economical with 1.99 runs per over while South African fast bowler Dale Steyn has the best strike rate of 41.4 balls per wicket.[6] Among those players to have taken 300 wickets, Indian Anil Kumble has the best bowling figures for an innings, 10 wickets for 74 runs against Pakistan in 1999, which is the second best in the history of Test cricket after English player Jim Laker's 10 for 53 against Australia in 1956.[11]", "List of bowlers who have taken a wicket with their first ball in a format of international cricket. In One Day International (ODI) matches, twenty-four bowlers have taken a wicket with their first ball. The first to accomplish this was English bowler Geoff Arnold, who bowled Graeme Watson on 24 August 1972. The most recent is Mosaddek Hossain, from Bangladesh, who struck with his debut delivery on 28 September 2016.[10] Not all of these bowlers took their first wicket in their debut match. Clive Lloyd, Inzamam-ul-Haq, Sadagoppan Ramesh, and Martin van Jaarsveld did not bowl in their debut matches, and took their first wicket on a later appearance.[11][12][13][14] Ramesh and Wavell Hinds took their first wickets during the same match on 6 September 1999; the former in the first innings of the match and the latter in the second.[15] It was also the only wicket taken by Ramesh during his ODI career.[16]", "List of Sri Lanka Test cricket records. Muralitharan has taken ten or more wickets per match on more occasions than any other bowler in Test cricket. He has performed this feat 22 times, more than double the number of the bowler ranking second—Shane Warne, who has achieved this on 10 occasions.[55]", "List of Test cricket hat-tricks. In the five-match series between a Rest of the World XI and England in 1970, a hat-trick was taken by South African Eddie Barlow in the fourth match, at Headingley (the last three of four wickets in five balls).[9] These matches were considered to be Tests at the time, but that status was later removed.[10]", "Anil Kumble. Kumble is the most successful Indian bowler of all time and third highest wicket taker of all time in Tests as well. He has taken 35 five-wicket hauls and 8 ten-wicket hauls in Tests. He also took 2 ODI five-wicket hauls as well.", "Virender Sehwag. During the 2006 West Indies tour, Sehwag narrowly missed out on scoring a century in the opening session of the Second Test in St Lucia, ending with 99 at the interval.[88] He went on to compile 180 in just 190 balls, and also collected four wickets for the match to be named man of the match.[89] Although Sehwag had collected more than 50 wickets in ODIs, he was substantially used as a Test bowler for the first time on the West Indies tour, taking nine wickets in the first two Test matches when he was used in the absence of off-spinner Harbhajan Singh as India opted to only use one specialist spinner.[90] He had previously only three wickets at Test level [7]. He was also fined in the First Test for excessive appealing.[91]", "Hat-trick. A hat-trick occurs in cricket when a bowler dismisses three batsmen with consecutive deliveries. The deliveries may be interrupted by an over bowled by another bowler from the other end of the pitch or the other team's innings, but must be three consecutive deliveries by the individual bowler in the same match. Only wickets attributed to the bowler count towards a hat-trick; run outs do not count." ]

[ 7.6953125, 5.5703125, -0.2008056640625, 3.97265625, 5.296875, 4.00390625, 6.203125, 4.4140625, 3.060546875, 6.0546875, -0.64697265625, -2.578125, -0.062225341796875, 0.87548828125, -3.3203125, -2.4921875, -0.69677734375, 1.0673828125, -1.8603515625, -2.09765625, -2.94921875, 3.658203125, 2.552734375, 0.8388671875, -2.673828125, 1.216796875, -0.467041015625, -0.908203125, 2.220703125, -1.6005859375, -3.41796875, -2.2734375 ]

[ "The End of the F***ing World. The first series began filming in April 2017 and concluded a few weeks before the show's release in October 2017. Though filmed in England, the programme has an American tone to it; Entwistle was inspired by Twin Peaks and Fargo. Episodes were filmed largely in suburban areas and across Surrey, with locations such as Woking, Bracknell and Longcross Studios.[4] Another filming location was Leysdown-on-Sea on the Isle of Sheppey.[10] Entwistle uses mostly close-up shots, particularly in early episodes where most frames feature only one character. He uses this for deadpan humour, by moving from face to face to get shots of characters' reactions.[4]", "The World's End (film). Principal photography for The World's End began on 28 September 2012.[11] Filming took place in Hertfordshire, at Elstree Studios, Letchworth Garden City, and Welwyn Garden City.[12] Part of the film was also shot at High Wycombe railway station, Buckinghamshire.[13]", "This Is the End. While set in Los Angeles, principal photography was in New Orleans due to financial incentives from that city. Filming rolled from February to early July 2012.[9] Modus FX made 240 visual effects for the film, including natural disasters, set extensions for the house, computer-generated demons, and the Rapture beams.[10] After filming wrapped, Rogen and Goldberg were displeased with their ending; they considered putting Morgan Freeman in Heaven, but he declined.[11] Since \"Everybody (Backstreet's Back)\" already played in a scene and the directors wanted to close on an over-the-top note, the directors decided to feature the Backstreet Boys in the scene instead.[12]", "A Home at the End of the World (film). The film was shot on location in New York City, Phoenix, and Schomberg and Toronto in Ontario, Canada.", "The End of the World (Doctor Who). During recording of \"The Unquiet Dead\" on 20 October, several pick-up shots were recorded at Headlands School in Penarth.[7] The main recording on the block concluded in Q2 on 22 October.[7]", "The End of the World (Doctor Who). Location filming principally took place in Cardiff in October 2004, with some additional scenes shot in Cardiff and Penarth in November 2004 and February 2005. Studio work was recorded in the Unit Q2 warehouse in Newport from September to November 2004.", "The BFG (2016 film). Principal photography on the film began on March 23, 2015, in Vancouver[16][41] and concluded on June 12, 2015.[42] Weta Digital worked on the film's visual effects.[43] It is Mathison's final film following her death on November 4, 2015.", "The End of the F***ing World. The show is based on Forsman's mini-comics The End of the Fucking World, which were collected into a book in 2013. Series creator Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about making a film, and a short was made in 2014. Instead, an eight-part serial was commissioned, with filming beginning in April 2017. It was written by Charlie Covell, and episodes were directed by Entwistle and Lucy Tcherniak. A second series has not been announced, though Entwistle, Covell and Lawther have all commented on the possibility of one.", "The End of the F***ing World. Though the short was well-received, no production companies wanted to invest in the idea as a full-length film.[4] Entwistle and Buchanan decided to make a television series with Clerkenwell Films, following which Channel 4 and then Netflix became involved. Forsman had no official role in the show's production, wanting to continue working on his comics, though Entwistle would regularly consult him and keep him updated.[8]", "Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction. The World's End is a 2013 British-American comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike. The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during a pub crawl in their home town. In the final confrontation with the aliens (Bill Nighy) it is revealed that it was the aliens who helped create all the technology around us and once the aliens were ordered to leave the world reset to a post apocalyptic state.", "The World's End (film). All twelve pubs in the film use identical signage on menus and walls, reflecting what Wright called \"that fake hand-written chalk\" common to modern British pubs.[9] The exteriors of the real pubs were shot at locations in Welwyn Garden City and Letchworth Garden City, with altered signage.[14] Letchworth Garden City railway station got a makeover as the \"Hole in the Wall\".[15] Stunts were coordinated by Brad Allen of martial arts film director Jackie Chan's team. Wright said: \"In Drunken Master, Jackie Chan has to get drunk to fight, but this is more the idea of Dutch courage. You know, when you're kind of drunk and you think 'ah, I can climb up that scaffolding!' Or just that you're impervious to pain. One of the things we talked about is this idea that [the characters] become better fighters the more oiled they get.\"[9]", "It's Only the End of the World. A co-production of Canada and France, it was shot in Montreal and Laval, Quebec, beginning in 2015. The small core of actors were selected against typecasting, with Dolan and Cotillard challenged by the awkwardness in dialogue inherent in Lagarce's work.", "Till the World Ends. The music video for \"Till the World Ends\" was directed by Ray Kay and filmed inside a basement in Los Angeles, California.[71] On March 17, 2011, Spears posted on her Twitter account, \"Day 1 of the #TTWE Videoshoot. Just wrapped my first big dance number. Taking a well deserved break people!\" She also tweeted a picture of her on set, wearing ripped tights, a Burberry Prorsum studded leather jacket and matching fingerless leather gloves.[72][73] The making-of was chronicled on the special Britney Spears: I Am the Femme Fatale, which aired on MTV on April 3, 2011, at 21:00 EST (02:00 UTC). In the special, Spears is seen watching the playback, as she later explained, \"[It is] just to make sure it's right and that the costume looks right and the dancers are together and we all look in unison. It's an energy and it looks fresh. It has a certain vibe with it and it makes sense.\" She also went on to describe the set as \"grimy and gross [...] It was sweat and it was disgusting sometimes\". At a point in the shoot, Spears changed her heels to Ugg boots during the shots that did not show her feet, stating that \"[Dancing in heels] hurts ... but it looks good. It wasn't a full-length shot, so a girl's about comfort when it's not showing.\" Spears said that she did not feel the need to top herself, saying that \"I've made so many videos that I'm at the point that I genuinely want to enjoy myself, and I have such a good team of people with me. [...] I had never worked with Ray Kay before. I was really happy with the work we did.\"[71] The video was choreographed by Brian Friedman.[74] On April 4, 2011, it was announced that two different versions of the music video would be released, a director's cut and a choreography cut. The same day, Spears tweeted a 30-second preview of the video, announcing, \"#TillTheWorldEnds video premieres THIS Wednesday on VEVO. Cant wait to share it with you guys!\"[75] \"Till the World Ends\" became at the Spears second VEVOcertified music video on YouTube. [76]", "Beginning of the End (film). Filming began December 3, 1956.[34] Shooting took place on the Republic Pictures backlot at 4024 Radford Avenue in Los Angeles, California (built by Mack Sennett and now home to CBS Studio Center).[34][35][36] Actor Peter Graves said Gordon \"was okay, he was a good director.\"[35] He also had praise for actress Peggie Castle, and said he felt privileged to be working with an actor of Morris Ankrum's stature.[35]", "The End of the F***ing World. The End of the F***ing World is a British dark comedy-drama television programme, based on a graphic novel of the same name by Charles Forsman. The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4. It was a co-production with Netflix, who released it internationally on 5 January 2018. The programme follows James (Alex Lawther), a 17-year-old who believes himself to be a psychopath, and Alyssa (Jessica Barden), a rebellious classmate who sees in James a chance to escape from her tumultuous home life.", "The End of the F***ing World. The eight-part programme premiered its first episode on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom on 24 October 2017, after which all eight episodes were released on All 4.[2] The End of the F***ing World was a co-production with Netflix[2] who exclusively released it internationally on 5 January 2018.[14] On that weekend, sales of the graphic novel rose considerably, with Fantagraphics Books selling out of the current print run according to Forsman.[8]", "The World's End (film). The World's End is a 2013 comic science fiction film directed by Edgar Wright, written by Wright and Simon Pegg, and starring Pegg, Nick Frost, Paddy Considine, Martin Freeman, Eddie Marsan and Rosamund Pike. The film follows a group of friends who discover an alien invasion during an epic pub crawl in their home town.", "This Is the End. During production, the film was titled The Apocalypse, later changed to The End of the World.[6][13] The name changed to This Is the End on December 20, 2012, upon the release of its first trailer and poster.[14][15] This was done at the request of Rogen's Paul co-star Simon Pegg, who wrote to Rogen in concern that The End of the World was too similar a title to his comedy film The World's End, also released in the summer of 2013 and centered around an apocalypse with an ensemble cast. As The World's End was the name of a key location in that film, Pegg worried he could not change the name of his film.[16]", "Seeking a Friend for the End of the World. Filming began May 2011, in Los Angeles, California.[7] The film was theatrically released on June 22, 2012 in the United States by Focus Features. It received mixed reviews from critics and earned $9.6 million on a $10 million budget. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray Disc and made available for digital streaming in the United States on October 23, 2012.", "It's Only the End of the World. Principal photography began on 26 May 2015 in Montreal.[13][14] Scenes were shot in Laval, Quebec, where a set was established in a small and inconspicuous house in the suburbs. Dolan explained that he believed the story is set in Europe, but gave it a small Canadian veneer. In the bungalow, the crew set up in the basement, with Mexican director Guillermo Del Toro inspecting the equipment.[15] Cassel reported sets and lighting were prepared one year before the cast arrived for filming.[16]", "All the Money in the World. On May 31, 2017, it was reported that All the Money in the World had begun principal photography.[17] Filming continued at Elveden Hall in west Suffolk for a week at the end of July. The aristocratic Grade II-listed stately home was used to represent a Moroccan palace in the filming of a series of flashback scenes.[18] Kevin Spacey worked for just ten days on the film.[19] The original production reportedly concluded in August.[20]", "After the Sunset. With the majority of the script set on an island in the Caribbean, the filmmakers decided to shoot in The Bahamas, Basing their production out of the Atlantis resort in Nassau, cast and crew flew in from Los Angeles, Miami and New York City to commence filming.", "House at the End of the Street. Principal photography and filming mostly took place in Metcalfe, Ontario and Carp, Ontario from August 2, 2010, until September 3, 2010.[2]", "The Real World: San Francisco. ^Note 1 : Age at the time of filming.", "The End of the F***ing World. While Forsman was publishing the mini-comics, Jonathan Entwistle contacted him about adapting it to a visual format – the original idea was to make an American film, and later a web series was considered. A film was pitched to Film4, and Entwistle was given funding for a short.[4] Made in 2014,[5] it featured some cast and crew who continued their roles for the television series. Entwistle directed and Dominic Buchanan was producer;[6] Jessica Barden played Alyssa. However, instead of Alex Lawther, James was played by Craig Roberts.[7]", "The World's End (film). Alcoholic Gary King persuades his estranged schoolfriends Peter, Oliver, Steven, and Andy, to complete the \"Golden Mile\", a pub crawl encompassing the 12 pubs of their hometown of Newton Haven. The group attempted the crawl as teenagers, but failed to reach the final pub, the World's End.", "The End of the World (Doctor Who). Many of the Platform One interiors were filmed at the Temple of Peace in Cardiff from 6 to 14 October.[6] Sets were also built and painted to match the Temple's marble interiors.[citation needed]", "It's the End of the World as We Know It (And I Feel Fine). The song was played repeatedly for a 24-hour period (with brief promos interspersed) to introduce the new format for WENZ 107.9 FM \"The End\", a radio station in Cleveland, Ohio in 1992. When the station underwent a new format change in 1996, they again played the song in 24-hour loop. There was a documentary film made about the station entitled The End of the World As We Knew It, released in 2009 which featured many of the former staffers and jocks.[6][7][8]", "The Other End of the Line. Filming began in October 2007 in Mumbai, and continued in San Francisco during 2008.[4] The film was released on October 31, 2008.[5]", "The End of the F***ing World. The series is set in the present day, but Entwistle aimed to make it feel like it could have been set \"any time from 1988 to 2006\". Additionally, diners have a 1970s-style design, and the soundtrack features songs from the 1950s, 60s and 70s, along with original music from Graham Coxon, the founding member of Blur. Entwistle describes Coxon's scores as \"guitar-based suburban noir\", and notes that more of his music is used in later episodes for the police officers.[4]", "The World's End (film). The Broadway Cinema, Letchworth, a renovated independent cinema built in a quintessentially Art Deco style in the 1930s,[16] was used to portray the Mermaid pub. This cinema was also the first outside London to play the film, with a special introduction by Pegg thanking the residents of Letchworth for their help during its making; over 800 viewers watched the film at the cinema on its opening night.[17]", "Dead Marshes. The close-up shots were filmed on the Weta Digital Wet-Set at Lower Hutt, NZ." ]

[ 6.796875, 4.15625, -3.39453125, 1.775390625, 1.787109375, 4.10546875, -3.24609375, -0.53125, -0.919921875, -3.1875, 1.80859375, 0.93701171875, -4.109375, -4.15625, 0.11065673828125, -0.78271484375, -3.162109375, -3.33203125, 2.505859375, 2.419921875, -2.375, -3.55078125, -3.6953125, -4, -1.43359375, -0.51904296875, 2.77734375, -0.98876953125, -1.2236328125, -0.931640625, 1.6318359375, -4.82421875 ]

[ "General Mills. General Mills, Inc., is an American multinational manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer foods sold through retail stores. It is headquartered in Golden Valley, Minnesota, a suburb of Minneapolis. The company markets many well-known North American brands, including Gold Medal flour, Annie's Homegrown, Betty Crocker, Yoplait, Colombo, Totino's, Pillsbury, Old El Paso, Häagen-Dazs, Cheerios, Trix, Cocoa Puffs, and Lucky Charms. Its brand portfolio includes more than 89 other leading U.S. brands and numerous category leaders around the world.[2]", "Breakfast cereal. The second major innovator in the cereal industry was Charles W. Post, a salesman who was admitted to Kellogg's sanitarium as a patient in the late 1800s. While there, he grew deeply impressed with their all-grain diet. Upon his release, he began experimenting with grain products, beginning with an all-grain coffee substitute called Postum. In 1898 he introduced Grape-nuts, the concentrated cereal with a nutty flavor (containing neither grapes nor nuts). Good business sense, determination, and powerful advertising produced a multimillion-dollar fortune for Post in a few years. After his death, his company acquired the Jell-O company in 1925, Baker's chocolate in 1927, Maxwell House coffee in 1928, and Birdseye frozen foods in 1929. In 1929, the company changed its name to General Foods. In 1985, Philip Morris Tobacco Company bought General Foods for $5.6 billion and merged it with its Kraft division.[18] Because of Kellogg and Post, the city of Battle Creek, Michigan is nicknamed the \"Cereal Capital of the World\".[19]", "Kellogg's. Kellogg's, doing business as The Kellogg Company, is an American multinational food-manufacturing company headquartered in Battle Creek, Michigan, United States. Kellogg's produces cereal and convenience foods, including cookies, crackers, and toaster pastries and markets their products by several well known brands including Corn Flakes, Keebler, and Cheez-It. Kellogg's mission statement is \"Nourishing families so they can flourish and thrive.\"[4]", "Kellogg's. From 1969 to 1977, Kellogg's acquired various small businesses including Salada Foods, Fearn International, Mrs. Smith's Pies, Eggo, and Pure Packed Foods;[10] however, it was later criticized for not diversifying further like General Mills and Quaker Oats were. After underspending its competition in marketing and product development, Kellogg's U.S. market share hit a low 36.7% in 1983. A prominent Wall Street analyst called it \"a fine company that's past its prime\" and the cereal market was being regarded as \"mature\". Such comments stimulated Kellogg chairman William E. LaMothe to improve, which primarily involved approaching the demographic of 80 million baby boomers rather than marketing children-oriented cereals. In emphasizing cereal's convenience and nutritional value, Kellogg's helped persuade U.S. consumers age 25 to 49 to eat 26% more cereal than people of that age ate five years prior. The U.S. ready-to-eat cereal market, worth $3.7 billion at retail in 1983, totaled $5.4 billion by 1988 and had expanded three times as fast as the average grocery category. Kellogg's also introduced new products including Crispix, Raisin Squares, and Nutri-Grain Biscuits and reached out internationally with Just Right aimed at Australians and Genmai Flakes for Japan. During this time, the company maintained success over its top competitors: General Mills, which largely marketed children's cereals, and Post, which had difficulty in the adult cereal market.[11]", "General Mills. In 1990, a joint venture with Nestlé S.A. called Cereal Partners was formed[18] which markets cereals (including many existing General Mills cereal brands) outside the US and Canada under the Nestlé name.", "General Mills. General Mills's breakfast cereals include:", "General Mills. General Mills cereals no longer manufactured include:", "Breakfast cereal. In the 1920s, national advertising in magazines and radio broadcasts played a key role in the emergence of the fourth big cereal manufacturer, General Mills. In 1921, James Ford Bell, president of a Minneapolis wheat milling firm, began experimenting with rolled wheat flakes. After tempering, steaming, cracking wheat, and processing it with syrup, sugar, and salt, it was prepared in a pressure cooker for rolling and then dried in an electric oven. By 1925, Wheaties had become the \"Breakfast of Champions\". In 1928, four milling companies consolidated as the General Mills Company in Minneapolis. The new firm expanded packaged food sales with heavy advertising, including sponsorship of radio programs such as \"Skippy\", \"Jack Armstrong, The All-American Boy\", and baseball games. Jack Dempsey, Johnny Weissmuller, and others verified the \"Breakfast of Champions\" slogan. By 1941 Wheaties had won 12% percent of the cereal market. Experiments with the puffing process produced Kix, a puffed corn cereal, and Cheerios, a puffed oats cereal. Further product innovation and diversification brought total General Mills sales to over $500 million annually (18% in packaged foods) by the early 1950s.[22][23]", "General Mills. Some brands are marketed outside the US and Canada by the Cereal Partners joint venture using the Nestlé brand.[18]", "General Mills. Since 2004, General Mills has been producing more products targeted to the growing ranks of health-conscious consumers. The company has chosen to switch its entire breakfast cereal line to whole grain. The company also started manufacturing their child-targeted cereals with less sugar.[19][20] General Mills has reduced the level of sugar to all cereals advertised to children to 11 grams per serving.[21] The company's recent marketing to children included the advergame Millsberry, a virtual city that included games featuring General Mills products. The site launched in August 2004 and ran through December 2010.[citation needed]", "Breakfast cereal. Breakfast cereal companies make gluten-free cereals which are free of any gluten-containing grains. These cereals are targeted for consumers who suffer from gluten-related disorders, as celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity and wheat allergy, among others.[34][35] Some companies that produce gluten-free cereals include Kellogg's, General Mills, Nature's Path and Arrowhead Mills.", "Kellogg's. A list of cereal products produced by Kellogg's, with available varieties:", "General Mills. The company's grain-snack brands include:", "Kellogg's. Kellogg's products are manufactured in 18 countries and marketed in over 180 countries.[5] Kellogg's largest factory is at Trafford Park in Trafford, Greater Manchester, United Kingdom, which is also the location of its European headquarters.[6] Other corporate office locations outside of Battle Creek include Chicago, Dublin, Shanghai, and Querétaro City.[7] Kellogg's holds a Royal Warrant from Queen Elizabeth II and the Prince of Wales.[8]", "Kellogg's. On June 3, 2010, Kellogg's was found to be making unsubstantiated and misleading claims in advertising their cereal products by the Federal Trade Commission (FTC).[46][47][48]", "Kellogg's. In March 2001, Kellogg's made its largest acquisition, the Keebler Company. Over the years, it has also gone on to acquire Morningstar Farms and Kashi divisions or subsidiaries. Kellogg's also owns the Bear Naked, Natural Touch, Cheez-It, Murray, Austin cookies and crackers, Famous Amos, Gardenburger (acquired 2007), and Plantation brands. Presently, Kellogg's is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation.", "General Mills. General Mills itself was created in June 1928[7] when Washburn-Crosby President James Ford Bell merged Washburn-Crosby and 28 other mills.", "Kellogg's. Kellogg's is a sponsor of USA Gymnastics and produces the Kellogg's Tour of Gymnastics, a 36-city tour held after the Olympic games and featuring performances by recent medal-winning gymnasts from the United States.[34]", "Kellogg's. Food bloggers are also questioning the marketing methods used by cereal manufacturing companies such as Kellogg's, due to their high sugar content and use of ingredients such as high-fructose corn syrup.[41]", "General Mills. General Mills was ranked #181 on the 2012 Fortune 500 list of America's largest corporations,[23] 161 in 2015 and was the third-largest food consumer products company in the United States.[24] During June 2012, the company's vice-president for diversity stated that General Mills opposes a Minnesota amendment banning gay marriage, stating that the company values \"inclusion\".[25] The company received positive feedback for its stand which might attract people to its global workforce.[26]", "General Mills. The company's baking-goods brands include:", "Corn flakes. The flakes of grain, which the Kellogg brothers called granose, were a very popular food among the patients. The brothers then experimented with other flakes from other grains. In 1906, Will Keith Kellogg, who served as the business manager of the sanitarium, decided to try to mass-market the new food. At his new company, Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company, he added sugar to the flakes to make them more palatable to a mass audience, but this caused a rift between his brother and him. In 1907, his same company ran an ad campaign which offered a free box of cereal to any woman who winked at her grocer.[8] To increase sales, in 1909 he added a special offer, the Funny Jungleland Moving Pictures Booklet, which was made available to anyone who bought two boxes of the cereal. This same premium was offered for 22 years. At the same time, Kellogg also began experimenting with new grain cereals to expand his product line. Rice Krispies, his next great hit, first went on sale in 1928.[9]", "General Mills. The company's meal products brands include:", "General Mills. In 1880 Washburn-Crosby flour brands won gold, silver and bronze medals at the Millers' International Exhibition in Cincinnati, causing them to launch the Gold Medal flour brand.[6]", "Kellogg's. Some of Kellogg's marketing has been questioned in the press, prompted by an increase in consumer awareness of the mismatch between the marketing messages and the products themselves.[40]", "General Mills. As of April 2010[update], the company's management included:[32]", "Kellogg's. In 2012, Kellogg's became the world's second-largest snack food company (after PepsiCo) by acquiring the potato crisps brand Pringles from Procter & Gamble for $2.7 billion in a cash deal.[12]", "General Mills. It also produces fruit snacks, including Fruit by the Foot, Fruit Gushers, Fruit Roll-Ups, and Fruit Shapes.", "Lucky Charms. The jingle is usually accompanied by mentioning that Lucky Charms contains whole grain ingredients, and is part of a balanced meal. General Mills' market position is centered on cereals that contain \"more whole grain than any other single ingredient, which is significant, because 95 percent of Americans aren't eating minimally 48 grams of whole grain per day as recommended by the U.S. Dietary Guidelines.\"[7]", "Kellogg's. Kellogg's was founded as the Battle Creek Toasted Corn Flake Company on February 19, 1906, by Will Keith Kellogg as an outgrowth of his work with his brother John Harvey Kellogg at the Battle Creek Sanitarium following practices based on the Seventh-day Adventist Church. The company produced and marketed the hugely successful Kellogg's Toasted Corn Flakes and was renamed the Kellogg Company in 1922.[not verified in body]", "General Mills. General Mills came out with their \"Monster Cereals\" in the 1970s. The cereals are now produced and sold seasonally around Halloween.[13]", "Baker's Chocolate. Following Pierce's death in 1896, the Forbes Syndicate bought the company, which they sold In 1927 to the Postum Cereal Company, later known as General Foods. In 1969 production moved from Dorchester, Massachusetts to Dover, Delaware. The company was passed onto Kraft Foods in 1989 when they acquired General Foods and finally forked out to Mondelez International in 2012." ]

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[ "Chloe Lanier. Chloe Lanier (born November 3, 1992)[1] is an American actress. She is known for playing Nelle Benson on the ABC soap opera General Hospital,[2][3] for which she was nominated for the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2017, winning that award the following year.", "Renée Felice Smith. Renée Felice Smith (born 16 January 1985[1]) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Nell Jones on NCIS: Los Angeles, since joining the series that began in 2010.", "Chloe Lanier. Lanier started her acting career in 2009 by starring in a movie called The Effects of Tragedy as Lisa. In 2012, she had joined the cast of Army Wives in the recurring role of Penny. In 2014, she guest-starred in an episode of NCIS as Emma Carter and appeared in a film, North Blvd, as Young Elaine. In 2015, she appeared in two episodes of General Hospital as Young Patricia Spencer for the 52nd anniversary storyline.[5][6] Lanier dished about her Young Patricia Spencer audition being very secretive, she had her part marked as \"Girl No.2\" which made her think the role was a background one, but to her surprise after she read the character description, she was impressed having a major change of heart and decided to go for it after her boyfriend convinced her to.[7] In the same year, she guest-starred in Stalker as Sage. General Hospital were planning to cast another actress to portray the role of Nelle Benson, since Lanier was busy with another TV show (Kingdom) at that time, but Laura Wright and Frank Valentini were adamant that if anyone should be playing Nelle it should be Lanier, so the storyline was put on hold for her.[8] In 2016, she returned to General Hospital, but this time in a brand new contract role of Nelle Hayes.[9] She debuted on August 8, 2016. In November 2016, she had booked an independent film, Gorman, also titled Quail Lake, where she plays the lead role of Brittany.[10] On June 28, 2018, Daytime Confidential reported that Lanier decided not renew her contract with General Hospital.[11]", "Nell (film). Nell is a 1994 American drama film, directed by Michael Apted from a screenplay written by William Nicholson. The film stars Jodie Foster (who also produced) in the titular role. Liam Neeson, Natasha Richardson, Richard Libertini, and Nick Searcy are featured in supporting roles. \nBased on Mark Handley's play Idioglossia, which was inspired by Handley's time living in the Cascade Mountains in the 1970s, and the story of Poto and Cabengo, twins who created their own language,[3] the film's narrative follows a young woman who has to face other people for the first time after being raised by her mother in an isolated cabin. The original musical score is composed by Mark Isham.", "Renée Felice Smith. In 2010 she was cast to appear as Nell Jones on NCIS: Los Angeles. Initially planned to be only a recurring character, Smith's role was expanded to Main Cast after she impressed the producers with her acting.[6]", "Rebecca Herbst. Rebecca Ann Herbst (born May 12, 1977) is an American actress, known for playing nurse Elizabeth Webber on the ABC Daytime drama General Hospital, a role she originated on August 1, 1997, and Suzee, an alien, on the Nickelodeon show, Space Cases.", "Nell (film). Foster's performance was widely praised and brought her various awards and nominations. She won the inaugural Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading Role and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Drama.", "Michele Dotrice. Her first significant role was in the 1962 13-part BBC TV adaptation of The Old Curiosity Shop in which she played Nell,[1] and she appeared in The Witches for Hammer Films in 1966. In 1970 she had starring roles in the horror thrillers And Soon the Darkness (1970)[2] and The Blood on Satan's Claw (1970).[3] Her other film appearances include Jane Eyre (1970) with George C. Scott[4] and the 1976 comedy Not Now, Comrade.[5]", "Nita Talbot. Talbot has been either the star or co-star of several other series, including Man Against Crime, Bourbon Street Beat (four episodes as Lusti Weather),[3] The Secret Storm, and Supertrain,[3]:1040 while guest-starring on others such as Kolchak: The Night Stalker. Talbot also had long-running roles in Search for Tomorrow and General Hospital. On General Hospital, she had the recurring role of Delfina from 1981 to 1983 (and again in 1992), Tiffany Hill's old friend who takes over designing Luke and Laura's wedding.[2]", "Vanessa Marcil. Vanessa Marcil[2] (/mɑːrˈsɛl/ mar-SEL;[citation needed] born Sally Vanessa Ortiz; October 15, 1968[3]) is an American actress. She is best known for her television roles as Brenda Barrett on General Hospital, Gina Kincaid on Beverly Hills, 90210, and Sam Marquez on Las Vegas.", "Phyllis Summers. In May 2014, when Stafford joined the cast of General Hospital in the role of Nina Clay, the show went ahead with plans to recast the role of Phyllis. [15] On May 22, 2014, reports surfaced that former One Life to Live and Guiding Light actress Gina Tognoni had been cast in the role of Phyllis, following her \"flawless\" audition. Tognoni began taping on July 9[16] and made her debut on August 11, 2014.[17][18][19]", "Nazanin Boniadi. She was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Daytime Drama Series in 2008 for her role in General Hospital.[8]", "Gimme a Break!. Nell Carter received two Emmy nominations as Best Actress in a Comedy Series (1982, 1983)[8] and two Golden Globe nominations as Best Actress in a Television Series-Comedy or Musical (1983, 1985).[9]", "List of General Hospital characters. Simone Ravelle Hardy", "Catherine O'Hara. In 2010 O'Hara was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited Series or Movie and the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actress – Series, Miniseries or Television Film for her portrayal of Aunt Ann in Temple Grandin opposite Claire Danes. For her work on the television series Schitt's Creek (2015–present), O'Hara has won two Canadian Screen Awards for Best Lead Actress in a Comedy Series, at the 4th Canadian Screen Awards in 2016 and the 5th Canadian Screen Awards in 2017.[1] Her other notable television appearances include the recurring roles of Dr. Georgina Orwell in the Netflix series A Series of Unfortunate Events and Carol Ward in Six Feet Under, and the voices of Jackie Martin in Glenn Martin, DDS, Miss Malone in The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley, Kaossandra in Skylanders Academy and Liz Larsen in Committed. She has also hosted Saturday Night Live twice during her career, and made numerous guest appearances on sitcoms, variety shows, and late night television.", "Kathleen Gati. In 2012, Gati joined the cast of ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital playing villainous Dr. Liesl Obrecht. In 2015, she also had the recurring role in the BET drama series Being Mary Jane playing network executive Shohreh Broomand, and during 2015-16 had starring role in the web series Fear the Walking Dead: Flight 462.[2][3]", "Vanessa Marcil. In 1998, after six years on General Hospital, she left the show to star in the made-for-television movie To Love, Honor and Deceive, and had a recurring guest role on the police drama High Incident, produced by Steven Spielberg. In November 1998, Marcil joined the Beverly Hills, 90210 cast as Gina Kincaid and remained with the show for one-and-a-half seasons. In 1999, she starred in two independent films: Nice Guys Sleep Alone, with Sean O'Bryan, and This Space Between Us, with Jeremy Sisto.", "List of General Hospital characters (1980s). Simone Hardy is a fictional character from the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role was originated by Laura Carrington on June 1, 1987, and she remained in the role until the character was taken off-screen on December 22, 1989. Stephanie Williams took over the role of Simone on February 16, 1990, and remained on the series until late 1993. Felecia Bell entered the role on December 20, 1993 until the character left the series in 1996. An unnamed actress played Simone when she was first seen from behind on May 13, 1987.", "Tia Carrere. Althea Rae Janairo (born January 2, 1967), known professionally as Tia Carrere, is an American actress, model, voice actress, and singer who obtained her first big break as a regular on the daytime soap opera General Hospital.", "Kelly Monaco. Monaco had two roles in the ABC soap opera Port Charles: Olivia \"Livvie\" Locke Morley (1999–2003) and Tess Ramsey (2002–03). When that program ended, she joined the cast of the ABC soap opera General Hospital as Samantha McCall[9] in September 2003.", "Linda Cardellini. Linda Edna Cardellini (born June 25, 1975) is an American actress. She is known for her roles as Lindsay Weir on Freaks and Geeks, Samantha Taggart on ER, Velma Dinkley in the live-action Scooby-Doo feature films, Sylvia Rosen, a neighbor of Don Draper's on the AMC drama series Mad Men, Meg Rayburn on the Netflix original series Bloodline, Cassie in Brokeback Mountain, and Laura Barton in Avengers: Age of Ultron. She is also known for voicing roles in animated projects such as CJ in Regular Show, Marcy \"Hot Dog Water\" Fleach in Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated, Wendy Corduroy in Gravity Falls, and Megan in Sanjay and Craig.", "Nicholle Tom. Nicholle Marie Tom (born March 23, 1978) is an American actress.", "Anna Deavere Smith. Anna Deavere Smith (born September 18, 1950) is an American actress, playwright, and professor. She is currently the artist-in-residence at the Center for American Progress. Smith is widely known for her roles as National Security Advisor Dr. Nancy McNally in The West Wing (2000–06), and as hospital administrator Gloria Akalitus in the Showtime series Nurse Jackie (2009–15). She is a recipient of The Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize (2013), one of the richest prizes in the American arts, with a remuneration of $300,000, and was named the Jefferson Lecturer for 2015.", "List of NCIS: Los Angeles characters. Penelope \"Nell\" Jones (portrayed by Renée Felice Smith) is Eric's partner as an NCIS analyst. Introduced as a recurring character in the season two episode \"Special Delivery\", Nell joined the main cast as of episode 2.11 \"Disorder\". She has a red pixie cut hairstyle and is of small-medium stature (being able to wear a Hetty-sized sweater—just barely—in the episode \"Disorder\"). In the episode \"Harm's Way\" she demonstrates at least a functional knowledge of written Arabic when she is called upon to translate the contents of a terrorist laptop. In the episode \"The Fifth Man\" Hetty states that Nell has the highest I.Q. of anyone currently serving in NCIS but the actual number is never stated. In the episode \"Cyber Attack,\" Sam asks Callen if Hetty is grooming her for higher things after seeing Nell running things around the office. In the episode \"Merry Evasion\" Callen asks the same question of Hetty directly when Hetty states that she intends to keep Nell in the field a bit longer.", "List of General Hospital characters. Kristina Cassadine (deceased)", "Rebecca Budig. In 2010, Budig won the first and only season of the ABC show Skating with the Stars. The show paired celebrities with professional ice skaters, who competed each week. Since September 2013, she began co-hosting the syndicated lifestyle television show Better, alongside JD Roberto. In 2012, she appeared with Janeane Garofalo in the comedic movie Bad Parents. In February 2015, it was announced that Budig had been cast on General Hospital in an unknown \"killer\" role. She debuted the role of Hayden Barnes on March 20, 2015.[6][7] On June 27, 2017, it was announced that Budig had been let go from General Hospital, with her dismissal cited as a \"storyline necessity\".[8][9]", "Rena Sofer. Rena Sherel Sofer (born December 2, 1968) is an American actress, known for her appearances in daytime television, episodic guest appearances, and made-for-television movies. In 1995, Sofer received a Daytime Emmy Award for her portrayal of Lois Cerullo in the soap opera General Hospital.", "Vanessa Marcil. From 2002 to 2003, she returned to General Hospital, as Brenda Barrett, garnering her a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in 2003. Vanessa later joined the cast of the NBC drama Las Vegas as Sam Marquez, a casino host, where she remained on the show for five seasons until 2008. That same year, she became the host of Lifetime's reality show Blush: The Search for America's Greatest Makeup Artist, as well as making a three-episode guest appearance on the NBC show Lipstick Jungle.", "Nell (film). While in town, Nell befriends Mary, Todd's depressed wife, but also encounters some raunchy boys in a pool hall until Jerry gets her out. With increased intrusion by the press, Jerry and Paula take Nell to a hospital for her protection. There, Nell becomes extremely despondent and unresponsive. Jerry removes her from the hospital and hides her in a hotel. Paula joins him, and the two admit that they love each other.", "Ava Jerome. Ava Jerome is a fictional character from the ABC daytime soap opera General Hospital. The role is portrayed by three-time Daytime Emmy Award winner Maura West, who made her on-screen debut on May 8, 2013.", "Nell (film). Nell sleeps during the day or works inside her home and is active outdoors only after sunset. She explains to Jerry that her mother told her about the rape and warned her that men were evildoers. As Nell comes to trust Jerry, she sees him as a friend, the \"gah'inja\" her mother promised would come. Jerry later realizes that \"gah'inja\" is Nell's phrase for \"guardian angel.\" Using popcorn as an incentive, Jerry is able to lead Nell outside and into the sun. Nell leads Jerry and Paula to the decayed remains of her identical twin sister, May, who died in a fall while the two were playing in the woods.", "Nell (film). When Violet Kellty, who had an undiagnosed stroke, dies in her isolated cabin in the North Carolina mountains, Dr. Jerome \"Jerry\" Lovell, the town doctor, finds a terrified young woman hiding in the house rafters. She speaks angrily and rapidly, but seems to have a language of her own. Looking at Violet's Bible, Jerry finds a note asking whoever finds it to look after Violet's daughter Nell. Sheriff Todd Peterson shows Jerry a news clipping that Nell was conceived through rape." ]

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[ "Nolo contendere. In criminal trials in certain United States jurisdictions, it is a plea where the defendant neither admits nor disputes a charge, serving as an alternative to a pleading of guilty or not guilty. A no-contest plea, while not technically a guilty plea, has the same immediate effect as a guilty plea and is often offered as a part of a plea bargain.[1] In many jurisdictions a plea of nolo contendere is not a typical right and carries various restrictions on its use.", "Nolo contendere. In the United States, State law determines whether, and under what circumstances, a defendant may plead no contest in state criminal cases. In federal court, the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure only allow a nolo contendere plea to be entered with the court's consent; before accepting the plea, the court is required to \"consider the parties' views and the public interest in the effective administration of justice.\"[2]", "Arraignment. In the past, a defendant who refused to plead (or \"stood mute\") was subject to peine forte et dure (Law French for \"strong and hard punishment\"). Today in common-law jurisdictions, the court enters a plea of not guilty for a defendant who refuses to enter a plea.[12] The rationale for this is the defendant's right to silence.", "Nolo contendere. In the Commonwealth countries—such as England and Wales, Canada, and Australia—the plea of nolo contendere is not permitted. The defendant must enter a plea of \"guilty\" or \"not guilty\". If a defendant refuses to enter a plea, the court will record a plea of \"not guilty\".[10]", "Plea bargain. In cases such as an automobile collision when there is a potential for civil liability against the defendant, the defendant may agree to plead no contest or \"guilty with a civil reservation\", which essentially is a guilty plea without admitting civil liability.", "Nolo contendere. Nolo contendere is a legal term that comes from the Latin phrase for \"I do not wish to contend\" and it is also referred to as a plea of no contest.", "Nolo contendere. In Alaska, a criminal conviction based on a nolo contendere plea may be used against the defendant in future civil actions. The Alaska Supreme Court ruled in 2006 that a \"conviction based on a no contest plea will collaterally estop the criminal defendant from denying any element in a subsequent civil action against him that was necessarily established by the conviction, as long as the prior conviction was for a serious criminal offense and the defendant in fact had the opportunity for a full and fair hearing\".[6][7]", "Nolo contendere. Under the Federal Rules of Evidence,[3][4] and in those states whose rules of evidence are similar or identical to them, nolo contendere pleas may not be used to defeat the hearsay prohibition if offered as an \"admission by [a] party-opponent\".[5] Assuming the appropriate gravity of the charge, and all other things being equal, a guilty plea to the same charge would cause the reverse effect: An opponent at trial could introduce the plea, over a hearsay objection, as evidence to establish a certain fact.[4]", "Civil disobedience. An important decision for civil disobedients is whether or not to plead guilty. There is much debate on this point, as some believe that it is a civil disobedient's duty to submit to the punishment prescribed by law, while others believe that defending oneself in court will increase the possibility of changing the unjust law.[46] It has also been argued that either choice is compatible with the spirit of civil disobedience. ACT UP's Civil Disobedience Training handbook states that a civil disobedient who pleads guilty is essentially stating, \"Yes, I committed the act of which you accuse me. I don't deny it; in fact, I am proud of it. I feel I did the right thing by violating this particular law; I am guilty as charged,\" but that pleading not guilty sends a message of, \"Guilt implies wrong-doing. I feel I have done no wrong. I may have violated some specific laws, but I am guilty of doing no wrong. I therefore plead not guilty.\" A plea of no contest is sometimes regarded as a compromise between the two.[47] One defendant accused of illegally protesting nuclear power, when asked to enter his plea, stated, \"I plead for the beauty that surrounds us\";[48] this is known as a \"creative plea,\" and will usually be interpreted as a plea of not guilty.[49]", "Plea bargain. If a defendant admits to having committed a crime, the prosecution doesn't have to file charges against them, and the case can be heard as a so-called \"admission case\" (Danish: tilståelsessag) under §831 of the Law on the Administration of Justice (Danish: Retsplejeloven) provided that: the confession is supported by other pieces of evidence (meaning that a confession is not enough to convict someone on its own); both the defendant and the prosecutor consent to it; the court does not have any objections; §§ 68, 69, 70 and 73 of the Penal Code do not apply to the case.[a][41]", "Nolo contendere. In Texas, the right to appeal the results of a plea bargain taken from a plea of either nolo contendere or \"guilty\" is highly restricted. Defendants who have entered a plea of nolo contendere may only appeal the judgment of the court if the appeal is based on written pretrial motions ruled upon by the court.[9]", "Inquisitorial system. In adversarial systems, the defendant may plead \"guilty\" or \"no contest\" in exchange for reduced sentences, a practice known as plea bargaining, which is an extremely common practice in the United States. In theory, the defendant must allocute or \"voice\" his or her crimes in open court, and the judge must believe the defendant is telling the truth about his or her guilt. In an inquisitorial system, a mere confession of guilt would not be regarded as ground for a guilty verdict, and the prosecutor is required to provide evidence supporting a guilty verdict; however, this requirement is not unique to inquisitorial systems, as many or most adversarial systems impose a similar requirement under the name corpus delicti.", "Mixed martial arts. No Contest: in the event that both fighters commit a violation of the rules, or a fighter is unable to continue due to an injury from an accidental illegal technique, the match will be declared a \"No Contest\" except in the case of a technical decision in the unified rules.", "Nolo contendere. In Florida, the Supreme Court held in 2005 that no-contest convictions may be treated as prior convictions for the purposes of future sentencing.[8]", "Criminal justice. Some cases can be disposed of without the need for a trial. In fact, the vast majority are. If the accused confesses his or her guilt, a shorter process may be employed and a judgment may be rendered more quickly. Some nations, such as America, allow plea bargaining in which the accused pleads guilty, nolo contendere or not guilty, and may accept a diversion program or reduced punishment, where the prosecution's case is weak or in exchange for the cooperation of the accused against other people. This reduced sentence is sometimes a reward for sparing the state the expense of a formal trial. Many nations do not permit the use of plea bargaining, believing that it coerces innocent people to plead guilty in an attempt to avoid a harsh punishment.", "Nolo contendere. The Virginia Rules of Evidence differ from the parallel federal rules in that a nolo contendere plea entered in a criminal case is admissible in a related civil proceeding.[citation needed]", "Plea bargain. A plea bargain allows both parties to avoid a lengthy criminal trial and may allow criminal defendants to avoid the risk of conviction at trial on a more serious charge. For example, in the U.S. legal system, a criminal defendant charged with a felony theft charge, the conviction of which would require imprisonment in state prison, may be offered the opportunity to plead guilty to a misdemeanor theft charge, which may not carry a custodial sentence.", "Plea bargain. Largely unique to the Canadian justice system is that further negotiations concerning the final disposition of a criminal case may also arise even after a sentence has been passed. This is because in Canada the Crown has (by common law standards) a very broad right to appeal acquittals[citation needed], and also a right to appeal for harsher sentences except in cases where the sentence imposed was maximum allowed. Therefore, in Canada, after sentencing the defence sometimes has an incentive to try and persuade the Crown to not appeal a case, in exchange for the defence also declining to appeal. While, strictly speaking, this is not plea bargaining, it is done for largely the same reasons.", "Criminal procedure in South Africa. If, at any stage before sentencing, there is doubt that the accused is guilty, or if it appears that the accused does not admit, or has not admitted, any allegation in the charge, or that the accused may have a valid defence, or for any other reason, the court may enter a plea of not guilty. The trial then continues on that basis. Any admitted allegation which is not in question will stand.[218] For more, see Attorney-General, Transvaal v Botha,[219] S v Nixon and S v H[220]", "Arraignment. Arraignment is a formal reading of a criminal charging document in the presence of the defendant to inform the defendant of the charges against him or her. In response to arraignment, the accused is expected to enter a plea. Acceptable pleas vary among jurisdiction but they generally include \"guilty\", \"not guilty\", and the peremptory pleas (or pleas in bar) setting out reasons why a trial cannot proceed. Pleas of \"nolo contendere\" (no contest) and the \"Alford plea\" are allowed in some circumstances.", "Plea bargain. The plea bargain (also plea agreement, plea deal, copping a plea, or plea in mitigation) is any agreement in a criminal case between the prosecutor and defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. This may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to a less serious charge, or to one of the several charges, in return for the dismissal of other charges; or it may mean that the defendant will plead guilty to the original criminal charge in return for a more lenient sentence.[1]", "Giles Corey. According to the law at the time, a person who refused to plead could not be tried. To avoid persons cheating justice, the legal remedy for refusing to plead was \"peine forte et dure\". In this process the prisoner is stripped naked, with a heavy board laid on his body. Then rocks or boulders are laid on the plank of wood. This was the process of being pressed:[10]", "South African criminal law. The maxim lex non cogit ad impossibilia may be translated to mean that the law does not compel anyone to do the impossible. Impossibility is the appropriate defence (excluding unlawfulness) in cases where the law places a person under a legal duty to perform a positive act, and the person is unable to comply with this duty. The policy rationale for this ground of justification is that it would be unfair to punish an individual who contravened the law under conditions where he could not act otherwise. In this regard, impossibility might be regarded as “the flip-side of necessity,”[169] but the requirements of the two defences do not correspond exactly.", "Nolo contendere. A nolo contendere plea has the same immediate effects as a plea of guilty, but may have different residual effects or consequences in future actions. For instance, a conviction arising from a nolo contendere plea is subject to any and all penalties, fines, and forfeitures of a conviction from a guilty plea in the same case, and can be considered as an aggravating factor in future criminal actions. However, unlike a guilty plea, a defendant in a nolo contendere plea may not be required to allocute the charges. This means that a nolo contendere conviction typically may not be used to establish either negligence per se, malice, or whether the acts were committed at all in later civil proceedings related to the same set of facts as the criminal prosecution.[3]", "Plea bargain. However, the court may object to the terms of proposed plea agreement (even if already agreed between the defendant, victim and prosecutor) and suggest changes (not specific but rather general). If the defendant accepts these suggestions and changes his penalty proposition, the court approves it and passes the verdict according to the plea agreement. In spite of the agreement, all the parties of the trial: prosecution, defendant and the victim as an auxiliary prosecutor (in Poland, the victim may declare that he wants to act as an \"auxiliary prosecutor\" and consequently gains the rights similar to official prosecutor) - have the right to appeal.[citation needed]", "Motion (legal). A \"motion for nolle prosequi\" (\"not prosecuting\") is a motion by a prosecutor or other plaintiff to drop legal charges. n. Latin for \"we do not wish to prosecute,\" which is a declaration made to the judge by a prosecutor in a criminal case (or by a plaintiff in a civil lawsuit) either before or during trial, meaning the case against the defendant is being dropped. The statement is an admission that the charges cannot be proved, that evidence has demonstrated either innocence or a fatal flaw in the prosecution's claim, or the district attorney has become convinced the accused is innocent. It should be distinguished from the motion for judgment of non prosequitur, or judgment of non pros, which is a motion in some jurisdictions (e.g. Pennsylvania) by a defendant for a judgment in his favor for failure of the plaintiff to timely prosecute his claim.[4]", "Criminal procedure in South Africa. The general rule is that an accused who has pleaded is entitled to a verdict.[238][239] This does not mean that the accused is entitled to a verdict immediately; it means only that proceedings may not be concluded without reaching a verdict. This contrasts with the situation where the accused has not pleaded: Here the case could, for example, be withdrawn, and the accused would not be entitled to a verdict. An exception is mentioned in section 106(4), where there is a plea that the court has no jurisdiction to try the offence.", "Right to silence. The Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself or herself.[68][69] At trial, the prosecution can neither call the defendant as a witness, nor comment on the defendant's failure to testify.[70] Whether to testify or not is exclusively the privilege of the defendant.[71][72]", "Arraignment. At the first appearance, the accused is read the charges and asked for a plea. The available pleas are, guilty, not guilty, and no plea. No plea allows the defendant to get legal advice on the plea, which must be made on the second appearance.[3]", "Coram nobis. In 2015, the Maryland Code (2014 Supp.), ยง 8-401 of the Criminal Procedure Article (\"CP ยง 8-401\") clarified that the failure to seek an appeal in a criminal case may not be construed as a waiver of the right to file a petition for writ of coram nobis.[91]", "Plea bargain. Generally, once a plea bargain is made and accepted by the courts, the matter is final and cannot be appealed. However, A Defendant may withdraw his plea for certain legal reasons[24], and a defendant may agree to a \"conditional\" plea bargain, whereby s/he pleads guilty and accepts a sentence, but reserves the right to appeal a specific matter (such as violation of a constitutional right). If the defendant does not win on appeal the agreement is carried out; if the defendant is successful on appeal the bargain is terminated. The defendant in Doggett v. United States made such a bargain, reserving the right to appeal solely on the grounds that he was not given a speedy trial as required by the United States Constitution; Doggett's claim was upheld by the United States Supreme Court and he was freed.", "Plea bargain. The over-riding duty of the prosecutor is ... to see that justice is done. The procedures must command public and judicial confidence. Many defendants in serious and complex fraud cases are represented by solicitors experienced in commercial litigation, including negotiation. This means that the defendant is usually protected from being put under improper pressure to plead. The main danger to be guarded against in these cases is that the prosecutor is persuaded to agree to a plea or a basis that is not in the public interest and interests of justice because it does not adequately reflect the seriousness of the offending ... Any plea agreement must reflect the seriousness and extent of the offending and give the court adequate sentencing powers. It must consider the impact of an agreement on victims and also the wider public, whilst respecting the rights of defendants.[9]" ]

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[ "Loose lips sink ships. Loose lips sink ships is an American English idiom meaning \"beware of unguarded talk\".", "Loose lips sink ships. There were many similar such slogans, but \"Loose lips sink ships\" remained in the American idiom for the remainder of the century and into the next, usually as an admonition to avoid careless talk in general.[8][9][10]", "Loose lips sink ships. The phrase originated on propaganda posters during World War II.[2] The phrase was created by the War Advertising Council[3] and used on posters by the United States Office of War Information.[2]", "Loose lips sink ships. The gist of this particular slogan was that one should avoid speaking of ship movements, as this talk (if directed at or overheard by covert enemy agents) might allow the enemy to intercept and destroy the ships.[8]", "Loose lips sink ships. Some examples of use the phrase outside the World War II propaganda context are:", "Loose lips sink ships. The most famous poster that helped popularize the phrase (pictured at right) was created for the Seagram Distillers Corporation by the designer Seymour R. Goff (also known by the pseudonym \"Ess-ar-gee\" or Essargee).[4] This type of poster was part of a general campaign of American propaganda during World War II to advise servicemen and other citizens to avoid careless talk concerning secure information that might be of use to the enemy.[5] The British equivalent used \"Careless Talk Costs Lives\", and variations on the phrase \"Keep mum\",[6] while in neutral Sweden the State Information Board promoted the wordplay \"en svensk tiger\" (the Swedish word \"tiger\" means both \"tiger\" and \"keeping silent\"), and Germany used \"Schäm Dich, Schwätzer!\" (English: \"Shame on you, blabbermouth!\").[7]", "Censorship. During World War I letters written by British soldiers would have to go through censorship. This consisted of officers going through letters with a black marker and crossing out anything which might compromise operational secrecy before the letter was sent. The World War II catchphrase \"Loose lips sink ships\" was used as a common justification to exercise official wartime censorship and encourage individual restraint when sharing potentially sensitive information.", "Stiff upper lip. Notable examples in British history include, Captain Lawrence Oates's understated act of Antarctic sacrifice: aware that his ill health was compromising his three companions' chances of survival, he calmly left his tent and chose certain death; Sir Francis Drake finishing his game of bowls before embarking on the defeat of the Spanish Armada; and Lord Uxbridge's calm assessment of his injuries (he had lost his leg) to the Duke of Wellington when hit by a cannonball during the Battle of Waterloo in the Napoleonic Wars.[4]", "Always Look on the Bright Side of Life. The song touched a chord with the British trait of stoicism and the 'stiff upper lip' in the face of disaster, and became immensely popular. When the destroyer HMS Sheffield was struck by an Exocet cruise missile on 4 May 1982 in the Falklands War, her crew sang it while waiting to be rescued from their sinking ship,[6] as did the crew of HMS Coventry,[7] with the line from the song \"Worse things happen at sea, you know\" being especially ironic.", "List of sunken battleships. Those battleships belonging to the Central Powers that survived World War I often did not survive its aftermath. The most infamous example of the scuttling of capital ships after the First World War was the incident at Scapa Flow, where German admiral Ludwig von Reuter successfully scuttled 52 of the 74 ships of the High Seas Fleet.[18] The Austrians too disliked the idea of surrendering their fleet to their enemies, the Italians. On 1 November 1918, as the ship was being transferred to the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, Austrian battleship Viribus Unitis was mined and sunk at Pola by two Italian frogmen, Raffaele Paolucci and Raffaele Rossetti, unaware of the transfer.[19] Similarly, on 27 November 1942, the Vichy French government scuttled the majority of the French fleet at Toulon. Scuttling a battleship was, repeatedly through history, a last act of defiance against an enemy.", "American propaganda during World War II. Some of these posters contained the most well known slogans of the war and many were depicted by propaganda artist Cyril Kenneth Bird.[150] Other slogans used for this type of poster were “loose talk costs lives”, \"loose lips sink ships\", “Another careless word, another wooden cross”, and “bits of careless talk are pieced together by the enemy”.[16] Stories also emphasized an anti-rumor theme, as when one woman advised another not to talk with a man about her war job, because the woman he is dating is untrustworthy and might be an enemy agent.[151]", "Ship of State. The term has entered popular culture as well. Leonard Cohen's song \"Democracy\" contains the line \"Sail on. Sail on, o mighty ship of state. To the shores of need, past the reefs of greed, through the squalls of hate.\" Also, in his second novel 'Beautiful Losers' (1966) Cohen writes \"Sail on, sail on, O Ship of State, auto accidents, births, Berlin, cures for cancer!\" (p. 12). In the British TV series Yes, Minister, Sir Humphrey Appleby pointed out that \"the Ship of State is the only ship that leaks from the top\".", "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. According to a story about the proverb, the verse was a comment by a seer who told Ancaeus, who was setting out on the perilous enterprise of the Argonauts, that he would never taste wine from his newly planted vineyard. On his safe return, Ancaeus filled a cup with the first wine from his vineyard and reproached the seer for what appeared to be a false prophecy. The seer responded with the verse and just then an alarm was raised that a wild boar was destroying the vineyard. Without tasting the wine, Ancaeus rushed out and was killed by the boar.[5][6][7]", "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. The proverb may have been inspired by a situation described, without the proverbial phrase, in Homer's Odyssey, Book xxii 8-18 (from c. 850 B.C.), where Odysseus kills Antinous, who \"was on the point of raising to his lips a fair goblet, a two-eared cup of gold, and was even now handling it, that he might drink of the wine, and death was not in his thoughts\".[8][9]", "The Open Boat. The cook let go of the line. We rowed around to see if we could not get a line from the chief engineer, and all this time, mind you, there were no shrieks, no groans, but silence, silence and silence, and then the Commodore sank. She lurched to windward, then swung afar back, righted and dove into the sea, and the rafts were suddenly swallowed by this frightful maw of the ocean. And then by the men on the ten-foot dingy were words said that were still not words—something far beyond words.[10]", "Moby-Dick. That thing unsays itself. There are men\nFrom whom warm words are small indignity.\nI mean not to incense thee. Let it go.\nLook! see yonder Turkish cheeks of spotted tawn--\nLiving, breathing pictures painted by the sun.\nThe pagan leopards—the unrecking and\nUnworshipping things, that live; and seek and give", "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. The English proverb is almost identical with a Greek hexameter verse, Πολλὰ μεταξὺ πέλει κύλικος καὶ χείλεος ἄκρου (Much there is between the cup and the tip of the lip). This verse was proverbial at the time of Aulus Gellius (2nd century A.D.), who mentions it in his comment on the Latin phrase inter os atque offam (between the mouth and the morsel) used by Marcus Cato.[1] The Greek verse is attributed to Palladas in The Greek Anthology (X, 32), but that is manifestly erroneous, since Palladas lived two centuries after Aulus Gellius. The Loeb Classical Library edition of the Anthology says that the verse is \"a very ancient proverb, by some attributed to Homer\".[2] There is a reference to the many things that can intervene between cup and lip already in an iambic verse by Lycophron (3rd century B.C.) quoted by Erasmus.[3][4]", "How Long Has This Been Going On?. 'Neath the stars, at bazaars\nOften I've had to caress men\nFive or ten, dollars then, I'd collect from all those yes-men\nDon't be sad, I must add, that they meant no more than chess-men\n\nDarling, can't you see?\n'Twas for charity?\nThough these lips have made slips, it was never really serious\nWho'd have thought, I'd be brought to a state that's so delirious?[2]", "Stiff upper lip. Despite strong association with the UK, there are indications that the phrase originated in the US. One of the earliest known references to the phrase was in the Massachusetts Spy, June 1815: \"I kept a stiff upper lip, and bought [a] license to sell my goods.\" There are several more US references from early 19th century found, and by mid-century it became quite common, while the earliest British reference reported is from 1844.[1]", "American Theater (World War II). In one instance, the tanker Virginia was torpedoed in the mouth of the Mississippi River by the German submarine U-507 on May 12, 1942, killing 26 crewmen. There were 14 survivors. Again, when defensive measures were introduced, ship sinkings decreased.", "Battle of the Atlantic. In June 1941, the US realized the tropical Atlantic had become dangerous for unescorted American as well as British ships. On May 21, SS Robin Moor, an American vessel carrying no military supplies, was stopped by U-69 750 nautical miles (1,390 km) west of Freetown, Sierra Leone. After its passengers and crew were allowed thirty minutes to board lifeboats, U-69 torpedoed, shelled, and sank the ship. The survivors then drifted without rescue or detection for up to eighteen days. When news of the sinking reached the US, few shipping companies felt truly safe anywhere. As Time magazine noted in June 1941, \"if such sinkings continue, U.S. ships bound for other places remote from fighting fronts, will be in danger. Henceforth the U.S. would either have to recall its ships from the ocean or enforce its right to the free use of the seas.\"[40]", "Francis Drake. Coming up to them, there has passed some common shot between some of our fleet and some of them; and as far as we perceive, they are determined to sell their lives with blows.", "Humphrey Bogart. It was during his naval stint that Bogart may have received his trademark scar and developed his characteristic lisp, though the actual circumstances are unclear. In one account his lip was cut by shrapnel when his ship, the USS Leviathan, was shelled, although some claim Bogart did not make it to sea until after the Armistice had been signed. Another version, which Bogart's long-time friend, author Nathaniel Benchley, holds to, is that Bogart was injured while taking a prisoner to Portsmouth Naval Prison in Kittery, Maine.", "Sea shanty. Every man sprang to duty. The cheerful chanty was roared out, and heard above the howl of the gale. The cable held very hard, and when it surged over, the windlass sent the men flying about the deck, as if a galvanic battery had been applied to their hands. The vessel's head was often buried in the solid seas, and the men, soaked and sweating, yelled out hoarsely, \"Paddy on the Railway,\" and \"We're Homeward Bound,\" while they tugged at the brakes, and wound the long, hard cable in, inch by inch.[7]", "Anne Bradstreet. Her Victories in foreign Coasts resound?\nShips more invincible than Spain’s, her foe\nShe rack’t, she sack’d, she sunk his Armadoe.\nHer stately Troops advanc’d to Lisbon’s wall,\nDon Anthony in’s right for to install.\nShe frankly help’d Franks’ (brave) distressed King,\nThe States united now her fame do sing.", "Bobby Shafto's Gone to Sea. This is very close to the earliest printed version in 1805. A version published in John Bell's, Rhymes of Northern Bards (1812) gives this additional verse:", "Jack London. Despite being frequently attributed to London, the passage does not appear at all in the extensive collection of his writings at Sonoma State University's website. However, in his book The War of the Classes he published a 1903 speech entitled \"The Scab\",[91] which gave a much more balanced view of the topic:", "USS Indianapolis (CA-35). Probably the most well known fictional reference to the events occurs in the thriller film Jaws (1975), in a monologue by actor Robert Shaw, whose character Quint is depicted as a survivor of the Indianapolis sinking. The monologue emphasizes the numerous deaths caused by shark attacks after the sinking. John Milius was specifically brought into the production to write lines for this scene, and he based them on survivor stories. However, there are several historical inaccuracies in the monologue: the speech states the date of the sinking as 29 June 1945, when the ship was actually sunk just after midnight on 30 July. The speech further states that 1,100 men went into the water and 316 came out (in actuality, 321 came out, of whom 316 survived) and that because of the secrecy of the atom bomb mission no distress call was broadcast (while declassified Navy documents prove that the signal had been sent but did not elicit a response).[52][citation needed]", "There's many a slip 'twixt the cup and the lip. While a group of banditti ransack Mrs. Archer's house, the leader, Sam Hewson, drops a bottle of brandy; after it shatters, he says, \"Ah, my men! there's a sign for us – we may have a worse slip than that 'tween the cup and the lip: so let's be off – come, Pat.\"[18]", "Billy Mitchell. During World War II many warships were sunk solely by air attack. The battleships Conte di Cavour, Arizona, Utah, Oklahoma, Prince of Wales, Roma, Musashi, Tirpitz, Yamato, Schleswig-Holstein, Lemnos, Kilkis, Marat, Ise and Hyūga were all put out of commission or destroyed by aerial attack including bombs, air-dropped torpedoes and missiles fired from aircraft. Some of these ships were destroyed by surprise attacks in harbor, others were sunk at sea after vigorous defense. However, most of the sinkings were carried out by aircraft carrier-based planes, not by land-based bombers as envisioned by Mitchell. The world's navies had responded quickly to the Ostfriesland lesson.[55][56][57]", "Kwajalein Atoll. The USS Pennsylvania was sunk in the ocean off Kwajalein Atoll after being exposed during atomic bomb testing on 10 February 1948.", "Philippines Campaign (1941–42). \"He had 27 subs submerged in Manila Bay,...[48] it was Washington, not the Asiatic Fleet Commander that directed the fleet to withdraw from Manila.[49]... Hart was directed by Washington to send US Navy surface forces and submarines southeast toward Australia.[50]... Douglas MacArthur and Henry Stimson (United States Secretary of War) feuding with Admiral Hart over lack of US Navy submarine action. MacArthur asked Admiral Hart: \"What in the world is the matter with your submarines?\"[51]... MacArthur complained that Hart's inactivity allowed Japan's navy freedom of action.[52]... According to Stimson, MacArthur felt that Hart's ships and submarines were ineffectual, but because Admiral Hart had lost his courage. Admiral Hart's reaction to MacArthur's brickbats: \"He (MacArthur) is inclined to cut my throat and perhaps the Navy in general.\"[53]\"" ]

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[ "Jiggs dinner. Jiggs dinner, also called boiled dinner or cooked dinner, is a traditional meal commonly prepared and eaten on Sundays in many regions around the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Corned beef and cabbage was the favorite meal of Jiggs, the central character in the popular, long-running comic strip, Bringing Up Father, by George McManus and Zeke Zekley after whom the dish is likely named.", "Jiggs dinner. The leftover vegetables from a Jiggs dinner are often mixed into a pan and fried to make a dish known as \"cabbage hash\" or \"corned beef and cabbage hash\", much like bubble and squeak.", "Jiggs dinner. The name of the dish is also occasionally rendered as Jigs dinner or Jigg's dinner. In the rendering \"Jigg's dinner\", the apostrophe is incorrectly placed if in reference to the McManus character. Sometimes referred to colloquially as \"JD\", \"Jiggs dinner\" is the most common of all renderings.", "Jiggs dinner. The meal most typically consists of salt beef (or salt riblets), boiled together with potatoes, carrot, cabbage, turnip, and cabbage or turnip greens. Pease pudding and figgy duff are cooked in pudding bags immersed in the rich broth that the meat and vegetables create. Condiments are likely to include mustard pickles, pickled beets, cranberry sauce, butter, and a thin gravy made from the drippings of the roasted meat.[1]", "Jiggs dinner. It is also a traditional Saint Patrick's Day meal in North America. Many restaurants serve Jiggs dinner on and near March 17. It differs from other forms of the meal in that it includes corned beef, carrots, cabbage and potatoes.[2]", "Haggis. Although the name \"hagws\" or \"hagese\" was first recorded in England c. 1430, the dish is considered traditionally of Scottish origin. It is even the national dish,[6] as a result of Scots poet Robert Burns' poem Address to a Haggis of 1787. Haggis is traditionally served with \"neeps and tatties\", boiled and mashed separately, and a dram (a glass of Scotch whisky), especially as the main course of a Burns Supper.", "Shot glass. The term jigger in the sense of a small cup or measure of spirits or wine originates in the U.S. in the early 19th century. It was slang for a small drink of about half a gill or so, or the special cup used for it. Many references from the 1800s describe the \"jigger boss\" providing jiggers of whiskey to Irish immigrant workers who were digging canals in the U.S. Northeast.[17][18]", "Corned beef. Corned beef was used as a substitute for bacon by Irish-American immigrants in the late 19th century.[17] Corned beef and cabbage is the Irish-American variant of the Irish dish of bacon and cabbage. A similar dish is the New England boiled dinner, consisting of corned beef, cabbage, and root vegetables such as carrots, turnips, and potatoes, which is popular in New England and another similar dish, Jiggs dinner, is popular in parts of Atlantic Canada.", "Jell-O. To turn things around, Jell-O hired Dana Gioia to stop the decline. The marketing team revisited the Jell-O recipes published in past cookbooks and rediscovered Jigglers, although the original recipe did not use that name. Jigglers are Jell-O snacks molded into fun shapes and eaten as finger food. Jell-O launched a massive marketing campaign, notably featuring Bill Cosby as spokesman. The campaign was a huge success, causing a significant gain.[7]", "Haggis. Clarissa Dickson Wright says that it \"came to Scotland in a longship [i.e., from Scandinavia] even before Scotland was a single nation.\"[11] She cites etymologist Walter William Skeat as further suggestion of possible Scandinavian origins: Skeat claimed that the hag– element of the word is derived from the Old Norse haggw or the Old Icelandic hoggva[12] (höggva in modern Icelandic[13]), Modern Scots hag, meaning 'to hew' or strike with a sharp weapon, relating to the chopped-up contents of the dish.", "Gettin' Jiggy wit It. The song samples the 1979 Sister Sledge song \"He's the Greatest Dancer\". The \"mama-uh, mama-uh, mama come closer\" line is a reference to the song \"Soul Makossa\" by Manu Dibango, specifically the version adapted by Michael Jackson in \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'\"'s final bridge. The connotations associated with the expression getting jiggy were heavily influenced by this single. The term went from being used to acclaim one's fashion or style towards being synonymous with dancing, and eventually back to the original association with sexual connotations.[4]", "Elizabethan era. Special courses after a feast or dinner which often involved a special room or outdoor gazebo (sometimes known as a folly) with a central table set with dainties of \"medicinal\" value to help with digestion. These would include wafers, comfits of sugar-spun anise or other spices, jellies and marmalades (a firmer variety than we are used to, these would be more similar to our gelatin jigglers), candied fruits, spiced nuts and other such niceties. These would be eaten while standing and drinking warm, spiced wines (known as hypocras) or other drinks known to aid in digestion. One must remember that sugar in the Middle Ages or Early Modern Period was often considered medicinal, and used heavily in such things. This was not a course of pleasure, though it could be as everything was a treat, but one of healthful eating and abetting the digestive capabilities of the body. It also, of course, allowed those standing to show off their gorgeous new clothes and the holders of the dinner and banquet to show off the wealth of their estate, what with having a special room just for banqueting.", "Morris dance. A jig is a dance performed by one (or sometimes two) dancers, rather than by a set. Its music does not usually have the rhythm implied by the word \"jig\" in other contexts.", "Gettin' Jiggy wit It. Smith has attested in an interview[5] that his inspiration to alter the meaning for the purpose of the song came from his association of the term \"jiggy\" with \"jigaboo\", a derogatory term for African-Americans, which made the literal meaning of the title \"getting African-American with it\" and which was meant to reference the popular folk-myth of an innate sense of rhythm in black folks. The co-opting of a once offensive word also was racially empowering.[5]", "Haggis. Haggis is popularly assumed to be of Scottish origin,[1] but there is a lack of historical evidence that could conclusively attribute its origins to any one place. The first known written recipes for a dish of the name, made with offal and herbs, are as \"hagese\", in the verse cookbook Liber Cure Cocorum dating from around 1430 in Lancashire, north west England,[7] and, as \"hagws of a schepe\"[8] from an English cookbook also of c. 1430.", "Haggis. An early printed recipe for haggis appears in 1615 in The English Huswife by Gervase Markham. It contains a section entitled \"Skill in Oate meale\".[10]", "Jif (peanut butter). In 1958, the brand rollout in the US involved a heavily publicized house-to-house distribution of free sample jars from special trucks emblazoned with the then Jif mascot, the \"Jifaroo\", a blue kangaroo. An early slogan was \"Jif is never dry; a touch of honey tells you why.\" Early advertising also emphasized the beveled edge of the jar base, meant to make it easier to get the last bit of Jif out of the corner. For many decades, TV commercials for the product have ended with the tagline, \"Choosy mothers choose Jif\" and, in the 1990s, \"Choosy moms choose Jif.\" A recent ad features an example of a divide and choose scenario.[citation needed] From 1998 to 2000, there was a musical jingle that accompanied many Jif ads, which used the lyrics, \"Moms like you choose Jif, choose Jif!\"[3][4]", "Ballroom dance. The jive is part of the swing dance group and is a very lively variation of the jitterbug. Jive originated from African American clubs in the early 1940s. During World War II, American soldiers introduced the jive in England where it was adapted to today's competitive jive. In jive, the male leads the dance while the women encourage the men to ask them to dance. It is danced to big band music and some technique is taken from salsa, swing and tango. Jive is performed as an International Latin dance.", "Skua. The English word \"skua\" comes from the Faroese name skúgvur [ˈskɪkvʊər] for the great skua, with the island of Skúvoy renowned for its colony of that bird. The general Faroese term for skuas is kjógvi [ˈtʃɛkvə]. The word \"jaeger\" is derived from the German word Jäger, meaning \"hunter\".[1][2] The genus name Stercorarius is Latin and means \"of dung\"; the food disgorged by other birds when pursued by skuas was once thought to be excrement.[3]", "Jiffy (time). Jiffy is an informal term for any unspecified short period of time, as in \"I will be back in a jiffy\". From this it has acquired a number of more precise applications for short, very short, or extremely short periods of time. First attested in 1785, the word's origin is unclear, though one suggestion is that it was thieves' cant for lightning.[1]", "Jaffa Cakes. Jaffa Cakes are biscuit-sized cakes introduced by McVitie and Price in the UK in 1927 and named after Jaffa oranges. The most common form of Jaffa cakes are circular, 2 1⁄8 inches (54 mm) in diameter and have three layers: a Genoise sponge base, a layer of orange flavoured jam and a coating of chocolate.[1] Jaffa cakes are also available as bars or in small packs, and in larger and smaller sizes.[2] The original Jaffa Cakes come in packs of 12, 24 or 36.[3]", "Alice's Restaurant. The term \"massacree,\" used by Guthrie in the title to describe the whole scenario, is a colloquialism originating in the Ozark Mountains[2] that describes \"an event so wildly and improbably and baroquely messed up that the results are almost impossible to believe.\" It is a corruption of the word massacre (itself of French origin, possibly from the now nearly extinct Missouri French dialect) but carries a much lighter and more sarcastic connotation, never being used to describe anything involving actual death.[3]", "Eggnog. Babson College professor Frederick Douglass Opie \"wrote that the term is a combination of two colonial slang words — rum was referred to as grog and bartenders served it in small wooden mugs called noggins. The drink first became known as egg-n-grog and later as eggnog.\"[11] Ben Zimmer, executive editor for Vocabulary.com, disputes the \"egg-n-grog\" theory as lacking proof; Zimmer states that the term \"nog\" may be related to the \"Scottish term nugg or nugged ale, meaning \"ale warmed with a hot poker.\"[12]", "Congee. The origin of congee is unknown, but from many historical accounts, it was usually served during times of famine, or when numerous patrons visited the temples,[citation needed] as a way to stretch the rice supply to feed more people.", "Jacob's Club. Jacob’s originally used images of playing cards from the Club suit to illustrate and to advertise the new biscuit. The “Club” name was therefore a reference to this suit.", "Ceviche. The origin of the name of the dish is also disputed. One hypothesis suggests the common Spanish word for the dish, cebiche, has its origin in the Latin word cibus,[2] which translates to English as \"food\"[14] Another hypothesis, supported by the Royal Spanish Academy, is the name might derive from the Spanish-Arabic word assukkabáǧ, which itself derives from the Arabic word sakbāj (سكباج, meaning meat cooked in vinegar).[15][16] It is ultimately from the unattested Middle Persian *sikbāg, from sik (\"vinegar\")[17] and *bāg (\"soup\"), which also yielded the Persian word sekbā (سکبا, a soup made with meat and vinegar).[18] Further hypotheses base the origin of the term on escabeche, Spanish for pickle, or it is simply a variation of the word siwichi, the traditional Quechua name for the dish.[11]", "Alice's Restaurant Massacree. The term \"massacree\", used by Guthrie in the title to describe the whole scenario, is a colloquialism originating in the Ozark Mountains[3] that describes \"an event so wildly and improbably and baroquely messed up that the results are almost impossible to believe\". It is a corruption of the word massacre (itself of French origin, possibly from the now nearly extinct Missouri French dialect) but carries a much lighter and more sarcastic connotation, never being used to describe anything involving actual death.[4]", "Eggnog. The origins, etymology, and the ingredients used to make original eggnog drinks are debated. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, nog was \"a kind of strong beer brewed in East Anglia\".[7] The first known use of the word \"nog\" was in 1693.[8] Alternatively, nog may stem from noggin, a Middle English term for a small, carved wooden mug used to serve alcohol.[9] However, the British drink was also called an Egg Flip, from the practice of \"flipping\" (rapidly pouring) the mixture between two pitchers to mix it. One dictionary lists the word \"eggnog\" as being an Americanism invented in 1765-75.[10]", "Squares of Savannah, Georgia. St. James Square was named in honor of a green space in London, England, and marked one of the most fashionable neighborhoods in early Savannah.[13] It was renamed in 1883 to honor the Telfair family.[9] It is the only square honoring a family rather than an individual. The Telfairs included former Governor Edward Telfair, Congressman Thomas Telfair (Edward Telfair's son), and Mary Telfair (1791–1875), benefactor of Savannah's Telfair Museum of Art. The square also contains tributes to the Girl Scouts of the USA, founded by Savannahian Juliette Gordon Low, and to the chambered nautilus.[5] Telfair Square is located on Barnard, between State and York Streets.", "Gettin' Jiggy wit It. The song as well as the phrase \"Gettin' Jiggy Wit It\" has been used and parodied in popular culture ever since its release. In the animated MTV series Daria, characters can be seen dancing to the song, in an episode released mere weeks after the song's release. In the 1999 film Superstar, lead character Mary Catherine Gallagher gets advice from Jesus Christ, played by Will Ferrell, telling her to \"Get jiggy wit it, Na na na na na na\". In the Seinfeld episode \"The Reverse Peephole\", Jerry is disappointed at not being selected as DJ for a house party, stating, \"I was ready to get jiggy with it.\"[10] The song is also featured in the video game Backyard Football '08.", "Jiffy (time). One author has used the word jiffy to denote the Planck time of about 5.4 × 10−44 seconds, which is the time it would take light to travel a Planck length if ordinary geometry were still relevant at that scale.[8]", "Alice's Restaurant Massacree. In November 1965, when Guthrie was 18 years old near the end of his brief stint at Rocky Mountain College, he spent the Thanksgiving Day holiday in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, at a deconsecrated church being used as a home for two of his friends, Alice and Ray (Alice owned a restaurant at the time, but other than being the subject of the chorus, none of the events of the song involve the restaurant). As a favor to Alice and Ray, Guthrie and a friend (not named in the song, but identified in contemporary news reports as Richard Robbins[5]) volunteered to take the church's large stockpile of trash to the local dump, not realizing until they arrived at the dump site that it was closed for the holiday." ]

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