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[ "Eric Stuart. Eric Stuart (born October 18, 1967)[2][3] is an American voice actor, voice director and musician who worked for 4Kids Entertainment, NYAV Post, and Central Park Media. He provides voices for English dubs of anime, cartoons, and video games. Some of his most prominent roles include Brock and James in Pokémon, Seto Kaiba in Yu-Gi-Oh!, and Gourry Gabriev in Slayers.[4][1] His rock band, the Eric Stuart Band, has toured with many acts in the 1990s including Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band and Peter Frampton.[5]", "James Arnold Taylor. Taylor was born and raised in Santa Barbara, California.[citation needed] He has been voice acting since 1995, appearing in the Japanese game Emit.", "James the Red Engine. Susan Roman voiced James in the film.[5]", "Jim Cummings. James Jonah Cummings (born November 3, 1952) is an American voice actor and singer, who has appeared in almost 400 roles. He is known for voicing the title character from Darkwing Duck, Dr. Robotnik from Sonic the Hedgehog, and Pete, Winnie the Pooh, Tigger, and the Tasmanian Devil. He has performed in numerous Disney and DreamWorks animations including Aladdin, The Lion King, Balto, Antz, The Road to El Dorado, Shrek, and The Princess and the Frog. He has also provided voice-over work for video games, such as Icewind Dale, Fallout, The Elder Scrolls V: Skyrim, Baldur's Gate, Mass Effect 2, Star Wars: The Old Republic, World of Warcraft: Mists of Pandaria, World of Warcraft: Legion, and Splatterhouse.", "James Scott (actor). — James Scott[3]", "Pikachu. Other wild and trained Pikachu appear throughout the series, often interacting with Ash and his Pikachu. The most notable among these is Ritchie's Pikachu, Sparky.[28] Like most other Pokémon, Pikachu communicates only by saying syllables of his own name. He is voiced by Ikue Ōtani in all versions of the anime. In Pokémon Live!, the musical stage show adapted from the anime, Pikachu was played by Jennifer Risser.", "Pokémon the Movie: Kyurem vs. the Sword of Justice. Jessie (Musashi), James (", "Jason Paige. Jason Paige (born January 6, 1969) is an American singer, writer, record producer, stage, film, and television actor. Paige is best known for singing the first theme song for the English version of the Pokémon television series.", "Bryton James. James was a guest star on the drama The Vampire Diaries during its second season as warlock Luka Martin. He voices Jason James/Z-Strap on Nicktoons animated series Zevo-3 and Virgil Hawkins/Static in the Cartoon Network series Young Justice: Invasion. He has also provided the voice of Mark Surge in Hero Factory. His credits also include voice acting work as Freddie on the animated series The Kids From Room 402, Mowgli on The Jungle Book CD-ROM,[4] and Zare Leonis on Star Wars Rebels. James was also a recording artist and performed on Disney Channel and other U.S. and international networks.[4]", "Liam O'Brien. Liam Christopher O'Brien (born May 28, 1976)[4][1] is an American voice actor, writer and voice director in the Los Angeles area. He has been involved in many English-language adaptations of Japanese anime, and is also a regular in numerous video games and cartoons. His major anime roles include Gaara in Naruto, Captain Jushiro Ukitake in Bleach, Lloyd in Code Geass, and Kenzo Tenma in Monster. In cartoons, he voices in shows such as Star Wars Rebels, Transformers: Robots in Disguise, Avengers Assemble, Wolverine and the X-Men, and Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H.. In video games, he voiced Gollum in Middle-Earth: Shadow of Mordor, Caius Ballad in Final Fantasy XIII-2, War in Darksiders, Asura in Asura's Wrath, Illidan Stormrage in World of Warcraft, Yasuo in League of legends, the Warden in For Honor, Baker in Titanfall 2 and most recently, Infinite in Sonic Forces. He has directed for Naruto, The Last of Us, Evolve, Resident Evil 5, and Resident Evil 6.[5]", "Paul Terry (actor). Paul Christopher James Terry (born 7 November 1985) is an English former child actor. He is best known for in starring as James in the 1996 film adaptation of Roald Dahl's James and the Giant Peach. He also starred in the four seasons of the children's sitcom Microsoap (1998–2000).", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Tim Curry", "Paul Terry (actor). Director Henry Selick (The Nightmare Before Christmas) chose Terry out of hundreds of child actors to play the part of James in James and the Giant Peach.[2] The role required live acting as well as animation voice-work and singing. The live-action sequences were filmed in San Francisco, and the shoot took six weeks.[2] For his role in the film, which included singing one solo song and two ensembles on the soundtrack,[3] Terry was nominated for a Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Voiceover.[4][5]", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Andrea Martin", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Megan Cavanagh", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by: Megan Cavanagh", "James Remar. William James Remar (born December 31, 1953), is an American actor and voice actor. He played Richard, the on-off tycoon boyfriend of Kim Cattrall's character in Sex and the City, Ajax in The Warriors (1979),[1] homicidal maniac Albert Ganz in the thriller 48 Hrs. (1982), gangster Dutch Schultz in The Cotton Club (1984), Lord Raiden in Mortal Kombat: Annihilation (1997), Giuseppe Salvatore in The CW TV series The Vampire Diaries, Jack Duff in Miracle on 34th Street (1994), and Harry Morgan in the Showtime TV series Dexter. Since 2009, he has done voiceover work in ads for Lexus luxury cars.[2] James Remar also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City.", "Pokémon: The First Movie. Norman J. Grossfeld, former president of 4Kids Productions, served as the film's producer for the English-language North American version. Grossfeld, Michael Haigney, and John Touhey wrote the English adaptation, and Haigney served as the English version's voice director.[8] The English script was heavily edited from the original Japanese one; along with various content edits, Mewtwo was portrayed more maliciously because Grossfeld felt American audiences needed to see a \"clearly evil\" villain rather than a morally ambiguous one. As such, the existentialist themes seen in the Japanese version were significantly toned-down.[9]", "Ash Ketchum. Ash Ketchum, known as Satoshi (サトシ) in Japan, is a fictional character in the Pokémon franchise owned by Nintendo. He is the main protagonist of the Pokémon anime and manga series as well as on various merchandise related to the franchise. In Japanese, the character is voiced by Rica Matsumoto. In the English dub, he was voiced by Veronica Taylor from 1998 to 2006. Since the ninth season of the anime series, he is voiced by Sarah Natochenny for the remainder of the anime. In The Mastermind of Mirage Pokémon television special, when it aired on Kids' WB! his voice is provided by Kayzie Rogers. However, when the special was released to DVD in a 2 pack with Lucario and the Mystery of Mew, Sarah Natochenny re-dubbed the dialogue for that release.", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Tress MacNeille", "Lennie James. Lennie James (born 11 October 1965)[1] is an English actor, screenwriter, and playwright. He has appeared in many films, including Les Misérables (1998), Snatch (2000), and Blade Runner 2049 (2017).", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Tress MacNeille", "Oliver James (actor). Oliver James (born Oliver James Hudson;[1] 1 June 1980) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor.", "Brock (Pokémon). In an 2006 interview with K-Zone Australia, voice actor Eric Stuart revealed that Brock's last name is Harrison.[4]", "Patrick Labyorteaux. He starred in films as well: one of his well-known roles is in the 1987 comedy film Summer School as football player Kevin Winchester alongside future JAG/NCIS alum Mark Harmon. He appeared in the 1989 cult film Heathers as \"Ram Sweeney\". He has also voices for cartoons such as Spider-Man: The Animated Series, Godzilla: The Series and others.[citation needed]", "James Arnold Taylor. He has been an active member of the voice acting community since, appearing in numerous roles, including Ratchet in the Ratchet & Clank video game series and Tidus from Final Fantasy X. He also voiced Fred Flintstone in commercials from 2005 up to 2011, following the death of Henry Corden.", "Oliver James (actor). In 2004, James was cast to portray the role of Jay Corgan in New Line Cinema's musical drama film Raise Your Voice. The film which was directed by Sean McNamara and co-starred Hilary Duff. The film received negative reviews from critics and was a box office bomb earning worldwide $14,867,514.[4][5]", "Alex Hirsch. Outside of Gravity Falls, Hirsch has done voice work for a number of projects including Phineas and Ferb,[23] Rick and Morty, and as the announcer for the Chelsea Peretti special, One of the Greats.[24][25] In August 2016, it was announced that Hirsch was co-writing the new live-action Pokémon movie, Detective Pikachu, alongside Guardians of the Galaxy and Captain Marvel writer Nicole Perlman.[26][27] In February 2017, Hirsch was added as a story contributor to Sony's upcoming animated Spider-Man film,[28] Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse.[29]", "List of Power Rangers Dino Charge characters. James Navarro is portrayed by Reuben Turner and voiced by Dan Musgrove.[5]", "List of Jimmy Neutron characters. Voiced by Jim Cummings", "Pokémon, I Choose You!. Veronica Taylor, who provided the voice of Ash in this episode and all episodes from season one to eight, said that recording Ash's lines for the episode was \"really great\" for her. \"Playing a 10-year-old boy with that energy and excitement, and the battles that he's in, and his low, husky voice was really terrific,\" she said.[14]", "Liam Neeson. He also voiced the main character's father, James in the video game, Fallout 3.[38] Executive producer Todd Howard said, \"This role was written with Liam in mind, and provides the dramatic tone for the entire game\".[39] Fallout 3, the third game in the Fallout series, was extremely well received by critics and shipped 4.7 million copies by the end of 2008, the year it was released.[40]" ]

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[ "Berserk (2016 TV series). A new Berserk anime was announced in December 2015 in Hakusensha's Young Animal magazine,[5][10] with a short preview trailer released at Comiket later the same month.[1][11] The anime's website announced in February 2016 that the project would be a television series.[12] A second trailer was streamed in March 2016.[13][14] A teaser video was streamed on the series' website in early June 2016.[9] At the conclusion of the first season's final episode, a teaser confirmed a second season for April 2017. The brief clip showed off the character Schierke and the Berserker armor, indicating the second season would adapt the next arc, \"Hawk of the Millennium Empire\".[15]", "Berserk (2016 TV series). Berserk (Japanese: ベルセルク, Hepburn: Beruseruku) is a 2016 anime television series based on Kentaro Miura's Berserk manga and a sequel to the Golden Age Arc film trilogy. This is a television adaptation of the manga after the 1997 anime of the same name, covering the Conviction arc from the manga. A second season, covering the first half of the Hawk of the Millennium Empire Arc, began airing on April 7, 2017.[4]", "Berserk (2016 TV series). The 12-episode series[23] premiered on 1 July 2016 on WOWOW,[12][24] and later on MBS's Animeism programming block,[12] TBS, CBC, and BS-TBS.[18] The second season of the series began airing on April 7, 2017, with an hour-long two episode premiere.[4]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Berserk: Golden Age Arc III - The Advent[12] (ベルセルク 黄金時代篇III 降臨, Beruseruku Ōgon Jidai-hen Surī Kōrin) was released on February 1, 2013 in Japan.", "Berserk (2016 TV series). On March 17, 2017, IGN released a clip of the Berserk English dub and was announced that the series will be distributed by Funimation, but the series was dubbed by Bang Zoom! Entertainment. This marks the first time NYAV Post had no involvement in dubbing Berserk media since Sword of the Berserk. The first season was available on March 20 by Funimation.[28]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. It has now been a year after Guts dueled Griffith to leave The Band of the Hawk. Upon learning the Hawks have been labeled outlaws in Midland, Guts returns to aid them in freeing Griffith from the Tower of Rebirth. However, they find out that Griffith is a broken man-barely alive and rendered a mute cripple after months of physical and mental torture. When Griffith tries to end his life upon realizing what he has reduced to, a solar eclipse occurs that draws him, Guts, Casca and their comrades into another dimension where they encounter the archdemons known as the God Hand. Told that his tribulations have been leading to this moment, Griffith is given a choice to be reborn as the final member of the God Hand and accepts while knowing his transition requires his allies being offered as sacrifices. In this hopeless battle with the God Hand's monstrous horde of Apostles-former humans like Nosferatu Zodd-Guts's attempt to rescue Griffith fails as the latter accepts the deal to make his dreams a reality. The result finds Guts and Casca escaping the sacrificial slaughter, while Griffith is reborn as Femto. Guts and Casca are spirited back to their world by the mysterious Skull Knight, but not without repercussions: Casca loses her sanity from the nightmarish ordeal she endured after being raped by Femto; and Guts losing his left forearm and right eye. A post-credits scene shows Guts beginning his journey to hunt down the Apostles and the God Hand so he can kill Griffith, setting the events of the 2016 Berserk anime.", "Berserk (2016 TV series). The series is being simulcast on Crunchyroll.[25][26] Crunchyroll announced at the annual Anime Expo on 1 July 2016 that the company will be releasing the series with an English dub on Blu-ray and DVD. The exact date that the series will be released has not been announced.[27]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Berserk: Golden Age Arc II - The Battle for Doldrey[9][10] (ベルセルク 黄金時代篇II ドルドレイ攻略, Beruseruku Ōgon Jidai-hen Tsū Dorudorei Koryaku) was released on June 23, 2012 in Japan.[11]", "Berserk (2016 TV series). The story follows Guts as the \"Black Swordsman\", an appearance which was briefly seen in the first episode of the 1997 television series as well as in the final scene of Golden Age Arc films.[5]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Berserk: The Golden Age Arc III - The Advent (Viz Pictures - Apr 15, 2014)", "List of RWBY episodes. Volume 4 was officially announced by Gray Haddock on April 1, 2016, with the premiere set for Fall 2016.[12] Before the Volume officially began, the \"Volume 4 Character Short\" was released on October 3, 2016, the first \"trailer\" since Volume 1 to include a unique part of the story. Chapter 1 premiered on October 22, 2016 for Rooster Teeth \"First members\" (formerly \"sponsors\"), 24 hours later for members of the Rooster Teeth website, and one week later for the general public on YouTube. Weekly release day and time were the same as for Volume 3. This release schedule was continued throughout the Volume, which concluded on February 4, 2017.", "Arifureta: From Commonplace to World's Strongest. Digital publisher J-Novel Club licensed the series for an English release, and published the first chapter on February 21, 2017.[8][9] During their panel at Anime Expo 2017, Seven Seas Entertainment announced that they would publish a print version of the novels[9] as part of their collaboration with J-Novel Club.[10] J-Novel Club has also licensed Arifureta Zero, and the series was the publisher's first simultaneous publication.[7]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Berserk: Golden Age Arc I - The Egg of the King[7][8] (ベルセルク 黄金時代篇I 覇王の卵, Beruseruku Ōgon Jidai-hen Wan Haō no Tamago) was released on February 4, 2012 in Japan.", "Seraph of the End. On May 1, 2017, it was announced that the novels will receive a manga adaptation that will be serialized in Kodansha's Monthly Shonen Magazine", "List of One Piece chapters (807–current). These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume. They were originally serialized in Japanese in issues of Weekly Shōnen Jump and in English in issues of Weekly Shonen Jump from April to May 2018.", "List of Bleach chapters (424–686). The individual chapters are collected by Shueisha in a series of tankōbon volumes, which include a poem based on the cover character. The first volume was released on January 5, 2002.[6] The latest volume is 73, released on July 4, 2016.[7] Viz Media released the first volume on June 1, 2004;[8] as of March 6, 2018, 72 volumes have been released.[9] The company released a hardcover \"collector's edition\" of the first volume with a dust jacket on August 5, 2008, followed by a box set on September 2, 2008, containing the first 21 volumes, a poster, and a booklet about the series.[10][11] A re-release of the series under the label of \"3-in-1 Edition\" started on June 7, 2011;[12] as of May 2, 2016, nineteen volumes have been released.[13]", "I Want to Eat Your Pancreas. Idumi Kirihara began serializing a manga adaptation in Futabasha's Monthly Action magazine on August 25, 2016,[5][1] and ended the series on May 25, 2017.[6] The chapter were compiled into two collected tankōbon volumes, published on February 10, 2017 (ISBN 978-4-575-84925-7),[7] and June 20, 2017 (ISBN 978-4-575-84993-6).[8] The manga is also licensed by Seven Seas, who will release the first volume on January 22, 2019.[4]", "Goblin Slayer. A second adaptation of the main story, this one titled Goblin Slayer: Brand New Day and illustrated by Masahiro Ikeno, began serialization on Square Enix's Monthly Big Gangan on May 25, 2018. The story adapts the light novels starting with volume four.[32] Yen Press is also simulpublishing Brand New Day.[33]", "List of The Seven Deadly Sins chapters. These chapters have yet to be published in a tankōbon volume. They were originally serialized in Japanese in issues of Weekly Shōnen Magazine and in English in issues of Crunchyroll Manga from August 2018 to October 2018.", "List of Akame ga Kill! chapters. The series began serialization in the April 2010 issue of Square Enix's Gangan Joker, first published on March 20, 2010. The first tankōbon volume was published on August 21, 2010,[1] and fifteen volumes in total have been released as of February 22, 2017.[2] The series was licensed by Yen Press in June 2014 and the first volume was released on January 20, 2015.[3][4]", "Ar Nosurge. A manga prequel began serialisation within the Monthly Shōnen Sirius on February 26, 2014.[19]", "Bendy and the Ink Machine. The 'in-production' trailer for Chapter 4 was released November 17, 2017.[5] The first teaser visual was released on January 27, 2018, the second was released on February 24, 2018, and the third was released on March 28, 2018. The reveal trailer was released on March 31, 2018. The chapter itself will be released on April 28, 2018. It will probably focus on Henry trying to rescue Boris from \"Alice\", but also discovering why he was lured back to the studio. The chapter's official title \"Colossal Wonders\" was leaked from the demo gameplay at Pax East.[6]", "Masashi Kishimoto. In December 2017 it was revealed that Kishimoto would write a new manga series starting in 2018.[41]", "Sword Art Online: Hollow Realization. A DLC called Chapter 1: Explorer of Illusory Mists became available starting on May 16, 2017.[23]On July 21, 2017 the second expansion[24] was released with the title Chapter II: Tuner of Causality. The last post-release content was released on September 26, 2017 closing the Abyss of the Shrine Maiden saga and it was titled Chapter III: The One Who Opposes God released on September 26, 2017. [25][26]", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Guts, a mercenary, attracts the attention of the Band of the Hawk and is forced into joining the group after being defeated by its leader Griffith twice. Once the Hawks defeated the kingdom of Chuder's Black Ram Iron Lance Cavalry, they are recruited by Midland for its war against the rival kingdom. During one siege, Guts and Griffith encounter the demon Nosferatu Zodd, who notices the Behelit around Griffith's neck and warns Guts that Griffith will be his doom. In time, Griffith's gradual rise in status is ill-received by the noblemen, and a failed assassination attempt by the king's brother Yurius results in his murder by Guts, who was also forced to kill the noble's son Adonis to leave no witnesses. Guts, emotionally scarred by what he has done, would later hear Griffith discussing his idea of friendship with the Midland Princess Charlotte and is further unsettled to find he and the other Hawks are a means to their leader's end.", "SKAM Austin. On April 19, 2018, the first short clips of the series were released, announcing April 24 as the official start of the series' daily releases.[15] Social media accounts for some of the fictional characters had started posting content earlier, sometimes as far back as April 2017.[16]", "Berserk (2016 TV series). Guts was once a wandering mercenary taken in by the mercenary group known as the Band of the Hawk (鷹の団, Taka no Dan) and he fought alongside them before their mutilated leader, Griffith, sacrificed his followers to become one of the God Hand and continue his dream of ruling a kingdom of his own. Only Guts and his lover Casca, who lost her sanity and memory from the horrors she saw and endured, escaped the \"Eclipse\" ritual, though they were branded with marks that attract evil, restless spirits and other similar entities. With Casca in the care of blacksmith Godo and his adopted daughter Erica as well as Rickert, the only member of the Hawks absent during the Eclipse, Guts set off to hunt down the God Hand's Apostles to find and kill Griffith in a quest for vengeance. Years have passed, and Guts is joined in his hunt by an elf named Puck as events the God Hand have long waited for are beginning to unfold.", "Black Desert Online. The Dark Knight class was published in Europe and North America in April 2017.[42]", "One Piece. On July 21, 2017,", "Neon Genesis Evangelion (manga). On February 12, 2012, half of the 90th Stage was published, retelling events as seen in episode 26 from The End of Evangelion. This was reportedly the final chapter.[7] On May 2, 2012, Kadokawa Shoten announced that the 13th volume of the manga would be released on November 2, 2012, with ANN noting that \"neither Sadamoto nor Kadokawa has confirmed that the 13th manga volume is still the final one.\"[8] In April 2013 Kadokawa Shoten announced that the manga will end in two more chapters.[9] The last chapter was published on June 4, 2013. The 14th and last volume was released on November 20, 2017.", "Berserk: The Golden Age Arc. Berserk: The Golden Age Arc (Japanese: ベルセルク 黄金時代篇, Hepburn: Beruseruku Ōgon Jidai-hen) is a series of films, an effort to adapt the Golden Age Arc of Kentaro Miura's Berserk manga series.[1] The project was first announced as a new anime project in September 2010 on a wraparound jacket band on volume 35 of the Berserk manga.[2] The first two films, Berserk: The Golden Age Arc I - The Egg of the King and Berserk: The Golden Age Arc II - The Battle for Doldrey, were released in Japan in February and June 2012, with the third film, Berserk: The Golden Age Arc III - The Advent, released in February 2013. The third film also marks the first time new footage based on the manga has been animated beyond the storyline of the TV show. Viz Media has licensed all three films for a home video release.[3] The first film was released on (DVD/Blu-ray) November 27, 2012, the second on August 6, 2013, and the third on April 15, 2014 in the United States.[4]", "Berserk (2016 TV series). IGN contributor Meghan Sullivan gave the opening episode a score of 8.5 out of a possible 10. In the review Sullivan praised the episodes' direction stating, \"despite the somewhat distracting visuals, \"The Branded Swordsman\" gets Guts' quest for vengeance off to a strong start.\"[29]" ]

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[ "The Good Doctor (TV series). The Good Doctor is an American medical drama television series based on the 2013 award-winning South Korean series of the same name. Daniel Dae Kim, the actor, first noticed the series and bought the rights for his production company. He began adapting the series and eventually shopped it to CBS, his home network in 2015. CBS decided against creating a pilot. Because Kim felt so strongly about the series, he bought back the rights from CBS. Eventually, Sony Pictures Television and Kim worked out a deal and brought on David Shore, creator of the Fox hit medical drama, House, to develop the series.[1]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The series stars Freddie Highmore as Shaun Murphy, a young savant autistic surgical resident at San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital. Antonia Thomas, Nicholas Gonzalez, Beau Garrett, Hill Harper, Richard Schiff, and Tamlyn Tomita also star in the show. The series received a put pilot commitment at ABC after a previous attempted series did not move forward at CBS Television Studios in 2015; The Good Doctor was ordered to series in May 2017. On October 3, 2017, ABC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia. In March 2018, ABC renewed the series for a second season.", "The Good Doctor (TV series). Speaking of Freddie Highmore's Golden Globe nomination on Monday, December 11, 2017, for his role in The Good Doctor, Laura Bradley, writing for Vanity Fair says: \"... Freddie Highmore received the awards recognition that has long and unjustly eluded him...\" Bradley feels that Highmore's performance has been \"the central key\" to the show's enormous success and while the show had lukewarm reviews, most critics have praised Highmore's work. [88]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The New York Times television critic, James Poniewozik, notes in his Critic's Notebook column, that for the most part the drama is a \"hospital melodrama with whiz-bang medical science, a dash of intra-staff romance and shameless sentimentality.\" Discussing the main characters of Dr. Aaron Glassman (Richard Schiff) and Dr. Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore), however, Poniewozik writes that \"Mr. Schiff is convincing in the role and Mr. Highmore is striking in his.\" [87]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). On February 17, 2017, Antonia Thomas was cast as Dr. Claire Browne, a strong-willed and talented doctor who forms a special connection with Shaun.[5] A week later, Freddie Highmore was cast in the lead role as Dr. Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism; and Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Dr. Neil Melendez, the boss of the surgical residents at the hospital.[3] The next month, Chuku Modu was cast as resident Dr. Jared Kalu (originally Dr. Jared Unger);[6] Hill Harper as head of surgery Dr. Marcus Andrews (originally Dr. Horace Andrews); Irene Keng as resident Dr. Elle McLean;[8] and Richard Schiff was cast as Dr. Aaron Glassman (originally Dr. Ira Glassman), the hospital president and Shaun's mentor.[9][42] Schiff was shortly followed by Beau Garrett as hospital board member Jessica Preston and a friend of Dr. Glassman.[7] In September 2017, Tamlyn Tomita was promoted to the principal cast as Allegra Aoki.[11]", "Freddie Highmore. In August 2014, it was reported that NBC had purchased a comedy pilot script written and executive produced by Highmore and Bates Motel showrunner Kerry Ehrin. However, the pilot was not picked up to series.[26] In 2015, he appeared in the Libertines' music video for \"You're My Waterloo\", alongside Marama Corlett.[27] In 2016, Highmore starred in Stephen Poliakoff's BBC Two seven-part miniseries Close to the Enemy,[28] the coming-of-age comedy-drama film Almost Friends,[29] and Nick Hamm's political comedy-drama film The Journey.[30] The following year, he began portraying the lead role of Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor, on which he also serves as a producer.[31][32] In 2017, he received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series for his performance.[33]", "Daniel Dae Kim. As the founder of the film and television production company 3AD, Kim in January 2014 signed a first-look development deal with CBS Television Studios, the first of its kind with an Asian-American actor.[15][16] 3AD is currently producing the television series The Good Doctor, based on the 2013 South Korean series of the same name.", "Freddie Highmore. Highmore starred as Norman Bates in the acclaimed A&E drama-thriller series Bates Motel (2013–2017), for which he was nominated three times for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actor in a Drama Series and won a People's Choice Award. In 2017, Highmore began producing and starring as Dr. Shaun Murphy in the ABC drama series The Good Doctor, for which he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.[2]", "Matt Czuchry. Matthew Charles Czuchry (/ˈzuːkri/; born May 20, 1977) is an American actor. He is known for roles such as that of Logan Huntzberger on The WB television series Gilmore Girls (2005–07), Cary Agos on the CBS television drama The Good Wife (2009–16), and currently as Dr. Conrad Hawkins, the title character, on the Fox medical drama series The Resident (2018–present).", "The Good Doctor (TV series). In May 2014, CBS Television Studios began development on an American remake of the hit South Korean medical drama Good Doctor with Daniel Dae Kim as producer. Kim explained the appeal of adapting the series as \"something that can fit into a recognizable world, with a breadth of characters that can be explored in the long run\".[37] The story of a pediatric surgeon with autism was to be set in Boston and projected to air in August 2015.[38][39] However, CBS did not pick up the project and it moved to Sony Pictures Television, with a put pilot commitment from ABC in October 2016. The series is developed by David Shore, who is executive producing alongside Kim, Sebastian Lee, and David Kim.[40] ABC officially ordered the series to pilot in January 2017.[41]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The series follows Shaun Murphy, a young surgeon with autism and savant syndrome from the mid-size city of Casper, Wyoming, where he had a troubled childhood. He relocates to San Jose, California, to work at the prestigious San Jose St. Bonaventure Hospital.[2]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The series debuted on September 25, 2017. The Good Doctor has received mixed to positive reviews from critics, with particular praise given to Highmore's performance, and strong television ratings.", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The show is produced by Sony Pictures Television and ABC Studios, in association with production companies Shore Z Productions, 3AD, and Entermedia. David Shore serves as showrunner and Daniel Dae Kim is an executive producer for the show.", "The Good Doctor (TV series). A full-length trailer was released for ABC's May 2017 Upfront presentation, which /Film's Ethan Anderton described the concept as feeling like \"House meets Rain Man, that just might be enough to make it interesting\". However, he questioned \"how long can audiences be entranced by both the brilliance of [Highmore's] character's savant skills and the difficulties that come from his autism in the workplace.\"[57] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter felt the trailer was \"both kinda progressive and really dated\". He added, \"Too much felt on-the-nose—especially Hill Harper as the main character's detractor and Richard Schiff as his noble defender\", while also commentating that \"On-the-nose/premise is how you have to trailer a show like this, and maybe spaced out over 43 minutes it won't grate.\"[58] Ben Travers and Steve Greene for IndieWire called it \"a serious trailer for a serious subject. The first glimpse of Highmore's character hints that they're toeing the line between presenting a thoughtful depiction of his condition and using his perceptive abilities as a kind of secret weapon.\"[59] The trailer had been viewed over 25.4 million times after a week of its release, including over 22 million views on Facebook.[60]", "Niall Matter. In October of the same year, Matter appeared in an episode of the first season of ABC medical drama The Good Doctor. Based on the South Korean series of the same name, the drama follows the life of autistic-savant surgeon Shaun Murphy (Freddie Highmore). Matter appeared in the episode \"Pipes\", playing the role of Mark Allen,[50] an expectant father facing life and death decisions over surgery on his unborn child.", "Jeffrey Dean Morgan. Jeffrey Dean Morgan (born April 22, 1966) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as John Winchester on the fantasy horror series Supernatural (2005–07), Denny Duquette on the medical drama series Grey's Anatomy (2006–09), The Comedian in the superhero film Watchmen (2009), Jason Crouse on the political drama series The Good Wife (2015–16), Negan on the horror drama series The Walking Dead (2016–present), and Harvey Russell in Rampage (2018).", "The Good Doctor (TV series). Dan Romer serves as the primary composer for the series.[50]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). Giving his first impression of the series' pilot for TVLine, Matt Webb Mitovich stated, \"The Good Doctor boasts great DNA... [and] has the potential to be a refreshingly thought-provoking hospital drama, based on the buttons pushed in the pilot alone.\" He enjoyed the \"warm dynamic\" of Schiff and Highmore, while describing Thomas' character as \"our emotional 'in' to Shaun's distinct, distant world\". He noted that \"it takes a while to build up momentum\", but concluded that \"the very final scene packs quite a punch, as Dr. Murphy unwittingly puts a colleague on notice\".[86]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The pilot was screened at ABC's PaleyFest event on September 9, 2017.[61] On March 22, 2018, members of the cast as well as executive producers Shore and Kim attended the 35th annual PaleyFest LA to promote the series, along with a screening of the season finale of the first season.[62]", "The Good Doctor (TV series). In April 2018, it was revealed that Will Yun Lee, Fiona Gubelmann, Christina Chang, and Paige Spara had been promoted to series regulars for the second season, after recurring in the first as Alex, Morgan, Audrey, and Lea, respectively.[45] In addition, it was announced that Modu would not return for the second season.[45]", "Colin Hanks. Hanks starred in the 2010 Fox TV series The Good Guys as young detective Jack Bailey, alongside Bradley Whitford who played an old school detective (Dan Stark). In 2011, he starred in the indie film Lucky, alongside Ari Graynor, Ann-Margret and Jeffrey Tambor.[8] He also joined the cast of Dexter for season six opposite Edward James Olmos, where he portrays an art historian Travis Marshall[9] who is involved in a murderous apocalyptic cult.[10]", "Corey Stoll. Corey Daniel Stoll (born March 14, 1976) is an American actor. He is known for his role as Dr. Ephraim Goodweather on the American television horror/suspense series The Strain on the FX network, as well as Congressman Peter Russo in House of Cards, for which he received a Golden Globe nomination in 2013. He was a regular cast member on the NBC drama series Law & Order: LA (2010–2011), and portrayed the villain Darren Cross in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film Ant-Man (2015). Other notable roles include a 2004 Off-Broadway performance of Intimate Apparel, portraying Ernest Hemingway in the 2011 romantic comedy film Midnight in Paris and bulldog prosecutor Fred Wyshak in Black Mass.", "Gray's Anatomy. In the ABC television series The Good Doctor (2017-present), the lead character, Dr. Shaun Murphy, an autistic savant, often visualizes illustrations from Gray's Anatomy as he mentally diagnoses a patient's condition.", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The Good Doctor began airing on September 25, 2017, on ABC in the United States,[51] and on CTV in Canada.[52] Sky Living acquired the broadcast rights for the United Kingdom and Ireland.[53] Seven Network airs the series in Australia.[54] Wowow, the largest Japanese private satellite and pay-per-view television network in Japan acquired the rights to broadcast the series beginning in April 2018.[55] In the Netherlands, the series began airing on January 29, 2018, on RTL 4 and on video-on-demand service Videoland.[56]", "Nestor Carbonell. From 2013 to the series' ending in 2017, he portrayed Sheriff Alex Romero in the A&E Psycho prequel series Bates Motel, opposite Vera Farmiga and Freddie Highmore. In the first season, he starred in a recurring capacity, but was upgraded to a main cast member starting with the second season.[24] Carbonell also directed three episodes of the series.[25][26] In 2014, he guest starred on the CBS drama series Person of Interest in the episode \"Most Likely to...\",[27] and on the CBS political drama series The Good Wife in the episode \"The Deep Web\".[28] That same year, he began recurring as Raymond Navaro in NBC's espionage thriller series State of Affairs.[29] In 2017, Carbonell directed the episode \"Apple\" of the ABC drama series The Good Doctor, starring his Bates Motel co-star Highmore.[30][31]", "Freddie Highmore. Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore[1] (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his professional acting debut in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999). He is known for his roles in the films Finding Neverland (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), and in the television series Bates Motel and The Good Doctor. For his roles in the first two, he won two consecutive Critics' Choice Movie Awards for Best Young Performer.", "John Lithgow. Additionally, Lithgow has been nominated for an Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or a Special for The Day After (1983), and two Emmy Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Special for Resting Place (1986) and My Brother's Keeper (1995). Lithgow was approached about playing Dr. Frasier Crane on Cheers, but turned it down. Lithgow starred with Jeffrey Tambor in the NBC sitcom Twenty Good Years.", "Anthony Edwards. Anthony Charles Edwards[1] (born July 19, 1962) is an American actor and director.[2] He is best known for his role as Dr. Mark Greene on the first eight seasons of ER, for which he received a Golden Globe award and six Screen Actors Guild Awards, and was nominated for four consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards. Additionally, he has appeared in various movies and television shows, including Top Gun, Zodiac, Miracle Mile, Revenge of the Nerds, Planes, and Northern Exposure.", "James Floyd (actor). In 2007 he played the role of Spanish footballer Miguel Lopez in the British TV series Dream Team. In 2009 he appeared in the TV Film Compulsion (based on Jacobean tragedy The Changeling) along side Ray Winstone and Parminder Nagra.[30] In 2012 he appeared as a Spanish bullfighter in Seville set crime series Falcón for Sky Atlantic, along side Marton Csokas and Hayley Attwell. [31] He portrayed Freddie Mercury in the 2013 BAFTA winning BBC Four Kenny Everett biopic The Best Possible Taste. In 2016 he starred as Ishbaal, prince of the Israelites, in the ABC drama Of Kings and Prophets.[32] From February 2017 Floyd has been starring as the enigmatic Indian doctor Gabriel Varma in ITV’s hit series The Good Karma Hospital. It peaks at over 8 million viewers per episode.[33]", "Jon Lindstrom. Lindstrom, award-winning actor, director and screenwriter, has worked successfully on both sides of the camera for over 20 years. His acting career includes parts on the television dramas, As the World Turns on CBS (for which he received an Emmy Nomination for Lead Actor in a Drama Series) and the roles for which he may be best known for; his 11+ year portrayal of disturbed twin brothers, Dr. Ryan Chamberlain on ABC Daytime's soap opera General Hospital and Dr. Kevin Collins on ABC Daytime's soap operas General Hospital and Port Charles. Other credits of note include NCIS, Drop Dead Diva, Blue Bloods, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation and Everwood.", "The Good Doctor (TV series). The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 58% approval rating with an average rating of 5.49/10 based on 38 reviews. The website's consensus reads, \"The Good Doctor's heavy-handed bedside manner undermines a solid lead performance, but under all the emotionally manipulative gimmickry, there's still plenty of room to improve.\"[84] Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating \"mixed or average reviews\".[85]", "René Auberjonois. He received Tony nominations for his roles in Neil Simon's The Good Doctor (1973) opposite Christopher Plummer; as the Duke in Big River (1984), winning a Drama Desk Award; and, memorably, as Buddy Fidler/Irwin S. Irving in City of Angels (1989), written by Larry Gelbart and Cy Coleman.[7]" ]

[ 4.89453125, 5.8984375, 4.67578125, 3.75, 5.47265625, 3.162109375, 1.30078125, 3.68359375, -1.7734375, 1.9384765625, 0.0738525390625, 2.728515625, 1.294921875, 0.111083984375, 1.720703125, -1.9970703125, 0.2578125, -1.916015625, -2.134765625, 1.912109375, -3.974609375, -0.419677734375, 1.119140625, -3.021484375, 0.95458984375, 5.1015625, -4.375, 0.036651611328125, -1.392578125, -3.337890625, -4.69140625, 1.1181640625 ]

[ "Honda Pilot. Honda revised the Pilot for the 2006 model year in October 2005. Changes to the exterior included a new fascia with a different grille insert and halogen projector headlights, and taillights with clear lenses. The EX trim level received redesigned wheels, and the original EX wheels were now found on the LX trim. On the inside, side airbags were provided in the C pillar, the gauge cluster was updated and the center console featured chrome trim and redesigned storage compartments and cup holders.", "Honda Pilot. The 2012 model year introduced a redesigned front fascia, new alloy wheels, and updates to the interior along with changes to the bumper.", "Honda Pilot. The Honda Pilot is a mid-size crossover SUV manufactured by Honda and introduced in 2002.[1]", "Honda Pilot. The 2003-2004 Pilots featured the J35A4 motor, an aluminum-alloy 3.5L V6 producing 240 HP and 242 lb-ft of torque. The 2005 Pilot received a new engine, the J35A6, which featured drive-by-wire throttle and produced 255 HP and 250 lb-ft of torque. Refreshed 2006-2008 Pilots came with either the J35Z1 (FWD) or the J35A9 (4WD). Both engines are rated at 244 HP and 240 lb-ft of torque. Refreshed FWD models feature Honda's Variable Cylinder Management system, which can deactivate up to three cylinders under light load to increase fuel economy. All Pilots from this generation feature a 5-speed automatic transmission. The Pilot has front struts with a coil-spring, multilink rear suspension for a flat rear load floor. Front track is 66.3 in (1,684 mm) and 66.5 in (1,689 mm) at the rear. The Pilot has a 4,500 lb (2,041 kg) boat/3,500 lb (1,588 kg) trailer towing capability with the optional dealer installed towing package.", "Honda Pilot. Primarily aimed at the North American market, the Pilot is the largest SUV from Honda and features three-row seating. Pilots are currently manufactured in Lincoln, Alabama, and the Pilot was produced in Alliston, Ontario until April 2007. The first generation Pilot was released in April 2002 as a 2003 model.[2]", "Honda Pilot. The exterior is sleeker in appearance compared to its boxier predecessor. Added to the exterior are optional LED headlamps with automatic high-low beam switching, LED daytime running lights (DRLs), and LED brake tail lights and the new Elite model. New features also include heated rear seats, ventilated front seats, and a panoramic roof to Elite models only. Alloy wheels became standard.", "Honda Pilot. Prior to the introduction of the Pilot, Honda marketed the compact crossover CR-V, and the Honda Passport, (a rebadged Isuzu Rodeo) that was a pickup truck-based design. The Pilot is Honda's largest and only three-row SUV, although the 2010 Crosstour surpassed the Pilot in length.[3]", "Honda Pilot. Overall dimensions are larger, while weight is down approximately 300 pounds with noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) reduced. Structurally 21.3% of the Pilot's body is composed of 980, 1300 and 1,500 MPa ultra-high-strength steels, 5% is from aluminum or magnesium, an additional 34.5% is 270 MPa mild strength steel used in areas to minimize repair costs.[17]", "Honda Pilot. Both drivetrains were equipped with five-speed automatics. The second generation's wheelbase is 109.2 in, with a length of 190.9 in, a width of 78.5 in, a height of 71.0 in and interior space of 153.7 cu-ft. The redesigned headlights lost the previous generation's halogen projectors and return to standard halogen reflectors. Features included new two-position memory settings for the driver's seat, a new power tailgate, and the gear shift was relocated from the steering column to the center console between the front seats. The Touring trim included a 120-volt power outlet and a satellite-linked Honda navigation system.", "Honda Pilot. Design of the Pilot was by Honda's Ricky Hsu through 1999, when styling was approved. The Pilot can accommodate up to eight passengers in three rows configured as stadium seating. The third row can seat three, but the limited legroom makes it suitable only for small children or adults on short trips. Similar to the Honda Odyssey, the rear seats can be folded into flat surfaces for larger cargo. Options include powered moonroof, DVD entertainment system, and a navigation system.[5][6]", "Honda Pilot. The larger second generation Pilot was unveiled as a prototype in January 2008 at the North American International Auto Show. Assembled at Honda Manufacturing of Alabama in Lincoln, Alabama, it was offered in five trims; LX, EX, EX-L, Touring, and SE (2015 only). It received a new 3.5-liter V6 VTEC engine producing 250 hp (186 kW; 253 PS) SAE net at 5700 rpm and 253 lb⋅ft (343 N⋅m) of torque at 4800 rpm.[7] EPA fuel economy is rated at 17 mpg city /23 mpg highway with front-wheel-drive and 16 mpg city / 22 mpg highway for all-wheel-drive.", "Honda Pilot. 2003-2005 Pilots came with Honda's Variable Torque Management 4WD system (VTM-4). Under normal driving conditions, most power is transferred to the front wheels while some is sent to the back wheels. If wheel slippage is detected up front, up to 50% of power can be sent to the rear wheels. The system features a VTM-4 lock button on the dashboard which locks the rear differential and sends 25% of the power to each rear wheel. However, the VTM-4 lock function only operates in first, second, and reverse, and automatically disengages above 18mph, then re-engages when the speed drops below 18mph. 2006 refresh models were the first time a Pilot has been offered in FWD.", "Honda Pilot. The third-generation 2016 Pilot debuted at the Chicago Auto Show in February 2015, production began during May, and was made available for sale in June.", "Honda Pilot. The 2013 model year included a standard rearview backup camera, i-MID central dashboard 8-inch LCD screen, USB connector, Bluetooth hands-free calling and wireless audio streaming, and tri-zone climate control.", "Honda Pilot. The Pilot uses Honda's Advanced Compatibility Engineering front bracket. For the 2013 model year a rear-view backup camera was made standard. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) found the Pilot a driver death rate of 2 deaths per million registered years among the ten lowest released in their report[8][9]", "Honda Civic. On 13 December 2010, Honda unveiled a sketch of the new ninth-generation Civic which was described as \"energetic, sleek and aerodynamic.\" Both coupe and sedan concepts were shown on 10 January 2011 at the 2011 North American International Auto Show. The production version of the ninth-generation Civic (previewed by the concept) went on sale in the U.S. on 20 April 2011.[14] In late 2012, Honda updated its Civic model with new exterior and interior trims for the 2013 year.[15]", "Honda Prelude. The fifth-generation Prelude marked a return to the more square body style of the third generation (1987–1991), in an attempt to curb slumping sales of the fourth-generation body style. All models and trim packages stayed within the BB-chassis code (BB5-BB9) and housed either an H-series or F-Series engine:", "Honda Pilot. The revised 3.5-liter V6 engine has direct-injection and start-stop system with improved power at 280 hp (209 kW; 284 PS), a 6-speed automatic is standard while a ZF 9-speed automatic is optional. With all-wheel drive models the amount of engine torque sent to each rear wheel is variable. EPA-estimated fuel economy is improved with front-wheel drive (FWD) 6-speed models registering 19/27/22 mpg, and all-wheel drive (AWD) models registering 18/26/21 mpg (city/highway/combined). 9-speed models see fuel economy of 20/27/23 mpg in FWD configuration and 19/26/22 mpg in AWD.[16]", "Honda Civic. The seventh generation was released in September 2000, for the 2001 model year. While the redesign retained the previous generation's exterior dimensions, interior space was improved in part by using a flat rear floor thus bumping up Civic to a compact car size segment. The front suspension was changed from that of a double wishbone to a MacPherson strut, in order to lower costs, as well as allow more engine bay room for the newly introduced Honda K-series engine. Power was also increased on some trim levels. The four main trim levels were DX, LX, EX, and HX. The Civic Coupe was no longer sold in Japan starting with this generation.", "Honda Civic (ninth generation). The new model is slightly smaller and lighter than the outgoing models.[8] The sheet metal is all new, with a longer hood but still a familiar profile: Honda calls it the \"one-motion\" design.[9]", "Honda Civic (seventh generation). The 2004–05 models received minor revisions.[12] Cosmetic changes included revised headlight (dual bulb setup) and taillight designs, standard side skirts, and an option for a HFP (Honda Factory Performance) upgrade. The suspension was updated with a change from 4 lug to 5 lug bolt pattern, a larger rear sway bar, and a change from 15-inch wheels (195/60-15) to 16-inch wheels (205/55-16). The interior received more silver accents in place of the chrome ones (the lock switch).[13]", "Honda Civic Si. For the 2008 model year, the Civic Si received minor tweaks that include even darker wheels than the 2007 model and a new shift boot with red stitching. Mechanical changes included a new tire pressure monitor system, a new rear upper arm that decreases the amount of rear camber, and a lowered spring rate for the coupe to match the sedan. This was also the first year Canada sold the Civic Si Sedan.", "Honda Civic (sixth generation). Hatchback: Trims available in the hatchback body style were the EJ6 (US CX and DX, Canadian CX/CX-G/DX/SE), EJ9[3] (1.4L SOHC model), EK1 (1.5L SOHC VTEC-E model), EK2 (1.3L model), EK3 (1.5L SOHC VTEC-E model), EK4 (Japanese SiR, European SiR and/or VTi), EK6 (Japanese 1.6L SOHC model), EK7 (Japanese 1.6L SOHC model) and the EK9 (Japanese Type R).", "Honda Pilot. The Pilot shares its platform with the Acura MDX, as well as the Odyssey minivan and the Accord sedan. The Pilot’s unibody construction and independent suspension is designed to provide handling similar to that of a car and has integrated perimeter frame rails to allow towing and light off-road use.", "Honda Civic Type R. In October 2008, the Civic received a minor face lift. The standard and hybrid versions now had a similar front bumper as the Type R while the head lamps gets a smoked tint and also redesigned tail lamps changes the round insets into octagons. The Type R also received new colours, with Premium White Pearl, Premium Deep Violet Pearl and Crystal Black Pearl being added and Vivid Blue Pearl dropped.", "Honda Civic (ninth generation). Changes to Civic hatchback include retuned electric power steering to provide a more secure control during higher speeds, front and rear dampers were revised for improving body control, toe and camber of the rear suspension were realigned to improve the hatchback's handling, privacy glass on the lower rear window, piano black touches on the number plate surround, tailgate and lower bumper; piano black front bumper, new alloy wheels, darker wheel arch garnishes, white stitching on the seats, steering wheel and knee pad; aluminum inserts around the cup holder, glossy black inserts.", "Honda Civic Hybrid. There was a minor refresh of the design between the 2003 and 2004 model years which affected the front and rear bumper covers, hood and head lights. On the interior, a small center console replaced the driver's arm rest and the rear seats got adjustable head rests. [11]", "Honda Civic. Following its launch, the new model was widely panned by the automotive press due to the poor quality of its interior and ride, and for the first time, it failed to earn a Consumer Reports recommendation. In an unprecedented move, Honda made significant interior and exterior redesigns the following year to address these issues, but market share in the compact car segment showed a marked decline from the previous generation.[18]", "Honda Civic (seventh generation). In 2003, a 30th Anniversary Edition was added to all models, as well as a Sport model for sedans. In 2004, the DX model was replaced by a Special Edition (SE) model and the previous Sport model was replaced by a LX-G trim.", "Honda Prelude. Transmission choices were either the standard five-speed manual or initially a two-speed \"Hondamatic\" semi-automatic, which by October 1979 had been replaced by a three-speed automatic that used the final gear as the overdrive. In addition to the standard fabrics offered in most models, an 'Executive' option was offered in some markets which added power steering and Connolly leather upholstery. Honda used a single central gauge cluster design in this car which housed the speedometer and tachometer in one combined unit where both instrument's needles swept along the same arc. They also placed the compact AM/FM radio unit up high next to the gauge cluster. The Prelude featured intermittent wipers, tinted glass, and a remote trunk release. 1980 saw the introduction of the CVCC-II engine which employed the use of a catalytic converter and several other refinements that improved driveability, the Prelude also received a mild facelift in 1981. This facelift meant a return to a more traditional dashboard, rather than the much critiqued \"Concentrated Target Meter\" used before.[7] The 1981 Prelude also received a stainless steel trim strip along the bumpers and side moldings, as well as a new grille.[7] There was a convertible model introduced by a Santa Ana California company named Solaire. Less than 100 were believed to be converted when new and they were sold through Honda dealerships with full factory warranty coverage.", "Honda Prelude. The North American 1983 model is identifiable by its standard painted steel wheels with bright trim rings (although alloy rims were optional). The 1984-87 base models had Civic-style full wheel covers. In Canada, a \"Special Edition\" trim was created, which is essentially the same as the USA 2.0Si \"sport injected\" model. Fuel injection was introduced in the \"Si\" models in 1985. North American 1.8's offered 100 hp (75 kW), while the later 2.0 has 110 hp (82 kW).", "Honda Civic. The eighth generation was released in September 2005, for the 2006 model year. For the eighth generation, Honda split the model into two different platforms, one for sedan and coupe, and one for a hatchback designed primarily for the European market using a simpler rear suspension from the Honda Fit and more aggressive styling. As of 2006, a total of 16.5 million Civics had been sold worldwide, with 7.3 million of them in the United States.[12] Although the North American and the home market model differ externally, they are mechanically identical. The hatchback is available as a three and five-door. Both Si and Type R trim levels continued although the Japanese and European Type R, while sharing the same engine size, are mechanically different. In the US, an improved, sportier version of the Civic Si 4-door tuned by tuner Mugen was offered, featuring cosmetic alterations and changes to the suspension, wheels, slight exterior differences, and exhaust system. A Canadian only Acura model received a new nameplate, changing from the Acura EL to the Acura CSX. The end of this model generation also marked a hiatus of the Civic Type R in Japan, with no successor model until the later tenth generation, going on sale mid-2017[13]." ]

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[ "I Want to Hold Your Hand. With advance orders exceeding one million copies in the United Kingdom, \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" would have gone straight to the top of the British record charts on its day of release (29 November 1963) had it not been blocked by the group's first million seller \"She Loves You\", their previous UK single, which was having a resurgence of popularity following intense media coverage of the group. Taking two weeks to dislodge its predecessor, \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" stayed at number one for five weeks and remained in the UK top 50 for 21 weeks in total.[4]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. On 29 November 1963, Parlophone Records released \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" in the UK, with \"This Boy\" joining it on the single's B-side. Demand had been building for quite a while, as evidenced by the one million advance orders for the single. When it was finally released, the response was phenomenal. A week after it entered the British charts, on 14 December 1963, it knocked \"She Loves You\" off the top spot, the first instance of an act taking over from itself at number one in British history, and it clung to the top spot for five weeks. It stayed in the charts for another 15 weeks and made a one-week return to the charts on 16 May 1964. Beatlemania was peaking at that time; during the same period, the Beatles set a record by occupying the top two positions on both the album and single charts in the UK.[citation needed]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles. Written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney, and recorded in October 1963, it was the first Beatles record to be made using four-track equipment.", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. It was also the group's first American number one, entering the Billboard Hot 100 chart on 18 January 1964 at number 45 and starting the British invasion of the American music industry. By 1 February it held the number-one spot, and stayed there for seven weeks before being replaced by \"She Loves You\", a reverse scenario of what had occurred in Britain. It remained on the Billboard chart for 15 weeks.[5] \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" became the Beatles' best-selling single worldwide.[6] In 2013, Billboard magazine named it the 44th biggest hit of \"all-time\" on the Billboard Hot 100 charts.[7]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The song was included on the 1964 Canadian release The Beatles' Long Tall Sally. The November 1966 stereo remix appeared on 1966's A Collection of Beatles Oldies, and on several later Beatles compilation albums, including 1973's 1962–1966, 1982's 20 Greatest Hits, and 2000's 1. The 2009 CD rerelease of the Beatles' catalog included the 1966 stereo remix on Past Masters and the original mono mix on Mono Masters.[citation needed]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\" was released as a German single in March 1964. In July, the song appeared in full stereo in the United States on the Beatles' Capitol LP Something New. (That album was released in CD form for the first time in 2004, on The Capitol Albums, Volume 1, and then rereleased in 2014, individually and in the boxed set The US Albums.) \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\" also appeared on the compilations Past Masters and Mono Masters.[citation needed]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. EMI and Brian Epstein finally convinced American label Capitol Records, a subsidiary of EMI, that the Beatles could make an impact in the US, leading to the release of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" with \"I Saw Her Standing There\" on the B-side as a single on 26 December 1963. Capitol had previously resisted issuing Beatle recordings in the US. This resulted in the relatively modest Vee-Jay and Swan labels releasing the group's earlier Parlophone counterparts in the US. Seizing the opportunity, Epstein demanded US$40,000 from Capitol to promote the single (the most the Beatles had ever previously spent on an advertising campaign was US$5,000). The single had actually been intended for release in mid-January 1964, coinciding with the planned appearance of the Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show. However, a 14-year-old fan of the Beatles, Marsha Albert, was determined to get hold of the single earlier.[23] Later she said:", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The demand was insatiable; in the first three days alone, a quarter million copies had already been sold (10,000 copies In New York City every hour). Capitol was so overloaded by the demand, it contracted part of the job of pressing copies off to Columbia Records and RCA. By 18 January, the song had started its 15-week chart run, and on 1 February, the Beatles finally achieved their first number-one in Billboard,[25] emulating the success of another British group, the Tornados with \"Telstar\", which was number one on the Billboard chart for three weeks in December 1962. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" finally relinquished the number-one spot after seven weeks, passing the baton to the very song they had knocked off the top in Britain: \"She Loves You\". \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" sold close to five million copies in the US alone.[26] The replacement of themselves at the summit of the US charts was the first time since Elvis Presley in 1956, with \"Love Me Tender\" beating out \"Don't Be Cruel\", that an act had dropped off the top of the American charts only to be replaced by another of their releases. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" also finished as the No. 1 song for 1964, according to Billboard.[27] In 2013, Billboard listed it as the 44th most successful song of all-time on the Hot 100.[28]", "The Murmaids. \"Popsicles and Icicles\" began receiving airplay in Los Angeles in October 1963, breaking nationally in November, and reaching its peak at No. 3 on Billboard and Cash Box on charts dated 11 January 1964.[4] The song also spent three weeks at number two on the Middle-Road Singles (now called Adult Contemporary) chart. The Music Vendor chart ranked \"Popsicles and Icicles\" at No. 1 for the week of 18 January. Music Vendor's next No. 1 was \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" by the Beatles, \"Popsicles and Icicles\" is sometimes cited as the last No. 1 of the pre-British Invasion rock and roll genre.", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was also released in America on the album Meet the Beatles!, which altered the American charts by actually outselling the single. Beforehand, the American markets were more in favour of hit singles instead of whole albums; however, two months after the album's release, it had shipped 3,650,000 copies, over 200,000 ahead of the \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" single at 3,400,000.[29]", "Komm, gib mir deine Hand / Sie liebt dich. \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\" / \"Sie liebt dich\" (English: \"Come, Give Me Your Hand\" / \"She Loves You\") was a single released on 4 February 1964 by The Beatles in Germany. They are the German language versions of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" and \"She Loves You\", respectively.", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was one of two Beatles songs (along with \"She Loves You\" as \"Sie liebt dich\") to be later recorded in German, entitled \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\". Both songs were translated by Luxembourger musician Camillo Felgen, under the pseudonym of \"Jean Nicolas\". Odeon, the German arm of EMI (the parent company of the Beatles' record label, Parlophone) was convinced that the Beatles' records would not sell in Germany unless they were sung in German. The Beatles detested the idea, and when they were due to record the German version on 27 January 1964 at EMI's Pathe Marconi Studios in Paris (where the Beatles were performing 18 days of concerts at the Olympia Theatre) they chose to boycott the session. Their record producer, George Martin, having waited some hours for them to show up, was outraged and insisted that they give it a try. Two days later, the Beatles recorded \"Komm, gib mir deine Hand\", one of the few times in their career that they recorded outside London. However, Martin later conceded: \"They were right, actually, it wasn’t necessary for them to record in German, but they weren’t graceless, they did a good job\".[18]", "The Beatles. Epstein arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign. American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James of AM radio station WWDC (now WWRC) in Washington, DC first played \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" in mid-December 1963.[83] It was not until the end of the first week of January 1964 that their records were played in New York City (also accompanied by a major marketing campaign and with similar play frequency), and then the rest of the country, initiating their music's spread across US radio. This caused an increase in demand, leading Capitol to rush-release \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" later that month.[84] Issued on 26 December 1963, with the band's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away, \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" sold a million copies, becoming a number-one hit in the US by mid-January.[85] In its wake, Vee-Jay released Introducing... The Beatles[86] to go along with Capitol's debut album, Meet the Beatles!, while Swan reactivated production of \"She Loves You\".[87]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The song was nominated for the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, but the award went to Astrud Gilberto and Stan Getz for \"The Girl from Ipanema\". However, in 1998, the song won the Grammy Hall of Fame Award. It has also made the list in The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. In addition, the Recording Industry Association of America, the National Endowment for the Arts and Scholastic Press have named \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" as one of the Songs of the Century. In 2004, it was ranked number 16 on Rolling Stone's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[34] In 2010, Rolling Stone placed the song at number two on the 100 Greatest Beatles Songs after \"A Day in the Life\".[35][36] It was ranked number two in Mojo's list on the \"100 Records That Changed the World\", after Little Richard's \"Tutti Frutti\".[37] The song was ranked number thirty-nine on Billboard's All Time Top 100[38] As of August 2015[update], \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" is ranked as the 45th best song of all time, as well as the number three song of 1963, in an aggregation of critics' lists at acclaimedmusic.net.[39] Time included the song on its list of the All-TIME 100 Songs.[40]", "Rock music. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the Beatles' first number 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100,[70] spending 7 weeks at the top and a total of 15 weeks on the chart.[71][72] Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show on 9 February 1964, drawing an estimated 73 million viewers (at the time a record for an American television program) is often considered a milestone in American pop culture. During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the entire top five. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed into the US charts by numerous British bands.[68] During the next two years British acts dominated their own and the US charts with Peter and Gordon, the Animals,[73] Manfred Mann, Petula Clark,[73] Freddie and the Dreamers, Wayne Fontana and the Mindbenders, Herman's Hermits, the Rolling Stones,[74] the Troggs, and Donovan[75] all having one or more number one singles.[71] Other major acts that were part of the invasion included the Kinks and the Dave Clark Five.[76][77]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The Beatles recorded \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" at EMI Studios in Studio 2 on 17 October 1963. This song, along with the single's flip side, \"This Boy\", was the first Beatles song to be recorded with four-track technology. The two songs were recorded on the same day, and each needed seventeen takes to complete.[18] Mono and stereo mixing was done by George Martin on 21 October 1963;[19] further stereo mixes were done on 8 June 1965, for compilations released by EMI affiliates in Australia and the Netherlands,[20] and on 7 November 1966.[21]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. In the United Kingdom, \"She Loves You\" (released in August) had shot back to the number-one position in November following blanket media coverage of the Beatles (described as Beatlemania). Mark Lewisohn later wrote: “'She Loves You' had already sold an industry-boggling three quarters of a million before these fresh converts were pushing it into seven figures. And at this very moment, just four weeks before Christmas, with everyone connected to the music and relevant retail industries already lying prone in paroxysms of unimaginable delight, EMI pulled the trigger and released 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'. And then it was bloody pandemonium\".[22]", "Hold My Hand (Hootie & the Blowfish song). \"Hold My Hand\" is the debut single of the American rock band Hootie & the Blowfish. All four of the band members (Mark Bryan, Dean Felber, Darius Rucker and Jim Sonefeld) wrote the song sometime in 1989, and it was released on a self-titled cassette EP the year after. Released in July 1994, \"Hold My Hand\" charted at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100. The song includes a backing vocal from David Crosby.[2]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. In 1994, McCartney agreed with Lennon's description of the circumstances surrounding the composition of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\", saying:", "Hold My Hand (TV series). Hold My Hand (Hangul: 내 손을 잡아; RR: Nae Soneul Jaba) is a 2013 South Korean morning soap opera starring Park Si-eun, Bae Geu-rin, Lee Jae-hwang, and Jin Tae-hyun. It premiered on October 7, 2013 on MBC, airing every Monday to Friday at 07:50 a.m. for 130 episodes.", "Hold My Hand (Hootie & the Blowfish song). \"Hold My Hand\" peaked at number ten on the Billboard Hot 100 and number six on Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks. And ended the year at number 22 in the Billboard Year-end Hot 100 singles chart for 1995.", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The Beatles' recording of this song also appeared as the opening track in the 1997 Time-Life 6-CD boxed set, Gold And Platinum: The Ultimate Rock Collection.", "She Loves You. On 22 November 1963, the CBS Morning News ran a five-minute feature on Beatlemania in the UK which heavily featured \"She Loves You.\" The evening's scheduled repeat was cancelled following the assassination of John F. Kennedy the same day and the four days worth of news coverage that followed. On 10 December, Walter Cronkite decided to transmit the piece again on the CBS Evening News,[34] and the resulting interest led to the rush-release of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" and—only weeks before the Beatles' arrival—a US commercial breakthrough.[35]", "Introducing... The Beatles. On 14 December 1963, Billboard magazine mentioned that Capitol Records planned an all-out promotional campaign for the Beatles in the United States.[17] Following that, the single \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was rush released on 26 December.[18] On 7 January 1964, Vee-Jay's board of directors met for the first time since the single was released, and it discussed the Beatles' material it had in the vault. Desperate for cash, the board decided to release Introducing... The Beatles, even if it meant legal trouble in the future.[17]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The German-language track was a big hit in Germany at the time,[clarification needed] but today, like all the other German-lyrics versions of English-language pop songs that were popular in that country during the 1950s and 1960s, it is generally considered as a cultural curiosity from a by-gone era at best. The English versions are much better known in Germany today; the Beatles' Red and Blue albums of the 1970s already featured the English hits on the German pressings.[citation needed]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The song was greeted by raving fans on both sides of the Atlantic but was dismissed by some critics as nothing more than another fad song that would not hold up to the test of time. Cynthia Lowery of the Associated Press expressed her exasperation with Beatlemania by saying of the Beatles: \"Heaven knows we've heard them enough. It has been impossible to get a radio weather bulletin or time signal without running into 'I Want to Hold Your Hand'.\"[30]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. With that, the \"British Invasion\" of America had been launched. Throughout 1964, British pop and rock artists enjoyed unprecedented success on the American charts.[citation needed]", "Hold My Hand (Michael Jackson and Akon song). Akon commented, “The world was not ready to hear ‘Hold My Hand’ when it leaked a couple years ago. We were devastated about it. But its time has definitely come; now in its final state, it has become an incredible, beautiful, anthemic song. I’m so proud to have had the chance to work with Michael, one of my all time idols.”[1] Before the official release of the song, Akon stated on Twitter that the final version would have more of Jackson's vocals. The song was released globally on Monday, November 15, 2010, at 12:01am EST. It was available to stream from Jackson's official website.[1] Jackson's nephew, Taj Jackson, posted a message saying that his uncle was proud of the song. \"I'll never forget that smile he had on his face as the song played through the speakers [in his room] at the Palms Hotel in Vegas.\"[5] The song is the second collaboration between the two artists and the second consecutive duet single release for Jackson, following \"Wanna Be Startin' Somethin' 2008\". That song proved a commercial success and charted within the top 20 in several countries.[6]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. Capitol Records' rejection of the group's recordings in the US was now Brian Epstein's main concern, and he encouraged Lennon and McCartney to write a song to appeal specifically to the American market.[8] George Martin, however, had no such explicit recollections, believing that Capitol were left with no alternative but to release \"I Want To Hold Your Hand\" due to increasing demand for the group's product.[9]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. The American single's front and back sleeves featured a photograph of the Beatles with Paul McCartney holding a cigarette. In 1984, Capitol Records airbrushed out the cigarette for the re-release of the single.[citation needed]", "American rock. British rock broke through to mainstream popularity in the United States in January 1964 with the success of the Beatles. \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" was the band's first number 1 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 chart, starting the British Invasion of the American music charts.[30] The song entered the chart on January 18, 1964 at number 45 before it became the number 1 single for 7 weeks and went on to last a total of 15 weeks in the chart.[31] Their first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show February 9 is considered a milestone in American pop culture.[32] The broadcast drew an estimated 73 million viewers, at the time a record for an American television program. The Beatles went on to become the biggest selling rock band of all time and they were followed by numerous British bands, particularly those influenced by blues music including The Rolling Stones, The Animals and The Yardbirds.[29]", "I Want to Hold Your Hand. James was the DJ for WWDC, a radio station in Washington, DC. Eventually he decided to pursue Albert's suggestion to him and asked the station's promotion director to get British Overseas Airways Corporation to ship in a copy of \"I Want to Hold Your Hand\" from Britain. Albert related what happened next: \"Carroll James called me up the day he got the record and said 'If you can get down here by 5 o'clock, we'll let you introduce it.'\" Albert managed to get to the station in time, and introduced the record with: \"Ladies and gentlemen, for the first time on the air in the United States, here are the Beatles singing 'I Want to Hold Your Hand.'\"[23]" ]

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[ "Noomi Rapace. Noomi Rapace (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈnuːmɪ raˈpasː] ( listen);[1] née Norén; born 28 December 1979) is a Swedish actress.[2] She achieved fame with her portrayal of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish film adaptations of the Millennium series: The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest.[3] In 2011, she was nominated for a BAFTA Award for Best Actress for her performance in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo.", "Noomi Rapace. In 2009, she played the role of Lisbeth Salander in the Swedish-produced film adaptation of the best-selling novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, for which she won the Guldbagge Award (Sweden's top film award) and was nominated for a BAFTA Award and European Film Award. She reprised this role in the sequels The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (all three were subsequently recut as a six-part miniseries aired on Swedish television called Millennium).", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor – literally – Men who hate women) is a 2009 Swedish drama thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Swedish author/journalist Stieg Larsson. It is the first book in the trilogy known as the Millennium series, published in Sweden in 2005. By August 2009, it had been sold to 25 countries outside Scandinavia and had been seen by more than 6 million people in the countries where it was already released. Directed by Niels Arden Oplev, the film stars Michael Nyqvist and Noomi Rapace.", "Michael Nyqvist. He has garnered recent international attention starring as Mikael Blomkvist in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (Swedish title: Män som hatar kvinnor), The Girl Who Played with Fire (Swedish title: Flickan som lekte med elden), and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (Swedish title: Luftslottet som sprängdes) of Stieg Larsson's Millennium series.[16]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is a 2011 Swedish-American psychological thriller film based on the novel of the same name by Stieg Larsson. This film adaptation was directed by David Fincher and written by Steven Zaillian. Starring Daniel Craig and Rooney Mara, it tells the story of journalist Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig)'s investigation to find out what happened to a woman from a wealthy family who disappeared 40 years prior. He recruits the help of computer hacker Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara).", "The Girl Who Played with Fire (film). The Girl Who Played with Fire (Swedish: Flickan som lekte med elden) is a 2009 Swedish thriller film directed by Daniel Alfredson, and the sequel to The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. It is based on the best-selling novel of the same name by the late Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson, the second in his Millennium series.", "Mikael Blomkvist. In the 2009 Swedish version of The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo and its two sequels, Blomkvist is played by Michael Nyqvist. In the 2011 English adaptation, Blomkvist is played by Daniel Craig. In The Girl in the Spider's Web, he will be portrayed by Sverrir Gudnason.", "The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (film). Reviewing the original Swedish version in national daily newspaper Svenska Dagbladet, Jan Söderqvist is dismissive of the thin plot: his article is titled 'No, it doesn't last the distance', and laments that \"the whole responsibility for carrying this grandiose production rests on Lisbeth Salander's slender shoulders\".[8] But Söderqvist remains enthusiastic about Rapace and her character, Lisbeth Salander: \"Salander is, on the other hand, undeniably an original and fascinating character, full of possibilities and secrets, and if Noomi Rapace builds an international acting career on these three films I have nothing to say against it.\"[8] Söderqvist continues: \"There is an enticing darkness in her glance and a brittle hardness about her defences that more than matches her tattoos.\"[8]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In November 2015, it was announced that Sony was planning on rebooting the franchise with an adaptation of The Girl in the Spider's Web, a 2015 novel by David Lagercrantz that was a continuation of the original Millennium trilogy after series creator Stieg Larsson died in 2004.[131] At the time, Alicia Vikander was considered a favorite to take over the role of Salander.[132]", "Lisbeth Salander. In 2009, the Swedish film and television studio Yellow Bird produced a trilogy of films based upon the first three novels. In these films, Salander is played as an adult by Noomi Rapace and as a child by Tehilla Blad. Rapace received a BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role nomination in 2011.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In November 2016, Fede Álvarez was announced as the new director.[133] The Girl in the Spider's Web will be the first in the book series to be produced into an English-language film in its initial adaptation.[134] Knight will serve as screenwriter, together with Alvarez and Jay Basu.[135] In March 2017, it was confirmed that the film would have an entirely new cast and was scheduled to be released on October 5, 2018.[136][137] In September 2017, Claire Foy was officially cast for the role of Lisbeth Salander in the new film.[138]", "The Girl Who Played with Fire (film). Lisbeth Salander (Noomi Rapace) purchases an apartment in Stockholm. On returning to Sweden after nearly a year living abroad, Salander reconnects with her former lover Miriam Wu (Yasmine Garbi) and offers her free use of her previous home in return for forwarding her mail. Later, Salander confronts Nils Bjurman (Peter Andersson) after hacking into his mail and discovering he has an appointment booked with a tattoo removal specialist. Threatening him with his own gun, she warns him not to remove the tattoo that she etched on his abdomen as revenge for sexually abusing her, marking him as \"a pervert, a rapist and a sadistic pig.\"", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Sony Pictures Entertainment began development on the film in 2009. It took the company a few months to obtain the rights to the novel, while recruiting Zaillian and David Fincher. The casting process for the lead roles was exhaustive and intense; Craig faced scheduling conflicts, and a number of actresses were sought for the role of Lisbeth Salander. The script took over six months to write, which included three months of analyzing the novel.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo received positive reviews from critics, with particular note to the cast, tone, score and cinematography. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a rating of 86%, based on 224 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6/10. The site's consensus states, \"Brutal yet captivating, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo is the result of David Fincher working at his lurid best with total role commitment from star Rooney Mara.\"[76] At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized score, the film received an average score of 71 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[77]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). Salander, who was ruled mentally incompetent as a child, is appointed a new legal guardian, Nils Bjurman (Peter Andersson), after her previous guardian suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, forces Salander to perform fellatio on him in return for the money she needs to buy a new computer; he withholds the full amount she has requested. At her next meeting with Bjurman, he beats and rapes her. Having used a hidden camera to record Bjurman raping her, Salander returns to take her revenge, torturing and threatening to ruin him unless he gives her full control of her life and finances. She then uses a tattoo gun to brand Bjurman's abdomen with the message \"I am a sadist pig and a rapist\".", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In Stockholm, Sweden, journalist Mikael Blomkvist (Daniel Craig), co-owner of Millennium magazine, has lost a libel case brought against him by businessman Hans-Erik Wennerström (Ulf Friberg). Lisbeth Salander (Rooney Mara), a brilliant but troubled investigator and hacker, compiles an extensive background check on Blomkvist for business magnate Henrik Vanger (Christopher Plummer), who has a special task for him. In exchange for the promise of damning information about Wennerström, Blomkvist agrees to investigate the disappearance and assumed murder of Henrik's grandniece, Harriet, 40 years ago. After moving to the Vanger family's compound, Blomkvist uncovers a notebook containing a list of names and numbers that no one has been able to decipher.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2009 film). The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was well received by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a normalized score of 86% based on 168 reviews, with an average score of 7.2/10 and declares it \"Certified Fresh\". The critical consensus is: \"Its graphic violence and sprawling length will prove too much for some viewers to take, but Noomi Rapace's gripping performance makes The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo an unforgettable viewing experience.\"[4] Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 76% based on reviews from 36 critics.[5] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars, noting that \"[the film] is a compelling thriller to begin with, but it adds the rare quality of having a heroine more fascinating than the story\".[6]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Blomkvist's daughter Pernilla (Josefin Asplund) visits him and notes that the numbers from the notebook are Bible references. Blomkvist tells Vanger's lawyer, Dirch Frode (Steven Berkoff), that he needs help with his research, and Frode recommends Salander based on the work she did researching Blomkvist himself. Blomkvist hires Salander to investigate the notebook's content. She uncovers a connection to a series of murders of young women from 1947 through 1967, with the women either being Jewish or having Biblical names; many of the Vangers are known antisemites. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers. Henrik's openly national socialist brother Harald identifies Martin (Stellan Skarsgård), Harriet's brother and operational head of the Vanger empire, and Blomkvist marks Martin as a possible suspect. Salander's research uncovers evidence that Martin and his deceased father, Gottfried, committed the murders.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In addition to numerous awards, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was included on several year-end lists by film commentators and publications. It was named the best film of 2011 by MTV and James Berardinelli of ReelViews.[93][94] The former wrote, \"The director follows up the excellent Social Network with another tour de force, injecting the murder mystery that introduces us to outcast hacker Lisbeth Salander [...] and embattled journalist [...] with style, intensity and relentless suspense. Mara is a revelation, and the film's daunting 160-minute runtime breezes by thanks to one heart-racing scene after the next. Dark and tough to watch at times, but a triumph all around.\"[93] The film came second in indieWire's list of \"Drew Taylor's Favorite Films Of 2011\",[95] while reaching the top ten of seven other publications,[96] including the St. Louis Post-Dispatch,[97] San Francisco Chronicle,[98] and the New Orleans Times-Picayune.[99] The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was declared one of the best films of the year by the American Film Institute,[100] as well as the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures.[101]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Pre-release screenings occurred in London, New York City, and Stockholm. Critics gave the film favorable reviews, praising its bleak tone and lauding Mara and Craig's performances. With a production budget of $90 million, the film grossed $232.6 million over its theatrical run. In addition to being included in several publications' best-of lists, the film was a candidate for numerous awards, and ultimately won nine accolades, including an Academy Award for Best Film Editing.[3] Rooney Mara's performance earned her a first Oscar nomination for Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role.[4][5][6]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). A screening for The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo took place on November 28, 2011, as part of a critics-only event hosted by the New York Film Critics Circle. Commentators at the event predicted that while the film would become a contender for several accolades, it would likely not become a forerunner in the pursuit for Academy Award nominations.[40] A promotional campaign commenced thereafter, including a Lisbeth Salander-inspired collection, designed by Trish Summerville for H&M.[41][42] The worldwide premiere was at the Odeon Leicester Square in London on December 12, 2011,[43] followed by the American opening at the Ziegfeld Theatre in New York City on December 14 and Stockholm the next day.[44][45] Sony's target demographics were men and women over the age of 25 and 17–34.[46] The film went into general release in North America on December 21, at 2,700 theaters,[47] expanding to 2,974 theaters on its second day.[47] The United Kingdom release was on December 26,[48] Russia on January 1, 2012,[49] and Japan on February 13.[50] India and Vietnam releases were abandoned due to censorship concerns.[51][52] A press statement from the Central Board of Film Certification stated: \"Sony Pictures will not be releasing The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo in India. The censor board has judged the film unsuitable for public viewing in its unaltered form and, while we are committed to maintaining and protecting the vision of the director, we will, as always, respect the guidelines set by the board.\"[52] In contrast, the National Film Board of Vietnam insisted that the film's withdrawal had no relation to rigid censorship guidelines, as it had not been reviewed by the committee.[51]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Blomkvist breaks into Martin's house to look for more clues, but Martin catches him and prepares to kill him. While torturing Blomkvist, Martin brags of having killed women for decades but denies killing Harriet. Salander arrives, subdues Martin and saves Blomkvist. While Salander tends to Blomkvist, Martin flees. Salander, on her motorcycle, pursues Martin in his SUV. He loses control of his vehicle on an icy road and dies when it catches fire. Salander nurses Blomkvist back to health and tells him that she tried to kill her father when she was 12. Blomkvist deduces that Harriet is still alive and her cousin Anita (Joely Richardson) probably knows where she is. He and Salander monitor Anita, waiting for her to contact Harriet. When nothing happens, Blomkvist confronts her, deducing that the woman posing as Anita is Harriet herself. She explains that her father and brother had sexually abused her for years, and that Martin saw her kill their father in self-defense. Her cousin, Anita, smuggled her out of the island and let her live under her identity. Finally free of her brother, she returns to Sweden and tearfully reunites with Henrik.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). In September 2014, Fincher stated that a script for Played with Fire had been written that was \"extremely different from the book,\" and that, despite the long delay, he was confident that the film would be made because Sony \"already has spent millions of dollars on the rights and the script\".[127] Mara, when asked about potential sequels, expressed much less optimism about them, though she stated that she was still very interested in continuing on in the role.[128][129][130]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). The performances were a frequent topic in the critiques. Mara's performance, in particular, was admired by commentators. A revelation in the eyes of Entertainment Weekly's Owen Gleiberman, he proclaimed that her character was more important than \"her ability to solve a crime\".[87] Her \"hypnotic\" portrayal was noted by Justin Chang of Variety,[88] as well as Salon critic Andrew O'Hehir, who wrote, \"Rooney Mara is a revelation as Lisbeth Salander, the damaged, aggressive computer geek and feminist revenge angel, playing the character as far more feral and vulnerable than Noomi Rapace’s borderline-stereotype sexpot Goth girl.\"[89] Scott Tobias of The A.V. Club enjoyed the chemistry between Mara and Craig,[90] as did David Germain of the Associated Press; \"Mara and Craig make an indomitable screen pair, he nominally leading their intense search into decades-old serial killings, she surging ahead, plowing through obstacles with flashes of phenomenal intellect and eruptions of physical fury.\"[91] Although Puig found Mara inferior to Rapace in playing Salander, with regard to Craig's performance, he said that the actor shone.[79] This was supported by Morgenstern who avouched that Craig \"nonetheless finds welcome humor in Mikael's impassive affect\".[84] Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times said the film was given a more assured quality than the original because of Fincher's direction and the lead performances, although he believed this did not always work to the film's advantage, preferring the original version's \"less confident surface\" where \"emotions were closer to the surface.\"[92]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). Salander, who is under state legal guardianship due to diagnosed mental incompetency, is appointed a new guardian, lawyer Nils Bjurman (Yorick van Wageningen), after her previous guardian Holger Palmgren suffers a stroke. Bjurman, a sexual sadist, abuses his authority to extort sexual favors from Salander and violently rapes her, not realizing she has a hidden video camera on her bag. At their next meeting she stuns him with a taser, rapes him with a dildo, and marks him as a rapist with a tattoo on his chest and stomach. Threatening to disclose the video recording, she blackmails him into writing a glowing progress report and granting her full control of her money.", "Millennium (miniseries). The Millennium TV miniseries is a compilation of the three Swedish film adaptations, The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo, The Girl Who Played with Fire, and The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest with extended scenes, adding more depth in both the stories and the characters. The series was produced by Yellow Bird in cooperation with several production companies, including SVT, Nordisk Film, Film i Väst and ZDF Enterprises. At Kristallen 2010. The miniseries was divided into 6 episodes total, with each episode of the series is about 90 minutes long,[1] making the television series about 110 minutes longer than the movies. The miniseries was broadcast on SVT1 from 20 March 2010 to 24 April 2010.[2] The series was released on a DVD and Blu-ray boxset titled Millennium Trilogy on 11 November 2011.[3] Music Box Home Entertainment released the English version in US on 6 December 2011 under the name Dragon Tattoo Trilogy: Extended Edition.[4]", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). As promised, Henrik gives Blomkvist the information on Wennerström, but it proves worthless. Salander hacks into Wennerström's computer and presents Blomkvist with evidence of Wennerström's crimes. Blomkvist publishes an article that ruins Wennerström, who flees the country. Salander hacks into Wennerström's bank accounts and, travelling to Switzerland in disguise, transfers two billion euros to various accounts. Wennerström is found murdered. Salander reveals to her former guardian Holger Palmgren that she is in love with Blomkvist. On her way to give Blomkvist a Christmas present, Salander sees him with his longtime lover and business partner Erika Berger (Robin Wright). She discards the gift and rides away.", "The Girl Who Played with Fire. The book features many of the characters who appeared in The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2005), among them the title character, Lisbeth Salander, a brilliant computer hacker and social misfit, and Mikael Blomkvist, an investigative journalist and publisher of Millennium magazine.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011 film). David Denby of The New Yorker asserted that the austere, but captivating installment presented a \"glancing, chilled view\" of a world where succinct moments of loyalty coexisted with constant trials of betrayal.[78] To USA Today columnist Claudia Puig, Fincher captures the \"menace and grim despair in the frosty Scandinavian landscape\" by carefully approaching its most gruesome features.[79] Puig noted a surfeit of \"stylistic flourishes\" and \"intriguing\" changes in the narrative, compared to the original film.[79] In his three-and-a-half star review, Chris Knight of the National Post argued that it epitomized a so-called \"paradoxical position\" that was both \"immensely enjoyable and completely unnecessary\".[80] Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald said that the \"fabulously sinister entertainment\" surpassed the original film \"in every way\".[81] The film took two-and-a-half stars from Rolling Stone commentator Peter Travers, who concluded: \"Fincher's Girl is gloriously rendered but too impersonal to leave a mark.\"[82] A. O. Scott, writing for The New York Times, admired the moments of \"brilliantly orchestrated\" anxiety and confusion, but felt that The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo was vulnerable to the \"lumbering proceduralism\" that he saw in its literary counterpart, as evident with the \"long stretches of drab, hackneyed exposition that flatten the atmosphere\".[83] The Wall Street Journal's Joe Morgenstern praised Cronenweth's cinematography, which he thought provided for glossy alterations in the film's darkness; \"Stockholm glitters in nighttime exteriors, and its subway shines in a spectacular spasm of action involving a backpack.\"[84] Rex Reed of The New York Observer professed that despite its occasional incomprehensibility, the movie was \"technically superb\" and \"superbly acted\".[85] In contrast, Kyle Smith of New York Post censured the film, calling it \"rubbish\" and further commenting that it \"demonstrates merely that masses will thrill to an unaffecting, badly written, psychologically shallow and deeply unlikely pulp story so long as you allow them to feel sanctified by the occasional meaningless reference to feminism or Nazis.\"[86]", "Lisbeth Salander. Salander first appeared in the 2005 novel The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (original Swedish title, Män som hatar kvinnor, literally \"Men who hate women\" in English). She reappeared in its sequels: The Girl Who Played with Fire (2006), The Girl Who Kicked the Hornets' Nest (2007), The Girl in the Spider's Web (2015), and The Girl Who Takes an Eye for an Eye (2017).", "Lisbeth Salander. In The Girl With the Dragon Tattoo (2005), Lisbeth Salander is introduced as a gifted, but deeply troubled, researcher and computer hacker working for Milton Security. Her boss, Dragan Armansky, commissions her to research disgraced journalist Mikael Blomkvist at the behest of a wealthy businessman, Henrik Vanger. When Blomkvist finds out that Salander hacked his computer, he hires her to assist him in investigating the disappearance of Vanger's grandniece, Harriet, 40 years earlier. Salander uses her research skills to uncover a series of murders, dating back decades and tied to Harriet's disappearance. During the investigation, Salander and Blomkvist become lovers.", "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo. The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (original title in Swedish: Män som hatar kvinnor; in English: Men Who Hate Women) is a psychological thriller novel by the late Swedish author and journalist Stieg Larsson (1954–2004), which was published posthumously in 2005 to become an international bestseller.[1] It is the first book of the Millennium series." ]

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[ "Gabriel García Márquez. Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) was first published in 1985. It is considered a non-traditional love story as \"lovers find love in their 'golden years'—in their seventies, when death is all around them\".[76]", "Love in the Time of Cholera. Love in the Time of Cholera (Spanish: El amor en los tiempos del cólera) is a novel by Nobel prize winner Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez first published in Spanish in 1985. Alfred A. Knopf published an English translation in 1988, and an English-language movie adaptation was released in 2007.", "Por una Cabeza. Por una cabeza\nde un noble potrillo\nque justo en la raya\nafloja al llegar,\ny que al regresar\nparece decir:\nNo olvidés, hermano,\nvos sabés, no hay que jugar.\nPor una cabeza,\nmetejón de un día\nde aquella coqueta\ny risueña mujer,\nque al jurar sonriendo\nel amor que está mintiendo,\nquema en una hoguera\ntodo mi querer.", "Love in the Time of Cholera. The term cholera as it is used in Spanish, cólera, can also denote passion or human rage and ire in its feminine form. (The English adjective choleric has the same meaning.) Considering this meaning, the title is a pun: cholera as the disease, and cholera as passion, which raises the central question of the book: is love helped or hindered by extreme passion? The two men can be contrasted as the extremes of passion: one having too much, one too little; the central question of which is more conducive to love and happiness becomes the specific, personal choice that Fermina faces through her life. Florentino's passionate pursuit of nearly countless women stands in contrast to Urbino's clinical discussion of male anatomy on their wedding night. Urbino's eradication of cholera in the town takes on the additional symbolic meaning of ridding Fermina's life of rage, but also passion. It is this second meaning to the title that manifests itself in Florentino's hatred for Urbino's marriage to Fermina, as well as in the social strife and warfare that serves as a backdrop to the entire story.", "Seasons of Love. The song has been translated into multiple languages for the international productions of the musical (\"Tiempos de amor\" in Spanish, \"Nur Liebe Bleibt\" in German, \"Sígræn ást\" in Icelandic and \"A szerelem évszakai\" in Hungarian).", "Noel Estrada. Among the many songs which he wrote were the following: \"El Romance del Cafetal\" (Romance of the coffee field); \"Verde Navidad\" (Green Christmas); \"El Amor del Jíbaro\" (The poor farmers Love); \"Pobre Amor\" (Poor Love); \"Pedacito de Borinquen\" (A piece of Puerto Rico); \"Amor del Alma\" (Love of the Soul); \"Lo Nuestro Termino\" (Our love is Finished); \"Llévame a Ver a Jesús\" (Take Me to see Jesus\"); etcetera. However, it was \"En mi Viejo San Juan\" (In my Old San Juan) that would bring Estrada international acclaim.", "John Keats. Sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti / in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua (What a woman says to a passionate lover / should be written in the wind and the running water).", "Historia de un Amor. It has also been covered in Chinese, with the lyrics written by Chen Die-Yi 陳蝶衣 (Oct 17, 1907 in Wujin, Jiangsu to Oct 14, 2007 in Hong Kong). The song title in Chinese is 我的心裡没有他 (literally: Inside my heart, there is no him/her).", "Love in the Time of Cholera. Some critics choose to consider Love in the Time of Cholera as a sentimental story about the enduring power of true love. Others criticize this opinion as being too simple. García Márquez himself said in an interview, \"you have to be careful not to fall into my trap.\"[4]", "Marcha Real. L'amor a la Pàtria, que sap abraçar, sota el cel blau, pobles en llibertat.", "I Don't Know How to Love Him. Spanish In 1975 two distinct Spanish-language renderings of \"I Don't Know How to Love Him\" were introduced onstage: firstly Julissa introduced \"Yo No Sé Como Amarlo\" (lyricist Marcos Lizama) in the Teatro Ferrocarrilero Gudelio Morales (Cuauhtémoc) of JCS, while Angela Carrasco introduced \"Es más que amor\" (lyricist Jaime Azpilicueta) in the Nuevo Teatro Alcalá (Madrid) production which opened 6 November 1975, with both Julissa and Carrasco heard with their respective renderings on their respective cast album releases: Julissa in 1974, Carrasco in 1977. Cast albums from subsequent Madrid productions featured Estíbaliz singing \"Es más que amor\" (1984) and Lorena Calero singing a new Spanish-language rendering \"No sé cómo quererle\" (2007), while Laura Flores is featured singing \"Yo No Sé Como Amarlo\" on the cast album from the 1984 Televiteatros revival. Rocío Banquells, who sang \"Yo No Sé Como Amarlo\" onstage in the Teatro Lírico de México 1983 revival of JCS, recorded the song for her 1999 album Ellas Cantan Así. Paloma San Basilio recorded \"Es más que amor\" for her 2002 showtune album Eternamente: Grandes éxitos de grandes musicales .", "Inferno (Dante). Love, which in gentlest hearts will soonest bloom\n   seized my lover with passion for that sweet body\n   from which I was torn unshriven to my doom.\nLove, which permits no loved one not to love,\n   took me so strongly with delight in him\n   that we are one in Hell, as we were above.\nLove led us to one death. In the depths of Hell\n   Caïna waits for him who took our lives.\"\n   This was the piteous tale they stopped to tell.[34]", "Love. Latin sometimes uses amāre where English would simply say to like. This notion, however, is much more generally expressed in Latin by the terms placere or delectāre, which are used more colloquially, the latter used frequently in the love poetry of Catullus. Diligere often has the notion \"to be affectionate for,\" \"to esteem,\" and rarely if ever is used for romantic love. This word would be appropriate to describe the friendship of two men. The corresponding noun diligentia, however, has the meaning of \"diligence\" or \"carefulness,\" and has little semantic overlap with the verb. Observare is a synonym for diligere; despite the cognate with English, this verb and its corresponding noun, observantia, often denote \"esteem\" or \"affection.\" Caritas is used in Latin translations of the Christian Bible to mean \"charitable love\"; this meaning, however, is not found in Classical pagan Roman literature. As it arises from a conflation with a Greek word, there is no corresponding verb.", "Mi corazón insiste en Lola Volcán. \"Love is an adrenaline and feeling in which the world disappears when you cling to a woman who loves and hates with the force of a volcano. Only she has wept in silence of suffering, lives intensely in the pain, and loves in the hours of true happiness; Because she is Lola Volcán ...\"[1]", "Por una Cabeza. Cuántos desengaños,\npor una cabeza.\nYo juré mil veces,\nno vuelvo a insistir.\nPero si un mirar\nme hiere al pasar,\nsu boca de fuego\notra vez quiero besar.\nBasta de carreras,\nse acabó la timba.\n¡Un final reñido\nyo no vuelvo a ver!\nPero si algún pingo\nllega a ser fija el domingo,\nyo me juego entero.\n¡Qué le voy a hacer..!", "Por una Cabeza. Por una cabeza,\ntodas las locuras.\nSu boca que besa,\nborra la tristeza,\ncalma la amargura.\nPor una cabeza,\nsi ella me olvida\nqué importa perderme\nmil veces la vida,\npara qué vivir.", "Por una Cabeza. Por una cabeza,\ntodas las locuras.\nSu boca que besa,\nborra la tristeza,\ncalma la amargura.\nPor una cabeza,\nsi ella me olvida\nqué importa perderme\nmil veces la vida,\npara qué vivir.", "The History of Love. Approximately 70 years before the present, the 10-year-old Polish-Jewish Leopold (Leo) Gursky falls in love with his neighbor Alma Mereminski. The two begin a relationship that develops over the course of 10 years. In this time, Leo writes three books that he gives to Alma, since she is the only person he deeply cares about. Leo promises he will never love anyone but her.", "Historia de un Amor. \"Historia de un Amor\" (Spanish for \"a love story\") is a song about a man's old love written by Panamanian songwriter Carlos Eleta Almarán.[1] It was written after the death of his brother's wife. It is also part of the soundtrack of a 1956 Mexican movie of the same name starring Libertad Lamarque. The song tells of a man's suffering after his love has disappeared.", "Lupang Hinirang. Tierra adorada\nHija del sol de Oriente,\nSu fuego ardiente\nEn ti latiendo está.\n\n¡Tierra de amores!\nDel heroísmo cuna,\nLos invasores\nNo te hollarán jamás.\n\nEn tu azul cielo, en tus auras,\nEn tus montes y en tu mar\nEsplende y late el poema\nDe tu amada libertad.\n\nTu pabellón, que en las lides\nLa victoria iluminó,\nNo verá nunca apagados\nSus estrellas ni su sol.\n\nTierra de dichas, del sol y amores,\nEn tu regazo dulce es vivir.\nEs una gloria para tus hijos,\nCuando te ofenden, por ti morir.", "Like Water for Chocolate. Pedro is their neighbor, with whom Tita falls in love at first sight. The feeling turns out to be mutual, so Pedro asks Mamá Elena for Tita’s hand in marriage. Unfortunately, she forbids it, citing the de la Garza family tradition that the youngest daughter (in this case, Tita) must remain unmarried and take care of her mother until her mother's death. She suggests that Pedro marries Tita's sister, Rosaura, instead. In order to stay close to Tita, Pedro decides to follow this advice.", "Alma Llanera. Amo, lloro, canto, sueño\ncon claveles de pasión,\ncon claveles de pasión.\nAmo, lloro, canto, sueño\npara ornar las rubias crines\ndel potro de mi amador.", "Gabriel García Márquez. Love in the Time of Cholera is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of García Márquez's parents.[77] However, as García Márquez explains in an interview: “The only difference is [my parents] married. And as soon as they were married, they were no longer interesting as literary figures.\"[77] The love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. They were out in a boat one day and were murdered by the boatman with his oars. García Márquez notes, \"Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people.\"[78]", "Alma Llanera. I love, I weep, I sing, I dream\nwith carnations of passion,\nwith carnations of passion.\nI love, I weep, I sing, I dream\nto adorn the blonde mane\nof my lover's colt.", "Future tense. Thus the sequence of Latin verbs amare habeo (\"I have to love\") gave rise to French aimerai, Spanish amaré, etc. \"I will love\".[8][9]", "Graffiti. Quisquis amat. veniat. Veneri volo frangere costas\nfustibus et lumbos debilitare deae.\nSi potest illa mihi tenerum pertundere pectus\n quit ego non possim caput illae frangere fuste?\n\nWhoever loves, go to hell. I want to break Venus's ribs\nwith a club and deform her hips.\nIf she can break my tender heart\nwhy can't I hit her over the head?\n—CIL IV, 1824.[8]", "Roman Fever. Stoner, Ruth.  “The Perfect Short Story: How Edith Wharton’s 'Roman Fever' Has Crossed the Boundaries of Time.” The Short Story in English: Crossing Boundaries. Eds. Gema Castillo García, Rosa Cabellos Castilla, Juan Antonio Sánchez Jiménez, Vincent Carlisle Espinola. Alcalá de Henares: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Alcalá, 2006. 920-931.", "En nombre del amor. En nombre del amor (English: In the Name of Love)[1] is a Mexican telenovela produced by Carlos Moreno Laguillo for Televisa. It is a remake of Cadenas de amargura, produced in 1991.", "Christmas in Mexico. Another variation of this is sending the note in a helium balloon into the sky. Inside is a thoughtful note explaining why they have been good or bad that year and the gifts they would like if deemed worthy. In the morning after opening the presents, a round sweet bread called a rosca is served, it is baked with dried fruit and tiny images of the infant Jesus inside. Whoever gets one of these figures in his/her slice must pay for tamales for Candlemas on February 2. The rosca is served with tamales and atole.[2][4]", "Love. The Latin language has several different verbs corresponding to the English word \"love.\" amō is the basic verb meaning I love, with the infinitive amare (“to love”) as it still is in Italian today. The Romans used it both in an affectionate sense as well as in a romantic or sexual sense. From this verb come amans—a lover, amator, \"professional lover,\" often with the accessory notion of lechery—and amica, \"girlfriend\" in the English sense, often being applied euphemistically to a prostitute. The corresponding noun is amor (the significance of this term for the Romans is well illustrated in the fact, that the name of the City, Rome—in Latin: Roma—can be viewed as an anagram for amor, which was used as the secret name of the City in wide circles in ancient times),[36] which is also used in the plural form to indicate love affairs or sexual adventures. This same root also produces amicus—\"friend\"—and amicitia, \"friendship\" (often based to mutual advantage, and corresponding sometimes more closely to \"indebtedness\" or \"influence\"). Cicero wrote a treatise called On Friendship (de Amicitia), which discusses the notion at some length. Ovid wrote a guide to dating called Ars Amatoria (The Art of Love), which addresses, in depth, everything from extramarital affairs to overprotective parents.", "Spain. Other major plays from the medieval times were Mester de Juglaría, Mester de Clerecía, Coplas por la muerte de su padre or El Libro de buen amor (The Book of Good Love).", "The History of Love. One day, her mother receives a letter from a mysterious man named Jacob Marcus who requests that she translate The History of Love from Spanish to English for $100,000, to be paid in increments of $25,000 as the work progresses. Alma's mother finds the sum suspicious, but the stranger confesses that his mother used to read the book to him when he was a child, so it has a great sentimental value. Alma sees this as an opportunity to help her mother recover from her depression and changes her mother's straightforward letters to Jacob Marcus into more romantic versions. When the letters stop before her mother completes the translation of the book, Alma decides to find the mysterious client." ]

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[ "Internet café. Reputedly, the first kosher cybercafe was the IDT Cafe in New York City’s diamond district, opened in the spring of 1997.[23][24][25][26][27]", "Internet café. The first public, commercial American Internet café was conceived and opened by Jeff Anderson and Alan Weinkrantz in August 1994, at Infomart in Dallas, Texas and was called The High Tech Cafe.[5]", "Internet café. The concept of a café with full Internet access (and the name Cybercafé) was invented in early 1994 by Ivan Pope. Commissioned to develop an Internet event for an arts weekend at the Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) in London, and inspired by the SFnet terminal based cafes, Pope wrote a proposal outlining the concept of a café with Internet access.", "Internet café. Netcafe opened in St Kilda at the Deluxe Café on April 4, 1995, inspired by the internet café phenomenon that was going on in Seattle. As Australia’s First Internet Café, founders included Gavin Murray, Rita Arrigo and Christopher Beaumont. Direct from London’s Cyberia we were joined by Kathryn Phelps and partnerships with Adam Goudie of Standard Computers for hardware and Michael Bethune from Australia Online, Australia’s First ISP for of course our Internet Access. In 1995 it was delivered via a standard analogue phone line using a 9600 Baud US Robotics Modem.", "Internet café. The online café phenomenon in the United States was started in July 1991 by Wayne Gregori in San Francisco when he began SFnet Coffeehouse Network. Gregori designed, built and installed 25 coin-operated computer terminals in coffeehouses throughout the San Francisco Bay Area. The café terminals dialed into a 32 line Bulletin Board System that offered an array of electronic services including FIDOnet mail and, in 1992, Internet mail.[2]", "Internet café. Three Internet cafés subsequently opened in the East Village neighborhood of New York City: Internet Cafe, opened by Arthur Perley, the @Cafe, and the Heroic Sandwich.[6] In 1996, the Internet café Surf City opened in downtown Anchorage, Alaska.", "Internet café. After an initial run in late 1993 as a café showcasing computers, a bar called CompuCafé was established in Helsinki, Finland in the spring of 1994 featuring both Internet access and a robotic beer seller.[3]", "Internet café. Inspired partly by the ICA event, a commercial establishment of this type, called Cyberia, opened on September 1, 1994 in London, England. In January 1995, CB1 Café in Cambridge, installed an Internet connection and is the longest running Internet Café in the UK, still operating today.[4]", "Internet café. Around June 1994, The Binary Cafe, Canada's first Internet café, opened in Toronto, Ontario.", "Internet café. An Internet café, also known as a cybercafé, is a place which provides Internet access to the public, usually for a fee. These businesses usually provide snacks and drinks, hence the café in the name. The fee for using a computer is usually charged as a time-based rate.", "Internet café. The first online café in South Korea called Electronic Café opened in front of Hongik University in March 1988 by Ahn Sang-Su and Keum Nuri in Seoul. It had two 16bit computers connected to Online service networks through telephone lines. Online service users’ offline meetings were held in the Electronic Café, which served as a place that connected online and offline activities. The opening of the online café in Korea was 2–3 years ahead of other countries.[1]", "Internet café. Cybercafes are prevalent in the city of Mombasa, as poverty and unreliable infrastructure do not make personal Internet a viable option for many citizens. The cafes are often combined with a variety of other businesses, such as chemists, manicurists, repair shops, and convenience stores. Video gaming has become particularly profitable in cybercafes in Kenya in recent years.", "Florida State University. The Student Life Center offers a cybercafe with computers for Internet surfing and computer games, as well as board games. A coffee shop called Reel Coffee sells snacks and drinks in the cybercafe. The cybercafe hosts Super Smash Bros. tournaments and other gaming tournaments.[208]", "Great Firewall. In February 2008, the Chinese government announced \"Operation Tomorrow,\" an effort to crack down on youth usage of internet cafés to play online games and view content declared illegal.[19][not in citation given] Internet cafés, an extremely popular way of getting online in developing countries where fewer people can afford a personal computer, are regulated by the Chinese government and by local Chinese government officials. Minors (in China, those under the age of 18) are not allowed into Internet cafés, although this law is widely ignored and when enforced, has spurred the creation of underground \"Black Web Bars\" that will be visited by those underage. As of 2008 internet cafés were required to register every customer in a log when they used the internet there; these records may be confiscated by local government officials and the PSB. To illustrate local regulation of internet cafés, in one instance, a government official in the town of Gedong lawfully banned internet cafés from operating in the town because he believed them to be harmful to minors, who frequented them to play online games (including those considered violent) and surf the internet. However, internet cafés in this town simply went underground and most minors were not deterred from visiting them.[20]", "Coffee. In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.[184] America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676.[185] Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis, and Paul Revere planned rebellion.[31]", "Online chat. The first dedicated online chat service that was widely available to the public was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980,[2][3] created by CompuServe executive Alexander \"Sandy\" Trevor in Columbus, Ohio. Ancestors include network chat software such as UNIX \"talk\" used in the 1970s.", "McCafé. The first one in the United States opened in Chicago, Illinois, in May 2001 when there were about 300 worldwide.[4] In 2004 McCafé opened in Costa Rica and in France, and the next year, the concept was launched in Italy. In 2007, the chain expanded to Japan as part of McDonald's efforts to boost sales with healthier soup and sandwich offerings and reach out to new customers who favoured traditional coffee shops.[5] Despite being a relatively small part of McDonald's overall strategy, there are currently 1,300 worldwide.[6]", "United States Commercial Service. 1994 Four new CS offices open in Baltimore, Chicago, Long Beach and Miami, in order to provide better services to local businesses. (Over time, CS offices would increase in number, eventually serving local businesses in all 50 U.S. states.)", "Jimmy John's. On January 13, 1983, the first Jimmy John's opened in a garage in Charleston, Illinois. Paying $200 a month in rent, Liautaud could only afford used equipment consisting of a refrigerator, a chest freezer, an oven, and a meat slicer.[10]", "Cyberspace. Cyberspace is the \"place\" where a telephone conversation appears to occur. Not inside your actual phone, the plastic device on your desk. Not inside the other person's phone, in some other city. The place between the phones. [...] in the past twenty years, this electrical \"space,\" which was once thin and dark and one-dimensional—little more than a narrow speaking-tube, stretching from phone to phone—has flung itself open like a gigantic jack-in-the-box. Light has flooded upon it, the eerie light of the glowing computer screen. This dark electric netherworld has become a vast flowering electronic landscape. Since the 1960s, the world of the telephone has cross-bred itself with computers and television, and though there is still no substance to cyberspace, nothing you can handle, it has a strange kind of physicality now. It makes good sense today to talk of cyberspace as a place all its own.", "Internet café. In Malaysia, Internet cafés are popular among teenagers who enjoy gaming. An Internet café is also known as a cybercafe. Some Internet cafés in Malaysia combine the characteristics of a F&B café and an Internet café.[citation needed]", "Palo Alto, California. Palo Alto is the location of the first street-level Apple Store,[57] the first Apple mini store,[58] the first West Coast Whole Foods Market store,[59] and the first Victoria's Secret.[60]", "Drive-through. According to author Michael Karl Witzel, drive-through windows were a method first tested as far back as 1931 by the Texas Pig Stand chain. The first drive-through restaurant was created in 1947 by Sheldon \"Red\" Chaney, operator of Red's Giant Hamburg in Springfield, Missouri. Located on the famous Route 66, the restaurant served customers until its closure in 1984. Several other companies lay claim to having invented the first restaurant of this kind, including the In-n-Out Burger chain, which didn't open a drive-through until 1948. Maid-Rite also claims to have had the first drive-through window. Other sources cite Jack in the Box as the first major restaurant specifically designed as a drive-through and featuring a two-way intercom.[6] The first Jack in the Box opened in 1951 in San Diego. The drive-through concept was so unfamiliar to people at the time that the Jack in the Box \"clown,\" where the speaker was housed, held a sign saying, \"Pull forward, Jack will speak to you.\"", "Starbucks. Starbucks has announced its first café in Bolivia would open in 2014 in Santa Cruz de la Sierra and the first in Panama in 2015.[115]", "The Cheesecake Factory. The 1990s saw the opening of the first Cheesecake Factory restaurant outside of Southern California. The new restaurant was located in Washington, D.C. The Cheesecake Factory was incorporated in 1992 and went public in September 1993. David Overton planned to open 3-4 units a year in the hopes of generating 25% a year increase in sales.[3]", "Internet café. By 2010, a variation of the internet café known as a \"sweepstakes parlor\" had become widespread in certain regions of the United States. These facilities offer entries in a contest to customers who purchase internet usage. The result of the customers' entries are revealed using software installed on the computer terminals, which may simulate the appearance and operation of casino games such as a slot machine. Although meant to resemble it, these sweepstakes and software are designed in such a way that they could legally be considered sweepstakes rather than gambling. Sweepstakes parlors have faced scrutiny by local governments, who have argued that despite arguments claiming otherwise, sweepstakes parlors are a form of illegal gambling, and their patrons are more interested in playing the sweepstakes than actually using their purchased internet time. A large number of these locations have faced raids by officials, while a number of states have enacted laws meant to ban them.[8][9][10]", "Silicon Valley. On April 23, 1963, J.C.R. Licklider, the first director of the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) at The Pentagon's ARPA issued an office memorandum addressed to Members and Affiliates of the Intergalactic Computer Network. It rescheduled a meeting in Palo Alto regarding his vision of a computer network which he imagined as an electronic commons open to all the main and essential medium of informational interaction for governments, institutions, corporations, and individuals.[25][26][27][28] As head of IPTO from 1962 to 1964, “Licklider initiated three of the most important developments in information technology: the creation of computer science departments at several major universities, time-sharing, and networking.”[28] By the late 1960s, his promotion of the concept had inspired a primitive version of his vision called ARPANET, which expanded into a network of networks in the 1970s that became the Internet.[27]", "Internet café. For those traveling by road in North America, many truck stops have Internet kiosks, for which a typical charge is around 20 cents per minute.[7]", "Coffeehouse. One of the original uses of the café, as a place for information exchange and communication, was reintroduced in the 1990s with the Internet café or Hotspot.[40] The spread of modern-style cafés to urban and rural areas went hand-in-hand with the rising use of mobile computers. Computers and Internet access in a contemporary-styled venue help to create a youthful, modern place, compared to the traditional pubs or old-fashioned diners that they replaced.", "Internet café. A variation of Internet café called PC bang (similar to LAN gaming centers) became extremely popular in South Korea when StarCraft was released in 1998. Although computer and broadband penetration per capita were very high, young people went to PC bangs to play multiplayer games.", "Café Coffee Day. Café Coffee Day was started as a retail restaurant in 1996.[6] The first CCD outlet was set up on July 11, 1996, at Brigade Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka. It rapidly expanded across various cities in India adding more stores with more than 1000 cafés open across the nation by 2011.", "Zaxby's. The first Zaxby's restaurant opened in Statesboro, Georgia in March 1990. The company's first restaurant outside of Georgia was opened in September 1994 in Bowling Green, Kentucky. Zaxby's now operates in 18 states.[2]" ]

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[ "Against the Ropes. Against the Ropes is a 2004 American sports drama film directed by Charles S. Dutton (in his directorial debut) and starring Meg Ryan and Omar Epps. The story is a fictionalized account of boxing manager Jackie Kallen, who was the first woman to become a success in the sport. Kallen has a bit part in the film playing a reporter, and a few lines in the scene where the press interviews the principal characters.", "Against the Ropes. Against the Ropes was a box office bomb, grossing only $6,614,280, with an estimated budget of $39,000,000. It opened up at No. 8 at the box office, grossing $3,038,546 in the opening weekend. The film was released on February 20, 2004 to 1,601 theaters (widest release) gathering an average of $1,897 per theater. The film closed its box office run after seven weeks, gathering a total of $5,884,190 from the domestic market and $730,090 from overseas for an international total of $6,614,280.[2]", "Against the Ropes. The film was shot primarily at the Wolstein Center in Cleveland, Ohio, United States and Hamilton, Ontario, Canada at the Copps Coliseum.[1] Against the Ropes grossed less than $6 million in the US and was panned by critics for its resemblance to other boxing films.", "Alex Karras. Karras returned to acting with roles that included playing Sheriff Wallace in Porky's (in which his wife, Susan Clark, also starred), and as western settler Hans Brumbaugh in Centennial. He played James Garner's closeted gay bodyguard in the 1982 Blake Edwards' film Victor Victoria. Karras played a darker role as Hank Sully, the right-hand-man of villain Jake Wise (played by James Woods) in the 1984 film, Against All Odds. Karras' most memorable role was in the 1975 made-for-TV movie Babe, where he played the hulking ex-wrestler George Zaharias, loyally caring for his cancer-stricken wife, the legendary athlete Babe Didrikson Zaharias.", "Skye McCole Bartusiak. In 2003, McCole Bartusiak returned to period drama with Love Comes Softly, and a year later she played the young Jackie in Against the Ropes alongside Meg Ryan.[4] In 2005, she received main billing for her role as Franny Roberts in the hit horror film Boogeyman.[4] She starred in the \"Kids\" episode of the hospital drama series House,[7] and took a lead role as Sunshine in the film Kill Your Darlings, playing a troubled teen willing to do anything to get the attention of her busy father.[8]", "Kyle MacLachlan. MacLachlan co-starred with Samuel L. Jackson as a rookie prison guard in John Frankenheimer's 1994 Emmy-winning HBO film Against the Wall about the Attica prison riots.[22] In 1994, he was also featured in The Flintstones, a live-action movie adaptation of the animated sitcom of the same name, portraying Cliff Vandercave, the movie's primary antagonist, opposite John Goodman and Rick Moranis.[20]", "Against All Odds (1984 film). Against All Odds is a 1984 American romantic neo-noir thriller film, a remake of Out of the Past (1947). The film was directed by Taylor Hackford and stars Rachel Ward, Jeff Bridges and James Woods alongside Jane Greer (who had starred in Out of the Past), Alex Karras, Richard Widmark and Dorian Harewood. The film revolves around an aging American football star who is hired by a mobster to find his girlfriend.", "Burgess Meredith. Meredith was known later in his career for his appearances on The Twilight Zone and for portraying arch-villain The Penguin on the 1960s TV series Batman and boxing trainer Mickey Goldmill in the Rocky film series. For his performances in The Day of the Locust (1975) and Rocky (1976), he received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He later starred in the comedy Foul Play (1978) and the fantasy film Clash of the Titans (1981). He narrated numerous films and documentaries during his long career, including Twilight Zone: The Movie (1983).[9]", "Jim Caviezel. Caviezel starred in the 2014 football film When the Game Stands Tall as De La Salle High School coach Bob Ladouceur, whose Concord, California Spartans prep team had a 151-game winning streak from 1992 to 2003, an American sporting record.[24] He appeared in the 2013 film Escape Plan, playing a warden who maintains order in the world's most secret and secure prison.[25][26]", "Charlotte Lewis. Lewis made her film debut as a teenager in the 1986 Roman Polanski film Pirates. She followed it that same year with the female lead in The Golden Child alongside Eddie Murphy.[3] Later appearances include the film Tripwire (1990) and Storyville (1992, opposite James Spader). She had a co-starring role in Men of War (1995, alongside Dolph Lundgren) and in the 1995 film Decoy. Lewis appeared in the 2003 film Hey DJ.", "Scott O'Grady. The 2001 film Behind Enemy Lines, starring Gene Hackman and Owen Wilson, is loosely based on this event.[19] Although O'Grady had given the film a positive rating on the film review television show Hot Or Not, O'Grady took offense at the portrayal of 'his' character in Behind Enemy Lines \"as a pilot who disobeys orders and swears\".[20] O'Grady sued 20th Century Fox in 2002 for falsely misleading the public that the film was true to life and for using him unauthorized to promote the film without his permission. He also took action over the documentary, Behind Enemy Lines: The Scott O'Grady Story, which was a reedited version of a BBC documentary which Discovery Communications, parent company of the Discovery Channel, had purchased and edited. The documentary was broadcast several times on the Discovery Channel, and O'Grady accused Fox of using it to promote the film. Both suits were settled in 2004. Fox made a confidential settlement with O'Grady,[21] while a Texas court ruled against O'Grady and in favor of Discovery Communications. The judge's ruling stated, in effect, that the events in a person's life are not the same thing as that person's likeness or image.[22]", "Patrick Bergin. In 1980, Bergin decided to pursue acting full-time and he found work in repertory theatre.[7] For much of the Nineties it seemed like no one in Hollywood would have him. So he made his own way; he worked in diverse films such as a trilogy of Yeats plays; Morphine and Dolly Mixtures, for which he won a Welsh Best Actor Award and Durango, based on John B Keane's novel; hosting TnaG's Silín Draíochta; and narrating Patrick Cassidy's Famine Concert.[5] After Sleeping with the Enemy (1991), his reputation grew and he was offered the role of Robin Hood with Uma Thurman.[3] He describes 1996 as the lowest point in his career, a time when he rarely received any phone calls for movie roles.[5]", "Pilou Asbæk. In 2011, Asbæk starred in another piece by Tobias Lindholm, in the film, R, as a Danish convict, portraying a harrowing prison experience. The film was shot in the Dogme 95-inspired style.[14] The next year, in 2012, Asbæk starred in another Tobias Lindholm film called A Hijacking, about Somalian piracy, for which he transformed himself physically, gaining weight to imbue the role with method acting.[6]", "Against the Sun. Against the Sun is a 2014 American survival drama film written, produced, and directed by Brian Falk and starring Garret Dillahunt, Tom Felton, and Jake Abel. The film was released via video on demand on January 23, 2015.", "Alison Doody. After almost a decade away from the screen, Doody returned to acting with a small role in 2003 British comedy movie The Actors with Michael Caine, playing herself in an award ceremony scene.[3] She played alongside Patrick Swayze in a 2004 television movie adaptation of King Solomon's Mines and also starred in a short called Benjamin's Struggle (2005),[citation needed] a pamphlet about the Holocaust, and in the British TV series Waking the Dead (in a two-part episode called \"The Fall\"). In 2010, Doody shot a part in Danny Dyer's film The Rapture (2010). She later guest starred in RTÉ's medical drama The Clinic.[citation needed], and was set to star in a 2011 remake of horror classic The Asphyx, but the project later stalled.", "Rope-a-dope. The rope-a-dope is a boxing fighting style commonly associated with Muhammad Ali in his 1974 Rumble in the Jungle match against George Foreman.", "Against the Ropes. At a young age, Jackie Kallen learns about boxing with her father and uncle in a small gym. Later, she becomes the assistant to a Cleveland boxing promoter. Her boss then begins doing business with Sam LaRocca, a sports manager, during a middleweight championship fight.", "Donald Sutherland. Some of Sutherland's better known roles in the 1980s and 1990s were in the South African apartheid drama A Dry White Season (1989), alongside Marlon Brando and Susan Sarandon; as a sadistic warden in Lock Up (1989) with Sylvester Stallone; as an incarcerated pyromaniac in the firefighter thriller Backdraft (1990) alongside Kurt Russell and Robert De Niro, as the humanitarian doctor-activist Norman Bethune in 1990’s Bethune: The Making of a Hero, and as a snobbish New York City art dealer in Six Degrees of Separation (1993), with Stockard Channing and Will Smith.", "Charles Blondin. In 1861, he performed at the Royal Portobello Gardens, on South Circular Road, Portobello, Dublin, on a rope 50 feet (15 m) feet above the ground. While he was performing, the rope broke, which led to the scaffolding collapsing. He was not injured, but two workers who were on the scaffolding fell to their deaths. An investigation was held, and the broken rope (reported as 2 inches (5 cm) in diameter and 5 inches (13 cm) in circumference) examined. No blame was attributed at the time to either Blondin or his manager. However, the judge said that the rope manufacturer had a lot to answer for. The organiser of the event, a Mr. Kirby, said he would never have another one like it. A bench warrant for the arrest of Blondin and his manager was issued when they did not appear at a further trial (they were in America). However, the following year, Blondin was back at the same venue in Dublin, this time performing 100 feet (30 m) above the ground.[8]", "Rocky Balboa (film). Meanwhile, on the professional boxing circuit, Mason \"The Line\" Dixon, reigns as the undefeated, yet unpopular heavyweight world champion, often ridiculed for defeating only \"bum\" competitors, having never gone up against a true contender. This leads to tension with the public and his promoters, and encourages him to return to his roots, the small gym he first trained in, as well as his old trainer who sagely tells him that, inevitably, he will earn back his respect through a true opponent. Their relationship mirrors Rocky and Mickey.", "John Lithgow. In 1983, Lithgow appeared in a remake of the classic Twilight Zone episode \"Nightmare at 20,000 Feet\" in Twilight Zone: The Movie as the paranoid passenger made famous on the television show by William Shatner. In an interview with Bill Moyers, Lithgow reveals this role as his favorite of his film career.[17] In 1991, he starred in the movie Ricochet opposite Denzel Washington as Earl Talbot Blake, a criminal seeking revenge against the policeman who sent him to prison. Also in 1991, he played missionary Leslie Huben in the film adaptation of Peter Matthiessen's novel At Play in the Fields of the Lord. In 1992, he starred as a man with multiple personality disorder in Brian De Palma's film Raising Cain and the narrator in Doctor Seuss Video Classics: Yertle the Turtle and Other Stories, and in 1993, starred as the villainous Eric Qualen in the Sylvester Stallone movie Cliffhanger.", "Vincent D'Onofrio. Over the next few years, D'Onofrio co-starred in films such as: Staten Island (2009), Brooklyn's Finest (2010), Kill the Irishman (2011), Crackers (2011), American Falls (2012),[20] Fire with Fire (2012), and Ass Backwards (2013).", "Christina Pickles. Pickles has appeared in many films, including Masters of the Universe (1987), Revenge of the Nerds IV: Nerds in Love (1994), Legends of the Fall (1994) directed by Edward Zwick, Grace of My Heart (1996), Baz Luhrmann's Romeo + Juliet (1996), The Wedding Singer (1998), Sol Goode (2003), George of the Jungle 2 (2003), and Atlas Shrugged: Part I (2011). She has had roles in a number of made-for-television movies.[8]", "Castle Hill convict rebellion. In addition, the battle has been depicted on screen. An Australian 1978 TV series, Against the Wind, included a dramatization over two episodes of the build-up to and ultimate defeat of the rebellion.[50] A monument commemorating the battle was erected at Castlebrook Memorial Park, on Windsor Road, Rouse Hill. It was dedicated on 5 March 1988.[51]", "Edge (wrestler). WWE Studios released Bending the Rules, in which Copeland starred, in 2012. WWE released the official trailer of the film on the February 28, 2012 episode of Raw. The 2012 documentary, You Think You Know Me – The Story of Edge, includes a look at Copeland's life and career in pro wrestling.", "Arnold McCuller. McCuller has had numerous acting parts in films, particularly in movies centered on music, such as American Hot Wax (1978) and The Hollywood Knights (1980). He appeared in the film The Sum of All Fears singing \"The Star-Spangled Banner\". Although he did not appear onscreen in Duets, his vocals were blended with those of actor Andre Braugher to make a composite singing voice for the character \"Reggie Kane\"; in the film, Reggie Kane sang with Paul Giamatti on \"Try a Little Tenderness\" and performed an a cappella version of \"Free Bird\".", "Mark Dacascos. His breakout role was in the 1993 film Only the Strong, in which he played Louis, a Capoeira master who takes a high school's potential failures and turns their lives around by teaching them the Brazilian martial art based on the West African martial art brought by slaves. In the following year, Dacascos co-starred with Party of Five's Scott Wolf as Jimmy and Billy Lee, respectively, in the movie, based on the video game, Double Dragon.", "Michael Beach. Beach's big screen debut was in End of the Line in 1987, and he went on to appear opposite Morgan Freeman and Beverly Todd in Lean on Me (1989). Beach also co-starred in films including Internal Affairs, Cadence (both 1990), One False Move (1992) with Cynda Williams, Short Cuts and True Romance (both 1993).", "Tracee Ellis Ross. Ross made her big screen debut in 1996, playing a Jewish/African-American woman in the independent feature film Far Harbor. The following year, she debuted as host of The Dish, a Lifetime TV magazine series keeping tabs on popular culture.[5] In 1998, she starred as a former high school track star who remained silent about having been abused at the hands of a coach, in the NBC made-for-TV movie Race Against Fear: A Moment of Truth.[7] Her next role was an independent feature film, Sue. In 2000, she landed her first major studio role in Diane Keaton's Hanging Up. The same year, she broke into comedy as a regular performer in the MTV series The Lyricist Lounge Show, a hip-hop variety series mixing music, dramatic sketches, and comedic skits.[8]", "Master race. In the 1948 film Rope by Alfred Hitchcock, one of the central characters, Brandon Shaw, is a firm believer in the master race ideology.", "Michael Fassbender. Michael Fassbender (born 2 April 1977) is an Irish actor. His feature film debut was in the fantasy war epic 300 (2007) as a Spartan warrior; his earlier roles included various stage productions, as well as starring roles on television such as in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers (2001) and the Sky One fantasy drama Hex (2004–05). He first came to prominence for his role as IRA activist Bobby Sands in Hunger (2008), for which he won a British Independent Film Award. Subsequent roles include in the independent film Fish Tank (2009), as a Royal Marines lieutenant in Inglourious Basterds (2009), as Edward Rochester in the 2011 film adaptation of Jane Eyre, as Carl Jung in A Dangerous Method (2011), as the sentient android David 8 in Prometheus (2012) and its sequel, Alien: Covenant (2017), and in the musical comedy-drama Frank (2014) as an eccentric musician loosely inspired by Frank Sidebottom.", "Ben Affleck. Affleck and Damon had an on-screen reunion in Kevin Smith's religious satire Dogma, which premiered at the 1999 Cannes Film Festival. Janet Maslin of The New York Times remarked that the pair, playing fallen angels, \"bring great, understandable enthusiasm to Mr. Smith's smart talk and wild imaginings\".[61] Affleck starred opposite Sandra Bullock in the romantic comedy Forces of Nature (1999), playing a groom whose attempts to get to his wedding are complicated by his free-spirited traveling companion. Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly remarked that Affleck \"has the fast-break charm you want in a screwball hero,\"[62] while Joe Leydon of Variety praised \"his winning ability to play against his good looks in a self-effacing comic turn\".[63] Affleck then appeared opposite Courtney Love in the little-seen ensemble comedy 200 Cigarettes (1999).[64]" ]

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[ "Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase (French: Vente de la Louisiane \"Sale of Louisiana\") was the acquisition of the Louisiana territory (828,000 square miles or 2.14 million km²) by the United States from France in 1803. The U.S. paid fifty million francs ($11,250,000/€9,100,000) and a cancellation of debts worth eighteen million francs ($3,750,000) for a total of sixty-eight million francs ($15 million, equivalent to $300 million in 2016). The Louisiana territory included land from fifteen present U.S. states and two Canadian provinces. The territory contained land that forms Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Oklahoma, Kansas, and Nebraska; the portion of Minnesota west of the Mississippi River; a large portion of North Dakota; a large portion of South Dakota; the northeastern section of New Mexico; the northern portion of Texas; the area of Montana, Wyoming, and Colorado east of the Continental Divide; Louisiana west of the Mississippi River (plus New Orleans); and small portions of land within the present Canadian provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan. Its non-native population was around 60,000 inhabitants, of whom half were African slaves.[1]", "Louisiana Purchase. The United States Senate advised and consented to ratification of the treaty with a vote of twenty-four to seven on October 20. The Senators who voted against the treaty were: Simeon Olcott and William Plumer of New Hampshire, William Wells and Samuel White of Delaware, James Hillhouse and Uriah Tracy of Connecticut, and Timothy Pickering of Massachusetts.", "Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on 30 April by Robert Livingston, James Monroe, and Barbé Marbois in Paris. Jefferson announced the treaty to the American people on July 4. After the signing of the Louisiana Purchase agreement in 1803, Livingston made this famous statement, \"We have lived long, but this is the noblest work of our whole lives... From this day the United States take their place among the powers of the first rank.\"[36]", "Louisiana Purchase. The Kingdom of France controlled the Louisiana territory from 1699 until it was ceded to Spain in 1762. In 1800, Napoleon, then the First Consul of the French Republic, hoping to re-establish an empire in North America, regained ownership of Louisiana. However, France's failure to put down the revolt in Saint-Domingue, coupled with the prospect of renewed warfare with the United Kingdom, prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana to the United States to fund his military. The Americans originally sought to purchase only the port city of New Orleans and its adjacent coastal lands, but quickly accepted the bargain. The Louisiana Purchase occurred during the term of the third President of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. Before the purchase was finalized, the decision faced Federalist Party opposition; they argued that it was unconstitutional to acquire any territory. Jefferson agreed that the U.S. Constitution did not contain explicit provisions for acquiring territory, but he asserted that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties was sufficient.", "Louisiana Purchase. The cession of Louisiana and the Floridas by Spain to France works most sorely on the U.S. On this subject the Secretary of State has written to you fully. Yet I cannot forbear recurring to it personally, so deep is the impression it makes in my mind. It completely reverses all the political relations of the U.S. and will form a new epoch in our political course. Of all nations of any consideration France is the one which hitherto has offered the fewest points on which we could have any conflict of right, and the most points of a communion of interests. From these causes we have ever looked to her as our natural friend, as one with which we never could have an occasion of difference. Her growth therefore we viewed as our own, her misfortunes ours. There is on the globe one single spot, the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans, through which the produce of three-eighths of our territory must pass to market, and from its fertility it will ere long yield more than half of our whole produce and contain more than half our inhabitants. France placing herself in that door assumes to us the attitude of defiance. Spain might have retained it quietly for years. Her pacific dispositions, her feeble state, would induce her to increase our facilities there, so that her possession of the place would be hardly felt by us, and it would not perhaps be very long before some circumstance might arise which might make the cession of it to us the price of something of more worth to her. Not so can it ever be in the hands of France. The impetuosity of her temper, the energy and restlessness of her character, placed in a point of eternal friction with us...", "Louisiana Purchase. The Louisiana Purchase was by far the largest territorial gain in U.S. history. Stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains, the purchase doubled the size of the United States. Before 1803, Louisiana had been under Spanish control for forty years. Although Spain aided the rebels in the American Revolutionary War, the Spanish didn't want the Americans to settle in their territory.[9]", "Louisiana Purchase. A dispute soon arose between Spain and the United States regarding the extent of Louisiana. The territory's boundaries had not been defined in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau that ceded it from France to Spain, nor in the 1801 Third Treaty of San Ildefonso ceding it back to France, nor the 1803 Louisiana Purchase agreement ceding it to the United States.[39]", "Louisiana Purchase. The United States claimed Louisiana included the entire western portion of the Mississippi River drainage basin to the crest of the Rocky Mountains and land extending southeast to the Rio Grande and West Florida.[40] Spain insisted that Louisiana comprised no more than the western bank of the Mississippi River and the cities of New Orleans and St. Louis.[41] The dispute was ultimately resolved by the Adams–Onís Treaty of 1819, with the United States gaining most of what it had claimed in the west.[citation needed]", "Louisiana Purchase. When Spain later objected to the United States purchasing Louisiana from France, Madison responded that America had first approached Spain about purchasing the property, but had been told by Spain itself that America would have to treat with France for the territory.[35]", "Louisiana Purchase. In 1803, Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French nobleman, began to help negotiate with France at the request of Jefferson. Du Pont was living in the United States at the time and had close ties to Jefferson as well as the prominent politicians in France. He engaged in back-channel diplomacy with Napoleon on Jefferson's behalf during a visit to France and originated the idea of the much larger Louisiana Purchase as a way to defuse potential conflict between the United States and Napoleon over North America.[17]", "Louisiana Purchase. Governing the Louisiana Territory was more difficult than acquiring it. Its European peoples, of ethnic French, Spanish and Mexican descent, were largely Catholic; in addition, there was a large population of enslaved Africans made up of a high proportion of recent arrivals, as Spain had continued the international slave trade. This was particularly true in the area of the present-day state of Louisiana, which also contained a large number of free people of color. Both present-day Arkansas and Missouri already had some slaveholders in the early 19th century.", "Louisiana Purchase. The Americans thought that Napoleon might withdraw the offer at any time, preventing the United States from acquiring New Orleans, so they agreed and signed the Louisiana Purchase Treaty on April 30, 1803. On July 4, 1803, the treaty reached Washington, D.C.. The Louisiana Territory was vast, stretching from the Gulf of Mexico in the south to Rupert's Land in the north, and from the Mississippi River in the east to the Rocky Mountains in the west. Acquiring the territory would double the size of the United States, at a sum of less than 3 cents per acre.", "Louisiana Purchase. The eastern boundary of the Louisiana purchase was the Mississippi River, from its source to the 31st parallel, though the source of the Mississippi was, at the time, unknown. The eastern boundary below the 31st parallel was unclear. The U.S. claimed the land as far as the Perdido River, and Spain claimed that the border of its Florida Colony remained the Mississippi River. In early 1804, Congress passed the Mobile Act, which recognized West Florida as part of the United States. The Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain (1819) resolved the issue upon ratification in 1821. Today, the 31st parallel is the northern boundary of the western half of the Florida Panhandle, and the Perdido is the western boundary of Florida.[citation needed]", "Louisiana Purchase. During this period, south Louisiana received an influx of French-speaking refugee planters, who were permitted to bring their slaves with them, and other refugees fleeing the large slave revolt in Saint-Domingue, today's Haiti. Many Southern slaveholders feared that acquisition of the new territory might inspire American-held slaves to follow the example of those in Saint-Domingue and revolt. They wanted the US government to establish laws allowing slavery in the newly acquired territory so they could be supported in taking their slaves there to undertake new agricultural enterprises, as well as to reduce the threat of future slave rebellions.[43]", "Louisiana (New France). The United States ceded part of the Louisiana Purchase to the United Kingdom in the Treaty of 1818. This section lies above the 49th parallel north in a portion of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan.", "Louisiana Purchase. Although the purchase was thought of by some as unjust and unconstitutional, Jefferson determined that his constitutional power to negotiate treaties allowed the purchase of what became fifteen states. In hindsight, the Louisiana Purchase could be considered one of his greatest contributions to the United States.[10] On April 18, 1802, Jefferson penned a letter to United States Ambassador to France Robert Livingston. It was an intentional exhortation to make this supposedly mild diplomat strongly warn the French of their perilous course. The letter began:", "Louisiana Purchase. The American purchase of the Louisiana territory was not accomplished without domestic opposition. Jefferson's philosophical consistency was in question because of his strict interpretation of the Constitution. Many people believed that he and others, including James Madison, were doing something they surely would have argued against with Alexander Hamilton. The Federalists strongly opposed the purchase, favoring close relations with Britain over closer ties to Napoleon, and were concerned that the United States had paid a large sum of money just to declare war on Spain.[citation needed]", "Louisiana Territory. Louisiana Territory was formed out of the Indiana Territory-administered District of Louisiana, which consisted of all Louisiana Purchase lands north of the 33rd parallel. The 33rd parallel now forms the southern border of Arkansas and the northern border of Louisiana. The territory's predecessor, the District of Louisiana, as well as the District of Orleans, were formed from the lands acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase, in which colonial Louisiana was purchased from France.", "Louisiana Purchase. Following the establishment of the United States, the Americans controlled the area east of the Mississippi and north of New Orleans. The main issue for the Americans was free transit of the Mississippi to the sea. As the lands were being gradually settled by a few American migrants, many Americans, including Jefferson, assumed that the territory would be acquired \"piece by piece.\" The risk of another power taking it from a weakened Spain made a \"profound reconsideration\" of this policy necessary.[2] New Orleans was already important for shipping agricultural goods to and from the areas of the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains. Pinckney's Treaty, signed with Spain on October 27, 1795, gave American merchants \"right of deposit\" in New Orleans, granting them use of the port to store goods for export. Americans used this right to transport products such as flour, tobacco, pork, bacon, lard, feathers, cider, butter, and cheese. The treaty also recognized American rights to navigate the entire Mississippi, which had become vital to the growing trade of the western territories.[3]", "Louisiana Purchase. Throughout the second half of the 18th century, Louisiana was a pawn on the chessboard of European politics.[2] It was controlled by the French, who had a few small settlements along the Mississippi and other main rivers. France ceded the territory to Spain in the secret Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762). Following French defeat in the Seven Years' War, Spain gained control of the territory west of the Mississippi and the British the territory to the east of the river.[3]", "Adams–Onís Treaty. The United States and the Spanish Empire disagreed over the territorial boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. The United States maintained the claim of France that Louisiana included the Mississippi River and \"all lands whose waters flow to it.\" To the west of New Orleans, the United States assumed the French claim to all land east and north of the Sabine River.[10][notes 1] Spain maintained that all land west of the Calcasieu River and south of the Arkansas River belonged to Tejas and Santa Fe de Nuevo México (see #New Spain.)", "United States territorial acquisitions. The Louisiana Purchase in 1803, was negotiated with Napoleon during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson; the territory was acquired from France for $15 million (equivalent to $245 million in present-day terms). A small portion of this land was ceded to Britain in 1818 in exchange for the Red River Basin. More of this land was ceded to Spain in 1819 with the Florida Purchase, but was later reacquired through Texas annexation and Mexican Cession.[2]", "Louisiana Purchase. The Senate quickly ratified the treaty, and the House, with equal alacrity, authorized the required funding, as the Constitution specifies.[32][33]", "Louisiana Purchase. If the territory included all the tributaries of the Mississippi on its western bank, the northern reaches of the Purchase extended into the equally ill-defined British possession—Rupert's Land of British North America, now part of Canada. The Purchase originally extended just beyond the 50th parallel. However, the territory north of the 49th parallel (including the Milk River and Poplar River watersheds) was ceded to the UK in exchange for parts of the Red River Basin south of 49th parallel in the Anglo-American Convention of 1818.[citation needed]", "Jean Lafitte. The United States made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In January 1808, the government began to enforce the Embargo Act of 1807, which barred American ships from docking at any foreign port. This was problematic for New Orleans merchants, who had relied heavily on trade with Caribbean colonies of other nations.[14] The Lafitte brothers began to look for another port from which they could smuggle goods to local merchants.", "Louisiana Purchase Exposition. In conjunction with the Exposition the U.S. Post Office issued a series of five commemorative stamps celebrating the 100th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. The 1-cent value portrayed Robert Livingston, the ambassador who negotiated the purchase with France, the 2-cent value depicts Thomas Jefferson, who executed the purchase, the 3-cent honors James Monroe, who participated in negotiations with the French, the 5-cent memorializes William McKinley, who was involved with early plans for the Exposition and the 10-cent presents a map of the Louisiana Purchase.", "History of the United States (1789–1849). The Louisiana Purchase from Napoleon, in 1803 opened vast Western expanses of fertile land, that exactly met the needs of the rapidly expanding population of yeomen farmers whom Jefferson championed.", "James Monroe. Meeting with François Barbé-Marbois, the French foreign minister, Monroe and Livingston agreed to purchase the entire territory of Louisiana for $15 million; the purchase became known as the Louisiana Purchase. In agreeing to the purchase, Monroe violated his instructions, which had only allowed $9 million for the purchase of New Orleans and West Florida. The French did not acknowledge that West Florida remained in Spanish possession, and the United States would claim that France had sold West Florida to the United States for several years to come. Though he had not ordered the purchase of the entire territory, Jefferson strongly supported Monroe's actions, which ensured that the United States would continue to expand to the West. Overcoming doubts about whether the Constitution authorized the purchase of foreign territory, Jefferson won congressional approval for the Louisiana Purchase, and the acquisition doubled the size of the United States. Monroe would travel to Spain in 1805 to try to win the cession of West Florida, but, with the support of France, Spain refused to consider relinquishing the territory.[48]", "Louisiana Purchase. Both Federalists and Jeffersonians were concerned over the purchase's constitutionality. Many members of the House of Representatives opposed the purchase. Majority Leader John Randolph led the opposition. The House called for a vote to deny the request for the purchase, but it failed by two votes, 59–57. The Federalists even tried to prove the land belonged to Spain, not France, but available records proved otherwise.[25]", "New Orleans. Napoleon sold Louisiana (New France) to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans and Italians. Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on nearby large plantations.", "Territorial evolution of the United States. The extent of what constituted Louisiana was disputed with Spain: the United States claimed the purchase included the part of West Florida west of the Perdido River, and the southwestern border with New Spain was disputed, as the United States claimed the Sabine River as the border, but Spain maintained it was the Calcasieu River and others.", "Caddo. Having given way over years before the power of the former Ohio Valley tribes, the later Caddo negotiated for peace with the waves of Spanish, French, and finally Anglo-American settlers. After the 1803 Louisiana Purchase, by which the United States took over the former French colonial territory west of the Mississippi River, the US government sought to ally with the Caddo peoples. During the War of 1812, American generals such as William Henry Harrison, William Clark, and Andrew Jackson crushed pro-British uprisings among other Southeast Indians. Due to the Caddo's neutrality and their importance as a source of information for the Louisiana Territory government, they were left alone. In the 1830s, the federal government embarked on a program of Indian removal of tribes from the Southeast in order to enable European-American settlement, as new migrants pressed from the east.[19]" ]

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[ "Dominion. Dominions were semi-independent polities under the British Crown, constituting the British Empire, beginning with Canadian Confederation in 1867.[1][2] They included Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, South Africa, and the Irish Free State, and then from the late 1940s also India, Pakistan, and Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognised the Dominions as \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire\", and the 1931 Statute of Westminster granted them full legislative independence.", "Dominion. Dominion status was formally defined in the Balfour Declaration of 1926, which recognised these countries as \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire\", thus acknowledging them as political equals of the United Kingdom. The Statute of Westminster 1931 converted this status into legal reality, making them essentially independent members of what was then called the British Commonwealth.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The United Kingdom and the Dominions are autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs, though united by a common allegiance to the Crown, and freely associated as members of the British Commonwealth", "Dominion. All territories forming part of the British Empire were British dominions but only some were British Dominions. At the time of the adoption of the Statute of Westminster, there were six British Dominions: Canada, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Newfoundland, and the Irish Free State. At the same time there were many other jurisdictions that were British dominions, for example Cyprus. The Order in Council annexing the island of Cyprus in 1914 declared that, from 5 November, the island \"shall be annexed to and form part of His Majesty's dominions\".[4][5]", "Dominion. The initiatives and contributions of British colonies to the British war effort in the First World War were recognised by Britain with the creation of the Imperial War Cabinet in 1917, which gave them a say in the running of the war. Dominion status as self-governing states, as opposed to symbolic titles granted various British colonies, waited until 1919, when the self-governing Dominions signed the Treaty of Versailles independently of the British government and became individual members of the League of Nations. This ended the purely colonial status of the Dominions.", "Dominion. At the outset, a distinction must be made between a British \"dominion\" and British \"Dominions\". The use of a capital \"D\" when referring to the 'British Dominions' was required by the United Kingdom government in order to avoid confusion with the wider term \"His Majesty's dominions\" which referred to the British Empire as a whole.[3]", "British Empire. The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the 1923 Imperial Conference.[164] Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the Chanak Crisis the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne.[165][166] After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 1926 Imperial Conference issued the Balfour Declaration of 1926, declaring the Dominions to be \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another\" within a \"British Commonwealth of Nations\".[167] This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 Statute of Westminster.[136] The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and Newfoundland were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify British laws and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent.[168] Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression.[169] The Irish Free State distanced itself further from the British state with the introduction of a new constitution in 1937, making it a republic in all but name.[170]", "Dominion. The generic language of Dominion did not cease in relation to the Sovereign. It was, and is, used to describe territories in which the monarch exercises sovereignty. It also describes a model of governance in newly independent British colonies, featuring a Westminster parliamentary government and the British monarch as head of state:", "Dominion. Following the Second World War, the decline of British colonialism led to Dominions generally being referred to as Commonwealth realms and the use of the word dominion gradually diminished. Nonetheless, though disused, it remains Canada's legal title[10] and the phrase Her Majesty's Dominions is still used occasionally in legal documents in the United Kingdom.[11]", "Dominion. The foundation of \"Dominion\" status followed the achievement of internal self-rule in British Colonies, in the specific form of full responsible government (as distinct from \"representative government\"). Colonial responsible government began to emerge during the mid-19th century. The legislatures of Colonies with responsible government were able to make laws in all matters other than foreign affairs, defence and international trade, these being powers which remained with the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Bermuda, notably, was never defined as a Dominion, despite meeting this criteria, but as a self-governing colony that remains part of the British Realm.", "Commonwealth realm. The possibility that a colony within the British Empire might become a new kingdom was first mooted in the 1860s, when it was proposed that the British North American territories of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Province of Canada unite as a confederation that might be known as the Kingdom of Canada.[68][69][70] In light of geo-political circumstances at the time, however, the name was abandoned in favour of the Dominion of Canada.[† 12] As more British colonies followed Canada in gaining legislative independence from the United Kingdom, Prime Minister of Canada Sir Wilfrid Laurier insisted at the 1907 Imperial Conference that a formula be created to differentiate between the Crown and the self-governing colonies. For the latter the Canadian precedent was followed, and the term Dominion was extended to apply to Australia, New Zealand, Newfoundland, and the colonies of the Cape, Natal, and Transvaal, before and after they merged in 1910 with the Orange River Colony to form the Union of South Africa. These countries were joined by the Irish Free State in December 1922, as part of the Anglo-Irish Treaty.", "Commonwealth realm. Although the Dominions were capable of governing themselves internally, they technically remained—especially in regard to foreign policy and defence—subject to British authority, wherein the governor-general of each Dominion represented the British monarch-in-Council reigning over these territories as a single imperial domain. It was commonly held in some circles that the Crown was a monolithic element throughout all the monarch's territories; A.H. Lefroy wrote in 1918 that \"the Crown is to be considered as one and indivisible throughout the Empire; and cannot be severed into as many kingships as there are Dominions, and self-governing colonies.\"[71] This unitary model began to erode, however, when the Dominions gained more international prominence as a result of their participation and sacrifice in the First World War, in 1919 prompting Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden and South African minister of defence Jan Smuts to demand that the Dominions be given at the Versailles Conference full recognition as \"autonomous nations of an Imperial Commonwealth.\" The immediate result was that, though the King signed as High Contracting Party for the empire as a whole,[72] the Dominions were also separate signatories to the Treaty of Versailles, as well as, together with India, founding members of the League of Nations. In 1921 the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Lloyd George stated that the \"British Dominions have now been accepted fully into the community of nations.\"[73]", "Dominion. Initially, the Dominions conducted their own trade policy, some limited foreign relations and had autonomous armed forces, although the British government claimed and exercised the exclusive power to declare wars. However, after the passage of the Statute of Westminster the language of dependency on the Crown of the United Kingdom ceased, where the Crown itself was no longer referred to as the Crown of any place in particular but simply as \"the Crown\". Arthur Berriedale Keith, in Speeches and Documents on the British Dominions 1918–1931, stated that \"the Dominions are sovereign international States in the sense that the King in respect of each of His Dominions (Newfoundland excepted) is such a State in the eyes of international law\". After then, those countries that were previously referred to as \"Dominions\" became Commonwealth realms where the sovereign reigns no longer as the British monarch, but as monarch of each nation in its own right, and are considered equal to the UK and one another.", "Dominion. The phrase His/Her Majesty's dominions is a legal and constitutional phrase that refers to all the realms and territories of the Sovereign, whether independent or not. Thus, for example, the British Ireland Act, 1949, recognised that the Republic of Ireland had \"ceased to be part of His Majesty's dominions\". When dependent territories that had never been annexed (that is, were not colonies of the Crown, but were League of Nations mandates, protectorates or United Nations Trust Territories) were granted independence, the United Kingdom act granting independence always declared that such and such a territory \"shall form part of Her Majesty's dominions\", and so become part of the territory in which the Queen exercises sovereignty, not merely suzerainty. The later sense of \"Dominion\" was capitalised to distinguish it from the more general sense of \"dominion\".[3]", "Self-governing colony. After the passing of the Statute of Westminster, the Dominions ceased to be considered colonies, although many colonies which did not have Dominion status were self-governing. However, after that time, the Dominions were largely free to act in matters of defence and foreign affairs, if they so chose and \"Dominion\" gradually acquired a new meaning: a state which was independent of Britain, but which shared the British monarch as the official head of state. The term Dominion has since largely fallen out of use and been replaced with the term Realm.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a constitutional monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire.", "Dominion. The First World War ended the purely colonial period in the history of the Dominions. Their military contribution to the Allied war effort gave them claim to equal recognition with other small states and a voice in the formation of policy. This claim was recognised within the Empire by the creation of the Imperial War Cabinet in 1917, and within the community of nations by Dominion signatures to the Treaty of Versailles and by separate Dominion representation in the League of Nations. In this way the \"self-governing Dominions\", as they were called, emerged as junior members of the international community. Their status defied exact analysis by both international and constitutional lawyers, but it was clear that they were no longer regarded simply as colonies of Britain.[25]", "Dominion. The assertiveness of the self-governing colonies was recognised in the Colonial Conference of 1907, which implicitly introduced the idea of the Dominion as a self-governing colony by referring to Canada and Australia as Dominions. It also retired the name \"Colonial Conference\" and mandated that meetings take place regularly to consult Dominions in running the foreign affairs of the empire.", "Dominion. The independence of the separate realms was emphasised after the accession of Queen Elizabeth II in 1952, when she was proclaimed not just as Queen of the United Kingdom, but also Queen of Canada, Queen of Australia, Queen of New Zealand, and of all her other \"realms and territories\" etc. This also reflected the change from Dominion to realm; in the proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II's new titles in 1953, the phrase \"of her other Realms and Territories\" replaced \"Dominion\" with another mediaeval French word with the same connotation, \"realm\" (from royaume). Thus, recently, when referring to one of those sixteen countries within the Commonwealth of Nations that share the same monarch, the phrase Commonwealth realm has come into common usage instead of Dominion to differentiate the Commonwealth nations that continue to share the monarch as head of state (Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Jamaica, etc.) from those that do not (India, Pakistan, South Africa, etc.). The term \"Dominion\" is still found in the Canadian constitution where it appears numerous times, but it is largely a vestige of the past, as the Canadian government does not actively use it (see Canada section). The term \"realm\" does not appear in the Canadian constitution.", "Dominion of New Zealand. The alteration in status was stirred by a sentiment on the part of the prime ministers of the self-governing colonies of the British Empire that a new term was necessary to differentiate them from the non-self-governing colonies. At the 1907 Imperial Conference, it was argued that self-governing colonies that were not styled ‘dominion’ like Canada, or ‘commonwealth’ like Australia, should be designated by some such title as ‘state of the empire’.[3] After much debate over lexicon, the term ‘Dominion’ was decided upon.[3]", "British Empire. The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states. It originated with the overseas possessions and trading posts established by England between the late 16th and early 18th centuries. At its height, it was the largest empire in history and, for over a century, was the foremost global power.[1] By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 7001230000000000000♠23% of the world population at the time,[2] and by 1920, it covered 35,500,000 km2 (13,700,000 sq mi),[3] 7001240000000000000♠24% of the Earth's total land area.[4] As a result, its political, legal, linguistic and cultural legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, the phrase \"the empire on which the sun never sets\" was often used to describe the British Empire, because its expanse around the globe meant that the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories.", "Dominion. When the Dominion of Canada was created in 1867, it was granted powers of self-government to deal with all internal matters, but Britain still retained overall legislative supremacy. This Imperial supremacy could be exercised through several statutory measures. In the first place, the British North America Act of 1867 provided in Section 55 that the Governor General may reserve any legislation passed by the two Houses of Parliament for \"the signification of Her Majesty's pleasure\", which is determined according to Section 57 by the British Monarch in Council. Secondly, Section 56 provides that the Governor General must forward to \"one of Her Majesty's Principal Secretaries of State\" in London a copy of any Federal legislation that has been assented to. Then, within two years after the receipt of this copy, the (British) Monarch in Council could disallow an Act. Thirdly, at least four pieces of Imperial legislation constrained the Canadian legislatures. The Colonial Laws Validity Act of 1865 provided that no colonial law could validly conflict with, amend, or repeal Imperial legislation that either explicitly, or by necessary implication, applied directly to that colony. The Merchant Shipping Act of 1894, as well as the Colonial Courts of Admiralty Act of 1890 required reservation of Dominion legislation on those topics for approval by the British Government. Also, the Colonial Stock Act of 1900 provided for the disallowance of any Dominion legislation the British government felt would harm British stockholders of Dominion trustee securities. Most importantly, however, the British Parliament could exercise the legal right of supremacy that it possessed over common law to pass any legislation on any matter affecting the colonies.[22]", "Dominion. Continues as a Commonwealth realm and member of the Commonwealth of Nations. 'Dominion' was conferred as the country's title in the 1867 constitution and retained with the constitution's patriation in 1982, but has fallen into disuse.[20][28][29][30]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. During the twentieth century, the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931,[64] which has been likened to \"a treaty among the Commonwealth countries\".[65]", "Dominion. Under the British North America Act 1867, what is now eastern Canada received the status of \"Dominion\" upon the Confederation of several British possessions in North America. However, it was at the Colonial Conference of 1907 when the self-governing colonies of Canada and the Commonwealth of Australia were referred to collectively as Dominions for the first time.[7] Two other self-governing colonies—New Zealand and Newfoundland—were granted the status of Dominion in the same year. These were followed by the Union of South Africa in 1910 and the Irish Free State in 1922. At the time of the founding of the League of Nations in 1924, the League Covenant made provision for the admission of any \"fully self-governing state, Dominion, or Colony\",[8] the implication being that \"Dominion status was something between that of a colony and a state\".[9]", "Dominion of India. The sovereign and head of state of the dominion of India was a hereditary monarch, George VI, who was also the sovereign of the United Kingdom and the other dominions in the British Commonwealth of Nations. His constitutional roles were mostly carried out by the Governor-General of India. The royal succession was governed by the Act of Settlement 1701.", "George V. In 1926, George hosted an Imperial Conference in London at which the Balfour Declaration accepted the growth of the British Dominions into self-governing \"autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another\". In 1931, the Statute of Westminster formalised the Dominion's legislative independence[92] and established that the succession to the throne could not be changed unless all the Parliaments of the Dominions as well as the Parliament at Westminster agreed.[17] The Statute's preamble described the monarch as \"the symbol of the free association of the members of the British Commonwealth of Nations\", who were \"united by a common allegiance\".[93]", "Dominion. As Heard later explained, the British government seldom invoked its powers over Canadian legislation. British legislative powers over Canadian domestic policy were largely theoretical and their exercise was increasingly unacceptable in the 1870s and 1880s. The rise to the status of a Dominion and then full independence for Canada and other possessions of the British Empire did not occur by the granting of titles or similar recognition by the British Parliament but by initiatives taken by the new governments of certain former British dependencies to assert their independence and to establish constitutional precedents.", "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1867, Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, but Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. Several of the colonies temporarily refused to join the Dominion despite pressure from both Canada and Britain; the last one, Newfoundland, held out until 1949. The second half of the 19th century saw a huge expansion of Britain's colonial empire, mostly in Africa. A talk of the Union Flag flying \"from Cairo to Cape Town\" only became a reality at the end of the Great War. Having possessions on six continents, Britain had to defend all of its empire and did so with a volunteer army, the only great power in Europe to have no conscription. Some questioned whether the country was overstretched.", "Dominion of New England. The word dominion was later used to describe the 1867 Dominion of Canada and other self-governing British colonies, although no precedent from the Dominion of New England was cited in these cases.[citation needed]", "British Overseas Territories. The growth of the British Empire in the 19th century, to its territorial peak in the 1920s, saw Britain acquire nearly one quarter of the world's land mass, including territories with large indigenous populations in Asia and Africa. From the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century, the larger settler colonies – in Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa – first became self-governing colonies and then achieved independence in all matters except foreign policy, defence and trade. Separate self-governing colonies federated to become Canada (in 1867), Australia (in 1901), South Africa (in 1910), and Rhodesia (in 1965). These and other large self-governing colonies had become known as Dominions by the 1920s. The Dominions achieved almost full independence with the Statute of Westminster (1931).", "Dominion of New Zealand. In 1931, the British (Imperial) Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster, which gave effect to resolutions passed by the imperial conferences of 1926 and 1930. It essentially gave legal recognition to the \"de facto independence\" of the Dominions by removing Britain's ability to make laws for the Dominions without their consent:[22]" ]

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[ "New Testament. The books of the New Testament were all or nearly all written by Jewish Christians—that is, Jewish disciples of Christ, who lived in the Roman Empire, and under Roman occupation.[36] Luke, who wrote the Gospel of Luke and the Book of Acts, is frequently thought of as an exception; scholars are divided as to whether Luke was a Gentile or a Hellenistic Jew.[37] A few scholars identify the author of the Gospel of Mark as probably a Gentile, and similarly for the Gospel of Matthew, though most assert Jewish-Christian authorship.[38][39][40][verification needed]", "Development of the New Testament canon. These groups believe that the New Testament supports that Paul (2 Timothy 4:11–13), Peter (2 Peter 3:15–16), and ultimately John (Revelation 22:18–19) finalized the canon of the New Testament. Some note that Peter, John, and Paul wrote 20 (or 21) of the 27-books of the NT and personally knew all the other NT writers. (Books not attributed to these three are: Matthew, Mark, Luke, Acts, James, and Jude. The authorship of Hebrews has long been disputed.)", "New Testament. The earliest works that became part of the New Testament are the letters of the Apostle Paul. The earliest of the books of the New Testament was First Thessalonians, an epistle of Paul, written probably in 51, or possibly Galatians in 49 according to one of two theories of its writing.", "Development of the New Testament canon. In the mid-2nd century, Justin Martyr (whose writings span the period from c. 145 to 163) mentions the \"memoirs of the apostles\", which Christians called \"gospels\" and which were regarded as on par with the Old Testament.[5][34][35] Scholars are divided on whether there is any evidence that Justin included the Gospel of John among the \"memoirs of the apostles\", or whether, on the contrary, he based his doctrine of the Logos on it.[36][37] Justin quotes the letters of Paul, 1 Peter, and Acts in his writings.[38]", "Authorship of the Pauline epistles. There are no preserved lists of a Christian New Testament canon from the 1st century and early 2nd century. Ignatius of Antioch, who wrote c. 110, appears to have quoted from Romans, 1 Corinthians, Ephesians, Colossians, and 1 Thessalonians, suggesting that these works, at least, existed by the time Ignatius wrote his works.[64] Ignatius does not appear to have quoted from 2 Thessalonians whereas Polycarp (69–156 AD) not only quoted from 2 Thessalonians but also the Gospel of Matthew, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Luke, Acts of the Apostles, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Ephesians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, 1 Timothy, 2 Timothy, Epistle to the Hebrews, 1 Peter, 1 John, 3 John.[65] Scholar Bruce Metzger stated \"One finds in Clement's work [(150–215 AD)] citations of all the books of the New Testament with the exception of Philemon, James, 2 Peter, and 2 and 3 John.\"", "Development of the New Testament canon. Irenaeus apparently quotes from 21 of the New Testament books and names the author he thought wrote the text.[43] He mentions the four gospels, Acts, the Pauline epistles with the exception of Hebrews and Philemon, as well as the first epistle of Peter, and the first and second epistles of John, and the book of Revelation.[c] Irenaeus argued that it was illogical to reject Acts of the Apostles but accept the Gospel of Luke, as both were from the same author;[44] in Against Heresies 3.12.12[45] he ridiculed those who think they are wiser than the Apostles because the Apostles were still under Jewish influence. He may also refer to Hebrews (Book 2, Chapter 30) and James (Book 4, Chapter 16) and maybe even 2 Peter (Book 5, Chapter 28) but does not cite Philemon, 3 John or Jude.[46][47]", "Development of the New Testament canon. Eusebius, in his Church History (c. 330), mentioned the books of New Testament according to him:[70][71]", "New Testament. The New Testament is a collection of Christian works written in the common (Koine) Greek language of the first century, at different times by various writers, and the modern consensus is that it provides important evidence regarding Judaism in the first century AD.[1] In almost all Christian traditions today, the New Testament consists of 27 books. The original texts were written in the first and perhaps the second centuries of the Christian Era, in Greek, which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean from the conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BC) until the Muslim conquests in the 7th century AD. All the works that eventually became incorporated into the New Testament are believed to have been written no later than around 120 AD,.[2][3][better source needed] John A. T. Robinson, Dan Wallace, and William F. Albright dated all the books of the New Testament before 70 AD.[4] Others give a final date of 80 AD,[5] or at 96 AD.[6]", "New Testament. Origen was largely responsible for the collection of usage information regarding the texts that became the New Testament. The information used to create the late-4th-century Easter Letter, which declared accepted Christian writings, was probably based on the Ecclesiastical History [HE] of Eusebius of Caesarea, wherein he uses the information passed on to him by Origen to create both his list at HE 3:25 and Origen's list at HE 6:25. Eusebius got his information about what texts were then accepted and what were then disputed, by the third-century churches throughout the known world, a great deal of which Origen knew of firsthand from his extensive travels, from the library and writings of Origen.[120]", "New Testament. The Pauline epistles are the thirteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul of Tarsus. The anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews is, despite unlikely Pauline authorship, often functionally grouped with these thirteen to form a corpus of fourteen \"Pauline\" epistles.[note 5]", "Development of the New Testament canon. Canon 85. Let the following books be esteemed venerable and holy by all of you, both clergy and laity. [A list of books of the Old Testament ...] And our sacred books, that is, of the New Testament, are the four Gospels, of Matthew, Mark, Luke, John; the fourteen Epistles of Paul; two Epistles of Peter; three of John; one of James; one of Jude; two Epistles of Clement; and the Constitutions dedicated to you, the bishops, by me, Clement, in eight books, which is not appropriate to make public before all, because of the mysteries contained in them; and the Acts of us, the Apostles.—(From the Latin version.)", "New Testament. Eusebius, circa 300, gave a detailed list of New Testament writings in his Ecclesiastical History Book 3, Chapter XXV:", "New Testament apocrypha. The New Testament apocrypha are a number of writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings, the nature of God, or the teachings of his apostles and of their lives. Some of these writings have been cited as scripture by early Christians, but since the fifth century a widespread consensus has emerged limiting the New Testament to the 27 books of the modern canon.[1][2] Thus Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Protestant churches generally do not view these New Testament apocrypha as part of the Bible.[2]", "New Testament people named John. Five canonical books of the New Testament are ascribed to John and thus called collectively the Johannine literature:", "Development of the New Testament canon. [A list of books of the Old Testament ...], and in the New Testament: 4 books of Gospels, 1 book of Acts of the Apostles, 13 letters of the Apostle Paul, 1 of him to the Hebrews, 2 of Peter, 3 of John, 1 of James, 1 of Jude, and the Apocalypse of John.", "Development of the New Testament canon. Marcion created a definite group of books which he regarded as fully authoritative, displacing all others. These comprised ten of the Pauline epistles (without the Pastorals) and Luke's Gospel. It is uncertain whether he edited these books, purging them of what did not accord with his views, or that his versions represented a separate textual tradition.[b]", "New Testament. Authorship is an area of longstanding and current research and debate, with different works posing different problems for identification. While the various works have traditional ascriptions of authorship, these ascriptions are in some cases defended by scholars, and in other cases disputed or rejected.[41] According to many (if not most) critical scholars, none of the authors of the Gospels were eyewitnesses or even explicitly claimed to be eyewitnesses.[42][43][44] Bart Ehrman of the University of North Carolina has argued for a scholarly consensus that many New Testament books were not written by the individuals whose names are attached.[44][45][better source needed] He further argues that the Gospels were originally anonymous, and names were not ascribed to them until around 185 AD.[46][47] Other scholars concur.[48][49][50] It is the perspective of some writers that none were written in Palestine.[51][need quotation to verify]", "New Testament. In the 1830s German scholars of the Tübingen school tried to date the books as late as the 3rd century, but the discovery of some New Testament manuscripts and fragments from the 2nd and 3rd centuries, one of which dates as early as 125 (Papyrus 52), disproves a 3rd-century date of composition for any book now in the New Testament. Additionally, a letter to the church at Corinth in the name of Clement of Rome in 95 quotes from 10 of the 27 books of the New Testament, and a letter to the church at Philippi in the name of Polycarp in 120 quotes from 16 books. Therefore, some of the books of the New Testament must have been in circulation by the end of the first century.", "Development of the New Testament canon. Augustine effectively forced his opinion on the Church by commanding three synods on canonicity: the Synod of Hippo in 393, the Synod of Carthage (397), and another in Carthage in 419 AD (M 237-8). Each of these reiterated the same Church law: \"nothing shall be read in church under the name of the divine scriptures\" except the Old Testament (including the Deuterocanonicals) and the 27 canonical books of the New Testament. It seems these decrees also declared by fiat that Epistle to the Hebrews was written by Paul, for a time ending all debate on the subject.", "Bible. The mainstream consensus is that the New Testament was written in a form of Koine Greek,[73][74] which was the common language of the Eastern Mediterranean[75][76][77][78] from the Conquests of Alexander the Great (335–323 BCE) until the evolution of Byzantine Greek (c. 600).", "Authorship of the Pauline epistles. The Pauline epistles are the fourteen books in the New Testament traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, although many dispute the anonymous Epistle to the Hebrews as being a Pauline epistle.[1][2][3]", "Development of the New Testament canon. In c. 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to a Gallic bishop, Exsuperius of Toulouse,[93] identical with that of Trent.[94][95][96] It states \"fourteen\" Epistles of Paul, but F.F. Bruce prefers \"thirteen\" excluding the Hebrews.[93] According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, by the turn of the 5th century, the Western Church under Pope Innocent I recognized a biblical canon including the four gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, which was previously established at a number of regional Synods, namely the Council of Rome (382), the Synod of Hippo (393), and two Councils of Carthage (397 and 419).[3]", "Development of the New Testament canon. The canon of the New Testament is the set of books Christians regard as divinely inspired and constituting the New Testament of the Christian Bible. For most, it is an agreed-upon list of twenty-seven books[1] that includes the Canonical Gospels, Acts, letters of the Apostles, and Revelation. The books of the canon of the New Testament were written before 120 AD.[1]", "New Testament. In addition, there are so many quotes from the New Testament in early church documents and commentaries that the entire New Testament could also be assembled from these alone.[140] Not all biblical manuscripts come from orthodox Christian writers. For example, the Gnostic writings of Valentinus come from the 2nd century AD, and these Christians were regarded as heretics by the mainstream church.[141] The sheer number of witnesses presents unique difficulties, but it also gives scholars a better idea of how close modern Bibles are to the original versions.[141]", "Development of the New Testament canon. Clement of Alexandria (c. 150 – c. 215) made use of an open canon. He seemed \"practically unconcerned about canonicity. To him, inspiration is what mattered.\"[66] In addition to books that did not make it into the final 27-book NT but which had local acceptance (Barnabas, Didache, I Clement, Revelation of Peter, the Shepherd, the Gospel according to the Hebrews), he also used the Gospel of the Egyptians, Preaching of Peter, Traditions of Matthias, Sibylline Oracles, and the Oral Gospel. He did, however, prefer the four church gospels to all others, although he supplemented them freely with apocryphal gospels. He was the first[citation needed] to treat non-Pauline letters of the apostles (other than II Peter) as scripture-he accepted I Peter, I and II John, and Jude as scripture.", "New Testament. Justin Martyr, Irenaeus and Tertullian held the letters of Paul to be on par with the Hebrew Scriptures as being divinely inspired, yet others rejected him. Other books were held in high esteem but were gradually relegated to the status of New Testament apocrypha. Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions \"memoirs of the apostles\" as being read on Sunday alongside the \"writings of the prophets\".[113]", "History of Christianity. In his Easter letter of 367, Athanasius, Bishop of Alexandria, gave the earliest preserved list of exactly the books that would become the New Testament canon.[33] The African Synod of Hippo, in 393, approved the New Testament, as it stands today, together with the Septuagint books, a decision that was repeated by the Council of Carthage (397) and the Council of Carthage (419).[34] These councils were under the authority of St. Augustine, who regarded the canon as already closed.[35] Likewise, Damasus' commissioning of the Latin Vulgate edition of the Bible, c. 383, was instrumental in the fixation of the canon in the West.[36] In 405, Pope Innocent I sent a list of the sacred books to Exuperius, a Gallic bishop.", "Development of the New Testament canon. Writings attributed to the Apostles circulated among the earliest Christian communities. The Pauline epistles were circulating, perhaps in collected forms, by the end of the 1st century AD.[a] Justin Martyr, in the mid 2nd century, mentions \"memoirs of the apostles\" as being read on \"the day called that of the sun\" (Sunday) alongside the \"writings of the prophets.\"[5] A defined set of four gospels (the Tetramorph) was asserted by Irenaeus, c. 180, who refers to it directly.[6][7]", "New Testament. The epistles of the New Testament are considered by Christians to be divinely inspired and holy letters, written by the apostles and disciples of Christ, to either local congregations with specific needs, or to New Covenant Christians in general, scattered about; or \"General Epistles.\"", "New Testament. The New Testament of the 16th-century Luther Bible continues, to this day, to place Hebrews, James, Jude, and the Apocalypse last. This reflects the thoughts of the Reformer Martin Luther on the canonicity of these books.[35][note 4][citation needed]", "Development of the New Testament canon. McDonald & Sanders 2002, Appendix D-2, lists the following New Testament books according to Jerome, (c. 394), from his Epistle 53:", "New Testament. By the 4th century, the existence—even if not the exact contents—of both an Old and New Testament had been established. Lactantius, a 3rd–4th century Christian author wrote in his early-4th-century Latin Institutiones Divinae (Divine Institutes):" ]

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[ "Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare. Agriculture is the principal source of livelihood for more than half population of India. Agriculture provides the bulk of wage goods required by non-agriculture sectors and most of the raw materials for the industries sector. India is a largely agrarian economy - with 52.1% of the population estimated to directly or indirectly employed in agriculture and allied sectors in 2009-10.[3] The combined efforts of Central Government, State Governments and the farming community have succeeded in achieving record production of 244.78 million tonnes of foodgrains during 2010-11. This record production has been achieved through effective transfer of newly developed crop production technologies to farmers under various crop development schemes, such as the Agriculture MMP, which is run under the direction of the Department of Agriculture & Cooperation. Other causes behind record production include remunerative prices for various crops through enhanced minimum support prices.[4] Agriculture in India is of significance because of this as well as a history of food shortages and a growing population.", "Income in India. In India, urban areas have seen a much higher growth rate as compared to rural areas. Despite up to three-fourths of the population living in rural areas, rural areas contribute to only one-third of the national income.The main reason for rural India's poor performance in terms of income is the fact that rural India is mostly dependent on agriculture. The agriculture sector in India grew at a rate of only 1.6% in 2008-09,[20] while the Indian Economy grew at a rate of 6.7%, despite the 2008 Financial Crisis.[21] An extremely slow rate of growth in the agriculture sector of the Indian economy has serious implications for the rural-urban divide, both in terms of income and GDP. Some estimates say that the average income of a person living in an urban area may be up to 4 times higher than that of a person living in a rural area.[22] The rising levels of urbanisation in India is a major reason for the rising levels of income disparity in the country.", "Economy of India. India ranks second worldwide in farm output. Agriculture and allied sectors like forestry, logging and fishing accounted for 17% of the GDP and employed 49% of its total workforce in 2014.[143] Agriculture accounted for 23% of GDP, and employed 59% of the country's total workforce in 2016.[144] As the Indian economy has diversified and grown, agriculture's contribution to GDP has steadily declined from 1951 to 2011, yet it is still the country's largest employment source and a significant piece of its overall socio-economic development.[145] Crop-yield-per-unit-area of all crops has grown since 1950, due to the special emphasis placed on agriculture in the five-year plans and steady improvements in irrigation, technology, application of modern agricultural practices and provision of agricultural credit and subsidies since the Green Revolution in India. However, international comparisons reveal the average yield in India is generally 30% to 50% of the highest average yield in the world.[146] The states of Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Bihar, West Bengal, Gujarat and Maharashtra are key contributors to Indian agriculture.", "Economy of India. Agricultural and allied sectors accounted for about 52.1% of the total workforce in 2009–10. While agriculture employment has fallen over time in percentage of labour employed, services which includes construction and infrastructure have seen a steady growth accounting for 20.3% of employment in 2012–13.[341] Of the total workforce, 7% is in the organised sector, two-thirds of which are in the government-controlled public sector.[342] About 51.2% of the workforce in India is self-employed.[341] According to a 2005–06 survey, there is a gender gap in employment and salaries. In rural areas, both men and women are primarily self-employed, mostly in agriculture. In urban areas, salaried work was the largest source of employment for both men and women in 2006.[343]", "Income in India. Reforming cumbersome regulatory procedures, improving rural connectivity, establishing law and order, creating a stable platform for natural resource investment that balances business interests with social concerns, and providing rural finance are important.", "Portal:India/Today's selected article/December 2006. The economy of India is the fourth-largest in the world as measured by purchasing power parity (PPP), with a GDP of $3.3 trillion. When measured in USD exchange rates it is the tenth largest in the world, with a GDP of $691.8 billion. However India's huge population results in a relatively low per capita income ($3,100 at PPP). Services are the major source of economic growth in India today, though two-thirds of Indian workforce earn their livelihood directly or indirectly through agriculture. In recent times, India has also capitalised on its large number of highly-educated populace fluent in the English language to become a major exporter of software services, financial services and software engineers. For most of India's independent history, a socialist inspired approach was adhered to, with strict government control and regulation on private sector participation, foreign trade and foreign direct investment. Since the early 1990s, India has gradually opened up its markets through economic reforms by reducing government controls on foreign trade and investment. The socio-economic problems India faces are the burgeoning population, growing inequality, lack of infrastructure, growing unemployment and growing poverty. (more...)", "Monsoon of South Asia. In India, which has historically had a primarily agrarian economy, the services sector recently overtook the farm sector in terms of GDP contribution. However, the agriculture sector still contributes 17-20% of GDP[48] and is the largest employer in the country, with about 60% of Indians dependent on it for employment and livelihood.[48] About 49% of India's land is agricultural; that number rises to 55% if associated wetlands, dryland farming areas, etc., are included. Because more than half of these farmlands are rain-fed, the monsoon is critical to food sufficiency and quality of life.", "Income in India. In India, the government has taken steps to bridge the urban-rural gap. This includes setting up the Council for Advancement of People's Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) by the Ministry of Rural Development.[23] CAPART helps in providing assistance to various organisations which help in developmental activities.[24] There is a constantly widening rift between rural and urban India, not only in terms of income but other social measures. There is an urgent need to strengthen the agriculture sector in India, bring about reforms in labour laws, and provide education.[25]", "Child labour in India. The international labour organisation (ILO) and Spreading Smiles Through Education Organisation (OSSE) suggests poverty is the greatest single force driving children into the workplace.[35] Income from a child's work is felt to be crucial for his/her own survival or for that of the household. For some families, income from their children's labour is between 25 and 40% of the household income.", "Economy of India. India has the largest diaspora around the world, an estimated 16 million people,[353] many of whom work overseas and remit funds back to their families. The Middle East region is the largest source of employment of expat Indians. The crude oil production and infrastructure industry of Saudi Arabia employs over 2 million expat Indians. Cities such as Dubai and Abu Dhabi in United Arab Emirates have employed another 2 million Indians during the construction boom in recent decades.[354] In 2009–10, remittances from Indian migrants overseas stood at ₹2,500 billion (US$38 billion), the highest in the world, but their share in FDI remained low at around 1%.[355]", "Economy of India. India is the largest producer of milk, jute and pulses, and has the world's second-largest cattle population with 170 million animals in 2011.[151] It is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and groundnuts, as well as the second-largest fruit and vegetable producer, accounting for 10.9% and 8.6% of the world fruit and vegetable production, respectively. India is also the second-largest producer and the largest consumer of silk, producing 77,000 tons in 2005.[152] India is the largest exporter of cashew kernels and cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL). Foreign exchange earned by the country through the export of cashew kernels during 2011–12 reached ₹4,390 crore (₹ 43.9 billion) based on statistics from the Cashew Export Promotion Council of India (CEPCI). 131,000 tonnes of kernels were exported during 2011–12.[153] There are about 600 cashew processing units in Kollam, Kerala.[150] India's foodgrain production remained stagnant at approximately 252 million tonnes (MT) during both the 2015–16 and 2014–15 crop years (July–June).[154] India exports several agriculture products, such as Basmati rice, wheat, cereals, spices, fresh fruits, dry fruits, buffalo beef meat, cotton, tea, coffee and other cash crops particularly to the Middle East, Southeast and East Asian countries. About 10 percent of its export earnings come from this trade.[17]", "Income in India. Towns and cities make more than two thirds of the Indian GDP, even though less than a third of the population live in them.[17]", "Income in India. The states of India have significant disparities in their average income.[11] Bihar was by far the poorest in India, and per capita income was low in its neighbouring states, along with Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir, Assam, Manipur, and Nagaland.[12] The higher income states include Goa, Delhi, Haryana, Telangana, Sikkim, Punjab, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Kerala.[13][14][15]", "Economy of India. India has one of the fastest growing service sectors in the world with an annual growth rate above 9% since 2001, which contributed to 57% of GDP in 2012–13.[41] India has become a major exporter of IT services, Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) services, and software services with $154 billion revenue in FY 2017.[42][41] This is the fastest-growing part of the economy.[43] The IT industry continues to be the largest private-sector employer in India.[44][45] India is the third-largest start-up hub in the world with over 3,100 technology start-ups in 2014–15[46] The agricultural sector is the largest employer in India's economy but contributes to a declining share of its GDP (17% in 2013–14). India ranks second worldwide in farm output.[47] The industry (manufacturing) sector has held a steady share of its economic contribution (26% of GDP in 2013–14).[48] The Indian automobile industry is one of the largest in the world with an annual production of 21.48 million vehicles (mostly two and three-wheelers) in 2013–14.[49] India had $600 billion worth of retail market in 2015 and one of world's fastest growing e-commerce markets.[50][51]", "Agriculture in India. Although India has attained self-sufficiency in food staples, the productivity of its farms is below that of Brazil, the United States, France and other nations. Indian wheat farms, for example, produce about a third of the wheat per hectare per year compared to farms in France. Rice productivity in India was less than half that of China. Other staples productivity in India is similarly low. Indian total factor productivity growth remains below 2% per annum; in contrast, China's total factor productivity growths is about 6% per annum, even though China also has smallholding farmers. Several studies suggest India could eradicate its hunger and malnutrition and be a major source of food for the world by achieving productivity comparable with other countries.[citation needed]", "Poverty in India. The World Bank's Global Monitoring Report for 2014-15 on the Millennium Development Goals says India has been the biggest contributor to poverty reduction between 2008 and 2011, with around 140 million or so lifted out of absolute poverty.[105] Since the early 1950s, Indian government initiated various schemes to help the poor attain self-sufficiency in food production. These have included ration cards and price controls over the supply of basic commodities, particularly food at controlled prices, available throughout the country. These efforts prevented famines, but did little to eliminate or reduce poverty in rural or urban areas between 1950 and 1980.[106]", "Income in India. The Economic Survey of India 2007 by OECD concluded", "Government of India. The non-tax revenues of the central government come from fiscal services, interest receipts, public sector dividends, etc., while the non-tax revenues of the States are grants from the central government, interest receipts, dividends and income from general, economic and social services.[28]", "India as an emerging superpower. India, growing at 9% per year, is the world's second largest producer of food next to China. Food processing accounts for USD 69.4 billion as gross income.[63]", "Economy of India. According to 2011 census data, India has about 330 million houses and 247 million households. The household size in India has dropped in recent years, the 2011 census reporting 50% of households have four or fewer members, with an average 4.8 members per household including surviving grandparents.[320][321] These households produced a GDP of about $1.7 trillion.[322] Consumption patterns note: approximately 67% of households use firewood, crop residue or cow-dung cakes for cooking purposes; 53% do not have sanitation or drainage facilities on premises; 83% have water supply within their premises or 100 metres (330 ft) from their house in urban areas and 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the house in rural areas; 67% of the households have access to electricity; 63% of households have landline or mobile telephone service; 43% have a television; 26% have either a two- or four-wheel motor vehicle. Compared to 2001, these income and consumption trends represent moderate to significant improvements.[320] One report in 2010 claimed that high-income households outnumber low-income households.[323]", "Great Depression in India. The sources of a nation's wealth are agriculture, commerce and manufactures, and sound financial administration. British rule has given India peace; but British administration has not promoted or widened these sources of national wealth in India", "India. The 513.7-million-worker Indian labour force is the world's second-largest, as of 2016[update].[208] The service sector makes up 55.6% of GDP, the industrial sector 26.3% and the agricultural sector 18.1%. India's foreign exchange remittances of US$70 billion in 2014, the largest in the world, contributed to its economy by 25 million Indians working in foreign countries.[225] Major agricultural products include rice, wheat, oilseed, cotton, jute, tea, sugarcane, and potatoes.[187] Major industries include textiles, telecommunications, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, food processing, steel, transport equipment, cement, mining, petroleum, machinery, and software.[187] In 2006, the share of external trade in India's GDP stood at 24%, up from 6% in 1985.[221] In 2008, India's share of world trade was 1.68%;[226] In 2011, India was the world's tenth-largest importer and the nineteenth-largest exporter.[227] Major exports include petroleum products, textile goods, jewellery, software, engineering goods, chemicals, and leather manufactures.[187] Major imports include crude oil, machinery, gems, fertiliser, and chemicals.[187] Between 2001 and 2011, the contribution of petrochemical and engineering goods to total exports grew from 14% to 42%.[228] India was the second largest textile exporter after China in the world in the calendar year 2013.[229]", "Income in India. The analysis of this report suggests that the differences in economic performance across states are associated with the extent to which states have introduced market-oriented reforms. Thus, further reforms on these lines, complemented with measures to improve infrastructure, education and basic services, would increase the potential for growth outside of agriculture and thus boost better-paid employment, which is a key to sharing the fruits of growth and lowering poverty.[17]", "Economy of India. India's gross national income per capita had experienced high growth rates since 2002. It tripled from ₹19,040 in 2002–03 to ₹53,331 in 2010–11, averaging 13.7% growth each of these eight years, with peak growth of 15.6% in 2010–11.[317] However growth in the inflation-adjusted per-capita income of the nation slowed to 5.6% in 2010–11, down from 6.4% in the previous year. These consumption levels are on an individual basis.[318] The average family income in India was $6,671 per household in 2011.[319]", "Value-added tax. In many developing countries such as India, sales tax/VAT are key revenue sources as high unemployment and low per capita income render other income sources inadequate. However, there is strong opposition to this by many sub-national governments as it leads to an overall reduction in the revenue they collect as well as of some autonomy.", "Economy of India. India is one of the largest centres for polishing diamonds and gems and manufacturing jewellery; it is also one of the two largest consumers of gold.[173][174] After crude oil and petroleum products, the export and import of gold, precious metals, precious stones, gems and jewellery accounts for the largest portion of India's global trade. The industry contributes about 7% of India's GDP, employs millions, and is a major source of its foreign-exchange earnings.[175] The gems and jewellery industry, in 2013, created ₹251,000 crore (US$38 billion) in economic output on value-added basis. It is growing sector of Indian economy, and A.T. Kearney projects it to grow to ₹500,000 crore (US$77 billion) by 2018.[176]", "Economy of India. Agriculture is an important part of the Indian economy. At around 1,530,000 square kilometres (590,000 sq mi), India has the second-largest amount of arable land, after the US, with 52% of total land under cultivation. Although the total land area of the country is only slightly more than one third of China or the US, India's arable land is marginally smaller than that of the US, and marginally larger than that of China. However, agricultural output lags far behind its potential.[357] The low productivity in India is a result of several factors. According to the World Bank, India's large agricultural subsidies are distorting what farmers grow and hampering productivity-enhancing investment. Over-regulation of agriculture has increased costs, price risks and uncertainty, and governmental intervention in labour, land, and credit are hurting the market. Infrastructure such as rural roads, electricity, ports, food storage, retail markets and services remain inadequate.[358] The average size of land holdings is very small, with 70% of holdings being less than one hectare (2.5 acres) in size.[359] Irrigation facilities are inadequate, as revealed by the fact that only 46% of the total cultivable land was irrigated as of 2016,[update][148] resulting in farmers still being dependent on rainfall, specifically the monsoon season, which is often inconsistent and unevenly distributed across the country.[360] In an effort to bring an additional two crore hectares (20 million hectares; 50 million acres) of land under irrigation, various schemes have been attempted, including the Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) which was provided ₹80,000 crore (₹800 billion) in the union budget.[361] Farming incomes are also hampered by lack of food storage and distribution infrastructure; a third of India's agricultural production is lost from spoilage.[249]", "Unemployment in India. Agriculture is the most labour absorbing sector of the economy. In recent years, there has been a decline in the dependence of population on agriculture partly because of disguised unemployment. Some of the surplus labour in agriculture has moved to either secondary or the tertiary sector. In the secondary sector, small scale manufacturing is the most labour absorbing. In case of the tertiary sector, various new services are now appearing like biotechnology, information technology and so on. The government has taken steps in these sectors for the disguised unemployed people in these methods.[5]", "Agriculture in India. As per the 2010 FAO world agriculture statistics India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits and vegetables, milk, major spices, select fibrous crops such as jute, staples such as millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, the world's major food staples.[8]", "Agriculture in India. India is the world's second or third largest producer of several dry fruits, agriculture-based textile raw materials, roots and tuber crops, pulses, farmed fish, eggs, coconut, sugarcane and numerous vegetables. India ranked in the world's five largest producers of over 80% of agricultural produce items, including many cash crops such as coffee and cotton, in 2010.[8] India is one of the world's five largest producers of livestock and poultry meat, with one of the fastest growth rates, as of 2011[update].[9]", "Subsidies in India. According to the United Nations Development Program, the richest 20% of the Indian population received $16 billion in subsidies in 2014. These subsidies were primarily the result of open subsidies on six goods and services - cooking gas, railways, power, aviation fuel, gold and kerosene. Another subsidy that benefits the richer sections of the population is tax exemption on public provident funds. However, these subsidies also benefit middle class and poor sections of the population.[11]", "Income in India. Estimates for average household income and the size of India's middle income households vary by source. Using World Bank's definition of middle income families to be those with per capita income between $10 to $50 per day,[5] the National Council of Applied Economic Research[6] of India completed a survey and concluded there were 153 million people who belonged to middle income group in 2006. In contrast, Meyer and Birdsall and Tim Light used a different survey and estimated the number of Middle-Income population to be about 70 million in 2009-2010.[7] These groups, as well as the World Bank, estimated in their 2011 reports that if India's economy continues to grow per projections, India's middle income group would double by 2015 over 2010 levels, and grow by an additional 500 million people by 2025. This would make it, with China, the world's largest middle income market.[8]" ]

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[ "Grand Sierra Resort. In 1975, officials from the Metro-Goldwyn Mayer Company began to scout out Reno locations for their proposed high rise hotel-casino they wanted to model after their very high-profile Las Vegas casino, the MGM Grand. Following a deal with and approval from the City Council, MGM purchased land at the intersection of Mill and 2nd Streets, at that time a gravel pit. The Summer of 1976 saw construction begin on the 26 story, 1,015 room property that would then be one of the largest in the world. After two years of fast tracked construction, the building opened with fanfare, fashion and media attention on May 3, 1978.", "Bally's Las Vegas. The MGM Grand opened as one of Las Vegas's first megaresorts on December 5, 1973. Dean Martin was the entertainer on opening night. It was the largest hotel in the world at its opening and would remain so for several years. When the hotel was built, it set a new standard of size and luxury in Las Vegas, and is considered to have made the biggest impact on Las Vegas until the construction of Steve Wynn's Mirage Hotel in the late 1980s.", "The Signature at MGM Grand. In October 2004, The Residences celebrated its ground-breaking, making it the first high-rise condo-hotel project overlooking the strip to begin construction. Other ventures of this type have begun since in Las Vegas, with many of them failing to obtain necessary financing and/or support. On May 12, 2006, the first tower opened for occupancy. The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The 700-room Marina, located at 3805 South Las Vegas Boulevard, was built by Wiesner Investment Company and was opened in 1975.[4][6] In 1989, Wiesner and his partners sold the Marina to Kirk Kerkorian,[7] who also bought the Tropicana Country Club, located behind the Marina and across Tropicana Avenue from the Tropicana and San Rémo hotels to obtain the site that would become the home of the MGM Grand. Kerkorian saw the Marina as a stable and solidly built resort, and decided not to destroy the hotel, but to build around it.[8] During that time, the Marina was known as the MGM-Marina Hotel.[9][10][11]", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. When the MGM Grand opened, the intention was to create the first true destination hotel in the Las Vegas area by including the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park behind the casino. The plan was to make the Las Vegas Strip more family friendly by providing activities for those too young to linger inside the casino. The theme park performed poorly and did not reopen for the 2001 season. On December 5, 2002, MGM Resorts International (then named MGM Mirage) announced that the former theme park would be developed as a luxury condominium and hotel complex called The Signature at MGM Grand.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The Marina closed on November 30, 1990, and ground was broken for the new casino hotel complex on October 7, 1991. The Marina hotel building still exists as the west wing of the main hotel building.[9][10]", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The MGM Grand Las Vegas (formerly Marina and MGM-Marina) is a hotel and casino located on the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise, Nevada. The MGM Grand is the largest single hotel in the United States with 6,852[1] rooms. It is also the third-largest hotel complex in the world by number of rooms and second-largest hotel resort complex in the United States behind the combined The Venetian and The Palazzo. When it opened in 1993, the MGM Grand was the largest hotel complex in the world.", "MGM Resorts International. In September 1989, the company announced plans for a $700-million Hollywood-themed complex, including a 4,000-room hotel and a theme park.[46] The Desert Inn site was initially considered as a location for the project,[46] but within weeks the location was finalized as the Marina Hotel and Casino and the Tropicana Country Club,[47] which MGM Grand acquired for $93 million plus $30 million in stock.[48] The company put the Desert Inn up for sale to focus efforts on the new project,[49] but found no outside bidders, and agreed to sell it to Tracinda for $130 million.[50] Construction on the MGM Grand Las Vegas and the MGM Grand Adventures theme park began in October 1991,[51] and the property opened in December 1993 at a final cost of $1 billion.[52] The park permanently closed in 2002 due to a lack of interest.[53]", "MGM Resorts International. During construction of the MGM Grand, the company acquired an option to buy an 18-acre site across the street from the project.[55] Gary Primm of Primadonna Resorts approached MGM president Bob Maxey in 1994 with an idea for the site: a casino recreating the New York skyline.[56] A joint venture was formed between the two companies, and construction began in March 1995.[57] Completed at a cost of $460 million, the New York-New York Hotel and Casino opened in January 1997.[58]", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. In October 2011, MGM began a renovation in which all of its rooms and suites in the main tower were fully renovated, along with the casino floor and other public areas. This has provided the hotel with a more contemporary room design. The work was completed in September 2012.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. When the latest MGM Grand opened on December 18, 1993, it was owned by MGM Grand Inc. At that time it had an extensive Wizard of Oz theme, including the green \"Emerald City\" color of the building and the decorative use of Wizard of Oz memorabilia. After entering the casino's main entrance, one would find themselves in the Oz Casino facing Emerald City. Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion were seen in front of the city. The Emerald City attraction featured an elaborate yellow brick road walk-through, complete with the cornfield, apple orchard, and haunted forest, as well as audio-animatronic figures of Dorothy, the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, the Cowardly Lion, and the Wicked Witch of the West. It would end at the door of the city, leading inside for a performance of \"The Wizard's Secrets\". When MGM Grand began its extensive refurbishment in 1996, the Oz Casino was the first to go. The Emerald City was completely demolished, and the Emerald City Gift Shop was moved to a new shopping section of the casino. The store remained open until early 2003.", "MGM Resorts International. On December 20, 2003, MGM and Turnberry Associates announced the formation of a partnership to build the luxury condo hotel, stating that they would build up to six towers each rising up to 40 stories. On May 12, 2006, the first tower opened for occupancy. The successful opening of The Signature at MGM Grand appears to be aided by its connection to the resources and amenities of The MGM Grand Hotel & Casino.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. In 2005, MGM opened the West Wing, a renovation of the original Marina Hotel rooms.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. On April 26, 2000, MGM opened a new satellite registration/hotel check-in center at McCarran International Airport. This was the first of its kind opened by a hotel company at any United States airport.[13] However, this airport check-in center appears to have closed in late 2013.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The property was originally the site of the Golf Club Motel during the 1960s.[3] In 1972, Tom Wiesner co-founded Southwest Securities Development Company, and later founded Wiesner Investment Company.[4] In November 1973, Southwest Securities Development was planning the Airport Marina Hotel, to be built at the site of the 170-room Golf Club Motel, which was located near McCarran International Airport. Southwest planned to renovate the motel structure and add a 14-story addition with 518 rooms. Fred Harvey Company would serve as the operator of the hotel, its restaurants, and other areas of the resort. Fred Harvey had previously opened hotels in other parts of the United States under the Airport Marina name. Southwest also planned to construct a 28,400 sq ft (2,640 m2) casino that would operate separately from Fred Harvey.[5]", "Bally's Las Vegas. On November 21, 1980 the MGM Grand suffered a fire that started in a casino restaurant and traveled up into the hotel, killing 87 guests and employees. The Grand was rebuilt in only eight months, and remodeling added a tower which opened in 1981. The tower had been under construction at the time of the fire, but remained undamaged. The fire made such an impact on hotel safety that it led to the implementation of fire safety improvements worldwide.[citation needed]", "MGM Resorts International. The company began operations in 1987 as MGM Grand, Inc., and became MGM Mirage in 2000, after acquiring Mirage Resorts. In the mid-2000s, growth of its non-gaming (lodging, food, retail) revenue began to outpace gaming receipts and demand for high-rise condominiums was surging, with median property prices in Las Vegas twice the national average.[4][5] The company shifted its focus from owning and operating resorts and casinos, to developing and building real estate in the leisure and gaming industry—launching the massive CityCenter mixed-use project,[6][7] which was at the time of its construction the world's largest construction site and ranks as one of the most expensive real estate projects in history.[8] City Center's development coincided with the global financial crisis, causing writedowns in its valuation.[9]", "Las Vegas Strip. Caesars Palace was established in 1966. In 1968, Kirk Kerkorian purchased the Flamingo and hired Sahara Hotels Vice President Alex Shoofey as President. Alex Shoofey brought along 33 of Sahara's top executives. The Flamingo was used to train future employees of the International Hotel, which was under construction. Opening in 1969, the International Hotel, with 1,512 rooms, began the era of mega-resorts. The International is known as Westgate Las Vegas today.\nThe first MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, also a Kerkorian property, opened in 1973 with 2,084 rooms. At the time, this was one of the largest hotels in the world by number of rooms. The Rossiya Hotel built in 1967 in Moscow, for instance, had 3,200 rooms; however, most of the rooms in the Rossiya Hotel were single rooms of 118 sq. ft (roughly 1/4 size of a standard room at the MGM Grand Resort). On November 21, 1980, the MGM Grand suffered the worst resort fire in the history of Las Vegas as a result of electrical problems, killing 87 people. It reopened eight months later. In 1986, Kerkorian sold the MGM Grand to Bally Manufacturing, and it was renamed Bally's.", "MGM Resorts International. The company's background can be traced to 1969, when airline and casino tycoon Kirk Kerkorian bought a controlling stake in the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film studio.[28] In 1970 and 1971, Kerkorian struggled with debt from his acquisitions of MGM and Western Airlines, and was forced to sell a majority of his casino company, International Leisure, to Hilton Hotels at a steep discount.[29][30] When the Las Vegas Hilton, the casino he had built, subsequently became the most successful hotel in Las Vegas, Kerkorian was inspired to lead the studio into the gambling industry.[29] It opened the original MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (now Bally's Las Vegas) in 1973.[31] The MGM Grand Reno followed in 1978.[32]", "MGM Resorts International. Despite MGM's initial failure to win a gaming concession in Macau, the company had remained interested in the burgeoning gaming market. Rumors of a possible partnership with Stanley Ho were reported in 2003,[128] but Nevada gaming regulators informally vetoed the idea because of the alleged involvement of organized crime triads in his casinos.[129] Another possibility emerged when the government allowed the three gaming concessionaires to each sell a sub-concession.[130] In June 2004, MGM formed a joint venture with Pansy Ho, Stanley's daughter, to develop a casino-hotel under a sub-concession from Stanley.[131] Despite initial concerns about whether Pansy Ho was subject to her father's influence, the Nevada Gaming Commission eventually approved the partnership.[132] Construction of the MGM Grand Macau began in June 2005.[133] The property opened in December 2007, completed at a cost of $1.25 billion.[134]", "The Signature at MGM Grand. On December 20, 2003, MGM Resorts International and Turnberry Associates announced the formation of a partnership to build the luxury condo hotel, stating that they would build up to six towers each rising up to 40 stories. The first phase of this project involved the sales of condo units to individuals and investors. During this phase, the project was referred to as The Residences, The Residences at MGM Grand and/or The Residences: A Condo Hotel by Turnberry. The first tower sold out within 90 days, proving that the concept was well received. The second tower was already 50% sold by the time construction began in late 2004.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The Signature at MGM Grand is a condo hotel project by MGM Mirage and Turnberry Associates, who teamed up to build the three currently open Signature at the MGM Grand towers. The 38-story, 475-foot (145 m) tall structures have 576 all-suite units each and were priced from $450,000 to more than $2.0 million. Signature is located on the property where the MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park once stood. Each tower has its own private pool with cabanas as well as access to MGM Grand pools. Additional guest/owner amenities at The Signature include a Starbucks, meeting rooms, exercise room, bar and restaurant. Each tower is connected with walkways including moving walkways for the connection to the MGM Grand.", "Bally's Las Vegas. The 43 acres (17 ha) site was first occupied by the Three Coins Motel, which opened in 1963. The Bonanza Hotel and Casino opened on the site in July 1967. It was later renamed the New Bonanza Hotel and Casino in 1973 shortly before construction of the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino, owned by Kirk Kerkorian, began.", "MGM Resorts International. With New York-New York under development, MGM Grand made moves to expand in several other markets. An exploratory agreement to develop two casinos on the Chinese island of Hainan was announced in August 1994,[59] but came to nothing. In Darwin, Australia, a lucrative market attracting high rollers from Pacific Rim countries,[60] the company considered building a hotel,[61] but instead bought the Diamond Beach Hotel and Casino,[62] renaming it as the MGM Grand Darwin. MGM announced plans for an Atlantic City casino in July 1996.[63] In Michigan, where voters approved casinos in November 1996, MGM made plans for a bid on one of the three available gaming licenses,[64] which would eventually be approved and open in July 1999 as the MGM Grand Detroit.[65]", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. Owned and operated by MGM Resorts International, the 30-floor main building is 293 ft (89 m) high. The property includes five outdoor pools, rivers, and waterfalls that cover 6.6 acres (2.7 ha),[2] a 380,000 sq ft (35,000 m2) convention center, the MGM Grand Garden Arena, and the Grand Spa. It also houses numerous shops, night clubs, restaurants and the largest casino in Clark County, which occupies 171,500 sq ft (15,930 m2).", "Disney's Hollywood Studios. Disney later filed a countersuit, claiming that MGM/UA and MGM Grand, Inc. had conspired to violate Disney's worldwide rights to the MGM name in the theme park business and that MGM/UA would harm Disney's reputation by building its own theme park at the MGM Grand hotel and casino in Las Vegas, Nevada. On October 23, 1992, Los Angeles Superior Court Judge Curtis B. Rappe ruled that Disney had the right to continue using the Disney-MGM Studios name on film product produced at the Florida facility, and that MGM Grand had the right to build a Las Vegas theme park using the MGM name and logo as long as it did not share the same studio backlot theme as Disney's property.[8] The 33-acre (130,000 m2) MGM Grand Adventures Theme Park opened in 1993 at the Las Vegas site and closed permanently in 2000. Disney was contractually prohibited from using the Disney-MGM Studios name in certain marketing contexts; in those instances, the park was called The Disney Studios", "MGM Resorts International. On May 1, 2014, the company broke ground on the $375-million T-Mobile Arena located behind New-New York Hotel and Casino, in partnership with AEG Live.[167] T-Mobile Arena celebrated its grand opening on April 6, 2016, with a concert featuring local favorites The Killers, Wayne Newton and Shamir.[168] Two days earlier on April 4, MGM unveiled The Park, an outdoor dining and entertainment district that serves a gateway to the arena.[169]", "MGM Resorts International. In 2013, MGM won state licenses to build a $1-billion resort in National Harbor, Maryland[16] and a $950-million resort in downtown Springfield, Massachusetts.[17][18][19] In May 2014, MGM broke ground on a $375-million arena on the Las Vegas Strip with sports and entertainment company AEG.[20] MGM Resorts is the majority owner of MGM Growth Properties LLC (NYSE: MGP), a real estate investment trust that owns ten casino properties and leases them to MGM Resorts. It became a separate, publicly traded company in April 2016.", "MGM Grand Las Vegas. The Las Vegas Monorail was built to connect MGM Grand to Bally's in 1995. The coming-out party for the monorail, on behalf of Bally's, consisted of showgirls and guys from Bally's famed show, Jubilee!, helping groups to the monorail. Characters from the Wizard of Oz greeted the groups on the MGM side. The track was later updated to become the southernmost section of the Las Vegas Monorail. The MGM Grand station was refurbished, the trains were replaced with Bombardier M-VI's, and the track was extended beyond the southern station to provide for track switching for the trains, as well as a starting point for a potential future southern extension to the monorail line.", "Transportation in Las Vegas. The system was conceived in 1993 as a connection between the MGM Grand and Bally's Las Vegas.[4] It was completed, after many delays, in the summer of 2004 with the completion of what is known as \"Phase One\" of the monorail. The monorail runs between the MGM Grand and the SLS which opened in August 2014 replacing the Sahara Casino.", "MGM National Harbor. Construction on MGM National Harbor began in April 2014,[3][4] and opened on December 8, 2016.[1]", "The Mirage. The Mirage, initially scheduled for an opening in early December 1989,[5] was opened early on November 22, 1989.[2] At the time of its opening, The Mirage was the largest hotel in the world, with 3,044 rooms. The hotel tower, standing 29 stories, was built out in a Y-shape design, a concept that was later copied by Las Vegas' Treasure Island, Monte Carlo, and Mandalay Bay resorts. The hotel's top five floors were used exclusively for high roller rooms and penthouse suites. The Mirage was the first new resort to be built on the Las Vegas Strip in 16 years,[3] after the completion of the MGM Grand in 1973.[2] When it opened, The Mirage was the first casino to use security cameras full-time on all table games.[6]" ]

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[ "Bat Masterson (TV series). The theme song was sung by Bill Lee, a member of the Mellomen.", "Bat Masterson (TV series). The black derby, fancy decorative vest, black jacket, and elegant pearl-tipped cane were his trademarks. Miniaturized versions were marketed to children as tie-in products during the run of the show.[1]", "Bat Masterson (TV series). Bat Masterson is an American Western television series which showed a fictionalized account of the life of real-life marshal/gambler/dandy Bat Masterson. The title character was played by Gene Barry and the half-hour black-and-white shows ran on NBC from 1958 to 1961. The series was produced by Ziv Television Productions.", "Boot Hill. Gene Barry as Bat Masterson standing next to Lester Moore's grave in 1960", "Batman (TV series). Several cast members recorded music tied into the series. Adam West released a single titled \"Miranda\", a country-tinged pop song that he actually performed in costume during live appearances in the 1960s. Frank Gorshin released a song titled \"The Riddler\", which was composed and arranged by Mel Tormé. Burgess Meredith recorded a spoken-word single called \"The Escape\" backed with \"The Capture\", which consisted of the Penguin narrating his recent crime spree to a jazz beat. Burt Ward recorded a song called \"Boy Wonder, I Love You\", written and arranged by Frank Zappa.", "Bat Masterson (TV series). The show took a tongue-in-cheek outlook, with Barry's Masterson often dressed in expensive Eastern clothing and preferring to use his cane rather than a gun to get himself out of trouble, hence the nickname \"Bat\". Masterson was also portrayed as a ladies' man who traveled the West looking for women and adventure.", "Bat Masterson (TV series). Yvonne Lime Fedderson was cast as Lola White in the 1960 episode \"The Snare\". Ron Hayes appeared four times in the role of Wyatt Earp. Gary Vinson appeared as Billy Thompson in the 1958 episode \"A Noose Fits Anybody\". Tyler McVey appeared from 1958 to 1961 in different roles in three episodes (\"Dynamite Blows Two Ways\", \"Incident at Fort Bowie\", and \"Dead Man's Claim\"). Ron Foster (1960) appeared twice as Toby Dawson in \"Six Feet of Gold\" and as Sheriff Buck Simpson in \"Jeopardy at Jackson Hole\" (1961). James Coburn also appeared in \"Six Feet of Gold\". Tom Greenway guest starred twice, as Charlie in \"Buffalo Kill\" (1959) and as Ben Pick in \"Dagger Dance\" (1961). Brett King appeared four times, beginning with the role of Hub Elliott in \"License to Cheat\" (1959); Douglas Kennedy was cast as Sheriff Jeb Crater in that same episode. William Tannen was cast in four episodes of Bat Masterson.", "Bat Masterson. Masterson was born on November 26, 1853,[a] at Henryville, Quebec, in the Eastern Townships of what was then known as Canada East. He was baptized under the name Bartholomew Masterson.[2]\nMasterson was the second child of Thomas Masterson (or Mastersan), who was born in Canada to an Irish family, and Catherine McGurk (or McGureth), who was born in Ireland.[b] The other six Masterson children were Edward John (1852–1878), James Patrick (1855–1895), Nellie E. (1857–1925), Thomas (1858–1941), George Henry (1860–1889), and Emma Anna \"Minnie\" (1862–1884). The children were raised on farms in Quebec, New York, Illinois, and Missouri until the family finally settled near Wichita, Kansas.[3]", "Bat Masterson. On October 25, 1921, at age 67, Masterson died at his desk from a massive heart attack after writing what became his final column for the Morning Telegraph. About 500 people attended Masterson's service at Frank E. Campbell's Funeral Church at Broadway and 66th Street. Masterson's honorary pallbearers included Damon Runyon, Tex Rickard, and William Lewis. Runyon was a close friend of Masterson's and offered this memorable eulogy: \"He was a 100 percent, 22-karat real man. Bat was a good hater and a wonderful friend. He was always stretching out his hand to some down-and-outer. He had a great sense of humor and a marvelous fund of reminiscence, and was one of the most entertaining companions we have ever known. There are only too few men in the world like Bat Masterson and his death is a genuine loss.\"[citation needed]", "Bat Masterson (TV series). Barry recreated the role of Bat Masterson in an episode of the television series Guns of Paradise (1990), alongside Hugh O'Brian as Wyatt Earp.", "Bat Masterson (TV series). The series was loosely based on Richard O'Connor's 1957 biography of Masterson.[2] This was highlighted by the book's front cover being shown at the end of the closing credits with an onscreen notation \"based on\".", "Bat Masterson (TV series). Bat Masterson guest stars included the character actor Robert F. Simon, who appeared as Harrison Whitney in the episode \"Death by Decree\", and Richard Eastham, who appeared in the 1961 episode \"A Lesson in Violence\". Stephanie Powers appeared in 1961 episode named \"Dead Man's Claim\" (using the name Taffy Paul) as Ann, the daughter of the boarding house owner. George Macready appeared as Clyde Richards in the 1961 episode \"Tempest at Tioga Pass\". Quintin Sondergaard appeared in various roles on the series five times between 1958 and 1961. Dan Sheridan was cast as Joe Rankin in the 1959 episode \"Election Day\".", "Bat Masterson. Masterson moved to New York City in 1895 to briefly serve as a bodyguard for millionaire George Gould.[16] He wrote to his Denver friends glowing accounts of fishing trips \"with the Goulds on their yacht,\" and announced his intention to remain in New York City indefinitely. On June 6, 1895, a Denver paper quoted a friend of Masterson's, who observed that \"Bat has at last fallen into a dead easy game.\"[24]", "Bat Masterson (TV series). In The Gambler Returns: The Luck of the Draw (1991) Barry played Masterson, also with O'Brian as Earp, as well as Jack Kelly as Bart Maverick and Clint Walker as Cheyenne Bodie.[4]", "Bat Masterson. Concurrent to his career as a newspaper writer, Masterson served as the timekeeper for many prize fights, most notably for the Jack Johnson–Jess Willard title fight in Havana, Cuba on April 5, 1915. A newsreel featuring the then 61-year-old Masterson's introduction in that role was included in a documentary called Legendary Champions 1882–1929.[citation needed]", "Batman (TV series). In 1966, Batman: The Exclusive Original Soundtrack Album was released on LP, featuring music by Nelson Riddle and snippets of dialogue from Adam West, Burt Ward, Burgess Meredith, Frank Gorshin, Anne Baxter (as Zelda the Great) and George Sanders (the first Mr. Freeze). The \"Batman Theme\" was included, along with titles like \"Batusi A Go! Go!\", \"Batman Thaws Mr. Freeze\", and \"Batman Blues\". It was reissued later on compact disc.", "Bat Masterson (TV series). Diane Brewster, also known as \"Beaver\" Cleaver's second-grade teacher \"Miss Canfield\" in Leave It to Beaver and as gambler \"Samantha Crawford\" in Maverick opposite James Garner and Jack Kelly as well as in a single episode of Cheyenne, played the role of Miss Lynn Harrison in the 2-part episode \"The Conspiracy\" (1959). Kevin Hagen appeared as Ace Williams in \"The Fourth Man\" (1961). Lon Chaney, Jr. played the role of Rance Fletcher in \"Bat Trap\" (1961).", "Bat Masterson. Masterson was once again engaged in buffalo hunting on June 27, 1874, when he became an involuntary participant in one of the Wild West's most celebrated Indian fights: a five-day siege by several hundred Comanche warriors led by Quanah Parker at a collection of ramshackle buildings in the Texas panhandle known as Adobe Walls. Masterson was one of just 28 hunters who defended the outpost during the attack. The Comanche suffered the most losses during the battle, though the actual number killed is not known, with reports ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 70. The defenders of Adobe Walls lost only four men, one of whom shot himself by accident.[c] After being fought to a standstill, Quanah Parker and his followers rode off.[citation needed]", "Bat Masterson. Bartholemew William Barclay \"Bat\" Masterson (November 26, 1853 – October 25, 1921) was a U.S. Army scout, lawman, professional gambler, and journalist known for his exploits in the 19th-century American Old West. Born to a working-class Irish family in Quebec, Masterson moved to the Western frontier as a young man and quickly distinguished himself as a buffalo hunter, civilian scout, and Indian fighter on the Great Plains. He later earned fame as a gunfighter and sheriff in Dodge City, Kansas, during which time he was involved in several notable shootouts.", "Burt Ward. During a Pro Wrestling Unplugged angle with wrestler Johnny Kashmere, Ward \"knighted\" Kashmere as the \"New Batman\". Ward has appeared on the show several times, walking out to the theme music from the 1960s Batman.", "A Touch of Frost. The iconic saxophone solo heard during the show's theme music was performed by Barbara Thompson.[5]", "The Dark Knight (soundtrack). The heroic brass theme which plays when Batman leaves Ra's al Ghul to die in Batman Begins makes a reappearance when Batman hurls the Joker off the building in the film's climax. It also makes its third and final appearance in \"The Dark Knight Rises\" when Batman fires a missile at Miranda Tate, while her truck driver was killed, sending her and the truck to a crashing halt. The cue was released on the two-disc special edition, and can be found on the track \"We Are Tonight's Entertainment\". The second disc can also be found for digital download under the album name The Dark Knight (Bonus Digital Release) with artwork featuring the Joker instead of Batman.[5][6]", "Bat Country. The song's main influence comes from Hunter S. Thompson's 1971 novel Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas, and the title itself also comes from a line from the book in which Raoul Duke, the alter-ego pseudonym of Thompson himself, is on his way to Las Vegas while being affected by various drugs, and thus hallucinates, seeing huge bats and manta rays in the sky. With this, he gasps to his companion and attorney, Dr. Gonzo, \"We can't stop here. This is bat country.\"", "Bat Masterson. On February 1, 1878, Sheriff Masterson captured the notorious outlaws Dave Rudabaugh and Ed West, who were wanted for an attempted train robbery. Two more of the train robbers were caught by Bat and brother Ed on March 15. The tandem law enforcement effort came to an abrupt end, however, when 25-year-old City Marshal Ed Masterson was shot and killed in the line of duty on April 9, 1878.[citation needed] Ed Masterson was mortally wounded by a cowboy named Jack Wagner, who was unaware that Bat Masterson was in the vicinity. As Ed stumbled away from the scene, Bat Masterson responded from across the street, firing on both Wagner and Wagner's boss. Alf Walker — who was holding a gun. Wagner died the next day, but Walker was taken back to Texas and recovered.[citation needed] [e]", "James Marsters. Marsters had played in bands and solo in bars and clubs for many years and enjoyed several successful sell-out solo gigs at Los Angeles clubs before forming a band. For these solo gigs he mainly performed covers of classic folk and rock musicians such as Tom Waits, Neil Young, James Taylor, and Bruce Springsteen. He sang in \"Once More, with Feeling\", a musical episode of Buffy: solo parts in \"Walk Through the Fire\" and \"Something To Sing About\", and \"Rest in Peace\" completely on his own.", "Bat Masterson. Masterson was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx. His full name, William Barclay Masterson, appears above his epitaph on the large granite grave marker in Woodlawn. Masterson's epitaph states that he was \"Loved by Everyone\".[40][41]", "Bat Masterson. In early 1892 Masterson moved to the silver boom-town of Creede, Colorado where he managed the Denver Exchange gambling club until the town was destroyed by fire on June 5, 1892. On September 7, 1892, Masterson, Short, and Charlie Bassett attended the Sullivan–Corbett championship fight in New Orleans. According to a Dodge City paper, Masterson bet on the winner, while noting, \"Charlie Bassett and Luke Short were among the notables in attendance. Bassett bet his money on Sullivan.\"[23] Masterson was in Jacksonville, Florida, on January 25, 1894, acting as a second for Charlie Mitchell during Mitchell's heavyweight title shot at the champion, James J. \"Gentleman Jim\" Corbett. Mitchell was knocked cold in three rounds.[4]:342–343", "Maverick (TV series). The memorable theme song was penned by prolific composers David Buttolph (music) and Paul Francis Webster (lyrics). Buttolph's theme first appeared as incidental music in the Warner Bros. film of The Lone Ranger. The theme song was only heard briefly at the show's opening (after a teaser clip), and in an instrumental version. For the closing credits, a full-length (30 second) version was used. The prolific Buttolph's other most remembered musical contribution was the arrangement of Alfred Newman's stirring theme from 1940's The Mark of Zorro starring Tyrone Power.", "Bill Medley. Among his other notable songs are \"Most of All You\", the closing theme to the movie Major League; \"Friday Night's A Great Night For Football\" from Tony Scott's movie, The Last Boy Scout; and the theme song for the Growing Pains spinoff, Just The Ten of Us. He also collaborated with Giorgio Moroder and scored a moderate UK hit in 1988 with a version of \"He Ain't Heavy, He's My Brother.\"[30] Medley recorded a video for the song which was also used as the end credit theme for Rambo III.[31] Bill Medley continues to perform solo after Bobby Hatfield's death in 2003.", "You Only Live Twice (song). \"You Only Live Twice\", performed by Nancy Sinatra, is the theme song to the 1967 James Bond film of the same name. Music was composed and produced by veteran James Bond composer John Barry, with lyrics by Leslie Bricusse. The song is widely recognized for its striking opening bars, featuring a simple 2-bar theme in the high octaves of the violins and lush harmonies from French horns. It is considered by some to be among the best James Bond theme songs,[1] and has become one of Nancy Sinatra's best known hits. Shortly after Barry's production, Sinatra's producer Lee Hazlewood released a more guitar-based single version.", "Bat Masterson. Masterson maintained an interest in prizefighting and other sports, and was known as a frequent attendee at boxing matches across the country. He frequently placed bets on the fights and occasionally served in an official capacity as a second or a timekeeper. He knew—and was known by— the heavyweight champions of the era, from John L. Sullivan and James J. \"Gentleman Jim\" Corbett to Jack Johnson and Jack Dempsey. The sports-minded Masterson was ringside during the John L. Sullivan–Jake Kilrain heavyweight championship fight at Richburg, Mississippi, on July 8, 1889. He was the designated timekeeper for Kilrain and came under fire from some sources for how he handled his role. Reportedly, Masterson saw to it that Luke Short, Johnny Murphy, and \"twelve other good men were scattered around the ring where they would do the most good in case of an emergency.\"[22]", "Bat Masterson (TV series). From 1955 to 1959, Mason Alan Dinehart played a 20-something Bat Masterson in thirty-four episodes of the ABC/Desilu western series, The Life and Legend of Wyatt Earp, starring Hugh O'Brian as the frontier peace officer Wyatt Earp. Dinehart left the series, and Barry was hence cast as a 40-something Masterson in a separate series on a different network. In the year 1958-1959 both actors were featured in the role of Masterson.[3]" ]

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[ "In-flight entertainment. The first in-flight movie was in 1921 on Aeromarine Airways showing a film called Howdy Chicago to its passengers as the amphibious airplane flew around Chicago.[3] The film The Lost World was shown to passengers of an Imperial Airways flight in April 1925 between London (Croydon Airport) and Paris.[4]", "First class (aviation). First-class passengers usually have at least one lavatory for their exclusive use, with more than one on larger planes. Business- and economy-class passengers are not normally permitted in the first-class cabin. Normally AVOD (audiovisual on demand) entertainment is offered, although sometimes normal films, television programs and interactive games are provided on medium-large seat-back or armrest-mounted flat panel monitors. Especially for long-haul and high-yielding routes on top airlines, a first-class seat may have facilities akin to a five-star hotel, such as a mini-bar.", "Alaska Airlines. Alaska Airlines is recognized by the World Airline Entertainment Association (WAEA) as having an \"historic first\" in Inflight entertainment by introducing in October 2003 the first portable, hard-drive based, audio-video-on-demand (AVOD) players that deliver a variety of film, TV and audio programs.[124] The device, called the digEplayer was conceived and brought to market by an Alaska Airlines baggage handler named Bill Boyer Jr.[125][126] digEplayers are available for rent on most long-haul flights for a fee, although they are complimentary to passengers seated in First Class.[127]", "JetBlue. JetBlue’s first major advertising campaign incorporated phrases like \"Unbelievable\" and \"We like you, too\". Full-page newspaper advertisements boasted low fares, new aircraft, leather seats, spacious legroom, and a customer-service-oriented staff committed to \"bringing humanity back to air travel\".[88] With a goal of raising the bar for in-flight experience, JetBlue became the first airline to offer all passengers personalized in-flight entertainment. In April 2000, flat-screen monitors installed in every seatback allow customers live access to over 20 DirecTV channels at no additional cost.[89]", "In-flight entertainment. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, CRT-based projectors began to appear on newer widebody aircraft, such as the Boeing 767. These used LaserDiscs or video cassettes for playback. Some airlines upgraded the old film IFE systems to the CRT-based systems in the late 1980s and early 1990s on some of their older widebodies. In 1985, Avicom introduced the first audio player system, based on the Philips Tape Cassette technology. In 1988, the Airvision company introduced the first in-seat audio/video on-demand systems using 2.7 inches (69 mm) LCD technology for Northwest Airlines.[citation needed] The trials, which were run by Northwest Airlines on its Boeing 747 fleet, received overwhelmingly positive passenger reaction. As a result, this completely replaced the CRT technology.[citation needed]", "In-flight entertainment. Regularly scheduled in flight movies began to premiere in 1961 on flights from New York to Los Angeles.[21]", "In-flight entertainment. However, personal televisions (PTVs) for every passenger provide passengers with channels broadcasting new and classic films, as well as comedies, news, sports programming, documentaries, children's shows, and drama series. Some airlines also present news and current affairs programming, which are often pre-recorded and delivered in the early morning before flights commence.", "In-flight entertainment. Today, in-flight entertainment is offered as an option on almost all wide body aircraft, while some narrow body aircraft are not equipped with any form of In-flight entertainment at all. This is mainly due to the aircraft storage and weight limits. The Boeing 757 was the first narrow body aircraft to widely feature both audio and video In-flight entertainment and today it is rare to find a Boeing 757 without an In-flight entertainment system. Most Boeing 757s feature ceiling-mounted CRT screens, although some newer 757s may feature drop-down LCDs or audio-video on demand systems in the back of each seat. Many Airbus A320 series and Boeing 737 Next Generation aircraft are also equipped with drop-down LCD screens. Some airlines, such as WestJet, United Airlines, and Delta Air Lines, have equipped some narrow body aircraft with personal video screens at every seat. Others, such as Air Canada and JetBlue, have even equipped some regional jets with AVOD.", "In-flight entertainment. In-flight entertainment (IFE) refers to the entertainment available to aircraft passengers during a flight. In 1936, the airship Hindenburg offered passengers a piano, lounge, dining room, smoking room, and bar during the 2 1/2 day flight between Europe and America.[1] After the Second World War, IFE was delivered in the form of food and drink services, along with an occasional projector movie during lengthy flights. In 1985 the first personal audio player was offered to passengers, along with noise cancelling headphones in 1989.[2] During the 1990s the demand for better IFE was a major factor in the design of aircraft cabins. Before then, the most a passenger could expect was a movie projected on a screen at the front of a cabin, which could be heard via a headphone socket at his or her seat. Now, in most aircraft, private IFE TV screens are offered on most airlines.", "First class (aviation). First class service was formerly available on intra-European flights on airlines such as British Airways, Lufthansa and Swissair.[3] First class seats were typically configured in a 4-abreast configuration, similar to current North American domestic first class seats, rather than the 6-abreast configuration used for economy and latterly business class services.[4][5]", "Airline. The first new airliner ordered by Imperial Airways, was the Handley Page W8f City of Washington, delivered on 3 November 1924.[15] In the first year of operation the company carried 11,395 passengers and 212,380 letters. In April 1925, the film The Lost World became the first film to be screened for passengers on a scheduled airliner flight when it was shown on the London-Paris route.", "In-flight entertainment. The largest international airlines sometimes pay more than $90,000 for a licence to show one movie over a period of two or three months. These airlines usually feature up to 100 movies at once, whereas 20 years ago they would have only 10 or 12. In the United States, airlines pay a flat fee every time the movie is watched by a passenger. Some airlines spend up to $20 million per year on content.[13]", "In-flight entertainment. In 1971, TRANSCOM developed the 8mm film cassette. Flight attendants could now change movies in-flight and add short subject programming.", "Cathay Pacific. Cathay Pacific has been phasing in new cabin interiors and in-flight entertainment since June 2011. The first aircraft with the new seats is an Airbus A330-300 registered B-LAN, which flew its first commercial flight as Cathay Pacific Flight 101 between Hong Kong and Sydney on 1 April 2012.", "Air New Zealand. On 28 June 2004, Air New Zealand released details of the upgrade to its long-haul product, which was aimed to turn around the profitability of its international services. Every seat on its Boeing 747 aircraft was equipped with a personal LCD screen with audio video on demand (AVOD). First class was removed, with an upgraded business class and a new premium economy section installed.", "In-flight entertainment. However, it was not until the 1960s that in-flight entertainment (other than reading, sitting in a lounge and talking, or looking out the window) was becoming mainstream and popular. In 1961, David Flexer of Inflight Motion Pictures developed the 16mm film system using a 25-inch reel for a wide variety of commercial aircraft. Capable of holding the entire film, and mounted horizontally to maximize space, this replaced the previous 30-inch-diameter film reels. In 1961, TWA committed to Flexer's technology and was first to debut a feature film in flight.[3] Interviewed by the New Yorker in 1962, Mr Flexner said, \"", "In-flight entertainment. Throughout the early to mid-1960s, some in-flight movies were played back from videotape, using early compact transistorized videotape recorders made by Sony (such as the SV-201 and PV-201) and Ampex (such as the VR-660 and VR-1500), and played back on CRT monitors mounted on the upper sides in the cabin above the passenger seats with several monitors placed a few seats apart from each other. The audio was played back through the headsets.", "Alaska Airlines. In 2015 Alaska introduced Alaska Beyond™ with Inflight Entertainment Tablets to replace the digEplayers. It is available on all wi-fi enabled aircraft (most Boeing 737s and Embraer 175 jets) — Alaska Beyond™ allows flyers in First Class and Coach to also use the Gogo® Video Player on their own device in lieu of purchasing the Inflight Entertainment Tablet.[128]", "Cathay Pacific. StudioCX, Cathay Pacific's in-flight entertainment system, equipped with personal televisions (PTVs) in every seat, offers the latest Hollywood blockbuster movies, popular Asian and Western TV programs, music and games. In addition, the airline provides a range of different newspapers and magazines from around the world, including the airline's award-winning in-flight magazine Discovery. Passengers with visual impairment can request for Hong Kong's South China Morning Post in Braille to be available on board.[110]", "Emirates (airline). Emirates became one of the first airlines in the world to introduce a personal entertainment system on a commercial aircraft in 1992, shortly after Virgin Atlantic introduced a similar system throughout the cabin of their Boeing 747-200s in 1991.[129] All three classes feature a personal in-flight entertainment (IFE) system on Emirates aircraft. There are two types of entertainment system on Emirates: ICE and ICE Digital Widescreen.", "In-flight entertainment. In 1963, AVID Airline Products developed and manufactured the first pneumatic headset used on board the airlines and provided these early headsets to TWA. These early systems consisted of in-seat audio that could be heard with hollow tube headphones.[3] In 1979 pneumatic headsets were replaced by electronic headsets. The electronic headsets were initially available only on selected flights and premium cabins whereas economy class still had to make do with the old pneumatic headsets.[citation needed] In the United States, the last airline to offer pneumatic headphones was Delta Air Lines, which switched to electronic headphones in 2003, despite the fact that all Delta aircraft equipped with in-flight entertainment since the Boeing 767-200 have included jacks for electronic headphones.", "First class (aviation). During the 1980s European first class was largely phased out in favour of 6-abreast seating throughout the aircraft, with variable numbers of seats allocated to business class (the business class cabin often being marked with a moveable divider).[3] This allowed greater flexibility for the airlines, allowing them to allocate differing amounts of premium seating depending on the route. Turkish Airlines are one of the few European airlines still offering 4-abreast seating in their premium intra-Europe cabins, but they're sold as business class seats rather than first class.[6] Same situation is in Russia onboard Aeroflot - Russian Airlines intra-Europe flights.", "Sky Cinema. Sky Movies was originally a single film channel offered as part of Sky's original 4-channel package on the Astra 1A satellite on 5 February 1989.[citation needed] The first film shown on the channel was Dirty Dancing[clarification needed]. Prior to its launch, Sky Movies signed first-run deals with 20th Century Fox, Paramount Pictures, Warner Bros. Domestic Pay TV, Cable and Network Features, Columbia Pictures Entertainment, Orion Pictures and Buena Vista Distribution Co.[citation needed]", "Alaska Airlines. In 1952, the CAB appointed Nelson David as president, and he began to improve the financial stability of the airline. By 1957, with the carrier in a better financial situation, David left and Charles Willis, Jr. became the company's new president and CEO. A pilot during World War II, Willis introduced several marketing gimmicks that set the airline apart from other ones of the day. Under his leadership, Alaska Airlines became the first to show inflight movies. The company began service of the Douglas DC-6, the airline's first pressurized plane, enabling flights above clouds and weather disturbances. On these DC-6's, the airline introduced \"Golden Nugget\" service, which included an on-board saloon and piano.[16]", "In-flight entertainment. Some airlines have now installed personal televisions (otherwise known as PTVs) for every passenger on most long-haul routes. These televisions are usually located in the seat-backs or tucked away in the armrests for front row seats and first class. Some show direct broadcast satellite television which enables passengers to view live TV broadcasts. Some airlines also offer video games using PTV equipment. Fewer still provide closed captioning for deaf and hard-of-hearing passengers.", "First Flight (film). First Flight is a Special Feature on the Madly Madagascar DVD along with Hammy's Boomerang Adventure, an Over the Hedge short film.[2]", "Southwest Airlines. All Southwest Airlines aircraft are equipped with Wi-Fi, free streaming live television, and movies on demand for a fee. After completing a testing phase that began in February 2009, Southwest announced on August 21, 2009 that it would begin rolling out in-flight Wi-Fi Internet connectivity via Global Eagle Entertainment's satellite-broadband based product. Southwest began adding Wi-Fi to its aircraft in the first quarter of 2010. The airline began testing streaming live television in the summer of 2012 and video on demand in January 2013.[105][106] As of 2017, live in-flight video and realtime flight tracking information via Wi-Fi are available for free to all passengers, with full Internet access available at a fee for regular passengers and free to A-List Preferred Rapid Rewards members.", "In-flight entertainment. In the past few years, many US commercial airlines have begun testing and deploying in-flight connectivity for their passengers, such as Alaska Airlines, American, Delta, and United. Industry expectations were that by the end of 2011, thousands of planes flying in the US will offer some form of in-flight broadband to passengers. Airlines around the world are also beginning to test in-flight-broadband offerings as well.", "In-flight entertainment. Personal on-demand videos are stored in an aircraft's main in-flight entertainment system, from whence they can be viewed on demand by a passenger over the aircraft's built in media server and wireless broadcast system. Along with the on-demand concept comes the ability for the user to pause, rewind, fast forward, or jump to any point in the movie. There are also movies that are shown throughout the aircraft at one time, often on shared overhead screens or a screen in the front of the cabin. More modern aircraft are now allowing Personal Electronic Devices (PED's) to be used to connect to the on board in-flight entertainment systems.[citation needed]", "Thomas Cook Airlines. On long-haul flights, personal seatback entertainment is available on A330 aircraft in both cabins. Economy passengers receive 4 movies and 6 TV shows free. This can be upgraded to the full library, which is unlimited entertainment, for a small fee. This is purchasable from the cabin crew. Premium economy passengers receive complimentary access to the full library. Also, all passengers can listen to 24 radio channels and listen to thousands of songs.", "Movie theater. In 1967 the British government launched seven custom-built mobile cinema units for use as part of the Ministry of Technology campaign to raise standards. Using a very futuristic look, these 27-seat cinema vehicles were designed to attract attention. They were built on a Bedford SB3 chassis with a custom Coventry Steel Caravan extruded aluminum body. Movies are also commonly shown on airliners in flight, using large screens in each cabin or smaller screens for each group of rows or each individual seat; the airline company sometimes charges a fee for the headphones needed to hear the movie's sound. In a similar fashion, movies are sometimes also shown on trains, such as the Auto Train.", "First class (aviation). On the ground, first-class passengers usually have special check-in and security zones at the airport. Some airlines operate private first-class terminals and/or offer international first class passengers complimentary limousine rides to the airport. While it is typical that these passengers have lounge access, some airlines have separate lounges for first and business where the former may have more luxurious amenities. These passengers can often board the aircraft before other passengers, sometimes through their own jetbridge." ]

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[ "Centriole. Centrioles are a very important part of centrosomes, which are involved in organizing microtubules in the cytoplasm.[13][14] The position of the centriole determines the position of the nucleus and plays a crucial role in the spatial arrangement of the cell.", "Centriole. In cell biology a centriole is a cylindrical cell structure[1] composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells. An associated pair of centrioles, surrounded by a shapeless mass of dense material, called the pericentriolar material, or PCM, makes up a compound structure called a centrosome.[1]", "Centriole. Most centrioles are made up of nine sets of microtubule triplets, arranged in a cylinder. Deviations from this structure include crabs and Drosophila melanogaster embryos, with nine doublets, and Caenorhabditis elegans sperm cells and early embryos, with nine singlets.[4][5]", "Eukaryote. Centrioles are often present even in cells and groups that do not have flagella, but conifers and flowering plants have neither. They generally occur in groups that give rise to various microtubular roots. These form a primary component of the cytoskeletal structure, and are often assembled over the course of several cell divisions, with one flagellum retained from the parent and the other derived from it. Centrioles produce the spindle during nuclear division.[27]", "Centriole. The word centriole (/ˈsɛntrioʊl/) uses combining forms of centri- and -ole, yielding \"little central part\", which describes a centriole's typical location near the center of the cell.", "Centriole. Typical centrioles are made of 9 triplets of microtubules organized with radial symmetry.[22] Centrioles can vary the number of microtubules and can be made of 9 doublets of microtubules (as in Drosophila melanogaster) or 9 singlets microtubules as in C. elegans. Atypical centrioles are centrioles that do not have microtubules such as the Proximal Centriole-Like found in Drosophila melanogaster sperm.[23]", "Centriole. Centrioles are involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis.[10] Centrioles were previously thought to be required for the formation of a mitotic spindle in animal cells. However, more recent experiments have demonstrated that cells whose centrioles have been removed via laser ablation can still progress through the G1 stage of interphase before centrioles can be synthesized later in a de novo fashion.[11] Additionally, mutant flies lacking centrioles develop normally, although the adult flies' cells lack flagella and cilia and as a result, they die shortly after birth.[12] The centrioles can self replicate during cell division.", "Centriole. The two centrioles in the centrosome are tied to one another. The mother centriole has radiating appendages at the distal end of its long axis and is attached to its daughter at the proximal end. Each daughter cell formed after cell division will inherit one of these pairs. Centrioles start duplicating when DNA replicates.[10]", "Centriole. Centrioles are present in the cells of most eukaryotes, for example those of animals. However, they are absent from conifers (pinophyta), flowering plants (angiosperms) and most fungi, and are only present in the male gametes of charophytes, bryophytes, seedless vascular plants, cycads, and ginkgo.[2][3]", "Sperm. Most sperm cells have centrioles in the sperm neck.[25] Sperm of many animals has 2 centrioles known as the proximal centriole and distal centriole. Some animals like human have a single centriole known as the proximal centriole. Mice and rat have no sperm centrioles. The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has a single centriole and an atypical centriole named the Proximal Centriole-Like (PCL).[26]", "Microtubule organizing center. Centrioles can act as markers for MTOCs in the cell.[2] If they are freely distributed in the cytoplasm, centrioles can gather during differentiation to become MTOCs. They can also be focused around a centrosome as a single MTOC, though centrosomes can work as an MTOC absent of centrioles.", "Centriole. Proper orientation of cilia via centriole positioning toward the posterior of embryonic node cells is critical for establishing left–right asymmetry during mammalian development.[17]", "Centriole. The last common ancestor of all eukaryotes was a ciliated cell with centrioles. Some lineages of eukaryotes, such as land plants, do not have centrioles except in their motile male gametes. Centrioles are completely absent from all cells of conifers and flowering plants, which do not have ciliate or flagellate gametes.[19] It is unclear if the last common ancestor had one[20] or two cilia.[21] Important genes required for centriole growth, like centrins, are only found in eukaryotes and not in bacteria or archaeans.[20]", "Centriole. In organisms with flagella and cilia, the position of these organelles is determined by the mother centriole, which becomes the basal body. An inability of cells to use centrioles to make functional cilia and flagella has been linked to a number of genetic and developmental diseases. In particular, the inability of centrioles to properly migrate prior to ciliary assembly has recently been linked to Meckel-Gruber syndrome.[16]", "Centriole. Before DNA replication, cells contain two centrioles. The older of the two centrioles is termed the mother centriole, the other the daughter. During the cell division cycle, a new centriole grows at the proximal end of both mother and daughter centrioles. After duplication, the two centriole pairs (freshly assembled centriole is now a daughter centriole in each pair) will remain attached to each other orthogonally until mitosis. At that point the mother and daughter centrioles separate dependently on an enzyme called separase.[18]", "Centriole. Edouard van Beneden and Theodor Boveri made the first observation and identification of centrioles in 1883 and 1888 respectively,[6][7] while the pattern of centriole duplication was first worked out independently by Etienne de Harven and Joseph G. Gall c. 1950 [8][9] The main function of centrioles is to produce cilia during interphase and the aster and the spindle during cell division.", "Centriole. Sperm centrioles are important for 2 functions:[15] (1) to form the sperm flagellum and sperm movement and (2) for the development of the embryo after fertilization.", "Microtubule organizing center. Most animal cells have one MTOC during interphase, usually located near the nucleus, and generally associated closely with the Golgi apparatus. The MTOC is made up of a pair of centrioles at its center, and is surrounded by pericentriolar material (PCM) that is important for microtubule nucleation. Microtubules are anchored at the MTOC by their minus ends, while their plus ends continue to grow into the cell periphery. The polarity of the microtubules is important for cellular transport, as the motor proteins kinesin and dynein typically move preferentially in the \"plus\" and \"minus\" directions respectively, along a microtubule, allowing vesicles to be directed to or from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Particularly for the Golgi apparatus, structures associated with the apparatus travel towards the minus end of a microtubule and aid in the overall structure and site of the Golgi in the cell.[3]", "Spermatocyte. Primary cilia are common organelles found in eukaryotic cells; they play an important role in development of animals. Drosophila have unique properties in their spermatocyte primary cilia—they are assembled by four centrioles independently in the G2 phase and are sensitive to microtubule-targeting drugs. Normally, primary cilia will develop from one centriole in the G0/G1 phase and are not affected by microtubule targeting drugs.[18]", "Microtubule organizing center. In yeasts and some algae, the MTOC is embedded into the nuclear envelope as a spindle pole body. Centrioles do not exist in the MTOCs of yeast and fungi.[1] In these organisms, the nuclear envelope does not break down during mitosis and the spindle pole body serves to connect cytoplasmic with nuclear microtubules. The disc-shaped spindle pole body is organized into three layers: the central plaque, inner plaque, and outer plaque. The central plaque is embedded in the membrane, while the inner plaque is an amorphous intranuclear layer, and the outer plaque is the layer located in the cytoplasm.[1]", "Mitosis. Close to the nucleus of animal cells are structures called centrosomes, consisting of a pair of centrioles surrounded by a loose collection of proteins. The centrosome is the coordinating center for the cell's microtubules. A cell inherits a single centrosome at cell division, which is duplicated by the cell before a new round of mitosis begins, giving a pair of centrosomes. The two centrosomes polymerize tubulin to help form a microtubule spindle apparatus. Motor proteins then push the centrosomes along these microtubules to opposite sides of the cell. Although centrosomes help organize microtubule assembly, they are not essential for the formation of the spindle apparatus, since they are absent from plants,[17] and are not absolutely required for animal cell mitosis.[23]", "Hassall's corpuscles. Hassall's corpuscles (or thymic corpuscles (bodies)) are structures found in the medulla of the human thymus, formed from eosinophilic type VI epithelial reticular cells arranged concentrically. These concentric corpuscles are composed of a central mass, consisting of one or more granular cells, and of a capsule formed of epithelioid cells. They vary in size with diameters from 20 to more than 100μm, and tend to grow larger with age.[1] They can be spherical or ovoid and their epithelial cells contain keratohyalin and bundles of cytoplasmic fibres.[2] Later studies indicate that Hassall's corpuscles differentiate from medullary thymic epithelial cells after they lose autoimmune regulator (AIRE) expression.[3] They are named for Arthur Hill Hassall, who discovered them in 1846.[4][5]", "Microtubule organizing center. Plant cells lack centrioles or spindle pole bodies except in their flagellate male gametes, and they are entirely absent in the conifers and flowering plants.[4] Instead, the nuclear envelope itself appears to function as the main MTOC for microtubule nucleation and spindle organization during plant cell mitosis.", "Interlobular arteries. From each glomerulus, the corresponding efferent arteriole arises and then exits the capsule near the point where the afferent arteriole enters. Distally, efferent arterioles branch out to form dense plexuses (i.e., capillary beds) around their adjacent renal tubules. For cortical nephrons, a single network of capillaries, known as the peritubular capillaries, surrounds the entire renal tubule, whereas for juxtamedullary nephrons, the peritubular capillaries surround only the proximal and distal convoluted tubules, while another network branching from the efferent arteriole, known as the straight arterioles of kidney, surrounds the nephron loop (of Henle).", "Straight arterioles of kidney. These vessels branch off the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons (those nephrons closest to the medulla), enter the medulla, and surround the loop of Henle. The straight arterioles are peritubular capillaries, specifically those that surround the loop of Henle.[1]", "Stereocilia (inner ear). In the vestibular system, the stereocilia are located in the otolithic organs and the semicircular canals. Hair cells in the vestibular system are slightly different from those in the auditory system, in that vestibular hair cells have one tallest cilium, termed the kinocilium. Bending the stereocilia toward the kinocilium depolarizes the cell and results in increased afferent activity. Bending the stereocilia away from the kinocilium hyperpolarizes the cell and results in a decrease in afferent activity. In the semicircular canals, the hair cells are found in the crista ampullaris, and the stereocilia protrude into the ampullary cupula. Here, the stereocilia are all oriented in the same direction. In the otoliths, the hair cells are topped by small, calcium carbonate crystals called otoconia. Unlike the semicircular ducts, the kinocilia of hair cells in the otoliths are not oriented in a consistent direction. The kinocilia point toward (in the utricle) or away from (in the saccule) a middle line called the striola.[5]", "Microvillus. In the enterocyte microvillus, the structural core is attached to the plasma membrane along its length by lateral arms made of myosin 1a and Ca2+ binding protein calmodulin. Myosin 1a functions through a binding site for filamentous actin on one end and a lipid binding domain on the other. The plus ends of the actin filaments are located at the tip of the microvillus and are capped, possibly by capZ proteins,[2] while the minus ends are anchored in the terminal web composed of a complicated set of proteins including spectrin and myosin II.", "Spindle apparatus. The cellular spindle apparatus includes the spindle microtubules, associated proteins, which include kinesin and dynein molecular motors, condensed chromosomes, and any centrosomes or asters that may be present at the spindle poles depending on the cell type.[4] The spindle apparatus is vaguely ellipsoid in cross section and tapers at the ends. In the wide middle portion, known as the spindle midzone, antiparallel microtubules are bundled by kinesins. At the pointed ends, known as spindle poles, microtubules are nucleated by the centrosomes in most animal cells. Acentrosomal or anastral spindles lack centrosomes or asters at the spindle poles, respectively, and occur for example during female meiosis in most animals.[5] In this instance, a Ran GTP gradient is the main regulator of spindle microtubule organization and assembly. In fungi, spindles form between spindle pole bodies embedded in the nuclear envelope, which does not break down during mitosis.", "Coriolis force. Coriolis forces resulting from linear motion of these appendages are detected within the rotating frame of reference of the insects' bodies. In the case of flies, their specialized appendages are dumbbell shaped organs located just behind their wings called \"halteres\".[66]", "Meiosis. During these stages, two centrosomes, containing a pair of centrioles in animal cells, migrate to the two poles of the cell. These centrosomes, which were duplicated during S-phase, function as microtubule organizing centers nucleating microtubules, which are essentially cellular ropes and poles. The microtubules invade the nuclear region after the nuclear envelope disintegrates, attaching to the chromosomes at the kinetochore. The kinetochore functions as a motor, pulling the chromosome along the attached microtubule toward the originating centrosome, like a train on a track. There are four kinetochores on each tetrad, but the pair of kinetochores on each sister chromatid fuses and functions as a unit during meiosis I.[19][20]", "Cytoskeleton. In nine triplet sets (star-shaped), they form the centrioles, and in nine doublets oriented about two additional microtubules (wheel-shaped), they form cilia and flagella. The latter formation is commonly referred to as a \"9+2\" arrangement, wherein each doublet is connected to another by the protein dynein. As both flagella and cilia are structural components of the cell, and are maintained by microtubules, they can be considered part of the cytoskeleton. There are two types of cilia: motile and non-motile cilia. Cilia are short and more numerous than flagella. The motile cilia have a rhythmic waving or beating motion compared to the non-motile cilia which receive sensory information for the cell; processing signals from the other cells or the fluids surrounding it. Additionally, the microtubules control the beating (movement) of the cilia and flagella. [27] Also, the dynein arms attached to the microtubules function as the molecular motors. The motion of the cilia and flagella is created by the microtubules sliding past one another, which requires ATP. [28] They play key roles in:", "Spermatozoon. Neck: It is the smallest part (0.03 ×10−6 m), and has a proximal and distal centriole. The proximal centriole enters into the egg during fertilisation and starts the first cleavage division of the egg, which has no centriole. The distal centriole gives rise to axial filament which forms the tail and has (9+2) arrangement. A transitory membrane called Manchette lies in middle piece." ]

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[ "Acid rain. Though acidic rain was discovered in 1853, it was not until the late 1960s that scientists began widely observing and studying the phenomenon.[6] The term \"acid rain\" was coined in 1872 by Robert Angus Smith.[7] Canadian Harold Harvey was among the first to research a \"dead\" lake. At first the main focus in research lay on local affects of acid rain. Waldemar Christofer Brøgger was the first to acknowledge long-distance transportation of pollutants crossing borders from the United Kingdom to Norway[8]. Public awareness of acid rain in the U.S increased in the 1970s after The New York Times published reports from the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in New Hampshire of the myriad deleterious environmental effects shown to result from it.[9][10]", "Acid rain. The term Citizen science can be traced back as far as January 1989 and a campaign by the Audubon Society to measure Acid rain. Scientist Muki Haklay cites in a policy report for the Wilson Center entitled 'Citizen Science and Policy: A European Perspective' a first use of the term 'citizen science' by R. Kerson in the magazine MIT Technology Review from January 1989.[37][38] Quoting from the Wilson Center report: \"The new form of engagement in science received the name \"citizen science\". The first recorded example of the use of the term is from 1989, describing how 225 volunteers across the US collected rain samples to assist the Audubon Society in an acid-rain awareness raising campaign. The volunteers collected samples, checked for acidity, and reported back to the organization. The information was then used to demonstrate the full extent of the phenomenon.\"[37][38]", "Acid rain. The earliest report about acid rain in the United States was from the chemical evidence from Hubbard Brook Valley. In 1972, a group of scientists including Gene Likens discovered the rain that was deposited at White Mountains of New Hampshire was acidic. The pH of the sample was measured to be 4.03 at Hubbard Brook.[17] The Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study followed up with a series of research that analyzed the environmental effects of acid rain. Acid rain that mixed with stream water at Hubbard Brook was neutralized by the alumina from soils.[18] The result of this research indicates the chemical reaction between acid rain and aluminum leads to increasing rate of soil weathering. Experimental research was done to examine the effects of increased acidity in stream on ecological species. In 1980, a group of scientists modified the acidity of Norris Brook, New Hampshire, and observed the change in species’ behaviors. There was a decrease in species diversity, an increase in community dominants, and a decrease in the food web complexity.[19]", "Acid rain. In 1980, the U.S. Congress passed an Acid Deposition Act.[20] This Act established an 18-year assessment and research program under the direction of the National Acidic Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP). NAPAP looked at the entire problem from a scientific perspective. It enlarged a network of monitoring sites to determine how acidic the precipitation actually was, and to determine long-term trends, and established a network for dry deposition. It looked at the effects of acid rain and funded research on the effects of acid precipitation on freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems, historical buildings, monuments, and building materials. It also funded extensive studies on atmospheric processes and potential control programs.", "Acid rain. The corrosive effect of polluted, acidic city air on limestone and marble was noted in the 17th century by John Evelyn, who remarked upon the poor condition of the Arundel marbles.[2] Since the Industrial Revolution, emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere have increased.[3][4] In 1852, Robert Angus Smith was the first to show the relationship between acid rain and atmospheric pollution in Manchester, England.[5]", "Acid rain. The first emissions trading market was established in the United States by enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. The overall goal of the Acid Rain Program established by the Act[58] is to achieve significant environmental and public health benefits through reductions in emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), the primary causes of acid rain. To achieve this goal at the lowest cost to society, the program employs both regulatory and market based approaches for controlling air pollution.", "Fossil fuel power station. Acid rain is caused by the emission of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide. These gases may be only mildly acidic themselves, yet when they react with the atmosphere, they create acidic compounds such as sulfurous acid, nitric acid and sulfuric acid which fall as rain, hence the term acid rain. In Europe and the U.S.A., stricter emission laws and decline in heavy industries have reduced the environmental hazards associated with this problem, leading to lower emissions after their peak in 1960s.", "Acid rain. \"Acid rain\" is a popular term referring to the deposition of a mixture from wet (rain, snow, sleet, fog, cloudwater, and dew) and dry (acidifying particles and gases) acidic components. Distilled water, once carbon dioxide is removed, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are alkaline. \"Clean\" or unpolluted rain has an acidic pH, but usually no lower than 5.7, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid according to the following reaction:", "Acid rain. In 1981, the National Academy of Sciences was looking into research about the controversial issues regarding acid rain.[22] President Ronald Reagan did not place a huge attention on the issues of acid rain[23] until his personal visit to Canada and confirmed that Canadian border suffered from the drifting pollution from smokestacks in Midwest of US. Reagan honored the agreement to Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau’s enforcement of anti-pollution regulation.[24] In 1982, US President Ronald Reagan commissioned William Nierenberg to serve on the National Science Board.[25] Nierenberg selected scientists including Gene Likens to serve on a panel to draft a report on acid rain. In 1983, the panel of scientists came up with a draft report, which concluded that acid rain is a real problem and solutions should be sought.[26] White House Office of Science and Technology Policy reviewed the draft report and sent Fred Singer’s suggestions of the report, which cast doubt on the cause of acid rain.[27] The panelists revealed rejections against Singer’s positions and submitted the report to Nierenberg in April. In May 1983, the House of Representatives voted against legislations that aimed to control sulfur emissions. There was a debate about whether Nierenberg delayed to release the report. Nierenberg himself denied the saying about his suppression of the report and explained that the withheld of the report after the House's vote was due to the fact that the report was not ready to be published.[28]", "Acid rain. Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, meaning that it has elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). It can have harmful effects on plants, aquatic animals and infrastructure. Acid rain is caused by emissions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, which react with the water molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. Some governments have made efforts since the 1970s to reduce the release of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide into the atmosphere with positive results. Nitrogen oxides can also be produced naturally by lightning strikes, and sulfur dioxide is produced by volcanic eruptions. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms, causing paint to peel, corrosion of steel structures such as bridges, and weathering of stone buildings and statues as well as having impacts on human health.", "Acid rain. Acidic deposits have been detected in glacial ice thousands of years old in remote parts of the globe.[14]", "Acid rain. In 1991, the US National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program (NAPAP) provided its first assessment of acid rain in the United States.[29] It reported that 5% of New England Lakes were acidic, with sulfates being the most common problem. They noted that 2% of the lakes could no longer support Brook Trout, and 6% of the lakes were unsuitable for the survival of many species of minnow. Subsequent Reports to Congress have documented chemical changes in soil and freshwater ecosystems, nitrogen saturation, decreases in amounts of nutrients in soil, episodic acidification, regional haze, and damage to historical monuments.", "History of Manchester. In 1841, Robert Angus Smith took up work as an analytical chemist at the Royal Manchester Institution and started to research the unprecedented environmental problems. Smith went on to become the first director of the Alkali Inspectorate and to characterise, and coin the term, acid rain.", "Acid rain. Wet deposition of acids occurs when any form of precipitation (rain, snow, and so on.) removes acids from the atmosphere and delivers it to the Earth's surface. This can result from the deposition of acids produced in the raindrops (see aqueous phase chemistry above) or by the precipitation removing the acids either in clouds or below clouds. Wet removal of both gases and aerosols are both of importance for wet deposition.", "Acid rain. The problem of acid rain has not only increased with population and industrial growth, but has become more widespread. The use of tall smokestacks to reduce local pollution has contributed to the spread of acid rain by releasing gases into regional atmospheric circulation.[14][15] Often deposition occurs a considerable distance downwind of the emissions, with mountainous regions tending to receive the greatest deposition (simply because of their higher rainfall). An example of this effect is the low pH of rain which falls in Scandinavia.", "Weathering. Rainfall is acidic because atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in the rainwater producing weak carbonic acid. In unpolluted environments, the rainfall pH is around 5.6. Acid rain occurs when gases such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are present in the atmosphere. These oxides react in the rain water to produce stronger acids and can lower the pH to 4.5 or even 3.0. Sulfur dioxide, SO2, comes from volcanic eruptions or from fossil fuels, can become sulfuric acid within rainwater, which can cause solution weathering to the rocks on which it falls.", "Acid mine drainage. Historically, the acidic discharges from active or abandoned mines were called acid mine drainage, or AMD. The term acid rock drainage, or ARD, was introduced in the 1980s and 1990s to indicate that acidic drainage can originate from sources other than mines.[1] For example, a paper presented in 1991 at a major international conference on this subject was titled: \"The Prediction of Acid Rock Drainage - Lessons from the Database\"[2] Both AMD and ARD refer to low pH or acidic waters caused by the oxidation of sulfide minerals, though ARD is the more generic name.", "Acid rain. From the start, policy advocates from all sides attempted to influence NAPAP activities to support their particular policy advocacy efforts, or to disparage those of their opponents.[20] For the U.S. Government's scientific enterprise, a significant impact of NAPAP were lessons learned in the assessment process and in environmental research management to a relatively large group of scientists, program managers and the public.[21]", "Acid–base reaction. In 1838, Justus von Liebig proposed that an acid is a hydrogen-containing substance in which the hydrogen could be replaced by a metal.[4][5][6] This redefinition was based on his extensive work on the chemical composition of organic acids, finishing the doctrinal shift from oxygen-based acids to hydrogen-based acids started by Davy. Liebig's definition, while completely empirical, remained in use for almost 50 years until the adoption of the Arrhenius definition.[7]", "Formic acid. Some alchemists and naturalists were aware that ant hills give off an acidic vapor as early as the 15th century. The first person to describe the isolation of this substance (by the distillation of large numbers of ants) was the English naturalist John Ray, in 1671.[37][38] Ants secrete the formic acid for attack and defense purposes. Formic acid was first synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by the French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac. In 1855, another French chemist, Marcellin Berthelot, developed a synthesis from carbon monoxide similar to the process used today.", "Thunderstorm. Acid rain is also a frequent risk produced by lightning. Distilled water has a neutral pH of 7. “Clean” or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.[50] Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena,[51] caused by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or certain other solid chemical compounds. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.[52]", "Clean Air Act (United States). This title was added as part of the 1990 amendments. It addresses the issue of acid rain, which is caused by nitrogen oxides (NOX) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from electric power plants powered by fossil fuels, and other industrial sources. The 1990 amendments gave industries more pollution control options including switching to low-sulfur coal and/or adding devices that controlled the harmful emissions. In some cases plants had to be closed down to prevent the dangerous chemicals from entering the atmosphere.[23]", "Acid rain. However, unpolluted rain can also contain other chemicals which affect its pH (acidity level). A common example is nitric acid produced by electric discharge in the atmosphere such as lightning.[1] Acid deposition as an environmental issue (discussed later in the article) would include additional acids other than H2CO3.", "Transaction processing. Jim Gray defined properties of a reliable transaction system in the late 1970s under the acronym ACID — atomicity, consistency, isolation, and durability.[1]", "Acid rain. The principal cause of acid rain is sulfur and nitrogen compounds from human sources, such as electricity generation, factories, and motor vehicles. Electrical power generation using coal is among the greatest contributors to gaseous pollutions that are responsible for acidic rain. The gases can be carried hundreds of kilometers in the atmosphere before they are converted to acids and deposited. In the past, factories had short funnels to let out smoke but this caused many problems locally; thus, factories now have taller smoke funnels. However, dispersal from these taller stacks causes pollutants to be carried farther, causing widespread ecological damage.", "Acid rain. which is followed by:", "Environmental policy of the United States. Acid deposition, in the form of acid rain and dry deposition, is the result of sulfur and nitrogen dioxide being emitted into the air, traveling and landing in a different place, and changing the acidity of the water or land on which the chemicals fall. Acid deposition in the Northeast United States from the burning of coal and in the West United States from utilities and motor vehicles caused a number of problems, and was partially exacerbated by the Clean Air Act, which forced coal power plants to use taller smoke stacks, resulting in farther transmission of sulfur dioxide in the air.", "Sulfur cycle. When SO2 is emitted as an air pollutant, it forms sulfuric acid through reactions with water in the atmosphere. Once the acid is completely dissociated in water the pH can drop to 4.3 or lower causing damage to both man-made and natural systems. According to the EPA, acid rain is a broad term referring to a mixture of wet and dry deposition (deposited material) from the atmosphere containing higher than normal amounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. Distilled water (water without any dissolved constituents), which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Rain naturally has a slightly acidic pH of 5.6, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a very weak acid. Around Washington, D.C., however, the average rain pH is between 4.2 and 4.4. Since pH is on a log scale dropping by 1 (the difference between normal rain water and acid rain) has a dramatic effect on the strength of the acid. In the United States, roughly 2/3 of all SO2 and 1/4 of all NO3 come from electric power generation that relies on burning fossil fuels, like coal.", "Acid rain. Acid rain has been shown to have adverse impacts on forests, freshwaters and soils, killing insect and aquatic life-forms as well as causing damage to buildings and having impacts on human health.", "Acid rain. Occasional pH readings in rain and fog water of well below 2.4 have been reported in industrialized areas.[3] Industrial acid rain is a substantial problem in China and Russia[11][12] and areas downwind from them. These areas all burn sulfur-containing coal to generate heat and electricity.[13]", "Storm. Precipitation with low potential of hydrogen levels (pH), otherwise known as acid rain, is also a frequent risk produced by lightning. Distilled water, which contains no carbon dioxide, has a neutral pH of 7. Liquids with a pH less than 7 are acidic, and those with a pH greater than 7 are bases. “Clean” or unpolluted rain has a slightly acidic pH of about 5.2, because carbon dioxide and water in the air react together to form carbonic acid, a weak acid (pH 5.6 in distilled water), but unpolluted rain also contains other chemicals.[24] Nitric oxide present during thunderstorm phenomena,[25] caused by the splitting of nitrogen molecules, can result in the production of acid rain, if nitric oxide forms compounds with the water molecules in precipitation, thus creating acid rain. Acid rain can damage infrastructures containing calcite or other solid chemical compounds containing carbon. In ecosystems, acid rain can dissolve plant tissues of vegetations and increase acidification process in bodies of water and in soil, resulting in deaths of marine and terrestrial organisms.[26]", "Calcium carbonate. In 1989, a researcher, Ken Simmons, introduced CaCO3 into the Whetstone Brook in Massachusetts.[36] His hope was that the calcium carbonate would counter the acid in the stream from acid rain and save the trout that had ceased to spawn. Although his experiment was a success, it did increase the amount of aluminium ions in the area of the brook that was not treated with the limestone. This shows that CaCO3 can be added to neutralize the effects of acid rain in river ecosystems. Currently calcium carbonate is used to neutralize acidic conditions in both soil and water.[37][38][39] Since the 1970s, such liming has been practiced on a large scale in Sweden to mitigate acidification and several thousand lakes and streams are limed repeatedly.[40]" ]

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[ "Clan Kincaid. The chiefs of Clan Kincaid are said to be descended from several families including the ancient Earls of Lennox, the Galbraiths of Buthernock, the Grahames and also the Comyn Lords of Badenoch.[2] The name Kincaid appears to have been of territorial origin.[2] One explanation is that it comes from ceanncadha that is Scottish Gaelic for the steep place or pass.[2] Another translation is that it might mean of the head of the rock.[2] Yet another possibility is that it means the head of the battle, possibly referring to an achievement in the family history.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. In 1238 an early reference to the name is found when Alexander II of Scotland granted the lands of Kincade to Maldouen, third Earl of Lennox.[2] In the same year the Earl of Lennox granted the lands to Sir William Galbraith, 4th chief of Galbraith.[2] The Galbraith's main castle was originally at Craigmaddie, but when the line ended in three sisters the estate was separated.[2] One of the sisters married a Logan in 1280 and they received the lands of Kyncade by a charter from the fourth Earl of Lennox.[2] The family then took their surname from the property, of which the spelling was then different.[2] The Kyncade lands consisted of thirty thousand acres, extending from the River Kelvin to the River Glazert.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. On 2 June 1959, Alwyne Cecil Peareth Kincaid-Lennox petitioned the Lord Lyon King of Arms to succeed to the coat of arms of his great-great-grandfather, John Kincaid of Kincaid, who had matriculated his Arms and Supporters on 29 July 1808.[3] This John Kincaid of Kincaid married secondly Cecilia Lennox of Woodhead and their son, John Lennox Kincaid, became the legal representative of both the Kincaid and Lennox families upon the death of John Kincaid of Kincaid on 7 February 1832. John Lennox Kincaid Lennox had his coat of arms, the impaled arms of Lennox and Kincaid, matriculated on 12 June 1833.[4] John Lennox Kincaid Lennox died without male heirs and the Kincaid of Kincaid name and coat of arms became dormant. Alwyne Cecil Peareth Kincaid-Lennox's petition was granted and he was recognised as chief of the name of Kincaid by the Lord Lyon King of Arms on 1 July 1959.[5] He took on the name Alwyne Cecil Kincaid of Kincaid and began participating in activities to promote Kincaid as a new Scottish Clan.[6]", "Clan Kincaid. During the Scottish Civil War of the seventeenth century the Kincaids fought on the royalist side.[2] However they largely campaigned in Ireland.[2] The family suffered as a result of supporting the royalists and many of the name Kincaid emigrated to North America.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. During the Jacobite rising of 1715 the Kincaids supported the exiled Stuarts and following the rising David Kincaid left Scotland and settled in Virginia.[2] During the Jacobite rising of 1745 four sons of Alexander Kincaid, who was Lord Provost of Edinburgh and the King's Printer, fought a rearguard action after the Battle of Culloden.[2] They were taken prisoner but managed to escape, taking ship to America, and also settling in Virginia.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. The principal line of Kincaids married into the Lennox family at the end of the eighteenth century.[2] Over the next two centuries the two families were almost synonymous but the Kincaids have now re-established themselves as an independent family.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. Clan Kincaid is a Highland Scottish clan.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. Madame Heather Veronica Kincaid of Kincaid was succeeded by her granddaughter, Arabella Jane Kincaid Lennox. She matriculated her coat of arms on 26 January 2001 and assumed the name Arabella Jane Kincaid of Kincaid.[8] She is married to Giles Vivian Inglis-Jones and they have four children. Arabella Jane Kincaid of Kincaid is represented by the Clan Kincaid Organization based in the United States.[9][10]", "Clan Kincaid. Malcolm Kincaid lost his left arm in a clan skirmish in 1563.[2] He was later also involved in a feud with the Clan Lennox of Woodhead in the 1570s.[2] The same Malcolm Kincaid was killed in 1581 by a Stirling of Glovat.[2] The feud with the Clan Lennox has been commented by some historians as remarkable because it was due to a marriage with the Lennox family that the Kincaid name was later re-established as an independent clan in the twentieth century.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. The Kincaid family increased their landholdings in the east of the country from the late sixteenth century onwards.[2] This included the estate of Craiglockhart, near Edinburgh that the Kincaids gained from an adventurous marriage.[2] They later also added the estate of Bantaskin near Falkirk, the Blackness Castle near Linlithgow and the fields of Warriston that is now a suburb of Edinburgh.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. One member of the Kincaid family distinguished himself by gallant conduct against the English forces of Edward I of England and in 1296 successfully recaptured Edinburgh Castle.[2] The Laird of Kincaid then held the office of constable of Edinburgh Castle until about 1314.[2] In reference to this honorable feat, during the reign of Robert the Bruce the castle was added to the Kincaid shield as an honorable augmentation to his armorial bearings.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. In 1600 John Kincaid of Warriston was murdered by one of his grooms who had been in league with his wife.[2] The groom was forced to confess and while Lady Kincaid was beheaded, the groom was broken on the wheel.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. The Kincaids erected a tower or peel at the end of the thirteenth century when they obtained their lands.[2] Nothing remains of this today, but a house was built in 1690, enlarged during the eighteenth century and rebuilt in 1812.[2]", "Clan Kincaid. Alwyne Cecil Kincaid of Kincaid died on 3 September 1983, and was succeeded by his niece, Heather Veronica Peareth Kincaid Lennox who then became Heather Veronica Kincaid of Kincaid. She matriculated her coat of arms on 16 August 1988.[7] Madame Heather Veronica Kincaid of Kincaid was born in Glasgow, Scotland on 10 March 1918 and was the only child of William Mandeville Peareth Kincaid-Lennox and Eva St. Clair Donald. She was twice married; first to Lieutenant-Commander Denis Arthur Hawker Hornell and secondly to William Henry Allen (Hal) Edghill. Her only child, Denis Peareth Hornell, succeeded to the chiefship of Clan Lennox and became Denis Peareth Hornell Lennox of that Ilk. Madame Heather Veronica Kincaid of Kincaid died on 2 August 1999 in Shropshire, England.", "Clan Kincaid. Kincaid House is located on the old Kincaid lands in what is now Milton of Campsie, East Dunbartonshire, Scotland. It was the ancestral home of the Kincaids of that Ilk, with the oldest part of the house dating back to 1690. The current style of the house was designed by architect David Hamilton for John Kincaid of that Ilk in 1812. His son and heir, John Lennox Kincaid Lennox, had Hamilton design and build Lennox Castle on the ancient Lennox of Woodhead estate in the Parish of Campsie; about a mile and half west of Lennoxtown, between 1837 and 1841. The family moved there and Kincaid House was sold in 1921. It was eventually converted into a hotel and remains in use as such today. Lennox Castle was sold in 1927, and for some time after that was used as a mental hospital, as well as a maternity hospital. The last patients left the hospital in 2002,[11] and Lennox Castle remained empty until it was severely damaged by fire on 19 May 2008.\nPart of the former castle grounds is now the site of Celtic Football Club's training facility.", "Claire Kincaid. Kincaid is introduced in the episode \"Sweeps\" as an Assistant District Attorney in the Manhattan DA's office.[1] She is portrayed as an idealistic, outspoken feminist[2] and agnostic[3] who becomes increasingly disillusioned with her job. She is vocally pro-choice, opposes the death penalty, and has ambivalent feelings about drug prohibition.[4] These political views often come into conflict with the realities of the legal system. She graduated from Harvard Law School, where her stepfather Mac Geller (played by Len Cariou) had been one of her professors.[5]", "From the Mixed-Up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler. The Kincaids live in Greenwich, Connecticut. Mrs. Frankweiler lives on a \"country estate\" in Farmington, Connecticut, closer to Hartford.", "Claire Kincaid. Assistant District Attorney Claire Kincaid is a fictional character on the television series Law & Order, played by Jill Hennessy from 1993 to 1996. She appeared in 69 episodes (68 of Law & Order, and the Homicide: Life on the Street episode \"For God and Country\").", "Claire Kincaid. The Kincaid character was written out after Hennessy expressed concern about being typecast as an \"uptight lawyer\".[14] Kincaid was originally intended to be portrayed as paralyzed and leaving the DA's office for private practice after the events of \"Aftershock\". This was eventually changed to Kincaid's death, which wasn't officially confirmed until Season 9. Hennessy rejects claims she refused to come back for a follow-up episode: \"I made it clear I wanted to come back. I found out they killed me off from a friend who watched the show and told me, 'Jill, they said you were dead!' I was surprised, because I always thought I would return. Even now, I'd love to come back for some bizarre flashbacks.\"[14]", "Hayes (surname). In Ireland, Hayes originated as a Gaelic polygenetic surname \"O hAodha\", meaning descendant of Aodh (\"fire\"), or of Aed, an Irish mythological god. Septs in most counties anglicised \"O hAodha\" to \"Hayes\". In County Cork, it became \"O'Hea\". In the province of Ulster, it became \"Hughes\", the patronymic of Hugh, an anglicized variant of the given name Aodh. Hayes is noted on a public record in County Wexford as early as 1182. In County Cork, under the Munster providence, Hayes falls under the banner of the McNamara clan in the Dalcassian Sept. Other Irish Hayeses have also been associated with Clan Cian, the ruling O'Carroll clan of southern Ireland.[7][8][9]", "Irish name. A male's surname generally takes the form Ó/Ua (meaning \"descendant\") or Mac (\"son\") followed by the genitive case of a name, as in Ó Dónaill (\"descendant of Dónall\") or Mac Lochlainn (\"son of Lochlann\").", "List of A Nightmare on Elm Street characters. Roland Kincaid is a patient at Westin Hills hospital, admitted due to his refusal to sleep following a series of horrific nightmares. Kincaid is aggressive and resistant to being sedated, often being locked in solitary confinement and singing songs to try to stay awake. Along with the other children at the facility, he is pulled into the dream world by Kristen Parker to help defeat Freddy and free Joey who is being held hostage. In the dream world, he gains the power of superhuman strength that he uses to help the group overcome obstacles. Together, the group manage to defeat Freddy.[3]", "Surname. Archer, Bailey, Baker, Brewer, Butcher, Carter, Chandler, Clark, Collier, Cooper, Cook, Carpenter, Dempster, Dyer, Farmer, Faulkner, Fisher, Fletcher, Fowler, Fuller, Gardener, Glover, Hayward, Hawkins, Head, Hunt or Hunter, Judge, Knight, Miller, Mason, Page, Palmer, Parker, Porter, Potter, Sawyer, Slater, Smith, Stringer, Taylor, Thatcher, Turner, Walker, Weaver, Woodman and Wright (or variations such as Cartwright and Wainwright).", "Palmer (surname). Palmer is an occupational surname of English and Scottish origin.[1] Notable people with the surname include:", "Alan (given name). Alan is a masculine given name in the English language.[2] The name is believed by scholars to have been brought to England by people from Brittany, in the 11th century; later the name spread north into Scotland and west into Ireland.[3] In Ireland and Scotland there are Gaelic forms of the name which may, or may not, be etymologically related to the name introduced by the Bretons.", "Leroy (name). Leroy (/ləˈrɔɪ/ lə-ROY), also Leeroy, LeeRoy, Lee Roy, LeRoy or Le Roy, is both a male given name in English-speaking countries and a family name of French origin.[1] Leroy [lørwa] is one of the most common surnames in northern France. As a surname it is sometimes written Le Roy, as a translation of Breton Ar Roue. It is an archaic spelling of le roi, meaning \"the king\" and is the equivalent of the English surname King.", "Allen (surname). In Ireland, Allen is the Anglicization of the Gaelic name Ó h-Ailín.[1] Allen is the 41st most common surname in England.[2]", "Ryan (given name). Ryan is an English-language given name of Irish origin. It is primarily a male name. It comes from the Irish surname Ryan.[2] See Ryan (surname) for more information about the origins of the name.", "Morton (surname). Morton is an English, Irish, and Scottish surname. Notable people with the surname include:", "Alan (given name). Today the use of the given name (and its variants) is due to its popularity among the Bretons who imported the name to England, to Cornwall, and later to Ireland.[2][15] The Bretons formed a significant part of William, Duke of Normandy's army at the Battle of Hastings in 1066. Later many Bretons were granted lands throughout William's freshly conquered kingdom. The most notable Breton Alan, Earl of Richmond, a cadet of the ducal house of Brittany, who was awarded with a large swath of lands in England - specifically lands in what is today Lincolnshire and East Anglia. The Breton character in many English counties can be traced through Breton personal names still in use in the 12th centuries. The name ranked 8th in popular in Lincolnshire, in the 12th century, where it was about even with Simon, and more numerous than Henry.[31] Early occurrences of the name in British records include: Alanus in 1066 (in the Domesday Book); and Alain in 1183.[31] The name became popular in Scotland in part through the Stewarts.[18] This family descends from Alan fitz Flaad, an Anglo-Breton knight, who possessed lands in what is modern day Shropshire, England.", "Hayes (surname). In England, Hayes arose as a locational surname, associated with one of the several places named or suffixed -Hay, -Hays, -Hayes, etc., such as locations in Kent, Middlesex, Devon and Dorset. Such place names had two origins, one based on the Old English haes (brushwood, underwood) and the other based on horg (enclosure) or hege (hedge).[3] The distribution of Hayes in Great Britain in 1881 and 1998 is similar and restricted to areas of England well separated from Scotland and showing some penetration into Wales.[6] This surname has gained in popularity in the century between 1881 and 1998, but remains at a rank of <150 and a frequency lower than that in the United States and some other countries of the Commonwealth.[6]", "Costello (surname). Costello is an Irish surname." ]

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[ "New England Patriots. The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston, Massachusetts and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium.", "List of New England Patriots seasons. The New England Patriots are an American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. Originally called the Boston Patriots, the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan.[1] The team became part of the NFL when the two leagues merged in 1970. The following year, they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough, and changed their name to the New England Patriots.[2]", "New England Patriots. When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]", "History of the New England Patriots. When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the AFC East division, where they still play today. The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, which would serve as their home for 30 years; the team also changed their name to the New England Patriots to reflect the location change, as well as its following throughout the region as its only NFL team (though both New York City teams have substantial followings in parts of Connecticut as well). During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card-berth—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They would lose both games. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost against the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. They changed ownership several times in that period, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri, but sold the team two years later to current owner, local businessman Robert Kraft in 1994.[2]", "Gillette Stadium. Gillette Stadium is a stadium located in Foxborough, Massachusetts, 28 miles (45 km) southwest of downtown Boston and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. It serves as the home stadium and administrative offices for both the NFL's New England Patriots football franchise and MLS's New England Revolution soccer team. In 2012, it also became the home stadium for the football program of the University of Massachusetts (UMass), while on-campus Warren McGuirk Alumni Stadium was undergoing renovations. Gillette will continue to host higher attended home games.", "List of New England Patriots starting quarterbacks. The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They are a member of the East Division of the American Football Conference (AFC). The team began as the Boston Patriots in the American Football League, a league that merged with the National Football League before the start of the 1970 season.[1] In 1971, the team relocated to Foxborough, where they then became the New England Patriots. Between 1971 and 2001, the Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium. Since 2002, the Patriots have played their home games at Gillette Stadium (formerly CMGI Field), which was built adjacent to Foxboro Stadium (which was then demolished, and the site was turned into a parking lot for Gillette Stadium).", "New England Patriots. An original member of the American Football League (AFL), the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues. The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971. The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001, then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season. The Patriots' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL.", "New England Patriots. During the 1970s, the Patriots had some success, earning a berth to the playoffs in 1976—as a wild card team—and in 1978—as AFC East champions. They lost in the first round both times. In 1985, they returned to the playoffs, and made it all the way to Super Bowl XX, which they lost to the Chicago Bears 46–10. Following their Super Bowl loss, they returned to the playoffs in 1986, but lost in the first round. The team would not make the playoffs again for eight more years. During the 1990 season, the Patriots went 1–15. They changed ownership three times in the ensuing 14 years, being purchased from the Sullivan family first by Victor Kiam in 1988, who sold the team to James Orthwein in 1992. Orthwein intended to move the team to his native St. Louis, Missouri (where it would have been renamed as the St. Louis Stallions), but instead sold the team in 1994 to its current owner Robert Kraft.[6]", "New England Patriots. The Patriots' current coach, Bill Belichick, was hired in 2000, and a new home field, Gillette Stadium, was opened in 2002. Under Belichick, the team won three Super Bowls in four years (2001, 2003, and 2004). The Patriots finished the 2007 regular season with a perfect 16–0 record, becoming only the fourth team in league history to go undefeated in the regular season, and the only one since the league expanded its regular season schedule to 16 games.[6] After advancing to Super Bowl XLII, the team's fourth Super Bowl in seven years, the Patriots were defeated by the Giants to end their bid for a 19–0 season. With the loss, the Patriots ended the year at 18–1, becoming only one of three teams to go 18–1 along with the 1984 San Francisco 49ers and the 1985 Chicago Bears. The Patriots' returned to the Super Bowl in 2012 but lost again to the Giants, 21–17.[8] In 2015, they won Super Bowl XLIX, defeating the Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28–24.[9] The Patriots became the first team to reach nine Super Bowls in the 2016–17 playoffs and faced the Atlanta Falcons in Super Bowl LI,[10] which ended up paving the way for their fifth Super Bowl victory,[11] tying them with the Dallas Cowboys and the San Francisco 49ers for the second-most in NFL history, 1 behind the Pittsburgh Steelers with 6; the game was also the first Super Bowl to go into overtime.[12]", "History of the New England Patriots. Throughout his tenure as owner of the Patriots, Robert Kraft attempted to get a new stadium built somewhere in New England. After failing to reach an accord with either the City of Boston or the State of Rhode Island, in 1998 Kraft came close to reaching a deal with the Massachusetts Legislature for Kraft to build a new, self-financed stadium adjacent to the old stadium with the state providing $75 million in infrastructure improvements. However, Massachusetts House Speaker Tom Finneran refused to support the bill, saying that he did not want public money benefiting private interests. Unable to overcome Finneran's objections, Kraft reached a deal with Connecticut Governor John G. Rowland to build a new stadium in Hartford, Connecticut, originally scheduled to open in 2001. However, after the stadium plan was approved by the Connecticut General Assembly, there were a number of problems discovered with the proposed stadium site that would result in considerable delay of the stadium construction. At the same time, the NFL announced loan incentives where teams in the six largest markets (which included Boston) could be eligible to borrow up to $150 million from the league at advantageous interest rates and terms in order to build new stadiums. Furthermore, the Massachusetts Legislature, and Finneran, also indicated that they would be amenable to further discussions with Kraft.", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2011 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "Boston. While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, 2014, and 2016 seasons.[227] They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.[228] The Boston Storm of the United Women's Lacrosse League was formed in 2015.[229]", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "2016 New England Patriots season. at Gillette Stadium, Foxborough, Massachusetts", "New England Patriots. In November 1971, fans voted on a 10-year Patriots anniversary team, which coincided with the team's 10 years in the then-defunct American Football League:[81] Additional selections for returner, special teamer, and coach were added in 2009:[82]" ]

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[ "Manner of articulation. From greatest to least stricture, speech sounds may be classified along a cline as stop consonants (with occlusion, or blocked airflow), fricative consonants (with partially blocked and therefore strongly turbulent airflow), approximants (with only slight turbulence), and vowels (with full unimpeded airflow). Affricates often behave as if they were intermediate between stops and fricatives, but phonetically they are sequences of a stop and fricative.", "Phonetics. Speech sounds are generally produced by the modification of an airstream exhaled from the lungs. The respiratory organs used to create and modify airflow are divided into three regions: the vocal tract (supralaryngeal), the larynx, and the subglottal system. The airstream can be either egressive (out of the vocal tract) or ingressive (into the vocal tract). In pulmonic sounds, the airstream is produced by the lungs in the subglottal system and passes through the larynx and vocal tract. Glottalic sounds use an airstream created by movements of the larynx without airflow from the lungs. Clicks or lingual ingressive sounds create an airstream using the tongue.", "Language. Some speech sounds, both vowels and consonants, involve release of air flow through the nasal cavity, and these are called nasals or nasalized sounds. Other sounds are defined by the way the tongue moves within the mouth: such as the l-sounds (called laterals, because the air flows along both sides of the tongue), and the r-sounds (called rhotics) that are characterized by how the tongue is positioned relative to the air stream.[53]", "Articulatory phonetics. Consonants are produced with some form of restriction or closing in the vocal tract that hinders the airflow from the lungs. Consonants are classified according to where in the vocal tract the airflow has been restricted. This is also known as the place of articulation.", "Manner of articulation. Manners of articulation with substantial obstruction of the airflow (stops, fricatives, affricates) are called obstruents. These are prototypically voiceless, but voiced obstruents are extremely common as well. Manners without such obstruction (nasals, liquids, approximants, and also vowels) are called sonorants because they are nearly always voiced. Voiceless sonorants are uncommon, but are found in Welsh and Classical Greek (the spelling \"rh\"), in Standard Tibetan (the \"lh\" of Lhasa), and the \"wh\" in those dialects of English that distinguish \"which\" from \"witch\".", "Manner of articulation. Nasal airflow may be added as an independent parameter to any speech sound. It is most commonly found in nasal occlusives and nasal vowels, but nasalized fricatives, taps, and approximants are also found. When a sound is not nasal, it is called oral.", "Exhalation. Voluntary expiration is essential for many types of activities. Phonic respiration (speech generation) is a type of controlled expiration that is used every day. Speech generation is completely dependent on expiration, this can be seen by trying to talk while inhaling.[10] Using airflow from the lungs, one can control the duration, amplitude, and pitch.[11] While the air is expelled it flows through the glottis causing vibrations, which produces sound. Depending on the glottis movement the pitch of the voice changes and the intensity of the air through the glottis change the volume of the sound produced by the glottis.[citation needed]", "Phonetics. The lungs are the engine that drives nearly all speech production, and their importance in phonetics is due to their creation of pressure for pulmonic sounds. The most common kinds of sound across languages are pulmonic egress, where air is exhaled from the lungs.[40] The opposite is possible, though no language is known to have pulmonic ingressive sounds as phonemes.[41] Many languages such as Swedish use them for paralinguistic articulations such as affirmations in a number of genetically and geographically diverse languages.[42] Both egressive and ingressive sounds rely on holding the vocal folds in a particular posture and using the lungs to draw air across the vocal folds so that they either vibrate (voiced) or do not vibrate (voiceless).[40] Pulmonic articulations are restricted by the volume of air able to be exhaled in a given respiratory cycle, known as the vital capacity.", "Phonetics. Articulations take place in particular parts of the mouth. They are described by the part of the mouth that constricts airflow and by what part of the mouth that constriction occurs. In most languages constrictions are made with the lips and tongue. Constrictions made by the lips are called labials. The tongue can make constrictions with many different parts, broadly classified into coronal and dorsal places of articulation. Coronal articulations are made with either the tip or blade of the tongue, while dorsal articulations are made with the back of the tongue.[7] These divisions are not sufficient for distinguishing and describing all speech sounds.[7] For example, in English the sounds [s] and [ʃ] are both voiceless coronal fricatives, but they are produced in different places of the mouth. Additionally, that difference in place can result in a difference of meaning like in \"sack\" and \"shack\". To account for this, articulations are further divided based upon the area of the mouth in which the constriction occurs.[8]", "Speech production. Normally speech is created with pulmonary pressure provided by the lungs that generates sound by phonation through the glottis in the larynx that then is modified by the vocal tract into different vowels and consonants. However speech production can occur without the use of the lungs and glottis in alaryngeal speech by using the upper parts of the vocal tract. An example of such alaryngeal speech is Donald Duck talk.[5]", "Articulatory phonetics. [h] [ʔ] the sound [h] is from the flow of air coming from an open glottis, past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce a vowel sound, which always follows [h]. if the air is stopped completely at the glottis by tightly closed vocal chords the sound upon release of the chords is called a glottal stop [ʔ].", "Respiratory sounds. Respiratory sounds, breath sounds, or lung sounds refer to the specific sounds generated by the movement of air through the respiratory system. These may be easily audible or identified through auscultation of the respiratory system through the lung fields[1] with a stethoscope as well as from the spectral chacteristics of lung sounds.[2] These include normal breath sounds and adventitious or \"added\" sounds such as rales, wheezes, pleural friction rubs, stertor and stridor.", "Lung. The lungs also play a pivotal role in speech by providing air and airflow for the creation of vocal sounds,[44][52] and other paralanguage communications such as sighs and gasps.", "Articulatory phonetics. To produce any kind of sound, there must be movement of air. To produce sounds that people today can interpret as words, the movement of air must pass through the vocal chords, up through the throat and, into the mouth or nose to then leave the body. Different sounds are formed by different positions of the mouth—or, as linguists call it, \"the oral cavity\" (to distinguish it from the nasal cavity).", "Manner of articulation. All of these manners of articulation are pronounced with an airstream mechanism called pulmonic egressive, meaning that the air flows outward, and is powered by the lungs (actually the ribs and diaphragm). Other airstream mechanisms are possible. Sounds that rely on some of these include:", "Language. Consonants are those sounds that have audible friction or closure at some point within the upper vocal tract. Consonant sounds vary by place of articulation, i.e. the place in the vocal tract where the airflow is obstructed, commonly at the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, palate, velum, uvula, or glottis. Each place of articulation produces a different set of consonant sounds, which are further distinguished by manner of articulation, or the kind of friction, whether full closure, in which case the consonant is called occlusive or stop, or different degrees of aperture creating fricatives and approximants. Consonants can also be either voiced or unvoiced, depending on whether the vocal cords are set in vibration by airflow during the production of the sound. Voicing is what separates English [s] in bus (unvoiced sibilant) from [z] in buzz (voiced sibilant).[55]", "Respiratory sounds. Common types of abnormal breath sounds include the following:[3]", "Speech production. Articulation, often associated with speech production, is the term used to describe how people physically produced speech sounds. For people who speak fluently, articulation is automatic and allows 15 speech sounds to be produced per second.[30]", "Coarticulation. Coarticulation in its general sense refers to a situation in which a conceptually isolated speech sound is influenced by, and becomes more like, a preceding or following speech sound. There are two types of coarticulation: anticipatory coarticulation, when a feature or characteristic of a speech sound is anticipated (assumed) during the production of a preceding speech sound; and carryover or perseverative coarticulation, when the effects of a sound are seen during the production of sound(s) that follow. Many models have been developed to account for coarticulation. They include the look-ahead, articulatory syllable, time-locked, window, coproduction and articulatory phonology models.[1]", "Speech production. The physical structure of the human nose, throat, and vocal cords allows for the productions of many unique sounds, these areas can be further broken down into places of articulation. Different sounds are produced in different areas, and with different muscles and breathing techniques.[28] Our ability to utilize these skills to create the various sounds needed to communicate effectively is essential to our speech production. Speech is a psychomotor activity. Speech between two people is a conversation - they can be casual, formal, factual, or transactional, and the language structure/ narrative genre employed differs depending upon the context. Affect is a significant factor that controls speech, manifestations that disrupt memory in language use due to affect include feelings of tension, states of apprehension, as well as physical signs like nausea. Language level manifestations that affect brings could be observed with the speaker's hesitations, repetitions, false starts, incompletion, syntactic blends, etc. Difficulties in manner of articulation can contribute to speech difficulties and impediments.[29] It is suggested that infants are capable of making the entire spectrum of possible vowel and consonant sounds. IPA has created a system for understanding and categorizing all possible speech sounds, which includes information about the way in which the sound is produced, and where the sounds is produced.[29] This is extremely useful in the understanding of speech production because speech can be transcribed based on sounds rather than spelling, which may be misleading depending on the language being spoken. Average speaking rates are in the 120 to 150 words per minute (wpm) range, and same is the recommended guidelines for recording audiobooks. As people grow accustomed to a particular language they are prone to lose not only the ability to produce certain speech sounds, but also to distinguish between these sounds.[29]", "Consonant. In articulatory phonetics, a consonant is a speech sound that is articulated with complete or partial closure of the vocal tract. Examples are [p], pronounced with the lips; [t], pronounced with the front of the tongue; [k], pronounced with the back of the tongue; [h], pronounced in the throat; [f] and [s], pronounced by forcing air through a narrow channel (fricatives); and [m] and [n], which have air flowing through the nose (nasals). Contrasting with consonants are vowels.", "Epiglottis. In some languages, the epiglottis is used to produce epiglottal consonant speech sounds, though this sound-type is rather rare.", "Tweeter. The Air Motion Transformer tweeter works by pushing air out perpendicularly from the pleated diaphragm. Its diaphragm is the folded pleats of film (typically PET film) around aluminium struts held in a strong magnetic field. In past decades, ESS of California produced a series of hybrid loudspeakers using such tweeters, along with conventional woofers, referring to them as Heil transducers after their inventor, Oskar Heil. They are capable of considerable output levels and are rather more sturdy than electrostatics or ribbons, but have similar low-mass moving elements.", "Articulatory phonetics. Sound sources refer to the conversion of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. There are two main types of sound sources in the articulatory system: periodic (or more precisely semi-periodic) and aperiodic. A periodic sound source is vocal fold vibration produced at the glottis found in vowels and voiced consonants. A less common periodic sound source is the vibration of an oral articulator like the tongue found in alveolar trills. Aperiodic sound sources are the turbulent noise of fricative consonants and the short-noise burst of plosive releases produced in the oral cavity.", "Speech and language impairment. Developmental disabilities such as autism and neurological disorders such as cerebral palsy may also result in impaired communicative abilities. Similarly, malformation or malfunctioning of the respiratory system or speech mechanisms may result in speech impairments. For example, a cleft palate will allow too much air to pass through the nasal cavity and a cleft lip will not allow the individual to correctly form sounds that require the upper lip.[14] The development of vocal fold nodules represents another issue of biological causation. In some cases of biological origin, medical interventions such as surgery or medication may be required. Other cases may require speech therapy or behavioral training.", "Language. Spoken language relies on human physical ability to produce sound, which is a longitudinal wave propagated through the air at a frequency capable of vibrating the ear drum. This ability depends on the physiology of the human speech organs. These organs consist of the lungs, the voice box (larynx), and the upper vocal tract – the throat, the mouth, and the nose. By controlling the different parts of the speech apparatus, the airstream can be manipulated to produce different speech sounds.[51]", "Articulatory phonetics. Generally, articulatory phonetics is concerned with the transformation of aerodynamic energy into acoustic energy. Aerodynamic energy refers to the airflow through the vocal tract. Its potential form is air pressure; its kinetic form is the actual dynamic airflow. Acoustic energy is variation in the air pressure that can be represented as sound waves, which are then perceived by the human auditory system as sound.[1]", "Articulatory phonetics. Movement of the tongue and lips can create these constrictions and by forming the oral cavity in different ways, different sounds can be produced.", "Hornbostel–Sachs. The player makes a ribbon-shaped flow of air with his/her lips (421.1), or his/her breath is directed through a duct against an edge (421.2).", "Hoarse voice. Aerodynamic measures of voice include measures of air volume, air flow and sub glottal air pressure. The normal aerodynamic parameters of voice vary considerably among individuals, which leads to a large overlapping range of values between dysphonic and non-dysphonic patients. This limits the use of these measures as a diagnostic tool.[14] Nonetheless, they are useful when used in adjunct with other voice assessment measures, or as a tool for monitoring therapeutic effects over time.[19]", "Hornbostel–Sachs. The sound is caused by a single compression and release of air. Examples include the botija, the gharha, the ghatam, and the udu.", "Speech and language impairment. Some cases of speech sound disorders, for example, may involve difficulties articulating speech sounds. Educating a child on the appropriate ways to produce a speech sound and encouraging the child to practice this articulation over time may produce natural speech, Speech sound disorder. Likewise, stuttering does not have a single, known cause, but has been shown to be effectively reduced or eliminated by fluency shaping (based on behavioral principles) and stuttering modification techniques." ]

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[ "Health and Safety Authority. The Health and Safety Authority (HSA) is the national body in Ireland with responsibility for occupational health and safety. Its role is to secure health and safety at work. It is an Irish state-sponsored body, established under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989 and reports to the Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation.", "Health and Safety Authority. The Authority consults widely with employers, employees and their respective organisations. To help develop sound policies and good workplace practices, the Authority works with various Advisory Committees and Task Forces etc. which focus on specific occupations and hazards.", "Health and Safety Authority. Occupational safety and health policy at national level is determined by a twelve-member, tripartite Board, with nominees from the social partners and other interests concerned with safety and health in the workplace. The appointment of the Board of the Authority is a function of the Minister for Jobs, Enterprise and Innovation under the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work Act, 1989.", "Health and Safety Executive. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is the body responsible for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare, and for research into occupational risks in Great Britain. It is a non-departmental public body of the United Kingdom with its headquarters in Liverpool, England.[1] In Northern Ireland, these duties lie with the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland. The HSE was created by the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974, and has since absorbed earlier regulatory bodies such as the Factory Inspectorate and the Railway Inspectorate though the Railway Inspectorate was transferred to the Office of Rail Regulation in April 2006. The HSE is sponsored by the Department for Work and Pensions. As part of its work, HSE investigates industrial accidents, small and large, including major incidents such as the explosion and fire at Buncefield in 2005. Though it formerly reported to the Health and Safety Commission, on 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged.[2][3]", "Health and Safety Executive. Local authorities are responsible for the enforcement of health and safety legislation in shops, offices, and other parts of the service sector.", "Health and Safety Authority. The HSA are the national centre for information and advice to employers, employees and self-employed on all aspects of workplace health and safety. The Authority also promotes education, training and research in the field.", "Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The Occupational Safety and Health Act grants OSHA the authority to issue workplace health and safety regulations. These regulations include limits on hazardous chemical exposure, employee access to hazard information, requirements for the use of personal protective equipment, and requirements to prevent falls and hazards from operating dangerous equipment.", "Health and Safety Authority. The HSA has overall responsibility for the administration and enforcement of health and safety at work in Ireland. The HSA monitors compliance with legislation at the workplace and can take enforcement action (up to and including prosecutions).", "Occupational safety and health. In Sweden, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Work Environment Act. The Swedish Work Environment Authority is the government agency responsible for issues relating to the working environment. The agency should work to disseminate information and furnish advice on OSH, has a mandate to carry out inspections, and a right to issue stipulations and injunctions to any non-compliant employer.[79]", "Occupational safety and health. In the UK, health and safety legislation is drawn up and enforced by the Health and Safety Executive and local authorities (the local council) under the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974[80][81] (HASAWA). HASAWA introduced (section 2) a general duty on an employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare at work of all his employees; with the intention of giving a legal framework supporting 'codes of practice' not in themselves having legal force but establishing a strong presumption as to what was reasonably practicable (deviations from them could be justified by appropriate risk assessment). The previous reliance on detailed prescriptive rule-setting was seen as having failed to respond rapidly enough to technological change, leaving new technologies potentially un-regulated or inappropriately regulated.[82][83] HSE has continued to make some regulations giving absolute duties (where something must be done with no 'reasonable practicability' test) but in the UK the regulatory trend is away from prescriptive rules, and towards 'goal setting' and risk assessment. Recent major changes to the laws governing asbestos and fire safety management embrace the concept of risk assessment. The other key aspect of the UK legislation is a statutory mechanism for worker involvement through elected health and safety representatives and health and safety committees. This followed a similar approach in Scandinavia, and that approach has since been adopted in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and Malaysia, for example.", "Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States). The Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), an agency of the Department of Labor. OSHA was given the authority both to set and enforce workplace health and safety standards.[9] The Act also created the independent Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission to review enforcement priorities, actions and cases.[9]", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 (c 37) (abbreviated to \"HSWA 1974\", \"HASWA\" or \"HASAWA\") is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that as of 2011[update] defines the fundamental structure and authority for the encouragement, regulation and enforcement of workplace health, safety and welfare within the United Kingdom.", "Health and Safety Executive. The HSE currently administrates the Occupational Safety & Health Consultants Register (OSHCR), a central register of registered safety consultants within the United Kingdom. The intention of the HSE is to pass responsibility of operating the register to the relevant trade & professional bodies once the register is up and running.[11]", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Because individual litigation is unlikely, given that employees may find the regulations complex, the Health and Safety Executive enforces the Act. However, the HSE may also delegate its functions to local government under section 18, which allows for a more decentralised and targeted approach to regulation. Any enforcing authority may appoint inspectors with a written document stating their powers. This is as evidence of their authority (section 19). Enforcing authorities may indemnify the inspector against any civil litigation if he has acted in the honest belief that he was within his powers (section 26). Local government bodies who may be enforcing authorities are:[24]", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Local government bodies can be enforcing authorities in respect of several workplaces and activities including offices, shops, retail and wholesale distribution, hotel and catering establishments, petrol filling stations, residential care homes and the leisure industry.[24] As of 2008[update], 410 such bodies have responsibility in 1.1 million workplaces.[25] From 1 April 2006 the Office of Rail Regulation (ORR) became the enforcing authority for the Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 and laws made under it, for all health and safety matters relating to the operation of a railway (or tramway).", "WorkSafe New Zealand. The Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment is responsible for workplace health and safety strategy, policy, legislation and regulations.[2]", "Occupational Safety and Health Administration. OSHA is responsible for enforcing its standards on regulated entities. Compliance Safety and Health Officers carry out inspections and assess fines for regulatory violations. Inspections are planned for worksites in particularly hazardous industries. Inspections can also be triggered by a workplace fatality, multiple hospitalizations, worker complaints, or referrals.", "Health and Safety Authority. It operates from eight offices across Ireland: the Dublin headquarters and offices in Kilkenny, Athlone, Cork, Galway, Limerick, Sligo and Waterford.", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. Section 10 created two bodies corporate, the Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive who performed their respective functions on behalf of the Crown (section 10 and Schedule 2). The bodies had wide powers to further their objectives by all means other than borrowing money (ss.11(6), 13). On 1 April 2008, the two bodies merged, the aggregate taking the name Health and Safety Executive.[22]", "WorkSafe New Zealand. WorkSafe NZ took over workplace health and safety roles previously assigned to the Department of Labour and the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The establishment of a stand-alone regulatory agency for workplace health and safety was a key recommendation of the Royal Commission on the Pike River Coal Mine Tragedy and the Independent Taskforce on Workplace Health and Safety in 2013.[2] Worksafe was established to;", "Occupational safety and health. In Taiwan, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Ministry of Labor is in charge of occupational safety and health.[98] The matter is governed under the Occupational Safety and Health Act.[99]", "Occupational safety and health. In Denmark, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Danish Act on Working Environment and cooperation at the workplace.[74] The Danish Working Environment Authority carries out inspections of companies, draws up more detailed rules on health and safety at work and provides information on health and safety at work.[75] The result of each inspection is made public on the web pages of the Danish Working Environment Authority so that the general public, current and prospective employees, customers and other stakeholders can inform themselves about whether a given organization has passed the inspection, should they wish to do so.[76]", "Occupational Safety and Health Administration. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) (/ˈoʊʃə/) is an agency of the United States Department of Labor. Congress established the agency under the Occupational Safety and Health Act, which President Richard M. Nixon signed into law on December 29, 1970. OSHA's mission is to \"assure safe and healthy working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance\".[2] The agency is also charged with enforcing a variety of whistleblower statutes and regulations. OSHA is currently headed by Acting Assistant Secretary of Labor Loren Sweatt. OSHA's workplace safety inspections have been shown to reduce injury rates and injury costs without adverse effects to employment, sales, credit ratings, or firm survival.[3]", "Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Employers have the responsibility to provide a safe workplace.[8]", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The Act originally applied in England and Wales, Scotland (in part) and Northern Ireland (in part) (section 84). Its provisions were re-enacted for Northern Ireland in 1978 with enforcement made the responsibility of the Health and Safety Agency for Northern Ireland.[33] The Agency's name was changed to the Health and Safety Executive for Northern Ireland in 1998.[34]", "Occupational safety and health. In Spain, occupational safety and health is regulated by the Spanish Act on Prevention of Labour Risks. The Ministry of Employment and Social Security is the authority responsible for issues relating to labour environment.[77] The National Institute for Labour Safety and Hygiene is the technical public Organization specialized in occupational safety and health.[78]", "Health and Safety Executive. The HSE focuses regulation of health and safety in the following sectors of industry:", "Work accident. An independent watchdog – the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) – aims to reduce the number of work-related fatalities and injuries within Great Britain, publishing statistics that show the different – and most common – types of reported workplace injuries across a range of sectors.", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The Act defines general duties on employers, employees, contractors, suppliers of goods and substances for use at work, persons in control of work premises, and those who manage and maintain them, and persons in general. The Act enables a broad regime of regulation by government ministers through Statutory Instrument which has, in the years since 1974, generated an extensive system of specific provisions for various industries, disciplines and risks. It established a system of public supervision through the creation of the Health and Safety Commission and Health and Safety Executive, since merged, and bestows extensive enforcement powers, ultimately backed by criminal sanctions extending to unlimited fines and imprisonment for up to two years. Further, the Act provides a critical interface with the law of the European Union on workplace health and safety.", "Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974. The Act lays down general principles for the management of health and safety at work, enabling the creation of specific requirements through regulations enacted as Statutory Instruments or through a code of practice. For example, the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH), the Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, the Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) at Work Regulations 1992 and the Health and Safety (First-Aid) Regulations 1981 are all Statutory Instruments that lay down detailed requirements. It was also the intention of the Act to rationalise the existing complex and confused system of legislation (section 1(2)).", "Health and Safety Executive. The Executive's duties are to:[4]", "Health and Safety Executive. The Executive is responsible for the Employment Medical Advisory Service, which operates as part of its Field Operations Directorate." ]

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[ "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Their mode of campaign includes court actions, hunger strikes, rallies, and gathering support from notable film and art personalities. Narmada Bachao Andolan, with its leading spokespersons Medha Patkar and Baba Amte, have received the Right Livelihood Award in 1991.[1]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Amongst the major celebrities who have shown their support for Narmada Bachao Andolan are Booker Prize winner Arundhati Roy[28] and Aamir Khan.[29] It was also supported by music composer and bass guitarist in the band Indian Ocean, Rahul Ram, who was actively involved in the movement from 1990 to 1995. [30]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Another popular figure was Baba Amte, known for his work against leprosy. He published a booklet called Cry O Beloved Narmada in 1989 to protest against the construction of the dams.[27]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. She undertook a similar fast in 1993 and resisted evacuation from the dam site.[13] In 1994, the Narmada Bachao Andolan office was attacked reportedly by a couple of political parties, and Patkar and other activists were physically assaulted and verbally abused.[17] In protest, a few NBA activists and she began a fast; 20 days later, they were arrested and forcibly fed intravenously.[17]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. \"The Narmada Bachao Andolaan (NBA)has rendered a yeoman's service to the country by creating a high-level of awareness about the environmental and rehabilitation and relief aspects of Sardar Sarovar and other projects on the Narmada. But, after the court verdict it is incumbent on it to adopt a new role. Instead of 'damning the dam' any longer, it could assume the role of vigilant observer to see that the resettlement work is as humane and painless as possible and that the environmental aspects are taken due care of.\"[37]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Medha Patkar has been the guiding light of the movement. She has organized several fasts and satyagrahas. Patkar has also been to jail because of her desire to achieve right to life and livelihood for the suppressed people.", "Nargis. Nargis appeared in numerous films after her debut; she won lasting fame for her later, adult, roles, starting with at the age of 14, in Mehboob Khan's Taqdeer in 1943 opposite, Motilal.[5] She starred in many popular Hindi films of the late 1940s and 1950s such as Barsaat (1949), Andaz (1949), Awaara (1951), Deedar (1951), Shree 420 (1955), and Chori Chori (1956). She appeared in Mehboob Khan's Oscar-nominated rural drama Mother India in 1957 for which she won the Filmfare Best Actress Award for her performance. Baburao Patel of the film magazine Filmindia (December 1957) described Mother India as \"the greatest picture produced in India\" and wrote that no other actress would have been able to perform the role as well as Nargis.[14]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. There were many groups such as Gujarat-based Narmada Asargrastha Samiti Madhya Pradesh-based Narmada Ghati Nav Nirman Samiti (Committee for a New Life in the Narmada Valley) and Maharashtra-Based Narmada Dharangrastha Samiti (Committee for Narmada Dam-Affected People) who either believed in the need for fair rehabilitation plans for the people or who vehemently opposed dam construction despite a resettlement policy.[18]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Narmada Bachao Andolan was also joined by several NGOs with local people, professionals, and activists as the founders with a non-violent approach.[18] It was led by Medha Patkar. Nationally, they wanted an alternative structure of development and internationally, they wanted to build pressure on the World Bank to take accountability.[19]", "Roopa Ganguly. Ganguly rose to renown for her performance in the Bengali television series Muktabandha but rose to a higher prominence after she essayed the role of Mrinal in the 1985 Bengali TV series Streer Patra. She got her first national break in Ganadevta (1986) TV series and shot to wider fame and popularity after she had played the character of Draupadi in Baldev Raj Chopra's Mahabharat (1988 TV series).[17] She reprised the role Draupadi in Baldev Raj Chopra's Mahabharat Katha. She was further appreciated for her roles in TV series like Virasat and Sukanya. She acted a small part in Mrinal Sen's Ek Din Achanak (1989). In early nineties she acted in a number of commercial films but most of them flopped at box office. In 1993, she appeared In Goutam Ghose's National Award winning Bengali film Padma Nadir Majhi (1993)[18] which earned her critical acclamation for her enticing portrayal of Kapila in it.[19][20] She also earned rave review at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival, 1994, for her performance in Sanat Dasgupta's National Award winning Bengali film Janani (1993).[21][22] In 1995, she appeared in Amal Ray Ghatak's Bengali film Ujan which earned her the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1996. She then played the character of Anasuya, an obsessed dancer in Aparna Sen's National Award-winning Bengali film Yugant (1995).[23] After that for a long duration she was not seen in any strong role till Rituparno Ghosh came to her with the offer of Antarmahal (2005) which earned her rave critical acclamation[24] as well as the BFJA Award for Best Supporting Actress in 2006. In the same year she acted in a role of a conceited actress in Anjan Dutt's Tarpor Bhalobasa which once again earned her rave critical acclamation.[25] She was also acclaimed for her performance in Sekhar Das's National Award winning Bengali film Krantikaal (2005).[26][27] In January 2006, she was named by The Indian Express in the list of the five most powerful actresses of 2005.[28] She went on to earn further recognition for her roles in films like Kaaler Rakhal (2009), Chowrasta - The Crossroads of Love (2009), Chaurahen (2012), Na Hannyate (2012), Dutta Vs Dutta (2012) and Punascha (2014). In 2011, she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for rendering her voice in Aditi Roy's Bengali film Abosheshey (2012).[29]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. As Patkar remained immersed in the Narmada struggle, she chose to quit her Ph.D. studies and focus entirely on the Narmada activity.[10] Thereafter, she organized a 36-day solidarity march among the neighboring states of the Narmada valley from Madhya Pradesh to the Sardar Sarovar dam site.[11] She said that the march was \"a path symbolizing the long path of struggle (both immediate and long-term) that [they] really had\".[12] The march was resisted by the police, who according to Patkar were \"caning the marchers and arresting them and tearing the clothes off women activists\".[12]", "Qandeel Baloch. Baloch's death has drawn mixed reactions from different sections of society in Pakistan. Some called her death an honour killing and some think that the motive was money. An episode in the A-Plus Entertainment series Yeh Junoon was partially based on her life. The series starred Zhalay Sarhadi and Shamoon Abbasi in lead roles. Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy's untitled documentary film on her life is under production, that will be released in 2017.", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Through Patkar's channel of communication between the government and the residents, she provided critiques to the project authorities and the governments involved. At the same time, her group realized that all those displaced were given compensation only for the immediate standing crop and not for displacement and rehabilitation.[9]", "Roopa Ganguly. Ganguly rose to renown for her performance in the hit Bengali television series Muktabandha. She was featured in the much acclaimed Bengali t.v. series Streer Patra (1985) which won her huge accolades. She got her first national break in Ganadevta (1986), a Hindi television series.[34] She shot to wider popularity after essaying the pivotal role of Draupadi, in B.R. Chopra's mythological TV series, Mahabharat (1988), which immediately got her huge mass attentions.[35] In this TV series, she appeared for the first time on the thirty-fourth episode but it was the forty-seventh episode where the Vastraharan sequence was aired and her performance in it turned her into an exemplification of Draupadi over a long time. The dignity and vigour she displayed as Draupadi especially in the Vastraharan sequence is something that has been and will be a hard challenge to be replicated ever.[36] The way she threw those invigorated words, \"Aankhen jhukana kisi samasya ka samadhan nahi hai\" captivated the hearts of millions and through the generations onward she has been impersonated as Draupadi.[36]", "Rohitash Gaud. Gaud made his Bollywood debut in the 2001 biographical film Veer Savarkar.[1] Although he has acted in 11 Bollywood films so far, most of them are very minor roles like police inspector role in college drama of Kya Kehna etc. He portrayed the role of Mukundilal Gupta, in the SAB TV sitcom Lapataganj – Sharad Joshi Ki Kahaniyon Ka Pata. He is currently working in &TVs comedy show Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! as Manmohan Tiwari, an undergarments business man. He also acted in a 90's television serial named Ehsaas. His second film was 2002 Irrfan Khan starrer Pratha.[2] He then acted in 2003 film Pinjar, where he played the role of protagonist's (Manoj Bajpai) brother.[3] The same year, he acted in two more movies, Dhoop directed by the National Award winning director Ashwini Chaudhary[4] and in Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. where he played the role of nariyal pani waala (coconut water vendor).[5] After a one-year gap, he starred in 2005 film Matrubhoomi – A Nation Without Women.[6] The same year, he starred in Sun Zarra,[7] Lage Raho Munna Bhai, the sequel to the 2003 film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S., wherein he portrayed the role of Cuckoo, the antagonist Lucky Singh's (Boman Irani) secretary[8] and in Dil Se Pooch? Kidhar Jaana Hai.[9] Again after a gap of a year, in 2008, he was seen in the comedy film One Two Three[10] (uncredited remake of Blame it on the Bellboy) and the much critically acclaimed A Wednesday!, where he portrayed the role of Ikhlaque Ahmed, a fictional terrorist.[11] His latest release was the 2010 film Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?, where he portrayed the role of a bank manager.[12]", "Aamir Khan. In 2006, Aamir Khan lent his support to the Narmada Bachao Andolan movement, led by activist Medha Patkar, in their actions against raising the height of Sardar Sarovar Dam.[216] While promoting his film Fanaa in Gujarat, he made some comments regarding the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) Gujarat chief minister Narendra Modi's handling of the Narmada Dam and the necessity to rehabilitate the displaced villagers.[217][218] These comments were met with outrage from the BJP, with the government of Gujarat demanding an apology from Khan. He refused to apologise, saying \"I am saying exactly what the Supreme Court has said. I only asked for rehabilitation of poor farmers. I never spoke against the construction of the dam. I will not apologise for my comments on the issue.\"[219] An unofficial ban of Fanaa was put in place for the entire state of Gujarat. Protests occurred against the film and Khan which included the burning of posters of the star in effigy. As a result, several multiplex owners stated that they could not provide security to customers. Thus, all theatre owners in Gujarat refused to screen the film.[220]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a social movement consisting of adivasis, farmers, environmentalists and human rights activists against the number of large dams being built across the Narmada River, which flows through the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. Sardar Sarovar Dam in Gujarat is one of the biggest dams on the river and was one of the first focal points of the movement. It is one of the many dams under the Narmada Dam Project. The main aim of the project is to provide irrigation and electricity to people in these states.", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. The court ruled for Andolan, effecting an immediate stoppage of work at the dam and directing the concerned states to complete the rehabilitation and replacement process.[35]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. In 1994 was the launch of Narmada: A Valley Rises, by filmmaker Ali Kazimi.[31] It documents the five-week Sangharsh Yatra of 1991. The film went on to win several awards and is considered by many to be a classic on the issue. In 1996, veteran documentary filmmaker, Anand Patwardhan, made an award-winning documentary: A Narmada Diary.[32] Alok Agarwal, current member of the Aam Aadmi Party, is an active figure in the movement.", "Cinema of the Philippines. It was not until 1991 that another Visayan film project was brought to the big screen. Eh Kasi Babae (Because She Is a Woman) starring Pilita Corales, Yoyoy Villame and Manilyn Reynes was produced, then followed by Matud Nila (They Say; 1991) (Bisaya Films, Inc. produced by James R. Cuenco, Jr.). This starred Gloria Sevilla, Mat Ranillo III, Suzette Ranillo, Dandin Ranillo, Juni Ranillo, Pilar Pilapil, Jennifer Sevilla, Mark Gil and Pinky Marquez. Matud Nila also marked the last film directed by Leroy Salvador.", "Linda Hunt. She has had great success in films such as The Bostonians (1984), Dune (1984), Silverado (1985), Eleni (1985), Waiting for the Moon (1987), She-Devil (1989), Kindergarten Cop (1990), If Looks Could Kill (1991), Rain Without Thunder (1992), Twenty Bucks (1993), Younger and Younger (1993), Prêt-à-Porter (1994), Pocahontas (1995), The Relic (1997), Pocahontas II: Journey to a New World (1998), Dragonfly (2002), Yours Mine and Ours (2005), and Stranger Than Fiction (2006).", "Qandeel Baloch. As her media presence grew, Baloch began to use her position to comment on women's position in Pakistani society. The week before she died, she released a music video entitled Ban, which mocked the restrictions placed on women in the country.[19] In an interview with controversial anchor Mubashir Luqman, Baloch named Sunny Leone, Rakhi Sawant and Poonam Pandey as her inspirations.[23] She also said that many organizations, people and media groups were calling her to feature in their shows to increase their own ratings.[24]", "Deafblindness. The bollywood movie Black starred by Rani Mukerji and Amitabh Bachchan featured a deafblind girl (Michelle McNally).", "Melinda Dillon. Four years later, Dillon co-starred with John Lithgow in the Bigfoot comedy Harry and the Hendersons. She continued to be active in stage and film throughout the 1990s, taking roles in the Barbra Streisand drama The Prince of Tides, the low-budget Lou Diamond Phillips thriller Sioux City, and the drama How to Make an American Quilt. [4]", "Bachna Ae Haseeno. Bachna Ae Haseeno (English: Watch Out, Ladies) is an Indian romantic drama released 15 August 2008. The lead stars in this movie are Ranbir Kapoor, Bipasha Basu, Deepika Padukone, and Minissha Lamba. Its director was Siddharth Anand, whose previous projects include Salaam Namaste (2005) and Ta Ra Rum Pum (2007). It was the eighth highest grossing movie of 2008.", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Within the focus of the NBA towards the stoppage of the Sardar Sarovar Dam, Patkar advised adding the World Bank to its propaganda.[10] Using the right to fasting, she undertook a 22-day fast that almost took her life.[13] Patkar's actions did force the World Bank to set up The Morse Commission, an independent review of the project.[14] Their report clearly stated that the Bank's policies on environment and resettlement were being violated by the project.[15] The World Bank's participation in these projects was canceled in 1993.[16] Before the World Bank could pull out, the Indian Government did.[14]", "Sholay. The film is often credited with making Amitabh Bachchan a \"superstar\", two years after he became a star with Zanjeer (1973).[101][114] Some of the supporting actors remained etched in public memory as the characters they played in Sholay; for example, Mac Mohan continued to be referred to as \"Sambha\", even though his character had just one line.[115] Major and minor characters continue to be used in commercials, promos, films and sitcoms.[38][116] Amjad Khan acted in many villainous roles later in his career. He also played Gabbar Singh again in the 1991 spoof Ramgarh Ke Sholay, and reprised the role in commercials.[117] The British Film Institute in 2002 wrote that fear of Gabbar Singh \"is still invoked by mothers to put their children to sleep\".[118] The 2012 film Gabbar Singh, named after the character, became the highest grossing Telugu film up to that point.[119] Comedian Jagdeep, who played Soorma Bhopali in the film, attempted to use his Sholay success to create a spinoff. He directed and played the lead role in the 1988 film Soorma Bhopali, in which Dharmendra and Bachchan had cameos.[120]", "Bollywood. By the mid-1970s, romantic confections had made way for gritty, violent crime films and action films about gangsters (Bombay underworld) and bandits (dacoits). The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as Zanjeer and particularly Deewaar, a crime film inspired by Gunga Jumna[39] that pitted \"a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan\" portrayed by Bachchan; Deewaar was described as being \"absolutely key to Indian cinema\" by Danny Boyle.[70] Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include Feroz Khan,[71] Mithun Chakraborty, Naseeruddin Shah, Jackie Shroff, Sanjay Dutt, Anil Kapoor and Sunny Deol, which lasted into the early 1990s. Actresses from this era included Hema Malini, Jaya Bachchan, Raakhee, Shabana Azmi, Zeenat Aman, Parveen Babi, Rekha, Dimple Kapadia, Smita Patil, Jaya Prada and Padmini Kolhapure.[45]", "Yaadon Ki Baaraat. It is still remembered fondly for its Hindi soundtrack, composed by music director R.D. Burman. The track \"Chura Liya Hai\", sung by Mohammed Rafi and Asha Bhosle, is particularly well-known. The film was later remade in Tamil as Naalai Namadhe, in Telugu as Annadammula Anubandham, and in Malayalam as Himam.[8]", "Padmavati (film). On 25 October 2017, a video of the first song from the film, titled Ghoomar, was released, in which a woman dressed like a queen appeared briefly. It was later revealed in a Twitter fanpage of Sanjay Leela Bhansali Productions, that the woman is Maharawal Ratan Singh’s first wife, Rani Nagmati, who is portrayed by Anupriya Goenka.[46]", "Narmada Bachao Andolan. Medha Patkar continues to fight for proper rehabilitation of the displaced people in Madhya Pradesh as well as the reception of the promised compensation by the Narmada Tribunal.[38] This movement has brought forth the different notions of development. The Indian government has often argued that the cost of displacements are outweighed by the benefit derived from the Narmada Project, and thus, justified its construction. NBA, on the other hand has argued no matter how large the benefits, the cost to the society cannot be fulfilled.", "Roopa Ganguly. In 2000, she appeared in Rituparno Ghosh's award-winning Bengali film Bariwali where she played the character of Sudeshna Mitra, an actress playing the character of Binodini in a film Chokher Bali directed by the male protagonist. In 2001, she appeared in a cameo role in Goutam Ghose's award-winning Bengali film Dekha. Though she made a cameo appearance in it, she garnered huge mass attention as the film was widely advertised on her enthralling dialogue, \"Sagar dekhben naa, shudhu amake dekhun.\" In the film she rendered her character with a fine, seductive approach especially in the Eki Labonyo Purna Prate song sequence where the character played by Soumitra Chatterjee recalls up an earlier moment of Ganguly gazing back at him.[40] In 2003, she appeared in Gautam Ghose's Bengali film Abar Aranye where she played the character of Shimul a buoyant woman who is grief-stricken at the deepest core of her heart for the probable loss of her husband. She appeared in a cameo role in Bow Barracks forever (2004) by Anjan Dutt.[41]" ]

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[ "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. The original British version of Millionaire, hosted by Chris Tarrant, debuted on the ITV network on 4 September 1998. At its peak in 1999, one edition of the show was watched by over 19 million viewers (one out of every three Britons).[24] Originally the contestants were predominantly members of the general public, but in the show's later years, only celebrities appeared on the show, in special live editions that coincided with holidays and the like. On 22 October 2013, Tarrant decided to quit the show after 15 years, and ITV decided to cancel the show after his contract finished, stating that there would not be any further specials beyond the ones that had already been planned.[25][26] Tarrant's final live celebrity edition aired on 19 December 2013, and the final episode, a clip show entitled \"Chris' Final Answer\", aired on 11 February 2014.[27] Four years later, ITV announced that there will be a special 7-episode revived series being broadcast in 2018 with Jeremy Clarkson presenting, to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the programme.", "Fred Housego. In 1980, Housego won a series of Mastermind in front of 18,000,000 viewers, becoming Britain's first celebrity quizzer and beating Ingram Wilcox, who subsequently won £1,000,000 on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In an interview with Bradley Walsh for Come on Down! The Game Show Story, he said that his knowledge came from being a London Tourist Board-registered tour guide.[6]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Other notable top prize winners include Judith Keppel, the first winner of the UK version;[16] Kevin Olmstead from the U.S. version, who won a progressive jackpot of $2.18 million;[17] Martin Flood from the Australian version, who was investigated by producers after suspicions that he had cheated, much like Charles Ingram, but was later cleared;[18] and Sushil Kumar from the Indian version, who is often referred to in Western media as the \"real-life Slumdog Millionaire\".[19][20][21][22][23]", "Judith Keppel. Judith Cynthia Aline Keppel (born 18 August 1942)[2] was the first one-million-pound winner on the television game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? in the United Kingdom. She is also the only woman in the United Kingdom to have won it and also the first person to win a million pounds or more on a British television game show. She has appeared on the BBC Two quiz show Eggheads since 2003.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). In September 2001, British Army Major Charles Ingram became a contestant on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, joined by his wife Diana, and a close friend and college lecturer, Tecwen Whittock. After the first day of filming, the group devised a scheme that would allow Ingram to win the £1 million cash prize when he returned for the second day of recording, on 10 September - for each question he faced, the correct answer would be signalled to Ingram by a cough made by Whittock;[39] Ingram would differentiate the way he received this to avoid making the scheme too obvious, such as reading aloud all four answers, or dismissing an answer and then choosing it again later.[39] Although the scheme proved successful, by the time he had reached the final questions, production staff off-stage had become suspicious over the amount of background noise being made by Whittock's coughing,[40] while noting that Ingram seemed to show no specialist knowledge of any subjects he faced with each question.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. In the UK the person who plays next week wins £1,000,000. The first in two years.......Duff12 15:00, 18 September 2006 (UTC)", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Arthurvasey (talk) 13:17, 8 June 2009 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (South African game show). David Paterson was the only million rand winner, on 19 March 2000.[1] He was the first winner outside of the United States.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). When Judith Keppel's victory as the first UK jackpot winner on Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? was announced by ITV on the day of that the corresponding episode was to be broadcast, several allegations were made that Celador had rigged the show to spoil the BBC's expected high ratings for the finale of One Foot in the Grave.[32] Richard Wilson, the lead star on the sitcom, was quoted in particular for saying that the broadcaster had \"planned\" the win, adding \"it seems a bit unfair to take the audience away from Victor's last moments on earth.\"[33] David Renwick, writer of the sitcom, voiced annoyance that the episode would draw away interest from the sitcom's finale, believing that a leaked press release on ITV's announcement had been \"naked opportunism\", and it \"would have been more honorable to let the show go out in the normal way\", pointing out that it \"killed off any element of tension or surprise in their own programme\", but that \"television is all about ratings\".[32] Richard Webber's account, in his 2006 book, cites \"unnamed BBC sources\" as those who \"questioned the authenticity of Keppel's victory\".[32] The allegations in turn led to eleven viewers making complaints against the quiz show, of a similar nature, to the Independent Television Commission (ITC).[34]", "Judith Keppel. Keppel appeared on the 20 November 2000 episode of the UK edition of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?, becoming the 12th winner in the world and the first in the UK to win one million pounds. At the time, she was a garden designer living in Fulham and was \"struggling for money\".[6] Nonetheless, she had spent about £100 phoning the quiz show more than 50 times to secure a place. \"BT rang me up and said, 'Do you realise your telephone bills are rising?'\"[7] There was speculation at the time that the win was leaked to the press so that ITV would draw ratings away from BBC One which was showing the last episode of One Foot in the Grave in the same timeslot. However, the Independent Television Commission cleared Celador and ITV of the allegations.[8]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Millionaire has also existed in many other countries, including a Chinese version aired in 2007 and 2008 with Lǐ Fán as its host; a French version on TF1, which debuted on 3 July 2000 and is hosted by Jean-Pierre Foucault; a German version launched by RTL Television on 3 September 1999, hosted by Günther Jauch; a Hong Kong version called Baak Maan Fu Yung, which was broadcast by Asia Television from 2001 to 2005, with actor Kenneth Chan as its host; and a Sri Lankan version called Obada Lakshapathi Mamada Lakshapathi, which premiered in 2010 on Sirasa TV of Maharaja Network. In total, over 100 different international variations of Millionaire have been produced since the original UK version made its 1998 debut.[58]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). In March 2007 various UK newspapers reported that an organised syndicate had been getting quiz enthusiasts onto the show in return for a percentage of their winnings. The person behind the syndicate was Keith Burgess from Northern Ireland. Burgess admitted to helping around 200 contestants to appear on the show since 1999; he estimates those contestants to have won around £5,000,000. The show producers are believed to have been aware of this operation, with Burgess stating: \"The show knows about me and these types of syndicates, but they cover it up to keep the show going.\"[55][56] An earlier version of a Phone a Friend syndicate was reported in the Northampton Chronicle and Echo during 2003.[57] Paul Smith, the Managing Director of Celador Productions, stated: \"We are aware of Paddy Spooner and what people similar to him are doing, and we have made a priority of changing our question procedure. We are confident we have now made it impossible for anyone to manipulate the system.\"[57] Since then, the options of people that can be called have a picture of themselves shown on-air.", "TFI Friday. During November and December 1999, the show included a segment titled \"Someone's Going to Be a Millionaire!\", inspired by the ITV game show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (which would not have its first million pound winner until November 2000). TFI Friday paid out the promised £1 million jackpot on 24 December 1999, becoming the first British TV show to do so. Heavily inspired by David Letterman's Late Night show[2] it became one of Britain's breakthrough TV programmes, inspiring a genre of Friday night entertainment.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). The original series aired for 30 series and a total of 592 episodes, from 4 September 1998 to 11 February 2014, and was presented by Chris Tarrant. Over the course of its run, the original series had around five contestants walk away with the top cash prize of £1 million, and faced a number of controversies during its run, including an attempt to defraud the show of its top prize by a contestant. The original format of the programme was tweaked in later years, changing the number of questions from fifteen to twelve and altering the payout structure as a result, and later incorporating a time limit.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2000, the British Film Institute honoured the UK version of Millionaire by ranking it number 23 on its \"BFI TV 100\" list, which compiled what British television industry professionals believed were the greatest programmes to have ever originated from that country.[72] The UK Millionaire also won the 1999 British Academy Television Award for Best Entertainment Programme, and four National Television Awards for Most Popular Quiz Programme from 2002 to 2005.", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: Canadian Edition. Bill Shizas was the first contestant on the Canadian show. He won $1,000 after answering his $8,000 question incorrectly.[2]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The ITV website calls it \"Walk Away\".", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In April 2003, British Army Major Charles Ingram, his wife Diana, and college lecturer Tecwen Whittock were convicted of using fraudulent means to win £1 million on the UK version of the show when Ingram was a contestant on the show in September 2001. The allegation was that when Tarrant asked a question, Whittock, one of that episode's nine other Fastest Finger First contestants, would cough to guide Ingram to the correct answer. Ingram won the £1 million top prize, but members of the production staff raised suspicions over Whittock's coughing along with the Ingrams' behaviour after the recording, and the police were called in to investigate. The defence claimed that Whittock simply suffered from allergies; however, all three were found guilty and given suspended sentences.[77] After the trial, ITV aired a documentary about the scandal, along with Ingram's entire game, complete with Whittock's coughing sounds. As a joke, Benylin cough syrup paid to have the first commercial shown during the programme's commercial break.[78]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Nigerian game show). On September 11, 2009, a contestant called Aroma Ufodike became the first person to win the ₦10,000,000, and currently[when?], he is the only one who won the top prize of this game show.[1][2] One of the questions related to celebrated Nigerian football referee Linus Mbah. Just like in Slumdog Millionaire Mr. Ufodike was able to answer the question from his personal experience. Ironically Mr. Mbah lived in the apartment above him or, as Mr. Ufodike put it - \"He lives on top of me!\"[3]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). Over the course of the programme's broadcast history, it has had to date five winners who managed to successfully receive its top prize of £1 million. They include:", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show). Davies originally considered reviving CBS's long-lost quiz show The $64,000 Question for a new era, with a new home on ABC.[63] However, this effort's development was limited as when the producer heard that the British Millionaire was about to make its debut, he got his friends and family members in the UK to record the show, and subsequently ended up receiving about eight FedEx packages from different family members, each containing a copy of Millionaire's first episode. Davies was so captivated by everything that he had seen and heard, from host Chris Tarrant's intimate involvement with the contestant to the show's lighting system and music tracks, that he chose to abandon his work on the $64,000 Question revival in favor of introducing Millionaire to American airwaves, convinced that it would become extraordinarily popular.[1]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. It was just a coincidence, people. Coincidences happen. Get over it.... Martyn Smith 20:20, 14 June 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. A Russian version of Millionaire debuted as О, счастливчик! (\"Oh, lucky man!!!\") on NTV from 1 October 1999 to 28 January 2001.[42] On 19 February 2001, the show was relaunched as Кто хочет стать миллионером? (\"Who wants to become a millionaire?\"), which aired on Channel One and was hosted by Maxim Galkin before 2008, and Dmitry Dibrov after that.[43] A Dutch version of the show, titled Lotto Weekend Miljonairs, first aired on SBS 6 from 1999 to 2006 with Robert ten Brink as its host, then was moved to RTL 4, where it aired until 2008 (later to be revived in 2011) with Jeroen van der Boom hosting. A Japanese version called Quiz $ Millionaire, hosted by Monta Mino, was launched by Fuji Television on 20 April 2000;[44] it was a regular weekly programme for its first seven years, after which it only aired in occasional specials.[45]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. In 2002, John Bachini started a claim against Celador, ITV, and five individuals who claimed that they had created Millionaire. Bachini claimed they had used ideas from his 1982 board game format, a two-page TV format concept known as Millionaire dating from 1990, and the telephone mechanics from another of his concepts, BT Lottery, also dating from 1990. Bachini submitted his documents to Paul Smith, from a sister company of Celador's, in March 1995 and again in January 1996, and to Claudia Rosencrantz of ITV in January 1996. Bachini claimed that they used 90% of his Millionaire format, which contained all of the same procedures as the actual British Millionaire's pilot: twenty questions, three lifelines, two safe havens (£1,000 and £32,000), and even starting from £1.00. Bachini's lifelines were known by different names; he never claimed he coined the phrase phone-a-friend, but Bull and Tim Boone claimed they did. Celador claimed the franchise originated from a format known as The Cash Mountain, a five-page document created by either Briggs or his wife Jo Sandilands in October 1995. The defendants brought Bachini to a summary hearing, and lost. Bachini won the right to go to trial, but could not continue at trial due to serious illness, so Celador reached an out-of-court settlement with Bachini.[64]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (U.S. game show). The first contestant to correctly answer all 15 questions and win the top prize of $1,000,000 was John Carpenter, on the episode aired November 19, 1999.[18][19] In 2000, the million dollar top prize was awarded five times: to Dan Blonsky on the episode aired January 18, to Joe Trela on March 23, to Bob House on June 13, to Kim Hunt on July 6, and to David Goodman on July 11.[19]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. --Trainspotter 11:40 22 Jul 2003 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (abbreviated WWTBAM and informally known as simply Millionaire) is an international television game show franchise of British origin, created by David Briggs, Mike Whitehill and Steven Knight. In its format, currently owned and licensed by Sony Pictures Television, large cash prizes are offered for correctly answering a series of multiple-choice questions of increasing (or, in some cases, random) difficulty. The maximum cash prize (in the original British version) was one million pounds. Most international versions offer a top prize of one million units of the local currency.", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. Well, neither is great, but I think that we need to have a page for the show in general, then one for the US, and one for the UK. The general page should also cover lesser known versions in other countries, such as the French version. But really, this article is so British-oriented, that action is needed NOW... I'm going to try to do something.aido2002 19:47, 14 June 2006 (UTC)", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (UK game show). On 11 February 2006, celebrity couple Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen and his wife Jackie took on the game show to raise money for their chosen charity - The Shooting Star Children's Hospice. Having reached the final question of the quiz, they were asked \"Translated from the Latin, what is the motto of the United States?\", to which the Bowens answered with \"In God, We Trust\", only to learn that the question's correct answer was \"One Out of Many\" - the English translation for the Latin E pluribus unum.[38] However, Celador later admitted that the question had been ambiguous and not fair to the pair - although E pluribus unum is considered the de facto motto of the United States, it was never legally declared as such; In God, We Trust is the official motto of the country since 1956, although it is not translated from any form of Latin. Following this revelation, the production company invited the Bowens back to tackle a new question, with their original winnings reinstated; the couple chose not to risk the new question, and left with £500,000 for their charity.[38]", "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? (Australian game show). Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? debuted in Australia on 18 April 1999 on the Nine Network and was hosted by Eddie McGuire.", "Pat Gibson. Patrick 'Pat' Gibson (born 19 July 1961 Galway, Ireland) is an Irish quizzer. On 24 April 2004 he became the fourth contestant to win the £1m jackpot on the quiz show Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?. He is a multiple world champion in quizzing and one of the world's most successful quiz players. He is best known for winning several quiz shows and being a panellist on Eggheads. He was born and educated in Ireland but has lived in the United Kingdom for many years and competes as part of the England quiz team. Gibson is currently the No. 2 (as of 3 September 2017) ranked quizzer in the world, behind Kevin Ashman.[1] He claimed the top ranking in 2012[2] and 2015.[3]", "Talk:Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?/Archive 1. The explanation on the ITV website (http://millionaire.itv.com/millionaire/howtoplaywalkaway.php) makes no mention that I can see of these supplementary questions, and I have never heard this mentioned on the show either. I have never played the text game myself; can anyone confirm that it does actually work as the article describes? Matt 21:42, 27 November 2005 (UTC)." ]

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[ "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The franchise is named after the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, and was founded on October 8, 1997, the event's 126th anniversary. The team began play in 1998 as one of the league's first expansion teams. The Fire won the MLS Cup as well as the U.S. Open Cup (the \"double\") on their first season. They also won U.S. Open Cups in 2000, 2003, and 2006, in addition to the 2003 MLS Supporters' Shield.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Founded in 1997 at Navy Pier, on the anniversary of the Great Fire, the Fire immediately tapped into the diverse ethnic makeup of the city. The team brought in Polish players Piotr Nowak, Jerzy Podbrozny, and Roman Kosecki; the Mexican Jorge Campos; and the Czech Lubos Kubik. While all showed their talent while playing for Chicago that first year, American players (Zach Thornton, Chris Armas, C.J. Brown) proved most integral to the Fire's continued success. Under the club's first head coach, Bob Bradley—and against all expectation—the team completed the double in its first competitive year, beating D.C. United in the 1998 MLS Cup Final, and defeating the Columbus Crew in Chicago to win the 1998 U.S. Open Cup a week later.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Founded on October 8, 1997,[1] the Fire were originally based at Soldier Field. Since 2006, the club plays at their own stadium, Toyota Park at 71st and Harlem Avenue in Bridgeview. The owners of the Fire are Andell Holdings, who purchased the club in 2007. Andell Holdings chairman Andrew Hauptman acts as club chairman, while the general manager is Nelson Rodriguez and the chief operating officer is Atul Khosla. The Fire are historically most successful in the U.S. Open Cup; winning championships in 1998, 2000, 2003, and 2006. The Fire keep a close connection with the Chicago Sting, its predecessor team in the NASL, by holding frequent commemorative events and reunions, and wearing Sting-inspired shirts.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The Chicago Fire are named after the Great Chicago Fire that happened in 1871.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The \"Ring of Fire\" was established in 2003 by Chicago Fire Soccer Club and the Chicago Fire Alumni Association as permanent tribute to honor those who have made the club proud and successful over its history.[61] Aside from the initial member Piotr Nowak, only \"Ring of Fire\" members can select new inductees, and no more than one can be selected any year. Names and numbers (if applicable) are prominently displayed inside Toyota Park.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Chicago Fire Soccer Club is an American professional soccer club based in the Chicago suburb of Bridgeview, Illinois. The team competes in Major League Soccer (MLS) as a member of the league's Eastern Conference, having moved to the conference in 2002.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. † Chicago Fire was a member of the Western Conference from 1998–1999 and the Central Division from 2000–2001.", "Chicago Fire (TV series). The title \"Chicago Fire\" has sparked some confusion in the show's first season in regards to it being shared with a local major professional soccer team; the Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Actor Taylor Kinney has said \"If you (say) ‘We're working on “Chicago Fire,”' they ask you if you're a soccer player\".[22] However show producer Dick Wolf doesn't mind and has seen that fans of the team might watch.[22] The Chicago Fire team themselves have accepted the shared name with the show and have shown the series premiere on October 2, 2012 at Toyota Park after a game with the Philadelphia Union.[23]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. 2011 began much in the way of 2010, with foundering performances both home and away. After nine winless matches, Carlos de los Cobos was let go on May 30, 2011.[7] Technical Director Frank Klopas was named interim head coach. Behind summer reinforcements Pável Pardo and Sebastián Grazzini, as well as forward Dominic Oduro's 12 goals after being acquired in a trade from Houston and Dan Gargan's defensive addition, the Fire qualified for the U.S. Open Cup Final (lost at Seattle) and narrowly missed making the playoffs after gaining 24 points in their last 12 league matches. After the season's conclusion, Klopas was given the permanent manager job on November 3, 2011.[8]", "Chicago. The Chicago Fire Soccer Club is a member of Major League Soccer (MLS) and plays at Toyota Park in suburban Bridgeview, after playing its first eight seasons at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and four U.S. Open Cups, since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successful FIFA World Cup with games played at Soldier Field.\nChicago will be home to a new USL team starting in 2020. They plan to play in a 20,000 seat stadium located in Lincoln Park.[229] The Chicago Sky is a professional basketball team based in Rosemont, Illinois, playing in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA). They play home games at the Allstate Arena. The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Changes came quickly in Osorio's wake. On January 17, 2008, former Fire star Frank Klopas was named Technical Director in charge of player personnel, and longtime Fire assistant Denis Hamlett was appointed manager. While the Fire struggled at home in 2008 the team found unusual success on the road, gathering 22 out of a possible 45 away points. Momentum grew with the long-anticipated signing of Chicago native Brian McBride on a free transfer in July 2008. After disposing of the Red Bulls 5–2 in the season's final game, they decisively conquered New England in the first round of the playoffs with a 3–0 victory at home. This was Chicago's first playoff advancement over the Revolution in four consecutive seasons. But triumph only lasted for a week, as they again missed the league final with their 2–1 Eastern Conference Final loss to eventual champion Columbus.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The team's momentum continued, reaching the 2000 MLS Cup final (losing to Kansas City) and winning the 2000 U.S. Open Cup. Internationally experienced players such as Hristo Stoitchkov joined the Fire, while young American talents such as DaMarcus Beasley developed. The Fire quickly became cemented as one of the league's preeminent teams.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Nike, the Fire's original equipment supplier, intended for the team to be named the Chicago Rhythm. The Rhythm identity featured a turquoise, black and green color scheme, and a logo adorned with a cobra. Team officials ignored Nike's work, and privately developed the Fire identity with the help of Adrenalin, Inc., a well-known sports-specific branding agency.[45][46]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Despite no hope for a Cup final, widespread fan protests[32][33] and dim likelihood of a playoff berth, the club didn't part ways with Frank Yallop until September 20, 2015, one day after another listless 1–0 home defeat to Orlando City SC.[34] Along with Yallop's departure, the club announced it had named long-time MLS executive Nelson Rodriguez as the club's new General Manager, with his first job being to commence a search for a new head coach. Technical director Brian Bliss was given the interim head coaching job, with former player and current club vice president Logan Pause assisting for the remaining five matches. The club has finished the 2015 season with an overall record of 8 wins, 20 losses and 6 ties. For the first time in the club's history Fire finished the season with zero road wins (0-12-5). Twenty losses in a season became the highest in the club's history.[35]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. 2006 arrived, and the Fire moved from Soldier Field into its new stadium in Bridgeview, a southwest suburb of Chicago: Toyota Park, located at the corner of 71st Street and Harlem Avenue. In its first season, it played host to an unspectacular league campaign; but victory in the 2006 U.S. Open Cup marked a continuation of the club's successes and promise for the future.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. In 2015, the Chicago Fire and then Comcast SportsNet Chicago agreed to a three-year deal, which includes 21 regular season and postseason matches for 2015.[59]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The Chicago Fire logo is derived from the standard shape of a fire department's crest (also shown by the Chicago Fire Department), also known as a Florian's cross. This style was chosen by the original general manager, Peter Wilt, to establish a timeless image evocative of both classic American sports (as in the logos of the NHL Original Six) and the traditions of European soccer.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. In the 2012–2013 offseason, the franchise made some moves to improve on 2012's success. The team acquired Joel Lindpere and Jeff Larentowicz and also traded Dominic Oduro for Dilly Duka and the rights to Robbie Rogers.[13] The beginning of the season saw the team struggling to score goals, resulting in a record of 2–5–1 through April. After two successive losses to the Union in May, and with veteran Arne Friedrich still on injured reserve, the Fire acquired their former centerback Bakary Soumaré from Philadelphia.[14] Also in May, Robbie Rogers expressed an interest to play in Southern California, at which point a deal was brokered for Rogers' rights in exchange for Chicago native Mike Magee from the Los Angeles Galaxy.[15] On June 23, 2013, Friedrich, who had not played a 2012–13 game due to recurring injuries, announced his retirement.[16] After starting the season 2–7–3, the additions of Soumare and Magee led to seven wins in the squad's last 10 games. The Fire were busy in the transfer window as well, adding veteran defensive midfielder Arévalo Ríos and forward Juan Luis Anangonó.[17] The Chicago Fire also advanced to host the semifinal of the 2013 Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup, but fell 2–0 to eventual champions D.C. United. Alleged fan actions in the stadium that night led to a famous editorial piece, \"What it means to be a part of the Fire family\",[18] being penned by the club's Director of Communications, which was seen as an odd attack on the fan base and widely panned by local and national media. After a 12–6–6 finish to the season, the Fire narrowly missed the playoffs for the third time in the last four years—losing out to the Montreal Impact on goal difference. On October 30, 2013, the club announced that the president of soccer operations Javier Leon and head coach Frank Klopas had stepped down,[19] but the Fire front office had a replacement one day later. On October 31, 2013 Chicago Fire named Frank Yallop as its new head coach and director of soccer.[20] On December 5, 2013, Fire MVP Mike Magee became the first Fire player to win the MLS MVP Award—beating out Los Angeles Galaxy's Robbie Keane and Montreal Impact's Marco Di Vaio for the honor.[21][22][23]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Chicago plays its home games at Toyota Park, a soccer-specific stadium located at 71st Street and Harlem Avenue in the Chicago suburb of Bridgeview, Illinois, about 12 miles southwest from downtown Chicago. The stadium opened on June 11, 2006 and was developed at a cost of around $100 million. The Village of Bridgeview owns and operates Toyota Park.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The club began 2015 with renewed hope, bringing three new Designated Player signings in David Accam, Shaun Maloney and Kennedy Igboananike to bolster an anemic attack. The club also signed products Michael Stephens and Eric Gehrig as well as Trinindad & Tobago international Joevin Jones. With so many new pieces needing to adjust, 2015 marked the first time in club history the side began the season with an 0–3–0 record, but they showed signs of recovery by winning their next three matches. Unfortunately, April was the last time the club would be anywhere near equal on wins and losses, but the side did still advance to another Lamar Hunt U.S. Open Cup semifinal. Playing in front of a sparse crowd at the Philadelphia Union's PPL Park, the Fire fell 1–0 at the same hurdle for the third straight season. Less than two weeks later, Maloney, who was the club's center piece offseason signing, was transferred back to England with Hull City sighting personal reasons.[31]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The original Fire shirts were chosen because of their resemblance to a Chicago fireman's coat, featuring broad horizontal stripes across the torso and sleeves. In the first year, the home jersey was red and white with a silver \"FIRE\" on the stripe; while the away shirts were white and black in the same style. The jersey has remained remarkably constant ever since, continually maintaining the same format of an all-red shirt with a white horizontal chest stripe, even through changes in equipment sponsor (from Nike, to Puma, and currently adidas), until 2012 when the white stripe was exchanged for a blue stripe. Conversely, the Fire's secondary shirts have changed much over the years from white with black, to white with navy, to white with red, to all-white style and the all-blue currently used. Third shirts have often been yellow (originally to honor the Chicago Sting, later for the expired partnership with Morelia). A popular light blue third shirt was worn in 2005, based on the Municipal Flag of Chicago but was discontinued during the sponsorship change to Adidas the next year.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. For its first years in the league the Fire played at Soldier Field, the 61,500-capacity home of the Chicago Bears of the NFL and one of the main venues of the 1994 FIFA World Cup. While that stadium was undergoing a $632 million renovation, the Fire played at Cardinal Stadium in Naperville, Illinois, on the outskirts of the Chicago metropolitan area. They returned to Soldier Field toward the end of 2003, remaining there through the end of 2005.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. With Soldier Field undergoing massive renovations, the Fire moved to the western Chicago suburb of Naperville, Illinois in 2002. That same year, Bob Bradley abruptly departed the team to lead the MetroStars, from his home state of New Jersey. The Fire then selected the U.S. men's national team's top assistant, Dave Sarachan, to assume the vacant post.", "South Side, Chicago. The Chicago Fire of Major League Soccer played at Soldier Field from 1997 until the team relocated to Bridgeview, a southwest suburb adjacent to the city, in 2006[129] and the defunct Chicago Sting soccer club played at Soldier Field and Comiskey Park from 1974 to 1984.[130][131]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. On November 18, 2015, Rodriguez made his first moves as GM, firing most of Yallop's remaining technical staff, including goalkeeping coach Aron Hyde, fitness coach Adrian Lamb and Director of Scouting Trevor James.[36] Rodriguez also parted ways with the club's long-time Director of First Team Operations Ron Stern, Equipment Manager Charles Raycroft and Assistant Equipment Manager Allan Araujo. On November 24, 2015, the club announced that Veljko Paunovic, former coach of the Serbian U-20 side that won the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, had been named the new head coach of the Chicago Fire.[37] On January 5, 2016, technical director Brian Bliss also departed the Fire to join Sporting Kansas City as Director of Player Personnel, completing the total overhaul of the technical staff.[38]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The 2005 season began with the unexpected dismissal of popular club president Peter Wilt by then-owners AEG, a move decried by fans, many players, and club staff.[2] This came as a shock, given his brokering of a $100m deal to build the Fire a stadium in the collar suburb of Bridgeview. He was immediately replaced by MetroStars executive John Guppy.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Although expectations were modest for 2012, Klopas' first full season as coach, the year saw a change in fortune for the Fire. The spring and summer months saw several new acquisitions for the club, starting with the reacquiring of Chris Rolfe from Aalborg BK.[9] Rolfe, who scored eight goals and 12 assists in the 21 games he played in 2012, would later be named the Fire's MVP.[10] Other signings included Brazilian midfielders Alex Monteiro de Lima from the Swiss side FC Wohlen, Alvaro Fernandez from Seattle Sounders FC, forward Sherjill MacDonald from Beerschot AC of Belgium and veteran defender Arne Friedrich from VfL Wolfsburg. Although they would fall out of the U.S. Open tournament early that season, the Fire eventually compiled a 17–11–6 record, their best since 2000, and ranked as high as second in the Eastern Conference before ending the year in fourth place.[11] On October 31, 2012, in their first playoff appearance since 2009, the Fire lost their first-round MLS Cup playoff match-up at home against the Houston Dynamo, 2–1.[12]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Leading up to 2010, Chicago hired Carlos de los Cobos as head coach, previously manager of El Salvador.[6] Cuauhtémoc Blanco, Chris Rolfe and Gonzalo Segares all departed. More changes came in the summer transfer window with the trade of Justin Mapp to Philadelphia, the acquisition of Mexican international striker Nery Castillo, and the trade for former Swedish international midfielder Fredrik Ljungberg. Defender Gonzalo Segares returned to the Fire, leaving Apollon Limassol after only six months away. Despite these reinforcements, the Fire failed to qualify for the playoffs for only the second time in club history. Former U.S. international Brian McBride and club original C.J. Brown retired at season's end, followed closely by the departures of Wilman Conde, Ljungberg, and Castillo.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. On October 3, 2015, Ante Razov, the club's all-time leading scorer, became the eight individual to be inducted into the club's Ring of Fire Hall of Fame.[67] The ceremony took place on that day during the halftime of the regular season home match against New England Revolution.[68]", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. More change came soon afterward. On September 6, 2007, Andell Holdings, a Los Angeles-based private investment firm controlled by chairman Andrew Hauptman, acquired AEG's interest in the Chicago Fire Soccer Club. Reports estimated the purchase price to be upwards of $35 million.[3] The team has not won a major trophy since Hauptman bought the team.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The Fire maintains an extensive development system, consisting of the Chicago Fire U-23 (Premier Development League and Super-20 League teams), the Chicago Fire Development Academy, and the Chicago Fire Juniors youth organization. They also operate the Chicago Fire Foundation, the team's community-based charitable division. Toyota Park is the Fire's home stadium.", "Chicago Fire Soccer Club. The logo features a stylized 'C' at its heart (representing Chicago), similar to the logos of the Bears and Cubs. The six points in a ring around the center allude to the stars in the Municipal Flag of Chicago, specifically the one commemorating the Great Chicago Fire of 1871." ]

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[ "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary (Pron: pǽngólɑ́kha, Nepali: पाङ्लखा) is a wildlife reserve in the East Sikkim district of the state of Sikkim in India. It is about 30 kilometres (19 mi) east of Rangpo and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) by road from Rangpo city. The total notified area of the park is around 124 square kilometres (48 sq mi) while inside the wildlife sanctuary there are a few hamlets: Aritar, Lingtam, Phadamchen, Zuluk, Gnathang valley and Kupup. This wildlife sanctuary is linked to the forests of Bhutan and Neora Valley National Park of West Bengal. The area that comes under this biosphere has been declared in the year of 1999 as an wildlife sanctuary under biogeographic province category 2C.[1]", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. This wildlife sanctuary supports a large variety of animals, since it falls at the junction of Palearctic ecozone and Indomalaya ecozone. As a Biogeographic Province, this wildlife sanctuary comes under 2C category.[3] [4]", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. The State Forest Department has set up Eco-Development Committees (EDCs) around all wildlife protected areas. In this IBA an EDC has been set up in the villages of Mankhim, Dalepchand, Lingtam, Phadamchen, Zuluk and Gnathang.[5]", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. All of these are typical of the Bhutan - Nepal - India hilly region.", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Mammals some of the exotic species from North-East India are present in this wildlife sanctuary. The red panda, the state mammal of Sikkim and one of the most elusive creature from northern forests lives here. Asiatic black bear, yellow-throated marten, takin and red fox are also present in this wildlife sanctuary. Some very commonly seen mammals in this sanctuary are the Himalayan striped squirrel and hoary bellied squirrel of Callosciurus genus.", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Altitudinal range of the sanctuary lies between 1760 metres to 4390 meters.[2] Pangolakha range in the east separates Sikkim from its eastern neighboring country Bhutan. Whereas it is linked through forest patches with to the south by Neora Valley National Park of West Bengal. Some high altitude lakes are present there, which acts as a biodiversity hotspot for migratory birds, like Tsongmo. Rivers and riverine tributaries from north are frozen from December to March; whereas all these riverine tributaries and rivers flow with enormous volume of water during Rainy season(i.e. from Mid April to Mid October).", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Inside this wildlife sanctuary, the primary biomes corresponding to the ecozone are:", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. White-crested laughingthrush (Garrulax leucolophus)", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Birds at Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary include kalij pheasant, Oriental honey buzzard, blood pheasant, white-crested laughingthrush, striated laughingthrush, chestnut-crowned laughingthrush, bar-throated minla, red-tailed minla, white-browed shrike babbler, white-browed fulvetta, rufous sibia, whiskered yuhina, stripe-throated yuhina, rufous-vented yuhina, brown dipper, rusty-flanked treecreeper, dark-rumped rosefinch, little bunting, etc. It is also home for some rarities like the speckled wood pigeon and bay woodpecker.", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. Blue-fronted redstart (Phoenicurus frontalis)", "Pangolakha Wildlife Sanctuary. White-capped redstart (Chaimarrornis leucocephalus)", "Telangana. Wildlife Sanctuaries in Telangana include Eturunagaram Wildlife Sanctuary and Pakhal Wildlife Sanctuary in Warangal District, Kawal Tiger Reserve and Pranahita Wildlife Sanctuary in Adilabad district, Kinnerasani Wildlife Sanctuary in Khammam district, Manjira Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak district, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve in Nalgonda and Mahbubnagar districts, Pocharam Wildlife Sanctuary in Medak and Nizamabad districts, Shivaram Wildlife Sanctuary in Karimnagar district.", "Forestry in India. Indian peafowl spotted at Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary in Visakhapatnam", "Andhra Pradesh. The state has many sanctuaries, national parks and zoological parks, such as Coringa, Krishna Wildlife Sanctuary, Nagarjunsagar-Srisailam Tiger Reserve, Kambalakonda Wildlife Sanctuary, Sri Venkateswara Zoological Park and Indira Gandhi Zoological Park. Atapaka Bird Sanctuary, Nelapattu Bird Sanctuary and Pulicat Lake Bird Sanctuary attract many migratory birds.[59]\nThe state possesses some rare and endemic plants like Cycas beddomei, Pterocarpus santalinus, Terminalia pallida, Syzygium alternifolium, Shorea talura, Shorea tumburgia, Psilotum nudum, etc.[58] The diversity of fauna includes tigers, panthers, hyenas, black bucks, cheetals, sambars, sea turtles and a number of birds and reptiles. The estuaries of the Godavari and Krishna Rivers support rich mangrove forests with fishing cats and otters as keystone species.[58]", "Geography of Maharashtra. Apart from these, Maharashtra has 35 wildlife sanctuaries spread all over the state, listed here.[2] Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary, and the Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary are the important ones.", "Mizoram. The state has two national parks and six wildlife sanctuaries - Blue Mountain (Phawngpui) National Park, Dampa Tiger Reserve (largest), Lengteng Wildlife Sanctuary, Murlen National Park, Ngengpui Wildlife Sanctuary, Tawi Wildlife Sanctuary, Khawnglung Wildlife Sanctuary, and Thorangtlang Wildlife Sanctuary.[52]", "Tourism in India by state. Densely covered in forest, the state has many wildlife sanctuaries including Topchanchi wildlife sanctuary[18] and Palamu wildlife sanctuary.[19]", "Hoolock gibbon. In northeast India, the hoolock is found south of Brahmaputra and east of the Dibang Rivers.[4] Its range extends into seven states covering Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, and Tripura (The seven northeastern states of India).Its the State Animal of Arunachal Pradesh [5][6]", "Wildlife sanctuaries of India. Wildlife sanctuaries are established by IUCN category IV protected areas. India has 543 wildlife sanctuaries[1] referred to as wildlife sanctuaries category IV protected areas. Among these, the 50 tiger reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the tiger. Some wildlife sanctuaries are specifically named bird sanctuary, e.g., Keoladeo National Park before attaining National Park status.", "Narmada River. Shoolpaneshwar Sanctuary in Gujarat, near the Sardar Sarovar dam site, previously called the Dumkal Sloth Bear Sanctuary (old sanctuary has been expanded four times) now covers an area of about 607 km2 (234.4 sq mi), comprises a major watershed feeding the Sardar Sarovar and Karjan reservoir (on the Karjan River, a tributary of Narmada in Gujarat). It is the habitat of mammals and a variety of birds, including eagles and hawks.[26][27]", "Kerala. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary", "Lion. The presence of numerous human habitations close to the National Park results in conflict between lions, local people and their livestock.[196][192] The establishment of a second, independent Asiatic lion population in Kuno Wildlife Sanctuary, located in Madhya Pradesh was planned but in 2017, the Asiatic Lion Reintroduction Project seemed unlikely to be implemented.[197][198]", "Tripura. Wildlife sanctuaries of the state are Sipahijola, Gumti, Rowa and Trishna wildlife sanctuaries.[48] National parks of the state are Clouded Leopard National Park and Rajbari National Park.[48] These protected areas cover a total of 566.93 km2 (218.89 sq mi).[48] Gumti is also an Important Bird Area.[49] In winter, thousands of migratory waterfowl throng Gumti and Rudrasagar lakes.[50]", "Sundarbans. Sajnakhali Wildlife Sanctuary is a 362-square-kilometre (140 sq mi) area in the northern part of the Sundarbans delta in South 24 Parganas district, West Bengal, India. The area is mainly mangrove scrub, forest and swamp. It was set up as a sanctuary in 1976. It is home to a rich population of different species of wildlife, such as water fowl, heron, pelican, spotted deer, rhesus macaques, wild boar, tigers, water monitor lizards, fishing cats, otters, olive ridley turtles, crocodiles, batagur terrapins, and migratory birds.", "Protected areas of India. Wildlife sanctuaries (IUCN Category IV): India has 543 animal sanctuaries,covering about 1,16,800 Sq km(comprising around 4% of India's total surface area.) referred to as Wildlife Sanctuaries. Among these, the 50 Tiger Reserves are governed by Project Tiger, and are of special significance in the conservation of the tiger.[1] Latest tiger reserve is Kamlang Tiger Reserve in Arunachal Pradesh.", "Tourism in India by state. Wildlife Sanctuaries & National Parks Karnataka has several wildlife sanctuaries and national parks such as, Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary, Dandeli; Ghataprabha Bird Sanctuary; Daroji Sloth Bear Sanctuary; Peacock sanctuary in Bankapura; Ranebennur blackbuck sanctuary, Haveri district; Deva Raya Wildlife Sanctuary, near Hampi; Attiveri Bird Sanctuary, near Hubli-Dharwad, Uttara Kannada; Anshi National Park, Uttara Kannada; Magadi Bird Sanctuary, Shirahatti; Bhimgad Wildlife Sanctuary;[25] Adichunchanagiri Wildlife Sanctuary;[26] Arabithittu Wildlife Sanctuary ;[27] Biligiriranga Swamy Temple Wildlife Sanctuary; Bhadra Wildlife Sanctuary; Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary; Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary; Melukote Temple Wildlife Sanctuary ;[28] in Mandya district; Mookambika Wildlife Sanctuary; Nugu Wildlife Sanctuary; Pushpagiri Wildlife Sanctuary; Sharavathi Valley Wildlife Sanctuary; Shettihalli Wildlife Sanctuary; Someshwara Wildlife Sanctuary; Talakaveri Wildlife Sanctuary; Gudavi Bird Sanctuary; Mandagadde Bird Sanctuary; Kaggaladu Heronry; Kokkare Bellur; Bankapura Peacock Sanctuary and Bonal Bird Sanctuary", "Arunachal Pradesh. The state is rich in wildlife and has a number of wildlife sanctuaries and national parks with rare animals, birds and plants. Perhaps the highest diversity of mammals in India is in Arunachal Pradesh (200+ species).[43] The diversity of birds is also very high, 700+ and is second only to Assam.[44]", "Madhya Pradesh. Kanha, Bandhavgarh, Pench, Panna, and Satpura National Parks are managed as Project Tiger areas. The National Chambal Sanctuary is managed for conservation of gharial and mugger, river dolphin, smooth-coated otter and a number of turtle species. Ken-gharial and Son-gharial sanctuaries are managed for conservation of gharial and mugger. The barasingha is the state animal and the dudhraj is the state bird of Madhya Pradesh.", "Assam. Assam has wildlife sanctuaries, the most prominent of which are two UNESCO World Heritage sites[54]-the Kaziranga National Park, on the bank of the Brahmaputra River, and the Manas Wildlife Sanctuary, near the border with Bhutan. The Kaziranga is a refuge for the fast-disappearing Indian one-horned rhinoceros. The state is the last refuge for numerous other endangered and threatened species including the white-winged wood duck or deohanh, Bengal florican, black-breasted parrotbill, red-headed vulture, white-rumped vulture, greater adjutant, Jerdon's babbler, rufous-necked hornbill, Bengal tiger, Asian elephant, pygmy hog, gaur, wild water buffalo, Indian hog deer, hoolock gibbon, golden langur, capped langur, barasingha, Ganges river dolphin, Barca snakehead, Ganges shark, Burmese python, brahminy river turtle, black pond turtle, Asian forest tortoise, and Assam roofed turtle. Threatened species that are extinct in Assam include the gharial, a critically endangered fish-eating crocodilian, and the pink-headed duck (which may be extinct worldwide). For the state bird, the white-winged wood duck, Assam is a globally important area.[clarification needed][55] In addition to the above, there are three other National Parks in Assam namely Dibru Saikhowa National Park, Nameri National Park and the Orang National Park.", "Visakhapatnam. Visakhapatnam is one of the main tourism destinations in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The city is famous for beaches, caves and the Eastern Ghats as well as wildlife sanctuaries. About 30% of the city is covered with greenery.[81]", "Geography of Maharashtra. As of 2017 there are 537 wildlife sanctuaries in India and 41 in Maharashtra. wildlife sanctuaries, national parks and Project Tiger reserves have been created in Maharashtra, with the aim of conserving the rich bio-diversity of the region. As of 2017, India has 103 national parks, of which six are located in Maharashtra.There are 50 Tiger reserve in India and 6 project tiger areas in Maharashtra. viz Tadoba-Andhari, Melghat, Nagazira ,Sahyadri ,Bor and Pench. A large percentage of Maharashtra's forests and wildlife lie along the western Ghats or western Maharashtra and eastern Vidarbha.", "United States Fish and Wildlife Service. The FWS employs approximately 9,000 people and is organized into a central administrative office (in Falls Church, VA), the hallway where directorate members sit at the Department of the Interior in (in Washington, DC), eight regional offices, and nearly 700 field offices distributed throughout the United States." ]

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[ "Dido and Aeneas. The Sorceress/Sorcerer is plotting the destruction of Carthage and its queen, and summons companions to help with evil plans. The plan is to send her \"trusted elf\" disguised as Mercury, someone to whom Aeneas will surely listen, to tempt him to leave Dido and sail to Italy. This would leave Dido heartbroken, and she would surely die. The chorus join in with terrible laughter, and the Enchantresses decide to conjure up a storm to make Dido and her train leave the grove and return to the palace. When the spell is prepared, the witches vanish in a thunderclap.", "Aeneid. Aeneas finishes his story, and Dido realizes that she has fallen in love with Aeneas. Juno seizes upon this opportunity to make a deal with Venus, Aeneas's mother, with the intention of distracting Aeneas from his destiny of founding a city in Italy. Aeneas is inclined to return Dido's love, and during a hunting expedition, a storm drives them into a cave in which Aeneas and Dido presumably have sex, an event that Dido takes to indicate a marriage between them. But when Jupiter sends Mercury to remind Aeneas of his duty, he has no choice but to part. Her heart broken, Dido commits suicide by stabbing herself upon a pyre with Aeneas's sword. Before dying, she predicts eternal strife between Aeneas's people and hers; \"rise up from my bones, avenging spirit\" (4.625, trans. Fitzgerald) is a possible invocation to Hannibal.[9] Looking back from the deck of his ship, Aeneas sees the smoke of Dido's funeral pyre and knows its meaning only too clearly. Nevertheless, destiny calls, and the Trojan fleet sails on to Italy.", "Aeneid. Furthermore, her people, hearing of their queen's death, have only one avenue on which to direct the blame: the already-departed Trojans. Thus, Dido's request of her people and her people's only recourse for closure align in their mutual hate for Aeneas and his Trojans. In effect, Dido's violent suicide leads to the violent nature of the later relationship between Carthage and Rome.[38]", "Aeneas. After a brief but fierce storm sent up against the group at Juno's request, Aeneas and his fleet made landfall at Carthage after six years of wanderings. Aeneas had a year-long affair with the Carthaginian queen Dido (also known as Elissa), who proposed that the Trojans settle in her land and that she and Aeneas reign jointly over their peoples. A marriage of sorts was arranged between Dido and Aeneas at the instigation of Juno, who was told that her favorite city would eventually be defeated by the Trojans' descendants. Aeneas's mother Venus (the Roman adaptation of Aphrodite) realized that her son and his company needed a temporary respite to reinforce themselves for the journey to come. However, the messenger god Mercury was sent by Jupiter and Venus to remind Aeneas of his journey and his purpose, compelling him to leave secretly. When Dido learned of this, she uttered a curse that would forever pit Carthage against Rome, an enmity that would culminate in the Punic Wars. She then committed suicide by stabbing herself with the same sword she gave Aeneas when they first met.", "Dido and Aeneas. Preparations are being made for the departure of the Trojan fleet. The sailors sing a song, which is followed shortly by the Sorceress and her companions' sudden appearance. The group is pleased at how well their plan has worked, and the Sorceress sings a solo describing her further plans for the destruction of Aeneas \"on the ocean\". All the characters begin to clear the stage after a dance in three sections, and then disperse.", "Dido and Aeneas. Dido and Aeneas are accompanied by their train. They stop at the grove to take in its beauty. A lot of action is going on, with attendants carrying goods from the hunt and a picnic possibly taking place, and Dido and Aeneas are together within the activity. This is all stopped when Dido hears distant thunder, prompting Belinda to tell the servants to prepare for a return to shelter as soon as possible. As every other character leaves the stage, Aeneas is stopped by the Sorceress's elf, who is disguised as Mercury. This pretend Mercury brings the command of Jove that Aeneas is to wait no longer in beginning his task of creating a new Troy on Latin soil. Aeneas consents to the wishes of what he believes are the gods, but is heart-broken that he will have to leave Dido. He then goes off-stage to prepare for his departure from Carthage.", "Dido and Aeneas. Dido and Belinda enter, shocked at Aeneas’ disappearance. Dido is distraught and Belinda comforts her. Suddenly Aeneas returns, but Dido is full of fear before Aeneas speaks, and his words only serve to confirm her suspicions. She derides his reasons for leaving, and even when Aeneas says he will defy the gods and not leave Carthage, Dido rejects him for having once thought of leaving her. After Dido forces Aeneas to leave, she states that \"Death must come when he is gone.\" The opera and Dido's life both slowly come to a conclusion, as the Queen of Carthage sings her last aria, \"When I am laid in Earth\", also known as \"Dido's Lament.\" The chorus and orchestra then conclude the opera once Dido is dead by ordering the \"cupids to scatter roses on her tomb, soft and gentle as her heart. Keep here your watch, and never, never part.\"[29]", "Aeneid. This violence continues as Aeneas makes his journey. Dido kills herself in an excessively violent way over a pyre in order to end and escape her worldly problem: being heartbroken over the departure of her \"husband\" Aeneas. Queen Dido's suicide is a double edged sword. While releasing herself from the burden of her pain through violence, her last words implore her people to view Aeneas's people with hate for all eternity:", "Dido and Aeneas. The opera opens with Dido in her court with her attendants. Belinda is trying to cheer up Dido, but Dido is full of sorrow, saying 'Peace and I are strangers grown'. Belinda believes the source of this grief to be the Trojan Aeneas, and suggests that Carthage's troubles could be resolved by a marriage between the two. Dido and Belinda talk for a time—Dido fears that her love will make her a weak monarch, but Belinda and the Second Woman reassure her that \"The hero loves as well.\" Aeneas enters the court, and is at first received coldly by Dido, but she eventually accepts his proposal of marriage.", "Aeneas. Aeneas and Dido are the main characters of a 17th-century broadside ballad called \"The Wandering Prince of Troy.\" The ballad ultimately alters Aeneas's fate from traveling on years after Dido's death to joining her as a spirit soon after her suicide.[32]", "Dido and Aeneas. Dido and Aeneas (Z. 626)[1] is an opera in a prologue and three acts, written by the English Baroque composer Henry Purcell with a libretto by Nahum Tate. The dates of the composition and first performance of the opera are uncertain. It was composed no later than July 1688,[2] and had been performed at Josias Priest's girls' school in London by the end of 1689.[3] Some scholars argue for a date of composition as early as 1683.[4][5] The story is based on Book IV of Virgil's Aeneid.[6] It recounts the love of Dido, Queen of Carthage, for the Trojan hero Aeneas, and her despair when he abandons her. A monumental work in Baroque opera, Dido and Aeneas is remembered as one of Purcell's foremost theatrical works.[6] It was also Purcell's only true opera, as well as his only all-sung dramatic work. One of the earliest known English operas, it owes much to John Blow's Venus and Adonis, both in structure and in overall effect.[6] The influence of Cavalli's opera Didone is also apparent.[citation needed]", "Dido's Lament. The text, and the Purcell opera, allude to the Aeneid, the Roman legend of the Trojan warrior Aeneas, travelling to Italy from the betrayed and fallen Troy in order to settle there and secure his son Ascanius's lineage. Their ship is blown off course from Sicily, and they land on the shore of North Africa, in Carthage, a town newly settled by refugees from Tyre. Aeneas falls in love with their queen, Dido, but dutifully departs for Italy leaving her. Distraught at his betrayal, she orders a pyre to be built and set ablaze so that Aeneas will see from his ship that she has killed herself. She sings the lament before stabbing herself as Aeneas sails on.", "Dido and Aeneas. Originally based on Nahum Tate's play Brutus of Alba, or The Enchanted Lovers (1678), the opera is likely, at least to some extent, to be allegorical. The prologue refers to the joy of a marriage between two monarchs, which could refer to the marriage between William and Mary. In a poem of about 1686, Tate alluded to James II as Aeneas, who is misled by the evil machinations of the Sorceress and her witches (representing Roman Catholicism, a common metaphor at the time) into abandoning Dido, who symbolises the British people. The same symbolism may apply to the opera.[6] This explains the addition of the characters of the Sorceress and the witches, which do not appear in the original Aeneid. It would be noble, or at least acceptable, for Aeneas to follow the decree of the Gods, but not so acceptable for him to be tricked by ill-meaning spirits.", "Dido and Aeneas. Dido's court", "Aeneid. Juno is speaking to Venus, making an agreement and influencing the lives and emotions of both Dido and Aeneas. Later in the same book, Jupiter steps in and restores what is the true fate and path for Aeneas, sending Mercury down to Aeneas's dreams, telling him that he must travel to Italy and leave his new-found lover. As Aeneas later pleads with Dido:", "Aeneid. Divine intervention occurs multiple times in Book 4 especially. Aeneas falls in love with Dido, delaying his ultimate fate of traveling to Italy. However, it is actually the gods who inspired the love, as Juno plots:", "Ancient Carthage. In the Roman epic of Virgil, the Aeneid, Queen Dido, the Greek name for Elissa, is first introduced as a highly esteemed character. In just seven years, since their exodus from Tyre, the Carthaginians have rebuilt a successful kingdom under her rule. Her subjects adore her and present her with a festival of praise. Her character is perceived by Virgil as even more noble when she offers asylum to Aeneas and his men, who have recently escaped from Troy. A spirit in the form of the messenger god, Mercury, sent by Jupiter, reminds Aeneas that his mission is not to stay in Carthage with his new-found love, Dido, but to sail to Italy to found Rome. Virgil ends his legend of Dido with the story that, when Aeneas tells Dido, her heart broken, she orders a pyre to be built where she falls upon Aeneas' sword. As she lay dying, she predicted eternal strife between Aeneas' people and her own: \"rise up from my bones, avenging spirit\" (4.625, trans. Fitzgerald) she says, an invocation of Hannibal. The details of Virgil's story do not, however, form part of the original legend and are significant mainly as an indication of Rome's attitude towards the city she had founded, exemplified by Cato the Elder's much-repeated utterance, \"Carthago delenda est\", \"Carthage must be destroyed\".[10]", "Trojan War. The Trojan survivors escape with a number of ships, seeking to establish a new homeland elsewhere. They land in several nearby countries that prove inhospitable, and are finally told by an oracle that they must return to the land of their forebears. They first try to establish themselves in Crete, where Dardanus had once settled, but find it ravaged by the same plague that had driven Idomeneus away. They find the colony led by Helenus and Andromache, but decline to remain. After seven years they arrive in Carthage, where Aeneas has an affair with Queen Dido. (Since according to tradition Carthage was founded in 814 BC, the arrival of Trojan refugees a few hundred years earlier exposes chronological difficulties within the mythic tradition.) Eventually the gods order Aeneas to continue onward, and he and his people arrive at the mouth of the Tiber River in Italy. Dido commits suicide, and Aeneas's betrayal of her was regarded as an element in the long enmity between Rome and Carthage that expressed itself in the Punic Wars and led to Roman hegemony.", "Aeneid. A seventeenth century popular broadside ballad also appears to recount events from books 1–4 of the Aeneid, focusing mostly on the relationship between Aeneas and Dido. The ballad, \"The Wandering Prince of Troy\", presents many similar elements as Virgil's epic, but alters Dido's final sentiments toward Aeneas, as well as presents an interesting end for Aeneas himself.[58]", "Aeneid. Meanwhile, Venus has her own plans. She goes to her son, Aeneas's half-brother Cupid, and tells him to imitate Ascanius (the son of Aeneas and his first wife Creusa). Disguised as such, Cupid goes to Dido and offers the gifts expected from a guest. With Dido's motherly love revived as she cradles the boy during a banquet given in honour of the Trojans, Cupid secretly weakens her sworn fidelity to the soul of her late husband, Sychaeus, who had been murdered by her brother, Pygmalion.", "Aeneas. After the sojourn in Carthage, the Trojans returned to Sicily where Aeneas organized funeral games to honor his father, who had died a year before. The company traveled on and landed on the western coast of Italy. Aeneas descended into the underworld where he met Dido (who turned away from him to return to her husband) and his father, who showed him the future of his descendants and thus the history of Rome.", "Dido and Aeneas. Scene 1: The cave of the Sorceress", "Dido and Aeneas. Scene 2: A grove during the middle of a hunt", "History of Carthage. The Roman poet Virgil (70–19 BC) presents Dido as a tragic heroine in his epic poem the Aeneid, whose hero Aeneas travels from Troy, to Carthage, to Rome.[35] The work contains inventive scenes, loosely based on the legendary history of Carthage, e.g., referring to the then well-known story how the Phoenician Queen cunningly acquired the citadel of the Byrsa.[36][37][38] In Virgil's epic, the god Jupiter requires the hero Aeneas to leave his beloved Dido, who then commits suicide and burns in a funeral pyre.[39] This episode employs not only the history or legends narrated by Trogus (mentioned above), but perhaps also subsequent mythical and cult-based elements, as Dido would become assimilated to the Punic or Berber goddess Tanit. Each autumn a pyre was built outside the old city of Carthage; into it the goddess was thought to throw herself in self-immolation for the sake of the dead vegetation god Adonis–Eshmun.[40][41]", "Aeneid. Neptune takes notice: although he himself is no friend of the Trojans, he is infuriated by Juno's intrusion into his domain, and stills the winds and calms the waters, after making sure that the winds would not bother the Trojans again, lest they be punished more harshly than they were this time. The fleet takes shelter on the coast of Africa, where Aeneas rouses the spirits of his men, reassuring them that they have been through worse situations before. There, Aeneas's mother, Venus, in the form of a huntress very similar to the goddess Diana, encourages him and recounts to him the history of Carthage. Eventually, Aeneas ventures into the city, and in the temple of Juno he seeks and gains the favor of Dido, queen of the city, which has only recently been founded by refugees from Tyre and which will later become a great imperial rival and enemy to Rome.", "Virgil. Book 1[16] (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, funeral games are celebrated for Aeneas' father Anchises, who had died a year before. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.", "Dido and Aeneas. Before Dido and Aeneas, Purcell had composed music for several stage works, including nine pieces for Nathaniel Lee's Theodosius, or The Force of Love (1680) and eight songs for Thomas d'Urfey's A Fool's Preferment (1688). He also composed songs for two plays by Nahum Tate (later the librettist of Dido and Aeneas), The Sicilian Usurper (1680) and Cuckold-Haven (1685). Dido and Aeneas was Purcell's first (and only) all-sung opera and derives from the English masque tradition.", "Dido and Aeneas. The harbour at Carthage", "Aeneas. Aeneas is a title character in Henry Purcell's opera Dido and Aeneas (c. 1688), and one of the principal roles in Hector Berlioz' opera Les Troyens (c. 1857). Canadian composer James Rolfe composed his opera Aeneas and Dido (2007; to a libretto by André Alexis) as a companion piece to Purcell's opera.", "Dido and Aeneas. Although the opera is a tragedy, there are numerous seemingly lighter scenes, such as the First Sailor's song, \"Take a boozy short leave of your nymphs on the shore, and silence their mourning with vows of returning, though never intending to visit them more.\" Musicologist Ellen T. Harris considers the callousness and cynicism of the song to underline the \"moral\" of the story, that young women should not succumb to the advances and promises of ardent young men.[7]", "Dido and Aeneas. A version of the opera adapted to modern dance was choreographed by the American Mark Morris, who originally danced both the roles of Dido and the Sorceress. It premiered on 11 March 1989 at the Théâtre Varia in Brussels.[22] It has since been performed many times and was filmed in 1995 by Canadian director Barbara Willis Sweete, with Morris in the roles of Dido and the Sorceress.[23] Another dance version, choreographed by Sasha Waltz, premiered at the Staatsoper Unter den Linden in Berlin on 29 January 2005 and opened with the dancers performing underwater in an enormous tank.[24] The production was subsequently seen at the Grand Théâtre in Luxembourg, Opéra national de Montpellier, and Sadler's Wells Theatre in London. In both the Morris and the Waltz adaptations, the characters are each portrayed by both a singer and a dancer, with the dancers onstage and the singers performing from the side of the stage or the orchestra pit.", "Dido's Lament. Dido's Lament opens with a descending chromatic fourth line, the ground bass, which is repeated eleven times throughout the aria, thus structuring the piece in the form of a ciaccona. The meter is 3\n2 in the key of G minor. Henry Purcell has applied word painting on the words \"laid\", which is also given a descending chromatic line portraying death and agony, and \"remember me\", which is presented in a syllabic text setting and repeated with its last presentation leaping in register with a sudden crescendo displaying her desperate cry with urgency as she prepares for her fate: death. In one interpretation, Dido's relationship with Aeneas is portrayed in this moment as an \"apocalyptic romance\".[2]" ]

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[ "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love). \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\" is a 1968 song that was a 1969 hit single by Jr. Walker & The All Stars.[2] The single was one of Jr. Walker's most successful releases, becoming a hit on both the R&B and pop singles charts. \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love),\" written by Johnny Bristol, Harvey Fuqua, and Vernon Bullock, made it into the top five on the Hot 100,[3] and became Jr. Walker's second number one on the R&B charts. The song was also a hit in the UK in 1969, reaching number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. It remained in the chart for 12 weeks.[4] The song was voted Top US Soul Record of 1969 and has sold over a million copies. Its extended intro and saxophone solo have influenced the works of David Sanborn, Clarence Clemons and Bobby Keys.[5]", "What Does It Take (To Win Your Love). Alton Ellis also covered the song on his album Mr Soul of Jamaica. Many sources give the release date for this album as 1967. Many, such as Allmusic, question the year of release.[6] The version released as a single is dated 1970.[7] In 1986 instrumentalist Kenny G (with Ellis Hall on vocals) covered this tune on his 1986 album \"Duotones\".[8]", "Junior Walker. In 1969, the group had another hit enter the top 5, \"What Does It Take (To Win Your Love)\".[1] A Motown quality control meeting rejected this song for single release, but radio station DJs made the track popular, resulting in Motown releasing it as a single, whereupon it reached No. 4 on the Hot 100 and No. 1 on the R&B chart. From that time on Walker sang more on the records than earlier in their career. He landed several more R&B Top Ten hits over the next few years, with the last coming in 1972.[1] In 1979, Walker went solo, disbanding the All Stars, and was signed to Norman Whitfield's Whitfield Records label,[1] but he was not as successful on his own as he had been with the All Stars in his Motown period.", "The McAuley Boys. In 1992, while attending the University of Western Ontario (UWO) in London, Ontario, Gary McAuley began songwriting with a then-unknown Stephan Moccio. In an interview with Billboard magazine, Moccio states that the pair had written a song for Celine Dion, which they used as an introduction to Dion and her husband/manager René Angélil during a visit to the campus.[5] In the same interview, Moccio states that throughout his four years at UWO, he and Gary McAuley would play jazz and R&B in local clubs around London. In a 2016 interview with Shad on CBC Radio One's Q, Moccio said the song \"How Do I Win Your Heart\" (co-written with Gary) earned praise from David Foster after they sent him a demo on cassette. The multi-platinum producer praised their strong songwriting skills, saying \"You have the talent to go all the way.\"[6] For Gary, this led to a brief mentorship session in L.A. with Foster.[3]", "The Jets (Minnesota band). The original members of the Jets had a number of Billboard Hot 100 hits and eight top 10 singles, including the 1986 \"Crush on You\", which peaked at #3 in July 1986 on the USA Billboard Hot 100 (#5 UK, #4 US R&B, #4 US Dance). They are also known for the singles \"You Got It All\", \"Cross My Broken Heart\", \"Rocket 2 U\", and \"Make It Real\". \"Sendin' All My Love\", which peaked at #88 on the Hot 100, reached #1 on the Billboard dance chart; \"You Got It All\" and \"Make It Real\", both ballads featuring lead vocals by Elizabeth Wolfgramm, were #1 hits on the Billboard adult contemporary chart. The band was nominated for a Grammy Award in 1988 for the song \"Rocket 2 U\" featuring lead vocals by Haini Wolfgramm. The Jets also performed the theme song for Chip 'n Dale Rescue Rangers, in 1989.", "This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You). The 1991 album Sincerely Yours and the singles released from it were far from being hit records, though the female pop formation was frequently invited to perform live at clubs and discos. Because of the lack of commercial success, Luv' and RCA Records/BMG ended their legal relationship. The trio later signed a contract with the Dutch label JAM for the release of one single in 1992, a Dance cover version of \"This Old Heart of Mine (Is Weak for You)\" (originally performed by The Isley Brothers). Luv's rendition of this Motown hit failed to top the charts. This attempt to successfully remake a song from the Holland-Dozier-Holland repertoire is not the first one for Scheide, one of Luv's members. In 1983, she recorded as a solo artist a Supremes medley that was aired on Black American radio stations despite its disappointing record sales.", "For Your Love. \"For Your Love\" is a rock song written by Graham Gouldman and recorded by English group the Yardbirds. Released in March 1965, it was their first top ten hit in both the UK and the US. The song was a departure from the group's blues roots in favour of a commercial pop rock sound. Guitarist Eric Clapton disapproved of the change and it influenced him to leave the group.[3][4][5]", "Showaddywaddy. They appeared on the ATV series New Faces, and won one programme in the series in November 1973, and were runners-up in the \"All Winners Final\", which was broadcast on 28 December 1973. Their first single, \"Hey Rock and Roll\" (written by the band), was released in April 1974. It reached number two in the UK Singles Chart.[1]\nShowaddywaddy then went on to have a further 22 UK hits[2] until late summer 1982. They had most of their biggest hits with covers of songs from the 1950s and the early 1960s. These cover versions included \"Three Steps to Heaven\" (originally by Eddie Cochran in 1960), \"Heartbeat\" (originally written and recorded by Buddy Holly), \"Under the Moon of Love\" (originally a US hit for Curtis Lee in 1961 and co-written by Tommy Boyce), \"When\" (originally by the Kalin Twins), \"You Got What It Takes\" (originally by Marv Johnson) and \"Dancin' Party\" (originally by Chubby Checker). These six singles were all produced by Mike Hurst (a former member of the Springfields).", "1980s in music. Bonnie Tyler had major hits with \"Total Eclipse of the Heart\" and \"Holding Out for a Hero\", while Robert Palmer's had two iconic music videos for \"Addicted to Love\" and \"Simply Irresistible\". The Bee Gees 1987 single \"You Win Again\" reached number one, making them first group to score a UK #1 hit in each of three decades: the 1960s, '70s, and '80s.[53] Other British artists who achieved success in the pop charts in the 80s included Paul McCartney, Elton John, Culture Club, The Fixx, Joe Cocker, Rod Stewart, Kate Bush, Billy Idol, Paul Young, Elvis Costello, Simple Minds, Billy Ocean, Tears for Fears, UB40, Madness and Sade.", "Do You Love Me. After spending some time looking for the Temptations, Gordy ran into the Contours (Billy Gordon, Hubert Johnson, Billy Hoggs, Joe Billingslea, Sylvester Potts, and guitarist Hugh Davis) in the hallway. Wanting to record and release \"Do You Love Me\" as soon as possible, Gordy decided to let them record his \"sure-fire hit\" instead of the Temptations. The Contours, who were in danger of being dropped from the label after their first two singles (\"Whole Lotta' Woman\" and \"The Stretch\") failed to chart, were so elated at Gordy's offer that they immediately began hugging and thanking him.[citation needed]", "For the Love of You. \"For the Love of You\" (sometimes titled \"For the Love of You (Part 1 & 2)\") is a song recorded by The Isley Brothers, who released the song as the second single off their landmark 1975 album, The Heat Is On. The record was unique in that it showcased the two sides of the act, with the album's first single \"Fight the Power\" reflecting a fast-paced funk vibe while showcasing a ballad side on the latter. The song later became a crossover hit for the brothers and one of their most enduring records by their legion of fans.", "You Got What It Takes. The song was released under the title \"You've Got What It Takes\" by The Lana Sisters (featuring a young Dusty Springfield) as a B side in 1960. A 1967 cover of the song by The Dave Clark Five reached #7 in the United States and #28 in the UK. A rock and roll cover by Showaddywaddy reached #2 in the UK in 1977. On their 1967 album, United, duet performers Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrell recorded an uptempo soul version and included a false ending.", "ABBA. In March 1980, ABBA travelled to Japan where upon their arrival at Narita International Airport, they were besieged by thousands of fans. The group played eleven concerts to full houses, including six shows at Tokyo's Budokan. This tour was the last \"on the road\" adventure of their career.\nIn the middle of 1980, the group released the single \"The Winner Takes It All\" the group's eighth UK chart topper (and their first since 1978). The song is widely misunderstood as being written about Ulvaeus and Fältskog's marital tribulations; Ulvaeus wrote the lyrics, but has stated they were not about his own divorce; Fältskog has repeatedly stated she was not the loser in their divorce. In the United States, the single peaked at number-eight on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and became ABBA's second Billboard Adult Contemporary number-one. It was also re-recorded by Andersson and Ulvaeus with a slightly different backing track, by French chanteuse Mireille Mathieu at the end of 1980 – as \"Bravo tu as gagné\", with French lyrics by Alain Boublil. November the same year saw the release of ABBA's seventh album Super Trouper, which reflected a certain change in ABBA's style with more prominent use of synthesizers and increasingly personal lyrics. It set a record for the most pre-orders ever received for a UK album after one million copies were ordered before release. The second single from the album, \"Super Trouper\", also hit number-one in the UK, becoming the group's ninth and final UK chart-topper. Another track from the Super Trouper album, \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", released in 1981 as a 12-inch (300 mm) single only in selected territories, managed to top the Billboard Hot Dance Club Play chart and peaked at number-seven on the UK singles chart becoming, at the time, the highest ever charting 12-inch (300 mm) release in UK chart history.", "Pour que tu m'aimes encore. \"Pour que tu m'aimes encore\" (English: \"So That You'll Love Me Again\") (sometimes shortened to \"Tu m'aimes encore\") is the first hit single from album D'eux by Celine Dion. It was released on 13 March 1995 in Francophone countries and in September 1995 in other European countries. In Canada it was a radio only release.[citation needed] The song was also released in Japan in October 1996.[1] According to Dion, herself, it is the biggest song of her French career. Dion also recorded the song in English as \"If That's What it Takes\" which was featured on her 1996 album, Falling into You.", "Silk (group). Silk is best known for their hit singles, \"Freak Me\", and \"Happy Days\" from their debut album, Lose Control. Another hit from Lose Control, \"Girl U For Me\", helped the album reach double platinum status. They later had success with singles such as \"I Can Go Deep\", \"Hooked on You\", \"Don't Rush\", \"If You\" (released February 23, 1999) \"Meeting in My Bedroom\", and \"We're Calling You.\"", "Lookin' for a Love. After its success, the group opened for James Brown where they won fans. In 1971, rock band the J. Geils Band covered the song as one of its first releases and the song became a top 40 hit for them, peaking at number thirty-nine. In 1973, Bobby used \"Lookin' for a Love\" as a warm-up song to help loosen up his vocal cords during a recording session. Womack recorded one take of the song - with his brothers again providing background vocals - but had no plans of putting it out as a single. However, after some convincing, he released the song in early 1974 and the song went on to be his most successful single to date, and was his first number-one single on the Hot Soul Singles chart and his first and only top ten hit on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at #10.[1] It also reached #8 on the Cash Box Top 100. The single was later certified gold by the RIAA for sales of one million copies. This resulted in the song later selling more than two million copies. The song's success came bittersweetly, however: the song's background vocalist Harry Womack later died from stab wounds from his girlfriend the week before it hit number-one.", "Fly on the Wings of Love. The song was succeeded in 2001 as winner by Tanel Padar and Dave Benton representing Estonia with \"Everybody\".", "(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me. \"(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me\" is a song written by Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis and recorded by American recording artist Alexander O'Neal. It is the fifth single from the singer's second solo album, Hearsay (1987). The song's distinctive backing vocals were performed by Lisa Keith. Following the successful chart performances of the Hearsay singles \"Fake\", \"Criticize\", \"Never Knew Love Like This\", and \"The Lovers\", \"(What Can I Say) To Make You Love Me\" was released as the album's fifth single.", "If I Could Only Win Your Love. \"If I Could Only Win Your Love\" is a song written and first performed by The Louvin Brothers, and later made a hit by American country music artist Emmylou Harris. Released in June 1975, it was the second single from her album Pieces of the Sky. The song peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart.[1] It also reached number 1 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in Canada.[2]", "You Got What It Takes. \"You Got What It Takes\" is a 1959 single by Marv Johnson. In the US it reached #2 on the Black Singles chart, and #10 on the Billboard Hot 100 early in 1960.[2][3] In the UK Singles Chart it reached a high of #7. The original recording of \"You Got What It Takes\" was by Bobby Parker on Vee-Jay 279 in 1958. Parker claims to have written the song, and his name is on the 1958 recording, but later versions credit Berry Gordy, Gwen Gordy, Billy Davis, and sometimes Marv Johnson.[4]", "The J. Geils Band. The band first released several Top 40 singles in the early 1970s, including a cover of the song \"Lookin' for a Love\" by The Valentinos (which reached #39 in the Billboard Top 100 in 1972), as well as the single \"Give It to Me\" (which reached #30 in 1973). Their biggest hits included \"Must of Got Lost\" (which reached #12 in the Billboard Top 100 in 1975), \"Come Back\" (which reached #32 in 1980), \"Love Stinks\" (which reached #38 in 1980 and was featured in several films), \"Freeze-Frame\" (which reached #4 in the Billboard Top 200 in 1981), and \"Centerfold\" (which reached #1 in the United States in early 1982).", "Monica (singer). After a label change to Clive Davis's Arista Records, Monica mainstream success was boosted, when Diane Warren-written \"For You I Will\", from the Space Jam soundtrack, became her next top ten pop hit.[16] The following year she was asked to team up with singer Brandy and producer Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins to record \"The Boy Is Mine\", the first single from both of their second albums. Released in May 1998, surrounding highly publicized rumors about a real-life catfight between both singers,[17] the duet became both the biggest hit of the summer and the biggest hit of 1998 in general in America,[18] spending record-breaking thirteen weeks on top of the Billboard Hot 100 chart. It earned the pair a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal\" and garnered multi-platinum sales (to date, it remains as one of the top twenty most successful American singles in history based on Billboard chart success).[18] Jermaine Dupri, David Foster and Austin consulted on the album The Boy Is Mine, which was released later that year and eventually became Monica’s biggest-selling album, becoming certified triple platinum by the RIAA for more than three million store-shipped copies.[14] It yielded another two U.S. number-one hits with \"The First Night\" and \"Angel of Mine\", a cover of Eternal's 1997 single, as well as a remake of Richard Marx' \"Right Here Waiting\". Rolling Stone proclaimed it as \"closer to soul's source... harking back past hip-hop songbirds like Mary J. Blige and adult-contemporary sirens like Toni Braxton,\"[19] while AllMusic called the album an \"irresistible sounding [and] immaculately crafted musical backdrop [...] as good as mainstream urban R&B gets in 1998.\"[20] Monica has also made guest appearances on several television shows such as Living Single (1996), Beverly Hills, 90210 (1997, 1999).", "The Temptations. A number of producers, including Bowen, Brian Holland, James Anthony Carmichael, and even the Temptations themselves tried producing hits for the next three LPs, House Party (November 1975), Wings of Love (March 1976), and The Temptations Do the Temptations (August 1976). None of these recordings were as commercially successful as A Song for You however, and none of their associated singles entered the Billboard charts.[38]", "A Million Love Songs. \"A Million Love Songs\" is the penultimate single released by English boy band Take That from their debut studio album, Take That & Party. It was written by lead vocalist Gary Barlow. It was released in the United Kingdom on 5 October 1992 and peaked at number 7 on the UK Singles Chart.[1]", "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now). English singer and The X Factor winner Steve Brookstein included \"Against All Odds\" on his debut studio album, Heart and Soul. It was released as his debut single on 20 December 2004 by Sony BMG.", "Let's Do It, Let's Fall in Love. The White Stripes' song, \"Forever for Her (Is Over for Me)\" from their 2005 album Get Behind Me Satan borrows lyrics and themes from the song. Brazilian singers Chico Buarque and Elza Soares recorded a Portuguese adaptation by Carlos Rennó, \"Façamos - Vamos Amar\" on Buarque's 2002 album Duetos. Scottish singer Shirley Manson of Garbage incorporated lyrics from the song into Garbage's performance of their song \"Vow\" at Bizarre festival in 1996.[10]", "The Winner Takes It All. \"The Winner Takes It All\" is a song recorded by the Swedish pop group ABBA. Released as the first single from the group's Super Trouper album on 21 July 1980, it is a ballad in the key of F-sharp major, reflecting the end of a romance. The single's B-side was the non-album track \"Elaine\".", "The Way to Your Heart. After the singles “You Get To Me” (originally as The Soul Sisters) and “Talk About It” they had a #1 hit record with “The Way to Your Heart” in Belgium. The Belgian release had no B-side and was thereby sold as a half price single. Afterwards a maxi single was released with a long version (5:18) and an instrumental version. The single was the opening track of their debut album It Takes Two, of which 700.000 copies were sold worldwide. In The Netherlands and Germany they reached the top 10. After its European success, the single was released in the US in 1989 where it went to # 41 in the Billboard Hot 100 and to #5 on Billboard Adult Contemporary. It was the only single by Soulsister that reached the Billboard chart.", "You Give Good Love. \"You Give Good Love\" is a song by American recording artist Whitney Houston, released as the first single from her self-titled debut album on February 22, 1985 by Arista Records. The song was written by La La and produced by Kashif. When La La sent Kashif a copy of the song, originally offered to Roberta Flack, he thought it would be a better fit for Houston and told Arista he would be interested in recording with Houston. The song garnered mostly positive reviews from critics, but brought Houston a bit of notoriety when it turned up among several songs cited by advice columnist Ann Landers as having suggestive titles.", "ABBA. Stig Anderson, founder and owner of Polar Music, was determined to break into the mainstream international market with music by Andersson and Ulvaeus. \"One day the pair of you will write a song that becomes a worldwide hit\", he predicted.[25] Stig Anderson encouraged Ulvaeus and Andersson to write a song for Melodifestivalen, and after two rejected entries in 1971,[26] Andersson and Ulvaeus submitted their new song \"Säg det med en sång\" (\"Say It with a Song\") for the 1972 contest, choosing newcomer Lena Anderson to perform. The song came in third place, encouraging Stig Anderson, and became a hit in Sweden.[27]", "Diana Ross. Undeterred, the group went to Motown's Hitsville U.S.A. headquarters regularly, offering to provide extra help for Motown's recordings, often including hand claps and background vocals. That year, the group recorded two tracks for Lu Pine Records, with Ross singing lead on one of the tracks. During the group's early years, Ross served as hair stylist, make-up artist, seamstress, and costume designer. In late 1960, having replaced McGlown with Barbara Martin, the Primettes were allowed to record their own songs at Hitsville's studio, many written by \"Smokey\" Robinson, who, by then, was vice president of Motown (\"Your Heart Belongs to Me\" and \"A Breathtaking Guy\"). Gordy, too, composed songs for the trio, including \"Buttered Popcorn\"(featuring Ballard on lead) and \"Let Me Go the Right Way\". While these songs were regional hits, they were not nationwide successes. In January 1961, Gordy agreed to sign the group on the condition they change their name. Eventually, Janie Bradford approached Florence Ballard, the only group member at the studio at the time, to pick out a new name for the group. Ballard chose \"Supremes\", reportedly, because it was the only name on the list that did not end with \"ette\". Upon hearing the new name, the other members weren't impressed, with Ross telling Ballard she feared the group would be mistaken for a male vocal group (a male vocal group was, indeed, named the Supremes). Gordy signed the group under their name on January 15, 1962. A year later, Barbara Martin left the group, reducing the quartet to a trio. In late 1963, the group had their first hit with \"When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes\", peaking at number 23 on the Billboard Hot 100 pop chart. At the end of the year, Gordy assigned Ross as the group's lead singer, even though Ballard was usually the lead vocalist.", "Winning (Russ Ballard song). \"Winning\" is a pop rock single originally written and recorded by Russ Ballard on his 1976 album of the same name. It was subsequently recorded by Latin rock band Santana for the 1981 album, Zebop!. The lead vocal on the Santana version was performed by Alex Ligertwood. It was the sixth track on the album and was released as the third single (backed with \"Brightest Star\") and as a promotional music video. \nThe Santana version reached number 2 on the Mainstream Rock Charts and number 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, making it Santana's ninth most successful song. \"Winning\" was also recorded by Rock/R&B singer Nona Hendryx (formerly of Labelle) for her 1977 debut solo album." ]

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[ "Star 69 (Fatboy Slim song). The vocals on the song consist almost entirely of the repeating verse, \"They know what is what, but they don't know what is what, they just strut. What the fuck?\", sampled from \"I Get Deep\" by Roland Clark, which was also used on Fatboy Slim's song \"Song for Shelter\".", "Who Do You Think You Are (Spice Girls song). The thing is when they wrote they were also writing the dance routine, constructing the video, all at the same time as writing the song. And that's when the penny dropped. They say that the mother of invention is copying somebody and getting it wrong. Their sound was actually not getting R&B quite right.[5]", "I Like It, I Love It. The song appears on the game Karaoke Revolution Country and was also almost invariably played during the halftime of ABCs Monday Night Football. It is also a part of the goal song for the NHL's Nashville Predators; McGraw re-recorded the chorus, replacing, \"Don't know what it is 'bout that little gal's lovin\", it is \"Don't know what it is 'bout them Predators scorin'\"", "What You Know (Two Door Cinema Club song). \"What You Know\" is a song by Irish band Two Door Cinema Club from their debut studio album, Tourist History (2010). It was released on 7 February 2011 as the album's fifth and final single. The song was written by Alex Trimble, Kevin Baird, and Sam Halliday and was produced by Eliot James. The song peaked at number 64 on the UK Singles Chart. \"What You Know\" was used for the 2012 Microsoft Outlook.com online adverts.[1]", "Je t'aime... moi non plus. UK jazz rap group Blown released a trip hop version of the song as a single in 1994.[28] In 1998, Sam Taylor-Wood recorded a cover with the Pet Shop Boys for the compilation CD/book \"futique\" entitled Ambassadors – We Love You, a concept designed to promote collaboration between visual and musical artists. This track was a bonus on the \"I Don't Know What You Want But I Can't Give It Any More\" CD single.[29][30]", "No One Knows. We have patience with music, a year or five years down the road it may kind of rewrite itself and become what it's supposed to be. There's two songs on this record that are over five years old, you know? 'God is the Radio' and 'No One Knows'.[4]", "Main Source. The group's first album, Breaking Atoms, featured conscious tracks such as \"Looking at the Front Door,\" \"A Friendly Game of Baseball,\" and \"Watch Roger Do His Thing,\" as well as the first on-record appearance of Nas on \"Live at the Barbeque,\" which also featured Joe Fatal and Akinyele. Because of business differences, the group broke up before its second album, tentatively entitled The Science could be released. However, Sir Scratch and K-Cut released a second album under the Main Source name titled Fuck What You Think, with new recruit Mikey D on vocals & featured another first on-record appearance for The Dog Pack which would later become the legendary Yonkers rap group The LOX on \"Set It Off\"; however, the album was shelved due to inner conflicts between the record label and group management.[citation needed] Singer Madonna sampled the bassline from \"What You Need\" on Fuck What You Think in the song \"Human Nature,\" which appeared on her 1994 album, Bedtime Stories.", "I Want to Know What Love Is. The single was generally well received by critics; Australian magazine Rhyme & Reason stated that \"[While Carey stayed] [...] true to the original, this piano-led remake is less an overhaul of the classic '80s hit than it is a modest but impressive update.\"[66] The UK Daily Star gave it a 5 out of 5 rating: \"[The song is] given the Carey treatment and [is] complete with choir and karaoke climax. It's a great rework.\"[67] Bill Lamb from About.com said that \"Mariah Carey's new version could leave you speechless. The diversity of vocal coloring expressed in this recording is stunning. While the single Obsessed remains disappointing, this single is a reminder of just how formidable Carey's talents are given a strong production and arrangement\".[65]", "Pet Sounds. Mike Love said \"some of the words were so totally offensive to me that I wouldn't even sing 'em because I thought it was too nauseating.\"[67] The original lyrics of \"I Know There's an Answer\", known as \"Hang On to Your Ego\", created a stir within the group. He opposed the song's original message, though Jardine recalled that the decision to change the lyrics was ultimately Brian's: \"Brian was very concerned. He wanted to know what we thought about it. To be honest, I don't think we even knew what an ego was ... Finally Brian decided, 'Forget it. I'm changing the lyrics. There's too much controversy.'\"[29][nb 15] On Love's reaction to the album, Jardine commented: \"Mike was very confused ... Mike's a formula hound – if it doesn't have a hook in it, if he can't hear a hook in it, he doesn't want to know about it. ... I wasn't exactly thrilled with the change, but I grew to really appreciate it as soon as we started to work on it. It wasn't like anything we'd heard before.\"[69] Carl Wilson said: \"I loved every minute of it. He [Brian] could do no wrong. He could play me anything, and I would love it.\"[70] Brian remembers that Carl was enthused with the album, but not Dennis and Mike.[71] Author John Tobler wrote that Dennis and Bruce Johnston loved the album, but that Jardine felt \"It sure doesn't sound like the old stuff.\"[72]", "Night on Bald Mountain. He also stated—incorrectly, as it turned out—that he would never re-model it: \"with whatever shortcomings, it is born; and with them it must live if it is to live at all.\" Having finally completed the work, Mussorgsky was crushed when his mentor Mily Balakirev was savagely critical of it. The score is peppered with comments such as \"the devil knows what [this is]\", \"what rubbish\", and \"this might be of use\", probably pencilled in by Balakirev.[8][10] This \"first version\" was put aside, and did not appear in print until 1968, in a new edition prepared by Georgiy Kirkor.", "Persepolis. The relevant passages from ancient scholars on the subject are set out below:", "Ghetto Supastar (That Is What You Are). According to Pras, the song was originally intended to be a collaboration only between himself and Mya. Ol' Dirty Bastard was in the same building, recording with Sunz of Man and mistakenly burst into the studio where Pras and Mya were setting up. Ol' Dirty Bastard heard the song and asked to be part of it, to which Pras agreed.", "Spec script. Originals were not smiled upon in those days, believe it or not. There was very little interest in originals in those days. [...] Studios, distributors wanted the assurance of someone else having thought a property worth publishing [...] In those days, if you went to a party in the Hollywood community and somebody would ask, \"What are you working on, Ernie?\" and you replied, \"I'm doing an original now,\" the response would be \"Oh.\" [...] Like they were a little embarrassed [...] If you were working on something that you were going to create all by yourself, they'd secretly think, \"He's in bad shape. Working on an original.\" That definitely was the climate at one time in this town.[2]", "You Are What You Eat. You Are What You Eat was also the title of an American film from 1968. The phrase \"You are what you eat\" was first expressed by Ludwig Feuerbach in 1863 (German: Der Mensch ist, was er iszt.).[8]", "I Want to Know What Love Is. Written and composed by Mick Jones, with an uncredited portion (somewhere between 5% according to Jones and 40% according to Gramm) by Lou Gramm, and produced by Jones and Alex Sadkin, \"I Want to Know What Love Is\" was the first single released from Foreigner's album Agent Provocateur (1984).[5][6] The song features backing vocals from the New Jersey Mass Choir affiliated with the Gospel Music Workshop of America, Dreamgirls star Jennifer Holliday, and featured keyboard work by Thompson Twins frontman Tom Bailey.[7] The choir also appears in the song's music video.", "Think different. There is a parody on the Internet with the original audio track and the video track replaced with the images of North Korean military.[26]", "Take Off Your Pants and Jacket. Several bonus tracks follow on separate editions; some continue the teenage theme, while others are joke tracks. Barker used Afro-Cuban influences for his drum track on \"Don't Tell Me It's Over\", and DeLonge used something other than his punk influences for \"What Went Wrong\".[27] While DeLonge felt \"staple acoustic songs\" were big for groups at the time (such as Green Day's \"Good Riddance\"), the band wrote all of their songs from their inception on acoustic guitars, and he felt he would rather have \"What Went Wrong\" in its original form.[27] \"You grow up and realize, 'Fuck! Who gives a fuck about punk rock?'\" he said. \"There are so many great forms of music out there, and you grow beyond wanting to listen to or write something because your parents will hate it.\"[27] Finn suggested lyrics for the song after viewing a documentary on the first Russian nuclear test; in the film, an aged Soviet physicist says of watching the explosion, \"There was a loud boom, and then the bomb began fiercely kicking at the world.\"[27]", "From Out of Nowhere (song). The band has been quoted saying regarding the video that \"[They] didn't know what [they] were doing\".[5]", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). \"They Don't Know\" would be Ullman's only Top 40 hit in the US: although she would have three more entries in the UK Top 30 - including the Top Ten hit \"Move Over Darling\" - Ullman would in a 2017 Guardian interview answer the question: \"If you could edit your past, what would you change?\" by saying: \"I would have stopped making records after 'They Don’t Know'.\"[13]", "Academy Award for Best Original Song. \"There must be a clearly audible, intelligible, substantive rendition (not necessarily visually presented) of both lyrics and melody, used in the body of the motion picture or as the first music cue in the end credits.\"[1]", "I Know What You Want. The single's music video, directed by Chris Robinson, features Busta Rhymes, the Flipmode Squad, and Carey lounging around an expensive mansion as they debate whether they \"know what they want\". The footage advertises Carey's jewelry brand - \"Automatic Princess\", during her sequences. Meanwhile, Busta watches over the female interest of the video played by video vixen La'Shontae \"Tae\" Heckerd, as she reads a Frank Miller-stylized graphic novel. A brief animated sequence drawn from the graphic novel is featured.", "What You Know (Two Door Cinema Club song). This song is featured on Telkomsel Loop TV commercials in Indonesia starting on July 2014,[4] followed by Indomie instant noodles to promote two new flavors from new Kuliner Indonesia range, Dendeng Balado and Soto Lamongan, in September that year.[5]", "I Don't Know How But They Found Me. Initially a solo effort, Weekes had been writing and recording songs while on the road with Panic! at the Disco for several years.[5][6] Seaman performed drums on the record, which led to Weekes purposing the idea to present it as a duo.[7] As evidenced by old tweets and also Weekes confirming it in interviews, the \"I Don't Know How But They Found Me\" moniker and project idea had existed since 2009.[8][9] The name of the band was inspired by a quote from the movie Back to the Future.[10]", "You Don't Know What Love Is. \"You Don't Know What Love Is\" is a popular song of the Great American Songbook, written by Don Raye (lyrics) and Gene de Paul (music) for the Abbott and Costello picture Keep 'Em Flying (1941), in which it was sung by Carol Bruce. The number was deleted from the film prior to release. Universal later added the song into the Raye/de Paul score of one of its B musicals, the 60-minute Behind the Eight Ball (1942), starring the Ritz Brothers and re-teaming Carol Bruce and Dick Foran from \"Keep 'Em Flying\". \"You Don't Know What Love Is\" was again sung by Carol Bruce; it was her third and final film until the 1980s.[1]", "So What (Pink song). Reed Fischer of Village Voice noted it as the \"newest entry in the Fantastic Empowerment Anthems genre.\"[13] Stephen Thomas Erlewine, senior editor of Allmusic, named it one of Funhouse's best tracks, calling it, in conjunction with \"Bad Influence\", \"instantly indelible\".[14] Andy Battaglia of The A.V. Club expressed a different opinion towards the song, calling it \"so blaring and bad as to make Funhouse seem like a lost cause from the start.\"[15] Chris Willman of Entertainment Weekly praised \"So What\" as a great anthem of \"bluffing and bravado\" while Jon Caramanica of The New York Times referred to the song as \"perfunctory\".[16][17] Evan Sawdey of PopMatters wrote positively about the song, calling it \"as big a red herring single as you can find.\"[6] Jonathan Keefe of Slant Magazine called \"So What\" a middling effort among the songs he considers viable single material in Funhouse. Keefe later referred to it as nothing more than a \"schoolyard taunt\", linking it to Pink's 2001 single \"Get the Party Started\" (Missundaztood, 2001).[18]", "They Don't Know (Kirsty MacColl song). Although it has been alleged that Ullman's version of \"They Don't Know\" utilizes the backing track of the Kirsty MacColl original version, Ullman's recording - produced by Peter Collins- was in fact brand-new in all respects, noticeably differing from MacColl's recording (produced by Liam Sternberg by being in a different key, and featuring a slightly faster tempo, a distinctly different arrangement and a guitar solo that differs substantially from the one played on MacColl's version, which was . The confusion may stem from the fact that Ullman did use a previously-existing MacColl backing track when recording her own version of MacColl's \"Terry\" in 1984. (Both versions of \"Terry\" were co-produced by MacColl.)", "They think it's all over. The phrase, along with other calls from English football matches, appears in New Order's song \"World In Motion\", although in that case Wolstenholme re-recorded it with the slightly different words \"Well, some of the crowd are on the pitch. They think it's all over. Well it is now\". The British band The Dentists called their first album Some People Are on the Pitch They Think It's All Over It Is Now in Wolstenholme's honour; the LP begins with a sample of Wolstenholme's original commentary. Track #3 on British folk metal act Skyclad's EP Jig-a-Jig is called \"They Think It's All Over\". The song contains the phrase \"They think it's all over. Well is it now?\" in its chorus and includes several references to the 1966 FIFA World Cup.", "Who Knows Who. \"Who Knows Who\" is a collaboration song by English alternative rock band Muse and English hip hop artist Mike Skinner. Not originally intended for official release, an early version of the song leaked onto several Muse internet forums in August 2008. The song was officially released as the B-side to the 7\" vinyl edition of the single \"Uprising\" on 7 September 2009. The lyrics were written by Skinner and the music was written by Muse's Matthew Bellamy.[2]", "Somewhere Only We Know. The video is the same without the \"simple thing\" aliens.", "I Don't Know How But They Found Me. I Don't Know How But They Found Me (often abbreviated IDKHBTFM or simply IDK) is an American musical duo formed in December 2016. The band consists of lead vocalist and bassist Dallon Weekes (formerly of Panic! at the Disco) and drummer Ryan Seaman (formerly of Falling in Reverse).[1]", "Jazz. ... People talk about the Hines band being 'the incubator of bop' and the leading exponents of that music ended up in the Hines band. But people also have the erroneous impression that the music was new. It was not. The music evolved from what went before. It was the same basic music. The difference was in how you got from here to here to here ... naturally each age has got its own shit.[128]", "Blue Mink. Rabbis and the Friars\nBishops and the Gurus\nYou got the Beatles or the Sun God (- it's true\nWell, it really doesn't matter\nWhat religion you choose\nNo, no, no, – ooh\n\nMick and Lady Faithfull\nLord and Mrs Graceful\nYou know the living could be tasteful\nOh, we should all get together in a lovin' machine\nI'd better call up the Queen\nIt's only fair that she knows\nYou know, you know" ]

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[ "Chariots of Fire. Chariots of Fire is a 1981 British historical drama film. It tells the fact-based story of two athletes in the 1924 Olympics: Eric Liddell, a devout Scottish Christian who runs for the glory of God, and Harold Abrahams, an English Jew who runs to overcome prejudice.", "Chariots of Fire. The film depicts Abrahams as attending Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge with three other Olympic athletes: Henry Stallard, Aubrey Montague, and Lord Andrew Lindsay. Abrahams and Stallard were in fact students there and competed in the 1924 Olympics. Montague also competed in the Olympics as depicted, but he attended Oxford, not Cambridge.[4] Aubrey Montague sent daily letters to his mother about his time at Oxford and the Olympics; these letters were the basis of Montague's narration in the film.", "Chariots of Fire. In the film, Eric Liddell is tripped up by a Frenchman in the 400-metre event of a Scotland–France international athletic meeting. He recovers, makes up a 20-metre deficit, and wins. This was based on fact; the actual race was the 440 yards at a Triangular Contest meet between Scotland, England, and Ireland at Stoke-on-Trent in England in July 1923. His achievement was remarkable as he had already won the 100- and 220-yard events that day.[8] Also unmentioned with regard to Liddell is that it was he who introduced Abrahams to Sam Mussabini.[9] This is alluded to: In the film Abrahams first encounters Mussabini while he is watching Liddell race. The film, however, suggests that Abrahams himself sought Mussabini's assistance.", "Chariots of Fire. The film was conceived and produced by David Puttnam, written by Colin Welland, and directed by Hugh Hudson. Ben Cross and Ian Charleson starred as Abrahams and Liddell, alongside Nicholas Farrell, Nigel Havers, Ian Holm, Lindsay Anderson, John Gielgud, Cheryl Campbell, and Alice Krige in supporting roles.", "Chariots of Fire. The two athletes, after years of training and racing, are accepted to represent Great Britain in the 1924 Olympics in Paris. Also accepted are Abrahams' Cambridge friends, Lord Andrew Lindsay (Nigel Havers), Aubrey Montague (Nicholas Farrell), and Henry Stallard (Daniel Gerroll). While boarding the boat to Paris for the Olympics, Liddell learns the news that the heat for his 100-metre race will be on a Sunday. He refuses to run the race – despite strong pressure from the Prince of Wales and the British Olympic committee – because his Christian convictions prevent him from running on the Sabbath.", "Chariots of Fire. Eric Liddell (Ian Charleson), born in China of Scottish missionary parents, is in Scotland. His devout sister Jennie (Cheryl Campbell) disapproves of Liddell's plans to pursue competitive running. But Liddell sees running as a way of glorifying God before returning to China to work as a missionary.", "Chariots of Fire. The British team returns home triumphant. As the film ends, onscreen text explains that Abrahams married Sybil, and became the elder statesman of British athletics. Liddell went on to missionary work in China. All of Scotland mourned his death in 1945 in Japanese-occupied China.", "Chariots of Fire. Screenwriter Colin Welland, commissioned by Puttnam, did an enormous amount of research for his Academy Award-winning script. Among other things, he took out advertisements in London newspapers seeking memories of the 1924 Olympics, went to the National Film Archives for pictures and footage of the 1924 Olympics, and interviewed everyone involved who was still alive. Welland just missed Abrahams, who died 14 January 1978, but he did attend Abrahams' February 1978 memorial service, which inspired the present-day framing device of the film.[5] Aubrey Montague's son saw Welland's newspaper ad and sent him copies of the letters his father had sent home – which gave Welland something to use as a narrative bridge in the film. Except for changes in the greetings of the letters from \"Darling Mummy\" to \"Dear Mum\" and the change from Oxford to Cambridge, all of the readings from Montague's letters are from the originals.[14]", "Chariots of Fire. The film depicts Lindsay, having already won a medal in the 400-metre hurdles, giving up his place in the 400-metre race for Liddell. In fact Burghley, on whom Lindsay is loosely based, was eliminated in the heats of the 110 hurdles (he would go on to win a gold medal in the 400 hurdles at the 1928 Olympics), and was not entered for the 400 metres.", "Chariots of Fire. Ian Charleson himself wrote Eric Liddell's speech to the post-race workingmen's crowd at the Scotland v. Ireland races. Charleson, who had studied the Bible intensively in preparation for the role, told director Hugh Hudson that he didn't feel the portentous and sanctimonious scripted speech was either authentic or inspiring. Hudson and Welland allowed him to write words he personally found inspirational instead.[26]", "Chariots of Fire. In the film, the 100m bronze medallist is a character called \"Tom Watson\"; the real medallist was Arthur Porritt of New Zealand, who refused permission for his name to be used in the film, allegedly out of modesty. His wish was accepted by the film's producers, even though his permission was not necessary.[18] However, the brief back-story given for Watson, who is called up to the New Zealand team from the University of Oxford, substantially matches Porritt's history. With the exception of Porritt, all the runners in the 100m final are identified correctly when they line up for inspection by the Prince of Wales.", "Chariots of Fire. Welland's original script also featured, in addition to Eric Liddell and Harold Abrahams, a third protagonist, 1924 Olympic gold medallist Douglas Lowe, who was presented as a privileged aristocratic athlete. However, Lowe refused to have anything to do with the film, and his character was written out and replaced by the fictional character of Lord Andrew Lindsay.[25]", "Story within a story. The film '\"Chariots of Fire\" shows three levels of narration; starting in 1978 at Harold Abraham's funeral, attended by Lindsay and Montague, it then flashes back to 1924, and the Olympic team's training camp at Broadstairs. In a scene there showing Montague writing a letter, it flashes back again to his and Abraham's arrival at Cambridge, and tells their story, interspersed with that of Eric Liddell, up to being selected for the Games. Halfway through the film the narrative arrives at the 1924 camp, and continues into the story of the Games. At the end of the film the scene returns to the \"present\" as Lindsay and Montague leave the funeral.", "Chariots of Fire. The character of Lindsay was based partially on Lord Burghley, a significant figure in the history of British athletics. Although Burghley did attend Cambridge, he was not a contemporary of Harold Abrahams, as Abrahams was an undergraduate from 1919 to 1923 and Burghley was at Cambridge from 1923 to 1927. One scene in the film depicts the Burghley-based \"Lindsay\" as practising hurdles on his estate with full champagne glasses placed on each hurdle – this was something the wealthy Burghley did, although he used matchboxes instead of champagne glasses.[5] The fictional character of Lindsay was created when Douglas Lowe, who was Britain's third athletics gold medallist in the 1924 Olympics, was not willing to be involved with the film.[6]", "Chariots of Fire. Producer David Puttnam was looking for a story in the mold of A Man for All Seasons (1966), regarding someone who follows his conscience, and felt sports provided clear situations in this sense.[22] He discovered Eric Liddell's story by accident in 1977, when he happened upon a reference book on the Olympics while housebound from the flu in a rented house in Los Angeles.[23][24]", "Chariots of Fire. The film's title was inspired by the line, \"Bring me my chariot of fire,\" from the William Blake poem adapted into the popular British hymn \"Jerusalem\"; the hymn is heard at the end of the film.[3] The original phrase \"chariot(s) of fire\" is from 2 Kings 2:11 and 6:17 in the Bible.", "Chariots of Fire. When they first race against each other, Liddell beats Abrahams. Abrahams takes it poorly, but Sam Mussabini (Ian Holm), a professional trainer whom he had approached earlier, offers to take him on to improve his technique. This attracts criticism from the Cambridge college masters (John Gielgud and Lindsay Anderson), who allege it is not gentlemanly for an amateur to \"play the tradesman\" by employing a professional coach. Abrahams dismisses this concern, interpreting it as cover for anti-Semitic and class-based prejudice.", "Chariots of Fire. The film reverses the order of Abrahams' 100m and 200m races at the Olympics. In reality, after winning the 100 metres race, Abrahams ran the 200 metres but finished last, Jackson Scholz taking the gold medal. In the film, before his triumph in the 100m, Abrahams is shown losing the 200m and being scolded by Mussabini. And during the following scene in which Abrahams speaks with his friend Montague while receiving a massage from Mussabini, there is a French newspaper clipping showing Scholz and Charlie Paddock with a headline which states that the 200 metres was a triumph for the United States. In the same conversation, Abrahams laments getting \"beaten out of sight\" in the 200. The film thus has Abrahams overcoming the disappointment of losing the 200 by going on to win the 100, a reversal of the real order.", "Chariots of Fire. At the memorial service for Harold Abrahams, which opens the film, Lord Lindsay mentions that he and Aubrey Montague are the only members of the 1924 Olympic team still alive. However, Montague died in 1948, 30 years before Abrahams' death.", "Chariots of Fire. Puttnam chose Hugh Hudson, a multiple award-winning advertising and documentary filmmaker who had never helmed a feature film, to direct Chariots of Fire. Hudson and Puttnam had known each other since the 1960s, when Puttnam was an advertising executive and Hudson was making films for ad agencies. In 1977, Hudson had also been second-unit director on the Puttnam-produced film Midnight Express.[28]", "Chariots of Fire. Liddell's sister was several years younger than she was portrayed in the film. Her disapproval of Liddell's track career was creative licence; she actually fully supported his sporting work. Jenny Liddell Somerville cooperated fully with the making of the film and has a brief cameo in the Paris Church of Scotland during Liddell's sermon.[15]", "Chariots of Fire. Director Hugh Hudson was determined to cast young, unknown actors in all the major roles of the film, and to back them up by using veterans like John Gielgud, Lindsay Anderson, and Ian Holm as their supporting cast. Hudson and producer David Puttnam did months of fruitless searching for the perfect actor to play Eric Liddell. They then saw Scottish stage actor Ian Charleson performing the role of Pierre in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Piaf, and knew immediately they had found their man. Unbeknownst to them, Charleson had heard about the film from his father, and desperately wanted to play the part, feeling it would \"fit like a kid glove\".[29]", "Chariots of Fire. In 1919, Harold Abrahams (Ben Cross) enters the University of Cambridge, where he experiences anti-Semitism from the staff, but enjoys participating in the Gilbert and Sullivan club. He becomes the first person to ever complete the Trinity Great Court Run – running around the college courtyard in the time it takes for the clock to strike 12. Abrahams achieves an undefeated string of victories in various national running competitions. Although focused on his running, he falls in love with a leading Gilbert and Sullivan soprano, Sybil (Alice Krige).", "Chariots of Fire. Another play, Running for Glory, written by Philip Dart, based on the 1924 Olympics, and focusing on Abrahams and Liddell, toured parts of Britain from 25 February to 1 April 2012. It starred Nicholas Jacobs as Harold Abrahams, and Tom Micklem as Eric Liddell.[58][59]", "Chariots of Fire. Chariots of Fire was very successful at the 54th Academy Awards, winning four of seven nominations. When accepting his Oscar for Best Original Screenplay, Colin Welland famously announced \"The British are coming\".[67] At the 1981 Cannes Film Festival the film won two awards and competed for the Palme d'Or.[68]", "Chariots of Fire. Vangelis, a Greek-born electronic composer who moved to Paris in the late 1960s, had been living in London since 1974.[33] Director Hugh Hudson had collaborated with him on documentaries and commercials, and was also particularly impressed with his 1979 albums Opera Sauvage and China.[34] David Puttnam also greatly admired Vangelis's body of work, having originally selected his compositions for his previous film Midnight Express.[35] Hudson made the choice for Vangelis and for a modern score: \"I knew we needed a piece which was anachronistic to the period to give it a feel of modernity. It was a risky idea but we went with it rather than have a period symphonic score.\"[28] The soundtrack had a personal significance to Vangelis: After composing the iconic theme tune he told Puttnam, \"My father is a runner, and this is an anthem to him.\"[5][33]", "Chariots of Fire. Abrahams is badly beaten by the heavily favoured United States runners in the 200 metre race. He knows his last chance for a medal will be the 100 metres. He competes in the race, and wins. His coach Sam Mussabini is overcome that the years of dedication and training have paid off with an Olympic gold medal. Now Abrahams can get on with his life and reunite with his girlfriend Sybil, whom he had neglected for the sake of running. Before Liddell's race, the American coach remarks dismissively to his runners that Liddell has little chance of doing well in his now far longer 400 metre race. But one of the American runners, Jackson Scholz, hands Liddell a note of support for his convictions. Liddell defeats the American favourites and wins the gold medal.", "Chariots of Fire. American Film Institute recognition", "Chariots of Fire. For its 2012 re-release, Kate Muir of The Times gave the film five stars, writing: \"In a time when drug tests and synthetic fibres have replaced gumption and moral fibre, the tale of two runners competing against each other in the 1924 Olympics has a simple, undiminished power. From the opening scene of pale young men racing barefoot along the beach, full of hope and elation, backed by Vangelis's now famous anthem, the film is utterly compelling.\"[66]", "Chariots of Fire. A stage adaptation of Chariots of Fire was mounted in honour of the 2012 Olympics. The play, Chariots of Fire, which was adapted by playwright Mike Bartlett and included the iconic Vangelis score, ran from 9 May to 16 June 2012 at London's Hampstead Theatre, and transferred to the Gielgud Theatre in the West End on 23 June, where it ran until 5 January 2013.[51] It starred Jack Lowden as Eric Liddell and James McArdle as Harold Abrahams, and Edward Hall directed. Stage designer Miriam Buether transformed each theatre into an Olympic stadium, and composer Jason Carr wrote additional music.[52][53][54] Vangelis also created several new pieces of music for the production.[55][56] The stage version for the London Olympic year was the idea of the film's director, Hugh Hudson, who co-produced the play; he stated, \"Issues of faith, of refusal to compromise, standing up for one's beliefs, achieving something for the sake of it, with passion, and not just for fame or financial gain, are even more vital today.\"[57]", "Chariots of Fire. The film takes some liberties with the events at the 1924 Olympics, including the events surrounding Liddell's refusal to race on a Sunday. In the film, he doesn't learn that the 100-metre heat is to be held on the Christian Sabbath until he is boarding the boat to Paris. In fact, the schedule was made public several months in advance. Liddell did however face immense pressure to run on that Sunday and to compete in the 100 metres, getting called before a grilling by the British Olympic Committee, the Prince of Wales, and other grandees;[14] and his refusal to run made headlines around the world.[16] The decision to change races was, even so, made well before embarking to Paris, and Liddell spent the intervening months training for the 400 metres, an event in which he had previously excelled. It is true, nonetheless, that Liddell's success in the Olympic 400m was largely unexpected.", "Chariots of Fire. When Eric Liddell accidentally misses a church prayer meeting because of his running, his sister Jennie upbraids him and accuses him of no longer caring about God. Eric tells her that though he intends to eventually return to the China mission, he feels divinely inspired when running, and that not to run would be to dishonour God, saying, \"I believe that God made me for a purpose. But He also made me fast, and when I run, I feel His pleasure.\"" ]

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[ "Lebanese people. The Lebanese people (Arabic: الشعب اللبناني‎‎ / ALA-LC: ash-shaʻb al-Lubnānī  Lebanese Arabic pronunciation: [eʃˈʃaʕeb ellɪbˈneːne]) are the people inhabiting or originating from Lebanon. The religious groups among the Lebanese people are Shias (27%), Sunnis (27%), Maronites (21%), Greek Orthodox (8%), Melkites (5%), Druze (5%), and Protestants (1%).[29] There is a large diaspora in North America, South America, Europe, Australia and Africa. The term may also include those who had inhabited Mount Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains prior to the creation of the modern Lebanese state.", "Lebanese people. Some Lebanese Christians particularly Maronites, identify themselves as Lebanese rather than Arab, seeking to draw \"on the Phoenician past to try to forge an identity separate from the prevailing Arab culture\".[38] They argue that Arabization merely represented a shift to the Arabic language as the vernacular of the Lebanese people, and that, according to them, no actual shift of ethnic identity, much less ancestral origins, occurred. with their own histories and lore, and that therefore they do not belong to the one pan-Arab ethnicity, and thus such categorisation is erred or inapplicable. Certain portions of Lebanon's Christian population in particular tend to stress aspects of Lebanon's non-Arab prior history to encompass all Lebanon's historical stages, instead of considering the beginning of Lebanese history being with the Arab conquests.[citation needed]", "Lebanese people. However, as soon as the diaspora is included, the Christians become an absolute majority. Lebanon has a population of Mhallamis also known as Mardinli), most of whom migrated from northeast Syria and southeast Turkey are estimated to be between 75,000 and 100,000 and considered to be part of the Sunni population. These have in recent years been granted Lebanese citizenship and, coupled with several civil wars between Islamic extremists and the Lebanese military that have caused many Christians to flee the country, have re-tipped the demographic balance in favour of the Muslims and the Sunnis in particular.[66] In addition, many thousands of Arab Bedouins in the Bekaa and in the Wadi Khaled region, who are entirely Sunnis, were granted Lebanese citizenship. Lebanon also has a Jewish population, estimated at less than 100.", "Lebanese people. The CIA World Factbook specifies that of those residing in Lebanon, 59.7% are Muslims (Shia, Sunni, Druze, Sufi and Alawites) and 39% are Christians (mostly Maronites, Greek Orthodox, Melkite, Armenian Apostolic Church, Armenian Catholic Church, Assyrian Church of the East, Syriac Orthodox, Chaldean Catholic, Syrian Catholics) and 1.3% \"Other\".[1]", "Lebanese people. Lebanese diaspora:", "Lebanon. Lebanon (/ˈlɛbənɒn/ ( listen); Arabic: لبنان‎ Lubnān; Lebanese pronunciation: [lɪbˈnɛːn]; French: Liban), officially known as the Lebanese Republic[nb 2] (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah; Lebanese pronunciation: [elˈʒʊmhuːɾɪjje l.ˈlɪbnɛːnɪjje]; French: République libanaise), is a sovereign state in Western Asia. It is bordered by Syria to the north and east and Israel to the south, while Cyprus is west across the Mediterranean Sea. Lebanon's location at the crossroads of the Mediterranean Basin and the Arabian hinterland facilitated its rich history and shaped a cultural identity of religious and ethnic diversity.[8] At just 10,452 km2 (4,036 sq. mi.), it is the smallest recognized country on the entire mainland Asian continent.[nb 3][9][10]", "Lebanese people. Note: An important percentage of Arabs in Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Bulgaria, Denmark, Austria, Romania, Serbia, Republic of Macedonia, Italy, Portugal, Spain, New Zealand, Ghana and Ivory Coast are of Lebanese ancestry. They are denoted ** for this purpose.", "Lebanese people. The people residing in Lebanon—both those who would become Muslim and the vast majority who would remain Christian, along with the tiny Jewish minority—still spoke Aramaic,[33] or more precisely, a Western Aramaic language.[27] However, since at least the 15th century, the majority of people of all faiths living in what is now Lebanon have been Arabic-speaking,[34][35] or more specifically, speakers of Lebanese Arabic, although up until the 17th century, travellers in the Lebanon still reported on several Aramaic-speaking villages.[36]", "Lebanese people. In light of this \"old controversy about identity\",[38] some Lebanese prefer to see Lebanon, Lebanese culture and themselves as part of \"Mediterranean\" and \"Levantine\" civilization, in a concession to Lebanon's various layers of heritage, both indigenous, foreign non-Arab, and Arab. Arab influence, nevertheless, applies to virtually all aspects of the modern Lebanese culture.[citation needed]", "Lebanese people. Reduced in numbers and estimated to have lost their status as a majority in Lebanon itself, largely as a result of their emigration, Christians still remain one of the principal religious groups in the country.[31] Descendants of Lebanese Christians make up the majority of Lebanese people worldwide, appearing principally in the diaspora.[32]", "Lebanese people. Theories from some studies propose to corroborate that the Lebanese trace genetic continuity with earlier inhabitants, regardless of their membership to any of Lebanon's different religious communities today. \"The genetic marker which identifies descendants of the ancient Levantines is found among members of all of Lebanon's religious communities\"[72] as well as some Syrians and Palestinians. By identifying the ancient type of DNA attributed to the Phoenicians, geneticist Pierre Zalloua was also able to chart their spread out of the eastern Mediterranean. These markers were found in unusually high proportions in non-Lebanese samples from other parts of the \"Mediterranean coast where the Phoenicians are known to have established colonies, such as Carthage in today's Tunisia.\"[38] The markers were also found among samples of Maltese and Spaniards, where the Phoenicians were also known to have established colonies. The study shows that 1 out of 17 people in the countries surrounding the Mediterranean basin can be identified with the Phoenician genetic markers in their Male Chromosomes. However, the particular marker associated by some studies with the historical Phoenicians, haplogroup J2, actually represents a complex mosaic of different demographic processes which affected the Mediterranean in prehistoric and historic times.[73]", "Lebanese people. The Lebanese diaspora consists of approximately 8.6[2] - 14[3] million, both Lebanese-born living abroad and those born-abroad of Lebanese descent. The majority of the Lebanese in the diaspora are Christians,[42] disproportionately so in the Americas where the vast majority reside. An estimate figure show that they represent about 75% of the Lebanese in total. Lebanese abroad are considered \"rich, educated and influential\"[43] and over the course of time immigration has yielded Lebanese \"commercial networks\" throughout the world.[44]", "Lebanese people. Lebanon is also a home to various ethnic minorities found refuge in the country over the centuries. Prominent ethnic minorities in the country include the Armenians, the Kurds, the Turks, the Assyrians, the Iranians and many European ethnicities (Greeks, Italians, French).", "Lebanese people. A study conducted by Statistics Lebanon, a Beirut-based research firm, cited by the United States Department of State found that of Lebanon's population of approximately 4.3 million is estimated to be:[29]", "Lebanese people. Legally registered Muslims form around 54% of the population (Shia, Sunni, Alawite). Legally registered Christians form up to 41% (Maronite, Greek Orthodox Christian, Melkite, Armenian, Evangelical, other). Druze form around 5%. A small minority of 0.1% includes Jews, and foreign workers who belong to Hindu and Buddhist religions.", "Lebanese people. There are approximately 4.3 million Lebanese people in Lebanon.[29]", "Lebanese people. white Brazilian respondents said they had family origins in the Middle East.[5]", "Lebanon. Lebanon as the name of an administrative unit (as opposed to the mountain range) was introduced with the Ottoman reforms of 1861, as the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate (Arabic: متصرفية جبل لبنان‎; Turkish: Cebel-i Lübnan Mutasarrıflığı), continued in the name of the State of Greater Lebanon (Arabic: دولة لبنان الكبير‎ Dawlat Lubnān al-Kabīr; French: État du Grand Liban) in 1920, and eventually in the name of the sovereign Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: الجمهورية اللبنانية‎ al-Jumhūrīyah al-Lubnānīyah) upon its independence in 1943.", "Lebanon. Lebanon is a parliamentary democracy that includes confessionalism,[106] in which high-ranking offices are reserved for members of specific religious groups. The President, for example, has to be a Maronite Christian, the Prime Minister a Sunni Muslim, the Speaker of the Parliament a Shi’a Muslim, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Deputy Speaker of Parliament Eastern Orthodox.[107][108] This system is intended to deter sectarian conflict and attempts to represent fairly the demographic distribution of the 18 recognized religious groups in government.[109][110]", "Lebanon. English is increasingly used in science and business interactions.[191][192] Lebanese citizens of Armenian, Greek, or Kurdish descent often speak their ancestral languages with varying degrees of fluency. As of 2009[update], there were around 150,000 Armenians in Lebanon, or around 5% of the population.[193]", "Lebanese people. Lebanon has several different main religions. The country has the most religiously diverse society in the Middle East, encompassing 17 recognized religious sects.[63] The main two religions are Christianity (the Maronite Church, the Greek Orthodox Church, the Melkite, the Protestant Church, the Armenian Apostolic Church, the Armenian Catholic Church) and Islam (Shia and Sunni). There is also the Druze quasi-Muslim sect.", "Visa requirements for Lebanese citizens. The government of a country can declare a diplomat persona non grata, banning their entry into that country. In non-diplomatic use, the authorities of a country may also declare a foreigner persona non grata permanently or temporarily, usually because of unlawful activity. Attempts to enter the Gaza strip by sea may attract a 10-year ban on entering Israel.[529]", "Palestinians in Lebanon. Palestinians in Lebanon include the Palestinian refugees who fled to Lebanon during the 1948 Palestine war and their descendants; the Palestinian militias which resided in Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s; and Palestinian nationals who have recently moved to Lebanon. Many Palestinian refugees and their descendants in Lebanon have never been naturalized, thus keeping a distinct status of \"Palestinian refugees.\" Some Palestinians, mostly Christians, however, did receive Lebanese citizenship, either through marriage with Lebanese nationals or by other means.", "Palestinians in Lebanon. Palestinians in Lebanon include the Palestinian refugees, who fled to Lebanon during the 1948 Palestine war and their descendants, the Palestinian militias which resided in Lebanon in the 1970s and 1980s and Palestinian nationals who have recently moved to Lebanon. Many Palestinian refugees and their descendants in Lebanon have never been naturalized, thus keeping a distinct status as refugees. Some Palestinians, mostly Christians, however, did receive Lebanese citizenship, either through marriage with Lebanese nationals or by other means.", "Lebanon. The culture of Lebanon reflects the legacy of various civilizations spanning thousands of years. Originally home to the Canaanite- Phoenicians, and then subsequently conquered and occupied by the Assyrians, the Persians, the Greeks, the Romans, the Arabs, the Fatimids, the Crusaders, the Ottoman Turks and most recently the French, Lebanese culture has over the millennia evolved by borrowing from all of these groups. Lebanon's diverse population, composed of different ethnic and religious groups, has further contributed to the country's festivals, musical styles and literature as well as cuisine. Despite the ethnic, linguistic, religious and denominational diversity of the Lebanese, they \"share an almost common culture\".[194] Lebanese Arabic is universally spoken while food, music, and literature are deep-rooted \"in wider Mediterranean and Arab Levantine norms\".[194]", "Lebanon. The population of Lebanon was estimated to be 6,006,668 in 2016,[3] however no official census has been conducted since 1932 due to the sensitive confessional political balance between Lebanon's various religious groups.[164] Identifying all Lebanese as ethnically Arab is a widely employed example of panethnicity since in reality, the Lebanese \"are descended from many different peoples who have occupied, invaded, or settled this corner of the world\", making Lebanon, \"a mosaic of closely interrelated cultures\".[165] While at first glance, this ethnic, linguistic, religious and denominational diversity might seem to cause civil and political unrest, \"for much of Lebanon’s history this multitudinous diversity of religious communities has coexisted with little conflict\".[165]", "Lebanese people. Even though Lebanon is a secular country, family matters such as marriage, divorce and inheritance are still handled by the religious authorities representing a person's faith. Calls for civil marriage are unanimously rejected by the religious authorities but civil marriages held in another country are recognized by Lebanese civil authorities.", "Lebanon. Religion in Lebanon (est. 2014)", "Lebanon. Lebanon was a part of northern Canaan, and consequently became the homeland of Canaanite descendants – the Phoenicians, a seafaring people that spread across the Mediterranean before the rise of Cyrus the Great.[23] Their most famous colonies were Carthage in what is present-day Tunisia and Cádiz in present-day Spain. The Canaanite-Phoenicians are also known as the inventors of the alphabet, among many other things. The area of present-day Lebanon and the wider Eastern Mediterranean were subjugated by Cyrus in 539 BCE.[24] The Persians forced some of its population to migrate to Carthage, which remained a powerful nation until the Second Punic War. After two centuries of Persian rule, Macedonian ruler Alexander the Great attacked and burned Tyre, the most prominent Phoenician city. He conquered what is now Lebanon and other nearby regions of the Eastern Mediterranean in 332 BCE.[24]", "Dialect. In Lebanon, a part of the Christian population considers \"Lebanese\" to be in some sense a distinct language from Arabic and not merely a dialect. During the civil war Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the Latin script to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic.", "Religion in Lebanon. Lebanese Muslims are divided into many sects like Shiites, Sunnites, Druze, Alawites, and Ismailis.", "Lebanon. A demographic study conducted by the research firm Statistics Lebanon found that approximately 27% of the population was Shia, 27% Sunni, 21% Maronite, 8% Greek Orthodox, 5% Druze, 5% Melkite, and 1% Protestant, with the remaining 6% mostly belonging to smaller non-native to Lebanon Christian denominations.[182]" ]

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[ "Orange Is the New Black. The series is set in a fictional prison in Litchfield, New York, which is a real town in upstate New York, but it does not have a federal penitentiary.[22] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[23] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[24]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1). The first season of the American comedy-drama television series Orange Is the New Black premiered on Netflix on July 11, 2013, at 12:00 am PST in multiple countries. It consists of thirteen episodes, each between 51–60 minutes. The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Created and adapted for television by Jenji Kohan. In July 2011, Netflix was in negotiations with Lionsgate for a 13-episode TV adaptation of Kerman's memoirs.[1] The series began filming in the old Rockland Children's Psychiatric Center in Rockland County, New York, on March 7, 2013.[2] The title sequence features photos of real former female prisoners including Kerman herself.[3]", "Orange Is the New Black. Orange Is the New Black (sometimes abbreviated to OITNB) is an American comedy-drama web television series created by Jenji Kohan for Netflix.[1][2] The series is based on Piper Kerman's memoir, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison (2010), about her experiences at FCI Danbury, a minimum-security federal prison. Orange Is the New Black premiered on July 11, 2013 on the streaming service Netflix.[3] In February 2016, the series was renewed for a fifth, sixth, and seventh season.[4] The fifth season was released on June 9, 2017.[5] The series is produced by Tilted Productions in association with Lionsgate Television.", "The Woman in Black (2012 film). The exterior shots of Eel Marsh House were filmed at Cotterstock Hall near Oundle in central England. The fictional Nine Lives Causeway leading to it was filmed at Osea Island in Essex. The village of Crythin Gifford was filmed at Halton Gill, north of Settle in the Yorkshire Dales.", "Orange Is the New Black. The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[68] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[69] The second season began on Showcase on July 16, 2014,[70] and the third season premiered on June 11, 2015.[71] The first season began airing on broadcast television in the UK on Sony Channel from April 19, 2017.[72]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1). The series began airing on broadcast television in New Zealand on TV2 on August 19, 2013.[43] It premiered in Australia on October 9, 2013, on Showcase.[44]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 1). The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the \"Federal Department of Corrections,\" a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her then-girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler.", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. and continues by providing a little background material, usually derogatory, about the show's location:", "Orange County, California. Orange County has been the setting for numerous written works and motion pictures, as well as a popular location for shooting motion pictures.", "Orange Is the New Black. The series revolves around Piper Chapman (Taylor Schilling), a woman in her 30s living in New York City who is sentenced to 15 months in Litchfield Penitentiary, a minimum-security women's federal prison (initially operated by the \"Federal Department of Corrections,\" a fictional version of the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and later acquired by Management & Correction Corporation (MCC), a private prison company) in upstate New York. Piper had been convicted of transporting a suitcase full of drug money for her girlfriend Alex Vause (Laura Prepon), an international drug smuggler. The offense had occurred 10 years prior to the start of the series and in that time Piper had moved on to a quiet, law-abiding life among New York's upper middle class. Her sudden and unexpected indictment severely disrupted her relationships with her fiancé, family and friends.", "Cripples, Bastards, and Broken Things. The episode was shot at Belfast's studio The Paint Hall, including interior shots of King's Landing,[13] and on location throughout Northern Ireland: The scenes taking place at the grounds of Castle Black continued to be filmed at the large exterior set built on the abandoned quarry of Magheramorne, the grounds of the ruined Shane's Castle were used as the location of the tournament, and the area known as the Sandy Brae, at the foot of the Mourne Mountains, was used for the entrance to Vaes Dothrak.[14] Much of this episode was filmed early in the production;[15] an Eddard and Arya scene from this episode was filmed on the very first day of shooting.[16]", "One, Two, Three. Some scenes were shot at Bavaria Film Studios.[10]", "You Rang, M'Lord?. The pilot episode was due to be recorded at the BBC Television Centre in London, but due to a strike the original sets were very sparsely dressed and production was moved to the BBC Elstree Studios instead. The sets were subsequently improved for the first series.[3] After the pilot was aired and the BBC agreed to a full series, the production team decided to remain at BBC Elstree Studios, and all four series of the show were recorded there.[4][5] Exterior shots were mostly filmed in and around Diss, Norfolk, for example a disused brush factory which was used as the Union Jack Rubber Company. Other locations include the seafront at Cromer, Lynford Hall and Oxburgh Hall as the bishop's palace.[6] The 1st World War battle scene at the beginning of the pilot episode was built in Long Valley, the British Army's tank training ground in Aldershot. The exterior of the Meldrum house is rarely seen, although the pilot featured exterior shots of an actual building, most probably No. 15, Holland Villas Road, London W14, but later shootings took place at a mockup built on the car park at BBC Elstree Studios or location in Norfolk.", "You Can Count On Me. While the bank exteriors were filmed at Margaretville's NBT bank, the interiors were filmed in another bank closer to New York City since NBT considered interior filming a security risk.[3]", "Irvine, California. According to the Internet Movie Database (IMDB), the following productions have either been partially or entirely filmed in Irvine:[49][50]", "A Caribbean Mystery. The 1989 version is the only adaptation as of 2017 to actually be shot in the Caribbean (on location on the island of Barbados); the 1983 TV movie was shot in California, while the 2013 version was filmed in Cape Town.", "Beverly Hills, 90210. The Golden Oak Ranch outside Santa Clarita, California was also used for filming.[16]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 6). This season takes place in a maximum security prison, after the inmates incite a riot at Litchfield Penitentiary during the previous season, and the season deals with the fallout from the riot.[3] The main story arc of the season involves a gang-like war between two cell blocks which is sparked by the feud between two sisters. Meanwhile, the guards play a fantasy sport game called \"fantasy inmate\". Several supporting characters who appeared throughout the first five seasons are absent in this season due to change in setting, but this season introduces several new characters featured in maximum security.[4]", "Orange Is the New Black (season 2). The series follows Piper Chapman, forced to board a bus and a plane without being given any information. Later she discovers that she is in Chicago to testify in the trial of Alex's drug boss, Kubra Balik, and that the stay is temporary. Meanwhile, in Litchfield Penitentiary, a new inmate is raising to power into the prison, by manipulating other inmates and taking control of the drug contraband. Threatened by this new inmate, Red goes to war, to protect her family and her power.", "You Win or You Die. Most of the episode was shot on set at the Irish studios of The Paint Hall. The exteriors of the entrance of Vaes Dothrak were filmed in the Sandy Brae area,[9] and for the confrontation between Eddard and Cersei taking place in the Red Keep's gardens (identified as a godswood in the novels) the production used the cloister of the St Dominic Monastery in Rabat, in Malta.[10]", "Set It Up. Principal photography began in June 2017 in New York City.[6]", "You Can Count On Me. The film was primarily shot in and around Margaretville, New York, in the Catskill Mountains, in June 1999.[note 2]", "You Don't Know What Love Is (You Just Do as You're Told). The video was filmed in front Hudson's Bay Company historical buildings in the Apex neighborhood of Iqaluit, the capital of the northern Canadian territory of Nunavut, while the band was on tour there.", "North of 60. The series was filmed in Bragg Creek, Alberta.", "Home by Spring. Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California.[1]", "The Ghost of Harrenhal. The episode's interior shots were filmed at The Paint Hall studios, close to Belfast, where the main sets are located. Also in Northern Ireland were filmed the scenes at Harrenhal (in a set built near Banbridge) and Pyke (at the port of Ballintoy). Renly's camp was once again filmed on the country's northern coast.", "Rules Don't Apply. Principal photography for the film began on February 24, 2014 in Los Angeles, California.[26][27] Studio production took place at the Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood.[22] On location filming took place at multiple venues, including S. Grand Avenue, Musso & Frank Grill, and the Millennium Biltmore Hotel.[28][29][30] It was reported that production had been completed on June 8, 2014, after 74 filming days.[31] Additional filming took place in late February 2015.[22]", "Bring It On: Fight to the Finish. The movie was filmed at locations around Malibu. The field shots were filmed at Occidental College, in western Los Angeles County. The spirit championships were filmed at Glendale Community College in Glendale, California and California State University Northridge in Northridge, California.", "She's Gotta Have It. The film catalyzed the Fort Greene, Brooklyn neighborhood where it was shot. Lee portrayed the neighborhood as a vibrant cosmopolitan community where successful African Americans thrived, focusing not only on Nola and her struggles, but also on local children, residents, and graffiti. Fort Greene Park was the setting of much of the movie, and is portrayed as a comfortable place for the characters. People were encouraged to investigate the area's public spaces and viewers in other places investigated similar thriving public spaces of community importance.[4]", "Black Earth Rising. The production visited a private residence in Sevenoaks, Kent for some of the filming, where the swimming pool doubled for a Spa hotel in Paris.[5]", "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Most of the scenes were filmed on location in Brighton and Eastbourne.[2] Others, such as the gig scene and some interiors and exteriors for Georgia's house, were filmed in and around Ealing Studios, London. Areas in nearby west London like Bishopshalt school in Hillingdon and the Liquid nightclub in Uxbridge were used as well.[3] Other sites include locations in Teddington and Twickenham. Costumes included green blazers and kilts borrowed from St. Bede's Prep School in Eastbourne, and props included Eastbourne's signature blue bins to add to the effect and continuity when filming in multiple locations.", "You Can Count On Me. Many outdoor scenes away from the Village—most notably the fishing trip—were filmed in Phoenicia, New York.[4] The cemetery seen in the film is not the Village's—which cannot be seen from the road—rather it is a smaller cemetery four miles outside the village on Route 30." ]

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[ "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge (also referred to as the Verrazano Bridge and formerly the Narrows Bridge) is a double-decked suspension bridge that connects the New York City boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn. It spans the Narrows, a body of water linking the relatively enclosed Upper New York Bay with Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean. The bridge carries thirteen lanes of Interstate 278 on two levels: 7 on the upper level and 6 on the lower level.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Narrows is the only entry point for cruise ships and container ships that dock in New York City. As a result, they must be built to accommodate the clearance under the bridge. At mean high water, that clearance is 228 feet (69 m).[81] The RMS Queen Mary 2, one such vessel built to Verrazano-Narrows Bridge specifications, was designed with a flatter funnel to pass under the bridge, and has 13 feet (3.96 m) of clearance under the bridge during high tide.[2][155]", "Port of New York and New Jersey. The channels also include bridges that limit the heights of vessels that can use the harbor. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has a clearance of 228 feet (69.5 m) at mean high water.[26] The Brooklyn Bridge has 135 feet (41.1 m) of clearance, while the Bayonne Bridge has been raised from 155 feet (47.2 m) to 215 feet (65.5 m).", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Because of thermal expansion of the steel cables, the bridge roadway is 12 feet (3.66 m) lower in summer than in winter.[2][110][154] The bridge is affected by weather more than any other bridge in the city because of its size and isolated location close to the open ocean; it is occasionally closed, either partially or entirely, during strong wind and snow storms.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge has a central span of 4,260 feet (1,298 m). It was the longest suspension bridge in the world from 1964 until it was surpassed by the Humber Bridge in the United Kingdom in 1981. The bridge has the 13th longest main span in the world, as well as the longest in the Americas.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is named for the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano, who in 1524 became the first documented European explorer to enter New York Harbor and the Hudson River. Due to a mistake in naming, the bridge's name is spelled with only one \"z\", despite the explorer's name having two \"z\"s.[2] The bridge marks the gateway to New York Harbor. All ships arriving at the Port of New York and New Jersey pass underneath the bridge and must therefore be built to accommodate the clearance under it.[2]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. At the time of opening, the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was the longest suspension bridge in the world, with a center span of 4,260 feet (1,300 m), surpassing the length of the Golden Gate Bridge's center span by 60 feet (18 m).[71]:5 In 1981, it was surpassed by the Humber Bridge in England, which has a center span of 4,626 feet (1,410 m).[153]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge is owned by Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority bondholders who paid for the bridge at its construction.[149] It is operated by the TBTA's successor, MTA Bridges and Tunnels, which is an affiliate agency of the MTA.[150] The bridge carries Interstate 278, which continues onto the Staten Island Expressway to the west and the Gowanus Expressway to the northeast. The Verrazano, in combination with the Goethals Bridge and the Staten Island Expressway, created a new way for commuters and travelers to reach Brooklyn, Long Island, and Manhattan by car from New Jersey.[151]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. An anchorage was built on each side of the Narrows, with each anchorage measuring 229 feet (70 m) long by 129 feet (39 m) wide, with sixty-six large holes for the cables.[71]:54[89] Foundation work for the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was well underway by 1960, as visitors were able to see the anchorages.[90] Then, two caissons were sunk into the channel close to either shoreline. The Staten Island side's caisson was sunk 105 feet (32 m) into the water, and necessitated the dredging of 81,000 cubic yards (62,000 m3) of sand and assorted muck.[71]:54 This caisson required 47,000 cubic yards (36,000 m3) of concrete, and in March 1961, it became the first of the two caissons to be sunk.[89] The Brooklyn side's caisson required even more work, since it was 170 feet (52 m) deep, displaced 145,000 cubic yards (111,000 m3) of muck, and used 83,000 cubic yards (63,000 m3) of concrete.[71]:54[89] A concrete workers' strike in mid-1961 threatened the timely completion of the Staten Island anchorage, which had only been partially filled with concrete.[91] This strike lasted several months and affected many projects under the city.[92] The process of constructing the anchorages and caissons took just over two years, and it was complete by the end of 1961.[71]:54", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. U.S. Representative Donald Lawrence O'Toole, whose constituency included Bay Ridge, opposed the proposal for the bridge because he believed it would damage the character of Bay Ridge, and because the bridge might block the Narrows in case of a war.[41][42] He cited a poll showing that for every Bay Ridge resident who supported the bridge's construction, 33 more were opposed.[43] The U.S. military approved the proposal in May 1949, over the vociferous opposition of Bay Ridge residents, on the condition that construction start within five years.[44][43] By that time, plans for the 6,540-foot (1,990 m) span had been finalized, and the project only needed $78 million in financing in order to proceed. This financing was not set to be awarded until 1950, when the Battery Tunnel was completed. Preliminary plans showed the bridge as being 237 feet (72 m) above the mean high water level, enough for the 215-foot (66 m) RMS Queen Mary to pass under it.[45]", "Brooklyn. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Pulaski Bridge, and the JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Verrazano Bridge was the last project designed by Ammann, who had designed many of the other major crossings into and within New York City. He died in 1965, the year after the bridge opened.[126] The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge was also the last great public works project in New York City overseen by Moses.[127] The urban planner envisioned that the Verrazano and Throgs Neck Bridges would be the final major bridges in New York City for the time being, since they would complete the city's expressway system.[128]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The Brooklyn Chamber of Commerce simultaneously considered all three projects—the bridge, the vehicular tunnels, and the subway tunnel. Community groups on both sides of the Narrows disagreed on which projects should be built first, if at all.[13] Residents of Bay Ridge opposed any plans involving a bridge because its construction would almost definitely require the demolition of part of the neighborhood.[18] Boring work for the vehicular tunnels started in November 1930. The 11,000-foot (3,400 m) twin tunnels, projected to be completed by 1937, were to connect Hylan Boulevard on Staten Island with 86th Street in Brooklyn once they were completed.[19] In January 1932, construction of these tunnels was put on hold indefinitely due to a lack of money.[20] The construction work did not go beyond an examination of shoreline on the Brooklyn side.[21]", "Hudson River. Afterward, leaving the Hudson Highlands, the river enters Haverstraw Bay, the widest point of the river at 3.5 miles (5.6 km) wide.[4] Shortly thereafter, the river forms the Tappan Zee and flows under the Tappan Zee Bridge, which carries the New York State Thruway between Tarrytown and Nyack in Westchester and Rockland Counties respectively. South of the Tappan Zee Bridge, the west bank of the Hudson becomes Bergen and Hudson Counties of New Jersey, and further south the east bank of the river becomes Yonkers and then the Riverdale neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. The Palisades, large, rocky cliffs along the west bank of the river, begin along the west bank of the river opposite the Bronx. South of the confluence of the Hudson and Spuyten Duyvil Creek, the east bank of the river becomes Manhattan.[7] The river is sometimes still called the North River at this point. The George Washington Bridge crosses the river between Fort Lee and the Washington Heights neighborhood of Manhattan.[9] The Lincoln Tunnel and the Holland Tunnel also cross under the river between Manhattan and New Jersey. South of the Battery, the river proper ends, meeting the East River to form Upper New York Bay, also known as New York Harbor. Its outflow continues through The Narrows between Brooklyn and Staten Island, under the Verrazano Bridge, and into Lower New York Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.[7]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Each of the two towers contains 1 million bolts and 3 million rivets.[2] The diameters of each of the four main suspension cables is 36 inches (914 mm). Each main cable is composed of 26,108 wires amounting to a total of 142,520 miles (229,364 km) in length.[2][96] Because of the height of the towers (693 ft or 211 m) and their distance apart (4,260 ft or 1,298 m), the curvature of the Earth's surface had to be taken into account when designing the bridge—the towers are 1 5⁄8 inches (41.275 mm) farther apart at their tops than at their bases; they are not parallel to each other.[67]:752[2][152] The bridge's two towers are the tallest structures in New York City outside of Manhattan.[110]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Subway tracks were proposed for the bridge early in the planning process,[56] but Moses rejected them over cost concerns.[57]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. In late 1963, builders started receiving the rectangular pieces that would make up the roadway deck. The components for the sixty 40-ton slabs were first created in an assembly line in Jersey City.[98] Then, these components were combined in a Bayonne steelworks 5 miles (8.0 km) from the bridge site, and after the pieces of each slab were assembled, they were floated to the Narrows via barge.[99] Each piece measured 28 feet (8.5 m) high by approximately 115 feet (35 m) wide and long. These pieces of the deck were then hung from the suspender cables.[71]:94–95 The first piece of the deck was lifted onto the bridge in October 1963.[100] By early 1964, the span was nearly finished, and all that remained was to secure the various parts of the bridge.[71]:133 By this point, plans for new development on Staten Island were well underway,[101] and tourists had come to observe the construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.[102] The bridge had been scheduled to open in 1965, but owing to the faster-than-anticipated rate of progress, the TBTA decided to open the bridge in November 1964.[103] In preparation for the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge's opening, the TBTA fully repainted the structure.[104] The construction process of the bridge had employed an average of 1,200 workers a day for five years, excluding those who had worked on the approaches; around 10,000 individuals had worked on the bridge throughout that five-year period.[67]:736", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. After holding a hearing for concerned Bay Ridge residents, the Board of Estimate affirmed the Narrows Bridge plan in October 1958,[63] without any objections.[67]:752 At the same time, it rejected plans for a tunnel under the Narrows, as well as a bridge or tunnel from Brooklyn directly to Jersey City, New Jersey.[63] The Board was set to vote on the Seventh Avenue approach in mid-December, but the federal government stated that it would only agree to the bridge's construction if the Seventh Avenue approach had 12 lanes, with six on each level.[68] The federal government was already paying for two highway improvements on both sides of the proposed bridge: the Clove Lakes Expressway on Staten Island, and the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn.[63] On December 31 of that year, the Board of Estimate voted to approve plans for the Seventh Avenue approach, having delayed that vote several times.[69]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The construction of the bridge was chronicled by the writer Gay Talese in his 1964 book The Bridge: The Building of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. He also wrote several articles about the bridge's construction for the New York Times.[111] The book also contains several drawings by Lili Réthi and photographs by Bruce Davidson.[71]:Cover Page", "List of bridges in the United States by height. The clearance below required under bridges for the largest ships—container ships, ocean liners and cruise ships—is around 220 feet (67 m) so there are often bridges with approximately that height located in coastal cities with bays or inlets, such as New York City's Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and San Francisco's Golden Gate Bridge.[1]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The approval of the Seventh Avenue approach angered Bay Ridge residents since the construction of the approach would displace 7,500 people.[70] This amount of opposition was not matched in Staten Island, even though more than twice as many people were being displaced there, because the Staten Island Ferry was the only way to get between the island and the rest of the city. On the contrary, the bridge's announcement was welcomed because it sparked a rise in real-estate prices on the island.[71]:18–20 The State Legislature drafted a bill in an effort to change the approach's location to Belt Parkway.[72] However, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller vetoed the Belt Parkway bill,[73] and in March 1959, the Board of Estimate officially condemned land along Seventh Avenue to make way for the Gowanus Expressway extension to the Narrows Bridge.[74] The only tasks remaining before the start of construction were to finalize the design of the Narrows Bridge, and to speed up the construction schedule to meet a 1964 deadline.[75] In April 1959, the bridge was officially renamed after the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano.[76] This sparked a controversy because the proposed bridge's name only had one \"z\" while the explorer's name had two \"z\"s.[77]", "James J. Braddock. Upon return, he worked as a marine equipment surplus supplier and helped construct the Verrazano Bridge in the early 1960s.[12]", "George Washington Bridge. Within New York City, the Lincoln Tunnel (NJ 495) and Holland Tunnel (Interstate 78/NJ 139) also enter Manhattan, albeit further south. The Verrazano Bridge (I-278), which connects Staten Island with Brooklyn and also handles traffic from New Jersey, is an alternate route even further south. Within the New York metropolitan area, the New Tappan Zee Bridge (Interstates 87/287 and New York State Thruway) is an alternate route further north that avoids the city proper.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. The city approved the construction of a rapid transit tunnel under the Narrows in December 1933. This tunnel was approved in conjunction with the proposed Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel connecting Red Hook with Lower Manhattan.[27] Following the War Department's announcement that they would oppose the Narrows bridge, private interests began studying the feasibility of the tunnel.[21]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Although the bridge was constructed with only one 6-lane roadway, Ammann had made provisions for a second 6-lane deck below it, in the form of extra trusses.[129] These trusses, which were used to strengthen the bridge, were a design alteration that was added to many bridges in the aftermath of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse in 1940.[71]:45 The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge became so popular among motorists that in March 1969, the TBTA decided to erect the lower deck[130] at a cost of $22 million.[67]:1130 The Verrazano Bridge had not been expected to carry enough traffic to necessitate a second deck until 1978, but traffic patterns over the previous five years had demonstrate the need for extra bridge capacity. By contrast, a lower deck on the George Washington Bridge, connecting New Jersey and Upper Manhattan, had not been built until thirty-one years after the bridge's 1931 opening.[131] The new six-lane deck opened on June 28, 1969.[132] Originally, the Verrazano Bridge's Brooklyn end was also supposed to connect to the planned Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, New York State Route 878, and JFK Airport, but the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway project was canceled in 1969.[133]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. On the Brooklyn side, the Narrows Bridge was originally supposed to connect to the Circumferential (Belt) Parkway, but in early 1957, Harriman vetoed a bill that stipulated that the main approach connect to the Belt Parkway.[60] By May 1957, an updated location for the Brooklyn anchorage had been agreed on. The anchorage was now to be located at Fort Lafayette, an island coastal fortification built next to Fort Hamilton at the southern tip of Bay Ridge.[61] Moses also proposed expanding Brooklyn's Gowanus Expressway and extending it to the Narrows Bridge by way of Seventh Avenue, which would require cutting through the middle of Bay Ridge. This proposal drew opposition from the community, who wanted the approach to follow the Belt Parkway along the Brooklyn shore.[62] These opponents said that the Seventh Avenue alignment would displace over 1,500 families.[63] In February 1958, the New York State Legislature approved a bill to change the Brooklyn approaches back to Belt Parkway, which was almost identical to the bill Harriman had vetoed.[64] However, the city approved the Seventh Avenue bridge approach in August 1958.[65] The next month, Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. said that the city was committed to building a bridge across the Narrows, but was not committed to the construction of the Seventh Avenue approach. In response, Moses wrote to Wagner that any continuing delays would cause the bridge to be canceled. The bridge's cost had now risen to $320 million.[66]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. In June 2016, St. Francis College student Robert Nash[168] started a petition to correctly spell Giovanni da Verrazzano's name on the bridge. The petition has gained support from politicians including Senator Martin Golden and Senator Andrew Lanza. The petition has also been supported by actors and celebrities Robert DeNiro, Tony Gemignani, and Joe D'Onofrio.[169] The results of the petition are ongoing.[170][171][172] In December 2016, Senators Golden and Lanza sent letters to the Metropolitan Transportation Authority CEO Thomas F. Prendergast, in which they recommended that the bridge's name be spelled correctly. An MTA spokesperson said the agency was reviewing the letter.[169][173]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Before starting actual work on the bridge, the TBTA destroyed the structures at the future locations of the anchorages.[59] The agency acquired 36 acres (15 ha) of the 138 acres (56 ha) within Fort Hamilton, in return for paying for a $12 million renovation of the Army installation and giving up 10.8 acres (4.4 ha) of land in Dyker Beach Park.[86] A 1,000-ton World War I monument on the Brooklyn side, within the path of the future Seventh Avenue approach, was placed atop rolling logs and shifted 370 feet (110 m).[87] The right-of-way for the Seventh Avenue approach was also being cleared, and despite initial opposition to the clearing work, all of the residents within the approach's path eventually acquiesced to moving elsewhere.[71]:24 To prevent contractors from delaying work on the expressways on either side of the bridge, Moses warned them of steep fines if the expressways were not completed by the time the bridge was finished.[88]", "Fort Hamilton. Construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge in the early 1960s did away with several historic structures, including Fort Lafayette, which was located near the Brooklyn shore where the bridge tower now rises from the water. During the same period, efforts toward saving the historical heritage of the Narrows increased. Part of the U.S. Army's contribution to preserving this heritage is in the Harbor Defense Museum at Fort Hamilton.", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. Surveying work for the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge began in January 1959.[71]:29 The official construction on the bridge began on August 14, 1959, with a groundbreaking ceremony on the Staten Island anchorage. Those in attendance included New Jersey Governor Meyner, New York City Mayor Wagner, and TBTA Chairman Moses. Although New York Governor Rockefeller had been invited to the event, neither he nor Assembly Speaker Joseph F. Carlino showed up.[59][71]:30 In December 1959, the TBTA was put in charge of funding and building the bridge.[78] To raise money for construction, Rockefeller signed a bill that would remove the 4% ceiling on the interest rates for the securities that the TBTA was selling to pay for the bridge. This ceiling would be lifted until June 1965. In essence, this meant that the TBTA could sell securities at much higher interest rates to raise the $320 million that was needed.[79]", "Bay Ridge, Brooklyn. Construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, which connects Bay Ridge to Staten Island, was completed in 1964. Though now an iconic structure, it was opposed by residents because it would require the demolition of many homes and businesses. Eight hundred buildings were destroyed, displacing 7,000 people, to make room for the bridge and its approach. Also destroyed was Fort Lafayette, part of New York City's defense system along with Fort Hamilton and Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island; it was replaced by the base of the bridge's east tower.[15]", "Verrazano-Narrows Bridge. After the upper deck was replaced, parts of the lower deck are to be replaced, but this necessitates the closure of the lower deck during construction. Hence, the MTA opted to replace the upper deck first to add more capacity. The Brooklyn ramps to the bridge are also being rebuilt.[142] The upper level's new HOV lane opened in July 2017.[145] Simultaneously, the MTA dismantled the Staten Island-bound toll booths to speed up westbound traffic.[146] This work was done in advance of the reconstruction of tracks around Penn Station, which severely limited rail service into that station and created more vehicular traffic at crossings to Manhattan.[147] Eventually, the Verrazano Bridge might also contain a bicycle and pedestrian path.[148]" ]

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[ "Fuller House (TV series). Netflix ordered an initial thirteen episodes which were released on February 26, 2016, worldwide. The third season is split into two parts, with the first half of nine episodes being released on September 22, 2017, and the second half on December 22, 2017. While the first season reception was generally negative, the second and third seasons received mostly positive reviews.", "Fuller House (TV series). On March 2, 2016, the series was renewed for a second season, and production for the second season began on May 5, 2016.[44] Thirteen new episodes were ordered and were released on December 9, 2016.[45][46] On December 24, 2016, the series was renewed for a third season, to be released in 2017.[47] and On December 31, 2016, it was confirmed that the season was given an 18-episode order.[48] Production for the third season began on March 18, 2017,[49] and ended on September 2, 2017.[50] It was announced on June 26, 2017 that the third season would be split into two parts, with the release of the first part on September 22, 2017 to consist of nine episodes.[51] It was announced on November 13, 2017 that the second half, also consisting of nine episodes, would be released on December 22, 2017.[52] On January 29, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season of thirteen episodes.", "Fuller House (TV series). Warner Home Video released the first season of the series on DVD in Region 1 on February 28, 2017.[84] The second season was released on DVD on December 12, 2017.[85] The third season will be released in Region 1 on January 22, 2019.[86]", "Fuller House (TV series). On January 29, 2018, Netflix renewed Fuller House for a fourth season.[7][8] On October 30, 2018, it was announced that season 4 will be released on December 14, 2018.[9]", "List of Fuller House episodes. As of December 22, 2017,[update] 44 episodes of Fuller House have been released, concluding the third season. On January 29, 2018, the series was renewed for a fourth season.[1]", "List of Full House and Fuller House characters. This is a list of the characters from the American television sitcom Full House and its sequel series Fuller House. The former ran for eight seasons on ABC from September 22, 1987 to May 23, 1995. Fuller House followed 21 years later, airing on Netflix beginning February 26, 2016. The first nine episodes of the third season were released on September 22, 2017, and the back nine was released on December 22, 2017.", "Full House (season 3). The third season of Full House, an American family sitcom created by Jeff Franklin, premiered on ABC in the U.S. on September 22, 1989, and concluded on May 4, 1990. The season was partially directed by Franklin and produced by Jeff Franklin Productions, Miller-Boyett Productions, and Lorimar Television, with Don Van Atta as the producer. It consists of 24 episodes, most of which were directed by Bill Foster.", "Full House (season 3). Warner Home Video released a DVD box set containing all third season episodes on April 4, 2006 only on Region 1.[4]", "Full House. While never a critical favorite, the series was consistently in the Nielsen Top 30 (from 1988 onward) and gained even more popularity in syndicated reruns and also aired internationally.[1] It has also had tie-in merchandise marketed, such as a series of paperback books. A sequel series, Fuller House, premiered on Netflix on February 26, 2016.", "Home: Adventures with Tip & Oh. The second season was released on January 27, 2017,[2] and the third season was released on August 11, 2017.", "Fuller House (TV series). In a parallel to the original series, Fuller House focuses on D.J., who is a recently widowed mother of three boys, with her sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy moving in to help raise the boys. The series starts off with a special episode featuring a Tanner family reunion.[40][41] Filming of the series began in July 2015 and lasted until November 2015.[4][42] In December 2015, the series' release date was revealed as February 26, 2016.[15] Later in the month, Canadian pop singer Carly Rae Jepsen revealed she and Butch Walker recreated the Full House theme song, \"Everywhere You Look\" (which was originally performed by Jesse Frederick, who co-wrote the song with Bennett Salvay), for the series as its opening theme.[43]", "Fuller House (TV series). In April 2015, it was reported that Netflix was close to closing a deal to produce a 13-episode sequel series tentatively titled Fuller House. A representative for Netflix said that the report was \"just a rumor\".[36][37] In response to the report, Bure tweeted, \"While you all ponder over whether the Fuller House show is true or is an April Fools joke, check out [link to her upcoming TV movie]\", and Stamos tweeted, \"Believe none of what you hear, and only half of what you see.\"[38] On April 20, he appeared on Jimmy Kimmel Live!, confirming the spin-off series had been green-lit by Netflix. On April 21, Netflix confirmed the series was in development.[39]", "Full House (season 8). In 2016, the new Netflix spin-off Fuller House was released. It is a continuation and revolves around the life of D.J., now named D.J. Tanner-Fuller.", "Andrea Barber. Barber reprised her role as Kimmy Gibbler in the Full House spin-off series Fuller House, along with Candace Cameron Bure and Jodie Sweetin. The series was released on Netflix on February 26, 2016.[2]", "Full House. Filming began on July 25, 2015.[32] Like the original series, the show is set in San Francisco.[33] The original series idea was focused on D.J., a veterinarian struggling to raise three boys after her firefighter husband, Tommy Fuller is killed in the line of duty; Stephanie, who is aspiring to become a musician; and Kimmy, who is a party planner and a single mother to a teenage daughter, Ramona. The show's premise follows one similar to the original series when Stephanie makes plans to put her career on hold for a while and move in with D.J. to help take care of her children. Almost immediately afterwards, Kimmy makes the same offer for her and Ramona to move in and help out. Netflix premiered the series on February 26, 2016,[34] with the premiere episode featuring a Tanner family reunion.[35][36] As of September 22, 2017 there have been three seasons of the series.[37]", "Fuller House (TV series). On February 28, 2018, Variety reported that Jeff Franklin was fired from the series after complaints about his behavior in the writers’ room and on the set of the series, which ranged from being verbally abusive to staffers and making sexually charged comments about his personal relationships and sex life in the writer’s room to a complaint of Franklin’s habit of bringing women he dated to the set and sometimes giving them bit parts in the series. Franklin has not been accused of directly sexually harassing or engaging in physical misconduct with any staffers.[66] On March 12, 2018, Steve Baldikoski and Bryan Behar were announced as the new executive producers and showrunners for the fourth season replacing Franklin.[1]", "House of Cards (season 3). The third season of the American web television drama series House of Cards was commissioned on February 4, 2014. Netflix released the season in its entirety on February 27, 2015. The season was filmed from approximately June 12 through December 20, 2014.", "Fuller House (TV series). Fuller House is an American sitcom created by Jeff Franklin that airs as a Netflix original series, and is a sequel to the 1987–1995 television series Full House. It centers around D.J. Tanner-Fuller, a veterinarian and widowed mother of three sons, whose sister Stephanie and best friend Kimmy—along with her teenage daughter—live together at the Tanner's childhood home in San Francisco, California. Most of the original series ensemble cast have reprised their roles on Fuller House, either as regular cast members or in guest appearances, with the exception of Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who alternated the role of Michelle Tanner in Full House.", "Full House (season 7). The seventh season of the sitcom Full House originally aired on ABC between September 14, 1993 and May 17, 1994.", "Full House (season 3). By this season, the series' viewership increased, turning Full House the most popular series of ABC's block TGIF; also, for the first time the series figured among the 30 highest-rated programs of the year. Critical reception was mixed, with critics regarding the sameness of the program, and praising towards the characters and actors performance.", "Fuller House (TV series). On rotten tomatoes season 2 currently has a 60% approval rating based on 5 reviews.[75]", "Fuller House (TV series). Shortly after announcing the spin-off series, it was uncertain whether Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, who shared the role of Michelle Tanner, would choose to participate.[56] The Olsen twins ultimately rejected the offer because Ashley has not acted in years with no intentions to restart, and Mary-Kate initially considered the part but later declined as it was not feasible with her fashion career at the time.[29][42][57][58][59] Subsequently, the producers decided to have Michelle reside in New York City, where she is highly focused on her fashion enterprise.[60] By January 2016, they asked the Olsen twins' younger sister, Elizabeth, if she had any ambitions to take the part of Michelle, but she ultimately declined as well.[61] Nonetheless, the producers still prodded the Olsen twins to return and were confident that one of the twins would ultimately decide to reappear during the second season, although this did not end up happening.[62][63] In September 2016, it was announced that the character Nelson will re-appear on Fuller House, with the character recast to be portrayed by Hal Sparks, who replaces Nelson's original portrayer, Jason Marsden.[64] In September 2017, Jeff Franklin revealed at Paley Fest that Danny's ex, Vicky Larson (Gail Edwards) would return in season three,[65] doing so in the season's finale.", "House Rules (Australian TV series). Season 3 was confirmed in 2014 and began airing on 5 May 2015.[8]", "Fuller House (TV series). In August 2014, reports circulated that Warner Bros. Television was considering a series reboot. John Stamos, who had an ownership stake in the show, headed up the attempt to get the series back into production. Creator Jeff Franklin returned as executive producer and showrunner with the collaboration of original executive producers Thomas L. Miller and Robert L. Boyett under their Miller-Boyett Productions label.[36]", "True and the Rainbow Kingdom. As of 2017, the second season was in production, slated to be premiered in 2018.[8][7] On September 28, 2017, the third season, which will debut in 2019, was announced.[7][9]", "Full House (season 3). The season's main cast is John Stamos as Jesse, Bob Saget as Danny, Dave Coulier as Joey, Candace Cameron as D.J., Jodie Sweetin as Stephanie, and Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen as Michelle. Additionally, Lori Loughlin returned as Rebecca \"Becky\" Donaldson, and, from this season, she had left the recurring cast to become part of the main cast.[2] She appears in thirteen of the season's episodes.", "Dave's World. On July 24, 2012, Season 3 was released as a Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) release via Amazon.com's CreateSpace program.[5]", "Full House (season 3). The Los Angeles Times states in a December 1989 article that Full House was \"the most popular series on Friday night and the most popular of all among the 2-to-11 year-old set\" at the time,[5] with an average of 28% of the TV audience in its time slot reported in March 1990.[6] The season three ratings did enter in the Top 30 highest-rated programs for the first time, coming in at number 22 for the 1989–90 season.[2]", "Fuller House (TV series). The second season saw more positive reviews. Jenny Varner of \"IGN\" gave the season a mixed 6.5/10 score. She noted that \"Fuller House Season 2 brings a fuller cast, a fuller plot, and a lot more cringe-worthy pop culture jokes. Love it or hate it, the staying power of this heartwarming Netflix staple is stronger than ever.\"[74]", "Pati Jinich. Season 3 first aired in 2014[4] and Season 4 in 2015.[19] Season 5 began airing in the fall of 2016.[1]", "Angie Tribeca. Angie Tribeca premiered on January 17–18, 2016,[2] and the third season premiered on April 10, 2017.[3]", "The Real Housewives of Potomac. The third season premiered on April 1, 2018, with Candiace Dillard joining the cast, and Jackson-Jordan appearing in a \"friend\" capacity.[8]" ]

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[ "Production–possibility frontier. Graphically bounding the production set for fixed input quantities, the PPF curve shows the maximum possible production level of one commodity for any given production level of the other, given the existing state of technology. By doing so, it defines productive efficiency in the context of that production set: a point on the frontier indicates efficient use of the available inputs (such as points B, D and C in the graph), a point beneath the curve (such as A) indicates inefficiency, and a point beyond the curve (such as X) indicates impossibility.", "Production–possibility frontier. PPFs are normally drawn as bulging upwards or outwards from the origin (\"concave\" when viewed from the origin), but they can be represented as bulging downward (inwards) or linear (straight), depending on a number of assumptions. A PPF illustrates several economic concepts, such as scarcity of resources (the fundamental economic problem that all societies face), opportunity cost (or marginal rate of transformation), productive efficiency, allocative efficiency, and economies of scale.", "Production–possibility frontier. In microeconomics, the PPF shows the options open to an individual, household, or firm in a two-good world. By definition, each point on the curve is productively efficient, but, given the nature of market demand, some points will be more profitable than others. Equilibrium for a firm will be the combination of outputs on the PPF that is most profitable.[18]", "Production–possibility frontier. In the context of a PPF, opportunity cost is directly related to the shape of the curve (see below). If the shape of the PPF curve is a straight-line, the opportunity cost is constant as production of different goods is changing. But, opportunity cost usually will vary depending on the start and end points. In the diagram on the right, producing 10 more packets of butter, at a low level of butter production, costs the loss of 5 guns (shown as a movement from A to B). At point C, the economy is already close to its maximum potential butter output. To produce 10 more packets of butter, 50 guns must be sacrificed (as with a movement from C to D). The ratio of gains to losses is determined by the marginal rate of transformation.", "Production–possibility frontier. The slope of the production–possibility frontier (PPF) at any given point is called the marginal rate of transformation (MRT). The slope defines the rate at which production of one good can be redirected (by reallocation of productive resources) into production of the other. It is also called the (marginal) \"opportunity cost\" of a commodity, that is, it is the opportunity cost of X in terms of Y at the margin. It measures how much of good Y is given up for one more unit of good X or vice versa. The shape of a PPF is commonly drawn as concave to the origin to represent increasing opportunity cost with increased output of a good. Thus, MRT increases in absolute size as one moves from the top left of the PPF to the bottom right of the PPF.[8]", "Production–possibility frontier. The production-possibility frontier can be constructed from the contract curve in an Edgeworth production box diagram of factor intensity.[9] The example used above (which demonstrates increasing opportunity costs, with a curve concave to the origin) is the most common form of PPF.[10] It represents a disparity, in the factor intensities and technologies of the two production sectors. That is, as an economy specializes more and more into one product (such as moving from point B to point D), the opportunity cost of producing that product increases, because we are using more and more resources that are less efficient in producing it. With increasing production of butter, workers from the gun industry will move to it. At first, the least qualified (or most general) gun workers will be transferred into making more butter, and moving these workers has little impact on the opportunity cost of increasing butter production: the loss in gun production will be small. However, the cost of producing successive units of butter will increase as resources that are more and more specialized in gun production are moved into the butter industry.[11]", "Economics. The slope of the curve at a point on it gives the trade-off between the two goods. It measures what an additional unit of one good costs in units forgone of the other good, an example of a real opportunity cost. Thus, if one more Gun costs 100 units of butter, the opportunity cost of one Gun is 100 Butter. Along the PPF, scarcity implies that choosing more of one good in the aggregate entails doing with less of the other good. Still, in a market economy, movement along the curve may indicate that the choice of the increased output is anticipated to be worth the cost to the agents.", "Production–possibility frontier. A PPF (production possibility frontier) typically takes the form of the curve illustrated above. An economy that is operating on the PPF is said to be efficient, meaning that it would be impossible to produce more of one good without decreasing production of the other good. In contrast, if the economy is operating below the curve, it is said to be operating inefficiently because it could reallocate resources in order to produce more of both goods or some resources such as labor or capital are sitting idle and could be fully employed to produce more of both goods.", "Economics. The production–possibility frontier (PPF) is an expository figure for representing scarcity, cost, and efficiency. In the simplest case an economy can produce just two goods (say \"guns\" and \"butter\"). The PPF is a table or graph (as at the right) showing the different quantity combinations of the two goods producible with a given technology and total factor inputs, which limit feasible total output. Each point on the curve shows potential total output for the economy, which is the maximum feasible output of one good, given a feasible output quantity of the other good.", "Production–possibility frontier. With economies of scale, the PPF would curve inward, with the opportunity cost of one good falling as more of it is produced. Specialization in producing successive units of a good determines its opportunity cost (say from mass production methods or specialization of labor).[14]", "Production–possibility frontier. If the two production goods depicted are capital investment (to increase future production possibilities) and current consumption goods, the higher is investment this year, the more the PPF would shift out in following years.[15] Shifts of the curve can represent how technological progress that favors production possibilities of one good, say guns, more than the other shifts the PPF outwards more along the favored good's axis, \"biasing\" production possibilities in that direction. Similarly, if one good makes more use of say capital and if capital grows faster than other factors, growth possibilities might be biased in favor of the capital-intensive good.[16][17]", "Production–possibility frontier. In the PPF, all points on the curve are points of maximum productive efficiency (no more output of any good can be achieved from the given inputs without sacrificing output of some good); all points inside the frontier (such as A) can be produced but are productively inefficient; all points outside the curve (such as X) cannot be produced with the given, existing resources.[2] Not all points on the curve are Pareto efficient, however; only in the case where the marginal rate of transformation is equal to all consumers' marginal rate of substitution and hence equal to the ratio of prices will it be impossible to find any trade that will make no consumer worse off.[3]", "Production–possibility frontier. A production–possibility frontier (PPF) or production possibility curve (PPC) is a graphical representation of possible combinations of two goods (such as butter and guns) that can be produced with constant technology and resources per unit of time, such that more of one good could be produced only by diverting resources from the other good, resulting in less production of it; i. e. production tradeoffs, usually for an economy, but which can also be interpreted as applying for an individual, household, etc.", "Production–possibility frontier. The PSU represented by the point on the PPF where an efficient economy operates (which is obtained by tangency with the highest individual or social indifference curve, not shown in the graph) presents the priorities or choices of the modeled agent, such as the choice of having more butter produced and fewer guns, or vice versa.", "Production–possibility frontier. From a macroeconomic perspective, the PPF illustrates the production possibilities available to a nation or economy during a given period of time for broad categories of output. It is traditionally used to show the movement between committing all funds to consumption on the y-axis versus investment on the x-axis. However, an economy may achieve productive efficiency without necessarily being allocatively efficient. Market failure (such as imperfect competition or externalities) and some institutions of social decision-making (such as government and tradition) may lead to the wrong combination of goods being produced (hence the wrong mix of resources being allocated between producing the two goods) compared to what consumers would prefer, given what is feasible on the PPF.[19]", "Production–possibility frontier. Only points on or within a PPF are actually possible to achieve in the short run. In the long run, if technology improves or if the supply of factors of production increases, the economy's capacity to produce both goods increases; if this potential is realized, economic growth occurs. That increase is shown by a shift of the production-possibility frontier to the right. Conversely, a natural, military or ecological disaster might move the PPF to the left in response to a reduction in an economy's productive capability.[1] Thus all points on or within the curve are part of the production set: combinations of goods that the economy could potentially produce.", "Offer curve. The offer curve is derived from the country's PPF. We describe a Country named K which enjoys both goods Y and X. It is slightly better at producing good X, but wants to consume both goods. It wants to consume at point C or higher (above the PPF). Country K starts in Autarky at point C. At point C, country K can produce (and consume) 3 Y for 5 X. As trade begins with another country, and country K begins to specialize in producing good X. When it produces at point B, it can trade with the other country and consume at point S. We now look at our Offer curve and draw a ray at the level 5 Y for 7 X. When full specialization occurs, K then produces at point A, trades and then consumes at point T. The price has reduced to 1 Y for 1 X, and the economy is now at equilibrium.", "Inflection point. For a curve given by parametric equations, a point is an inflection point if its signed curvature changes from plus to minus or from minus to plus, i.e., changes sign.", "Inflection point. Inflection points are the points of the curve where the curvature changes its sign while a tangent exists.[1]", "Yield (engineering). The yield point is the point on a stress–strain curve that indicates the limit of elastic behavior and the beginning of plastic behavior. Yield strength or yield stress is the material property defined as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically whereas yield point is the point where nonlinear (elastic + plastic) deformation begins. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed, some fraction of the deformation will be permanent and non-reversible.", "IS–LM model. Thus the IS curve is a locus of points of equilibrium in the \"real\" (non-financial) economy. Each point on the curve represents the equilibrium between the Savings and Investment (S=I).", "Pension Protection Fund. The PPF pays two levels of compensation:[8]", "f-number. In photography, stops are also a unit used to quantify ratios of light or exposure, with each added stop meaning a factor of two, and each subtracted stop meaning a factor of one-half. The one-stop unit is also known as the EV (exposure value) unit. On a camera, the aperture setting is traditionally adjusted in discrete steps, known as f-stops. Each \"stop\" is marked with its corresponding f-number, and represents a halving of the light intensity from the previous stop. This corresponds to a decrease of the pupil and aperture diameters by a factor of \n\n\n\n\n1\n\n/\n\n\n\n2\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle \\scriptstyle 1/{\\sqrt {2}}}\n\n or about 0.7071, and hence a halving of the area of the pupil.", "Production–possibility frontier. An outward shift of the PPF results from growth of the availability of inputs, such as physical capital or labour, or from technological progress in knowledge of how to transform inputs into outputs. Such a shift reflects, for instance, economic growth of an economy already operating at its full productivity (on the PPF), which means that more of both outputs can now be produced during the specified period of time without sacrificing the output of either good. Conversely, the PPF will shift inward if the labor force shrinks, the supply of raw materials is depleted, or a natural disaster decreases the stock of physical capital.", "Production–possibility frontier. If opportunity costs are constant, a straight-line (linear) PPF is produced.[12] This case reflects a situation where resources are not specialised and can be substituted for each other with no added cost.[11] Products requiring similar resources (bread and pastry, for instance) will have an almost straight PPF and so almost constant opportunity costs.[11] More specifically, with constant returns to scale, there are two opportunities for a linear PPF: if there was only one factor of production to consider or if the factor intensity ratios in the two sectors were constant at all points on the production-possibilities curve. With varying returns to scale, however, it may not be entirely linear in either case.[13]", "Production–possibility frontier. The two main determinants of the position of the PPF at any given time are the state of technology and management expertise (which are reflected in the available production functions) and the available quantities of factors of production (materials, direct labor, and factory overhead).", "Inflection point. In differential calculus, an inflection point, point of inflection, flex, or inflection (British English: inflexion) is a point on a continuously differentiable plane curve at which the curve crosses its tangent, that is, the curve changes from being concave (concave downward) to convex (concave upward), or vice versa.", "Parameter. In analytic geometry, curves are often given as the image of some function. The argument of the function is invariably called \"the parameter\". A circle of radius 1 centered at the origin can be specified in more than one form:", "f-number. Most modern lenses use a standard f-stop scale, which is an approximately geometric sequence of numbers that corresponds to the sequence of the powers of the square root of 2:   f/1, f/1.4, f/2, f/2.8, f/4, f/5.6, f/8, f/11, f/16, f/22, f/32, f/45, f/64, f/90, f/128, etc. Each element in the sequence is one stop lower than the element to its left, and one stop higher than the element to its right. The values of the ratios are rounded off to these particular conventional numbers, to make them easier to remember and write down.\nThe sequence above is obtained by approximating the following exact geometric sequence:", "Yield curve. The usual representation of the yield curve is a function P, defined on all future times t, such that P(t) represents the value today of receiving one unit of currency t years in the future. If P is defined for all future t then we can easily recover the yield (i.e. the annualized interest rate) for borrowing money for that period of time via the formula", "Inflection point. If the curve is the graph of a function y = f(x), of differentiability class C2, this means that the second derivative of f vanishes and changes sign at the point. A point where the second derivative vanishes but does not change sign is sometimes called a point of undulation or undulation point.", "Asymptote. The asymptotes of an algebraic curve in the affine plane are the lines that are tangent to the projectivized curve through a point at infinity.[14] For example, one may identify the asymptotes to the unit hyperbola in this manner. Asymptotes are often considered only for real curves,[15] although they also make sense when defined in this way for curves over an arbitrary field.[16]" ]

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[ "Great Depression in Australia. Australia suffered badly during the period of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and rapidly spread worldwide. As in other nations, Australia suffered years of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth and personal advancement.", "Great Depression in Australia. Throughout Scullin's term, commodity prices continued to fall, unemployment rose, and Australia's big cities were depopulated as thousands of unemployed men took to the countryside in search of menial agricultural work.[citation needed] The stagnant economy had reduced economic activity and therefore tax revenues. However, the debt commitments of both state and federal governments remained the same. Australia became severely at risk of defaulting on its foreign debt which had been accumulated during the relative prosperity and infrastructure-building frenzy of the 1920s.", "Great Depression in Australia. The Great Depression in Australia saw huge levels of unemployment and economic suffering amid plummeting export income.[13] Although the economic downturn was a product of international events, Australian governments grappled with how to respond. Conventional economists said governments should pursue deflationary policies. Radicals proposed inflationary responses and increased government spending. Division emerged within the Labor Party over how to respond.[14]", "Great Depression in Australia. For Australians the decade of the 1930s began with problems of huge unemployment, because the fall of the stock markets on Wall Street reduced confidence throughout the world. Most governments reacted to the crisis with similar policies, aimed at slashing back government spending and paying back loans. The Australian government could do little to change the effects of the slump and the tough economic times ahead. This affected the country in many ways.[20]", "Great Depression in Australia. Because of the economic downturn, people’s lives changed drastically. Australia had supplied huge amounts of wool for uniforms during World War 1, and many exports helped Australia achieve a high standard of living in the 1920s. The majority of the people of Australia lived very well prior to the fall, so they felt the effects of the depression strongly. Because of the severe economic contraction, the reduction of purchasing goods, employers couldn’t afford to keep excessive workers. A five-year unemployment average for 1930-34 was 23.4%, with a peak of approximately 30% of the nation being unemployed in 1932. This was one of the most severe unemployment rates in the industrialised world, exceeded only by Germany.[21]", "Great Depression in Australia. The Australian economy and foreign policy largely rested upon its place as a primary producer within the British Empire, and Australia's important export industries, particularly primary products such as wool and wheat, suffered significantly from the collapse in international demand. Unemployment reached a record high of around 30% in 1932,[1][2][3] and gross domestic product declined by 10% between 1929 and 1931.[4][5]", "Great Depression in Australia. During the Great Depression, different parts of Australian society experienced different hardships, challenges and opportunities. There was increased movement of many people to and from country areas in search of work. City and urban people planted gardens to produce fruit and vegetables. In some urban areas co-operatives were formed based on barter systems to share what was available. Shacks were built on the outskirts of large cities to house some who lost their homes, for example near the beach at Garie in the Royal National Park south of Sydney. There has been anecdotal evidence of families resorting to living in caves with authorities turning a blind eye as there were no other accommodation available.", "Great Depression in Australia. Australia would recover relatively quickly from the global financial downturn, with recovery beginning around 1932. Lyons pursued an orthodox fiscal policy, favouring the deflationary economic measures of the Premiers' Plan, and refused to accept NSW Premier Jack Lang's proposals to default on overseas debt repayments. Australia entered the Depression with a debt crisis and a credit crisis. According to author Anne Henderson of the Sydney Institute, Lyons held a steadfast belief in \"the need to balance budgets, lower costs to business and restore confidence\" and the Lyons period gave Australia \"stability and eventual growth\" between the drama of the Depression and the outbreak of the Second World War. A lowering of wages was enforced and industry tariff protections maintained, which together with cheaper raw materials during the 1930s saw a shift from agriculture to manufacturing as the chief employer of the Australian economy - a shift which was consolidated by increased investment by the commonwealth government into defence and armaments manufacture. Lyons saw restoration of Australia's exports as the key to economic recovery.[19] A devalued Australian currency assisted in restoring a favourable balance of trade.", "Great Depression in Australia. Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages, particularly in industries such as coal mining. Due to falling prices, bosses were unable to pay the wages that workers wanted. The result was a series of crippling strikes in many sectors of the economy in the late 1920s. Coal miners' strikes in the winter of 1929 brought much of the economy to its knees. A riot at a picket line in the Hunter Region mining town of Rothbury saw police shoot one teenage coal miner dead.", "Great Depression in Australia. Australia's recovery during the 1930s was led by the manufacturing sector.[28]", "Great Depression in Australia. Many hundreds of thousands of Australians suddenly faced the humiliation of poverty and unemployment. This was still the era of traditional social family structure, where the man was expected to be the sole bread winner. Soup kitchens and charity groups made brave attempts to feed the many starving and destitute. The suicide rates increased dramatically and it became clear that Australia had limits to the resources for dealing with the crisis. The depression's sudden and widespread unemployment hit the soldiers who had just returned from war the hardest as they were in their mid-thirties and still suffering the trauma of their wartime experiences. At night many slept covered in newspapers at Sydney’s Domain or at Salvation Army refugees.[22]", "Great Depression. Australia's dependence on agricultural and industrial exports meant it was one of the hardest-hit developed countries.[104] Falling export demand and commodity prices placed massive downward pressures on wages. Unemployment reached a record high of 29% in 1932,[105] with incidents of civil unrest becoming common. After 1932, an increase in wool and meat prices led to a gradual recovery.[106]", "Great Depression in Australia. The devaluation of the Australian pound, abandonment of the Gold Standard, recovery of major trading partners like the United Kingdom and public works projects instituted by State and local governments led to a slow recovery. Unemployment, which peaked at 32% in 1932, was 11% at the start of the Second World War compared to 17.2% in the United States.", "History of Australia. Australia was deeply affected by the Great Depression of the 1930s, particularly due to its heavy dependence on exports, especially primary products such as wool and wheat,[284] Exposed by continuous borrowing to fund capital works in the 1920s, the Australian and state governments were \"already far from secure in 1927, when most economic indicators took a turn for the worse. Australia's dependence of exports left her extraordinarily vulnerable to world market fluctuations\", according to economic historian Geoff Spenceley.[285] Debt by the state of New South Wales accounted for almost half of Australia's accumulated debt by December 1927. The situation caused alarm amongst a few politicians and economists, notably Edward Shann of the University of Western Australia, but most political, union and business leaders were reluctant to admit to serious problems.[286] In 1926, Australian Finance magazine described loans as occurring with a \"disconcerting frequency\" unrivalled in the British Empire: \"It may be a loan to pay off maturing loans or a loan to pay the interest on existing loans, or a loan to repay temporary loans from the bankers...\"[287] Thus, well before the Wall Street Crash of 1929, the Australian economy was already facing significant difficulties. As the economy slowed in 1927, so did manufacturing and the country slipped into recession as profits slumped and unemployment rose.[288]", "Great Depression in Australia. Unlike the United States, where Franklin Roosevelt's inflationary New Deal attempted to stimulate the American economy, New Zealand where Michael Savage's pioneering welfare state tried to reduce hardship, or the United Kingdom where rearmament (from 1936) increased deficit spending, there was no significant mechanism for inflationary Keynesian economic policy responses in Australia.", "Great Depression in Australia. There were also incidents of civil unrest, particularly in Australia's largest city, Sydney.[6] Though Australian Communist and far right movements were active in the Depression, they remained largely on the periphery of Australian politics, failing to achieve the power shifts obtained in Europe, and the democratic political system of the young Australian Federation survived the strain of the period.", "Great Depression in Australia. Thus Australia, unlike the United States, did not embark on a significant Keynesian program of spending to recover from the Depression. Nevertheless, the Australian recovery began around 1932. Australians took consolation from sporting achievements through the Depression, with cricketer Don Bradman and race horse Phar Lap achieving long-lasting fame.", "Great Depression in Australia. The Great War (World War I) had depleted Britain's savings and foreign investments, and wartime inflation had upset the United Kingdom's terms of trade. A sluggish economy in Britain naturally reduced British demand for imports from Australia throughout the 1920s and this had affected Australia's balance of payments. Throughout the 1920s the Australian unemployment rate floated between 6% and 11%.[2]", "Great Depression in Australia. Federation in 1901 had granted only limited power to the federal government. For example, income taxes were collected by the State governments. Some argued that Australia's protectionist high tariffs worked to hurt the economy and that influential interest groups sought no change in this aspect of policy. Additionally, there was no significant banking reform or nationalisation of private businesses.", "Great Depression in Australia. In August 1930, Scullin invited Sir Otto Niemeyer of the Bank of England to come to Australia to advise on economic policy. Niemeyer met with Federal and State leaders at a conference in Melbourne where he recommended a traditional deflationary response of balanced budgets to combat Australia's high levels of debt and insisted that interest on loans be met.[14] It entailed the balancing of the budget through expenditure and wage cuts, without additional overseas borrowing, necessitating reductions in social welfare programs, defence spending and other sweeping cutbacks.[15] The Premiers and Prime Minister Scullin agreed to this Melbourne Plan, which would go on to form the basis of the Premiers' Plan. Ted Theodore, Treasurer in Scullin's Government, supported an inflationary policy of increased government spending in times of a recession, a view espoused in 1936 by John Maynard Keynes. The Senate and Commonwealth Bank (then also acting as the country's central bank) rejected Theodore's spending plans. The Labor Premier of New South Wales meanwhile announced the Lang Plan in February 1931, which included a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced to 3% to free up money for injection into the economy.[14]", "Great Depression in Australia. The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election, however just a couple of days later, Black Thursday would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the Scullin administration was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis.[12]", "Great Depression in Australia. The James Scullin Labor Government had just assumed power with the commencement of the Scullin Ministry on 22 October following the 1929 federal election, however just a couple of days later, Black Thursday would mark the start of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and the subsequent global onset of the Great Depression. From the outset the government was buffeted by the effects of the global economic crisis. With the government unable to implement the deflationary Premiers' Plan, Labor had split by 1931 over how to deal with the crisis, with Treasurer Ted Theodore failing to implement his Keynesian inflationary plans, and New South Wales Premier Jack Lang losing office over his plans to boost the budget through a temporary cessation of interest repayments on debts to Britain and that interest on all government borrowings be reduced by 3% to free up money for injection into the economy. Labor defector Joseph Lyons helped to form the United Australia Party through the ending of the Nationalist Party of Australia and succeeded Scullin as Prime Minister of Australia from the 1931 federal election until his death in 1939.", "Great Depression in Australia. In 1929, as an emergency measure during the Great Depression, Australia left the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. A variety of pegs to sterling applied until December 1931, when the government set a rate of £1 Australian = 16 shillings sterling. This was intended to ease entry of Australian goods into the British and other linked markets.", "Great Depression in Australia. Curtin and Chifley, who often used the spectre of another depression in their campaign rhetoric, utilised emergency wartime powers to introduce a command economy in Australia based on Keynesian principles. Unemployment was virtually eliminated in this period, being reduced to a record low of 1.1%.[29] In 1942, income tax became federally controlled with the states conceding that the war effort needed a centrally controlled financial basis.", "Great Depression in Australia. With the rejection of the Theodore and Lang inflationary plans, the governments of Australia met to negotiate a compromise in 1931. The resulting Premiers' Plan required the Australian Federal and State governments to cut spending by 20%, including cuts to wages and pensions and was to be accompanied by tax increases, reductions in interest on bank deposits and a 22.5% reduction in the interest the government paid on internal loans.[14]", "Great Depression in Australia. Scullin departed for an Imperial economic conference in London, necessitating an absence of five months, during which time he managed to secure reduced interest payments for Australia. With James Fenton as acting Prime Minister and Joseph Lyons as acting treasurer in his absence, Labor continued to negotiate Australia's economic response, with Fenton and Lyons advocating a more conservative fiscal approach and the unions and caucus calling for repudiation of debts.[15]", "Great Depression in Australia. The Great War had also caused many necessary infrastructure projects to be delayed or abandoned, many of which began in the 1920s, including the Sydney Harbour Bridge[7] and Sydney's underground railway system[8] in addition to the Commonwealth government beginning to fund major highways.[9] New dams and grain elevators were built, and the rural railway network was expanded in nearly every state. Large sums of government money were made available to provide returned First World War servicemen with farmland and agricultural equipment under soldier settlement schemes.[10]", "Recession. The worst recession Australia has ever suffered happened in the beginning of the 1930s. As a result of late 1920s profit issues in agriculture and cutbacks, 1931-1932 saw Australia’s biggest recession in its entire history. It fared better than other nations, that underwent depressions, but their poor economic states influenced Australia’s as well, that depended on them for export, as well as foreign investments. The nation also benefited from bigger productivity in manufacturing, facilitated by trade protection, which also helped with feeling the effects less.", "Great Depression in Australia. In 1949, the combined perceived threats of international and domestic communism and industrial unrest along with the public's waning support for extended rationing and intervention following the close of the War saw the return of Menzies to the prime ministership. Though Menzies was a conservative, his sixteen subsequent years in power saw the government continue the use of Keynesian methods in economic policy as well as further expansion of the Curtin and Chifley economic and social legacies.", "Great Depression in Australia. In 1929, as an emergency measure, Australia took the Australian pound off the gold standard, resulting in a devaluation relative to sterling. Starting in September 1930, the Australian banks began to slowly devalue the Australian pound, and a year later it had been devalued 30% against the Pound Sterling.[citation needed] This had the economic effect of increasing the cost of imported goods and increasing the cost of servicing government overseas debts, which were denominated in the overseas currency, typically in sterling.", "Great Depression in Australia. The opposition Australian Labor Party, led by James Scullin, successfully depicted Stanley Bruce as wanting to destroy Australia's high wages and working conditions in the 1929 federal election. Scullin was elected Prime Minister in a landslide which saw Stanley Bruce voted out as the Member for Flinders, the only time until the 2007 federal election that a sitting Prime Minister lost his seat.", "History of Australia (1901–45). Australia's dependence on primary exports such as wheat and wool was cruelly exposed by the Great Depression of the 1930s, which produced unemployment and destitution even greater than those seen during the 1890s. The Labor Party under James Scullin won the 1929 election in a landslide, but was quite unable to cope with the Depression. Labor split into three factions and then lost power in 1932 to a new conservative party, the United Australia Party (UAP) led by Joseph Lyons, and did not return to office until 1941. Australia made a very slow recovery from the Depression during the late 1930s. Lyons died in 1939 and was succeeded by Robert Menzies." ]

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[ "Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Title six also sets out the authority and responsibilities of the director of FEMA. The director may prepare and direct federal plans and programs for U.S. emergency preparedness. The director should also delegate emergency responsibilities to federal agencies and state and local governments. Conducting research and training is another responsibility of the director of FEMA. Research should address issues such as shelter design, effective design of facilities and the standardization of those designs, and plans that acknowledge the needs of individuals with pets and service animals during an emergency.[2] Training should be provided for emergency preparedness officials and other organizations who participate in emergency situations.", "Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. The FEMA director has the ability to give financial contributions to the states for emergency preparedness purposes. These purposes typically include construction, leasing, and renovating of materials and facilities.[2] The amount contributed by the director must be equally matched by the state from any source it finds is consistent with its laws.[2] Any contribution given to a state for shelters or other protective facilities is determined by taking the total amount of funds available to the FEMA director for these facilities in a fiscal year and apportioning it among the states in a ratio. \"The ratio which the urban population of the critical target areas (as determined by the Director) in each state, at the time of the determination, bears to the total urban population of the critical target areas of all of the States.\"[2] The states must also equally match these funds. If they cannot, the director may reallocate the funds to another state. The director must also report to Congress at least once a year regarding all the financial contributions made for emergency preparedness.", "Craig Fugate. In 2010, as Director of FEMA, he oversaw a record of eighty-one disaster declarations and superseded that record in 2011 with eighty-seven.[10] He was criticized in 2012 by Brown for his early response to Hurricane Sandy in which he positioned recovery resources prior to the storm's arrival. In response, Fugate said that he \"emphasized the importance of strong building codes and risk management before disasters strike.\"[8]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Undersecretary of Homeland Security for Emergency Preparedness and Response and Director of FEMA", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. During the debate of the Homeland Security Act of 2002, some called for FEMA to remain as an independent agency. Later, following the failed response to Hurricane Katrina, critics called for FEMA to be removed from the Department of Homeland Security.[24] Today FEMA exists as a major agency of the Department of Homeland Security. The Administrator for Federal Emergency Management reports directly to the Secretary of Homeland Security. In March 2003, FEMA joined 22 other federal agencies, programs and offices in becoming the Department of Homeland Security. The new department, headed by Secretary Tom Ridge, brought a coordinated approach to national security from emergencies and disasters – both natural and man-made.", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Director of FEMA (cabinet-level between 1996–2001)[14][15]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Undersecretary of Homeland Security for Federal Emergency Management and Director of FEMA", "Craig Fugate. Fugate was considered for the position as Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency by President Bush after sharp criticism and the resignation of Mike Brown. Later, due to Fugate's experience with Florida's extreme weather, he was appointed as the FEMA director in May 2009 by President Barack Obama.[5][6] His nomination received bi-partisan support in Congress although Louisiana senator Republican David Vitter threatened to hold up his nomination until his concerns over the handling of Hurricane Katrina by Brown were answered by FEMA.[9]", "Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. One responsibility of the FEMA director is to oversee the development and follow through of emergency preparedness compacts, otherwise known as Emergency Management Assistance Compacts (EMACs). \"The Emergency Management Assistance Compact (EMAC) is an interstate mutual aid agreement that was developed out of the need to assist and coordinate resources across states in the event of a disaster situation.\"[4] These compacts strive to deliver materials and services quickly to affected areas during an emergency. These plans must be submitted to the Senate and House of Representatives.[2]", "Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina. FEMA Director, Michael Brown, was criticized when he stated that he was not aware there were refugees in the Convention Center until September 1, three days after Hurricane Katrina hit, when Brian Williams, of NBC Nightly News, asked Mr. Brown a question about them live on the Nightly News.[46]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. President Bush appointed Michael D. Brown as FEMA's director in January 2003. Brown warned in September 2003 that FEMA's absorption into DHS would make a mockery of FEMA's new motto, \"A Nation Prepared\", and would \"fundamentally sever FEMA from its core functions\", \"shatter agency morale\" and \"break longstanding, effective and tested relationships with states and first responder stakeholders\". The inevitable result of the reorganization of 2003, warned Brown, would be \"an ineffective and uncoordinated response\" to a terrorist attack or a natural disaster.[17]", "Criticism of government response to Hurricane Katrina. On September 2, CNN's Soledad O'Brien asked FEMA Director Mike Brown, \"How is it possible that we're getting better info than you were getting... we were showing live pictures of the people outside the Convention Center... also we'd been reporting that officials had been telling people to go to the Convention Center... I don't understand how FEMA cannot have this information.\" When pressed, Brown reluctantly admitted he had learned about the starving crowds at the Convention Center from news media reports. O'Brien then said to Brown, \"FEMA's been on the ground four days, going into the fifth day, why no massive air drop of food and water... in Banda Aceh, Indonesia, they got food drops two days after the tsunami.\"[47]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA's Mitigation Directorate[30] is responsible for programs that take action before a disaster, in order to identify risks and reduce injuries, loss of property, and recovery time.[31] The agency has major analysis programs for floods, hurricanes and tropical storms, dams, and earthquakes.[31][32]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. In August 1992, Hurricane Andrew struck the Florida and Louisiana coasts with 165 mph (265 km/h) sustained winds. FEMA was widely criticized for its response to Andrew, summed up by the famous exclamation, \"Where in the hell is the cavalry on this one?\" by Kate Hale, emergency management director for Dade County, Florida. FEMA and the federal government at large were accused of not responding fast enough to house, feed and sustain the approximately 250,000 people left homeless in the affected areas. Within five days the federal government and neighboring states had dispatched 20,000 National Guard and active duty troops to South Dade County to set up temporary housing. This event and FEMA's performance was reviewed by the National Academy of Public Administration in its February 1993 report \"Coping With Catastrophe\" which identified several basic paradigms in Emergency Management and FEMA administration that were causes of the failed response.", "Hurricane Andrew. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was criticized for its slow response in both Florida and Louisiana. Even a month prior to Andrew, the House Committee on Appropriations – which oversees the budget for FEMA – released a report calling the agency a \"political dumping ground\" and a \"turkey farm\" due to its \"weak, inexperienced leaders\". Congressman S. William Green of New York, a member of the Appropriations Committee, stated that he believed the agency learned little from its botched response to Hurricane Hugo in 1989. However, Green also criticized local officials for expecting \"them [FEMA] to come and run the whole show\". Some FEMA officials responded that it was impossible to respond as they had been requested while also continuing to provide aid for the Los Angeles riots. FEMA spokesman Grant Peterson stated, \"24 hours is not reasonable to expect to have all the resources of the federal government landing in the middle of a disaster.\"[89]", "Craig Fugate. Beginning in 1987, he served for 10 years as an emergency manager for the county before moving up to the state level as Deputy Director for the Florida Emergency Management Division and then became Director in 2001 under Florida Republican governor Jeb Bush.[5] The appointment from the opposing party was considered a favorable indication of the respect Fugate's career had earned.[5] As director, he coordinated the state's response to Hurricane Charley, Hurricane Frances, Hurricane Ivan, and Hurricane Jeanne in 2004 and Hurricane Dennis, Hurricane Katrina, and Hurricane Wilma in 2005.[6] He was criticized for the lack of ice, water, and other supplies distributed after Hurricane Wilma despite his warnings to those staying in the area to stock up on 3 days' worth of supplies.[7] He was awarded the National Guard Association of Florida Hall of Fame in 2006.[8]", "Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. The last portion of Title six addresses security regulations. No FEMA employee is allowed to be in a position of critical importance, as defined by the director of FEMA, until a full field investigation of the employee is completed. Every federal employee of FEMA acting under the authority of Title Six, except those in the United Kingdom or Canada, must complete a loyalty oath as follows:", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA's National Response Coordination Center (NRCC) is a multiagency center located at FEMA HQ that coordinates the overall Federal support for major disasters and emergencies, including catastrophic incidents in support of operations at the regional level. The FEMA Administrator,[36] or his or her delegate, activates the NRCC in anticipation of, or in response to, an incident by activating the NRCC staff, which includes FEMA personnel, the appropriate Emergency Support Functions, and other appropriate personnel (including nongovernmental organization and private sector representatives). During the initial stages of a response, FEMA will, as part of the whole community, focus on projected, potential, or escalating critical incident activities. The NRCC coordinates with the affected region(s) and provides needed resources and policy guidance in support of incident-level operations. The NRCC staff specifically provides emergency management coordination, planning, resource deployment, and collects and disseminates incident information as it builds and maintains situational awareness—all at the national-level.[37] FEMA maintains the NRCC as a functional component of the NOC for incident support operations.[38][39]", "Carmen Yulín Cruz. Responding to Cruz's statement, Federal Emergency Management Agency director Brock Long said that unity of command was the main thing needed for the relief effort to be successful, and suggested the mayor needed to go to the joint field office and \"get plugged in\".[31][32] Angel Perez Otero, mayor of Guaynabo, a neighboring city to San Juan, stated that his experience with that agency had been very good and criticized Cruz for not participating in meetings with them and the Department of Housing and Urban Development.[33]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security, initially created by Presidential Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1978 and implemented by two Executive Orders on April 1, 1979.[1][5] The agency's primary purpose is to coordinate the response to a disaster that has occurred in the United States and that overwhelms the resources of local and state authorities. The governor of the state in which the disaster occurs must declare a state of emergency and formally request from the president that FEMA and the federal government respond to the disaster. The only exception to the state's gubernatorial declaration requirement occurs when an emergency or disaster takes place on federal property or to a federal asset—for example, the 1995 bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, or the Space Shuttle Columbia in the 2003 return-flight disaster.", "Office of Management and Budget. The current OMB Director is Mick Mulvaney. The OMB Director reports to the President, Vice President and the White House Chief of Staff.", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Director of the Office of Emergency Preparedness", "Timeline of Hurricane Katrina. Michael D. Brown resigned as Director of FEMA for, \"the best interest of the agency and the best interest of the president.\"[54]", "Hurricane Katrina disaster relief. President George W. Bush asked Secretary Michael Chertoff of the Department of Homeland Security to coordinate the Federal response. Chertoff designated Michael Brown, head of the FEMA as the Principal Federal Official to lead the deployment and coordination of all federal response resources and forces in the Gulf Coast region.", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. In 1993, President Bill Clinton appointed James Lee Witt as FEMA Director. In 1996, the agency was elevated to cabinet rank.[14] This was not continued by President George W. Bush.[15] Witt initiated reforms that would help to streamline the disaster recovery and mitigation process. The end of the Cold War also allowed the agency's resources to be turned away from civil defense to natural disaster preparedness.[11]", "Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act. Predisaster hazard mitigation plans were also detailed in Title II. Under this title, the President can establish a program to provide financial assistance to states through the National Predisaster Mitigation Fund. States can then develop a mitigation plan that can lessen the impact of a disaster on the public health, infrastructure, and economy of the community. The President can also establish a federal interagency task force to implement predisaster mitigation plans administered by the federal government. The director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) serves as the chairperson of the task force. Other members of the task force include relevant federal agencies, state and local organizations, and the American Red Cross.[2]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Many people of Dumas, Arkansas, especially victims of February 24, 2007 tornadoes, criticized FEMA's response in not supplying the number of new trailers they needed, and only sending a set of used trailers, lower than the needed quantity. Following the storm, U.S Senator Mark Pryor had criticized FEMA's response to the recovery and cleanup efforts.[62]", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. Then-FEMA Director Michael D. Brown was criticized personally for a slow response and an apparent disconnection with the situation. Michael Brown would eventually be relieved of command of the Katrina disaster and soon thereafter resigned.", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMA manages the National Flood Insurance Program. Other programs FEMA previously administered have since been internalized or shifted under direct DHS control.", "Craig Fugate. William Craig Fugate (born May 14, 1959)[1] is the former administrator of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.[2] As Florida Director for the Emergency Management Division, he oversaw the \"Big 4 of '04\" and as the Administrator for the Federal Emergency Management Agency, he organized recovery efforts for a record of eighty-seven disasters in 2011.", "Hurricane Katrina disaster relief. FEMA director Brown said that he had only earlier that day learned that the New Orleans Convention Center had contained thousands of people without food or water for 3–4 days. He said trucks were on the way and should be there \"any time\". At this point major news sources had been reporting on the situation for a few days.", "Federal Emergency Management Agency. While on-the-ground support of disaster recovery efforts is a major part of FEMA's charter, the agency provides state and local governments with experts in specialized fields and funding for rebuilding efforts and relief funds for infrastructure by directing individuals to access low-interest loans, in conjunction with the Small Business Administration. In addition to this, FEMA provides funds for training of response personnel throughout the United States and its territories as part of the agency's preparedness effort." ]

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[ "Digestion. Digestion of some fats can begin in the mouth where lingual lipase breaks down some short chain lipids into diglycerides. However fats are mainly digested in the small intestine.[17] The presence of fat in the small intestine produces hormones that stimulate the release of pancreatic lipase from the pancreas and bile from the liver which helps in the emulsification of fats for absorption of fatty acids.[17] Complete digestion of one molecule of fat (a triglyceride) results a mixture of fatty acids, mono- and di-glycerides, as well as some undigested triglycerides, but no free glycerol molecules.[17]", "Lipid metabolism. Digestion is the first step to lipid metabolism, and it is the process of breaking the triglycerides down into smaller monoglyceride units with the help of lipase enzymes. Digestion of fats begin in the mouth through chemical digestion by lingual lipase. Ingested cholesterol is not broken down by the lipases and stays intact until it enters the epithelium cells of small intestine. Lipids then continue to the stomach where chemical digestion continues by gastric lipase and mechanical digestion begins (Peristalsis). The majority of lipid digestion and absorption, however, occurs once the fats reach the small intestines. Chemicals from the pancreas (pancreatic lipase family and Bile salt-dependent lipase) are secreted into to the small intestines to help breakdown the triglycerides,[10] along with further mechanical digestion, until they are individual fatty acid units able to be absorbed into the small intestine's epithelial cells.[11] It is the pancreatic lipase that is responsible for signaling for the hydrolysis of the triglycerides into separate free fatty acids and glycerol units.", "Fatty acid metabolism. The contents of these micelles (but not the bile salts) enter the enterocytes (epithelial cells lining the small intestine) where they are resynthesized into triglycerides, and packaged into chylomicrons which are released into the lacteals (the capillaries of the lymph system of the intestines).[28] These lacteals drain into the thoracic duct which empties into the venous blood at the junction of the left jugular and left subclavian veins on the lower left hand side of the neck. This means that the fat soluble products of digestion are discharged directly into the general circulation, without first passing through the liver, as all other digestion products do. The reason for this peculiarity is unknown.[29]", "Human digestive system. Most food digestion takes place in the small intestine. Segmentation contractions act to mix and move the chyme more slowly in the small intestine allowing more time for absorption (and these continue in the large intestine). In the duodenum, pancreatic lipase is secreted together with a co-enzyme, colipase to further digest the fat content of the chyme. From this breakdown, smaller particles of emulsified fats called chylomicrons are produced. There are also digestive cells called enterocytes lining the intestines (the majority being in the small intestine). They are unusual cells in that they have villi on their surface which in turn have innumerable microvilli on their surface. All these villi make for a greater surface area, not only for the absorption of chyme but also for its further digestion by large numbers of digestive enzymes present on the microvilli.", "Bile. The dispersion of food fat into micelles provides a greatly increased surface area for the action of the enzyme pancreatic lipase, which actually digests the triglycerides, and is able to reach the fatty core through gaps between the bile salts. A triglyceride is broken down into three fatty acids and a monoglyceride, which are absorbed by the villi on the intestine walls. After being transferred across the intestinal membrane, the fatty acids reform into triglycerides (re-esterified), before being absorbed into the lymphatic system through lacteals. Without bile salts, most of the lipids in food would be excreted in faeces, undigested.[citation needed]", "Lipid metabolism. The second step in lipid metabolism is the absorption of fats. Absorption of fats occurs only in the small intestines. Once the triglycerides are broken down into individual fatty acids an glycerols, along with cholesterol, they will aggregate intro structures called micelles to enter the epithelial cells. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, fatty acids are converted back to triglycerides. In the cytosol of epithelial cells, triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged into bigger particles called chilomicrons which are amphipathic structures that transport digested lipids.[9] Chilomicrons will travel through the blood stream to enter adipose and other tissues in the body.[6][2][3]", "Human digestive system. The human digestive system consists of the gastrointestinal tract plus the accessory organs of digestion (the tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder).[1] In this system, the process of digestion has many stages, the first of which starts in the mouth. Digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller and smaller components, until they can be absorbed and assimilated into the body.", "Small intestine. The three major classes of nutrients that undergo digestion are proteins, lipids (fats) and carbohydrates:", "Fatty acid metabolism. These triglycerides, cannot be absorbed by the intestine.[25] They are broken down into mono- and di-glycerides plus free fatty acids (but no free glycerol) by pancreatic lipase, which forms a 1:1 complex with a protein called colipase (also a constituent of pancreatic juice), which is necessary for its activity. The activated complex can work only at a water-fat interface. Therefore, it is essential that fats are first emulsified by bile salts for optimal activity of these enzymes.[26] The digestion products consisting of a mixture of tri-, di- and monoglycerides and free fatty acids, which, together with the other fat soluble contents of the diet (e.g. the fat soluble vitamins and cholesterol) and bile salts form mixed micelles, in the watery duodenal contents (see diagrams on the right).[25][27]", "Human digestive system. Within the oral mucosa (a mucous membrane) lining the mouth and also on the tongue and palates and mouth floor, are the minor salivary glands; their secretions are mainly mucous and are innervated by the facial nerve (the seventh cranial nerve).[10] The glands also secrete amylase a first stage in the breakdown of food acting on the carbohydrate in the food to transform the starch content into maltose. There are other glands on the surface of the tongue that encircle taste buds on the back part of the tongue and these also produce lingual lipase. Lipase is a digestive enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of lipids (fats). These glands are termed Von Ebner's glands which have also been shown to have another function in the secretion of histatins which offer an early defense (outside of the immune system) against microbes in food, when it makes contact with these glands on the tongue tissue.[9][11] Sensory information can stimulate the secretion of saliva providing the necessary fluid for the tongue to work with and also to ease swallowing of the food.", "Fat. Fat is an important foodstuff for many forms of life, and fats serve both structural and metabolic functions. They are a necessary part of the diet of most heterotrophs (including humans). Some fatty acids that are set free by the digestion of fats are called essential because they cannot be synthesized in the body from simpler constituents. There are two essential fatty acids (EFAs) in human nutrition: alpha-linolenic acid (an omega-3 fatty acid) and linoleic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid).[2][3] Other lipids needed by the body can be synthesized from these and other fats. Fats and other lipids are broken down in the body by enzymes called lipases produced in the pancreas.", "Digestive enzyme. In the human digestive system, the main sites of digestion are the oral cavity, the stomach, and the small intestine. Digestive enzymes are secreted by different exocrine glands including:", "Lymphatic system. Lymph vessels called lacteals are at the beginning of the gastrointestinal tract, predominantly in the small intestine. While most other nutrients absorbed by the small intestine are passed on to the portal venous system to drain via the portal vein into the liver for processing, fats (lipids) are passed on to the lymphatic system to be transported to the blood circulation via the thoracic duct. (There are exceptions, for example medium-chain triglycerides are fatty acid esters of glycerol that passively diffuse from the GI tract to the portal system.) The enriched lymph originating in the lymphatics of the small intestine is called chyle. The nutrients that are released into the circulatory system are processed by the liver, having passed through the systemic circulation.", "Human digestive system. Saliva moistens and softens food, and along with the chewing action of the teeth, transforms the food into a smooth bolus. The bolus is further helped by the lubrication provided by the saliva in its passage from the mouth into the esophagus. Also of importance is the presence in saliva of the digestive enzymes amylase and lipase. Amylase starts to work on the starch in carbohydrates, breaking it down into the simple sugars of maltose and dextrose that can be further broken down in the small intestine. Saliva in the mouth can account for 30% of this initial starch digestion. Lipase starts to work on breaking down fats. Lipase is further produced in the pancreas where it is released to continue this digestion of fats. The presence of salivary lipase is of prime importance in young babies whose pancreatic lipase has yet to be developed.[12]", "Human digestive system. A major digestive organ is the stomach. Within its mucosa are millions of embedded gastric glands. Their secretions are vital to the functioning of the organ.", "Human digestive system. At the same time that protein is being digested, mechanical churning occurs through the action of peristalsis, waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes. Gastric lipase secreted by the chief cells in the fundic glands in the gastric mucosa of the stomach, is an acidic lipase, in contrast with the alkaline pancreatic lipase. This breaks down fats to some degree though is not as efficient as the pancreatic lipase.", "Fatty acid. Blood fatty acids are in different forms in different stages in the blood circulation. They are taken in through the intestine in chylomicrons, but also exist in very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) and low density lipoproteins (LDL) after processing in the liver. In addition, when released from adipocytes, fatty acids exist in the blood as free fatty acids.", "Fatty acid metabolism. The chylomicrons circulate throughout the body, giving the blood plasma a milky, or creamy appearance after a fatty meal.[citation needed] Lipoprotein lipase on the endothelial surfaces of the capillaries, especially in adipose tissue, but to a lesser extent also in other tissues, partially digests the chylomicrons into free fatty acids, glycerol and chylomicron remnants. The fatty acids are absorbed by the adipocytes[citation needed], but the glycerol and chylomicron remnants remain in the blood plasma, ultimately to be removed from the circulation by the liver. The free fatty acids released by the digestion of the chylomicrons are absorbed by the adipocytes[citation needed], where they are resynthesized into triglycerides using glycerol derived from glucose in the glycolytic pathway[citation needed]. These triglycerides are stored, until needed for the fuel requirements of other tissues, in the fat droplet of the adipocyte.", "Fatty acid. Short- and medium-chain fatty acids are absorbed directly into the blood via intestine capillaries and travel through the portal vein just as other absorbed nutrients do. However, long-chain fatty acids are not directly released into the intestinal capillaries. Instead they are absorbed into the fatty walls of the intestine villi and reassembled again into triglycerides. The triglycerides are coated with cholesterol and protein (protein coat) into a compound called a chylomicron.", "Human digestive system. The pancreas is also the main source of enzymes for the digestion of fats and proteins. Some of these are released in response to the production of CKK in the duodenum. (The enzymes that digest polysaccharides, by contrast, are primarily produced by the walls of the intestines.) The cells are filled with secretory granules containing the precursor digestive enzymes. The major proteases, the pancreatic enzymes which work on proteins, are trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. Elastase is also produced. Smaller amounts of lipase and amylase are secreted. The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase. The precursor zymogens, are inactive variants of the enzymes; which avoids the onset of pancreatitis caused by autodegradation. Once released in the intestine, the enzyme enteropeptidase present in the intestinal mucosa activates trypsinogen by cleaving it to form trypsin; further cleavage results in chymotripsin.", "Chylomicron. Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues. When a large portion of the triacylglycerol core have been hydrolyzed, chylomicron remnants are formed and are taken up by the liver, hereby transferring dietary fat also to the liver.", "Fish physiology. In most vertebrates, digestion is a four-stage process involving the main structures of the digestive tract, starting with ingestion, placing food into the mouth, and concluding with the excretion of undigested material through the anus. From the mouth, the food moves to the stomach, where as bolus it is broken down chemically. It then moves to the intestine, where the process of breaking the food down into simple molecules continues and the results are absorbed as nutrients into the circulatory and lymphatic system.", "Human digestive system. Most of the digestion of food takes place in the small intestine.", "Extracellular digestion. Most mollusks have a complete digestive system with a separate mouth and anus. The mouth leads into a short esophagus which leads to a stomach. Associated with the stomach are one or more digestive glands or digestive caeca. Digestive enzymes are secreted into the lumen of these glands. Additional extracellular digestion takes place in the stomach. In cephalopods, digestion is entirely extracellular. In the most other mollusks, the terminal stages of digestion are completed intracellularly, within the tissue of the digestive glands. The absorbed nutrients enter the circulatory system for distribution throughout the body or are stored in the digestive glands for later use. Undigested waste pass through an intestine and out through the anus. Other aspects of food collection and processing have already been discussed where appropriate for each group.[12]", "Digestion. In mammals, preparation for digestion begins with the cephalic phase in which saliva is produced in the mouth and digestive enzymes are produced in the stomach. Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth where food is chewed, and mixed with saliva to begin enzymatic processing of starches. The stomach continues to break food down mechanically and chemically through churning and mixing with both acids and enzymes. Absorption occurs in the stomach and gastrointestinal tract, and the process finishes with defecation.[1]", "Triglyceride. In the intestine, following the secretion of lipases and bile, triglycerides are split into monoacylglycerol and free fatty acids in a process called lipolysis. They are subsequently moved to absorptive enterocyte cells lining the intestines. The triglycerides are rebuilt in the enterocytes from their fragments and packaged together with cholesterol and proteins to form chylomicrons. These are excreted from the cells and collected by the lymph system and transported to the large vessels near the heart before being mixed into the blood. Various tissues can capture the chylomicrons, releasing the triglycerides to be used as a source of energy. Liver cells can synthesize and store triglycerides. When the body requires fatty acids as an energy source, the hormone glucagon signals the breakdown of the triglycerides by hormone-sensitive lipase to release free fatty acids. As the brain cannot utilize fatty acids as an energy source (unless converted to a ketone),[7] the glycerol component of triglycerides can be converted into glucose, via gluconeogenesis by conversion into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and then into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, for brain fuel when it is broken down. Fat cells may also be broken down for that reason if the brain's needs ever outweigh the body's.", "Pancreas. The pancreas secretes substances which help in the digestion of starch and other carbohydrates, proteins and fats.[15] Proteases, the enzymes involved in the digestion of proteins, include trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen. The enzyme involved in the digestion of fats is lipase. Amylase, also secreted by the pancreas, breaks down starch (amylum) and other carbohydrates. The pancreas also secretes phospholipase A2, lysophospholipase, and cholesterol esterase.", "Fat. Fats and oils are categorized according to the number and bonding of the carbon atoms in the aliphatic chain. Fats that are saturated fats have no double bonds between the carbons in the chain. Unsaturated fats have one or more double bonded carbons in the chain. The nomenclature is based on the non-acid (non-carbonyl) end of the chain. This end is called the omega end or the n-end. Thus alpha-linolenic acid is called an omega-3 fatty acid because the 3rd carbon from that end is the first double bonded carbon in the chain counting from that end. Some oils and fats have multiple double bonds and are therefore called polyunsaturated fats. Unsaturated fats can be further divided into cis fats, which are the most common in nature, and trans fats, which are rare in nature. Unsaturated fats can be altered by reaction with hydrogen effected by a catalyst. This action, called hydrogenation, tends to break all the double bonds and makes a fully saturated fat. To make vegetable shortening, then, liquid cis-unsaturated fats such as vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce saturated fats, which have more desirable physical properties e.g., they melt at a desirable temperature (30–40 °C), and store well, whereas polyunsaturated oils go rancid when they react with oxygen in the air. However, trans fats are generated during hydrogenation as contaminants created by an unwanted side reaction on the catalyst during partial hydrogenation.", "Cholesterol. The liver excretes cholesterol into biliary fluids, which is then stored in the gallbladder. Bile contains bile salts, which solubilize fats in the digestive tract and aid in the intestinal absorption of fat molecules as well as the fat-soluble vitamins, A, D, E, and K.[citation needed]", "Animal nutrition. A molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending on the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved. Saturated fats have all of the carbon atoms! in their fatty acid chains bonded to hydrogen atoms, whereas unsaturated fats have some of these carbon atoms double-bonded, so their molecules have relatively fewer hydrogen atoms than a saturated fatty acid of the same length. Unsaturated fats may be further classified as monounsaturated (one double-bond) or polyunsaturated (many double-bonds). Furthermore, depending on the location of the double-bond in the fatty acid chain, unsaturated fatty acids are classified as omega-3 or omega-6 fatty acids. Trans fats are a type of unsaturated fat with trans-isomer bonds; these are rare in nature and in foods from natural sources; they are typically created in an industrial process called (partial) hydrogenation.", "Bile. In the absence of bile, fats become indigestible and are instead excreted in feces, a condition called steatorrhea. Feces lack their characteristic brown color and instead are white or gray, and greasy.[6] Steatorrhea can lead to deficiencies in essential fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins. In addition, past the small intestine (which is normally responsible for absorbing fat from food) the gastrointestinal tract and gut flora are not adapted to processing fats, leading to problems in the large intestine.[citation needed]", "Lipase. Most lipases act at a specific position on the glycerol backbone of a lipid substrate (A1, A2 or A3)(small intestine). For example, human pancreatic lipase (HPL),[4] which is the main enzyme that breaks down dietary fats in the human digestive system, converts triglyceride substrates found in ingested oils to monoglycerides and two fatty acids." ]

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[ "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Pre-shooting began on February 11, 2016,[125] at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia,[126] under the working title Level Up,[93] with Henry Braham serving as cinematographer and Scott Chambliss as production designer.[7][127] Gunn noted that many of the crew from the first film, such as cinematographer Ben Davis and production designer Charles Wood, signed on to work on Doctor Strange, and due to a late change in production schedule for that film, were unable to work on Vol. 2.[128][129]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. The film was officially announced at the 2014 San Diego Comic-Con International before the theatrical release of the first film, along with Gunn's return from the first film, with the title of the sequel revealed a year later in June 2015. Principal photography began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta Studios in Fayette County, Georgia, with many crew changes from the first film due to other commitments. Filming concluded in June 2016. Gunn chose to set the sequel shortly after the first film to explore the characters' new roles as the Guardians, and to follow the storyline of Quill's father established throughout that previous film. Russell was confirmed as Quill's father in July 2016, portraying Ego, a departure from Quill's comic father.", "St. Charles, Missouri. The scenes in St. Charles in Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 were filmed in Cartersville, Georgia.[26]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. In April 2016, Gunn revealed that Reilly would not be part of the film, and stated that there were many other characters he could not include in the film due to rights issues, saying that 20th Century Fox \"owns so many awesome cosmic villains and minor characters that I'd love to play around with\" such as Annihilus and Kang the Conqueror.[124] Gunn also planned on filming scenes with Glenn Close, reprising her role as Nova Prime Irani Rael from the first film.[19]:4 When filming Stan Lee's cameo, Gunn also filmed two other cameos with Lee including one for Doctor Strange, to limit the amount of travel Lee had to do.[76][133] Additional filming for Vol. 2 took place in Cartersville, Georgia,[134] a state park north of Portland, Oregon,[27] and in St. Charles, Missouri.[135] The Georgia International Convention Center served as additional soundstage space after pre-production on Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017) began at several Pinewood Atlanta soundstages.[93] Principal photography wrapped on June 16, 2016.[136]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Principal photography began on February 17,[42] with Marvel confirming that Russell had joined the cast, and revealing that Elizabeth Debicki and Chris Sullivan had also been cast, all in undisclosed roles.[42] The production used all 18 stages at Pinewood Atlanta, an increase in stage space from what was used for the first film. Gunn said the sequel required more sets than the first and \"our sets are very large, even though a lot of the film is CGI. I like to have as many practical sets as we can and make the environments as real as possible so it balances out the CGI elements.\" Despite this, Gunn noted that there were less locations featured in the sequel, with the focus instead on being more specific and detailed with the fewer places shown. Sets constructed for the film included: several for the Sovereign planet, for which Chambliss used a \"1950s pulp fiction variation on 1930s art deco design aesthetic\"; the Ravager's main ship in the film, the Eclector, which was constructed in sections to provide a complete 360-degree view of the ship as well as the ability to move sections around and portray different areas of the ship; and the Iron Lotus establishment on the \"pleasure planet\" of Contraxia, which Chambliss wanted to feel like it had been put together from \"a whole yard of repurposed junk where old spaceships are cast away and industrial materials that aren't of use anymore are just left to rot\", creating a \"kind of neon jungle in its own way and covered in ice and snow.\" Interiors for other ships were also constructed, to limit the amount of blue screen the actors had to interact with;[34] this includes the cockpit of Quill's ship that had been built for the first film before being stored in London which was transported to Atlanta for the sequel.[130]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 made its world premiere in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[161] and its Hollywood premiere on April 19 at the Dolby Theatre.[162] The film began its international release on April 25, in Australia, New Zealand, and Italy,[163] alongside a total of 37 markets in its first weekend, with 176 IMAX screens in 35 of those markets.[164] Its North American release on May 5 took place in 4,347 theaters, of which over 3,800 were in 3D,[165] 388 in IMAX and IMAX 3D,[165][166] 588 premium large-format, and 194 D-Box locations.[165] The film's opening in China was in 400 IMAX theaters, the largest ever for the country.[167] On May 4, 2017, 550 theaters in the United States had a special RealD Guardians of the Galaxy double feature event before preview screenings of Vol. 2. Guests who attended received an exclusive mini poster and a set of souvenir collectible buttons.[168] Vol. 2 was originally intended to be released on July 28, 2017.[84]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). Principal photography began around July 6, 2013 in London, United Kingdom,[55] under the working title of Full Tilt.[8] Filming took place at Shepperton Studios and Longcross Studios.[112][125] Later in July, Gunn and the film's cast flew from London to attend San Diego Comic-Con International, where it was revealed that Pace would play Ronan the Accuser, Gillan would be Nebula, del Toro as The Collector, and that Djimon Hounsou had been cast as Korath.[55][58] Close was later revealed to play Nova Prime Irani Rael.[9][58] Also at San Diego Comic-Con, Feige stated that Thanos would be a part of the film as the \"mastermind\".[126] On August 11, 2013, filming began at London's Millennium Bridge,[127] which was selected as a double for Xandar.[24] In August 2013, Marvel announced that Bradley Cooper would voice Rocket.[38] On September 3, 2013, Gunn said that filming was \"a little over half[way]\" complete.[128] Also in September, Vin Diesel stated that he was voicing Groot.[28] However, Marvel did not confirm Diesel's involvement in the film at the time.[42][43][129] On October 12, 2013, Gunn announced on social media that filming had completed.[130]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Gunn had begun work on the film within a month, and said it would include at least one new Guardian from the comics.[85][86] In October, Gunn confirmed that all five original Guardians would return for the sequel, along with other supporting characters,[87] and the release date was moved up to May 5, 2017.[88] In the following months, Michael Rooker said he would return as Yondu, and was looking forward to exploring new areas of the character.[30][89] Chris Pratt, who played Peter Quill/Star-Lord in the first film, confirmed the sequel would be one of his next projects.[6] Bradley Cooper expressed interest and excitement when asked if he would return as Rocket.[90] Vin Diesel also confirmed he would return as Groot.[18] In March 2015, Gunn revealed that filming would take place in Atlanta, Georgia with \"major crew changes\" from the first film, and that his brother, Sean Gunn, would return as Kraglin alongside Karen Gillan as Nebula.[47][91] He explained his relationship with Marvel, saying the company \"let me go and do my thing, and I truly listen to their notes and ideas. I've never been told to put in any character or plot element at all... When they trust you they give you a wide berth... we just fit.\"[91]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. By August 2014, Gunn had \"some ideas listed, but nothing for sure\" in terms of songs to include in Quill's Awesome Mix Vol. 2 mixtape,[96] for which he felt \"a little pressure\" due to the positive response to the first film's soundtrack. Gunn added, \"But I feel like the soundtrack in the second one is better.\"[154] By June 2015, Gunn had chosen all of the songs and built them into the script,[7] calling Awesome Mix Vol. 2 \"more diverse\" than the first one, with \"some really incredibly famous songs and then some songs that people have never heard.\"[155] Tyler Bates was confirmed to score the film by August 2015, returning from the first film.[156] As with Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the score first so Gunn could film to the music, as opposed to Bates scoring to the film.[118] Recording for the score occurred in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios.[157] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Volume 2, along with the film score album composed by Bates, were released on April 21, 2017.[158][159] A cassette version of Awesome Mix Volume 2 was released on June 23, 2017, while a deluxe edition vinyl LP featuring both Awesome Mix Volume 2 and Bates' score was released on August 11, 2017.[160]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Visual effects for the film were created by Framestore, Weta Digital, Trixter, Method Studios, Animal Logic, Scanline VFX, Lola VFX, Luma, and Cantina Creative.[147] Previsualization was done by The Third Floor.[148] Framestore created 620 shots for the film, Weta Digital created 530, Method Studios more than 500, and Animal Logic created 147.[27] Framestore once again created Rocket and Groot,[27][149] with Method Studios, Weta Digital and Trixter also working on Rocket. Framestore rebuilt Rocket \"from the ground up\" for Vol. 2, giving him an updated fur simulation, new facial shapes and phonemes, as well as a new eye rig, which came from a rig used for the character Gnarlack from Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them (2016).[27] Trixter's work on Rocket included when he sets off a trap for the Ravagers, additionally working on the sequence when Rocket, Yondu and Kraglin jump across space.[27] Other work from Framestore included creatures, spaceships,[27] Ayesha's lair, the space chase, the Eclector scenes, and the adolescent Groot post-credit scene.[150]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017 and was released in the United States on May 5, in 3D and IMAX 3D. It grossed more than $863 million worldwide, making it the seventh highest-grossing film of 2017, while also outgrossing its predecessor. The film received generally positive reviews, particularly for its visuals, soundtrack, and cast, though critics deemed it not as \"fresh\" as the original. It also received a nomination for Best Visual Effects at the 90th Academy Awards. A sequel, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3, is being developed, with Gunn returning to write and direct. It is scheduled to be released in 2020.", "List of Marvel Cinematic Universe films. In July 2014, Guardians of the Galaxy co-writer Nicole Perlman confirmed that Gunn would return to write and direct the sequel.[112][259] Chris Pratt returns for the sequel as Peter Quill / Star-Lord,[260][261] along with the other Guardians from the first film as well as additional cast members.[261] They are joined by Pom Klementieff as Mantis,[262][261] and Kurt Russell as Ego.[261][263] In June 2015, the film's title was revealed as Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2.[264] Filming began in February 2016 at Pinewood Atlanta,[265][266] and concluded in June 2016.[267] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 premiered in Tokyo on April 10, 2017,[268] and was released on May 5, 2017.[227]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack). Tyler Bates had returned to score the film by August 2015.[55] As with Guardians of the Galaxy, Bates wrote some of the score first so that Gunn could film to the music, as opposed to Bates scoring to the film.[56] Recording for the score began in January 2017 at Abbey Road Studios.[57] Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017,[58] and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017, as part of a deluxe edition that also includes Awesome Mix Volume 2.[20]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Vol. 2 was the first film to be shot with an 8K resolution camera, the Red Weapon 8K.[131] Gunn had wanted to use a different camera than the Alexa 65 that had been used for several other Marvel films, because he found it to be a \"very big and heavy camera\". He wanted a camera that could deliver equivalent image quality to the Alexa 65, and tested multiple options. He eventually met with Red employees, whom he had a positive experience with working on The Legend of Tarzan, and they introduced him to an early prototype for the Weapon 8K. He, Gunn, and Marvel decided to use the camera in September 2015, when only that single prototype existed, and spent three months working with Red to get the camera ready for filming.[130] For the sequence where Rocket and Yondu escape from the Ravagers, a Phantom Camera was used to film scenes up to 2000 frames per minute, with the footage able to be moved from slow-motion to high-speed within a single shot. Each shot using the camera had to be carefully set up and choreographed.[132] Additional scenes were also shot in IMAX and its aspect ratio.[93] Braham filmed almost 85 percent of the film using a stabilizing technology he had contributed to called Stabileye, which he called \"a handheld dolly\" which allowed \"a spontaneity to the way the camera moves that is different and that felt appropriate for this movie.\" For filming the cockpits of spaceships, Braham surrounded the practical sets with video panels and other light sources that he could use to create realistic lighting no matter the environment outside the ship. Exteriors of the ships were filmed with the camera on a technocrane, but any shots inside the cockpits again used the Stabileye which is \"so small that you can get it in there next to the actors\".[130]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). In January 2013, filming was scheduled to take place at Shepperton Studios in London, United Kingdom,[112] and Marvel Studios announced that the film would be released in 3D.[113] Victoria Alonso, an executive producer on the film, said that filming would begin in June. She also said that both Rocket Raccoon and Groot would be created through a combination of CGI and motion capture, going on to say that \"You can't do any motion capture with a raccoon—they won't let you put the suit on. But we will do rotomation, probably, for some of the behavior… we definitely will have performers to emulate what James Gunn will lead to be, the behavior and the performance. He's very clear on where he wants to take the characters.\"[114] In March 2013, Feige discussed Guardians of the Galaxy in relation to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, saying, \"It's much more of a standalone film. It takes place in the same universe. And when we've been on the other side of that universe in other movies, you might see those characteristics in Guardians, but the Avengers are not involved with what's happening out there at this time.\" Feige also stated that 95% of the film would take place in space.[115] In mid-March, Dave Bautista was signed to play Drax the Destroyer.[116] Other actors who had been considered for the role included Isaiah Mustafa, Brian Patrick Wade, and Jason Momoa.[116] By the following week, sculptor Brian Muir, who sculpted Darth Vader's mask for the Star Wars films, was revealed to be working on the film.[117]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 is a 2017 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics superhero team Guardians of the Galaxy, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It is the sequel to 2014's Guardians of the Galaxy and the fifteenth film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). Written and directed by James Gunn, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring Chris Pratt, Zoe Saldana, Dave Bautista, Vin Diesel, Bradley Cooper, Michael Rooker, Karen Gillan, Pom Klementieff, Elizabeth Debicki, Chris Sullivan, Sean Gunn, Sylvester Stallone, and Kurt Russell. In Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2, the Guardians travel throughout the cosmos as they help Peter Quill learn more about his mysterious parentage.", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Animal Logic and Method Studios also worked on the various parts of Ego's planet, with Animal Logic focusing on Ego's cathedral, and Method on the arrival sequence and Baby Groot's \"not that button\" sequence in the Planet Hollow. Animal Logic's work for Ego's cathedral was also based on fractal art. The team at Animal Logic were initially brought on to the film to work on the story vignettes that were used to explain the backstory, which started as oil paintings before evolving to falling sand, and eventually the final plastic sculptures that were used. Method also created the film's final sequence for Yondu's funeral. To make Rocket shedding a tear convincing, Method used in-house footage of Animation Supervisor Keith Roberts \"performing the scene for reference, studying the macro facial movements like minor eye darts or blinks, in addition to what was filmed on set and in the sound booth by\" Cooper. Additional work included the scenes on the planet Berhart.[27] Lola VFX worked on de-aging Russell, having previously done similar work in other MCU films; they also added to various characters, including Nebula. To achieve the younger Ego, Lola referenced Russell's performance in Used Cars (1980), as \"he had a lot of the [facial] action\" the visual effects artists were looking for. They also used a younger stand in, Aaron Schwartz, since he had \"big broad jaw, chin, and most importantly the way the laugh lines move[d] and crease[d] as he talk[ed]\", similar to Russell's.[152] Laura Haddock, reprising her role from the first film of Meredith Quill in the sequence, was also slightly de-aged to play the younger version of that character.[135] Luma worked on the Sovereign people and their world, and Adam Warlock's cocoon.[27]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). Producer Nik Korda noted how helpful it was to have Sean Gunn and Krystian Godlewski portray Rocket and Groot on set, as it provided references for lighting and on-set performances to the animators.[31] When creating Groot, MPC realized early on that his eyes would be essential in maintaining the character's human qualities, as his face couldn't move in the way that humans' do. MPC visual effects supervisor Nicolas Aithadi explained that, \"When you look at humans what makes the eyes interesting is the imperfections—trying to make these two irises not aimed at the same place—trying to make them strange and look more human.\"[149] Textures for Groot came from a number of sources, including inspiration from a botanical garden in London, and the character was modeled as individual branches, rigged individually, to simulate a muscle system for the character.[149]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack). Guardians of the Galaxy Vol.2: Awesome Mix Volume 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017.[4] It was released on cassette on June 23, 2017 and on vinyl LP on August 11, 2017. The vinyl version is a deluxe edition featuring Bates' original score from the film.[20] Marvel and Doritos partnered for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create \"a custom-designed, limited-edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built-in cassette tape deck-inspired player that plays\" Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged. The custom bags were available to purchase on April 28, 2017 on Amazon.com. In addition, on May 5, 2017, Doritos hosted Rock Out Loud pop-up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles, where fans got the chance to sing one of the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and \"have the opportunity to win various prizes, including the custom cassette player replica Doritos bags, concert and other event tickets, and free bags of Doritos.\"[21]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Outside of the United States and Canada, the film earned $106 million in its first weekend from 37 markets, becoming the top film in them all except Portugal, Turkey, and Vietnam. IMAX contributed $5 million to the opening weekend gross. The film also outperformed the original's opening weekend in all markets except Belgium.[164] In its second weekend, the sequel opened as the top film in South Korea, China, and Russia.[167] It had the highest opening for an MCU film in Austria,[164] the second-highest in Australia ($11.8 million), the Netherlands ($500,000),[163][164] Germany ($9.3 million), and the United Kingdom ($16.9 million),[164] and the third-highest in New Zealand ($400,000), Italy ($1.4 million),[163] and Russia ($11.6 million).[167] The New Zealand and Netherlands openings were also the highest of 2017 for the countries,[163] while Germany and the United Kingdom's were the second-highest.[163][164] In South Korea it had the biggest opening day ($3.3 million) and second-best opening weekend ($13.3 million) of 2017, the latter surpassing the original's entire earnings in the country. It also had the biggest May opening day and the third-highest opening day for an MCU film there.[167][211] Ukraine had the second-largest opening ever, while in Puerto Rico, the film had the largest IMAX opening.[167] More markets saw their gross for Vol. 2 surpass the total gross from the first film in its third weekend,[212] with China following in its fourth.[213] The next weekend saw Vol. 2's gross outside the United States and Canada ($451.1 million) surpass the international gross of the first film ($440 million).[197] Vol. 2's three biggest markets in total earnings were: China ($99.3 million), the United Kingdom ($51.3 million), and Germany ($28 million).[198]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). We reached out to him and it was one of those things that does not happen all the time but when it does it’s very nice, where he was totally intrigued. He was a fan of what we did, he met with Jeremy Latcham in a hotel in London and learned about the characters a little bit. I spoke to him on the phone a few times. We ran it by James who loved it, ran it by Joss [Whedon] who loved it because Thanos is in this universe because of Avengers. Then we shot him and recorded for it.[66]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). Perlman began working on the screenplay in 2009. Producer Kevin Feige first publicly mentioned Guardians of the Galaxy as a potential film in 2010 and Marvel Studios announced it was in active development at the San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2012. Gunn was hired to write and direct the film that September. In February 2013, Pratt was hired to play Peter Quill / Star-Lord, and the supporting cast members were subsequently confirmed. Principal photography began in July 2013 at Shepperton Studios in England, with filming continuing in London before wrapping up in October 2013. Post-production was finished on July 7, 2014.", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Prop master Russell Bobbitt had difficulty finding the cassette decks that had been used in the first film, and all of the Sony Walkman headsets they sourced for the sequel were broken. Sony also did not have any headsets available for filming, while three pairs Bobbitt found on eBay cost around $1,800 and were not the exact model. Bobbitt eventually created six from scratch for Vol. 2. Other props he created for the film included two sets of blasters for Quill, with removable blaster cartridges, and \"steampunk-looking weapons and belts\" for the Ravagers;[23] Bobbitt explained that four different weapons were designed for the latter group, and then 15–20 versions of those were produced to be used by the various Ravager actors (there could be up to 85–95 Ravagers per scene). For their belts, the props team cut the leather themselves rather than buying existing belts, and then parts from different electronic devices such as radios and cell phones were glued together to make each belt \"a unique piece of art\". The prop department also made edible props for certain scenes: a prop of a stinkbug-inspired insect was made from chocolate and injected with black honey so it could be eaten on screen and \"when he bit down the honey poured out of his mouth\"; similarly, a \"yarrow root\" was designed based on enlarged images of pollen, and then created with non-dairy white chocolate to be eaten onscreen.[34]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. In June 2016, Marvel announced plans for an expanded merchandising program for the sequel, with Groot playing a central role.[169] Gunn ensured the film's female characters received more representation in the merchandise than in the first.[170] Paul Gitter, senior vice president of licensing at Disney Consumer Products, said they intended to build Guardians of the Galaxy into a tentpole franchise. Partners in the campaign included Hasbro, Lego, Funko, LB Kids,[169] GEICO, Ford Motor Company, Go-Gurt, Hanes, Synchrony Bank, Dairy Queen, M&M's, Screenvision, Sprint Corporation and Wrigley Company.[171] Additionally, Marvel partnered with Doritos for their Rock Out Loud campaign to create a custom \"limited-edition series of Doritos bags featuring a built-in cassette tape deck-inspired player that plays\" Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and can be recharged. The custom bags were available to purchase on Amazon.com, with Doritos also hosting Rock Out Loud pop-up recording booths in New York and Los Angeles where fans could sing the songs from Awesome Mix Vol. 2 and have the opportunity to win various prizes, including the custom bags, concert tickets, and free bags of Doritos.\"[172]", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). A few weeks of additional filming, involving the film's main cast and crew, occurred in March 2014 at Walt Disney Studios in Burbank, California.[139][140][141] In April 2014, Gunn described Thanos as the \"head of the snake\" in the film, and confirmed he would appear via performance capture.[11] In May 2014, Gunn stated that the film features an \"enormous\" amount of smaller and minor characters from the Marvel Universe, adding that he felt the film had the most characters overall of any Marvel Studios film to date.[142] Costume supervisor Dan Grace added to this by saying, \"We really, really get the feeling of the scale and scope of the galaxy. We visit five planets, we see a hundred different races.\" The film introduces the alien race Sakaaran, who act as Ronan's mercenaries, as a replacement to the Badoon, as the Badoon film rights belonged to 20th Century Fox.[45]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Gunn set the film two-to-three months after the first film[93][105] \"because he felt the group are just such fragile egos and he didn't think this story could start years later.\"[93] Major planets visited in the film include Sovereign, Berhart and Contraxia. Feige also stated two or three other worlds would be seen, as well as \"a little bit of Earth in this film, but it's not these characters going to Earth.\"[13] In December 2014, Gunn revealed the story for the film was written, saying, \"It's [still] constantly shifting, but I feel like it's pretty strong. I'm excited about it.\"[106] By early February 2015, Gunn was \"a few short weeks\" away from submitting a full story treatment to Marvel, and said that when he first presented his idea for the sequel to the company they thought it was \"risky\". He described it as \"not really based on anything\" from the comics, being mainly an original story.[107][108] Gunn later referred to the full treatment as a \"scriptment\", \"a 70-page combination of a script and a treatment and it goes through every beat of the movie\".[7] By April, he was preparing to write the screenplay,[107] and in May he was hoping to complete the script before he began work on The Belko Experiment in June 2015.[92]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (soundtrack). Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2: Awesome Mix Vol. 2 (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the soundtrack album for the Marvel Studios film Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Featuring the songs present on Peter Quill's mixtape in the film, the album was released by Hollywood Records on April 21, 2017. A separate film score album, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 (Original Score), composed by Tyler Bates, was also released by Hollywood Records on the same date. Awesome Mix Vol. 2 was the United States' eighth best-selling album of 2017 with 600,000 copies.", "Guardians of the Galaxy (film). The world premiere of Guardians of the Galaxy was held on July 21, 2014, at the Dolby Theatre in Hollywood.[161][162] The film was released theatrically in the United Kingdom on July 31, 2014,[142] and in the United States on August 1,[93] in 3D and IMAX 3D.[113][163] The film was released in 4,080 theaters in the United States, making it the widest August release, breaking the five-year record held by G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra (4,007 theatres). The breakdown of venues was: 354 IMAX screens, 3,200 3D screens, 350 large format screens and 240 D-Box screens.[164] In its sixth weekend, Guardians of the Galaxy was playing in 69 territories, its most.[165]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on August 8, 2017, and on Blu-ray, Blu-ray 3D, Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on August 22.[188][189] The Ultra HD Blu-ray version is the first Disney home media release in 4K resolution.[190] The digital and Blu-ray releases include behind-the-scenes featurettes, audio commentary, deleted scenes, a blooper reel, and a music video for the song \"Guardians Inferno\". The digital release also exclusively features the breakdown of three scenes, from their initial ideas to their completed versions, and a behind-the-scenes look at the Guardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!, an accelerated drop tower dark ride attraction at Disney California Adventure.[188] The 1970s-style music video for \"Guardians Inferno\" was directed by David Yarovesky and features Hasselhoff alongside James Gunn, Pratt, Saldana, Bautista, Klementieff, Gillan, Rooker, and Sean Gunn. Stan Lee and Guillermo Rodriguez also make cameo appearances in the video.[191][192]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. The digital release of the film had the most digital downloads and largest opening week of any Marvel Studios film.[193] The physical releases in its first week of sale were the top home media release, selling \"nearly three times as many discs as the rest of the top 10 sellers combined\", according to NPD VideoScan data. The Blu-ray version accounted for 83% of the sales, with 10% of total sales coming from the Ultra HD Blu-ray version.[194] In its second week, the film was once again the top home media release.[195] As well, total sales of Vol. 2 in the United Kingdom were more than the other films in the top 40 combined; it was also the top film in the country.[196]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. In July 2016, Gunn, Pratt and other members of the cast attended San Diego Comic-Con to promote the film,[173] showing footage and revealing additional character information.[32] On October 19, a \"sneak peek\" teaser was released ahead of the first full teaser trailer. Ethan Anderton of /Film felt the teaser was strong, despite not showing any of the new characters or relying on Baby Groot,[174] while The A.V. Club's Esther Zuckerman called it \"an immediate crowd-pleaser\".[175] According to media-measurement firm comScore and its PreAct service, the teaser was the top trailer for the week it released, generating 108,000 new social media conversations.[176] In early December, before Gunn revealed the first teaser trailer at Comic Con Experience 2016,[177][178] he said that finding scenes and moments to showcase in the trailer without revealing too much of the film resulted in hard choices, since \"people really go through every single little shot and try to figure out what the movie's about. And there's a lot of mysteries in Guardians 2.\"[179] Describing the teaser trailer, Jacob Hall of /Film noted that the trailer was able to succeed without giving too much away as it focused on character interactions rather than plot.[180] The teaser trailer received 81 million views in 24 hours, becoming the second-most viewed teaser behind Beauty and the Beast and largest Marvel Studios teaser ever. Additionally, Sweet's \"Fox on the Run\" reached number one on the iTunes Rock Chart after featuring in the teaser.[181]", "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2. Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 grossed over $389.8 million in the United States and Canada, and over $473.9 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $863.8 million.[2] The film had earlier surpassed the first film's gross ($773 million) by Memorial Day weekend, three weeks after release, with $783.3 million worldwide,[197] and became the fifth-highest-grossing MCU film a week later.[198] Deadline Hollywood calculated the net profit of the film to be $154.7 million, accounting for production budgets, P&A, talent participations and other costs, against box office grosses and ancillary revenues from home media, placing it ninth on their list of 2017's \"Most Valuable Blockbusters\".[199]" ]

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[ "Whaling in Australia. On 31 July 1978, the first day of the Frost inquiry public hearings, the Cheynes Beach Whaling Company announced its intention to close operations at the end of that whaling season. Cheynes Beach had operated from Frenchman Bay near Albany, Western Australia, since 1952. The last whale, a sperm whale, was harpooned on 20 November 1978.", "Whaling in Australia. From 1952 until 1962 a whaling station operated at Tangalooma, Queensland, on Moreton Island, which harvested and processed 6277 Humpback Whales during that period. It was forced to close after it had drastically reduced the number of whales in the eastern Australian Humpback population.", "Whaling in Australia. In 1979 Australia terminated whaling and committed to whale protection.", "Whaling in New Zealand. In the first half of the 19th century, almost a hundred small shore stations were established - in the South Island at Te Awaiti and Preservation Inlet and later at Stewart Island, Otago, Timaru and Kaikoura and Cloudy Bay. On Banks Peninsula the first shore was at Little Port Cooper in 1836 and by 1842 there were a total of five stations,[8] including Oashore Bay, Ikoraki and Peraki. North of Wellington, there were three whaling stations at Porirua, and five on Kapiti Island. Further north there were also shore stations at New Plymouth and Great Barrier Island.[9] However, by 1840 the whale numbers had declined to the point that little money was to be made, and in 1844 the last of the early onshore stations closed.", "Whaling in Australia. From colonisation the whaling industry enjoyed 70 years of commercial success, until petroleum superseded whale oil. Also, the 1850s gold rush saw workers abandon whaling for the gold fields.", "Whaling in Australia. Sir Sydney's report, Whales and Whaling: Report of the Independent Inquiry, recommended banning whaling in Australia, and in April 1979 the Fraser government endorsed it. Australia is now a global anti-whaling advocate and has taken a strong stance against Japan's whaling program in the Antarctic Ocean. The State Library of New South Wales holds an extensive collection of material related to whaling in its collection including art works, photographs, whalers diaries,whale bone and scrimshaw.[8][9]", "Environmental issues in Australia. Whaling in Australia took place from colonisation in 1788. In 1979 Australia terminated whaling and committed to whale protection. The main varieties hunted were humpback, blue, right and sperm whales.[17]", "Lord Howe Island. The island was subsequently visited by many government and whaling ships sailing between New South Wales and Norfolk Island and across the Pacific, including many from the American whaling fleet, so its reputation as a provisioning port preceded settlement,[10] some ships leaving goats and pigs on the island as food for future visitors. Between July and October 1791 the Third Fleet ships arrived at Sydney and within days the deckwork was being reconstructed for a future in the lucrative whaling industry. Whale oil was to become Australia's most profitable export until the 1830s, and it was the whaling industry that shaped Lord Howe Island's early history.[26]", "Whaling in Australia. Anecdotal evidence suggests that whale populations, especially humpbacks, have been steadily increasing since the end of whaling in Australian waters. The current state of the sperm whale population in the Southern Ocean off Western Australia is unknown. Whale watching is an increasingly popular activity.", "Whaling in Australia. Whale oil and baleen (whalebone) were profitable commodities and whaling was one of Australia's first major export industries with coastal whaling stations being established around Australia.[2] Sealing and whaling contributed more to the colonial economy than land produce until the 1830s.[7]", "Byron Bay, New South Wales. The lighthouse was built in 1901 at the most easterly point on the Australian mainland.[7] In 1930, the first meatworks opened.[7] The smell from the meat and dairy works was, by all accounts, appalling,[citation needed] and the annual slaughter of migrating whales in the 1950s and 1960s made matters worse. Sand mining for monazite (zircon, uranium and thorium) between the World Wars damaged the environment further,[9][10][11] and one by one, all these industries declined.[citation needed]", "Whaling in Australia. In 1978 the Federal Government appointed Sir Sydney Frost, a former chief justice of Papua New Guinea, to conduct an inquiry into whales and whaling. This followed a direct pro-whale action campaign in Albany, Western Australia and a national community campaign by groups including Project Jonah, Friends of the Earth and the Whale and Dolphin Coalition.", "Whaling in Australia. Whaling in Australia commenced in 1791 when two of the ships which had brought convicts and free settlers to the penal colony of New South Wales (Australia) as part of the Third Fleet engaged in whaling and seal hunting activities before returning to England. The main varieties of whales hunted were humpback, blue, right and sperm whales.[1]", "Whaling in Australia. In the early 20th century agriculture and mining surpassed a return to whaling. However, Norwegian whalers took an interest in the Australian waters and the Western Australian government encouraged whaling to develop new locations along its coast.[1]", "Whale watching in New Zealand. Many places that were formerly whaling stations went into recession after the collapse of the whaling industry; New Zealand stopped whaling in 1964.[3] Whaling did not stop due to environmental or ethical concerns but because the declining number of whales made the industry uneconomic. Whilst New Zealand protected right whales in 1935, it was not until 1978 that all marine mammals were protected by law.[4] Kaikoura's recent development has been used to advocate the benefits of whale watching over whale hunting and other whale-watching operators such as Auckland Whale & Dolphin Safari have successfully combined scientific research and conservation efforts alongside their commercial offering. Due to illegal whaling by Soviet Union (with help of Japan) in the 1970s, recovery state of baleen whales migrating to New Zealand coasts were heavily slowed down, far worse than in Australian waters, and this contributed to make public images that Kaikoura is the only site for whale watching, and Sperm Whale is the only species can be observed normally. New Zealand is the first nation in the world to protect marine mammals by law.", "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. With the end of the whaling industry, the stations were abandoned. Apart from a few preserved buildings such as the museum and church at Grytviken, only their decaying remains survive.", "Whaling in New Zealand. A later shore station, Perano's of Tory Channel, Cook Strait caught 4200 whales (mainly humpback[11]) between 1911 and 1964, when the last whale was caught in New Zealand waters.[12]", "Richmond, California. Many industries have been and are still sited in Richmond. It had a dynamite and gunpowder works (the Giant Powder Company, closed in 1960, now the site of Point Pinole Regional Shoreline), the last active whaling station in the country at Point Molate (closed in 1971), and one of the world's largest wineries (Winehaven), closed by Prohibition in 1919.", "Whaling in Australia. In 1791, Captain Thomas Melvill commanded the Britannia, one of 11 ships that departed from Plymouth in the United Kingdom 27 March 1791 as part of the Third Fleet, bound for the Sydney penal settlement. Leaving Port Jackson in November 1791, Captain Eber Bunker of the William and Ann and Captain Thomas Melvill of Britannia led the first whaling expedition in Australian waters. Britannia, became the first ship to take sperm whales on the Australian coast. Melvill was presented with a Silver Cup with the inscription:", "Robben Island. In 1806 the Scottish whaler John Murray opened a whaling station at a sheltered bay on the north-eastern shore of the island which became known as Murray's Bay, adjacent to the site of the present-day harbour named Murray's Bay Harbour which was constructed in 1939–40.[7][8]", "Whale watching in New Zealand. New Zealand's last whaling station was in Whekenui Bay in Tory Channel in the Marlborough Sounds. The high cliffs at the entrance of Tory Channel are ideal for land-based whale watching. During the migratory season for whales, the lookout is manned and whales passing Cook Strait are watched for research purposes.[6] Most of the volunteers undertaking the work are ex-whalers.[7] It is also the location where the first Southern right whale on main islands sighted since the end of whaling. Cetaceans can be seen in Waikawa, Picton,[8] French Pass, and in Abel Tasman National Park as well.", "Whaling in Australia. The gift of His Excellency, Arthur Phillips, Esq.,Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief of His Majesty's Territory of New South Wales and its Dependencies, to Thomas Melvill,Commander of the Britannia, for killing a Spermaceti Whale on the 26 th October 1791. Being the first of its kind taken on this coast since the Colony was established.", "Macquarie Harbour Penal Station. In Strahan, the main port and town on the shores of Macquarie Harbour today Australia's longest running play The Ship that Never Was by Tasmanian author Richard Davey dramatises the Frederick escape, the last escape from the island. His book The Sarah Island Conspiracies - Being an account of twelve voyages to Macquarie Harbour and Sarah Island furthers understanding of the history and the recent archaeological work on the island.[4]", "Lord Howe Island. From the early 1860s whaling declined rapidly with the increasing use of petroleum, the onset of the Californian goldrush, and the American Civil War – with unfortunate consequences for the island. To explore alternative means of income Thompson, in 1867, purchased the Sylph which was the first local vessel to trade with Sydney (mainly pigs and onions). It anchored in deep water at what is now Sylph's Hole off Old Settlement Beach, but was eventually tragically lost at sea in 1873 which added to the woes of the island at this time.[42]", "History of the Australian Capital Territory. The Orroral Valley Tracking Station, which was for orbiting satellite support, opened in May 1965[168] in what is now part of Namadgi National Park, was closed down in 1985.[167] Honeysuckle Creek Tracking Station, completed in December 1966, was a communications relay station for Project Apollo, Skylab and interplanetary spacecraft from 1967[169] until 1981, when its 26 m (85.3 ft) antenna was moved to the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex. It was closed in July 2009 and is now being dismantled.[167][170][171]", "Whaling in New Zealand. Whaling in New Zealand dates back to the late 18th century, and ended in 1964 since it was no longer economic. Nineteenth-century whaling was based on the southern right whale, and 20th-century whaling on the humpback whale. There is now an established industry for whale watching based in the South Island town of Kaikoura.", "Tourism in Australia. Hervey Bay is a popular tourist town with ample opportunities for whale watching, although there are plenty of other places along the Australian coastline to see whales.", "South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. South Georgia became a base for whaling beginning in the 20th century, until whaling ended in the 1960s. A Norwegian, Carl Anton Larsen, established the first land-based whaling station and first permanent habitation at Grytviken in 1904. It operated through his Argentine Fishing Company, which settled in Grytviken.[11][9] The station operated until 1965.", "Sei whale. Off the coast of North America, sei whales were hunted off British Columbia from the late 1950s to the mid-1960s, when the number of whales captured dropped to around 14 per year.[3] More than 2,000 were caught in British Columbian waters between 1962 and 1967.[83] Between 1957 and 1971, California shore stations processed 386 whales.[47] Commercial Sei whaling ended in the eastern North Pacific in 1971.", "Macquarie Harbour Penal Station. It was finally closed in late 1833. Most of the remaining convicts were then relocated to Port Arthur.[2] Ten convicts remained behind in January 1834 finishing the construction of a brig; however, they seized the opportunity to escape with it in the Frederick escape.", "Taiji, Wakayama. The people of Taiji experienced great loss and economic hardship after an incident in 1878, when a large group of whalers were lost at sea while hunting a whale. The whale was harpooned, but was strong enough to pull the whaling boats out to sea. Refusing to cut the whale loose until it was too late, many whalers drowned or were otherwise adrift and lost at sea as a result. Around one hundred whalers died in the course of this event.[5] After the Russo-Japanese War, Taiji's whaling industry became buoyant again as it became a base for modern whaling. When the practice of Antarctic whaling started, Taiji provided crews for the whaling fleet.[6] In 1988, Taiji suspended commercial whaling as a result of a ruling by the International Whaling Commission (IWC).", "Rockhampton. In the 1880s and 1890s, sea ports were established on the coast, adjacent to the mouth of the Fitzroy River. Broadmount was on the northern side and Port Alma on the south. Railways were subsequently constructed to carry goods to the wharves at these locations, the railway to Broadmount opening on 1 January 1898 and the line to Port Alma opened on 16 October 1911. Maintenance on the Broadmount line ceased in August 1929. The following month, the wharf caught fire and the line was effectively closed in July 1930. The line to Port Alma closed on 15 October 1986.[9]" ]

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[ "The Two Ronnies. Apart from Corbett and Barker, several actors from television appeared multiple times in the series, most notably John Owens and Claire Nielson, who appeared in twenty-one and seventeen episodes respectively throughout the series. Other frequent performers include April Walker, John Rutland, Michael Redfern, Jenny Logan, Alec Bregonzi, Carol Hawkins, Dilys Watling, Joyce Windsor, Julia McKenzie, Barbara New, Ian Gray, Johnnie Wade, Patricia Brake (who starred with Barker in the sitcom Porridge, which aired at the same time as the series), Josephine Tewson, Noel Dyson and Vicki Michelle. The Fred Tomlinson Singers appeared as background singers in twenty-five episodes.", "Porridge (TV series). Porridge is a British sitcom, starring Ronnie Barker and Richard Beckinsale, written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais, and broadcast on BBC One from 1974 to 1977. The programme ran for three series, and included two Christmas specials and a feature film of the same name (in the United States, the film was released under the title Doing Time). The sitcom focuses on two prison inmates, Norman Fletcher (played by Barker) and Lennie Godber (played by Beckinsale), who are serving time at the fictional HMP Slade in Cumberland. The show's title is a reference to both the traditional breakfast that used to be served in British prisons, and the British slang for serving a prison sentence - \"Doing porridge\".", "Porridge (TV series). A sequel to Porridge, Going Straight, was aired between 24 February and 7 April 1978. Beginning with Fletcher's release from prison on parole, it follows his attempts to \"go straight\" and readjust to a law-abiding life. Richard Beckinsale reprised his role as Godber, now the fiancé of Fletcher's daughter Ingrid (Patricia Brake), and the couple married in the final episode. Nicholas Lyndhurst also featured as Fletcher's gormless son, Raymond. The series lasted six episodes, and generally was not as well received as its predecessor, although it did win two BAFTAs, for Best Situation Comedy and Best Light Entertainment Performance (jointly with The Two Ronnies) for Ronnie Barker.[14][15]", "Porridge (TV series). Porridge originated with a 1973 project commissioned by the BBC Seven of One, which would see Ronnie Barker star in seven different situation comedy pilot episodes. The most successful would then be made into a full series.[1] One of the episodes was \"Prisoner and Escort\", written by Dick Clement and Ian La Frenais (who appear in one episode) about a newly sentenced habitual criminal, Norman Stanley Fletcher (Barker), being escorted to prison by two warders: the timid Mr. Barrowclough (Brian Wilde) and the stern Mr. Mackay (Fulton Mackay). It was broadcast on 1 April 1973 on BBC Two.[2] Despite Barker's initial preference for another of the pilots, a sitcom about a Welsh gambling addict, \"Prisoner and Escort\" was selected. It was renamed Porridge, a slang term for prison; Barker, Clement and La Frenais actually came up with the same title independently of each other.[3]", "Porridge (TV series). Following the example of other sitcom crossovers, such as Dad's Army, Steptoe and Son and The Likely Lads, a feature-length version of Porridge was made in 1979. Barker again starred as Fletcher, and most of the supporting cast also returned. Unlike the television series, it was actually filmed at a real prison as HMP Chelmsford was temporarily vacant following a fire.", "Brian Wilde. In 1973, he starred as a different kind of gaoler in the second episode of Seven of One, a series of seven individual stories, all of which starred Ronnie Barker. In the episode, entitled \"Prisoner and Escort\", Wilde played Mr Barrowclough, one of two prison officers whose job it is to escort Barker's character Fletcher across the moors to his prison (the other was Mister Mackay, played by Fulton Mackay). The episode proved popular and a series was commissioned by the BBC, titled Porridge. Wilde reprised his role as the timid and eager-to-please Barrowclough. Porridge was popular and successful; it ran until 1977, with a film version being made in 1979.", "Porridge (TV series). Subsequently, Barker is reported to have said that he regretted recording himself as the judge, a character role subsequently played by Maurice Denham in two episodes of the third series.", "Porridge (TV series). The first episode, \"New Faces, Old Hands\", was aired on BBC One on 5 September 1974, attracting a television audience of over 16 million, and receiving positive reviews from critics.[7] Two further series were commissioned, as well as two Christmas special episodes. The final episode of Porridge, \"Final Stretch\", was broadcast on 25 March 1977.[8] The producers and the writers were keen to make more episodes, but Barker was wary of being \"stuck with a character\" and also wanted to move on to other projects, so the series came to a close.[9] Barker did, however, reprise his role as Fletcher in a sequel, Going Straight, which ran for one series in 1978. A feature-length version of the show was made in 1979 and in 2003 a follow-up mockumentary was aired.[10]", "Porridge (TV series). Porridge was critically acclaimed and is widely considered to be one of the greatest British sitcoms of all time, with it being ranked No. 35 on the 100 Greatest British Television Programmes compiled by the British Film Institute in 2000. The series was followed by a 1978 sequel, Going Straight, which saw Barker reprise his character as he tries to avoid going back to prison. The show was later revived in 2017 under the same name, after a one-off special, aired on 28 August 2016 as part of the BBC's Landmark Sitcom Season and focusing on the life of Fletcher's grandson, Nigel Fletcher (played by Kevin Bishop), as he begins a prison sentence.", "The Two Ronnies. Piggy Malone (Barker) and Charley Farley (Corbett) are private detectives who investigate a mystery about a murdered family, featuring Sue Lloyd as Blanche Brimstone. As soon as Piggy finds out about the murder in the newspaper, a decision's made that means a trip to the country, and there's a second murder during an unusual gathering. Also featuring are secretary Miss Whizzer and the rest of the Brimstone family, through which the detectives narrow down the culprit.", "Porridge (TV series). The opening credits consist of outside shots of Slade prison and of several doors and gates being closed and locked, which was intended to set the scene for the programme.[11] In the first series, there were also shots of St Pancras railway station, which was changed in subsequent series to shots of Fletcher walking around Slade prison. Title music was thought unsuitable for a show set in prison, so instead there is a booming narration (performed by Barker himself) given by the presiding judge passing sentence on Fletcher:", "David Jason. Four series of Open All Hours were made from 1976–85. He featured in Barker's Porridge (BBC), a prison-based comedy, as the elderly Blanco in three episodes. Jason also appeared with Barker in various disguises in The Two Ronnies.", "Prisoner (TV series). Several Prisoner actors have appeared in British stage drama and pantomime, including Val Lehman (The Wizard of Oz, Beatrix Potter and Misery), Peta Toppano, Fiona Spence, Maggie Dence (Bev Baker), Debra Lawrance (Daphne Graham), Linda Hartley (Roach Waters), Ian Smith (Ted Douglas) and Maggie Millar (Marie Winter). In 1997 a Prisoner clip from its second episode (Franky Doyle and Lynn Warner's fight in the garden) appeared on the BBC sitcom Birds of a Feather, and the series was mentioned several times during Birds of a Feather's seven-and-a-half-year run.[24] The theme song was played briefly in episode three of BBC sitcom One Foot in the Grave.[24] Prisoner has also been referenced in British sitcoms 2point4 Children, Absolutely Fabulous and Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, as well as the soap operas Coronation Street, Brookside and EastEnders.[24]", "Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads?. The BBC decided not to commission a third series of the show, partly because Dick Clement and Ian LaFrenais had written a pilot script for another 1973 series, entitled Seven of One, in which Ronnie Barker appeared in seven different situations from different writers, each of which was a try-out for a possible series. The BBC decided they liked best the one by Clement and LaFrenais, who found themselves suddenly offered a new series, starring Ronnie Barker, which became the television comedy Porridge.", "Porridge (TV series). On 29 December 2003, a mockumentary follow-up to Porridge was broadcast on BBC Two. It looked back on Fletcher's life and how the various inmates of Slade had fared 25 years after Fletcher's release from prison. Warren is now a sign painter, Lukewarm is married to Trevor, McLaren is an MSP, Grouty has become a celebrity gangster, Horrible Ives collects money for non-existent charities, Godber is now a lorry driver and still married to Ingrid, and Fletcher runs a pub with his childhood sweetheart, Gloria.", "Porridge (TV series). In 2009 Porridge was adapted into a stage show, also written by Clement and La Frenais, starring former EastEnders actor Shaun Williamson as Fletcher and Daniel West as Godber.[19] Peter Kay, a fan of the show, was previously offered the role but turned it down. It opened in September 2009 to positive reviews.[20]", "Amanda Barrie. In 1975, Barrie played Mrs. B.J. Spence in the Walt Disney film One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing. After roles in a string of one-off television plays and series, she appeared in a guest role as a ballet mistress in the popular BBC comedy series Are You Being Served? in 1979. She worked for many years as a chorus girl in the West End until her first break as an actress came along. At sixteen she danced at the Windsor Club with Danny La Rue and Barbara Windsor, changing her name before making her West End debut in 1961's 'Babes in the Wood'. Throughout the '60s Amanda worked on many stage productions including 'Cabaret', 'Private Lives', 'Hobson's Choice' and 'Aladdin', and continued to perform on stage until the mid-1980s. She is well known as Alma Sedgewick (later Baldwin), in Coronation Street. She was a bit-player in the early to mid-1980s before she was offered a contract in 1988, after which she became a very well known character. She continued in the role until her retirement in 2001. In the story, Alma was diagnosed with cervical cancer which later caused her death.[1]", "Ronnie Mitchell. Ronnie goes into partnership with businessman Jack Branning (Scott Maslen), purchasing a nightclub, R&R, together, and begin an on-off relationship. During a period of separation, Roxy becomes pregnant by Jack after a one-night stand. Ronnie, unaware of who the father is, offers to support her sister and they briefly return to Ibiza. After an argument, Roxy visits their father, Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb), to Ronnie's horror. She is relieved when Roxy returns to the Square but horrified when Peggy announces that she and Archie are engaged. Roxy gives birth to a daughter, Amy Mitchell, named after the daughter Ronnie had who died. Ronnie is hurt when she learns of Amy's paternity but eventually forgives them both.", "Ronnie Mitchell. Ronnie has a tumultuous relationship with employee, Danielle Jones (Lauren Crace), eventually leading to Danielle being sacked and Ronnie publicly berating her. Danielle is devastated, and is later seen clutching a locket containing a photograph of Ronnie, revealing herself to be Ronnie's daughter. It transpires that Danielle is the result of a teenage romance between Ronnie and her first boyfriend, Joel Reynolds (Cavan Clerkin). Archie disapproved of the pregnancy and put Danielle—named Amy by Ronnie—up for adoption. Danielle was adopted by Lizzie and Andy Jones (Aneirin Hughes), and is now trying to locate her birth mother. On Archie and Peggy's wedding day, Danielle tells Ronnie that she is her daughter. Ronnie does not believe her because Archie told her that her daughter is dead, and throws her out. She later realises that Danielle was telling the truth and tries to apologise to Danielle but she is hit by Janine Butcher's (Charlie Brooks) car and dies in Ronnie's arms. Danielle's adoptive father, Andy, comes to London to get her and takes Danielle's remains back to Telford and bans Ronnie from the funeral. Despite this, Ronnie goes to Telford and Stacey Slater (Lacey Turner) convinces Andy to talk to Ronnie about Danielle. Grieving for the daughter she was not allowed to raise, Ronnie becomes obsessed with having a baby. She tries tricking Jack into getting her pregnant and rekindles her romance with Joel until she learns that he has had a vasectomy so Ronnie ends their relationship. She gets pregnant by Owen Turner (Lee Ross), but miscarries when Archie pushes her into the bar during an argument. Archie is later murdered and Ronnie is arrested as a suspect but released without charge. When Roxy accuses Ronnie of murdering their father, Ronnie reveals that Archie raped Stacey, and did the same to her when she was 13. Stacey's husband Bradley Branning (Charlie Clements) is posthumously assumed guilty of the murder after falling from the roof of the Queen Vic while trying to evade police arrest.", "Porridge (TV series). The programme's scriptwriters appear, uncredited, outside Fletch and Godber's cell in the episode \"No Peace for the Wicked\". Ronnie Barker had suggested the part of Lennie Godber for Paul Henry, but the decision to cast Richard Beckinsale was taken by the production team.", "The Two Ronnies. Piggy and Charley's second serial begins when a frogman delivers a note, and the duo are sent in search of the formula for the Clumsy Drug, alongside Cyd Hayman as Madame Eloise Coqoutte. Corbett and Barker also play the two villains, the notorious Mr Greensleeves and his Japanese henchman Bobjob. In the end the mystery is solved as the formula is revealed on a pair of women's knickers.", "Tracy-Ann Oberman. Her first major television role was in 1997 when she was cast as Zoe Gerrard, a security officer in the medical drama Casualty. In 1998, she joined the cast of Comedy Nation, a satirical sketch show that featured some of Britain's leading up-and-coming comedians, such as Sacha Baron Cohen, Julian Barratt, and Robert Webb.[18] This was followed by an assortment of parts in various television productions, including a performance in a two-part story for the police serial The Bill in 2000. That year Oberman was cast as series regular \"Beverly Jordan\" opposite Michael Barrymore in Bob Martin,[19] and became a lead performer in the award-nominated Lenny Henry in Pieces, starring actor/comedian Lenny Henry, which ran until 2003.[20] In 2002 Oberman joined the second and final series of the sketch show Big Train, performing beside comedians Simon Pegg and Catherine Tate.[21] The following year saw the Harringham Harker move from radio to television as part of BBC 2's Autumn line-up alongside The Office and Coupling, with Oberman continuing in her role as lead and writer.[22]", "Amanda Barrie. Since leaving Coronation Street, Barrie continued to act, firstly as Margo Phillips in the long-running BBC soap opera Doctors for nine episodes, and in the popular ITV1 prison series, Bad Girls, playing inmate Bev Tull from the fifth series to the last, along with Phyl Oswyn played by Stephanie Beacham. The characters together were known as \"The Costa Cons\". She also became one of the celebrities who took part in Hell's Kitchen; a popular ITV1 \"reality TV\" series which screened in 2004. While on the show, she became so frustrated with Gordon Ramsay, that she tried to slap him across the face.[2]", "The Two Ronnies. The very first serial was of The Two Ronnies was written by Barker, and began as a pastiche of costume dramas about a governess called Henrietta Beckett, played by Madeline Smith. Barker played a sex-starved aristocrat called Sir Geoffrey, and Corbett played his son Edward, but further into the serial, the Ronnies portrayed a wide variety of other characters, including pick-pockets and royals. At the end there was a neat twist ending that turned this notion on its head.", "The British Soap Awards. Wendy Richard, who played Pauline Fowler in EastEnders, was also remembered during the ceremony, after passing away in February 2009.", "Ronnie Mitchell. Having been running a bar in Ibiza, Ronnie and her younger sister Roxy Mitchell (Rita Simons) visit Walford for their cousin Phil Mitchell's (Steve McFadden) wedding to Stella Crawford (Sophie Thompson), to see their aunt Peggy Mitchell (Barbara Windsor) and stay to run The Queen Victoria while she is on holiday.", "Mayim Bialik. Bialik had a major part in the Woody Allen comedy film Don't Drink the Water in 1994. On September 8, 1992, Bialik was a celebrity contestant guest in the episode \"Disturbing The Heavenly Peace\", the first episode of the second season of the game show Where In The World Is Carmen Sandiego?. Between 1995 and 2005, Bialik mostly did voice-over work for cartoons, such as The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest, Disney's Recess and Kim Possible, Cartoon Network's Johnny Bravo, and Nickelodeon's Hey Arnold!. She appeared in the feature film Kalamazoo? (2005) and appeared in three episodes of the HBO comedy series Curb Your Enthusiasm as Jodi Funkhouser, the lesbian daughter of a friend of Larry David. Bialik also made guest appearances as a fictionalized version of herself in the series Fat Actress and made a guest appearance in an episode of Saving Grace.[23]", "Sarah Jones (screen actress). She portrayed Polly Zobelle, the scheming daughter and accomplice of Ethan Zobelle in Sons of Anarchy.", "The Two Ronnies. The last serial to include Piggy Malone and Charley Farley, in which an all-girls orchestra is sold into white slavery by a demented Chinaman. Elizabeth Larner plays Mrs Bumstead, who notices a mysterious blind man appearing on the cruise ship. This concluded The Two Ronnies' serials collection, as the last two series didn't have any.", "Lori Petty. She played the title role in the film adaptation of the British cult comic book Tank Girl in 1995. Her other films include Free Willy, The Poker House, and In the Army Now. She also co-starred in the television series Lush Life with her friend Karyn Parsons, but it was cancelled after five episodes. She joined the cast of Brimstone as the owner of Stone's hotel.", "Ackley Bridge. Amy-Leigh Hickman, best known for playing Carmen Howle in Tracy Beaker Returns and The Dumping Ground, plays Nasreen Paracha, daughter of Kaneez, who she describes as a \"quieter and tamer\" student, as well as \"intelligent\", but \"ballsy.\" She felt comfortable acting scenes with Poppy Lee Friar, who plays best friend Missy, due to having a friendship in real life.[17] Friar says she loves portraying Missy, who she describes as \"sassy, saucy and a survivor.\"[18] Television newcomers Nazmeen Kausar Hussain and Esa Ashraf play Razia and Saleem Paracha, Kaneez's two other children.[19]", "Our Miss Brooks. Jeff Chandler played Boynton and stayed with the role for five years, even after becoming a movie star. He ultimately resigned because it was too exhausting to juggle a regular radio role with his film commitments.[6][7] Others in the cast included Anne Whitfield as Conklin's daughter, Harriet.[8]" ]

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[ "Ian McShane. Also in 2010, the Walt Disney Company confirmed that McShane would portray Blackbeard in the fourth installment of the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise, On Stranger Tides.[24]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Blackbeard, portrayed by Ian McShane, appears in On Stranger Tides.[10] He is based on the historical figure of the same name. Blackbeard is a notorious pirate and Jack's most recent nemesis. He is one element retained from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, from which Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides draws inspiration.[11][12][13] Blackbeard is the captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge and a master of black magic, who wants to find the Fountain of Youth to escape a prophecy that he will be killed by a one-legged man. With the exception of his daughter Angelica, Blackbeard has zombified his entire staff of officers to ensure their loyalty. Said by Jack to be \"the one pirate all pirates fear\", Blackbeard practices voodoo and has the power to literally command ships using his magic sword.", "Ian McShane. Ian David McShane[1] (born 29 September 1942) is an English actor and voice artist. He is known for his television roles, particularly the title role in Lovejoy (1986–1994),[2] Al Swearengen in Deadwood (2004–2006), Tai Lung in Kung Fu Panda (2008), and Blackbeard in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. He portrays Mr. Wednesday in the Starz series American Gods.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (attraction). To coincide with the release of the 2011 film Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, a projection of Captain Blackbeard from the film (portrayed by original actor Ian McShane) temporarily replaced the 2006 projection of Davy Jones in the Disneyland and Magic Kingdom version of the attraction beginning on May 20, 2011.[14]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Mercer is named after actor Ian Mercer[citation needed], who would later portray Blackbeard's Quartermaster in On Stranger Tides.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. New cast members include Ian McShane, who plays the notorious pirate and primary antagonist of the film, Blackbeard, and Penélope Cruz, who plays Angelica, Jack Sparrow's love interest.[21] According to Marshall, McShane was chosen because \"he can play something evil but there's always humor behind it as well\" and the actor accepted the job due to both the \"very funny and charming\" script and the opportunity to work with Marshall.[33] The beard took one hour and a half to get applied, and McShane likened the character's costume to \"a real biker pirate—it's all black leather.”[34] Marshall said Cruz was the only actress considered for the role, as she fit the description as \"an actress who could not only go toe to toe with Johnny and match him, but also needed to be all the things that Jack Sparrow is in a way. She needed to be funny and clever and smart and crafty and beautiful\",[9] and invited her for the role as they wrapped the production of Nine.[23] The actress spent two months working out and learning fencing for the role.[35] During filming, Cruz discovered she was pregnant, leading the costume department to redesign her wardrobe to be more elastic,[23] and the producers to hire her sister Mónica Cruz to double for Penélope in risky scenes.[36] Depp recommended Stephen Graham, who worked with him in Public Enemies, to play Scrum, a Machiavellian pirate and sidekick to Jack Sparrow,[37][38] and Richard Griffiths for the role of King George II, as Depp was a fan of Griffiths' work on Withnail and I.[23] Sam Claflin, a recent drama school graduate with television experience, was chosen to play the missionary Philip,[39] and British actor Paul Bazely also joined the cast.[40] Spanish news website El Pais reported that the film had four Spanish actors: Cruz, Bergès-Frisbey, Óscar Jaenada, and Juan Carlos Vellido.[41] Jaenada was picked for both his work in The Losers and a recommendation by Cruz.[42]", "Geoffrey Rush. Rush's career continued at a fast pace, with nine films released from 2001 to 2003. He starred in the film Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, as Captain Hector Barbossa, reprising the role in its sequels, Dead Man's Chest, At World's End, On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Hector Barbossa, portrayed by Australian actor Geoffrey Rush, appears in all of the films. In the fourth film, On Stranger Tides, he has become a privateer in the British Royal Navy and is ordered to be Jack's guide on an expedition for the Fountain of Youth.", "Robert Newton. Gabriel Pascal used him in another Shaw adaptation, Androcles and the Lion (1952). It was made by RKO who cast Newton in the title role of Blackbeard the Pirate (1952).", "List of Assassin's Creed characters. Edward Thatch (voiced by Mark Bonnar) (1680–1718) infamously known as Blackbeard, was a pirate captain who sailed the West Indies and the American colonies during the early 18th century, on a ship named the Queen Anne's Revenge. Thatch met his fate on November 22, 1718 at the hands of Royal Navy Lieutenant Robert Maynard and his crew.", "Geoffrey Rush. Rush returned as Captain Hector Barbossa in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides, starring Johnny Depp, in 2011. Rush is also preparing for a film version of The Drowsy Chaperone, an award-winning stage musical.[19] In addition, he voiced the alien Tomar-Re in the film adaptation of the Green Lantern comic book series.[20]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Blackbeard's history prior to On Stranger Tides is slightly different than in real-world history. He is still alive in 1750, though the story about his death at the battle of Ocracoke Inlet in 1718 is still well known in the Caribbean. As stated by Jack Sparrow, people believe that Blackbeard was beheaded, and that his headless body swam three times around his ship before climbing back on board.", "William Kidd. The most recent film portrayal was by Love Nystrom in the 2006 mini-series Blackbeard.", "Jonathan Linsley. Jonathan Linsley (born 17 January 1956) is an English actor who made his professional debut in 1980. He appeared on television in Last of the Summer Wine as \"Crusher\" Milburn (1984–87), and his film roles include Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End, as Ogilvey aboard the ship Flying Dutchman (2006–07).", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Depp signed on to return as Captain Jack Sparrow in September 2008, saying that he would come back if the script was good.[18] Almost a year later, Disney announced that Depp would be paid $55.5 million for his role, realizing that without him the franchise would be \"dead and buried.\"[19] Geoffrey Rush expressed interest in returning to his role as Barbossa,[20] and Bruckheimer later confirmed his presence.[21] Rush was positive on Barbossa having lost a leg, as he considered the disability made him \"angrier, more forceful and resilient as a character\", and had to work with the stunt team for an accurate portrayal of the limp and usage of crutch, particularly during sword fighting scenes.[22] While the production team considered a prop pegleg to be put over Rush's leg, the tight schedule caused it to be replaced with a blue sock that was replaced digitally, with a knob on the shoe to give Rush a reference for his walk.[23] Three other actors from the previous films returned, Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs, Greg Ellis as Lt. Theodore Groves,[24] and Damian O'Hare as Lt. Gilette.[25] Keith Richards also had a cameo, reprising his role as Captain Teague from At World's End; he and Depp tried to persuade Mick Jagger to audition for the part of a pirate elder.[26] Previous cast members Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley stated that they would not reprise their roles, as they wanted to be involved in different films. They both thought the storyline involving their characters had gone as far as it could.[27][28][29] On August 1, 2009, Bill Nighy expressed his desire to return as Davy Jones, who died in the previous film, saying the possibility to resurrect the character, but at the end, his inclusion was scrapped.[30][31] On February 5, 2010, Mackenzie Crook also announced he would not be reprising his role of Ragetti, stating, \"They haven't asked me. But actually I don't mind that at all. I'm a fan of the first one especially and I think the trilogy we've made is great. I'd almost like them to leave it there.\"[32]", "Ian Mercer. His television and film acting credits include leading roles in Starting Out, (1982), a series made by ATV for schools and written by Grazyna Monvid, Coronation Street (as Gary Mallett and in 1987, Pete Jackson), Shackleton (with Kenneth Branagh), Heartbeat, The Monocled Mutineer, A Touch of Frost, Cracker, Common As Muck, Peak Practice, New Tricks and Master and Commander: The Far Side of the World (with Russell Crowe).[1] In 2009 he appeared in an episode of Doctors and two episodes of Waking the Dead. He appeared as Blackbeard's chief zombie henchman in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. During August and September 2015 he returned to Doctors playing the recurring role of Andy Weston in an ongoing sub-plot.", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). Rossio and Elliot discovered the novel On Stranger Tides during production of Dead Man's Chest and At World's End and decided to use it as the basis for a fourth film. As Gore Verbinski was unavailable, Bruckheimer invited Rob Marshall to direct the film.[28] Elliott and Rossio decided to do a stand-alone film,[29] with a story that would support new characters,[30] and incorporate elements from the novel, such as Blackbeard, the Fountain of Youth and mermaids—the latter two having been already alluded to in the previous films.[31] Depp, Rush, Greg Ellis and Kevin McNally returned to their roles,[32] and the cast saw the additions of Ian McShane as Blackbeard and Penélope Cruz as Angelica, Blackbeard's daughter and Jack Sparrow's love interest.[33] A further addition was Richard Griffiths as King George II of Great Britain. After the costly production of two simultaneous films, Disney tried to scale down the fourth installment, giving a lower budget,[34] which led to cheaper locations and fewer scenes with special effects.[35] It was also filmed in 3D, with cameras similar to the ones used in Avatar.[28]", "Pirates of the Caribbean (film series). In June 2002 Gore Verbinski signed on to direct The Curse of the Black Pearl, and Johnny Depp and Geoffrey Rush signed on the following month to star.[13] Verbinski was attracted to the idea of using modern technology to resurrect a genre, one that had disappeared after the Golden Age of Hollywood, and recalled his childhood memories of the ride, feeling the film was an opportunity to pay tribute to the \"scary and funny\" tone of it. Depp was attracted to the story as he found it quirky: rather than trying to find treasure, the crew of the Black Pearl were trying to return it in order to lift their curse; also, the traditional mutiny had already taken place. Verbinski approached Rush for the role of Barbossa, as he knew he would not play it with attempts at complexity, but with a simple villainy that would suit the story's tone.[16] Orlando Bloom read the script after Rush, with whom he was working on Ned Kelly, suggested it to him.[17] Keira Knightley came as a surprise to Verbinski: he had not seen her performance in Bend It Like Beckham and was impressed by her audition.[16] Tom Wilkinson was negotiated with to play Governor Swann,[13] but the role went to Jonathan Pryce, whom Depp idolized.[16]", "Robert Newton. Newton is best remembered for his portrayal of the feverish-eyed Long John Silver in the 1950 film adaptation of Treasure Island, the film that became the standard for screen portrayals of historical pirates. He would continue to portray Blackbeard in 1952 and Long John Silver again in the 1954 film of the same name, which spawned a miniseries in the mid-'50s. Hailing from Dorset in the West Country of Southern England, his exaggeration of his West Country accent is credited with popularising the stereotypical \"pirate voice\".[2][3] Newton has become the \"patron saint\" of the annual International Talk Like a Pirate Day.[4]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides is a 2011 American fantasy swashbuckler film, the fourth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to At World's End (2007). It is the first film in the series not to be directed by Gore Verbinski, being replaced by Rob Marshall. Jerry Bruckheimer again served as producer. The film is technically a stand-alone sequel to the previous installments. In the film, which draws its plot loosely from the novel On Stranger Tides by Tim Powers, Captain Jack Sparrow (Johnny Depp) is joined by Angelica (Penélope Cruz) in his search for the Fountain of Youth, confronting the infamous pirate Blackbeard (Ian McShane). The film was produced by Walt Disney Pictures and released in the United States on May 20, 2011. It was the first film in the series to be released in the Disney Digital 3-D and IMAX 3D formats.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides. Cook resigned in September 2009 after working for Disney for over 38 years.[13] Depp's faith in Pirates of the Caribbean: On Stranger Tides was somewhat shaken after the resignation, with Depp explaining that \"There's a fissure, a crack in my enthusiasm at the moment. It was all born in that office\".[14] Depp also explained Cook was one of the few who accepted his portrayal of Jack Sparrow: \"When things went a little sideways on the first Pirates movie and others at the studio were less than enthusiastic about my interpretation of the character, Dick was there from the first moment. He trusted me\".[14]", "Jonathan Pryce. In April 2003 Pryce returned to the non-musical stage with A Reckoning, written by American dramatist Wesley Moore. The play co-starred Flora Montgomery and after premiering at the Soho Theatre in London was described by The Daily Telegraph as \"one of the most powerful and provocative new American plays to have opened since David Mamet's Oleanna.\"[39] Pryce had a role in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), in which he portrayed a fictional Governor of Jamaica, Weatherby Swann, a film he has described as \"one of those why-not movies.\"[21] After Pirates, Pryce appeared in several large-scale motion pictures, such as De-Lovely (2004), his second musical film, a chronicle of the life of songwriter Cole Porter, for which Kevin Kline and Pryce covered a Porter song called \"Blow, Gabriel, Blow\". The Brothers Grimm (2005), Pryce's third completed film with Terry Gilliam, starred Matt Damon and Heath Ledger, and The New World (2005), in which he had a cameo role as King James I. In 2005, Pryce was nominated for another Olivier Award in the best actor category for his role in the 2004 London production of The Goat or Who is Sylvia?, where he played Martin, a goat-lover who has to face the recriminations of his cheated-on wife, played by his real-life wife Kate Fahy. Pryce's performance was highly praised, but he lost the Olivier to Richard Griffiths.[40][41][42]", "Orlando Bloom. Bloom next starred opposite Keira Knightley and Johnny Depp in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl, which was a blockbuster hit during the summer of 2003. After the success of Pirates, Bloom next took to the screen as Paris, the man who effectively started the Trojan War, in the 2004 Spring blockbuster, Troy opposite Brad Pitt, Eric Bana and Peter O'Toole. He subsequently played the lead roles in Ridley Scott's Kingdom of Heaven and Cameron Crowe's Elizabethtown (both 2005). In 2006, Bloom starred in sequel Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest and in the independently made Haven, of which he was also executive producer. In the same year he was one of the guest stars in the sitcom Extras, in which he portrayed an exaggeratedly arrogant, narcissistic version of himself who had a great loathing for Johnny Depp (his co-star in Pirates of the Caribbean); Bloom pushed for Extras to go further by making his part unlikable, and contributed to the gag about him admiring Depp out of sheer jealousy, that Depp was far more talented than he was, not to mention rated higher than him on the 'top hottest' charts.[20] Also in 2006, Bloom was the most searched male on Google News.[8] As of May 2007, Bloom has appeared in four of the top 15 highest-grossing films of all time.[17]", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. Jim Carrey was considered for the part of Jack Sparrow. However, the production schedule for The Curse of the Black Pearl conflicted with Bruce Almighty. Others considered for the role include Michael Keaton and Christopher Walken.[13] Although Cook had been a strong proponent of adapting Disney's rides into films, the box office failure of The Country Bears (2002) made Michael Eisner attempt to shut down production of Pirates of the Caribbean. However, Verbinski told his concept artists to keep working on the picture, and when Eisner came to visit, the executive was astonished by what had been created.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. In On Stranger Tides, it was thought that they were on the Black Pearl when Blackbeard captured it and magically imprisoned it in a bottle. However, Murtogg and Mullroy return in Dead Men Tell No Tales, as part of Barbossa's crew, they inform Barbossa that his fleet of pirate ships are being destroyed by the Silent Mary, Salazar's ship and crew. After Barbossa's death, they sail on the restored Black Pearl under the command of Jack Sparrow.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. James Norrington, portrayed by Jack Davenport, appears in Curse of the Black Pearl, Dead Man's Chest, and At World's End.", "Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl. The performance of Johnny Depp as Jack Sparrow was particularly praised by critics and audiences alike. Review site PopMatters applauds Depp's performance by saying \"Ingenious and mesmerizing, Johnny Depp embodies the film's essential fantasy, that a pirate's life is exciting and unfettered.\" James Berardinelli of ReelViews also applauds Depp's performance by saying \"Pirates of the Caribbean belongs to Johnny Depp...Take away Depp, and you're left with a derivative and dull motion picture.\"[48]", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Scrum, played by Stephen Graham, is a pirate who appears in On Stranger Tides and Dead Men Tell No Tales.[20]", "Jack Sparrow. On Stranger Tides was first announced on September 28, 2008, during a Disney event at the Kodak Theater. Verbinski did not return to direct the fourth installment and was replaced by Rob Marshall. The movie uses elements from Tim Powers' novel of the same name, particularly Blackbeard and the Fountain of Youth, but the film is not a straight adaptation of the novel.[19]", "Captain Hook. In Rick Ellis' theatrical adaptation of the Barry-Pearson novel, Black Stache (portrayed in the original production by Christian Borle, who won a Tony Award for the role) is a witty, poetical, but psychotic pirate prone to malapropisms and the occasional pratfall. Similar to the Disney film character, Black Stache resembles both a dangerous villain and a comic buffoon. The last of a line of villains, he seeks to become a great villain by fighting a great hero, and finds one in Peter. His hand is cut off not by Peter, but accidentally severed when he slams the lid of a trunk in a fit of a rage.", "List of Pirates of the Caribbean characters. Before the events of the film, Blackbeard captures the Black Pearl. During the attack, Hector Barbossa loses his leg but escapes with his life. Blackbeard uses his magic to shrink the Pearl and her crew, imprisoning them in a glass bottle.", "Cheech & Chong. They also appeared in smaller supporting roles in Graham Chapman's Yellowbeard and Martin Scorsese's After Hours." ]

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[ "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's oceanic divisions, covering 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi) (approximately 20% of the water on the Earth's surface).[1] It is bounded by Asia on the north, on the west by Africa, on the east by Australia, and on the south by the Southern Ocean or, depending on definition, by Antarctica.[2] It is named after India.[3] The Indian Ocean is known as Ratnākara (Sanskrit: रत्नाकर), \"the mine of gems\" in ancient Sanskrit literature, and as Hind Mahāsāgar (Hindi: हिन्द महासागर), in Hindi.", "Indian Ocean. As the youngest of the major oceans,[8] the Indian Ocean has active spreading ridges that are part of the worldwide system of mid-ocean ridges. In the Indian Ocean these spreading ridges meet at the Rodrigues Triple Point with the Central Indian Ridge, including the Carlsberg Ridge, separating the African Plate from the Indian Plate; the Southwest Indian Ridge separating the African Plate form the Antarctic Plate; and the Southeast Indian Ridge separating the Australian Plate from the Antarctic Plate.The Central Ridge runs north on the in-between across of the Arabian Peninsula and Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean covers 70,560,000 km2 (27,240,000 sq mi), including the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf but excluding the Southern Ocean, or 19.5% of the world's oceans; its volume is 264,000,000 km3 (63,000,000 cu mi) or 19.8% of the world's oceans' volume; it has an average depth of 3,741 m (12,274 ft) and a maximum depth of 7,906 m (25,938 ft).[5]", "Indian Ocean. The major choke points include Bab el Mandeb, Strait of Hormuz, the Lombok Strait, the Strait of Malacca and the Palk Strait. Seas include the Gulf of Aden, Andaman Sea, Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, Great Australian Bight, Laccadive Sea, Gulf of Mannar, Mozambique Channel, Gulf of Oman, Persian Gulf, Red Sea and other tributary water bodies. The Indian Ocean is artificially connected to the Mediterranean Sea through the Suez Canal, which is accessible via the Red Sea. All of the Indian Ocean is in the Eastern Hemisphere and the centre of the Eastern Hemisphere is in this ocean.", "Indian Ocean. The borders of the Indian Ocean, as delineated by the International Hydrographic Organization in 1953 included the Southern Ocean but not the marginal seas along the northern rim, but in 2000 the IHO delimited the Southern Ocean separately, which removed waters south of 60째S from the Indian Ocean, but included the northern marginal seas.[4] Meridionally, the Indian Ocean is delimited from the Atlantic Ocean by the 20째 east meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas, and from the Pacific Ocean by the meridian of 146째55'E, running south from the southernmost point of Tasmania. The northernmost extent of the Indian Ocean is approximately 30째 north in the Persian Gulf.", "Indian Ocean. Small islands dot the continental rims. Island nations within the ocean are Madagascar (the world's fourth largest island), Bahrain, Comoros, Maldives, Mauritius, Seychelles and Sri Lanka. The archipelago of Indonesia and the island nation of East Timor border the ocean on the east.", "Indian Ocean. Southern Indian Ocean", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean provides major sea routes connecting the Middle East, Africa, and East Asia with Europe and the Americas. It carries a particularly heavy traffic of petroleum and petroleum products from the oil fields of the Persian Gulf and Indonesia. Large reserves of hydrocarbons are being tapped in the offshore areas of Saudi Arabia, Iran, India, and Western Australia. An estimated 40% of the world's offshore oil production comes from the Indian Ocean.[11] Beach sands rich in heavy minerals, and offshore placer deposits are actively exploited by bordering countries, particularly India, Pakistan, South Africa, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand.", "Borders of the oceans. The Indian Ocean washes upon southern Asia and separates Africa and Australia.", "2018 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD.", "Indian Ocean. Marginal seas, gulfs, bays and straits of the Indian Ocean include:", "Indian Ocean. The Indian Ocean is the warmest ocean in the world. Long-term ocean temperature records show a rapid, continuous warming in the Indian Ocean, at about 0.7–1.2 °C (1.3–2.2 °F) during 1901–2012.[6] Indian Ocean warming is the largest among the tropical oceans, and about 3 times faster than the warming observed in the Pacific. Research indicates that human induced greenhouse warming, and changes in the frequency and magnitude of El Niño events are a trigger to this strong warming in the Indian Ocean.[6]", "Indian Ocean. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 revived European interest in the East, but no nation was successful in establishing trade dominance. Since World War II the United Kingdom was forced to withdraw from the area, to be replaced by India, the USSR, and the United States. The last two tried to establish hegemony[citation needed] by negotiating for naval base sites. Developing countries bordering the ocean, however, seek to have it made a \"zone of peace\"[citation needed] so that they may use its shipping lanes freely. The United Kingdom and United States maintain a military base on Diego Garcia atoll in the middle of the Indian Ocean.", "Indian Ocean. Heading roughly clockwise, the states and territories (in italics) with a coastline on the Indian Ocean (including the Red Sea and Persian Gulf) are:", "Indian Ocean. The Port of Singapore is the busiest port in the Indian Ocean, located in the Strait of Malacca where it meets the Pacific. Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Kochi, Mormugao Port, Mundra, Port Blair, Visakhapatnam, Paradip, Ennore, and Tuticorin are the major Indian ports. South Asian ports include Chittagong in Bangladesh, Colombo, Hambantota and Galle in Sri Lanka, Chabahar in Iran and ports of Karachi, Sindh province and Gwadar, Balochistan province in Pakistan. Aden is a major port in Yemen and controls ships entering the Red Sea. Major African ports on the shores of the Indian Ocean include: Mombasa (Kenya), Dar es Salaam, Zanzibar (Tanzania), Durban, East London, Richard's Bay (South Africa), Beira (Mozambique), and Port Louis (Mauritius). Zanzibar is especially famous for its spice export. Other major ports in the Indian Ocean include Muscat (Oman), Yangon (Burma), Jakarta, Medan (Indonesia), Fremantle (port servicing Perth, Australia) and Dubai (UAE).", "Ocean fisheries. The Arabian Sea is a region of the Indian Ocean bounded on the east by India, on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by Arabian Peninsula, on the south, approximately, by a line between Cape Guardafui, the north-east point of Somalia, Socotra and Kanyakumari (Cape Comorin) in India.", "Islands of Africa. There are four sovereign island nations located in the Indian Ocean: Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius and Seychelles. These countries have interrelated histories and populations over hundreds of years of interaction. These islands, in addition to the French territories of Réunion and Mayotte make up the membership of the Indian Ocean Commission.", "Indian Ocean. The history of the Indian Ocean is marked by maritime trade; cultural and commercial exchange probably date back at least seven thousand years.[14] During this period, independent, short-distance oversea communications along its littoral margins have evolved into an all-embracing network. The début of this network was not the achievement of a centralised or advanced civilisation but of local and regional exchange in the Persian Gulf, the Red Sea, and Arabian Sea. Sherds of Ubaid (2500–500 BCE) pottery have been found in the western Gulf at Dilmun, present-day Bahrain; traces of exchange between this trading centre and Mesopotamia. Sumerian traded grain, pottery, and bitumen (used for reed boats) for copper, stone, timber, tin, dates, onions, and pearls.[15] Coast-bound vessels transported goods between the Harappa civilisation (2600–1900 BCE) in India (modern-day Pakistan and Gujarat in India) and the Persian Gulf and Egypt.[14]", "Indian Ocean. Unlike the Pacific Ocean where the civilization of the Polynesians reached most of the far flung islands and atolls and populated them, almost all the islands, archipelagos and atolls of the Indian Ocean were uninhabited until colonial times. Although there were numerous ancient civilizations in the coastal states of Asia and parts of Africa, the Maldives were the only island group in the Central Indian Ocean region where an ancient civilization flourished.[18] Maldivian ships used the Indian Monsoon Current to travel to the nearby coasts.[19]", "Indian Ocean. An Indian Ocean garbage patch was discovered in 2010 covering at least 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). Riding the southern Indian Ocean Gyre, this vortex of plastic garbage constantly circulates the ocean from Australia to Africa, down the Mozambique Channel, and back to Australia in a period of six years, except for debris that get indefinitely stuck in the centre of the gyre.", "Indian Ocean. A series of ridges and seamount chains produced by hotspots pass over the Indian Ocean. The Réunion hotspot (active 70–40 million years ago) connects Réunion and the Mascarene Plateau to the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge and the Deccan Traps in north-western India; the Kerguelen hotspot (100–35 million years ago) connects the Kerguelen Islands and Kerguelen Plateau to the Ninety East Ridge and the Rajmahal Traps in north-eastern India; the Marion hotspot (100–70 million years ago) possibly connects Prince Edward Islands to the Eighty Five East Ridge.[9] These hotspot tracks have been broken by the still active spreading ridges mentioned above.", "Boundaries between the continents of Earth. The Seychelles, Mauritius, and Comoros are island nations in the Indian Ocean associated with Africa. The island of Socotra may be considered African as it lies on this continent's shelf, but is part of Yemen, an Asian country.", "2017 North Indian Ocean cyclone season. The scope of this article is limited to the Indian Ocean in the Northern Hemisphere, east of the Horn of Africa and west of the Malay Peninsula. There are two main seas in the North Indian Ocean — the Arabian Sea to the west of the Indian subcontinent, abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD); and the Bay of Bengal to the east, abbreviated BOB by the IMD. The official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre in this basin is the IMD, while the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) releases unofficial advisories. On average, three to four cyclonic storms form in this basin every season.[1][2]", "Indian Ocean. Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, an Alexandrian guide to the world beyond the Red Sea — including Africa and India — from the first century CE, not only gives insights into trade in the region but also shows that Roman and Greek sailors had already gained knowledge about the monsoon winds.[14] The contemporaneous settlement of Madagascar by Indonesian sailors shows that the littoral margins of the Indian Ocean were being both well-populated and regularly traversed at least by this time. Albeit the monsoon must have been common knowledge in the Indian Ocean for centuries.[14]", "Indian Ocean. Deep water circulation is controlled primarily by inflows from the Atlantic Ocean, the Red Sea, and Antarctic currents. North of 20° south latitude the minimum surface temperature is 22 °C (72 °F), exceeding 28 °C (82 °F) to the east. Southward of 40° south latitude, temperatures drop quickly.", "Indian Ocean. Among the few large rivers flowing into the Indian Ocean are the Zambezi, Shatt al-Arab, Indus, Godavari, Krishna, Narmada, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Jubba and Irrawaddy. The ocean's currents are mainly controlled by the monsoon. Two large gyres, one in the northern hemisphere flowing clockwise and one south of the equator moving anticlockwise (including the Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current), constitute the dominant flow pattern. During the winter monsoon, however, currents in the north are reversed.", "North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone. The Arabian Sea is a sea located in the northwest of the Indian Ocean. Tropical cyclones in the basin are abbreviated ARB by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre (RSMC) of the basin. The Arabian Sea's coast is shared among India, Yemen, Oman, Iran, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and Somalia.[2] Monsoons are characteristic of the Arabian Sea and responsible for the yearly cycling of its waters. In summer, strong winds blow from the southwest to the northeast, bringing rain to the Indian subcontinent. During the winter, the winds are milder and blow in the opposite direction, from the northeast to the southwest.[2] Cyclones are rare in the Arabian Sea, but the basin can produce strong tropical cyclones. Super Cyclonic Storm Gonu was the strongest recorded tropical cyclone in the basin.[3][4] [5] However, storms typically do not reach a high intensity in the Arabian Sea due to the small amount of water, dry air coming from the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, and unfavorable wind shear from the monsoon.[6]", "Indian Ocean. The world's earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia (beginning with Sumer), ancient Egypt, and the Indian subcontinent (beginning with the Indus Valley civilization), which began along the valleys of the Tigris-Euphrates, Nile and Indus rivers respectively, all developed around the Indian Ocean. Civilizations soon arose in Persia (beginning with Elam) and later in Southeast Asia (beginning with Funan).", "Indian Ocean. From 1405 to 1433 Admiral Zheng He led large fleets of the Ming Dynasty on several treasure voyages through the Indian Ocean, ultimately reaching the coastal countries of East Africa.[20]", "Indian Ocean. Among the tropical oceans, the western Indian Ocean hosts one of the largest concentration of phytoplankton blooms in summer, due to the strong monsoon winds. The monsoonal wind forcing leads to a strong coastal and open ocean upwelling, which introduces nutrients into the upper zones where sufficient light is available for photosynthesis and phytoplankton production. These phytoplankton blooms support the marine ecosystem, as the base of the marine food web, and eventually the larger fish species. The Indian Ocean accounts for the second largest share of the most economically valuable tuna catch.[10] Its fish are of great and growing importance to the bordering countries for domestic consumption and export. Fishing fleets from Russia, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan also exploit the Indian Ocean, mainly for shrimp and tuna.[11]", "Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea, also known as Sea of Oman, is a region of the northern Indian Ocean bounded on the north by Pakistan and Iran, on the west by the Gulf of Aden, Guardafui Channel and the Arabian Peninsula, and on the east by India. Historically the sea has been known by other names including the Erythraean Sea. Its total area is 3,862,000 km2 (1,491,000 sq mi) and its maximum depth is 4,652 metres (15,262 ft). The Gulf of Aden in the west, connects the Arabian Sea to the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-el-Mandeb, and the Gulf of Oman is in the northwest, connecting it to the Persian Gulf.", "Indian Ocean. The ocean's continental shelves are narrow, averaging 200 kilometres (120 mi) in width. An exception is found off Australia's western coast, where the shelf width exceeds 1,000 kilometres (620 mi). The average depth of the ocean is 3,890 m (12,762 ft). Its deepest point is Diamantina Deep in Diamantina Trench, at 8,047 m (26,401 ft) deep; Sunda Trench has a depth of 7,258–7,725 m (23,812–25,344 ft). North of 50° south latitude, 86% of the main basin is covered by pelagic sediments, of which more than half is globigerina ooze. The remaining 14% is layered with terrigenous sediments. Glacial outwash dominates the extreme southern latitudes." ]

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[ "Sheila Carter. Sheila Carter is a fictional character from The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful, American soap operas on the CBS network. Created by William J. Bell, the role was introduced in 1990 — by Edward J. Scott — under the portrayal of Kimberlin Brown, who portrayed the role for many intervals on both soaps until 2006. That same year, Michelle Stafford took over the role, after Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers. Brown returned to the role of Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful, beginning on June 9, 2017.", "Sheila Carter. In June 2017, Kimberlin Brown reprised her role as Sheila on The Bold and the Beautiful.[11] Executive producer Brad Bell announced Brown had been signed to a one-year deal with the serial.[12]", "Sheila Carter. The role was portrayed by Kimberlin Brown for a total of 16 years. Her first run was on The Young and the Restless from May 1990 to May 20, 1992,[1] when the character crossed over to The Bold and the Beautiful from May 21, 1992, to October 2, 1998, again from May 24 to November 5, 2002, and again finally from September 26 to October 10, 2003.[1] Despite being a regular cast member on The Bold and the Beautiful, Brown returned to The Young and the Restless for several guest appearances beginning on October 27, 1992. Brown departed on November 5, 1992, and reappeared for one episode on December 23, 1992. She continued making appearance from January 7 to 14, 1993, February 19, 1993, to March 2, 1993, October 11, 1993, October 19 to 27, 1993, January 12, 1994, and February 28, 1995, until March 2, 1995.", "Sheila Carter. In 2009, reports speculated that Brown would reprise the role again on The Bold and the Beautiful,[9] which was followed by more rumors speculating a return to The Young and the Restless.[10] \"I actually got a call from [B&B head writer and executive producer] Brad Bell a while back asking if I'd be interested in coming back, and I said, 'Sure!' The thing with daytime is that the storylines are [written] so far in advance, you just never know when [you might be needed],\" Brown said at the time.[10] When asked where her alter-ego may be \"hiding out\", Brown said: \"I am still getting healthy from my car accident. Right now, Sheila is hiding out in North Carolina—playing golf. But don't worry: Sheila always comes back!\"[10]", "Sheila Carter. Sheila returns to Genoa City (on The Young and the Restless) after being unseen for ten years, and begins terrorizing Lauren once again, by indirectly turning her now-adult son Scott (Blair Redford) against her, under the alias Brenda Harris. It is soon revealed that the woman in the psychiatric hospital who was believed to be Sheila is actually Sugar — Sheila had tricked her into having plastic surgery in order to look just like Sheila, and then turned Sugar in to the police. Meanwhile, the real Sheila develops another persona, Jennifer Mitchell, by wearing a fake nose, wig, and speaking in a British accent. She allies with Tom Fisher (Roscoe Born), who helps her in her scheme to poison Lauren with a necklace that Scott offers to his mother as a gift. In exchange, Tom has Sheila manipulate his estranged wife Gloria Abbott (Judith Chapman) into giving him money and later bailing him out of prison.", "Michelle Stafford. In July 2000, Stafford was brought back to the soap opera by former head writer Kay Alden.[7] From December 2006 to February 2007, Stafford played dual roles on Y&R, portraying Sheila Carter, formerly played by Kimberlin Brown (Sheila had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis).[8] In May 2013, it was announced that Stafford would be exiting the soap opera after sixteen years in the role.[9] Stafford later confirmed that her final scenes would air sometime that August.[10] Stafford exited the series on August 2, 2013.[11]", "Sheila Carter. In July 2005, after a 10-year absence from The Young and the Restless, it was announced that Brown was to reprise the role.[2] At the time, Brown had been appearing on ABC's One Life to Live as Paige Miller, and Brown reportedly opted to leave the role when ABC was unable to match the financial terms of a contract offered to her by CBS.[2] She returned on August 5, 2005,[3] and her run ended on January 11, 2006.[4] However, that December, the character returned,[5] though not portrayed by Brown, but by Michelle Stafford,[6] who in addition portrayed Phyllis Summers. For the reason of Brown not returning to the role, the actress said: \"I had a bad accident last year, and when they wanted me back in November, I really couldn't go at that time, and that's why I came back looking like somebody else.\"[7] Stafford only portrayed the role for two months until February 9, 2007,[8] when Sheila was shot by her longtime enemy Lauren Fenmore and presumed dead.", "Sheila Carter. Sheila was introduced on The Young and the Restless in 1990 as she relocated to Genoa City from Michigan. Sheila was a nurse who worked at Genoa City Memorial Hospital and immediately fell in love with the married Dr. Scott Grainger. Her feelings for Scott quickly turned from infatuation to obsession. In order to steal him away from his wife Lauren Fenmore, Sheila drugged him and had sex with him, resulting in a pregnancy. At the same time Lauren also became pregnant by Scott but didn't tell him. When the truth about the father of Sheila's baby came out, Scott felt obligated, so he thus divorced Lauren and married Sheila.", "Sheila MacRae. Sheila MacRae (born Sheila Margaret Stevens; 24 September 1921 – 6 March 2014)[1] was an English-born American actress, singer, and dancer.", "The Young and the Restless. With the success of another iconic character, Kimberlin Brown's Sheila Carter, Bell made daytime drama history in 1992 by successfully crossing her over from The Young and the Restless to his second soap, The Bold and the Beautiful. The success of the crossover was due, in part, to the creativity of Bell, as the nefarious character of Sheila was presumed to have died in a fire on The Young and the Restless.", "The Young and the Restless characters (1990s). Molly Carter first appeared in March 7, 1991 on The Young and the Restless the mother of Sheila Carter, portrayed by Marilyn Alex. The character departed Y&R in 1993, and returned again briefly in 1995. From October to November 1992, the character appeared on its sister soap The Bold and the Beautiful. The character returned to B&B in April 1994, and again from January 23, 1997 to April 27, 1998.[6][7]", "Sheila Carter. Sheila (Brown) returns to Los Angeles in June 2017. When she attempts to leave Katie Logan (Heather Tom)'s home without being noticed, Quinn Forrester (Rena Sofer) hears her leaving, immediately asking who she is. Introducing herself as a friend of the Logan family, Sheila reveals herself to Katie, making for her assistance in making amends with those she had wronged in Los Angeles. Startled by her arrival, Katie immediately alerts Eric of Sheila's re-appearance; arriving at Katie's and believing that Sheila is the one who shot at Quinn, Eric escorts Sheila to the police station, and has her arrested for violating an order of protection he had previously filed years prior. When it is revealed that Deacon Sharpe (Sean Kanan) is the one who was targeting Quinn, Eric extends an olive branch to Sheila, welcoming her back to the Forrester estate, much to the disapproval of Quinn and Ridge (Thorsten Kaye). Sheila immediately begins to dig into the life of Eric, rooting herself into his marriage with Quinn. After scheming with Forrester security officer, Charlie Webber, Sheila exposes Quinn's affair with Ridge. As Sheila comforts and supports an emotionally hurt Eric, she is confronted by Steffy Forrester (Jacqueline MacInnes Wood), who — believing Sheila to be armed — shoots her in Eric's hotel room, but she survives, only sustaining a flesh wound. Sheila continues to insinuate herself into Eric's life, faking a concussion after a catfight with Quinn to manipulate Eric into letting her stay in the Forrester mansion. Sheila blackmails her ex-husband, James Warwick, into lying about the severity of her condition.", "Sheila Reid. Sheila Reid (born 21 December 1937) is a Scottish actress, known for playing Madge Harvey in the ITV sitcom Benidorm (2007–16). An original member of the Royal National Theatre in 1963, she played Bianca in the National's 1965 film version of Othello, with Laurence Olivier in the title role. Her other film appearances include Brazil (1985), The Winter Guest (1997) and Containment (2015).", "Sheila Carter. In 1992, Sheila is reintroduced on The Bold and the Beautiful and she quickly worms her way into fashion CEO Eric Forrester (John McCook)'s life by becoming the company nurse at Forrester Creations in Los Angeles, as well as working as Rick Forrester's nanny (after staging an accident that leaves the former nanny, Judy, hospitalized, and later threatening Judy and her family). Sheila and Eric fall in love and are eventually engaged, which angers Eric's ex-wife Stephanie Forrester (Susan Flannery), who suspects Sheila is a gold digger and a liar. To Sheila's dismay, Eric's most recent ex-wife Brooke Logan Forrester (Katherine Kelly Lang) is pregnant with a child that may either belong to Eric or his son Ridge Forrester (Ronn Moss). After Bridget Forrester is born, Sheila manipulates the paternity test so that everyone will believe Ridge is the father. Security guard Mike Guthrie (Ken Hanes) catches her in the act and after threatening to blackmail her with the details, Sheila sets loose a vicious dog to attack him.", "Sheila MacRae. In her first continuing role on television,[2] between 1966 and 1970, MacRae played Alice Kramden on 52 episodes of The Jackie Gleason Show, taking over the role from Audrey Meadows. She went on to have her own short-lived television series (The Sheila MacRae Show), and to play Madelyn Richmond on the long-running soap opera General Hospital.", "Sheila Kuehl. Having landed the role at the age of eight Kuehl (billed as Sheila James) starred with radio and film veterans Penny Singleton, Gale Gordon, Bea Benaderet, and Jim Backus on the family radio program The Penny Williamson Show airing live from Studio B of the NBC studios in Hollywood.[6][7] Airing in the adjacent studios was the popular drama The Cisco Kid and The Bob Hope Show with Doris Day (whom Kuehl admired). Kuehl would later cite her interaction with the other NBC radio talent as influential in forming her professionalism and comedy skills.[7] The show centred around Singleton playing Penny Williamson a widow selling real estate in a small town to support two daughters (played by Kuehl and Mary Lee Robb). The show was \"a light-hearted pitch for women's liberation, portraying Penny and her daughters as highly competent, self-sufficient females\" dealing with bungling suitors competing for Penny's affections.[8]", "Danielle Bisutti. Born and raised in Los Angeles, California, Bisutti attended California State University, Fullerton, where she received a BA in Acting and Musical Theatre. While attending CSUF, she was nominated several times for Best Actress in the Irene Ryan Competition and took the runner-up position at The Lincoln Center Theatre in NYC. Michael Butler noticed Bisutti’s talent when he saw her performing the role of Sheila in a California production of Hair and brought the cast to Chicago to perform at the Democratic National Convention along with a five-week run at The New Athenaeum Theatre. Bisutti’s other theatre credits include Reno Sweeny in Anything Goes, Maggie in Boy's Life, Yelena in Uncle Vanya, Victoria/Jane in Noël Coward’s Tonight at 8:30, Fastranda in Pippin, and Ophelia in Hamlet.", "List of Red vs. Blue characters. Sheila is one of the many copies of the F.I.L.S.S. (Freelancer Integrated Logistics and Security System, pronounced \"Phyllis\") AI. In The Blood Gulch Chronicles Sheila appears primarily as the AI of the Blue Team's tank. In seasons 9-10, the original F.I.L.S.S. system is shown running training programs, security and databases. Unlike the Alpha, Sheila/F.I.L.S.S. is not a \"smart AI\", meaning that she was programmed rather than based on a person. She is usually friendly and cheerful but sometimes defensive. Yomary Cruz voices both versions of the character.", "The Young and the Restless characters (2010). Sarah Smythe first appeared on April 19, 2010, portrayed by Tracey E. Bregman, who also portrays Lauren Baldwin, of whom Sarah is a doppelgänger. Sarah is the sister of Sheila Carter, Lauren's longtime nemesis. The character's creation was first announced in early April 2010. In an interview with TV Guide Magazine actress Tracey E. Bregman stated \"I think it’d be too easy to kill Lauren. Sarah really wants Lauren to suffer because Sarah has suffered so much. In Sarah’s mind, Sheila was murdered in cold blood by Lauren. Also, Sarah had to raise Sheila’s children because Sheila was always so obsessed with Lauren that she wasn’t around to raise her kids properly.\"[1] Bregman also noted that Sarah was \"setting up this revenge\" and was as powerful as Sheila.[1]", "Carrie Brady. The role has garnered attention for Clark who was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress at the Daytime Emmy's in 1997, and again in 1998.[6] She won a Soap Opera Digest Award with co-star Austin Peck for Hottest Romance in 1997. She was also nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1990, and Nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1989.[6]", "Carrie Brady. The role has garnered attention for Clark who was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress at the Daytime Emmy's in 1997, and again nominated in 1998. She won a Soap Opera Digest Award with co-star Austin Peck for Hottest Romance in 1997. She was also nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1990, and Nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1989.", "Sheila Carter. Sheila is often considered to be one of the most popular villains in daytime.[16][17] Kimberlin Brown was nominated for a Daytime Emmy in the role as Outstanding Supporting Actress in 1993. With the global success of The Bold and the Beautiful, Sheila is arguably the most recognisable soap opera villain in the world.", "Sheila Carter. At the \"party,\" Sheila tells everyone in attendance how they had personally wronged her, and threatens to kill them. Holding a gun to Stephanie, Sheila has a change of heart when the others step in front of her, and swallows a bottle of poison. Having survived, Sheila is placed in a psychiatric hospital, under the care of Dr. Brian Carey (Kin Shriner), but does not remain there for long, despite Stephanie's attempts to keep her there. Sheila tries to revive her friendship with Brooke, who sides with her at first, but later wants nothing to do with her. She begins dating neighbor Grant Chambers (Charles Grant), and later her psychiatrist, James Warwick. She continues to see James at this time, and memories of her abusive childhood are revealed. Sheila confesses that she murdered her father by poisoning him.", "Julie Berman. Berman earned her first Daytime Emmy nomination in 2007, and won her first Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Younger Actress in 2009. She won her second consecutive Emmy in 2010 in the same category. Berman departed her role as Lulu in 2013,[7] and was replaced by The Young and the Restless actress Emme Rylan[8] In 2013, Berman won her third Emmy, but in the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress category.[9]", "Sheila Carter. As a reluctant Erica is about to carry out her mother's plan, Rick's brother Ridge bursts in and exposes Erica's true identity. Rick kicks Erica out, but not before Sheila kidnaps Amber, who is stunned to learn that Erica is really Mary Warwick. Sheila stages a crime scene and drags Amber off to her apartment. Massimo Marone (Joseph Mascolo), who had been romantically involved with Sheila for a short time, gets a call from her, and Stephanie recognizes her voice. The two track Sheila and Amber down. Sheila then flees and holds Eric and Taylor Hayes Forrester (Hunter Tylo) hostage at the mansion. But when Brooke walks into the room, a struggle ensues in which Taylor and Brooke are shot. Brooke survives her wounds, whereas Taylor succumbs (a few years later, Taylor was revealed to still be alive). Sheila is arrested and subsequently confronted by her daughter, who condemns Sheila's actions and wants nothing to do with her. Sheila is jailed for her crimes but soon escapes with the help of a sympathetic warden named Sugar (Robin Mattson).", "List of Red vs. Blue characters. In Project Freelancer, F.I.L.S.S. assisted the Director on the flagship Mother of Invention and various other freelancer bases. She appears to be a close companion of the Freelancers as they greet her when they return from their missions. One subroutine becomes Sheila the tank. In Season 10, in the present day, the same abandoned facility from earlier had become Director's hideout. There she spends her days constantly repeating a video of Allison. After Carolina and Church left the Director, he ordered F.I.L.S.S. to delete everything, including her, except the video. Before deletion, they both express the honor of serving each other.", "Sheila Carter. Months later: it is revealed that Sheila Carter is still alive, had plastic surgery to look like Phyllis Summers Newman (Michelle Stafford), and that Paul Williams had been hiding the fact that he had been keeping her locked in a cage she had constructed in an abandoned warehouse. Ultimately, Sheila is determined to escape and take Phyllis's place in order to infiltrate Michael and Lauren's lives. Sheila is accidentally freed from the prison she created for Lauren by Maggie Sullivan, Paul's girlfriend. After acting as a kidnap victim and pleading for Maggie's help, Maggie sets her free but Sheila chokes her unconscious, steals her gun, and then shoots her, but Maggie survives.", "Sheila Carter. Sheila meets Maggie Forrester (Barbara Crampton), whom she befriends. The two are amazed to discover they both have ties to the same family. When Stephanie attempts to take Brooke's children, however, Sheila poisons her by replacing her medication with mercury pills, and ultimately frames Maggie for the crime. Maggie, later realizing who was behind the poisoning, fights with Sheila and accidentally pushes her onto a fire poker, seriously injuring her. Sheila also makes an enemy of Forrester Creations' rival, Sally Spectra (Darlene Conley) who defends Stephanie to her, thus planting the seeds of the eventual friendship between Stephanie and Sally. After the fire poker incident, Sheila sets her sights on proving to James that she has changed for the better, in the hopes that he will fall in love with her. However, James has feelings for Maggie instead. Maggie goes to Sheila's house to inform her that she needs to find a new therapist, because Maggie wouldn't allow her to see James anymore. As Maggie taunts her, Sheila snaps and nearly chokes Maggie to death. Mike later kidnaps her and holds her prisoner at an amusement park. Sheila, wanting to prove to James that she had changed, agrees to release Maggie.", "Lauren Fenmore. In 2007, the character killed a woman claiming to be Sheila in self-defense. Lauren also has a long-running romantic history with Michael Baldwin (Christian LeBlanc), whom she married in 2005. They share a son together, Fenmore Baldwin (Max Ehrich). In 2010, Bregman portrayed dual roles as Lauren and Sheila's previously unheard of sister, Sarah Smythe, who was also killed by Lauren in self-defense. In 2013, after twelve years on a recurring status, Bregman was placed back on contract with the series. The actress has been positively received for her portrayal, which has garnered numerous Daytime Emmy Award and Soap Opera Digest Award nominations.", "Sheila Kuehl. After Dobie Gillis ended its run, Kuehl (as \"Sheila James\") co-starred with Kathleen Nolan, formerly of The Real McCoys, in the short-lived ABC television series Broadside, a female version of McHale's Navy, in its 1964-65 season.", "Sheila Carter. Sheila is known as a villain. A significant portion of Sheila's history on both soaps revolves around her long-running conflict with Lauren Fenmore, whom she has attempted to kill on multiple occasions. She has also had conflicts with Stephanie Forrester, Maggie Forrester, Amber Moore, Taylor Hayes, Brooke Logan, Phyllis Summers and Quinn Fuller.", "List of GLOW characters. Sheila the She-Wolf (Gayle Rankin) is an antisocial woman who wears heavy black eye makeup and has a savage personality. She claims to have an acute sense of smell and hearing, hence being a light sleeper. She also says that she is spiritually a wolf and has been using her persona for at least five years. Sheila actually has blond hair underneath her thick black wig, but she refuses to break kayfabe even in everyday life. Aside from wrestling, Sheila is in charge of audio production. She can play the keyboard, but is limited to \"Theme of Exodus\".[5]" ]

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[ "Zack Morris. Zack Morris is a fictional character from the sitcoms Good Morning, Miss Bliss; Saved by the Bell; Saved by the Bell: The College Years; and Saved by the Bell: The New Class. He is portrayed by Mark-Paul Gosselaar. Though the character appeared in several different television programs, Gosselaar made a concerted effort to keep the character fundamentally the same through its various incarnations.[3]", "Mark-Paul Gosselaar. On June 8, 2009, Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in character as Zack Morris to promote his show Raising the Bar, indicating that the name Mark-Paul Gosselaar is his stage name and declaring, as Zack, that he would participate in a Saved by the Bell \"Class\" reunion that is being spearheaded by Fallon. He has since agreed to participate in the reunion being organized by Jimmy Fallon on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon along with four fellow castmembers to date.[13] On February 4, 2015, Gosselaar reunited with Mario Lopez, Elizabeth Berkley, Dennis Haskins and Tiffani Thiessen on The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where they appeared in a Saved by the Bell sketch with Fallon.[14][15][16]", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. In Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas, Screech attends Zack and Kelly's wedding. He served as Zack's best man in the wedding along with Slater. This is mentioned in an episode of Saved by the Bell: The New Class, which aired around the time of the movie's release.", "Zack Morris. Zack demonstrates a flair for business throughout his teen years. However, in many subjects, notably history and literature, he is often seen receiving poor grades or displaying a lack of interest. Despite this, Zack achieves a very high score of 1502 on his SAT[4][5] and gets accepted to Yale in his senior year. At the end of Saved by the Bell, Zack is planning on going to Yale. However, in Saved by the Bell: The College Years, we see Zack attending Cal U, along with Screech, Slater, who had originally planned on attending Iowa to join their wrestling program), and later on, Kelly, who joined the cast after the pilot episode. Their dorm was a suite, with the three guys in one room, three girls in another room and a common area in-between. The girls originally assigned to share the suite with them were Alex Tabor, an aspiring actress, Leslie Burke, the daughter of a major university donor and Danielle Marks, the daughter of a federal judge.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Derek Morris (portrayed by John Sanderford[2]) is the father of Zack. He is a businessman who spends little time with his son. He is very strict and opposed at first for Zack to marry Kelly in the TV Movie Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas.", "Mark-Paul Gosselaar. Gosselaar first came to public notice as the star of the hit television comedy series Saved by the Bell, in which he played Zack Morris, and which aired on NBC from 1989 to 1993. His character was adapted from the short-lived Disney Channel sitcom Good Morning, Miss Bliss; although that show was cancelled after one season, NBC executives believed that a similar show, with Zack Morris as the series lead, had potential for success. He reprised the role in two TV movies and a less-successful spin-off, Saved by the Bell: The College Years. In 1994, he appeared as Zack Morris in a second spin-off series Saved by the Bell: The New Class in the episode \"Goodbye, Bayside – Part 2\", along with Mario López as A.C. Slater and Lark Voorhies as Lisa Turtle.", "Mark-Paul Gosselaar. Mark-Paul Harry Gosselaar (/ˈɡɒslər/;[1] born March 1, 1974) is an American actor. He is known for his television roles as Zack Morris in Saved by the Bell, Detective John Clark in NYPD Blue, and Peter Bash in Franklin & Bash.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Chief Henry (portrayed by Dehl Berti) is an American Indian (in \"Running Zack\" [2.13]) with whom Zack bonds during his family history project. Zack initially tries to skip the project because he has a big track meet coming up, and later gives an insulting presentation that leads the teacher to refer him to the Chief. While they quickly become good friends, Henry dies suddenly, with Zack lamenting that they had hardly had time to get to know each other. Later, Henry's ghost appears to Zack, giving him a gift and encouraging him to run at the school track meet.", "Zack Morris. On June 8, 2009, Gosselaar appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, as part of Fallon's long-running effort to reunite the cast of Saved by the Bell on his show in character as Zack Morris. In the interview, Zack explains that he relocated to Los Angeles and became an actor, assuming the stage name \"Mark-Paul Gosselaar\" because there was another Zack Morris already registered with the Screen Actors Guild. His marriage to Kelly also failed when she \"moved to a different ZIP code\" but that they remained on good terms. Zack engaged in several of his trademark bits such as calling \"time out\".", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Mr. Belding's most frequent nemesis is Zack Morris; however, throughout the series, it is abundantly clear the two like and respect each other, arguably because in \"Save the Max\" it is revealed that when Belding was a student himself he was a disc jockey and one who would rebel against school authority, prompting the comment that he was \"the Zack Morris of the 1960s\". On at least one occasion, Belding has even called Zack Morris \"the son [he] never had\". A small joke was also that Belding was open about his past failures with women prior to his marriage, such as when he was in the U.S. Army and in love with a North Vietnamese girl, where \"even she was with the enemy!\" Belding's family has appeared in the series on many occasions. The most frequent appearances were by his infant son, named in honor of Zack. When Belding's wife (Becky) went into labor in an elevator, Zack Morris, along with classmate Tori Scott, helped deliver him.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Heather (portrayed by Christine Taylor) is a brief love interest of Zack's (in \"S.A.T.'s\" [3.17]). Zack sits behind her while taking the test and invites her over to study when she shows interest in him after he scored 1502 on his S.A.T.'s, although things go downhill for Zack when she invites her boyfriend Bob over for some study help too.", "Saved by the Bell: The New Class. Scott Erickson, played by Robert Sutherland Telfer, is the school's schemer in the mold of his predecessor, Zack Morris. He is also a transfer student from rival Valley High School. As Zack had done in the original series, Scott broke the \"fourth wall\" by addressing the audience. Early episodes featured Scott vying for the affection of Lindsay, the girlfriend of the school's jock, \"Tommy D\" in a manner very similar to the original series' early rivalry between Zack and Slater for the affections of Kelly. (Season 1)", "Elizabeth Berkley. During Berkley's guest appearance on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in June 2009, her Saved by the Bell co-star Mark-Paul Gosselaar – as Zack Morris[25] – expressed his desire to take part in Jimmy Fallon's \"class reunion\" of the show's original cast members and revealed that Berkley has also agreed to take part in the reunion.[26] Dennis Haskins, Lark Voorhies, Mario Lopez, Elizabeth Berkley and Mark-Paul Gosselaar agreed to a reunion.[27][28] Gosselaar reprised his role as Zack Morris on Late Night on June 8, 2009, while promoting his then current TNT drama, Raising the Bar. The spoof interview closed with a performance of \"Friends Forever\" originally by Zack Attack, where Zack played guitar and sang with backing from Fallon's house band, the Roots. Tiffani Thiessen posted a parody video to the online website Funny or Die, where she said she was just too busy to join in a reunion.[29]", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. In Saved by the Bell: The College Years, Slater is accepted into California University, along with Zack, Screech, and Kelly as suite mates and begins dating Alex Taber, one of Kelly's roommates. While there, Slater continues his passion for wrestling and works in the University's main restaurant. Along with Screech, Slater serves as Zack's best man at his wedding to Kelly in Las Vegas in Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas. Slater makes two return guest appearances in Saved by the Bell: The New Class, firstly in \"Goodbye, Bayside\" Part 2, along with Zack and Lisa when a millionaire alumnus J. Walter McMillan plans to buy the school and tear it down for the purpose of constructing a condo, and in \"Fire at the Max: Part 2\", where he reminisces on fond memories he had with his friends at the diner, after it was accidentally burned down by student Ryan Parker, who forgot to turn off the Christmas lights.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Danielle (Julie St. Claire) is a girl that Zack dates for one episode (\"Fake I.D.'s\"). Zack meets Danielle at the Max after she gets a flat tire. She attempts to use the occupied pay phone, so Zack allows her to use his cell phone. He then changes the flat tire after the tow truck company says it would take an hour. Danielle is a student at USC, so Zack lies and tells her he was also a Trojan. He continues to lie, telling her that he is a Photojournalism major, and the reason that she never saw him on campus is because he is always in the dark room working on a project. However, Danielle ditches Zack upon learning he lied to her.", "Zack Morris. In Saved by the Bell, Zack breaks the fourth wall on numerous occasions. During many episodes, he would introduce the episode, or speak his opinion on different topics, such as Slater, Kelly, etc. Usually when he is notably worried about something Zack says \"Time Out\", and make a motion with his hands similar to a basketball player requesting a time out from the referee, and everyone around him freezes. Immediately after, Zack usually offers his opinion, and says \"Time In!\" when he is finished, and the episode continues.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. At the start of freshman year in Saved by the Bell, Slater arrives as a transfer student, immediately making an enemy of Zack Morris by attempting to make a move on Kelly Kapowski. Both boys end up in detention after schemes to be with Kelly backfire on both of them. While in detention, Slater reveals to Zack that he had transferred in and out of various schools throughout his life due to his father being a Major in the army. Their mutual understanding of a father putting something else before his son would serve as the ice breaker between the two (Zack's own father was too busy with his job and never paid attention to him or his academics). By the end of the first season, Zack and Slater find themselves bonding over similar social standing, popularity among women, and athletic ability. During Season 2, the rivalry between the two is toned down, and they begin to become friends. Slater grew into the habit of calling Zack \"Preppie\" which he at first intended as an ongoing insult, but once they became friends, Slater used the term as an affectionate nickname for Zack. Slater goes on to date feminist Jessie Spano on and off for the remainder of High School.", "Saved by the Bell. In casting Good Morning, Miss Bliss, Peter Engel knew the success of the show would not hinge on Miss Bliss herself, but on her students. Engel particularly envisioned one character, Zack Morris, who \"would be that incorrigible kid who could lie to your face, letting you know very well that he's lying, and make you love him for it all the same.\"[4] Engel insisted that the show could not go on without Zack Morris, but he turned out to be one of the most difficult characters to cast. Engel's casting director, Shana Landsburg, finally happened across fourteen-year old Mark-Paul Gosselaar and was immediately struck by the teen's charisma, charm, and good looks. After a quick read-through, Gosselaar was immediately given the role.[4]", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Melanie Rhonda Morris (portrayed by Melody Rogers[3]) is the mother of Zack. She's more fresh and less strict than her husband Derek. She adores Zack but still she knows some of her son's tricks. She supported Zack's marriage but couldn't do much to aid him in order to respect her husband, in the TV movie Saved by the Bell: Wedding in Las Vegas.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Billy Kapowski is Kelly’s baby brother, whom she places in the care of her friends in the episode “The Babysitters” so that she could have her cheerleading picture taken for the school yearbook. Zack is often left alone with Billy as the others make excuses or have other commitments to attend to. Because of this, Billy and Zack bond quickly to the point where Zack distrusts anyone else to care for the baby. He is forced, however, to allow Jessie and Lisa to look after him in their Home Economics/Parenthood class. They lose track of Billy when Screech goes to fetch Billy for Zack but mistakes a doll for the baby. The gang eventually find him in Mr. Belding’s office, and at the end of the episode he speaks his first word: “Zack.”", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Brian Fate (portrayed by Nick Brooks) is a British record producer who picks up Zack Attack and makes them famous in the episode “Rockumentary” (3.22). Although he has confidence in the band and takes them to the top, he cannot stop the inevitable breakup that occurs as a result of Mindy, the band’s publicist. Since the entire episode is just a dream, he may not have existed in the \"real world\" of the show.", "Zack Morris. Zack was also involved in various other activities throughout high school. He helped restart the school radio station, and hosted a radio-thon to save the local teen hangout. He created a carnival to raise money for a school ski trip, and helped with several dances. He was also a member of the school's Junior ROTC program, and together with Screech, ran the Yearbook committee to produce a video yearbook. At one point, Zack took over as manager of the school store, and is also on the student council.", "Saved by the Bell. After casting Zack Morris, the next character sought after was Morris's nerdy friend, Samuel \"Screech\" Powers. Gosselaar was asked to read through the script with a number of kids, and a second audition was scheduled for finalists. It was Gosselaar himself who insisted that Dustin Diamond was right for the part as he believed Diamond was Screech in real life. After reading through the script, Diamond was given the part, although Engel later found out that he had misread his head shot and Diamond was considerably younger than the rest of the cast—a fact that, had he been aware, might have prevented Engel from casting him.[5]", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Lieutenant Chet Adams (portrayed by Cylk Cozart, in the season two episode \"Zack's War\") is the head of Bayside's California Cadet Corps program. Lisa shows an infatuation towards Lt. Adams (even once inadvertently calling him \"Lt. Hot\") and joins the program in an attempt to gain his favor. He then reminds her that he's married. At the beginning of their training, Adams tells Zack that he can divide the cadets into teams, which prompts Zack to clump together all the \"nerds\" into one team and all the \"jocks\" onto another team, thinking all the jocks will be on his team. Adams replies by saying, \"You get to pick the teams, but I get to pick the captains\" and puts the nerds on Zack's team and the jocks on Slater's team. Jessie's feminist attitude clashes with Adams' military style, as she asks him to revise his motto \"separating the men from the boys\" to \"separating the persons from the persons.\"", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. The following school year marked the end of their relationship. Zack wanted to go steady with Kelly, but she is not sure at first. She thought it over but by the time she decided to accept Zack's offer, he had become infatuated with a young school nurse. That turned out to be a dead-end, but when he tried to apologize to Kelly and get her back, she brushed him off. However, they were back together in the following episode (\"Breaking Up is Hard to Undo\"). Kelly began working at The Max as a waitress and fell for her boss, Jeff Hunter (Patrick Muldoon), much to Zack's disappointment. This caused her and Zack to break up. Kelly dated Jeff for a while, until he is caught at an 18-and-over club (The Attic) with another girl.", "Zack Morris. Zack is also very musically talented. He offered to play for free at a school dance so that more money could be spent on decorations. This line-up featured Zack as a main vocalist while playing guitar, Jessie as a featured vocalist, Lisa on bass guitar, Screech on keyboard, and Slater on drums. However, when Slater had to take over the lead vocals during the dance because Zack was outside talking to Kelly, when they broke up Ollie (a minor character on Saved by the Bell) took over on drums. Zack was also the lead singer of a 1950s-style doo-wop group, The Five Aces (a reference to the real-life group The Four Aces), that sang during a school sock hop. The other singers were Slater, Screech, Lisa, and Tori Scott, a student who transferred to Bayside during their senior year. He was also a member of the glee club for a short time.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. James (portrayed by Mark Blankfield) is an out-of-work actor who takes a job as a waiter at the Max (appearing in 2 episodes in seasons 2 & 3). He claims that he was a student at acting school. Most of the work he seems to get as an actor on the show is in the employ of Zack. In the season 3 episode \"SATs,\" Zack hires James to do a double role as Stanley Alan Taylor (S.A.T.), who orders Mr. Belding to lighten up Zack's workload after his grades have dropped, then to play an admissions officer for Harvard who acts snooty and elitist to everyone. In the season 2 episode \"Rent-a-Pop,\" Zack hired James to impersonate his father after Belding demanded he meet with him as a condition to go on a ski trip in order to report on Zack's failing grades; to which Zack was convinced his real father would not let him go if he knew the truth. Zack then has to hire James again to play Mr. Belding after his real father accepts a letter to meet Belding once more, where James falsifies Zack's grades as spectacular. James the Actor also made two appearances on Saved By the Bell: The New Class.", "List of Saved by the Bell episodes. Casey Kasem tells the story of how Zack's band, \"The Zack Attack,\" got together and their rise to fame.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. His father, Martin (a Major in the U.S. Army), appears in two episodes. His mother, Lorraine, however, is not in any episodes. He also has a younger sister named J.B. whom Zack briefly began dating, much to Slater's chagrin. In the season four episode \"Love Machine,\" his ex-girlfriend from Berlin visits and calls him by his real name, \"Albert Clifford \".", "Zack Morris. Danielle quickly transfers to a different school, allowing Kelly to move in after she is accepted into California University and put on the waiting list. Assigned to watch over Zack and his friends was Mike Rogers, a former football player for the San Francisco 49ers. He works as a resident adviser, while also working towards a graduate degree. Mike often steps in to keep Zack in line, while committing various cunning schemes reminiscent of the ones he concocted in high school. Generally Other university faculty and staff that were regularly featured in \"Saved by the Bell: The College Years\" were Professor Jeremiah Lasky and Dean Susan McMann. Zack generally gets along well with Professor Lasky, with the exception of a short period where Professor Lasky dates Kelly, which upsets Zack because it makes him realize he still had feelings for her. Dean McMann, however, is a more authoritative figure for whom Zack often causes problems.", "List of Saved by the Bell episodes. With graduation day approaching, Zack discovers he needs to gain one more credit to graduate. This results in Zack having to be in dance class and perform in the ballet to get his last credit. Meanwhile, Jessie is heartbroken when she learns another student is named valedictorian instead of her. However, she soon realizes how much valedictorian really means to Screech when Lisa wisely tells her that he puts others before him.", "List of Saved by the Bell characters. Richard and Becky Belding’s son, born when Zack, Mrs. Belding, and Tori get stuck in an elevator. He also appears in two episodes of Saved by the Bell: The New Class." ]

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[ "Teenage Kicks. Upon first hearing \"Teenage Kicks\" in September 1978, BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel is reported to have burst into tears, and readily admitted to still being reduced to tears upon hearing the song in interviews granted to journalists up until his death.[9] To judge songs he had heard for the first time as to worthiness of airplay upon his show, Peel often rated new bands' songs with a series of asterisks, with each song judged upon a scale of one to five asterisks: Peel was so taken by \"Teenage Kicks\", he awarded the song 28 stars. On one occasion, he is known to have played the song twice in a row, with the explanation given to his audience being, \"It doesn't get much better than this.\"[10]", "Teenage Kicks. \"Teenage Kicks\" was the debut single for Northern Irish punk rock/new wave band The Undertones. Written in the summer of 1977 by the band's principal songwriter, John O'Neill, the song was recorded on 16 June 1978 and initially released that September upon independent Belfast record label Good Vibrations,[4] before the band—at the time unobligated to any record label—signed to Sire Records on 2 October 1978. Sire Records subsequently obtained all copyrights to the material released upon the Teenage Kicks EP and the song was re-released as a standard vinyl single upon Sire's own label on 14 October that year, reaching number 31 in the UK Singles Chart[5] two weeks after its release[6]", "Teenage Kicks. Influential BBC Radio 1 DJ John Peel is known to have repeatedly stated \"Teenage Kicks\" to be his all-time favourite song from 1978 until his death in 2004.[7] The song has also been ranked as the second best indie song of all time in a 2016 poll conducted by an alternative music radio station.[8]", "Teenage Kicks. In a 2001 interview given to The Guardian, Peel stated that apart from his name, the only words he wished to be engraved upon his gravestone were the opening lyrics to \"Teenage Kicks\": \"Teenage dreams so hard to beat?\"[11]", "Teenage Kicks. In 2004, a mural in tribute to Peel, featuring the opening line of \"Teenage Kicks\", appeared on a Belfast flyover.[n 1]", "Teenage Kicks. In 2008, the song served as the theme song to the ITV sitcom of the same name.", "Teenage Kicks. The single was not included upon the original May 1979 release of the band's debut album The Undertones; however, the October 1979 re-release of this debut album included both \"Teenage Kicks\" and the Undertones' second single, \"Get Over You\".", "Midnight Memories. The track listing was announced via the band's Twitter account on 11 October 2013.[42] Where the bonus tracks appear as additional tracks in international territories, the British release finds them on a separate four-track bonus disc.[43] Unlike any other release of the album, the Japanese version includes \"One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)\", as well as two further bonus tracks. An exclusive review of the album posted by The Sun on 17 November listed writing credits of many of the tracks.[44]", "Jason Aldean. Both of his parents encouraged young Aldean as he progressed musically. From age 14, after watching the country-music awards on television, he wanted to perform on stage. With his mother's help, he performed at the local VFW hall in Macon. He sang John Anderson's song \"Seminole Wind\" and Tracy Lawrence's \"Sticks and Stones\". He then began performing at area talent contests and local fairs. At 15, he joined the \"house band\" at Georgia nightspot Nashville S.", "The Dan Band. The band is known for its covers of originally female-performed pop songs, with added obscenities and swearing, made famous by Finnerty's appearance in the films Old School and The Hangover", "Teenage Kicks. In February 2008, a headstone engraved with these words was placed on his grave in the Suffolk village of Great Finborough.[12][13]", "Krist Novoselic. In 1992, at the MTV music awards show, Nirvana would win awards for Best New Artist in a Video and Best Alternative Video for \"Smells Like Teen Spirit.\" At the show, Nirvana performed \"Lithium.\" When Novoselic started playing the opening bass riff, he signaled that he could not hear his bass. Instead of continuing to play, Novoselic threw his bass guitar in the air, to perform a \"Bass Toss\". He failed to catch it, later stating that he misjudged the height; he further stated that he \"faked like he was knocked out.\" Musician Brian May ran to give him medical attention; he did not suffer any injuries.", "Smells Like Teen Spirit. Nirvana often altered the song's lyrics and tempo for live performances. Some live performances of the song had the line \"our little group has always been\" changed to \"our little tribe has always been\", which can be heard on the 1996 live album From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah. Rolling Stone remarked that the Wishkah version of \"Teen Spirit\" \"[found] Cobain's guitar reeling outside the song's melodic boundaries and sparking new life in that nearly played-out hit\".[89] A notable alternate performance of \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" occurred on BBC's Top of the Pops in 1991, during which the band refused to mime to the pre-recorded backing track and Cobain sang in a deliberately low voice and altered numerous lyrics in the song (for example, \"Load up on guns, bring your friends\" became \"Load up on drugs, kill your friends\"). Cobain later said he was trying to sound like former Smiths frontman Morrissey.[90] When Top of the Pops was cancelled in 2006, The Observer listed Nirvana's performance of \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\" as the third greatest in the show's history.[91] This performance can be found on the 1994 home video Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!.", "Daft Punk. The most successful single from Homework was \"Around the World\", which is known for the repeating chant of the song's title. \"Da Funk\" was also included on The Saint film soundtrack. Daft Punk produced a series of music videos for Homework directed by Spike Jonze, Michel Gondry, Roman Coppola and Seb Janiak. The collection of videos was released in 1999 and titled D.A.F.T.: A Story About Dogs, Androids, Firemen and Tomatoes.", "So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes. So Long and Thanks for All the Shoes is the seventh studio album by the American punk rock band NOFX. It was released on November 11, 1997 through Epitaph Records.", "Dave Gleeson. By late 1989, The Screaming Jets had won youth radio station Triple J's National Band Competition. They signed a recording deal with the leading independent label rooArt. The Screaming Jets moved from their hometown Newcastle to Sydney's notorious Kings Cross district in early 1990, and recorded their debut album All For One in mostly midnight to dawn sessions at a local studio, after playing live shows seven nights a week.", "Bay City Rollers. The Bay City Rollers are a Scottish pop band whose popularity was highest in the mid 1970s. The British Hit Singles & Albums noted they were \"tartan teen sensations from Edinburgh\", and were \"the first of many acts heralded as the 'biggest group since the Beatles' and one of the most screamed-at teeny-bopper acts of the 1970s\".[1] For a relatively brief, but fervent period (nicknamed \"Rollermania\"), they were worldwide teen idols. The group's line-up had numerous changes over the years, but the classic line-up during its heyday included; guitarists Eric Faulkner and Stuart John Wood, singer Les McKeown, bassist Alan Longmuir, and drummer Derek Longmuir.", "Boots and Hearts Music Festival. Canaan Smith, Charlie Major, Crystal Shawanda, Dallas Smith, Dance Y’all, Danny Michel, Derek Miller, Gord Downie & The Sadies, Hannah Chapplain, High Valley, Jason Jones, Jason McCoy, Jaydee Bixby, JT Hodges, Kevin Costner, Kira Isabella, Larry Berrio, Lauren Alaina, Leah Daniels, Lindsay Broughton, MacKenzie Porter, Makayla Lynn, Martha Meredith, Melissa Payne, Paul Brandt, Phil Vassar, Riot In The Valley, Shane Yellowbird, Stone Sparrows, Tebey, Terri Clark, The Hollowbodies, The Roughnotes, Tim Chaisson, Tim Hicks, Trish Stratus.", "Pumped Up Kicks. The song was used in TV series such as Entourage,[54] Gossip Girl, CSI:NY, Cougar Town, Homeland, Pretty Little Liars, Warehouse 13 and The Vampire Diaries, and also in the 2011 films Friends with Benefits[17] and Fright Night, as well as sampled in Shawn Chrystopher's song \"All the Other Kids\", from his 2010 hip-hop album You, and Only You. The whistling part of the song is part of the rotation of bumper music played on the Michael Medved syndicated radio program. The song was also used on the BBC programmes Top Gear and Match of the Day. On October 8, 2011, Foster the People performed the song on Saturday Night Live. The song was also used in Australian beer XXXX's \"XXXX Summer Bright Lager\" television commercial.[55] \"Pumped Up Kicks\" was included as a playable track in the music video game Rock Band Blitz and Guitar Hero Live. The song was also used in Season 1 Episode 4 of Suits in the episode \"Dirty Little Secrets\".[56] The song was used in an episode of American Horror Story. Season 1 Episode 6 \"Piggy Piggy\" Initial Air Date November 9, 2011.[57]", "All Time Low. Formed while still in high school in 2003, All Time Low began covering songs by pop punk bands such as Blink-182. The band's line-up included Alex Gaskarth on vocals, Jack Barakat on guitar, TJ Ihle on lead guitar and backing vocals, Chris Cortilello on bass, and Rian Dawson on drums.[10] Cortilello and Ihle left the band, resulting in the band laying dormant until Zack Merrick joined on bass and Gaskarth picked up guitar.[10] They released a four-song EP in November[11] before signing to Emerald Moon Records in 2004. They released their second EP, titled The Three Words to Remember in Dealing with the End EP later that same year. The band released their debut studio album, The Party Scene, in July 2005.", "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. Capitalizing on the band's popularity, Mercury released the band's live album, Live From the Middle East in October 1998. The album was recorded live in Cambridge, Massachusetts at The Middle East Restaurant and Nightclub during the band's annual end-of-the-year Hometown Throwdown from 1997. In 1999, the band contributed their cover version of the song, \"Rudie Can't Fail,\" to the Burning London Clash tribute compilation. Shortly after all of these releases, Kevin Lenear quit the band to work on his own material and was replaced by Roman Fleysher. Founding member Nate Albert also left in order to obtain a degree in political theory from Brown University. His next musical venture would be as a member of Evan Dando’s re-formed Lemonheads before forming The Kickovers, which focused more on a 1970's punk sound than ska. Albert eventually became involved in band management, handling bands such as Bayside and Lost City Angels. Albert's replacement on guitar was Lawrence Katz.", "Up All Night (One Direction album). One Direction's debut headline UK concert tour, the Up All Night Tour, was officially announced on 27 September 2011. The tour began on 18 December 2011 in Watford, England and ended 26 January 2012 in Belfast, Northern Ireland.[46] Shows in the UK and Ireland were an instant success—many rumored to have sold out in under 10 seconds.[47] In February 2012, One Direction announced an Australasia leg, the tour dates set for April 2012, set to visit cities Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne, Auckland and Wellington.[48] Once the first leg of the tour was complete, the band joined Big Time Rush as an opening act on the Better With U Tour.[49] On 21 March 2012, One Direction announced an extended North American leg of the tour.[50] The North American leg was set to start on 24 May 2012 and comprise 26 shows. Shortly after the announcement, British recording artist Olly Murs was confirmed to be the opening act for select dates on tour.[51][52] On the tour, One Direction covered Kings of Leon's \"Use Somebody\", Gym Class Heroes' \"Stereo Hearts\", The Zutons' \"Valerie\", Ednaswap's \"Torn\" and The Black Eyed Peas' \"I Gotta Feeling\".[53] A recording of their tour, entitled Up All Night: The Live Tour, was released in late May 2012.[54]", "Type O Negative. Bloody Kisses mostly addressed loneliness and heartbreak, with songs like \"Too Late: Frozen\", \"Blood & Fire\", and \"Can't Lose You\". The organ-driven \"Set Me on Fire\" is vintage sixties garage rock, while \"Summer Breeze\" covered the 1972 Seals and Crofts hit. \"Christian Woman\" and \"Black No. 1 (Little Miss Scare-All)\" became the most popular tracks, after having been edited down to radio-friendly lengths (the album versions were 9 and 11 minutes long respectively). In order to promote the album, Type O Negative embarked on a two-year world tour. During this time, the band was featured on MTV, VH1, and in Rolling Stone. In the midst of this media blitz, drummer Sal Abruscato quit the band to join another Brooklyn quartet, Life of Agony. Johnny Kelly, the band's drum technician, was therefore hired as a full-fledged member. Bloody Kisses was re-released a year after the original release in a limited-edition Digipak form, including eight of the musical tracks from the original (omitting the \"filler\" tracks) and the previously unreleased \"Suspended in Dusk\".", "One Direction. In February 2013, One Direction released \"One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)\" (a medley of \"One Way or Another\" and \"Teenage Kicks\") as the 2013 single for the UK's other major charity telethon Comic Relief.[94] For ITV's Santa charity Christmas campaign, they filmed a set of pleas to their fans and the general public, asking them to donate £2.[171] The band have made numerous other appearances for charitable causes, including the 2011 Pride of Britain Awards where they presented 13-year-old quadruple amputee Danielle Bailey the Child of Courage award at her school assembly, and the 2014 Royal Variety Performance where they played in front of Prince William and Catherine at the London Palladium.[172][173]", "2011 Kids' Choice Awards. Musical performances during the awards telecast included Big Time Rush, who performed their single \"Boyfriend\" from their gold certified debut album B.T.R. with a surprise appearance by Snoop Dogg, who was slimed at the end of the song. (This marked the second time a Nickelodeon act performed during the actual Kids' Choice telecast after The Naked Brothers Band in 2008); The Black Eyed Peas and Willow Smith also performed during the awards telecast, and each sang a medley of some of their 2 latest hit singles.[3]", "The Royal Teens. Bob Gaudio later became a member of the Four Seasons. Fourteen-year-old member Al Kooper sometimes appeared with the Royal Teens on the road in 1959, and later founded the groups The Blues Project and Blood Sweat & Tears. Kooper also performed as a session musician on several of Bob Dylan's albums in the mid-'60s. Vocalist Joe Francavilla (also known as Joey Villa) joined the group in late 1958. He previously sang with the Three Friends, which had a minor hit with \"Blanche\". With several briefly tenured members of the Royal Teens, he went on to form Joey and the Twisters, which released a few minor hits (\"Do You Want to Dance,\" \"Bony Maronie\") in 1961–1962 and frequently played the Peppermint Lounge in New York City as contemporaries of Joey Dee and the Starliters. Billy Crandall would join the Knickerbockers in 1964, using the name Buddy Randell, and would sing lead vocal on the group's top-20 hit \"Lies\" in 1966. Crandall would later perform with the contemporary Messianic group Jerusalem Rivers before passing away in 1998.", "The Mighty Mighty Bosstones. Sirois recorded and toured with Nate Albert's next band, Kickovers, and also played drums for the Street Dogs and Frank Black.", "Maurizio De Jorio. Like most musicians in the Eurobeat genre, DeJorio has performed under a number of pseudonyms for various labels (including A-Beat-C, Delta, and SinclaireStyle). He is most well known for his two songs \"Running in the 90s\" and \"Night of Fire\".[citation needed] Both are being featured in the anime Initial D – of which both appearances (among other songs featured in the anime) has garnered incredible popularity for DeJorio and the eurobeat genre in general. Some of the other songs used in Initial D are: \"Speedy Speed Boy\", \"Stop Your Self Control\" (as 'Marko Polo'), \"Crazy for Your Love\" (as 'Morris'), \"Take Me to the Top\", \"Music for Hire\" (as 'D. Essex'), \"Golden Age\", and \"No One Sleep in Tokyo\" (as 'Edo Boys'). Currently, DeJorio performs under the aliases Niko and Dejo for Bratt Sinclaire's label SinclaireStyle.", "George Best. Best had a cameo as himself in the 1971 British comedy film Percy. In 1984, he made a fitness album with Mary Stävin called Shape Up and Dance. A biographical film entitled Best was released in May 2000, with John Lynch portraying George Best. Indie rock band The Wedding Present named their first album George Best, and featured Best on the cover wearing his red Manchester United kit. After his death, Brian Kennedy and Peter Corry released a single entitled George Best – A Tribute. Best features in EA Sports' FIFA video game series; he was included in the FIFA 16 Ultimate Team Legends.[96]", "Boots and Hearts Music Festival. Natalie Stovall and the Drive, Brett Kissel, Dallas Smith, The Stables, Alyssa Morrissey, Genevieve Fisher, Marshall Dane, Jordan McIntosh, Jess Moskaluke, Chris Stapleton, Sam Hunt, One More Girl, Deric Ruttan, The Road Hammers, Paul Brandt, Sawyer Brown, David Lee Murphy, Clare Dunn, Tim Hicks, Open Sky, Northern Road, Jordan McIntosh, Abrams Brothers, Dan + Shay, Tyler Farr, The Reklaws, Danielle Bradbery, Home Free, Neal McCoy, Gord Bamford.", "One Way or Another. The song was included on the US and Canadian versions of the band's first hits compilation, The Best of Blondie (1981), as it was released as a single there, but not on the international releases. Although never officially released as a single in the United Kingdom, the song charted there from download sales in February 2013 due to the success of One Direction's cover/mashup \"One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)\".", "One Direction. One Direction performed \"Little Things\" at the 2012 Royal Variety Performance in the presence of Queen Elizabeth II, and headlined a sold-out show at New York City's Madison Square Garden on 3 December 2012.[92][93] In February 2013, One Direction released a cover version of \"One Way or Another\" and \"Teenage Kicks\", \"One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)\", as the 2013 Comic Relief single.[94] As part of their involvement with the UK charity, One Direction travelled to Ghana to volunteer at a children's hospital, visit a school and make donations." ]

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[ "Nature Boy. According to Joe Romersa, an engineer/drummer in Los Angeles, whom ahbez bequeathed with master tapes, photos, and final works,[17] ahbez wanted a correction made to the lyrics saying \"To be loved in return, is too much of a deal, and there's no deal in love.\", and that instead it should read \"The greatest thing you'll ever learn is to love and be loved, just to love, and be loved.\" Romersa has stated that because these lyrics did not fit with the original ending melody, ahbez re-wrote it.[18]", "Nature Boy. The lyrics of the song relate to a 1940s Los Angeles-based group called \"Nature Boys\", a subculture of proto-hippies of which ahbez was a member.[13] Instrumentalist Chris Tyle noted that the lyrics are a musical self-portrait of ahbez, with the lines like \"There was a boy, A very strange, enchanted boy, They say he wandered very far, Very far, over land and sea\". But he believed that it was the song's last line that made it the most poignant: \"The greatest thing you'll ever learn, Is just to love and be loved in return\".[14] Various interpretations of the line are given by academics, with the eponymous nature boy being a child, advising on love and relationship, or an adult hippie talking about his journey and inner-love. According to author Jeffrey P. Dennis, the song presented a homo-romantic theme, with the eponymous nature boy visiting Cole on a \"magic day\" and explaining that \"the greatest thing you'll ever learn, is just to love and be loved in return\".[15] Author Raymond Knapp described the track as a \"mystically charged vagabond song\" whose lyrics evoked an intense sense of loss and haplessness, with the final line delivering a universal truth, described by Knapp as \"indestructible\" and \"salvaged somehow from the perilous journey of life\".[16]", "Nature Boy. The recording took place on August 22, 1947, and featured an orchestra conducted by Frank De Vol—the in-house arranger of Capitol Records. He used strings and flute as instrumentation in the song, to capture the \"enchanting\" vibe of the track. The lyrics are a self-portrait of ahbez and his life. The final line—\"The greatest thing you'll ever learn, Is just to love and be loved in return\"—is considered a poignant moment in the song, with multiple interpretations of it. \"Nature Boy\" was released amidst the American Federation of Musicians (AFM) ban of 1948, but became commercially successful, reaching the top of the Billboard music charts and selling over a million copies. Receiving critical acclaim also, \"Nature Boy\" helped to introduce Cole to a wider audience, especially the white music market, and generated royalties for ahbez. In 1999, the song was awarded the Grammy Hall of Fame Award. However, \"Nature Boy\" was also the subject of lawsuits, with Yiddish composer Herman Yablokoff claiming that it was plagiarized from his song \"Shvayg mayn harts\" (\"Hush My Heart\"), which he wrote for his play Papirosn (1935). In the end, ahbez and Yablokoff settled out of court.", "Nature Boy. The song was a central theme in Luhrmann's Moulin Rouge! \"Nature Boy\" was initially arranged as a techno song with singer David Bowie's vocals, before being sent to the group Massive Attack, whose remix was used in the film's closing credits. Bowie described the rendition as \"slinky and mysterious\", adding that Robert '3D' Del Naja from the group had \"put together a riveting piece of work,\" and that Bowie was \"totally pleased with the end result.\"[67] Both Bowie's version and Massive Attack's remix appeared on the soundtrack. The version used in Moulin Rouge! was sung by John Leguizamo, as Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, during the introductory scenes, as well as by Ewan McGregor's character, Christian.[68] Some of the film's premise was based on the lyrics, in particular the opening lines. The closing lyric, \"The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return\" is used throughout the film.[69] While reviewing Moulin Rouge!, Erickson noted that \"[by] itself, ['Nature Boy'] redeems the wonderful idea behind Luhrmann's flawed but often wonderful movie.\"[33]", "Love means never having to say you're sorry. IN THE 1972 movie What's Up Doc Barbara Stresisand charecter says it to Ryan O'Neal charecter who responds \"That's the Dumbest Thing I ever Heard\"", "Love. Christians believe that to Love God with all your heart, mind, and strength and Love your neighbor as yourself are the two most important things in life (the greatest commandment of the Jewish Torah, according to Jesus; cf. Gospel of Mark chapter 12, verses 28–34). Saint Augustine summarized this when he wrote \"Love God, and do as thou wilt.\"", "Moulin Rouge!. The night of the show, Christian sneaks into the Moulin Rouge, intending to pay Satine her fee as a courtesan (\"Hindi Sad Diamonds\"). He catches Satine before she steps on stage and demands she tell him she does not love him. Suddenly they find themselves in the spotlight; Zidler improvises and convinces the audience that Christian is the sitar player in disguise. Christian denounces Satine and walks off the stage. From the rafters, Toulouse cries out, \"The greatest thing you'll ever learn is just to love and be loved in return\", spurring Satine to sing the song Christian wrote to express their love. Christian returns to the stage, joining her in the song and reaffirming his love for her. The Duke orders his bodyguard (Linal Haft) to kill Christian, but is thwarted, while the Duke's own attempt is stopped by Zidler. The Duke storms out of the cabaret as Christian and Satine complete their song (\"Come What May (Reprise)\", \"Coup d'État (Finale)\").", "Godspell. After the reprise of \"Learn Your Lessons Well\", a member of the community sings \"Turn Back, O Man\", in which she implores mankind to give up its temporal pursuits and to turn to God. Then, Jesus says: \"This is the beginning.\"", "Man's Search for Meaning. A thought transfixed me: for the first time in my life I saw the truth as it is set into song by so many poets, proclaimed as the final wisdom by so many thinkers. The truth—that love is the ultimate and the highest goal to which man can aspire. Then I grasped the meaning of the greatest secret that human poetry and human thought and belief have to impart: The salvation of man is through love and in love. I understood how a man who has nothing left in this world still may know bliss, be it only for a brief moment, in the contemplation of his beloved. In a position of utter desolation, when man cannot express himself in positive action, when his only achievement may consist in enduring his sufferings in the right way—an honorable way—in such a position man can, through loving contemplation of the image he carries of his beloved, achieve fulfillment. For the first time in my life I was able to understand the meaning of the words, \"The angels are lost in perpetual contemplation of an infinite glory....\"[6]", "All You Need Is Love. During the materialistic Eighties, this song's title was the butt of cynics, there being, obviously, any number of additional things needed to sustain life on earth. It should, perhaps, be pointed out that this record was not conceived as a blueprint for a successful career. \"All you need is love\" is a transcendental statement, as true on its level as the principle of investment on the level of the stock exchange. In the idealistic perspective of 1967 – the polar opposite of 1987 – its title makes perfect sense.[79]", "God Only Knows. The song is told from the point of view of someone contemplating life after death to their lover, as Asher describes, \"'I'll love you till the sun burns out, then I'm gone,' ergo 'I'm gonna love you forever.'\" Wilson explained that \"God Only Knows\" was \"a vision that Tony and I had. It's like being blind but in being blind, you can see more. You close your eyes; you're able to see a place or something that's happening.\"[30] He initially hated the opening line of the song as \"it was too negative.\" He eventually gave in after hearing the subsequent lyrics.[31] In 1976, Brian said there was no one particular that the song was written for.[32]", "Love. Saint Augustine says that one must be able to decipher the difference between love and lust. Lust, according to Saint Augustine, is an overindulgence, but to love and be loved is what he has sought for his entire life. He even says, “I was in love with love.” Finally, he does fall in love and is loved back, by God. Saint Augustine says the only one who can love you truly and fully is God, because love with a human only allows for flaws such as “jealousy, suspicion, fear, anger, and contention.” According to Saint Augustine, to love God is “to attain the peace which is yours.” (Saint Augustine's Confessions)", "Matthew 5:44. This is one of the most important verses in the entire New Testament. Ulrich Luz states that the ideas expressed in this verse are \"considered the Christian distinction and innovation.\" \"Love thy enemies\" is what separates Christianity from all earlier religions.[3] Nolland disagrees with this, seeing a number of historical precedents. These include the Babylonian text the Counsels of Wisdom, which says \"Do not return evil to the man who disputes with you; requite with kindness your evil-doer... smile on your adversary.\"[4] Nolland also cites the Egyptian Instruction of Amenemope, which says", "All You Need Is Love. According to Ian MacDonald:[29]", "1 Corinthians 13. 1 Corinthians 13, verses 4-8, and 13: \"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, always perseveres. Love never fails. But where there are prophecies, they will cease; where there are tongues, they will be stilled; where there is knowledge, it will pass away. ...And now these three remain: Faith, Hope, and Love. But the greatest of these is Love.\" (New International Version)", "Christianity and Judaism. Like many Jewish scholars and theologians, literary critic Harold Bloom understands Judaism as fundamentally a religion of love. But he argues that one can understand the Hebrew conception of love only by looking at one of the core commandments of Judaism, Leviticus 19:18, \"Love your neighbor as yourself\", also called the second Great Commandment. Talmudic sages Hillel and Rabbi Akiva commented that this is a major element of the Jewish religion. Also, this commandment is arguably at the center of the Jewish faith. As the third book of the Torah, Leviticus is literally the central book. Historically, Jews have considered it of central importance: traditionally, children began their study of the Torah with Leviticus, and the midrashic literature on Leviticus is among the longest and most detailed of midrashic literature (see Bamberger 1981: 737). Bernard Bamberger considers Leviticus 19, beginning with God's commandment in verse 3—\"You shall be holy, for I the Lord your God, am holy\"—to be \"the climactic chapter of the book, the one most often read and quoted\" (1981:889). Leviticus 19:18 is itself the climax of this chapter.", "Whole Lotta Love. Page's riff was Page's riff. It was there before anything else. I just thought, 'well, what am I going to sing?' That was it, a nick. Now happily paid for. At the time, there was a lot of conversation about what to do. It was decided that it was so far away in time and influence that ... well, you only get caught when you're successful. That's the game.[16]", "Love. The Apostle Paul glorified love as the most important virtue of all. Describing love in the famous poetic interpretation in 1 Corinthians, he wrote, \"Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, and always perseveres.\" (1 Cor. 13:4–7, NIV)", "Cupboard love. The phrase is most often applied to human activity, for example, when a child will say \"I love you so much\" before or after requesting a treat, for example, an ice cream. Cupboard love is a milder version of conditional love, where love is given solely in response to certain behaviour. The earliest known usage of the term, possibly the first usage, is in the 1756 volume of British court records, The Proceedings at the New Bayley:", "Love. The complex and abstract nature of love often reduces discourse of love to a thought-terminating cliché. Several common proverbs regard love, from Virgil's \"Love conquers all\" to The Beatles' \"All You Need Is Love\". St. Thomas Aquinas, following Aristotle, defines love as \"to will the good of another.\"[13] Bertrand Russell describes love as a condition of \"absolute value,\" as opposed to relative value.[14] Philosopher Gottfried Leibniz said that love is \"to be delighted by the happiness of another.\"[15] Meher Baba stated that in love there is a \"feeling of unity\" and an \"active appreciation of the intrinsic worth of the object of love.\"[16] Biologist Jeremy Griffith defines love as \"unconditional selflessness\".[17]", "Never Learn Not to Love. According to writer Peter Ames Carlin, Manson penned \"Cease to Exist\" specifically for the Beach Boys to record.[11] In exchange for his rights to \"Cease to Exist\", Manson received a sum of cash and a BSA motorcycle which he later gave to Family member \"Little\" Paul Watkins.[12] When Wilson acquired the song from him, for the most part, he abided Manson's original specifications. However, in an attempt to better accommodate the group's trademark vocal harmonies, Wilson reworked the song's bluesy structure and added another bridge. In addition, \"Cease to Exist\"'s lyrics were also partially altered (most notably the opening lyric \"Cease to exist\" to \"Cease to resist\"), and the title of the song was changed to \"Never Learn Not to Love\" as a result, much to Manson's indignation.[11][13] The Beach Boys recorded the track at Brian Wilson's home studio on September 11 and 16–18, 1968.[14]", "Garth Brooks. In a 1999 interview with George, Brooks said, \"[...]But if you're in love, you've got to follow your heart and trust that God will explain to us why we sometimes fall in love with people of the same sex.\"[97][98] Lyrics to his song, \"We Shall Be Free\", features the line, \"When we're free to love anyone we choose,\" which has been interpreted as a reference to gay relationships.[97] Brooks won a 1993 GLAAD Media Award for the song.", "What Wondrous Love Is This. 5.\nTo God and to the Lamb,\nI will sing, I will sing;\nTo God and to the Lamb,\nI will sing--\nTo God and to the Lamb,\nwho is the great I AM,\nwhile millions join the theme,\nI will sing, I will sing!\nwhile millions join the theme,\nI will sing!\n\n6.\nAnd while from death I'm free,\nI'll sing on, I'll sing on,\nAnd while from death I'm free,\nI'll sing on.\nand while from death I'm free,\nI'll sing and joyful be,\nand through eternity\nI'll sing on, I'll sing on,\nand through eternity\nI'll sing on.", "Love. And so Pope Francis taught that \"True love is both loving and letting oneself be loved..what is important in love is not our loving, but allowing ourselves to be loved by God.\"[50] And so, in the analysis of a Catholic theologian, for Pope Francis, \"the key to love...is not our activity. It is the activity of the greatest, and the source, of all the powers in the universe: God’s.\"[51]", "Shema Yisrael. The following verses are commonly referred to as the V'ahavta according to the first word of the verse immediately following the Shema, or in Classical Hebrew V'ahav'ta meaning \"and you shall love...\". They contain the command to love God with all one's heart, soul, and might (Deuteronomy 6:5). The Talmud emphasizes that you will, at some point, whether you choose to or not, and therefore uses \"shall\" - future tense - love God.[2]", "Joseph Beuys. During an Artform interview with Willoughby Sharp in 1969, Beuys added to his famous statement - \"teaching is my greatest work of art\" - that “the rest is the waste product, a demonstration. If you want to express yourself you must present something tangible. But after awhile this has only the function of a historic document. Objects aren’t very important any more. I want to get to the origin of matter, to the thought behind it.\"[18] Beuys saw his role of an artist as a teacher or shaman who could guide society in a new direction (Sotheby's catalog, 1992).[19]", "Love. People can be said to love an object, principle, or goal to which they are deeply committed and greatly value. For example, compassionate outreach and volunteer workers' \"love\" of their cause may sometimes be born not of interpersonal love but impersonal love, altruism, and strong spiritual or political convictions.[18] People can also \"love\" material objects, animals, or activities if they invest themselves in bonding or otherwise identifying with those things. If sexual passion is also involved, then this feeling is called paraphilia.[19] A common principle that people say they love is life itself.", "Love means never having to say you're sorry. The line has also been criticized or mocked, for suggesting that apologies are unnecessary in a loving relationship. Another character played by O'Neal disparages it in the 1972 screwball comedy What's Up, Doc?: Barbra Streisand's character coos that \"Love means never having to say you're sorry\" while batting her eyelashes, and O'Neal's character responds, deadpan, \"That's the dumbest thing I ever heard.\"", "1 Corinthians 13. 13 And now abide faith, hope, love, these three; but the greatest of these is love.", "You'll Be Back. Alexander Hamilton biography author Ron Chernow said \"I can remember laughing uproariously when [Lin] first sent me King George III’s satirical song to the colonists, 'You’ll Be Back.'\".[1]", "I'll Never Fall in Love Again (Lonnie Donegan song). \"I'll Never Fall in Love Again\" is a song written by Lonnie Donegan and Jimmy Currie, and first released by Donegan as a single in 1962.[1] Its most commercially successful recording was by Tom Jones in 1967.", "Agape. The Christian use of the term comes directly from the canonical Gospels' accounts of the teachings of Jesus. When asked what was the great commandment, \"Jesus said unto him, Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy mind. This is the first and great commandment. And the second is like unto it, Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself. On these two commandments hang all the law and the prophets.\" (Matthew 22:37-40) In Judaism, the first \"love the LORD thy God\" is part of the Shema." ]

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[ "Parliament of the Bahamas. The House of Assembly is the lower chamber. It consists of 39 members (known as Members of Parliament), elected from individual constituencies for five-year terms. As under the Westminster system, the government may dissolve the parliament and call elections at any time. The House of Assembly performs all major legislative functions. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party controlling the majority of the House of Assembly seats. Dewitt Halson Moultrie was elected the new speaker of the House of Assembly on May 24, 2017.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Parliament is empowered by Article 52(1) of the Constitution to make laws for the peace, order and good government of The Bahamas. The Constitution also empowers Parliament to:", "The Bahamas. Legislative power is vested In a bicameral parliament, which consists of a 38-member House of Assembly (the lower house), with members elected from single-member districts, and a 16-member Senate, with members appointed by the Governor-General, including nine on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The House of Assembly carries out all major legislative functions. As under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister may dissolve Parliament and call a general election at any time within a five-year term.[51]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The Bahamas legislature has had a bicameral feature since its inception in 1729 as the Governor's Council performed both executive and legislative functions. In 1841 Governor Francis Cockburn divided Governors Council into two separate councils. The Executive Council to deal with executive functions and the Legislative council to deal with Legislative functions of the upper house. So in 1841 the Bahamian legislature took on more structure, with the Legislative council being the superior legislative body and the House of Assembly being the lesser. The Legislative council eventually was renamed to the senate in 1964 and became the weaker house while the House of Assembly became the superior legislative body. The Senate is however still known as the upper house and the House of Assembly still as the lower house.[2]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Article 52(2) of the Constitution empowers Parliament to make laws by the passing of a bill. Most bills are introduced into Parliament by a Government minister,[citation needed] but in principle any parliamentarian may introduce a bill. A bill must be passed by both the House of Assembly and Senate, and then must be formally assented to by the Governor-General, before it becomes law.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The Parliament of The Bahamas is the bicameral national parliament of Commonwealth of The Bahamas. The parliament is formally made up by the Queen (represented by the Governor-General), an appointed Senate, and an elected House of Assembly. It currently sits at Nassau, the national capital.", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. The Cabinet constitutes the executive branch and has general direction and control of the Government of The Bahamas. It is necessary for the Cabinet to comprise at least nine Ministers inclusive of the Prime Minister and Attorney General. All Ministers are Members of Parliament of either the House of Assembly or the Senate. The number of Ministers from the Senate is limited to three. In addition the Prime Minister and the Minister of Finance are required to be members of the House of Assembly. The functions of the Cabinet entail the final determination of government policy, control of government activities and coordination of government Ministries and Departments. The Cabinet meets at least once per week to consider various issues.[1]", "Elections in the Bahamas. The House of Assembly has 39 elected members who are elected in single-member constituencies.[1] Elections for the House are held every five years.[3]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Most of the laws passed by Parliament are for the modification or amendment of existing laws.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. A General Assembly was established in 1729; the first elections took place in September, and on 29 September 1729 twenty-four members representing the islands of New Providence, Eleuthera, and Harbour Island gathered together at the house of Samuel Lawford to form the Assembly.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The structure, functions, and procedures of the parliament are based on the Westminster system.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Parliament also maintains oversight of the Government's finances through the Public Accounts Committee. Parliament is also the forum where public policy and matters of national importance are debated.", "Elections in the Bahamas. The country has a bicameral Parliament with a House of Assembly and Senate.", "The Bahamas. Constitutional safeguards include freedom of speech, press, worship, movement and association. The Judiciary of the Bahamas is independent of the executive and the legislature. Jurisprudence is based on English law.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. The Senate (upper house) consists of 16 members appointed by the Governor-General. Nine of these senators are selected on the advice of the Prime Minister, four on the advice of the Leader of the Opposition, and three on the advice of the Prime Minister after consultation with the Leader of the Opposition. The Senate is authorized by the Constitution to pass Bills in the same manner as passed by the House or it can make such amendments to the Bill should it consider it necessary. Those amendments will then have to be approved by the House of Assembly. The Senate may even reject a Bill outrightly that had been passed by the House. However, if the House passes the Bill in two successive sessions, and the Senate rejects the Bill each time, the House of Assembly may send the Bill directly to the Governor-General without the Senate having consented to the Bill.", "Parliament of the Bahamas. A bill must pass through a series of stages in order to be passed by each[citation needed] chamber, with a vote taken at each stage. The procedure in the House of Assembly is as follows:[5]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Bahamians achieved self-government in 1964 and full independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on July 10, 1973, retaining Queen Elizabeth II as monarch. The Parliament as presently constituted was established by Chapter 5 of the Constitution of The Bahamas, which came into effect upon the country's independence from the United Kingdom.", "The Bahamas. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the Cabinet, selected by the Prime Minister and drawn from his supporters in the House of Assembly. The current Governor-General is Dame Marguerite Pindling, and the current Prime Minister is The Rt. Hon. Hubert Minnis M.P..", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Each Bill consists of five main parts: the long title, the short title, the interpretation clause, the main body of the Bill and the objects and reasons. The long title is a description of the nature of the Bill and covers the intent of the Bill. The Short title follows the long title and labels the Bill for identification purposes. The short title sometimes also, contains the commencement clause, which states when the Bill will have legal force. The short title in turn is followed by the interpretation clause, which defines certain words and phrases used in the Bill. The body of the Bill consists of all of the other clauses, which contain the provisions of the Bill, that is, they contain all of the measures that the Bill is enacting. The objects and reasons is the final part of a Bill and it seeks to explain in layman’s terms the purpose of the Bill and the reason why it is necessary.", "The Bahamas. The Bahamas is a parliamentary constitutional monarchy headed by Queen Elizabeth II in her role as Queen of the Bahamas. Political and legal traditions closely follow those of the United Kingdom and the Westminster system. The Bahamas is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations as a Commonwealth realm, retaining the Queen as head of state (represented by a Governor-General).", "Parliament of Jamaica. As Jamaica is a Parliamentary Constitutional Monarchy, most of the government's ability to make and pass laws is dependent on Prime Ministers to command the confidence of the members of the House of Representatives. Though both Houses of Parliament hold Political significance, the House of Representatives of which the Prime Minister and the Leader of the Opposition are both required to be members of holds a more Powerful and Prestigious role since it is the main source of Legislation.", "List of Speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas. The first Speakers of the House of Assembly of the Bahamas was in 1729 following the establishment of the General Assembly started by Woodes Roger. The first Speaker was John Colebrooke.[1]", "The Bahamas. The districts of the Bahamas provide a system of local government everywhere except New Providence (which holds 70% of the national population), whose affairs are handled directly by the central government. In 1996, the Bahamian Parliament passed the \"Local Government Act\" to facilitate the establishment of Family Island Administrators, Local Government Districts, Local District Councillors and Local Town Committees for the various island communities. The overall goal of this act is to allow the various elected leaders to govern and oversee the affairs of their respective districts without the interference of Central Government. In total, there are 32 districts, with elections being held every five years. There are 110 Councillors and 281 Town Committee members are elected to represent the various districts.[52]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Her Majesty's Government", "Parliament of the Bahamas. Her Majesty's Government", "Legislature. A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country or city. Legislatures form important parts of most governments; in the separation of powers model, they are often contrasted with the executive and judicial branches of government.", "8th Lagos State House of Assembly. The legislative function of the Assembly is to make law by passing bills, which must be endorsed by the two-third majority of the house.[8]\nFollowing the endorsement by the two-third majority, the bill is presented to the Governor, who will sign the bill to become law.[9]\nThe assembly also play a significant role in the appointment of the state commissioners, Chief judges and other top official by the governor.[10]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. There are currently four main classifications of Bills: public, money, private member, and private bills.", "Tobago House of Assembly. The Tobago House of Assembly (THA) is a unicameral autonomous legislative body responsible for the island of Tobago within the twin-island nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The THA was established in 1980[1] to rectify some of the disparities in the relationship between the two islands, though a prior body using the same name existed from 1768–1874.[2] In addition to the normal local government functions the THA handles many of the responsibilities of the central government, but has limited ability to collect taxes and impose local law or zoning regulations. The THA consists of: one Presiding Officer, twelve elected assemblymen, and four appointed councillors. Three of the councillors are appointed on the advice on the Chief Secretary and one on the advice of the Minority Leader. The Chief Secretary is the leader of the majority party in the assembly.[3]", "Parliament of the Bahamas. HM Loyal Opposition", "Parliament of the Bahamas. HM Loyal Opposition", "Cabinet of the Bahamas. Hon. Ellsworth Johnson MP, Minister of State for Legal Affairs in the Attorney General Office" ]

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[ "Tenth Doctor. Executive producer Russell T Davies revived Doctor Who after a 16-year absence with the premiere of \"Rose\" in 2005. Following the BBC's announcement of a second series being commissioned, the story broke that Christopher Eccleston, who played the titular Ninth Doctor, would not be returning for the second series. On 16 April 2005, the BBC announced that David Tennant had been selected for the role of the Tenth Doctor.[12] His first appearance in the series was for 20 seconds following the Ninth Doctor's regeneration at the end of \"The Parting of the Ways\". His first full episode as the Doctor, barring an appearance in a \"mini-episode\" during the 2005 Children in Need show, was the 2005 Christmas Special, \"The Christmas Invasion\". He then appeared in the 2006 series, the second Christmas Special, \"The Runaway Bride\", the 2007 series, the third Christmas Special, \"Voyage of the Damned\", and the 2008 series. Rather than a traditional series run, 2009 features a series of five specials and a series of animated shorts, all starring Tennant as the Tenth Doctor; he also guest-starred in the two-part The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith of The Sarah Jane Adventures in that year. Tennant also appears in two animated serials; The Infinite Quest is counted with the third series, and Dreamland is counted amongst the 2008–2010 specials. In 2013, Tennant reprised his role as the Doctor for the 50th anniversary special \"The Day of the Doctor\", where it is revealed that due to an uncounted past incarnation, War Doctor, the Tenth Doctor is in fact the eleventh incarnation of the Doctor. The next episode, \"The Time of the Doctor,\" further explains that because the Tenth Doctor underwent an aborted regeneration in \"Journey's End,\" the Eleventh Doctor (his twelfth incarnation) was in fact on his thirteenth and final life.", "David Tennant. Doctor Who returned to British screens in 2005, with Christopher Eccleston playing the role of the Ninth Doctor in the first series. Tennant replaced him as of the second series, making his first, brief appearance as the Tenth Doctor in the episode \"The Parting of the Ways\" (2005) at the end of the regeneration scene, and also appeared in a special 7-minute mini-episode shown as part of the 2005 Children in Need appeal, broadcast on 18 November 2005. He began filming the new series of Doctor Who in late July 2005. His first full-length outing as the Doctor was a 60-minute special, \"The Christmas Invasion\", first broadcast on Christmas Day 2005. Tennant had been formally offered the role of the Doctor during rehearsals for The Quatermass Experiment. Although the casting was not officially announced until later in April,[21] both castmates and crew became aware of the speculation surrounding Tennant; in the live broadcast Jason Flemyng (Quatermass) changed his first line to Tennant's Dr Briscoe from \"Good to have you back, Gordon\" to \"Good to have you back, Doctor\" as a deliberate reference.[22]", "History of Doctor Who. On 16 April 2005, the BBC confirmed that David Tennant would be the Tenth Doctor.[23] The regeneration from Eccleston to Tennant took place in \"The Parting of the Ways\", the season finale. Tennant and Piper next starred in a 7-minute mini-episode for Children in Need. Tennant's first full story as the Doctor was the 2005 Christmas special, \"The Christmas Invasion\", and Piper joined him for the whole of Series 2.", "David Tennant. Tennant featured as the Doctor in an animated version of Doctor Who for Totally Doctor Who, The Infinite Quest, which aired on CBBC. He also starred as the Doctor in another animated six-part Doctor Who series, Dreamland.[25] Tennant guest starred as the Doctor in a two-part story in Doctor Who spin-off The Sarah Jane Adventures, broadcast in October 2009.[26] He continued to play the Tenth Doctor into the revived programme's fourth series in 2008. However, on 29 October 2008, he announced that he would be stepping down from the role after three full series.[27] He played the Doctor in four special episodes in 2009, before his final episode aired on 1 January 2010, where he was replaced by the eleventh doctor, portrayed by Matt Smith. The Daily Mirror reported that Tennant was forbidden from attending Doctor Who fan conventions while playing the role, to avoid the chance that he could accidentally let slip any plot points during filming of the series.[28] However, Tennant claimed this was false and that he had never been banned or discouraged from attending conventions.[29]", "Tenth Doctor. The Tenth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television programme Doctor Who, who is played by David Tennant in three series as well as nine specials. As with previous incarnations of the Doctor, the character has also appeared in other Doctor Who spin-offs. In the programme's narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old Time Lord alien from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time in his TARDIS, frequently with companions. When the Doctor is critically injured beyond medical repair, he can regenerate his body; in doing so, his physical appearance and personality change, and a new actor assumes the role. Tennant's portrayal of the Doctor is of an outwardly charismatic and charming adventurer whose likable and easygoing attitude can quickly turn to righteous fury when provoked.", "List of Doctor Who episodes (2005–present). The Tenth Doctor was portrayed by David Tennant, who was cast before the first series aired.[11]", "History of Doctor Who. Following broadcast of the fourth series, the BBC announced that the show would not return as a weekly series in 2009, due to a number of factors. Instead, four specials would be broadcast in 2009, with a full series returning in 2010. It was later announced that when the full series returned in 2010, Tennant would no longer be the Doctor. Playing the role would be the 26-year-old actor Matt Smith.", "Doctor Who (series 4). The fourth series of British science fiction television programme Doctor Who began on 25 December 2007 with the Christmas special \"Voyage of the Damned\". Following the special, a regular series of thirteen episodes aired, starting with \"Partners in Crime\" on 5 April 2008 and ending with \"Journey's End\". \"Partners in Crime\" marked the debut of Donna Noble, as played by Catherine Tate, as a full-time companion to the Tenth Doctor. A short Children in Need special was also produced. The series started production on 8 August 2007 and concluded on 29 March 2008. This was the final full series to star David Tennant as the Doctor, and the last with lead writer and showrunner Russell T Davies, however they would both stay until 2010, following a year's worth of specials.", "Tenth Doctor. In lieu of a 2009 series, Tennant appears as the Tenth Doctor, without a regular companion, in several special episodes over the course of 2008 and 2009, the last of which aired on New Year's Day, 2010. In the Christmas special \"The Next Doctor\", the Doctor mistakenly believes he has met a later incarnation of himself in an amnesiac Londoner (David Morrissey), with whom he saves Victorian-era London. \"Planet of the Dead\" (Easter 2009) features jewel thief Lady Christina de Souza (Michelle Ryan) as the Doctor's one-off companion, and the Doctor is presented with a prophecy of his imminent death. Tennant makes a crossover appearance in a The Sarah Jane Adventures two-parter, The Wedding of Sarah Jane Smith, in which a powerful being known as the Trickster (Paul Marc Davis) also alludes to the Tenth Doctor's impending demise. In \"The Waters of Mars\", the Doctor tries to alter history and avert the death of one-off companion Adelaide Brooke (Lindsay Duncan); when she commits suicide, he begins to feel his mortality weigh down upon him. In the animated serial Dreamland, the Doctor is joined by two one-off companions in 1950s Roswell, New Mexico. In the two-part send-off The End of Time, the Doctor confronts the Ood about their original prophecy and is led to contemporary Earth where, in the second part, the again-resurrected Master (Simm) restores Gallifrey and the Time Lords to existence, although he redeems himself by assisting the Doctor to defeat Time Lord President Rassilon (Timothy Dalton) before disappearing alongside the other Time Lords. The Doctor sacrifices his life to save Mott, exposing himself to 500,000 rads of deadly radiation and triggering his regeneration. He holds it back and is shown visiting several companions.[a] He gives Donna a winning lottery ticket on her wedding day, buying it with money he borrowed from her late father in the past, saves Martha and Mickey from a Sontaran sniper, saves Sarah Jane's son Luke (Tommy Knight) from a car, introduces Jack to a romantic interest (Russell Tovey), and finally, just before regenerating into the Eleventh Doctor (Matt Smith), he informs Rose in 2005 that she is about to have a \"great year\". As he begins regenerating once in the TARDIS, his last words are \"I don't want to go\".", "David Tennant. David Tennant (born David John McDonald; 18 April 1971) is a Scottish actor and voice actor. He is best known for his roles as the Tenth Doctor in the British television series Doctor Who, Alec Hardy in Broadchurch, Giacomo Casanova in the TV serial Casanova, Kilgrave in Jessica Jones, and Barty Crouch, Jr. in the film Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. In addition to his appearances on screen, he has worked as a voice actor and in theatre, including Prince Hamlet in a critically acclaimed 2008 stage production of Hamlet and as the voice of Scrooge McDuck in the new DuckTales series starting in 2017.[1][2] In January 2015, Tennant received the National Television Award for Special Recognition.", "Doctor Who (2008–2010 specials). The 2008–2010 specials of the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who are five specials that linked the programme's fourth and fifth series. They began on 25 December 2008 with \"The Next Doctor\" and concluded on 1 January 2010 with Part Two of The End of Time. They saw the departure of David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor.", "The End of Time (Doctor Who). The End of Time is a two-part story from the British science fiction television programme Doctor Who. It was originally broadcast on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 25 December 2009 and 1 January 2010, and is the fifth Doctor Who Christmas special. This is the last story for lead actor David Tennant, who hands over the role of alien time traveller the Doctor to Matt Smith.[1] It is also the last Doctor Who story written and produced by Russell T Davies,[2] who shepherded the series' return to British television in 2005 and served as the series' executive producer and chief writer.[1][3] Davies was succeeded as executive producer and showrunner by Steven Moffat.[1][3]", "David Tennant. He previously had a small role in the BBC's animated Doctor Who webcast Scream of the Shalka. Not originally cast in the production, Tennant was recording a radio play in a neighbouring studio, and when he discovered what was being recorded next door convinced the director to give him a small role. This personal enthusiasm for the series had also been expressed by his participation in several audio plays based on the Doctor Who television series which had been produced by Big Finish Productions, although he did not play the Doctor in any of these productions. His first such role was in the Seventh Doctor audio Colditz, where he played a Nazi lieutenant guard at Colditz Castle. In 2004 Tennant played a lead role in the Big Finish audio play series Dalek Empire III as Galanar, a young man who is given an assignment to discover the secrets of the Daleks. In 2005, he starred in UNIT: The Wasting for Big Finish, recreating his role of Brimmicombe-Wood from a Doctor Who Unbound play, Sympathy for the Devil. In both audio productions, he worked alongside Nicholas Courtney, who reprised the character of Sir Alastair Gordon Lethbridge-Stewart. He also played an unnamed Time Lord in another Doctor Who Unbound play Exile. UNIT: The Wasting, was recorded between Tennant getting the role of the Doctor and it being announced. He played the title role in Big Finish's adaptation of Bryan Talbot's The Adventures of Luther Arkwright (2005). In 2006, he recorded abridged audio books of The Stone Rose by Jacqueline Rayner, The Feast of the Drowned by Stephen Cole and The Resurrection Casket by Justin Richards, for BBC Worldwide.[citation needed]", "Tenth Doctor. The Ninth Doctor (Christopher Eccleston) regenerates into the Tenth Doctor (David Tennant) at the climax of the 2005 series finale, \"The Parting of the Ways\"; he re-introduces himself to his companion Rose Tyler (Billie Piper) in an untitled Children in Need mini-episode. In the Christmas special, he is in a comatose state for most of the episode, following his regeneration. After eventually waking up, he defeats the alien Sycorax and saves Earth; in the process, he loses a hand, which regrows owing to his recent regeneration. Amongst other 2006 series adventures, the Doctor and Rose save Queen Victoria (Pauline Collins) from a werewolf, resulting in the creation of the anti-alien Torchwood Institute. The Doctor shares an adventure with two former companions, journalist Sarah Jane Smith (Elisabeth Sladen) and robot dog K-9 (John Leeson), before taking on Rose's boyfriend Mickey (Noel Clarke) as a second companion. The TARDIS slips through a crack in the Time Vortex causing them to be stranded on a parallel Earth, where they encounter the Cybermen. After saving parallel Earth, Mickey decides to stay and help stop the Cybermen around the world despite the Doctor telling him he can never return. He and Rose become stranded on a planet orbiting around a black hole where The Beast is waiting, with a Torchwood team. While there The Beast taunts the Doctor and Rose about Rose's death. During the 2012 Olympic Games, the Doctor picks up the Olympic flame and carries it to the end, starting the Games. The series finale takes place in contemporary London, where modern-day Torchwood is the scene for war between the evil alien Daleks and parallel-universe cyborgs the Cybermen; saving the Earth costs the Doctor Rose, who is stranded in a parallel universe, along with Mickey and her mother, in \"Doomsday\".", "Tenth Doctor. The Tenth Doctor has been extremely popular amongst the Doctor Who fandom. He received critical acclaim for his complexity and humanity and is considered one of the greatest incarnations of the character.[29][30][31] The BBC went as far as to consider ending the show in 2010, thinking it would fail without Tennant.[32] In 2006, readers of Doctor Who Magazine voted Tennant's Doctor \"Best Doctor\" over perennial favourite Tom Baker.[33] He also won the National Television Awards award for Most Popular Actor in 2006 and 2007, and the award for Outstanding Drama Performance in 2008 and 2010. In a poll conducted by Radio Times in March 2007, Tennant's Doctor was named the \"coolest character on television\".[34][35] IGN ranked the Tenth Doctor the best Doctor in 2011.[36] In 2013, IGN again ranked Tennant as the best Doctor,[37] along with the Daily Mail[38] and Radio Times, with Billie Piper also being voted as best companion.[39] Users of Plusnet also voted David Tennant as the best Doctor in 2013.[40] Users of DoctorWhoTV also voted Tennant as 'Ultimate Doctor' in 2013.[41] Voters on Digital Spy also rated Tennant as the greatest Doctor in 2013 with 50.05% of the votes,[30] and again in 2015.[42] A poll in November 2013 revealed that Tennant was considered the greatest Doctor with 33% of the vote, a clear 10% lead over 2nd place, Tom Baker.[43] Readers of The Telegraph voted Tennant as the greatest actor to play the Doctor in 2014.[44]", "The End of Time (Doctor Who). Additionally, the 2009 Christmas idents for BBC One featured David Tennant as the Doctor using the TARDIS as a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Though unrelated to the episode, it was used to introduce both parts of the story, with Tennant himself providing a voiceover introduction for Part Two. After Part Two was broadcast, the ident continued for the remainder of the day but no longer featured Tennant, since he was no longer the Doctor.", "Doctor Who. Doctor Who originally ran for 26 seasons on BBC One, from 23 November 1963 until 6 December 1989. During the original run, each weekly episode formed part of a story (or \"serial\") — usually of four to six parts in earlier years and three to four in later years. Some notable exceptions were: The Daleks' Master Plan, which aired twelve episodes (plus an earlier one-episode teaser,[52] \"Mission to the Unknown\", featuring none of the regular cast[53]); almost an entire season of seven-episode serials (season 7); the ten-episode serial The War Games;[54] and The Trial of a Time Lord, which ran for fourteen episodes (albeit divided into three production codes and four narrative segments) during season 23.[55] Occasionally serials were loosely connected by a story-line, such as season 8 focusing on the Doctor battling a rogue Time Lord called the Master,[56][57] season 16's quest for the Key to Time,[58] season 18's journey through E-Space and the theme of entropy,[59] and season 20's Black Guardian trilogy.[60]", "Doctor Who. Since the return of Doctor Who in 2005, the franchise has produced two original \"mini-episodes\" to support Children in Need. The first, aired in November 2005, was an untitled seven-minute scene which introduced David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor. It was followed in November 2007 by \"Time Crash\", a 7-minute scene which featured the Tenth Doctor meeting the Fifth Doctor (played once again by Peter Davison).", "David Tennant. At the age of three, Tennant told his parents that he wanted to become an actor because he was a fan of Doctor Who,[12] but they tried to encourage him to aim for more conventional work.[6] He watched almost every Doctor Who episode for years, and he spoke to Tom Baker at a book-signing event in Glasgow.[6] Tennant says he was \"absurdly single-minded\" in pursuing an acting career. Tennant was educated at Ralston Primary and Paisley Grammar School.[13] He acted in school productions throughout primary and secondary school.", "Doctor Who (2008–2010 specials). On 28 October 2008 at the National Television Awards during his speech after winning Outstanding Drama Performance for his work on series 4, David Tennant announced that he would be standing down as the Doctor for series 5 and that the 09/10 specials would be his last.[15][16][17][18][19][20][21] The specials not only marked an end to Tennant's reign as the Doctor, but also Russell T. Davies' as show runner, head writer and executive producer of the show, who announced his departure from the series on 20 May 2008 with his final episode airing in 2010.[22][23][24][25]", "History of Doctor Who. Due partly to budget restrictions at the BBC, the expected 2012 series, Smith's third, was split into 5 episodes transmitted from September 2012 and a further 8 transmitted from April 2013, with the now traditional Christmas special between these 2 groups of episodes. The advent of the show's 50th anniversary in November 2013 meant that instead of starting to film an 8th series, the BBC started work on a feature-length special, to be transmitted on 23 November 2013, the precise date of the show's 50th anniversary. As well as being made in 3D for presentation at selected cinemas, the episode was also announced to be co-starring David Tennant and Billie Piper, reprising their roles of the Tenth Doctor and Rose, though ultimately Billie Piper played The Moment, a Gallifreyan Weapon that took the form of Rose.", "Doctor Who. The BBC drama department's serials division produced the programme for 26 seasons, broadcast on BBC 1. Falling viewing numbers, a decline in the public perception of the show and a less-prominent transmission slot saw production suspended in 1989 by Jonathan Powell, controller of BBC 1.[12] Although it was effectively cancelled with the decision not to commission a planned 27th series of the show for transmission in 1990, the BBC repeatedly affirmed that the series would return.[13]", "Fourth Doctor. The Fourth Doctor appeared in 172 episodes (179, counting the regeneration in Planet of the Spiders and the aborted Shada) over a seven-year period, from 1974 to 1981. This makes him the longest running on-screen Doctor of the series. He also appeared in the specials The Five Doctors (via footage from the incomplete Shada) and made his final appearance as the Doctor in the charity special Dimensions in Time (aside from a series of television advertisements in New Zealand in 1997).[1] Tom Baker reappeared in the 50th anniversary special as a mysterious curator.", "History of Doctor Who. The seventh season, at twenty-five episodes, was shorter than any before, and established a pattern of Doctor Who seasons being between twenty and twenty-eight episodes in length, one that would last until the middle of the 1980s. However, although the new format of the Doctor being stuck on Earth had proved popular enough to save the programme from cancellation, neither Letts nor his script editor Terrance Dicks were particularly keen on the idea, and from the eighth season onwards sought reasons for the Doctor to be able to travel in time and space again, eventually having the Time Lords grant him full freedom at the conclusion of the 1973 tenth anniversary story, The Three Doctors, a serial which also featured guest appearances from Troughton and Hartnell, the latter in a restricted role due to his poor health.", "David Tennant. Tennant's first major TV role was as the manic depressive Campbell in the Scottish drama series Takin' Over the Asylum (1994). During filming, he met comic actress and writer Arabella Weir. When he moved to London shortly afterwards, he lodged with Weir for five years[13] and became godfather to her youngest child. He has subsequently appeared with Weir in many productions: as a guest in her spoof television series Posh Nosh, in the Doctor Who audio drama Exile (during which Weir played an alternate version of the Doctor), and as panellists on the West Wing Ultimate Quiz on More4 (Weir later guest-starred on Doctor Who itself after Tennant left the series). One of his earliest big-screen roles was in Jude (1996), in which he shared a scene with Christopher Eccleston, playing a drunken undergraduate who challenges Eccleston's Jude to prove his intellect. Coincidentally, Eccleston portrayed the incarnation of The Doctor immediately preceding Tennant's.", "David Tennant. Tennant appeared in Derren Brown's Trick or Treat.[65] In TV & Satellite Week (26 April – 2 May issue), Brown is quoted as saying: \"One of the appeals of Doctor Who for David is time travel, so I wanted to give him that experience. He was open and up for it, and I got a good reaction. He's a real screamer!\" The episode aired on Channel 4 on 16 May 2008, and showed Tennant apparently predicting future events correctly by using automatic writing. Tennant also returned for the final episode of the series with the rest of the participants from the other episodes in the series to take part in one final experiment.", "Doctor Who. Doctor Who finally returned with the episode \"Rose\" on BBC One on 26 March 2005.[15] There have since been nine further series in 2006–2008 and 2010–2015, and Christmas Day specials every year since 2005. No full series was filmed in 2009,[16] although four additional specials starring David Tennant were made. In 2010, Steven Moffat replaced Davies as head writer and executive producer.[17] In January 2016, Moffat announced that he would step down after the 2017 finale, to be replaced by Chris Chibnall in 2018.[18] The tenth series debuted in April 2017, with a Christmas special preceding it in 2016.[19]", "Doctor Who. Doctor Who has appeared on stage numerous times. In the early 1970s, Trevor Martin played the role in Doctor Who and the Daleks in the Seven Keys to Doomsday. In the late 1980s, Jon Pertwee and Colin Baker both played the Doctor at different times during the run of a play titled Doctor Who – The Ultimate Adventure. For two performances, while Pertwee was ill, David Banks (better known for playing Cybermen) played the Doctor. Other original plays have been staged as amateur productions, with other actors playing the Doctor, while Terry Nation wrote The Curse of the Daleks, a stage play mounted in the late 1960s, but without the Doctor.", "The End of Time (Doctor Who). The story features the Tenth Doctor (Tennant), who has been running from a prophecy of his impending demise, as he is drawn into a scheme by his old nemesis, the Master (Simm). The Master brings the human race under his control as part of an elaborate plan to restore the world of his and the Doctor's own people, the Time Lords, from their demise in the Time War referred to in the series. The Doctor is able to avert this, but incurs fatal injuries. In the episode's conclusion, as has happened before, the Doctor regenerates and becomes a new man—with a new personality and physical traits—setting up the show's following series with Matt Smith as the star and Steven Moffat as executive producer.", "Doctor Who (series 6). The sixth series of British science fiction television programme Doctor Who was shown in two parts. The first seven episodes were broadcast from April to June 2011, beginning with \"The Impossible Astronaut\" and ending with mid-series finale \"A Good Man Goes to War\". The final six episodes aired from August to October, beginning with \"Let's Kill Hitler\" and ending with \"The Wedding of River Song\". The main series was preceded by \"A Christmas Carol\", the 2010 Christmas special. The series was led by head writer and executive producer Steven Moffat, alongside executive producers Beth Willis and Piers Wenger. Sanne Wohlenberg, Marcus Wilson, and Denise Paul served as producers. The series is the sixth to air following the programme's revival in 2005, and is the thirty-second season overall.[1]", "Doctor Who. The Sarah Jane Adventures, starring Elisabeth Sladen who reprised her role as investigative journalist Sarah Jane Smith, was developed by CBBC; a special aired on New Year's Day 2007 and a full series began on 24 September 2007.[154] A second series followed in 2008, notable for (as noted above) featuring the return of Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. A third in 2009 featured a crossover appearance from the main show by David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor. In 2010, a further such appearance featured Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor alongside former companion actress Katy Manning reprising her role as Jo Grant. A final, three-story fifth series was transmitted in autumn 2011 – uncompleted due to the death of Elisabeth Sladen in early 2011.", "David Tennant. On 25 February 2007, Tennant starred in Recovery, a 90-minute BBC One drama written by Tony Marchant. He played Alan, a self-made building site manager who attempted to rebuild his life after suffering a debilitating brain injury. His costar in the drama was friend Sarah Parish, with whom he had previously appeared in Blackpool and an episode of Doctor Who. She joked that \"we're like George and Mildred – in 20 years' time we'll probably be doing a ropey old sitcom in a terraced house in Preston\".[33] Later that same year he starred in Learners, a BBC comedy drama written by and starring Jessica Hynes (another Doctor Who costar, in the episodes \"Human Nature\", \"The Family of Blood\" and \"The End of Time\"), in which he played a Christian driving instructor who became the object of a student's affection. Learners was broadcast on BBC One on 11 November 2007. Tennant had a cameo appearance as the Doctor in the 2007 finale episode of the BBC/HBO comedy series Extras with Ricky Gervais. In November 2008, Tennant played Sir Arthur Eddington in the BBC and HBO biographical film Einstein and Eddington, which was filmed in Cambridge and Hungary.[34]" ]

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[ "List of Drake & Josh characters. Josh Nichols (Josh Peck) is Drake and Megan’s stepbrother. Unlike his stepbrother, Josh is smart, conscientious, sensible, and does well in school, although he is not often the socially stable one. In the pilot episode, he had a job for the school newspaper in which he wrote under the name Miss Nancy. In season two, he begins working for Helen at the fictional Premiere movie theatre. Unlike Drake, Josh often stresses over school a lot and uses his common sense, often repeating things for emphasis when anxious. Despite his good moral compass and punctuality, Josh is prone to bad luck, especially with girls. However, later, he begins to date Mindy Crenshaw, who is his academic rival. He has all sorts of hobbies, including cooking and performing magic tricks. Later in the series, Josh becomes more popular and gains better luck. He is obsessed with Oprah Winfrey and accidentally ran her over with his car in Josh Runs into Oprah.", "Drake & Josh. The series is focused on a pair of stepbrothers who have opposite personalities. Drake Parker is a popular but immature aspiring musician idolized by his schoolmates and able to court a countless array of girls with ease, whereas Josh Nichols is smart and responsible, but has trouble with dating and popularity. Drake and Josh live in San Diego, California, with Josh's awkward father, Walter; Drake's loving mother Audrey; and manipulative and conniving younger sister Megan. The two boys are often involved in comedic misadventures and obstacles while also handling an array of teenage situations. Over the course of the series, both Josh and Drake change and their relationship develops: Josh loses weight and becomes more popular, while Drake matures and becomes more caring towards other people, especially his stepbrother, whom he eventually calls his \"brother\" instead of \"stepbrother.\"", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Clayton (Josh Sussman) is one of the nerdy children at school. He has speech problems since he mumbles and no one can understand what he is saying. Even Craig and Eric call him a \"nerd,\" considering that they are nerds themselves. He appears only in \"Josh is Done\" and \"Eric Punches Drake\". In \"Eric Punches Drake,\" he begins to dislike Drake when Drake spits blue mouthwash into his bottled water, and he even goes as far as to find out where Drake and Josh live just so he could repeat \"Why?\" However, fans have speculated that since \"Eric Punches Drake\" took place after \"Josh is Done\" then Drake spitting mouthwash into his bottle would be considered revenge for the chemistry incident that Clayton caused on Drake.", "Josh Peck. Peck made his film debut in Snow Day (2000), and appeared regularly on The Amanda Show until the end of its run in 2002.[8] He also starred opposite Alex D. Linz and Zena Grey in the theatrical film, Max Keeble's Big Move, which was released on October 5, 2001. In 2001, he guest starred in an episode of the popular NBC drama ER called \"Thy Will Be Done\". During this period, Peck appeared in several independent films, including Spun and 2004's Mean Creek, for which he received critical praise. He was cast as Josh Nichols, opposite Drake Bell's Drake Parker, in another Nickelodeon sitcom, Drake & Josh, which began airing in 2004 and gained Peck recognition among young audiences. Peck's character, Josh Nichols, was smart, funny, and organized, but was always being tormented along with Drake by Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove), Drake's younger sister. Both characters sing in a remake of the song \"Soul Man\" by Sam and Dave.[9] In 2006, Bell and Peck starred in their own TV movie called Drake & Josh Go Hollywood, and in 2007, they starred in a sequel called Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp. Josh was nominated for Favorite Television Actor at the 2008 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards for his work on Drake & Josh.[10] Peck also made his debut as a director in the Drake & Josh episode, \"Battle of Panthatar\". He also directed his co-star Drake Bell's music video for the theme song to Drake & Josh, \"Found a Way\". He has also appeared in the series finale of What's New, Scooby-Doo?, an episode of Codename: Kids Next Door called \"Operation: C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E.\", and the direct-to-video New Line Cinema film Havoc. Peck returned to the character of Josh Nichols in 2008 for the television film Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. In the season 2 finale \"Honor Council\", Josh mentions her full name as being Alice Hayfer. However, in \"Vicious Tiberious\", a video shows her full name as being Linda Hayfer.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Drake Parker (Drake Bell) is depicted as a laid-back, charming, immature, and womanizing teenager. Although he often appears unintelligent, his under-achievement seems to be caused by apathy and he has been known not to think before he acts (getting straight D's in school). Drake has great interest in music, playing the electric guitar in a band throughout the series and liking all forms, his favorite being rock. He can also play several percussion instruments, shown in \"Megan's New Teacher\" when he tried to play drums and guitar at the same time and in \"Josh Runs Into Oprah\" where he played the bongos. He usually takes advantage of Josh to get what he wants. He has a lot of success with girls and much of the comedy is his effortless ability to get dates. Drake is also very unhygienic (not washing hands, eating food off the floor). Drake feels embarrassed about his new stepbrother at first, but grows to accept Josh. Despite his arrogance and selfishness, Drake still redeems himself by doing the right thing. He becomes more mature as the series progresses. In 2010, Drake Bell made an appearance in the iCarly Season 3 episode \"iBloop\" which stars his Drake & Josh co-star Miranda Cosgrove. He reprised his role as Drake Parker to make an appearance in the episode, during which he seems to have stepped into the alternate fictional universe of iCarly where he recognizes Cosgrove's character as Megan Parker and follows by asking the whereabouts of Josh and the rest of his family.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Trevor (Taran Killam) is Drake's absent-minded friend and Scottie's older brother. Even though he only appeared in \"Dune Buggy\", he is mentioned several times in the series, and his voice is heard over the phone in \"Josh Runs into Oprah\". Trevor gets a brain scan every month, due to his unintelligence as found out in \"Dune Buggy\". In \"The Wedding\", the boys use his old car (a Chevrolet El Camino) to get to their great aunt Catherine's wedding, but it breaks down and later catches fire.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Walter (Jonathan Goldstein) is Josh's father and Drake and Megan's stepfather. He is a meteorologist for a local TV news program in San Diego, but he is often wrong about the weather. Walter is often clumsy, out of date, and seemingly empty-headed. As a result, he lacks the respect of his stepchildren, who refer to him by his first name. When Megan calls him by his first name, he always asks \"When did she start calling me Walter?\" and Audrey replies \"I don't know.\" He is also clueless and skeptical in regards to Megan's pranks which have caused the boys a lot of punishments, although starting in the episode \"The Demonator\", Walter slowly begins to notice Megan's evil ways. A running gag involves a rivalry between him and Bruce Winchill, an unseen weatherman from another station. He hates that Winchill is so popular, as he is always right with his predictions, and even forbids the use of Winchill's name in the family home.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Mrs. Hayfer (Julia Duffy) is the boys' English teacher who adores Josh due to his hard-working personality, but hates Drake because of his consistently poor performance in school; likewise, as noted by his doodles of her in his notebook, as seen in \"Honor Council\", Drake hates her in return. In the episode \"Mean Teacher\", Mrs. Hayfer is shown to hate Drake for no apparent reason as it is shown that when he answered a question correctly, she dubbed it incorrect and appointed the same question correct to another student right next to him as well as grading a flawless report he did with a \"D-\" again for no logical reason.[2] In fact, her catchphrase is \"I hate you, Drake\", with Drake responding, \"I know\". She also always says \"To the nurse!\", which is her own way of telling people to leave her classroom. In \"Little Sibling\", Mrs. Hayfer says it to Josh when she wanted to have a private talk with Drake. Mrs. Hayfer has a daughter named Kelly, who Drake briefly dates, much to her discontent. In \"Honor Council\", she comes into the classroom to find her car parked where the boys' seats are originally and accuses Drake of putting the car there, but her star student, Mindy, is the real culprit. Drake apparently hates Mrs. Hayfer so much that he wishes she would die, as seen in the episode, \"Megan's First Kiss\", in which Josh says \"You're not gonna believe this!\" and Drake asks in an anxious and excited tone, \"Mrs. Hayfer died?!\"", "Drake & Josh. United States:", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Papa Nichols (Vernon Roberts) is Josh's great-grandfather and Walter's grandfather. In his only appearance in \"The Demonator\", he had surgery and said he fought in World War II. Walter tells Drake and Josh that they are not allowed to ride The Demonator roller coaster and he and Audrey tell the boys to stay home and watch Papa Nichols. Meanwhile, Drake lets Craig and Eric come over and watch him while the boys and Megan go to Mystic Mountain to ride the Demonator, but when he wakes up disoriented, he thinks he is back in the war and attacks them, thinking they are Germans (whom he called \"German Nerds\"). At the end of The Demonator, Walter tries to wake him up and he punches him when he called him a \"German.\" He is later mentioned once by Josh in \"The Wedding\".", "Drake & Josh. Drake & Josh is an American television sitcom created by Dan Schneider for Nickelodeon. The series follows stepbrothers Drake Parker (Drake Bell) and Josh Nichols (Josh Peck) as they live together despite having opposite personalities. The series also stars Miranda Cosgrove, Nancy Sullivan, and Jonathan Goldstein.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. She has a brief appearance in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh, where Drake accidentally hits a fire hydrant while driving, resulting in water getting sprayed all over her. She then points out and yells her famous line: \"I Hate You, Drake Parker!\"", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Played by Toshi Toda. He first appears in the pilot as Josh's karate instructor. He is later seen in \"First Crush\" saying that his karate place burnt down. Since then he has become the owner of a coffee shop where he held auditions for a band. He banned Drake from entering the shop because Drake had a snake in his backpack which was put there by Megan. However Cathy, Josh's crush at the time, spoke to him about giving them another chance.", "Drake & Josh. United Kingdom:", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Megan Parker (Miranda Cosgrove) is the younger sister and stepsister of Drake and Josh. Megan often references a best friend named Janie and often refers to her older brothers as \"boobs.\" Although at times Megan helps her brothers, she is usually antagonistic and hostile to them. It has also been shown that she is very smart and quick-witted; she can pull off very extreme, cruel and sometimes complicated (or even potentially dangerous) pranks on her brothers all while ensuring that her parents think of her as being a \"sweet little girl\" (also believing her to be always innocent). However, in the episode, \"The Affair\", Megan calls Drake a \"boob\" and Josh \"gross\" in front of her mother, who does not react. Even when an incident has nothing to do with them she still manages to take their distrust from others as an advantage. This has even gone so far as to suggest that she might even possess genius-level intelligence, for example building a hidden computerized monitor in her room. Most of the time throughout the series, Megan is very conceited, rude, sassy, and mean to her brothers. However, despite her near-constant harassing them, Megan actually loves her brothers deep down and has shown them genuine love and gratefulness when they uncovered that her then-boyfriend had been cheating on her.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Drew (James Immekus) and Jerry (Stephen Markarian) are two boys who look and act like Drake and Josh. They appeared only in the episode \"Drew & Jerry\". Drew plays the saxophone and flirts with girls while Jerry likes pool, video games and magic tricks. Josh began hanging out with Drew, making Drake jealous, which led to the friendship between him and Jerry. Aside from being a good comedian, Jerry also plays a lot of pool at the Premiere. Josh and Drew then attend a movie premiere that Drake and Josh were going to see originally, so Drake angrily gets back at Josh by spending the day with Jerry fishing. However, during an argument, Drake has Jerry do a magic trick which involved cutting a girl's ponytail and then putting it back clear in position. Josh then tells Drew to entertain everyone in the Premiere by playing the saxophone. A talent agent sees them and decides to give them their own TV show, a comedy about two brothers. Drake and Josh then watch the show themselves.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Scottie (Johnny Lewis) is the drummer of Drake's band and is Trevor's younger brother. He is considered to be unintelligent, according to Drake and the other band members. Rina (Molly Orr) is the bassist of Drake's band, while Paul (Jeremy Ray Valdez) is the rhythm guitarist. They only appeared in four episodes in Season 1. Drake and the three band members are detained at a Rock Shock concert because Scottie photocopied their tickets in the episode \"Grammy\", the final appearance of the three.", "Drake & Josh. Latin America:", "List of Drake & Josh characters. This is a list of characters from the American television series Drake & Josh, which aired on Nickelodeon from 2004 to 2007.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Grammy (Randee Heller) is Josh's grandmother and Walter's mother. She loves Josh and Megan, but she hates Drake. In her only appearance in \"Grammy\", she expresses anger towards Drake when he decides to go to a concert even though Audrey and Walter said that he could not. At the end of the episode, Grammy shows affection toward Drake when he attempts to tell his parents the truth. She is later mentioned frequently. She sent gifts to Josh many times. She is last mentioned in \"Merry Christmas, Drake and Josh\".", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Drake has a band in which he is the frontman.", "Drake & Josh. Australia and New Zealand:", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Gary (Dan Mott) is the goofy and self-absorbed drummer of Drake's band. He has a tattoo of a foot on his chest and likes to wear girls shirts (e.g. his sister's blouse and Megan's panda shirt). He only appeared in \"The Storm\".", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Craig (Alec Medlock) and Eric (Scott Halberstadt) are two stereotypical \"nerdy\" honor students that are always being exploited by Drake, mostly due to his hare-brained schemes. Drake often mistakes Eric for Craig. Craig corrected him one time, and Drake sarcastically said \"It matters\". Eric first appeared in the pilot episode as an extra and along with his best friend, Craig, a few times in Season 2 and 3, but they appear more frequently in Season 4, and also appear in the television film Drake & Josh: Really Big Shrimp. They usually are good friends and good in nature, but not free of a selfish side. Drake is so unkind to them that anytime they try to talk with them he rudely shuts the door in their face and tells them that there are lots of reasons why they do not have girlfriends. Eric left for Puerto Rico in the final episode, \"Dance Contest.\" Craig and Eric appear with another Drake & Josh character, Gavin, in the 2010 iCarly episode \"iStart a Fan War\", implying that the two series take place within the same universe. It is revealed in the episode Who's Got Game that Craig and Eric do not consider themselves to be friends with Drake because of the bad things he has done to them.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Sammy (Jordan Wright) is a young child that Drake needed to take care of as part of a Big Sibling program because he got in trouble for lying to Mrs. Hayfer (Julia Duffy) about being in class on time. While Drake proceeds to take care of Sammy, he (Sammy) wanted Josh to be his big sibling. Sammy considers Josh to be the coolest guy ever, something that most characters think about Drake.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Catherine is Drake and Josh's great-aunt. She is mentioned in the episode \"The Wedding\", where it is revealed that she is getting married and she collects hair from people she does not know. Although she is never seen, she is described as being mean, and is apparently hated by her family, including Josh. She also owns a beach-house, which the family wants to receive. According to Drake she is \"old and gross\".", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Gavin (Jake Farrow) works with Josh at the Premiere and he has a mullet-like haircut similar in fashion to Rod Stewart (in \"Who's Got Game\" he got a perm). A running gag throughout the series involved Helen asking him to tell Josh to clean something unusual in the theater. He normally declines doing it himself when Josh asks if he would do it. He then cleans up the mess himself - telling Josh \"I got it\". He also has a crush on Audrey. He can apparently get away with anything at work, like taking a nap on the roof. He first appeared in \"Driver's License\" and made an appearance in Merry Christmas, Drake & Josh. Gavin appears in iCarly in Season 4 episode \"iStart a Fan War\" with Craig and Eric.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Henry Doheny (Steve Tom) is a formerly famous magician who moves in with the family in the episode \"The Great Doheny\". Josh, Walter and Megan idolize him while Drake hates him. Doheny does magic wherever he goes, such as interfering with random people and doing magic tricks for them and even puts a sandwich inside his stomach without eating it. When Drake could no longer stand Doheny being in the house, he tried to harm him with a baseball bat but Josh decided to help him become famous again instead. Megan came up with a trick called \"The Box of Impalement\", which backfired due to putting Doheny in a large box and sticking swords into his body, killing him. However at the funeral Henry came back to life and regained his career and went off to Las Vegas to perform there for four years.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Neil Kramer (Ridge Canipe) is a 5th grader who appears in \"Megan's New Teacher\" who played the drums for Drake when his original drummer left. Drake noticed his talent for drums when he found him playing a song on books with pencils in the classroom. After that he took him home to hear him play and Drake wanted to have him play in the band. However, when Josh handed out pop quizzes that everyone failed because they did not do homework, Neil's mom banned him from playing. Drake and Megan hatched a plan to get Josh fired; it worked, leading to Neil playing for Drake's band at the Premiere's third anniversary. Neil was never seen again after that.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Although Bruce Winchill is never seen in Drake & Josh, he is mentioned throughout the series. Megan and Audrey have a crush on him because he has good hair. He is a rival weatherman of Walter, and he always gets the weather right.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Corey (Christian Vandal) is Megan's first boyfriend. He appears only in the episode \"Megan's First Kiss\", in which Drake and Josh expose his cheating on her with another girl named Monica (Kelly Heyer)." ]

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[ "Beauty School Dropout. \"Beauty School Dropout\" is a song from the musical Grease.", "Grease (musical). The three remaining Burger Palace Boys go into the Burger Palace for a snack before the fight, and Frenchy laments at what to do with her life, having dropped out of beauty school in frustration at failing all of her classes. The heavenly Teen Angel appears with a chorus of back-up singing angels and tells her to return to high school (\"Beauty School Dropout\").", "Frankie Avalon. Materializing as a character called Teen Angel, his performance of \"Beauty School Dropout\" in the hit 1978 film of the musical Grease introduced Avalon to a new generation of viewers.[1]", "Beauty School Dropout. In 2012 the song was featured in an episode of the TV musical series Glee and in the related extended play soundtrack in a version sung by Darren Criss.", "Frankie Avalon. In recent years, Avalon has starred in stage productions of Grease in the role of Teen Angel and Tony n' Tina's Wedding as a caricature of himself. Additionally, in 2007, he performed \"Beauty School Dropout\" with the four remaining female contenders (Kathleen Monteleone, Allie Schulz, Ashley Spencer, and winner Laura Osnes) for the role of Sandy on the NBC television reality show Grease: You're the One that I Want!", "Beauty School Dropout. In the musical, the song is the showcase piece of the Teen Angel, who makes his only appearance in the musical to sing the song. The Teen Angel is Frenchy's guardian angel, and script notes specifically identify him as a Fabian look-alike, dressed in all-white. The Teen Angel appears to Frenchy, who has recently dropped out of beauty school out of frustration with her teachers, asks for a guardian angel in the mold of those seen in Debbie Reynolds movies. The Angel descends from the heavens, then pointedly sings to her that she lacks work ethic and suggests that she return to high school so that she might eventually qualify for a career as a stenographer later in life. Frenchy silently refuses and walks away, leading the Angel to close his number by lamenting her refusal to listen and ascending back to the heavens. (The film version does not have Frenchy refusing the advice, and the lyrics are likewise adjusted.)", "Dami Im. On November 7, 2016, it was announced by Harvest Train, the Australian musical theatre company, that Im is going to be appearing in the Brisbane production of Grease: The Arena Experience.[93] The show is scheduled to play for three performances at the Brisbane Entertainment Centre from 7–8 April 2017. Im has been cast in the role of Teen Angel and will be performing a rendition of \"Beauty School Dropout\". This is the first time Im has taken part in a major musical production and also the first time that a female has been cast in the normally male role.[94]", "Beauty School Dropout. In 2017, Sandy and Richard Riccardi performed a spoof of the song called \"Tiki Torch Nazis\", in reference to the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia.[3]", "Grease (musical). Grease was a major success for both Stigwood and Paramount Pictures, who re-released the film several times; the film soundtrack made international hits out of several of the songs. Paramount also produced a sequel Grease 2, which had no involvement from Jacobs (who openly disapproved) or Casey and followed a younger class of students at Rydell High School. A few supporting characters (Frenchy, Eugene, Craterface and most of the school staff) reprised their roles, with Birch taking on directing duties in addition to choreography, while Adrian Zmed came over from the stage version. Grease 2 was both a critical failure and, while barely profitable, a financial disappointment given the high expectations set by the original film.", "Grease (film). After her parents unexpectedly decide to move from Australia, Sandy enrolls at Rydell and is befriended by Frenchy, who considers dropping out of high school to become a beautician by going to a beauty school. Unaware of each other's presence at Rydell, Danny and Sandy tell their curious groups the accounts of events during the pair's brief romance, without initially mentioning the other's name. Sandy's version emphasizes the romance of the affair, and the truth and purity, while Danny's version is more sexual (and therefore presumably less honest) (\"Summer Nights\" song).", "Beauty School Dropout. Alan Paul, later a member of The Manhattan Transfer, originated the role on Broadway. It is not uncommon for the role of the Teen Angel to be held as a dual role by one of the other characters in the cast during stage adaptations (in Paul's case, he also appeared as bandleader Johnny Casino). It was recorded by Frankie Avalon (who, like Fabian, was a client of Bob Marcucci's during his heyday) for the 1978 film adaptation of Grease, a role he reprised on stage through the 1990s and early 2000s. The Wild Angels recorded an earlier version for Decca Records in 1972.[1][2]", "Beauty School Dropout. In the Noddy episode \"The Tooth Fairy\", a parody of the song entitled \"Tooth Fairy\" is performed by Johnny Crawfish, Whiny, Whimper and the Ruby Reds, with the lyrics altered to be about Johnny's first childhood encounter with the Tooth Fairy.", "Grease (song). ^shipments figures based on certification alone", "Grease (film). The next day, the T-Birds are looking over Kenickie's car, and although they are initially skeptical of its potential, Danny and Kenickie explain the modifications they could add to make it a hot-rodding sex machine (\"Greased Lightnin'\"). In an attempt to impress Sandy, Danny approaches Coach Calhoun (Sid Caesar) in an effort to become a high school athlete. Danny's pride and lack of experience lead to him picking fights with the jocks when he tries to play basketball, wrestling or baseball, so Calhoun suggests cross-country running, in which Danny excels. Danny's running proves to impress Sandy, prompting the two to reconcile for a date at the Frosty Palace; when the other greasers arrive, Danny and Sandy promptly leave in discomfort. Kenickie and a noticeably distressed Rizzo get into an argument and break up, while Putzie and Jan arrange to go to the dance. Left alone, Frenchy—who dropped out of Rydell to enroll in beauty school, only to quit when she turned her own hair bright pink—is visited by a guardian angel (Frankie Avalon) who advises her to return to Rydell (\"Beauty School Dropout\").", "Grease: You're the One That I Want!. The applicants were whittled down to 50, who attended \"Grease Academy\" for intensive training and testing, particularly in voice and dance. From these, 12 contestants were selected by the judges. The panel of three judges consisted of director/choreographer Kathleen Marshall, Grease co-writer Jim Jacobs, and British producer David Ian. In addition, later episodes of the show featured guest judges Olivia Newton-John, Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jon Secada, and Rob Marshall, as well as guest performer Frankie Avalon. The number of contestants rose to 14 in the fourth episode when two previously eliminated contestants, Matt Nolan and Ashley Anderson, were brought back and given a second chance.", "Grease 2. At the talent show, Stephanie and the Cool Rider meet but are ambushed by the T-Birds who pursue Michael on their respective motorcycles, with Stephanie and the Pink Ladies following in a car. They chase him to a construction site which conceals a deadly drop, and the biker's absence suggests that he has perished below, leaving Stephanie heartbroken and inconsolable. Johnny and his T-Birds remove the competing Preptones - preppie boys - by tying them to a shower pole in the boys' locker room and drenching them. During the Pink Ladies' performance in the talent show (\"Girl for All Seasons\"), Stephanie enters a dreamlike fantasy world where she is reunited with her mystery biker (\"(Love Will) Turn Back the Hands of Time\"). She is named winner of the contest and crowned the queen of the upcoming graduation luau, with Johnny hailed as king for his performance of \"Prowlin'\" with his fellow T-Birds.", "Grease (musical). The musical begins with all of the cast coming to school and getting ready (\"Grease is the word\") and continues with a Rydell High School Class of 1959 reunion headed by old maid English teacher, Miss Lynch, who starts off with a recitation of the school anthem (\"Alma Mater\"). She welcomes former cheerleader/yearbook-editor Patty Simcox Honeywell and class valedictorian Eugene Florczyk. Eugene gives a rousing speech, mentioning that the alumni who are missing from the reunion are surely present in-spirit. Suddenly, the greaser gang known as the Burger Palace Boys (known in later versions of the production as the \"T-Birds\") and their auxiliary, the \"Pink Ladies\", appear and recite their own parody of the Rydell anthem (\"Alma Mater (Parody)\").", "Grease (song). \"Grease\" became a No. 1 single in the United States in 1978 (it would turn out to be Valli's final No. 1 single), and also reached No. 40 on the R&B charts in the same year.[5]", "Grease 2. The school year ends with the luau (\"Rock-a-Hula Luau\"), during which the Cycle Lords appear and begin to destroy the celebration. However, the Cool Rider reappears. After he defeats the Cycle Lords again, he reveals himself to be Michael. Initially shocked, Johnny gives him a T-Birds jacket, officially welcoming him into the gang, and Stephanie accepts that she can now be with him. As a reward, Michael and Stephanie kiss for their new love for each other. All the couples pair off happily at the seniors' graduation as the graduating class sings (\"We'll Be Together\"). The credits start rolling in yearbook-style, as in the original film.", "Grease (film). The school dance arrives, broadcast live on television and hosted by DJ Vince Fontaine (Edd Byrnes), who flirts with Marty. Rizzo and Kenickie attempt to spite one another by bringing Leo and Cha-Cha as their dates, while Danny and Sandy arrive together. Danny and Sandy dance well and appear to be on their way to winning the competition, but a drunken Sonny pulls Sandy off the floor partway through. Cha-Cha joins Danny for the rest of the dance, and the two win (\"Born to Hand Jive\"). During the last dance (\"Blue Moon\"), Putzie leads Sonny and Doody in a mooning of the national TV audience, which Principal McGee (Eve Arden) vows to put on their permanent records.", "Grease 2. The next evening while working at a gas station/garage, Stephanie is surprised again by the Cool Rider, and they enjoy a romantic twilight motorcycle ride. Just as Michael is about to reveal his identity, they are interrupted by the arrival of the T-Birds and Pink Ladies. Before Michael leaves, he tells Stephanie that he will see her at the school talent show, in which the Pink Ladies and T-Birds are performing. Johnny, enraged by Stephanie's new romance, threatens to fight the Cool Rider if he sees him with her again. The Pink Ladies walk away haughtily, but this has little effect on the T-Birds' self-confidence (\"Prowlin'\").", "Grease (musical). It is the night of the school dance where everyone is having fun dancing in the gym (\"Shakin' At the High School Hop\"). Sandy is at home by herself, listening to the radio and crying over how much she misses Danny (\"It's Raining on Prom Night\").", "Grease (musical). Danny sees Sandy again at her cheerleader practice, and tries to apologize for his behavior. Head cheerleader Patty Simcox interrupts and flirts with Danny. Patty informs Danny that track try-outs are nearing, and Danny tells Sandy that he will join the track team to prove that he is sophisticated. After Danny leaves, Patty and Sandy practice their cheer choreography (\"Rydell Fight Song\").", "Grease (musical). The Pink Ladies soon after realize that Sandy's summer fling was the same Danny Zuko that attends Rydell High and arrange for the two to bump into each other at school; the resulting meeting is tense and awkward, as Danny had previously told Sandy that he attended a private academy and does not want to admit to the Burger Palace Boys that she was the woman he was talking about. As the Burger Palace Boys leave, Sandy is heartbroken, but the Pink Ladies calm her down and invite her over to Marty's pajama party. Shortly afterwards, the teenagers gather in the hall as Doody, the youngest Burger Palace Boy, shows off his new guitar. The rock star wannabe gives an impromptu concert in the hall (\"Those Magic Changes\").", "Grease (musical). In addition to the removal of \"There Are Worse Things I Could Do,\" the following songs of the School Version have undergone lyric changes:[35]", "Grease (musical). Meanwhile, Kenickie comes into the dance with his date, Cha-Cha DiGregorio, a sexually provocative girl from a different school known as Saint Bernadette's. Kenickie dumps his date Cha-Cha and pairs off with Rizzo, whom Danny entered the dance contest with, leaving Danny with Cha-Cha. The MC Vince Fontaine, an enthusiastic radio disc jockey, begins the hand jive dance contest, and everyone eagerly participates as he tags the contestants out (\"Born to Hand Jive\"). In the end, Danny and Cha-Cha are the winners. Amongst the awards given to the couple, Danny receives two free drive-in movie tickets.", "Grease 2. Grease 2 is a 1982 American musical romantic comedy film and the sequel to Grease, which is based upon the musical of the same name by Jim Jacobs and Warren Casey. The film was produced by Allan Carr and Robert Stigwood, and directed and choreographed by Patricia Birch, who also choreographed the first film. It takes place two years after the original film at Rydell High School, with an almost entirely new cast, led by actors Maxwell Caulfield and Michelle Pfeiffer.", "Grease (film). The opening beach scene was shot at Malibu's Leo Carrillo State Beach, making explicit reference to From Here to Eternity. The exterior Rydell scenes, including the basketball, baseball and track segments, were shot at Venice High School in Venice, California, while the Rydell interiors, including the high school dance, were filmed at Huntington Park High School. The sleepover was shot at a private house in East Hollywood. The Paramount Pictures studio lot was the location of the scenes that involve Frosty Palace and the musical numbers \"Greased Lightning\" and \"Beauty School Dropout\". The drive-in movie scenes were shot at the Burbank Pickwick Drive-In (it was closed and torn down in 1989 and a shopping center took its place). The race was filmed at the Los Angeles River, between the First and Seventh Street Bridges, where many other films have been shot.[10] The final scene where the carnival took place used John Marshall High School.[11] And due to budget cuts a short scene was filmed at Hazard Park in Los Angeles.", "Grease (film). The gang realizes that high school is now over, and worries that they'll never see each other again. Danny insists, \"Nah, that'll never happen,\" and everyone celebrates their friendship (\"We Go Together\"). As the song nears its conclusion, Danny and Sandy depart in a red hot rod, which takes flight, and the pair wave goodbye to their friends.", "Grease (film). Grease is a 1978 American musical romantic comedy film based on the musical of the same name. Written by Bronte Woodard[2] and directed by Randal Kleiser in his theatrical feature film debut, the film depicts the lives of two high school seniors: bad boy Danny (John Travolta) and good girl Sandy (Olivia Newton-John) in the late 1950s. Grease was successful both critically and commercially. Its soundtrack album ended 1978 as the second-best selling album of the year in the United States, behind the soundtrack of the 1977 blockbuster Saturday Night Fever.[3]", "Grease (musical). Note*: \"Grease Medley\" is sung during the final curtain call.", "Grease (musical). The show's original, aggressive and profane 1971 incarnation was directed by Guy Barile, choreographed by Ronna Kaye and produced by the Kingston Mines Theater Company founded by June Pyskacek on Chicago's Lincoln Avenue. The script was based on Jim Jacobs' experience at William Taft High School, Chicago.[2] Warren Casey collaborated with Jim and together they wrote the music and lyrics. It ran for eight months.[8] The cast: Doug Stevenson (Danny), Leslie Goto (Sandy), Sue Williams (Rizzo), Polly Pen (Patty), Gary Houston (Roger), Marilu Henner (Marty), James Canning (Doody), Hedda Lubin (Frenchy), Bruce Hickey (Kenickie), Sheila Ray Ceaser (Jan), Bill Cervetti (Miller), Jerry Bolnick (Sonny), Judy Brubaker (Miss Lynch), Mike O'Connor (Vince Fontaine), Steve Munro (Eugene), Barbara Munro (Cha Cha), Mac Hamilton (Teen Angel) and George Lopez (Bum). In addition to the \"R-rated\" profanity and deliberate use of shock value, the Chicago version of Grease included an almost entirely different songbook, which was shorter and included multiple references to real Chicago landmarks.[9]" ]

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[ "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. Since 1980, each voter names three rookies: a first-place choice is given five points, a second-place choice three points, and a third-place choice one point. The award goes to the player who receives the most overall points.[1][6] Edinson Vólquez received three second-place votes in 2008 balloting despite no longer being a rookie under the award's definition.[7][8]", "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. In Major League Baseball, the Rookie of the Year Award is annually given to one player from each league as voted on by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA, which selected an annual winner from 1940 through 1946.[1] The award became national in 1947; Jackie Robinson, the Brooklyn Dodgers' second baseman, won the inaugural award. One award was presented for both leagues in 1947 and 1948; since 1949, the honor has been given to one player each in the National and American League. Originally, the award was known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, named after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s. The award was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award in July 1987,[2] 40 years after Jackie Robinson broke the baseball color line.", "List of Major League Baseball awards. The Rookie of the Year Award is given annually to one player from each league, as voted upon by the BBWAA. The award was established in 1940 by the Chicago chapter of the BBWAA who alone selected a rookie of the year.[22] Starting in 1947, all members of the national BBWAA organization voted. Jackie Robinson was awarded the first official Rookie of the Year award.[23] The award was originally known as the J. Louis Comiskey Memorial Award, after the Chicago White Sox owner of the 1930s. In 1987, it was renamed the Jackie Robinson Award, in honor of the 40th year since Robinson broke the baseball color line. Only two players, both in the American League, have been named Rookie of the Year and MVP in the same year: Fred Lynn in 1975 and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001. The only Rookie of the Year to win the Cy Young Award in the same year was Fernando Valenzuela in 1981. In 1947 and 1948, only one award was given to a single player. Since 1949, the honor has been given to one player in each league.[24]", "Rookie. To qualify as a rookie in Major League Baseball, a player must not have exceeded 130 at bats or fifty innings pitched in the majors, and also fewer than 45 days on the active rosters of major league clubs (excluding time on the disabled list or any time after rosters are expanded on September 1) in their previous seasons.[7] Major League Baseball awards the best rookie with the Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award, as voted upon by the Baseball Writers' Association of America.", "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. Of the 140 players named Rookie of the Year (as of 2016), 16 have been elected to the National Baseball Hall of Fame—Jackie Robinson, five American League players, and ten others from the National League. The award has been shared twice: once by Butch Metzger and Pat Zachry of the National League in 1976; and once by John Castino and Alfredo Griffin of the American League in 1979. Members of the Brooklyn and Los Angeles Dodgers have won the most awards of any franchise (with 18), twice the total of the New York Yankees, and members of the Philadelphia and Oakland Athletics (eight), who have produced the most in the American League. Fred Lynn and Ichiro Suzuki are the only two players who have been named Rookie of the Year and Most Valuable Player in the same year, and Fernando Valenzuela is the only player to have won Rookie of the Year and the Cy Young Award in the same year. Sam Jethroe is the oldest player to have won the award, at age 32,[3] 33 days older than 2000 winner Kazuhiro Sasaki (also 32).[4] Aaron Judge of the New York Yankees and Cody Bellinger of the Los Angeles Dodgers are the most recent winners.", "Aaron Judge. End of season awards for Judge included selection as an outfielder on Baseball America's All-MLB Team,[76] the Players Choice Award for Outstanding AL Rookie, and a Silver Slugger Award.[citation needed] Judge was unanimously voted as the American League Rookie of the Year.[77]", "Joey Votto. Votto finished second in National League Rookie of the Year voting to the Chicago Cubs' Geovany Soto.[11] He led all NL rookies in hitting (.297), hits (156), HR (24), total bases (266), multi-hit games (42), on-base percentage (.368) and slugging percentage (.506).[12]", "José Iglesias (baseball). Iglesias was named the 2013 Detroit Tigers/Detroit Sports Broadcasters Association Rookie of the Year. Iglesias finished second in the American League Rookie of the Year voting in 2013, being edged out by Wil Myers.[14]", "National Football League Rookie of the Year Award. The Sporting News NFL Rookie of the Year award is chosen annually by NFL players, coaches, and executives. There were 617 voters in 2010,[39] 632 voters in 2011,[40] and over 800 voters in 2012.[41]", "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. The award has drawn criticism in recent years because several players with experience in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) have won the award, such as Hideo Nomo in 1995, Kazuhiro Sasaki in 2000, and Ichiro Suzuki in 2001. The current definition of rookie status for the award is based only on Major League experience, but some feel that past NPB players are not true rookies because of their past professional experience. Others, however, believe it should make no difference since the first recipient and the award's namesake played for the Negro Leagues prior to his MLB career and thus could also not be considered a \"true rookie\".[9][10] This issue arose in 2003 when Hideki Matsui narrowly lost the AL award to Ángel Berroa. Jim Souhan of the Minneapolis Star Tribune said he did not see Matsui as a rookie in 2003 because \"it would be an insult to the Japanese league to pretend that experience didn't count.\"[9] The Japan Times ran a story in 2007 on the labeling of Daisuke Matsuzaka, Kei Igawa, and Hideki Okajima as rookies, saying \"[t]hese guys aren't rookies.\"[10] Past winners such as Jackie Robinson, Don Newcombe, and Sam Jethroe had professional experience in the Negro Leagues.", "Nolan Arenado. On October 29, 2013, Arenado became the first NL rookie to win a Rawlings Gold Glove Award at third base, and the first in both major leagues since Frank Malzone won in the American League in 1957.[28] Arenado tied for seventh place with Evan Gattis in the NL Rookie of the Year Award voting, behind Jedd Gyorko, Julio Teherán, Hyun-Jin Ryu, Shelby Miller, Yasiel Puig and winner José Fernández.[26]", "National Football League Rookie of the Year Award. Every week during the NFL regular season, five finalists are chosen for the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week award, and the winner is determined by fan voting online. Those results are used to help determine the finalists for the Rookie of the Year award. Voting occurs throughout the postseason and concludes the week before the Super Bowl.[18] More than 350,000 votes were cast for the inaugural award in 2002,[19] 1.002 million votes in 2009, and more than 1.59 million votes in 2010.[20] Since 2011, the winner of the Pepsi Rookie of the Year award is announced at the NFL Honors show the night before the Super Bowl.[21]", "Corey Seager. After the season, he was awarded with the Silver Slugger Award, the third Dodgers rookie to win the award.[47] He was also the unanimous winner of the National League Rookie of the Year Award,[48] and the 2016 Esurance MLB/This Year in Baseball Award winner as Best Rookie.[49]", "Major League Baseball Rookie of the Year Award. From 1947 through 1956, each BBWAA voter used discretion as to who qualified as a rookie. In 1957, the term was first defined as someone with fewer than 75 at bats or 45 innings pitched in any previous Major League season.[1] This guideline was later amended to 90 at bats, 45 innings pitched, or 45 days on a Major League roster before September 1 of the previous year.[1] The current standard of 130 at bats, 50 innings pitched or 45 days on the active roster of a Major League club (excluding time in military service or on the disabled list) before September 1 was adopted in 1971.[1][5]", "List of Major League Baseball awards. The Roberto Clemente Award is given annually to the player in Major League Baseball who \"best exemplifies the game of baseball, sportsmanship, community involvement and the individual's contribution to his team\", as voted on by baseball fans and members of the media. It is named for Hall of Fame outfielder Roberto Clemente. Originally known as the Commissioner's Award, it has been presented by Major League Baseball since 1971. In 1973, the award was renamed after Clemente following his death in a plane crash while delivering supplies to victims of the 1972 Nicaragua earthquake.[50] Each year, a panel of baseball dignitaries selects 1 player from 30 nominees, one from each club. Teams choose their nominee during the regular season, and the winner is announced at the World Series.[50] The player who receives the most votes online via MLB's official website, MLB.com, gets one vote in addition to the votes cast by the panel.[50] Anthony Rizzo of the Chicago Cubs is the 2017 winner and current holder of the award.", "National Football League Rookie of the Year Award. The Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Year award is an annual award given since 2002 to the top rookie in the NFL. The winner is selected by fans through an online voting process at NFL.com.", "Ichiro Suzuki. Aided by Major League Baseball's decision to allow All-Star voting in Japan, Ichiro was the first rookie to lead all players in voting for the All-Star Game. That winter, he won the American League Most Valuable Player and the Rookie of the Year awards, becoming only the second player in MLB history (after Fred Lynn) to receive both honors in the same season. Ichiro is also the only player in major league history to have won an MVP, Rookie of the Year, Gold Glove Award, Silver Slugger Award, all while starting in the All-Star Game in the same season.[16]", "Mike Trout. On November 12, 2012, Trout won the BBWAA Jackie Robinson Rookie of the Year Award, receiving 28 of 28 first place votes, becoming the first Angels player to win the award since Tim Salmon won it in 1993 and the youngest player to win the AL Rookie of the Year Award. Trout became just the 18th Rookie of the Year winner to win the award unanimously.[70] On November 13, Trout won the Heart and Hustle Award, given to the player who \"demonstrates a passion for the game of baseball and best embodies the values, spirit and traditions of the game.\"[71][72] Trout was one of three outfielders in the American League to win the Silver Slugger for being the best offensive players at their position; the others were then-Ranger Josh Hamilton and Josh Willingham of the Minnesota Twins.[73] He also won a Fielding Bible Award as the best fielding center fielder in MLB.[74]", "NBA Rookie of the Year Award. The winner is selected by a panel of United States and Canadian sportswriters and broadcasters,[1] each casting first, second, and third place votes (worth five points, three points, and one point respectively). The player(s) with the highest point total, regardless of the number of first-place votes, wins the award.[2]", "Evan Longoria. After the 2008 season, Longoria was honored with Sporting News Rookie of the Year Award for the American League,[20] as well as the American League Rookie of the Year Award. He became the fourth third baseman to win the award. He also became the sixth player and the first since Nomar Garciaparra in 1997 to win a Rookie of the Year Award unanimously.[21] He was also named the third baseman on the Topps Rookie All-Star Team.", "Rookie of the Year (film). The film has received a 39% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews from 18 critics.[3][4][5][6]", "Rookie of the Year (film). Following the Cubs' win over the Cleveland Indians in Game 7 of the 2016 World Series to win their first championship since 1908, Nicholas, in celebration, tweeted the final shot from the movie of Henry showing his Cubs World Series ring.[11] Furthermore, director Daniel Stern briefly reprised his role of Brickma following the win.", "NASCAR Rookie of the Year. The NASCAR Rookie of the Year Award is presented to the first-year driver that has the best season in a NASCAR season. Each of NASCAR's national and regional touring series selects a RotY winner each year.", "Michael Oher. Oher was second in the voting for Associated Press' NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year Award, with six votes.[citation needed]", "MLS Rookie of the Year Award. In the United States, Major League Soccer (MLS) has handed out a Rookie of the Year Award since its inception in 1996. MLS, as opposed to other American sports leagues like Major League Baseball, only designates a player as a rookie if the player has had no prior professional experience. So, for example, although Taylor Twellman finished second in MVP voting in 2002, he was ineligible for the Rookie of the Year Award because he had played on the reserve team of 1860 Munich.", "Detroit Tigers. Among the 2010 season highlights were Miguel Cabrera hitting .328 with 38 home runs and an AL-best 126 RBI, earning the American League Silver Slugger Award at first base[136] and finishing second in the AL MVP race (earning 5 of 28 first-place votes).[137] Austin Jackson (.293 average, 103 runs, 181 hits, 27 stolen bases) finished second in the AL Rookie-of-the-Year voting. Justin Verlander enjoyed another strong season (18–9 record, 3.37 ERA, 219 strikeouts).", "National Football League Rookie of the Year Award. The National Football League Rookie of the Year Award refers to any number of awards presented by various entities to the top American football rookie(s) in the National Football League (NFL). The NFL considers the rookie of the year award by the Associated Press (AP) to be its official honor.[1]", "Rookie of the Year (film). Rookie of the Year is a 1993 American sports comedy film starring Thomas Ian Nicholas and Gary Busey as players for the Chicago Cubs baseball team. The cast also includes Albert Hall, Dan Hedaya, Eddie Bracken, Amy Morton, Bruce Altman, John Gegenhuber, Neil Flynn, Daniel Stern (who also directed) and John Candy in an uncredited role.", "Relief pitcher. Relievers who have won the Rookie of the Year Award", "Aaron Judge. The Yankees selected Judge in the first round of the 2013 MLB draft. After making his MLB debut in 2016 and hitting a home run in his first career at bat, Judge went on to have a record-breaking rookie season in 2017. He was named an All-Star and won the Home Run Derby, the first rookie to do so. He broke the Yankees' record for home runs by a rookie (besting Joe DiMaggio's 29 with 30 before the All-Star break). He won the American League's (AL) Rookie of the Month Awards for April, May, June and September, as well as the AL's Player of the Month Award for June and September. Judge hit 52 home runs as a rookie, breaking Mark McGwire's MLB rookie record of 49. He also hit 33 home runs at Yankee Stadium, breaking the record of 32 set by Babe Ruth in 1921.", "Buster Posey. Posey was named the NL Rookie of the Year; Posey had 20 first place votes while Heyward, now playing for the Atlanta Braves, finished second with nine.[40] Posey was the sixth Giant to win the award, joining Willie Mays, Orlando Cepeda, Willie McCovey, Gary Matthews and John Montefusco. He was also the sixth catcher in NL history to win the award.[41] Posey was named by his peers as the NL Players Choice Awards Outstanding Rookie.[42] He was named the catcher on Baseball America's All-Rookie Team[43] and the 2010 Topps Major League Rookie All-Star Team.[44] He finished 11th in NL Most Valuable Player (MVP) voting.[45]", "NASCAR Rookie of the Year. Drivers must meet the following criteria in order to be eligible to run for or receive the Rookie of the Year award." ]

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[ "Miracle of Lanciano. In Catholicism, the Miracle of Lanciano is a Eucharistic miracle purported to have occurred in the eighth century in the city of Lanciano, Italy. According to tradition, a monk who had doubts about the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist found, when he said the words of consecration at Mass, that the bread and wine changed into flesh and blood. The Catholic Church officially claims the miracle as authentic.", "Miracle of Lanciano. The miracle is usually described roughly as follows: In the city of Lanciano, Italy, then known as Anxanum, some time in the 700s, a Basilian hieromonk was assigned to celebrate Mass at the monastery of St. Longinus. Celebrating in the Latin Rite and using unleavened bread, the monk had doubts about the Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation. During the Mass, when he said the Words of Consecration (\"This is my body. This is my blood\"), with doubt in his soul, the priest saw the bread change into living flesh and the wine change into blood which coagulated into five globules, irregular and differing in shape and size.[2] The miracle was supposed to have been contemporaneously investigated and confirmed by the Church, though no documents from this alleged investigation are extant.[2]", "Miracle of Lanciano. Scientific recognition (4 March 1971)", "Miracle of Lanciano. Scientific recognition (18 November 1970)", "Miracle of Lanciano. The Basilian monks kept custody of the elements until their departure in 1175. They were succeeded by Benedictine monks in 1176. The items were placed in different locations within the Church of St. Francis at Lanciano. They were kept in the Valsecca Chapel from 1636 until 1902 when they were relocated to a new altar.", "Miracle of Lanciano. Related article in L'Osservatore Romano", "Miracle of Lanciano. When he was Cardinal of Kraków, Pope John Paul II visited the Church of St Francis in Lanciano.[8]", "Miracle of Lanciano. Document by Prof. Ruggero Bertelli", "Miracle of Lanciano. The relics of this miracle currently reside in the Church of San Francesco, Lanciano in Corso Roma.[1]", "Miracle of Lanciano. In 1971, the specimens were analyzed by Odoardo Linoli, a professor in anatomy and pathological histology as well as chemistry and clinical microscopy, and former head of the Laboratory of Pathological Anatomy at the Hospital of Arezzo.[3] The report was published in Quaderni Sclavo di Diagnostica Clinica e di Laboratori in 1971.[3][4][5] Dr. Linoli's analysis was confirmed by Ruggero Bertelli, a retired professor of human anatomy at the University of Siena.[2][6]", "Miracle of Lanciano. Places with similar miracles", "Miracle of Lanciano. The specimens which are alleged to have resulted from this miracle are currently kept in a silver ostensorium in the Church of San Francesco, Lanciano, where they are treated as relics and visited by pilgrims.", "Miracle of Lanciano. The elements can still be seen today. The specimen alleged to be flesh, which is the same size as the large host used in the Latin Church, is fibrous and light brown in color and becomes rose-colored when lighted from the back. The specimen alleged to be blood consists of five coagulated globules and has an earthy color resembling the yellow of ochre.", "Miracle of Lanciano. Various investigations prove the tissue specimens are authentic, but have unusual qualities. For example, allegedly the five globules were weighed, with each globule weighing the same amount as all of them together, or as any combination of them.[2] This measurement took place during the scientific investigation and was replicated in an investigation by Archbishop Antonio Gaspar Rodríguez in 1574.", "Miracle of Lanciano. Rear-lighted panel (front)", "Cassino. On July 23, 1230, the city was the site of the signing of the peace between Pope Gregory IX and Frederick II, which took place in the church of San Germano. On 9 September 1349, San Germano was destroyed by a large earthquake, which also seriously damaged the abbey. The reconstruction took place in 1366, at Pope Urbano V's will.", "Miracle of Lanciano. Some sources claim that Linoli's study proves that the specimens are miraculous because blood would naturally decay and Linoli's analysis is based on a comparison with normal (fresh) blood, not thousand-year-old blood. However, others claim that Linoli's report in fact proves that the blood is old and not fresh blood, which would be consistent with a naturalistic explanation.[7]", "Miracle of Lanciano. Rear-lighted panel (side)", "Miracle of Lanciano. According to Linoli's study, the flesh is human cardiac tissue of type AB, consistent with the source being of Middle Eastern descent. He said he found proteins in the blood, in the same normal proportions (percentage-wise) as are found in the sero-proteic make-up of normal blood. Linoli found no trace of preservatives.[5]", "Miraculous catch of fish. Painting by Jacopo Bassano, 1545 (first miracle )", "Constantine the Great. Latin Rite Catholics considered it inappropriate that Constantine was baptized only on his death-bed and by an unorthodox bishop, as it undermined the authority of the Papacy. Hence, by the early fourth century, a legend had emerged that Pope Sylvester I (314–335) had cured the pagan emperor from leprosy. According to this legend, Constantine was soon baptized, and began the construction of a church in the Lateran Palace.[306] In the eighth century, most likely during the pontificate of Stephen II (752–757), a document called the Donation of Constantine first appeared, in which the freshly converted Constantine hands the temporal rule over \"the city of Rome and all the provinces, districts, and cities of Italy and the Western regions\" to Sylvester and his successors.[307] In the High Middle Ages, this document was used and accepted as the basis for the Pope's temporal power, though it was denounced as a forgery by Emperor Otto III[308] and lamented as the root of papal worldliness by the poet Dante Alighieri.[309] The 15th century philologist Lorenzo Valla proved the document was indeed a forgery.[310]", "History of Rome. On 1 November, 731, a council was called in St. Peter's by Gregory III to excommunicate the iconoclasts. The Emperor responded by confiscating large Papal estates in Sicily and Calabria and transferring areas previously ecclesiastically under the Pope to the Patriarch of Constantinople. Despite the tensions Gregory III never discontinued his support to the imperial efforts against external threats.", "All the Light We Cannot See. Werner's and Marie-Laure's paths converge in 1944, when Allied forces have landed on the beaches of Normandy and Werner's unit is dispatched to Saint-Malo to trace and destroy the sender of mysterious intelligence broadcasts. Etienne and Marie-Laure have been making these broadcasts for the French Resistance. Werner ultimately decides to allow the broadcasts to continue and eventually saves Marie-Laure from von Rumpel. Although only together for a short time, they form a strong bond. As they flee from Saint-Malo, Marie-Laure places the Sea of Flames inside a grotto flooded with seawater from the tide. Werner sends Marie-Laure away into safety but becomes gravely ill. Just as he begins to recover, he accidentally steps on a landmine at night in a fit of delirium, which immediately kills him.", "Hundred Years' War. Historians commonly divide the war into three phases separated by truces: the Edwardian War (1337–1360), the Caroline War (1369–1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415–1453). Each side drew many allies into the war: local conflicts in neighbouring areas, which were contemporarily related to the war, including the War of the Breton Succession (1341–1365), the Castilian Civil War (1366–1369), the War of the Two Peters (1356–1369) in Aragon, and the 1383–85 crisis in Portugal, were availed by the parties to advance their agendas. Later historians adopted the term \"Hundred Years' War\" as a historiography periodization to encompass all of these events, thus constructing the longest military conflict in European history.", "History of Western civilization. Around AD 500, Clovis I, the King of the Franks, became a Christian and united Gaul under his rule. Later in the 6th century, the Byzantine Empire restored its rule in much of Italy and Spain. Missionaries sent from Ireland by the Pope helped to convert England to Christianity in the 6th century as well, restoring that faith as the dominant in Western Europe.", "Sack of Rome (410). After three days of looting and pillage, Alaric quickly left Rome and headed for southern Italy. He took with him the wealth of the city and a valuable hostage, Galla Placidia, the sister of emperor Honorius. The Visigoths ravaged Campania, Lucania, and Calabria. Nola and perhaps Capua were sacked, and the Visigoths threatened to invade Sicily and Africa.[95] However, they were unable to cross the Strait of Messina as the ships they had gathered were wrecked by a storm.[74][96] Alaric died of illness at Consentia in late 410, mere months after the sack.[74] According to legend, he was buried with his treasure by slaves in the bed of the Busento river. The slaves were then killed to hide its location.[97] The Visigoths elected Ataulf, Alaric's brother-in-law, as their new king. The Visigoths then moved north, heading for Gaul. Ataulf married Galla Placidia in 414, but he died one year later. The Visigoths established the Visigothic Kingdom in southwestern Gaul in 418, and they would go on to help the Western Roman Empire fight Attila the Hun at the Battle of the Catalaunian Fields in 451.[98]", "History of Christianity. On 30 November 1894, Pope Leo XIII published the Apostolic Letter Orientalium Dignitas (On the Churches of the East) safeguarding the importance and continuance of the Eastern traditions for the whole Church. On 7 December 1965, a Joint Catholic-Orthodox Declaration of Pope Paul VI and the Ecumenical Patriarch Athenagoras I was issued lifting the mutual excommunications of 1054.", "World War II. On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies invaded the Italian mainland, following Italy's armistice with the Allies.[225] Germany with the help of fascists responded by disarming Italian forces that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas,[226] and creating a series of defensive lines.[227] German special forces then rescued Mussolini, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the Italian Social Republic,[228] causing an Italian civil war. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the main German defensive line in mid-November.[229]", "Italy. Fears in the Italian electorate of a possible Communist takeover proved crucial for the first universal suffrage electoral outcome on 18 April 1948, when the Christian Democrats, under the leadership of Alcide De Gasperi, obtained a landslide victory. Consequently, in 1949 Italy became a member of NATO. The Marshall Plan helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the \"Economic Miracle\". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the European Economic Community (EEC), which became the European Union (EU) in 1993.", "Italian Grand Prix. 1972 saw changes to Monza. The 1971 race was the fastest Formula One race ever at that point in time. It was really just a bunch of straights and fast corners and F1 cars had become increasingly advanced and much faster, and the drivers were constantly slipstreaming each other around the circuit. Chicanes were put at the end of the pit straight and at the Vialone curve; Brazilian Emerson Fittipaldi won that race and his first Drivers' Championship at only 25 years of age. His chief rival Jackie Stewart went out at the start with a broken gearbox. In 1973, Stewart punctured a tire early in the race and went into the pits to have it changed; he came out in 20th place and finished fourth in the race while Fittipaldi finished second; this was enough for Stewart to win his third and final Drivers' Championship. 1974 saw further changes with the Vialone chicane changed and renamed Variante Ascari, which was the place where Alberto Ascari was killed in 1955 testing a Ferrari sportscar. Like the year before, Peterson won and Fittipaldi finished second, now driving for McLaren. 1975, however, was an event to remember. Ferrari, which had regrouped completely under the leadership of Luca di Montezemolo, reached the high point of its resurgence.", "Cassino. The abbey was again rebuilt in 949 by the decision of Pope Agapetus II and, together with the town, renamed San Germano, began to experience a prosperous period. For defensive purposes, the castle Rocca Janula, which still dominates the town today, was also built. In the abbey are conserved the Placiti Cassinesi, dated 960-963, considered the first documents ever written in the Italian language.", "Chi Rho. According to Lactantius,[6] a Latin historian of North African origins saved from poverty by the Emperor Constantine I (r. 306–337), who made him tutor to his son Crispus, Constantine had dreamt of being ordered to put a \"heavenly divine symbol\" (Latin: coeleste signum dei) on the shields of his soldiers. The description of the actual symbol chosen by Emperor Constantine the next morning, as reported by Lactantius, is not very clear: it closely resembles a Chi-Rho or a staurogram (), a similar Christian symbol. That very day Constantine's army fought the forces of Maxentius and won the Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312), outside Rome." ]

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[ "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me debuted at number-one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts. It was the second album from 2Pac to do so,[43] selling 566,000 copies in the first week.[44] All Eyez on Me has shipped 10 million copies in the United States as of July 23, 2014, and has been certified Diamond by the RIAA, which makes it one of the best-selling albums in the US.[45][46] In the UK, BPI certified the album Silver (300,000 copies sold) on January 1, 1997, followed by Gold on July 22, 2013, and Platinum on November 14, 2014.[47] It has charted on Billboard 200 for 105 weeks in total.", "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me was the second album by 2Pac to chart at number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts, selling 566,000 copies in the first week. The album won the 1997 Soul Train R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year Award posthumously.[1][2] Shakur also won the Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist at the 24th Annual American Music Awards. The album was certified Diamond by the RIAA on July 23, 2014, eighteen years after Shakur's death,[3][4] with shipments of over 5 million copies (each disc in the double album counted as a separate unit for certification).", "Tupac Shakur. His double album, All Eyez on Me, is one of the highest-selling rap albums of all time, with over 5 million copies of the album sold in the United States alone by April 1996; it was eventually certified 9x platinum in June 1998 by the RIAA.[200] In July 2014 it was recertified 10x platinum.[201]", "All Eyez on Me (film). In North America, All Eyez on Me was released on June 16, 2017, alongside Rough Night, 47 Meters Down and Cars 3, and was originally projected to gross $17–20 million from 2,471 theaters in its opening weekend.[37] It made $12.8 million on Friday (including $3.1 million from Thursday night previews), increasing weekend estimates to $31 million. It ended up debuting to $26.4 million, finishing 3rd at the box office behind Cars 3 ($53.7 million) and Wonder Woman ($41.3 million). Deadline.com attributed the film's success to the release corresponding with Tupac's birthday, as well as audience interest on the subject matter following the success of Straight Outta Compton in 2015.[2]", "Tupac Shakur. All Eyez on Me was the fourth studio album by 2Pac, recorded in October 1995 and released on February 13, 1996, by Death Row Records and Interscope Records. The album is frequently recognized as one of the crowning achievements of 1990s rap music.[53] Steve Huey of AllMusic stated that \"despite some undeniable filler, it is easily the best production 2Pac's ever had on record\".[54] It was certified 5× platinum after just two months in April 1996 and 9× platinum in 1998. The album featured the Billboard Hot 100 number one singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\". It featured five singles in all, the most of any 2Pac album. Moreover, All Eyez on Me (which was the only Death Row release to be distributed through PolyGram by way of Island Records) made history as the first double-full-length hip-hop solo studio album released for mass consumption. It was issued on two compact discs and four LPs. Chartwise, All Eyez on Me was the second album from 2Pac to hit number one on both the Billboard 200 and the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts.[55] It sold 566,000 copies in the first week of its release and was charted in the top 100 for one-week Soundscan sales since 1991. By the end of 1996, the album had sold 5 million copies.[56] The album won the 1997 Soul Train R&B/Soul or Rap Album of the Year Award.[57] Shakur also won the Award for Favorite Rap/Hip-Hop Artist at the 24th Annual American Music Awards.[58]", "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me is 2Pac's best selling album.[46] It was re-released in 2001 as enhanced CDs containing the \"California Love\" music video. Both discs contained the same data track. It was also re-released as a Dual-Disc in 2005.", "All Eyez on Me (film). Principal photography began in mid-December 2015 in Atlanta, Georgia. All Eyez on Me premiered on June 14, 2017, in Los Angeles and was released in the United States on June 16, 2017, on what would have been Shakur's 46th birthday.[4] The film received negative reviews from critics but a positive response from audiences, and grossed $54 million worldwide.[2]", "All Eyez on Me (film). All Eyez on Me grossed $44.8 million in the United States and Canada and $10 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $54.8 million, against a production budget of $40 million.[3]", "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me received widespread acclaim. Spin magazine gave it 7 out of 10 and said: \"As long as you don't expect philanthropy from Tupac, you'll find honesty and some pleasurably twisted scenarios.\"[32] The record ranked No. 3 on Entertainment Weekly's list of Top 10 albums of 1996.[33] AllMusic stated, \"Maybe it was his time in prison, or maybe it was simply his signing with Suge Knight's Death Row label. Whatever the case, 2Pac re-emerged hardened and hungry with All Eyez on Me, the first double-disc album of original material in hip-hop history. With all the controversy surrounding him, 2Pac seemingly wanted to throw down a monumental epic whose sheer scope would make it an achievement of itself. But more than that, it's also an unabashed embrace of the gangsta lifestyle, backing off the sober self-recognition of Me Against the World. Sure, there are a few reflective numbers and dead-homiez tributes, but they're much more romanticized this time around\".\"Despite some undeniable filler, it is easily the best production 2Pac's ever had on record\".[34] In the Los Angeles Times, Cheo Hodari Coker praised the album: \"All Eyez on Me, a 27-song, 133-minute gangster's paradise, finds the rapper even more venomous than he was before his 11-month incarceration for sexual abuse. He displays no remorse for his tough life, and even less feeling for his enemies. The only thing jail time did for 2Pac was make his creative fires burn even hotter—he raps here with a passion and skill matched in gangsta rap only by Snoop Doggy Dogg and the Notorious B.I.G. And with such producers as DJ Pooh, DJ Quik, Dr. Dre and Johnny J laying down the tracks, he finally has a musical team worthy of his talent.\"[25]", "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me is the fourth studio album by American rapper 2Pac (and the last to be released during his lifetime), released on February 13, 1996 by Death Row and Interscope Records. The album features the Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles \"How Do U Want It\" and \"California Love\". It featured five singles in all, the most of any of Shakur's albums. Moreover, All Eyez on Me made history as the first double-full-length hip-hop solo studio album released for mass consumption globally.", "All Eyez on Me. All Eyez on Me was originally intended for a Christmas 1995 release but was pushed back as Shakur continued to record music and shoot music videos for the album.[7]", "All Eyez on Me (film). Despite its surprising opening weekend success, the film experienced a historic drop in its second weekend, dropping 78% to $5.8 million, the 16th largest such decline in history.[38] In its third weekend the film was pulled from 1,213 theaters and dropped another 68.6% to $1.8 million, finishing 11th at the box office.[39]", "All Eyez on Me. The first single, \"California Love\" featuring Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman was released, December 28, 1995.[11] This is perhaps 2Pac's best-known song and his most successful, reaching number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for eight weeks (as a double A-side single with \"How Do U Want It\") and 12 weeks at number one in New Zealand. The song was nominated for a Grammy Award as a Best Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group (with Dr. Dre and Roger Troutman) in 1997.[12] A remix version also produced by Dr. Dre appeared on the album. The song has since been certified 7x platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America.[13]", "All Eyez on Me (film). At the Clinton Correctional Facility in 1995, a documentary filmmaker shows up with his crew and equipment to sit down with Tupac Shakur.", "All Eyez on Me (film). On January 13, Jamie Hector signed on to star as Mutulu Shakur, Tupac's stepfather.[9] On January 15, Lauren Cohan joined the film's cast to play the role of Leila Steinberg, a key figure in Tupac's life as his mentor.[8] Money B would appear in the film as himself, Tupac's coworker at Digital Underground,[16] Clifton Powell as Floyd, inmate at Clinton Correctional Facility, and Johnell Young as a Tupac's close friend, Ray Luv.[17] On January 19, TheWrap confirmed that Grace Gibson was cast in the film to play Biggie Smalls' wife, Faith Evans, who was reportedly in an adulterous affair with Shakur.[13] On January 22, 2016, Keith Robinson was cast as Atron Gregory, TNT Records founder who first helped Tupac becoming a dancer and then a solo artist.[19] Annie Ilonzeh was added to the cast in February 2016 to play the role of Kidada Jones, engaged to Tupac at the time of his death.[10]", "All Eyez on Me (film). On September 7, 1996, Tupac, Suge, and the rest of their group are leaving the Mike Tyson vs. Bruce Seldon match at the MGM Grand. One of the Death Row guys alerts Tupac and Suge to a gang member that jumped him and stole his chain. Tupac and company confront the gang member, and Tupac attacks him, knocking him to the ground. Suge and his guys start assaulting the man as Tupac is pulled off of him. Tupac stops by his hotel to change his clothes. He tells Kidada about the situation. She tries to go with him, but Tupac assures her he will only be gone for an hour.", "All Eyez on Me (film). The ending text states that six days later, Tupac was pronounced dead. To this day, his murder remains unsolved. By the age of 25, he released 15 albums, seven posthumous albums, 713 songs, and seven movies.", "All Eyez on Me (film). The following day, Tupac's sentence is declared in his trial. He is found not guilty of rape, but is found guilty of illegal touching, and is thus sentenced to eighteen months in prison.", "All Eyez on Me (film). On February 10, 2011, it was announced that Morgan Creek Productions had developed and would finance and produce the rap legend Tupac Amaru Shakur's biopic titled Tupac, which would follow his life from growing up to his death.[23] Antoine Fuqua was attached as the director of the film, and the script was from Steven Bagatourian, Stephen J. Rivele, and Christopher Wilkinson.[23] James G. Robinson and David C. Robinson would produce the film along with Program Pictures' L.T. Hutton, and Tupac's mother Afeni Shakur as executive producer, with production scheduled to begin that summer. On September 19, 2013, Emmett/Furla/Oasis Films came on board to co-finance and co-produce the $45 million budgeted film along with Morgan Creek.[24] Ed Gonzalez and Jeremy Haft were writing the latest draft of the film.[24] On February 12, 2014, John Singleton again signed on to rewrite, direct and produce the film.[25] On April 16, 2014, Open Road Films acquired the United States distribution rights to the film.[26] Gonzalez, Haft, and Singleton wrote the latest draft of the script for the film, about Tupac's life from his growing up in East Harlem to becoming a legendary songwriter and hip-hop artist, to his death in Las Vegas at the age of 25.[26] On April 7, 2015, it was revealed that Singleton exited the film due to some major creative differences, while Carl Franklin was being eyed to hold the direction duties.[27] On October 28, 2015, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Emmett/Furla/Oasis had sued Morgan Creek over $10 million for breaking the companies co-production agreement signed in September 2013.[28] In the agreement, terms were not to exceed the production budget above $30 million, mutual approval for the lead actor's selection, filming schedule, and distribution and sales agreements.[28] Randall Emmett and George Furla also claimed that they all first signed a distribution deal with Open Road, which Morgan Creek rejected, and then Morgan Creek inked a new deal with Open Road without mutual approval.[28]", "All Eyez on Me (film). On November 30, 1994, Tupac is attacked by three men in the lobby of Quad Recording Studios. Tupac is shot five times before the men flee. Biggie and other guys in Tupac's entourage rush to him before he is taken to the hospital. When Biggie tries to visit Tupac, he is turned down for not being a family member. Tupac checks himself out of the hospital early against doctors' orders.", "All Eyez on Me (film). On June 16, 2016, on what would have been Shakur's 45th birthday, a teaser trailer for the film was released.[34] On September 13, 2016, the 20th anniversary of Shakur's death, a second teaser trailer was released.[35] It was announced that the film will be released on June 16, 2017. On February 10, 2017, a third teaser trailer was released, confirming Summit, Morgan Creek, Program Pictures, and Codeblack Films as producers and distributors.[36] On April 6, 2017, a fourth trailer was released.", "All Eyez on Me. In October 1995, Suge Knight and Jimmy Iovine paid the $1.4 million bail necessary to get Shakur released from jail on charges of sexual abuse. At the time, Shakur was broke and thus unable to make bail himself. All Eyez on Me was released following an agreement between Knight and Shakur which stated Shakur would make three albums under Death Row Records in return for them paying his bail. Fulfilling part of Shakur's brand new contract, this double-album served as the first two albums of his three-album contract.[5][6]", "All Eyez on Me. The album features guest spots from 2Pac's regulars, such as former-Thug Life members and The Outlawz, as well as Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Tha Dogg Pound, Nate Dogg, and George Clinton, Rappin' 4-Tay, The Click, Method Man, and Redman among others.[8] The song \"Heartz of Men\" samples a portion of Richard Pryor's comedy album That Nigger's Crazy. Most of the album was produced by Johnny \"J\" and Daz Dillinger, with help from Dr. Dre on the songs \"California Love\", which he himself appeared in also as an album guest spot, and \"Can't C Me\", which was Clinton's appearance. DJ Quik also produced, mixed and made an appearance on the album, but had to use his real name on the credits because his contract with Profile Records prevented him from using his stage name.", "Eye of the Tiger. It was certified platinum in August 1982 by the RIAA, signifying sales of 2 million vinyl copies. The song had sold over 4.1 million in digital downloads in the United States alone by February 2015.[7] It was voted VH1's 63rd greatest hard rock song.[8] Combined sales of original vinyl release and digital downloads total over 9 million copies.[7][9][10][11]", "All Eyez on Me. Credits for All Eyez on Me adapted from AllMusic and CD booklet.[73][48]", "All Eyez on Me (film). All Eyez on Me is a 2017 American biographical drama film about hip-hop artist Tupac Shakur, directed by Benny Boom and written by Jeremy Haft, Eddie Gonzalez and Steven Bagatourian. Titled after Shakur's 1996 fourth studio album of the same name, the film stars Demetrius Shipp Jr. as Shakur with Kat Graham, Lauren Cohan, Hill Harper and Danai Gurira in supporting roles.", "All Eyez on Me (film). In Tupac's final months, he decides to part ways with Death Row Records to start his own company to produce more music, movies, and TV shows. Suge reminds Tupac that he is still in debt from other business dealings. Later, however, Suge offers Tupac a chance to become partners, with Suge taking over the west coast part of Death Row, and Tupac taking over the east coast. Tupac agrees to it.", "Tupac Shakur. Demetrius Shipp Jr. played Shakur in the biopic All Eyez on Me, which started filming in Atlanta in December 2015. Music video director Benny Boom helmed All Eyez on Me, which had been hamstrung by production problems. With distribution from Morgan Creek Productions, the film had been in development since 2013, with producers Randall Emmett and George Furla having sued Morgan Creek for $10 million, claiming breach-of-contract after the production company allegedly picked a lead, and set a budget and a production schedule without their approval. Morgan Creek also sued Afeni Shakur for the music rights for the film. Multiple directors were involved with the film before Boom, including John Singleton and Antoine Fuqua.[186] The film was released on June 16, 2017, which would have been Shakur's 46th birthday.[187] It received negative reviews.", "All Eyez on Me (film). Outside of his performances, Tupac has run-ins with officers when he is caught jaywalking, and is beaten by two officers. On another occasion, he and one of his friends catch two white men assaulting a black man. When they try to intervene, one man pulls a gun on Tupac. He goes back to his limo and gets his own gun. It soon reveals that the two men were off-duty cops, and Tupac is arrested for shooting at them.", "All Eyez on Me (film). No official soundtrack album was released to accompany the movie's release.", "All Eyez on Me. It's called All Eyez on Me. That's how I feel it is. I got the police watching me, the Feds. I got the females that want to charge me with false charges and sue me and all that. I got the females that like me. I got the jealous homeboys and I got the homies that roll with me. Everybody's looking to see what I'mma do now so All Eyez on Me.[7]", "All Eyez on Me (film). Following his release, Tupac signs to Death Row Records under Suge Knight, who also collaborates with other artists, like Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg. Tupac and Dre work on the hit song \"California Love\". He releases the track \"Hit Em Up\" as a response to \"Who Shot Ya?\" in which Tupac brags about supposedly having an affair with Biggie's wife Faith Evans." ]

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[ "United States Senate. Filibustered bills require a three-fifths majority to overcome the cloture vote (which usually means 60 votes) and get to the normal vote where a simple majority (usually 51 votes) approves the bill. This has caused some news media to confuse the 60 votes needed to overcome a filibuster with the 51 votes needed to approve a bill, with for example USA Today erroneously stating \"The vote was 58-39 in favor of the provision establishing concealed carry permit reciprocity in the 48 states that have concealed weapons laws. That fell two votes short of the 60 needed to approve the measure\".[42]", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. The only bills that are not currently subject to effective 60-vote requirements are those considered under provisions of law that limit time for debating them.[62] These limits on debate allow the Senate to hold a simple-majority vote on final passage without obtaining the 60 votes normally needed to close debate. As a result, many major legislative actions in recent decades have been adopted through one of these methods.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. Despite these changes, 60 votes were still required to overcome a filibuster, and the \"silent filibuster\"—in which a senator can delay a bill even if they leave the floor—remained in place.[53][51]", "Nuclear option. Changing Rule XXII to eliminate the 60-vote rule is made difficult by the rules themselves. Rule XXII sec. 2 states that to end debate on any proposal \"to amend the Senate rules...the necessary affirmative vote shall be two-thirds of the Senators present and voting.\" This is typically 67 senators assuming all are voting. Meanwhile, Rule V sec. 2 states that \"[t]he rules of the Senate shall continue from one Congress to the next Congress unless they are changed as provided in these rules.\"[6] Effectively, these provisions mean that the general 60-vote cloture rule in Rule XXII can never be modified without the approval of 67 senators.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. An FY17 budget resolution that included reconciliation instructions for health care reform was passed by the Senate by a 51-48 vote on January 12, 2017,[66] and by the House on a 227-198 vote the following day.[67] The House later passed the American Health Care Act of 2017 as the FY17 budget reconciliation bill by a vote of 217-213 on May 4, 2017. In July, the Senate Parliamentarian ruled that certain provisions of the House bill must be stricken (as \"extraneous\" non-budgetary matter) under the Byrd rule before proceeding under reconciliation.[68] The Parliamentarian later ruled that an FY17 reconciliation bill must be adopted by end of FY17, establishing a September 30th deadline.[69] Senate Republicans were unable to obtain 51 votes for any health care reconciliation bill before the deadline, and the FY17 budget resolution expired.", "Illinois Senate. Voting in the Illinois Senate is done by members pushing one of three buttons. Unlike most states, the Illinois Senate allows members to vote yes, no, or present. It takes 30 affirmative votes to pass legislation during final action.[4][5] The number of negative votes does not matter. Therefore, voting present has the same effect on the tally as voting no.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. The near-60-vote Senate majority that Democrats held throughout the 111th Congress was also critical to passage of other major Obama initiatives, including the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act of 2009 (passed 60-38, two Republicans voting yes)[citation needed] and the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (passed 60-39, three Republicans voting yes, one Democrat voting no).[citation needed] However, the House-passed American Clean Energy and Security Act, which would have created a cap-and-trade system and established a national renewable electricity standard to combat climate change, never received a Senate floor vote with Majority Leader Harry Reid saying \"it's easy to count to 60.\"[65]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.", "United States Congress. A bill which reaches the floor of the full house can be simple or complex[107] and begins with an enacting formula such as \"Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled.\" Consideration of a bill requires, itself, a rule which is a simple resolution specifying the particulars of debate—time limits, possibility of further amendments, and such.[107] Each side has equal time and members can yield to other members who wish to speak.[107] Sometimes opponents seek to recommit a bill which means to change part of it.[107] Generally, discussion requires a quorum, usually half of the total number of representatives, before discussion can begin, although there are exceptions.[121] The house may debate and amend the bill; the precise procedures used by the House and Senate differ. A final vote on the bill follows.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. House Democrats did not approve of all aspects of the Senate bill, but after 60-vote Senate control was permanently lost in February 2010 due to the election of Scott Brown to fill the seat of the late Ted Kennedy, House Democrats decided to pass the Senate bill intact and it became law. Several House-desired modifications to the Senate bill — those sufficient to pass scrutiny under the Byrd rule — were then made under reconciliation via the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010, which was enacted days later following a 56-43 vote in the Senate.", "Reconciliation (United States Congress). Reconciliation is a legislative process of the United States Congress that allows expedited passage of certain budgetary legislation on spending, revenues, and the federal debt limit with a simple majority vote in both the House (218 votes) and Senate (51 votes). Senate rules prohibit filibustering and impose a 20-hour cap on the total time for debate, motions and amendments related to reconciliation bills. The procedure also exists in the House of Representatives, but the House regularly passes rules that constrain debate and amendments, so reconciliation has had a less significant impact on that body.[1]", "United States House of Representatives. The approval of the Senate and the House of Representatives is required for a bill to become law. Both Houses must pass the same version of the bill; if there are differences, they may be resolved by a conference committee, which includes members of both bodies. For the stages through which bills pass in the Senate, see Act of Congress.", "Voting Rights Act of 1965. On May 25, the Senate voted for cloture by a 70-30 vote, thus overcoming the threat of filibuster and limiting further debate on the bill.[33] On May 26, the Senate passed the bill by a 77-19 vote (Democrats 47-16, Republicans 30-2); only Senators representing Southern states voted against it.[14]:161[34]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.[37]", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. An FY18 budget resolution that includes reconciliation instructions for tax reform was passed by the Senate by a 51-49 vote on October 19, 2017,[70] and by the House on a 216-212 vote on October 26, 2017.[71] The FY18 budget resolution enables passage of a reconciliation bill (by a simple majority) that would raise the deficit by $1.5 trillion over ten years, effectively setting the net cost of any eventual tax reform bill. The budget resolution also permits the reconciliation bill to open drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, likely to help secure the vote of Alaska Sen. Lisa Murkowski who voted against FY17 health care reconciliation legislation.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. The implied threat of a filibuster — and the resulting 60-vote requirement in the modern era — have had major impacts on the ability of recent Presidents to enact their top legislative priorities into law. The effects of the 60-vote requirement are most apparent in periods where the President and both Houses of Congress are controlled by the same political party, typically early in a presidential term.", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. The changes removed the 60-vote requirement to begin debate on legislation, and allowed the minority two amendments to measures that reached the Senate floor. This change was implemented as a standing order that expired at the end of the term in which it was passed.[51][52] The new rules also reduced the amount of time allowed for debate after a motion to proceed from 30 hours to four hours. Additionally, they stated that a filibuster on a motion to proceed could be blocked with a petition signed by eight members of the minority, including the minority leader.[52] For district court nominations, the new rules reduced the maximum time between cloture and a confirmation vote from 30 hours to two hours.[52] Finally, if senators wished to block a bill or nominee after the motion to proceed, they had to be present in the Senate and debate.[53][51]", "United States Senate. Under certain circumstances, the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 provides for a process called \"reconciliation\" by which Congress can pass bills related to the budget without those bills being subject to a filibuster. This is accomplished by limiting all Senate floor debate to 20 hours.[41]", "Constitutional amendment. If this succeeds then the proposal is moved to the Senate where it again must achieve an absolute majority, This means that of the 76 members of the Senate, at least 39 of them must agree to the proposal.", "United States Senate. When debate concludes, the motion in question is put to a vote. The Senate often votes by voice vote. The presiding officer puts the question, and Members respond either \"Yea/Aye\" (in favor of the motion) or \"Nay\" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces the result of the voice vote. A senator, however, may challenge the presiding officer's assessment and request a recorded vote. The request may be granted only if it is seconded by one-fifth of the senators present. In practice, however, senators second requests for recorded votes as a matter of courtesy. When a recorded vote is held, the clerk calls the roll of the Senate in alphabetical order; senators respond when their name is called. Senators who were not in the chamber when their name was called may still cast a vote so long as the voting remains open. The vote is closed at the discretion of the presiding officer, but must remain open for a minimum of 15 minutes. A majority of those voting determines whether the motion carries.[42] If the vote is tied, the vice president, if present, is entitled to cast a tie-breaking vote. If the vice president is not present, the motion fails.[43]", "Supermajority. Apart from these constitutional requirements, a Senate rule (except in cases covered by the nuclear option, or of a rule change) requires an absolute supermajority of three fifths to move to a vote through a cloture motion, which closes debate on a bill or nomination, thus ending a filibuster by a minority of members. In current practice, the mere threat of a filibuster prevents passing almost any measure that has less than three-fifths agreement in the Senate, 60 of the 100 senators if every seat is filled.", "Nuclear option. The U.S. Constitution does not explicitly address how many votes are required for passage of a bill or confirmation of a nominee. Regarding nominations, Article II, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution says the president \"shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint ... Judges....\"[49] The Constitution includes several explicit supermajority rules, including requiring a two-thirds majority in the Senate for impeachment, confirming treaties,[50] expelling one of its members,[51] and concurring in the proposal of Constitutional Amendments.[52]", "Australian Senate. The Senate has detailed rules in its standing orders that govern how a bill is considered at each stage.[19] This process of consideration can vary greatly in the amount of time taken. Consideration of some bills is completed in a single day, while complex or controversial legislation may take months to pass through all stages of Senate scrutiny. The Constitution provides that if the Senate vote is equal, the question shall pass in the negative.", "Division of the assembly. A recorded vote must take place upon the demand of one-fifth of members present under Article I, Section 5 of the United States Constitution: \"the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.\" In the Senate, a recorded vote is accomplished by the clerk's call of the roll. In the House, an electronic voting device is typically used to take recorded votes, although occasionally roll calls take place; the House is historically too large to conduct roll calls on a regular basis (435 members versus 100 in the Senate). When voting to override a Presidential veto, the yeas and nays are required under Article I, Section 7 of the Constitution.", "Oklahoma House of Representatives. Fifty-one votes are required for bill passage on the floor of the Oklahoma House. Lawmakers also vote on whether or not to make the bill effective upon signature of the governor, which requires a two-thirds majority. Action on the floor is recorded in the House Journal.[20]", "Article One of the United States Constitution. Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.", "Nuclear option. Proponents of the 60-vote rule have argued that the Senate is a less-than-democratic body that could conceivably allow a simple majority of senators, representing a minority of the national population, to enact legislation or confirm appointees lacking popular support.", "Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act. The Senate's consideration of the conference report was somewhat less heated, as cloture on it was invoked by a vote of 70-29.[12] However, a budget point of order raised by Tom Daschle, and voted on. As 60 votes were necessary to override it, the challenge was actually considered to have a credible chance of passing.", "Electoral system of Australia. The system for counting Senate votes is complicated, and a final result is sometimes not known for several weeks. When the Senate vote is counted, a quota for election is determined. This is the number of valid votes cast, divided by the number of Senators to be elected plus one.", "Australian Senate. With an even number of seats in a half-Senate election (6), 57.1% of the vote is needed to win a majority of seats (4/6).", "Filibuster in the United States Senate. With Republicans effectively controlling the Senate 55-45, a group of 14 senators—seven Democrats and seven Republicans, collectively dubbed the \"Gang of 14\"—reached an agreement to defuse the conflict. The seven Democrats promised not to filibuster Bush's nominees except under \"extraordinary circumstances\", while the seven Republicans promised to oppose the \"nuclear option\" unless they thought a nominee was being filibustered under non-extraordinary circumstances. Thus, there would be 62 votes to invoke cloture in most cases, and 52 votes to oppose the nuclear option.[44][45][46] This agreement was successful in the short term, but it expired in January 2007, at the end of the second session of the 109th United States Congress.[47]", "Nuclear option. In general, senators from both parties have been very opportunistic in making these policy arguments. Senators in the majority often argue for simple majority rule, especially for nominations, while senators in the minority nearly always defend the 60-vote rule. However, since a simple-majority rule for nominations was progressively adopted in 2013 and 2017, a significant bipartisan majority has remains opposed to eliminating the 60-vote rule for legislation.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Junk food. When junk food is consumed very often, the excess fat, simple carbohydrates, and processed sugar found in junk food contributes to an increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and many other chronic health conditions.[32] A case study on consumption of fast foods in Ghana suggested a direct correlation between consumption of junk food and obesity rates. The report asserts that obesity resulted in related complex health concerns such upsurge of heart attack rates.[33] Studies reveal that as early as the age of 30, arteries could begin clogging and lay the groundwork for future heart attacks.[34] Consumers also tend to eat too much in one sitting, and those who have satisfied their appetite with junk food are less likely to eat healthy foods like fruit or vegetables.[35]", "Junk food. Concerns about the negative health effects resulting from a junk food-heavy diet, especially obesity, have resulted in public health awareness campaigns, and restrictions on advertising and sale in several countries.[5][6][7]", "Junk food. Other research has been done on the impact of sugary foods on emotional health in humans, and has suggested that consumption of junk food can negatively impact energy levels and emotional well-being.[39]", "Junk food. Testing on rats has indicated negative effects of junk food that may manifest likewise in people. A Scripps Research Institute study in 2008 suggested that junk food consumption alters brain activity in a manner similar to addictive drugs like cocaine and heroin. After many weeks with unlimited access to junk food, the pleasure centers of rat brains became desensitized, requiring more food for pleasure; after the junk food was taken away and replaced with a healthy diet, the rats starved for two weeks instead of eating nutritious fare.[36][37] A 2007 study in the British Journal of Nutrition found that female rats who eat junk food during pregnancy increased the likelihood of unhealthy eating habits in their offspring.[38]", "Social issue. In the view of some opponents, if governments took action to prevent the marketing of unhealthy food products, they would seriously reduce the prevalence of obesity and its serious health consequences, such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes. As part of the IOM food marketing report, 10 recommendations were made to both the public and private sectors. One of the recommendations was that the government partner with the private sector to \"create a long-term, multifaceted, and financially sustained social marketing program to support parents, caregivers, and families to promote a healthful diet.\"[16] First lady Michelle Obama and Partnership for a Healthier America have proposed new rules that would limit junk food marketing in public schools.[18]", "Junk food. Junk food is a pejorative term for food containing a large number of calories from sugar or fat with little dietary fiber, protein, vitamins or minerals.[1][2][3] The term can also refer to high protein food like meat prepared with saturated fat. Food from many hamburger joints, pizza places and fried chicken outlets is often considered junk food.[4][better source needed]", "Junk food. A number of countries have adopted, or are considering, various forms of legislated action to curb junk food consumption. In 2014, United Nations Special Rapporteur on the right to health, Anand Grover, released his report, \"Unhealthy foods, non-communicable diseases and the right to health\", and called for governments to \"take measures, such as developing food and nutrition guidelines for healthy diets, regulating marketing and advertising of junk food, adopting consumer-friendly labelling of food products, and establishing accountability mechanisms for violations of the right to health.\"[41]", "Junk food. Foods commonly considered junk foods include salted snack foods, gum, candy, sweet desserts, fried fast food, and sugary carbonated beverages.[12] Many foods such as hamburgers, pizza, and tacos can be considered either healthy or junk food depending on their ingredients and preparation methods.[13] The more highly processed items usually fall under the junk food category,[14] including breakfast cereals that are mostly sugar or high fructose corn syrup and white flour or milled corn.[15]", "Junk food. In a study published in the European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, the frequency of consumption of 57 foods/drinks of 4000 children at the age of four and a half were collected by maternal report. At age seven, the 4000 children were given the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), with five scales: hyperactivity, conduct problems, peer problems, emotional symptoms and pro-social behavior. A one standard deviation increase in junk food was then linked to excessive hyperactivity in 33% of the subjects, leading to the conclusion that children consuming excess junk food at the age of seven are more likely to be in the top third of the hyperactivity scale. There was no significant correlation between junk food and the other scales.[40]", "Junk food. An early, high-profile and controversial attempt to identify and curb junk food in the American diet was launched by the so-called McGovern Committee, formally, the United States Senate Select Committee on Nutrition and Human Needs, between 1968 and 1977, chaired by Senator George McGovern. Initially formed to investigate malnutrition and hunger in the US, the committee's scope progressively expanded to include environmental conditions that affected eating habits, like urban decay,[42] then focused on the diet and nutritional habits of the American public. It criticized the use of salt, sugar and fat in processed foods, noted problems with overeating and the high percentage of ads for junk food on TV, and stated that bad eating habits could be as deadly as smoking. The findings were heavily criticized and rebutted from many directions, including the food industry, the American Medical Association, and within the committee itself. In 1977, the committee issued public guidelines under the title, Dietary Goals for the United States, which became the predecessor to Dietary Guidelines for Americans, published every five years beginning in 1980 by the US Department of Health and Human Services.[43][44]", "Junk food. In Andrew F. Smith's Encyclopedia of Junk Food and Fast Food, junk food is defined as \"those commercial products, including candy, bakery goods, ice cream, salty snacks, and soft drinks, which have little or no nutritional value but do have plenty of calories, salt, and fats. While not all fast foods are junk foods, most are. Fast foods are ready-to-eat foods served promptly after ordering. Some fast foods are high in calories and low in nutritional value, while other fast foods, such as salads, may be low in calories and high in nutritional value.\"[11]", "Junk food. Junk food that is targeted at children is a contentious issue. In \"The Impact of Advertising on Childhood obesity\", the American Psychological Association reports: \"Research has found strong associations between increases in advertising for non-nutritious foods and rates of childhood obesity.\"[51] In the UK, efforts to increasingly limit or eliminate advertising of foods high in sugar, salt or fat at any time when children may be viewing are ongoing.[52] The UK government has been criticized for failing to do enough to stop advertising and promotion of junk food aimed at children.[53] A UK parliamentary select committee recommended that cartoon characters advertising unhealthy food to children should be banned, supermarkets should have to remove unhealthy sweets and snacks from ends of isles and checkout areas, local authorities should be able to limit the number of fast food outlets in their area, brands associated with unhealthy foods should be banned from sponsoring sports clubs, youth leagues and tournaments, and social media like Facebook should cut down junk food advertising to children—all are currently just recommendations.[54]", "Junk food. Junk foods have empty calories, i.e. the energy content is not complemented with proteins and lipids required for a nutritious diet.", "Convenience food. Several groups have cited the environmental harm of single serve packaging due to the increased usage of plastics that contributes to solid waste in landfills.[34][35] Due to concerns about obesity and other health problems, some health organizations have criticized the high fat, sugar, salt, food preservatives and food additives that are present in some convenience foods.[13]", "Social issue. The food industry has been criticized for promoting childhood obesity and ill-health by specifically targeting the child demographic in the marketing of unhealthy food products. The food products marketed often are deemed unhealthy due to their high calorie, high fat, and high sugar contents.[15]", "Junk food. Junk food in its various forms is extremely popular, and an integral part of modern popular culture. In the US, annual fast food sales are in the area of $160 billion,[18] compared to supermarket sales of $620 billion[19] (a figure which also includes junk food in the form of convenience foods, snack foods, and candy). In 1976, \"Junk Food Junkie\", the tale of a junk food addict who pretends to follow a healthy diet by day, while at night he clandestinely gorges on Hostess Twinkies and Fritos corn chips, McDonald's and KFC, became a Top 10 pop hit in the US.[20] Thirty-six years later, Time placed the Twinkie at #1 in its \"Top 10 Iconic Junk Foods\" special feature: \"Not only...a mainstay on our supermarket shelves and in our bellies, they've been a staple in our popular culture and, above all, in our hearts. Often criticized for its lack of any nutritional value whatsoever, the Twinkie has managed to persevere as a cultural and gastronomical icon.\"[21]", "Malnutrition. Overnutrition caused by overeating is also a form of malnutrition. In the United States, more than half of all adults are now overweight — a condition that, like hunger, increases susceptibility to disease and disability, reduces worker productivity, and lowers life expectancy.[56] Overeating is much more common in the United States, where for the majority of people, access to food is not an issue. Many parts of the world have access to a surplus of non-nutritious food, in addition to increased sedentary lifestyles. Yale psychologist Kelly Brownell calls this a \"toxic food environment\" where fat and sugar laden foods have taken precedence over healthy nutritious foods.[56]", "Junk food. It is well-established that the poor eat more junk food overall than the more affluent, but the reasons for this are not clear.[28] Few studies have focused on variations in food perception according to socio-economic status (SES); some studies that have differentiated based on SES suggest that the economically challenged don't perceive healthy food much differently than any other segment of the population.[29] Recent research into scarcity, combining behavioral science and economics, suggests that, faced with extreme economic uncertainty, where even the next meal may not be a sure thing, judgment is impaired and the drive is to the instant gratification of junk food, rather than to making the necessary investment in the longer-term benefits of a healthier diet.[30][31]", "Junk food. Especially in the case of ethnic foods, a classification as \"junk food\" could be perceived as rather offensive, given that such foods may have been prepared and consumed for centuries and may contain healthy ingredients.[citation needed] In the book, Panic Nation: Unpicking the Myths We're Told About Food and Health, a complementary point is argued: food is food, and if there is no nutritional value, then it isn't a food of any type, \"junk\" or otherwise.[16] Co-editor Vincent Marks explains, \"To label a food as 'junk' is just another way of saying, 'I disapprove of it.' There are bad diets - that is, bad mixtures and quantities of food - but there are no 'bad foods' except those that have become bad through contamination or deterioration.\"[17]", "Advertising to children. The ethical issues that surround advertising unhealthy food to children have increased over time and have played a detrimental role in the progression of obesity. The marketing of food with a high content of sugar, fat and salt raises ethical controversy as it results in incorrect perceptions about food leading to a higher calorie intake and therefore likely to lead to obesity. According to, television promotion of fast food is one of the main reasons obesity is a huge public health issue, with fast food chains being the most recognizable to little children. The fast food industry is often heavily criticized for the way they advertise to children and are seen as highly unethical as they are known to promote and offer incentives to buying their unhealthy food such as free toys with your meal, games, playgrounds and competitions .", "Food desert. Even if a person is able to eat the recommended number of calories, if they aren’t eating foods rich with vitamins and nutrients, they are susceptible to diseases from malnourishment. Some of those diseases include scurvy which results from low vitamin C levels, rickets from low vitamin D levels, and pellagra from insufficient nicotinic acid.[57] There are many ways that nutrient imbalance may affect a person, and specifically the development of a child. In the United States, since 2006 there have been an increase in cases of over nutrition and obesity.[58] Since there aren’t accessible grocery stores in many food deserts, people don’t have the choice of eating fresh produce. Instead, they are presented with what is cheap, fast and easy, which is typically full of excess fats, sugars and carbohydrates. Those foods were commonly chips, candy, and sodas. There are diseases that can also result from over eating or exclusively eating these kinds of food: cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, osteoporosis and even cancer.[59]", "Food desert. A possible factor affecting obesity and other \"diet-related diseases\" is the proximity of fast food restaurants and convenience stores compared to \"full-access\" grocery stores.[18] Proximity to fast food restaurants correlates with a higher BMI, while proximity to a grocery store correlates with a lower BMI, according to one study.[18]", "List of diets. Not all diets are considered healthy. Some people follow unhealthy diets through habit, rather than through a conscious choice to eat unhealthily. Terms applied to such eating habits include \"junk food diet\" and \"Western diet\". Many diets are considered by clinicians to pose significant health risks and minimal long-term benefit. This is particularly true of \"crash\" or \"fad\" diets–short-term, weight-loss plans that involve drastic changes to a person's normal eating habits.", "Junk food. The term junk food dates back at least to the early 1950s,[8] although it has been reported that it was coined in 1972 by Michael F. Jacobson of the Center for Science in the Public Interest.[3] In 1952, it appeared in a headline in the Lima, Ohio, News, \"'Junk Foods' Cause Serious Malnutrition\", for a reprint of a 1948 article from the Ogden, Utah, Standard-Examiner, originally headlined, \"Dr. Brady’s Health Column: More Junk Than Food\". In it, Dr. Brady writes, \"What Mrs. H calls 'junk' I call cheat food. That is anything made principally of (1) white flour and or (2) refined white sugar or syrup. For example, white bread, crackers, cake, candy, ice cream soda, chocolate malted, sundaes, sweetened carbonated beverages.\"[9] The term cheat food can be traced back in newspaper mentions to at least 1916.[10]", "Advertising to children. A possible link between food advertising and childhood obesity can be seen with television advertisements influencing children into changing their purchasing demands for food. Food advertising can create a lack of judgement in children and often health conscious messages such as emphasis on the significance of fruit and vegetable consumption are missed. This leads to a misinterpretation of which products are healthy and which are not. Company's advertisements can subconsciously influence the viewer inclination to have a meal or a snack even when they are not hungry. Television can affect how children see advertising for junk food, through deceptive advertising. One way of doing this is by using cross-promotional advertisements which use cartoon or toys from children's shows as a tool to advertise the food product. Advertiser can subliminally persuade children to purchase and eat junk food. While adults can differentiate the true meaning behind an advertisement children are often unable to allowing these ads to influence their perspective toward the product.[35]", "Social issue. Some common methods of junk food advertising include:", "Environmental impact of paper. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.[46]", "Social inequality. There has been considerable research in recent years regarding a phenomenon known as food deserts, in which low access to fresh, healthy food in a neighborhood leads to poor consumer choices and options regarding diet.[65] It is widely thought that food deserts are significant contributors to the childhood obesity epidemic in the United States and many other countries.\n[66] This may have significant impacts on the local level as well as in broader contexts, such as in Greece, where the childhood obesity rate has skyrocketed in recent years heavily as a result of the rampant poverty and the resultant lack of access to fresh foods.[67]", "Food. Many individuals limit what foods they eat for reasons of morality, or other habit. For instance, vegetarians choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees. Others choose a healthier diet, avoiding sugars or animal fats and increasing consumption of dietary fiber and antioxidants.[99] Obesity, a serious problem in the western world, leads to higher chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, cancer and many other diseases.[100] More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some people have about possible impacts on health or the environment from genetically modified food.[101] Further concerns about the impact of industrial farming (grains) on animal welfare, human health, and the environment are also having an effect on contemporary human dietary habits. This has led to the emergence of a movement with a preference for organic and local food.[102]", "Food desert. A 2011 review used fifteen years of data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study to examine the fast-food consumption of more than 5,000 young American adults aged 18–30 years in different geographic environments.[43] The study found that fast food consumption was directly related to the proximity of fast food restaurants among low-income participants. The research team concluded that \"alternative policy options such as targeting specific foods or shifting food costs (subsidization or taxation)\" may be complementary and necessary to promote healthy eating habits while increasing the access to large food stores in specific regions and limit the availability of fast food restaurants and small food stores.[43] Some cities already restrict the location of fast food and other food retailers that do not provide healthy food.[48]", "Malnutrition. Overeating leads to many diseases, such as heart disease and diabetes, that may result in death.", "Red meat. Red meat is not a uniform product; its health effects can vary based on fat content, processing and preparation. Processed red meat is linked to higher mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular diseases and cancer.[14] There is some evidence too that the consumption of unprocessed red meat may have negative health effects in humans.[15]" ]

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[ "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. On May 16, 2013, during CBS This Morning, CBS News senior correspondent John Miller said he had been told that Tsarnaev wrote a note in the boat in which he was hiding and claimed responsibility for the April 15 attack during the marathon. The note was scribbled with a pen on one of the inside walls of the cabin and said the bombings were payback for the U.S. military actions in Afghanistan and Iraq, and referred to the Boston victims as collateral damage, the same way Muslims have been in the American-led wars. He continued, \"When you attack one Muslim, you attack all Muslims.\" He also said he did not mourn his brother's death because now Tamerlan was a martyr in paradise and that he (Dzhokhar) expected to join him in paradise. Miller's sources said the wall the note was written on had multiple bullet holes in it from the shots that were fired into the boat by police. According to Miller during the interview he gave on the morning show, he said that the note will be a significant piece of evidence in any Dzhokhar trial and that it is \"certainly admissible,\" and paints a clear picture of the brothers' motive, \"consistent with what he told investigators while he was in custody\".[133][134][135]", "Boston Marathon bombing. A federal indictment was unsealed against Khairullozhon Matanov on May 30, 2014, charging him with \"one count of destroying, altering, and falsifying records, documents, and tangible objects in a federal investigation, specifically information on his computer, and three counts of making materially false, fictitious, and fraudulent statements in a federal terrorism investigation.\" Matanov bought dinner for the two Tsarnaev brothers 40 minutes after the bombing. After the Tsarnaev brothers' photos were released to the public, Matanov viewed the photos on the CNN and FBI websites before attempting to reach Dzhokhar, and then tried to give away his cell phone and delete hundreds of documents from his computer. Prosecutors said that Matanov attempted to mislead investigators about the nature of his relationship with the brothers and to conceal that he shared their philosophy of violence.[251][252]", "Weapon of mass destruction. The surviving Boston Marathon bombing perpetrator, Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, was charged in June 2013 with the federal offense of \"use of a weapon of mass destruction\" after he and his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev allegedly placed crude shrapnel bombs, made from pressure cookers packed with ball bearings and nails, near the finish line of the Boston Marathon. He was convicted in April 2015. The bombing resulted in three deaths and at least 264 injuries.[citation needed]", "Boston Marathon bombing. On the afternoon of the bombing, the New York Post reported that a suspect, a Saudi Arabian male, was under guard and being questioned at a Boston hospital.[343] That evening, Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis said that there had not been an arrest.[344] The Post did not retract its story about the suspect, leading to widespread reports by CBS News, CNN, and other media that a Middle Eastern suspect was in custody.[345] The day after the bombing, a majority of outlets were reporting that the Saudi was a witness, not a suspect.[346]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Defense attorney Judy Clarke admitted that Dzhokhar Tsarnaev had placed the second bomb and was present at the murder of Sean Collier, the carjacking of Dun Meng, and the Watertown shootout, but she emphasized the influence that his older brother had on him, portraying him as a follower.[153] Between March 4 and 30, prosecutors called more than 90 witnesses, including bombing survivors who described losing limbs in the attack, and the government rested its case on March 30.[154] The defense rested as well on March 31, after calling four witnesses.[155]", "Boston Marathon bombing. The Federal Bureau of Investigation led the investigation, assisted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, the Central Intelligence Agency, the National Counterterrorism Center, and the Drug Enforcement Administration,[43] and they named two official suspects.[44] It was initially believed by some that North Korea was behind the attack after escalating tensions and threats with the U.S.[45][46]", "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. On April 22, he was charged with \"using and conspiring to use a weapon of mass destruction resulting in death\" and with \"malicious destruction of properties resulting in death\", both in connection with the Boston Marathon attacks.[2][4] He was read his Miranda rights at his bedside by a federal magistrate of the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts, nodded his head to answer the judge's questions, and answered \"no\" when asked whether he could afford a lawyer.[112]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Dzhokhar said that he and his brother wanted to defend Islam from the U.S., accusing the U.S. of conducting the Iraq War and War in Afghanistan against Muslims.[3][135][163] A CBS report revealed that Dzhokhar had scrawled a note with a marker on the interior wall of the boat where he was hiding; the note stated that the bombings were \"retribution for U.S. military action in Afghanistan and Iraq\", and called the Boston victims \"collateral damage\", \"in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world.\"[164][165] Photographs of the note were later used in the trial.[166][167]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Akhmed Zakayev, head of the secular wing of the Chechen separatist movement, now in exile in London, condemned the bombing as \"terrorist\" and expressed condolences to the families of the victims. Zakayev denied that the bombers were in any way representative of the Chechen people, saying that \"the Chechen people never had and can not have any hostile feelings toward the United States and its citizens.\"[330]", "Boston Marathon bombing. On April 19, 2013, the press-secretary of the head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, issued a statement that, inter alia, read: \"The Boston bombing suspects have nothing to do with Chechnya\".[327][328] On the same day, Kadyrov was reported by The Guardian to have written on Instagram:[329]", "Boston Marathon bombing. On April 15, several people who were near the scene of the blast were taken into custody and questioned about the bombing, including a Saudi man whom police stopped as he was walking away from the explosion; they detained him when some of his responses made them uncomfortable.[217][218][219][220] Law enforcement searched his residence in a Boston suburb, and the man was found to have no connection to the attack. An unnamed U.S. official said, \"he was just at the wrong place at the wrong time.\"[32][221][222]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Some political science and public policy writers suggest that Islam may have played a secondary role in the attacks.[168] These writers theorize that the primary motives might have been sympathy towards the political aspirations in the Caucasus region and Tamerlan's inability to become fully integrated into American society.[168] According to the Los Angeles Times, a law enforcement official said that Dzhokhar \"did not seem as bothered about America's role in the Muslim world\" as his brother Tamerlan had been.[57] Dzhokhar identified Tamerlan as the \"driving force\" behind the bombing, and said that his brother had only recently recruited him to help.[135][169]", "Boston Marathon bombing. The Russian government said special attention would be paid to security at upcoming international sports events in Russia, including the 2014 Winter Olympics.[318] According to the Russian embassy in the U.S., President Vladimir Putin condemned the bombing as a \"barbaric crime\" and \"stressed that the Russian Federation will be ready, if necessary, to assist in the U.S. authorities' investigation.\"[319] He urged closer cooperation of security services with Western partners[320] but other Russian authorities and mass media blamed the U.S. authorities for negligence as they warned the US of the Tsarnaevs.[321] Moreover Russian authorities and mass media since the spring of 2014 blame USA for politically motivated false information about lack of response from Russian authorities after subsequent U.S. requests.[citation needed] As proof a letter from the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB) was shown to the members of an official U.S. Congressional delegation to Moscow during their visit. This letter with information about Tsarnaev (including his biography details, connections and phone number) had been sent from FSB to FBI and CIA during March 2011.[322]", "Boston Marathon bombing. During questioning, Dzhokhar alleged that he and his brother were motivated by extremist Islamist beliefs and the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, that they were self-radicalized and unconnected to any outside terrorist groups, and that he was following his brother's lead. He said they learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of the al-Qaeda affiliate in Yemen.[15] He also said they had intended to travel to New York City to bomb Times Square. On April 8, 2015, he was convicted of 30 charges, including use of a weapon of mass destruction and malicious destruction of property resulting in death.[2][16] Two months later, he was sentenced to death.[17]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Contrary to widespread reporting, no arrest has been made in connection with the Boston Marathon attack. Over the past day and a half, there have been a number of press reports based on information from unofficial sources that has been inaccurate. Since these stories often have unintended consequences, we ask the media, particularly at this early stage of the investigation, to exercise caution and attempt to verify information through appropriate official channels before reporting.[354][355]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Robel Phillipos (19) was a U.S. citizen of Ethiopian descent living in Cambridge who was arrested and faced with charges of knowingly making false statements to police.[229][230] He graduated from high school in 2011 with Dzhokhar Tsarnaev.[231] Dias Kadyrbayev (19) and Azamat Tazhayakov (20) were natives of Kazakhstan living in the U.S.[232][233][234] They were Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's roommates in an off-campus housing complex in New Bedford, Massachusetts at which Tsarnaev had sometimes stayed.[229]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Kadyrbayev and Tazhayakov were indicted by a federal grand jury on August 8, 2013 on charges of conspiracy to obstruct justice for helping Dzhokhar Tsarnaev dispose of a laptop computer, fireworks, and a backpack after the bombing. Each faced up to 25 years in prison and deportation if convicted.[241] Tazhayakov was convicted of obstruction of justice and conspiracy on July 21, 2014.[242]", "Boston Marathon bombing. willfully conspir(ing) with each other to commit an offense against the United States… by knowingly destroying, concealing, and covering up objects belonging to Dzhokhar Tsarnaev, namely, a backpack containing fireworks and a laptop computer, with the intent to impede, obstruct, and influence the criminal investigation of the Marathon bombing.[239][240]", "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Tsarnaev had written a message on the inside of the boat where he lay bleeding, reportedly saying \"The [Boston] bombings were in retribution for the U.S. crimes in places like Iraq and Afghanistan [and] that the victims of the Boston bombing were collateral damage, in the same way innocent victims have been collateral damage in U.S. wars around the world.\"[96]", "Boston Marathon bombing. The Mujahideen of the Caucasus Emirate Province of Dagestan, the Caucasian Islamist organization in both Chechnya and Dagestan, denied any link to the bombing or the Tsarnaev brothers and stated that it was at war with Russia, not the United States. It also said that it had sworn off violence against civilians since 2012.[331][332][333]", "Boston Marathon bombing. On May 22, the FBI interrogated Ibragim Todashev in Orlando, Florida, who was a Chechen from Boston. During the interrogation, he was shot and killed by an FBI agent who claimed that Todashev attacked him.[226] The New York Times quoted an unnamed law enforcement official as saying that Todashev had confessed to a triple homicide and had implicated Tsarnaev, as well.[227] Todashev's father claims that his son is innocent and that federal investigators are biased against Chechens and made up their case against him.[228]", "History of Massachusetts. Two bombs exploded near the finish line of the Boston Marathon on April 15, 2013, killing three spectators and injuring 264. Brothers Tamerlan Tsarnaev and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev set the bombs because they were motivated by extremist Islamic beliefs and learned to build explosive devices from an online magazine of an al-Qaeda affiliate.[90]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Some journalists and Dzhokhar Tsarnaev's defense attorney have suggested that the FBI may have recruited or attempted to recruit Tamerlan Tsarnaev as an informant.[170][171][172][173]", "Boston Marathon bombing. The father of the suspects claimed that the FBI had been watching his family, and that they questioned his sons in Cambridge, Massachusetts five times in relation to possible explosions on the streets of Boston.[48]", "Boston Marathon bombing. On April 17, the FBI released the following statement:", "Dzhokhar Tsarnaev. Dzhokhar Tsarnaev was convicted of participating, along with his brother Tamerlan Tsarnaev, in the 2013 Boston Bombing, the motivation for which was apparently religious in nature. He reportedly \"told the FBI that [he and his brother] were angry about the U.S. wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and the killing of Muslims there\".[69]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Tsarnaev was found guilty on all 30 counts on April 8.[156] The sentencing phase of the trial began April 21,[157] and a further verdict was reached on May 15 recommending that he be put to death.[158] Tsarnaev was sentenced to death on June 24, after apologizing to the victims.[159]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Dzhokhar was questioned for 16 hours by investigators but stopped communicating with them on the night of April 22 after Judge Marianne Bowler read him a Miranda warning.[75][136] Dzhokhar had not previously been given a Miranda warning, as federal law enforcement officials invoked the warning's public safety exception.[137] This raised doubts whether his statements during this investigation would be admissible as evidence and led to a debate surrounding Miranda rights.[138][139][140]", "Boston Marathon bombing. In the Turkistan Islamic Party's Turkestan Al-Islamiyya magazine, Issue 13, the Rohingya cleric Abu Dhar 'Azzam (Abu Dhar Al-Burmi) congratulated the Tsarnaev brothers on their terrorist attack in the Boston Marathon bombing, saying, \"In the very house of unbelief, two Chechen brothers destroyed the infidels' fortresses on April 16, 2013. During the [ensuing] search [by the authorities for the perpetrators], the elder brother died as a martyr in the field of glory and honor, Allah willing. The younger brother, Dzokhar, remained, and told his dear nation: 'We did this operation as revenge for what America does in Palestine, Iraq, and Afghanistan.' He didn't mention his homeland Chechnya, since this jihad is a jihad of [an entire] nation, not [a campaign] for the liberation of a single land.... The Muslims' lands are one and their honor is one.\"[334]", "Boston Marathon bombing. Phillipos was arrested and faced charges of knowingly making false statements to police.[229][230] He was released on $100,000 bail and placed under house confinement with an ankle monitor.[231] He was convicted on October 28, 2014, on two charges of lying about being in Tsarnaev's dorm room. He later acknowledged that he had been in the room while two friends removed a backpack containing potential evidence relating to the bombing.[247]", "Boston Marathon bombing. According to FBI interrogators, Dzhokhar and his brother were motivated by Islamic beliefs but \"were not connected to any known terrorist groups\", instead learning to build explosive weapons from an online magazine published by al-Qaeda affiliates in Yemen.[15] They further alleged that \"[Dzhokhar and] his brother considered suicide attacks and striking [the Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular] on the Fourth of July;[160] but ultimately decided to use pressure cooker bombs (capable of remote detonation) and other IEDs.\" Fox News reported that the brothers \"chose the prestigious race as a 'target of opportunity' ... [after] the building of the bombs came together more quickly than expected\".[161][162]", "Boston Marathon bombing. The Tsarnaev brothers forced the hostage to use his ATM cards to obtain $800 in cash.[76][77] They transferred objects to the Mercedes-Benz and one brother followed it in their Honda Civic,[78] for which an all-points bulletin was issued. The car's owner and hostage was Chinese national Dun Meng, referred to as \"Danny\" in early reports.[79] He escaped while the Tsarnaev brothers stopped at a gas station and ran across the street to another gas station, asking the clerk to call 911.[80][81] His cell phone remained in the vehicle, allowing the police to focus their search on Watertown.[82]" ]

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[ "America's Got Talent (season 12). The final performances took place on September 19, followed by the final results show on September 20, 2017. No acts were buzzed.", "America's Got Talent. On August 2, 2016, NBC renewed the series for a twelfth season, which premiered on May 30, 2017. The season concluded on September 20, 2017.[5]", "America's Got Talent (season 13). Season thirteen of the reality competition series America's Got Talent is set to premiere on May 29, 2018 on NBC. Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell are set to return as judges for their respective ninth, sixth, sixth, and third seasons. Meanwhile, Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks will return for her second season as host.[1] The live shows return to the Dolby Theatre.[2] AGT is co-produced by FremantleMedia North America and Syco Entertainment, Cowell's company.[3][4]", "America's Got Talent (season 10). The live finale took place at Radio City Music Hall in NYC on September 15 with the live results show taking place on September 16. The finale spanned only one week with the top 10 acts performing one more time before a winner was selected. The judges had the option to use their buzzer, though none of them did so. Five acts advanced into the top 5.", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Season twelve of the reality competition series America's Got Talent was ordered on August 2, 2016 and premiered on NBC on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[1] Howie Mandel, Mel B, Heidi Klum and Simon Cowell returned as judges for their respective eighth, fifth, fifth and second seasons.[2] Supermodel and businesswoman Tyra Banks replaced Nick Cannon, who hosted the show for eight seasons, making her the first female host of the show.[3] The live shows returned to the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles beginning August 15, 2017.", "America's Got Talent (season 4). The finale performances aired on Monday, September 14, 2009, 2 hours.", "America's Got Talent (season 7). A final audition episode featuring acts from several cities aired on Monday, June 18. Auditions were also conducted online via YouTube. Finalists from the online auditions were to compete in front of a live audience during the season's live shows.", "America's Got Talent (season 12). The Judge Cuts round began on Tuesday, July 18, 2017. Like the previous season, one guest judge joined the judges' panel each show and was given one golden buzzer opportunity to send an act straight to the live shows. Twenty acts were shown each week and seven advanced, including the guest judge's golden buzzer choice. Guest judges were not given a red buzzer to use. Any act that received all four red buzzers was immediately eliminated from the competition. The four guest judges were Chris Hardwick, DJ Khaled, Laverne Cox, and Seal.", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Date: July 18, 2017", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Date: August 8, 2017", "America's Got Talent. The season premiered on Tuesday, May 30, 2017.[75]", "America's Got Talent (season 10). Season ten of the reality competition television series America's Got Talent was the 10th annual installment of the series and premiered on May 26, 2015.[1] It concluded on September 16, 2015. Nick Cannon returned as host for his seventh season. Howie Mandel returned for his sixth season as a judge, and Howard Stern returned for his fourth and final season.[2] Mel B and Heidi Klum both returned for their third seasons on the judging panel.[3]", "America's Got Talent (season 11). Season eleven of the reality competition series America's Got Talent was ordered on September 1, 2015.[1] The season premiered on NBC on Tuesday, May 31, 2016. Nick Cannon returned for his eighth and final season as host. Howie Mandel returned for his seventh season as a judge, while Mel B and Heidi Klum returned for their fourth season. Simon Cowell replaced Howard Stern as the fourth judge.[2] The live shows began on July 26, at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles instead of Radio City Music Hall in New York from previous years.[3] Due to the 2016 Summer Olympics broadcast schedule on NBC, the show took a hiatus from August 9–17.[4]", "America's Got Talent (season 11). The season finale took place on September 14, 2016. During the finale results, the top 5 acts were revealed first; then they were eliminated in reverse ranking from fifth place to third place. Grace VanderWaal was announced the winner at the end of the finale. She won the million-dollar prize and was set to headline at the PH Showroom at the Las Vegas Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino on October 27, 28, 29 and 30, 2016.[15]", "America's Got Talent. In 2017, four shows are planned at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas. They will feature winner Darci Lynne, runner-up Angelica Hale, third-placed Light Balance, and finalist Preacher Lawson.[80]", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Date: August 1, 2017", "America's Got Talent (season 8). July 10's episode was the last episode of the audition rounds and featured a montage of different acts from all the audition sites.", "America's Got Talent. Although the show's ratings have been high, the network usually keeps the show's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years, where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks.", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Judges' auditions were taped in March at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Los Angeles. The premiere aired May 30, 2017.[citation needed]", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Date: July 25, 2017", "America's Got Talent (season 9). The final competitive performances aired on September 16, with each of the final six competitors performing twice. On the finale on September 17, 2014, the $1 million winner was revealed along with performances by celebrity guests, more performances by the finalists, and finalist duets with a celebrity that will be determined by the producers.", "America's Got Talent (season 10). Among the changes for the season are more extreme acts, an enhanced Golden Buzzer, and new elements in the boot camp round. The live shows began on Tuesday, August 11 and the later rounds returned to Radio City Music Hall.[1]", "America's Got Talent. America's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1, 2015.[63] The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit, New York, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Las Vegas, San Jose, San Diego, Kansas City, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Orlando, and Dallas.[64] As in years past, hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online.[65]", "America's Got Talent (season 8). Season eight of the reality competition series America's Got Talent premiered on June 4, 2013, and ended on September 18, 2013. Judges Howie Mandel and Howard Stern returned for their respective fourth and second season. Sharon Osbourne was replaced by Mel B following her departure after six seasons on the show, while Heidi Klum became the fourth judge.", "America's Got Talent (season 7). The following acts performed on Wednesday, September 12.", "America's Got Talent. The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29. There was also a new twist in the show, where \"Judgment Week\" was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas. Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience, but after three acts performed, the producers scrapped the live audience concept.[18] This season also came with the addition of a \"Golden Buzzer,\" which was unveiled on that same year's Britain's Got Talent. Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act, typically used when there is a tie.[51]", "Got Talent España. The third series premiered on 17 January 2018.[12] On 11 April 2018, poet César Brandon won the finale of the season.[13]", "America's Got Talent (season 12). On October 4, 2016, Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through 2019.[10]", "America's Got Talent (season 9). On April 8, 2014, NBC announced that America's Got Talent returned to Radio City Music Hall for the live shows, which began on July 29. The Las Vegas rounds were eliminated. Instead, the \"bootcamp\" round of auditions was held in New York City in front of a live studio audience. Stern confirmed on his radio show that after three acts were taped during \"Judgement Week\", producers scrapped the live audience concept. Others asserted that the reason was because the show was having a hard time filling seats.[4] Also in this season came the initiation of a \"golden buzzer\"—which was also unveiled on Season 8 of Britain's Got Talent. Each judge was permitted to press the buzzer only once during the season to have an act go through to the next round, typically used when there is a tie.[5] This is regardless of the other judges' opinions. However, rather than sending acts straight through to the live shows as in Britain's Got Talent, an act on which the Golden Buzzer was used would only be given a free pass to the next round of the competition, Judgment Week. That format was added in the next season.", "America's Got Talent (season 7). Season seven of America's Got Talent, a reality television series, premiered on May 14, 2012. Sharon Osbourne and Howie Mandel returned as judges. Judge Piers Morgan left the show after season six and was replaced by radio personality Howard Stern, as announced on his Sirius XM radio show on December 15, 2011. Because of Stern's commitments to his radio program, the live (post-Las Vegas) episodes moved from Los Angeles[1] to the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark, New Jersey.[2][3] The season ended on September 13, 2012, with Olate Dogs announced as the winners of the season. This was Sharon Osbourne's final season.", "America's Got Talent (season 12). Darci Lynne Farmer was named the winner on the season finale, September 20, 2017. She was the third ventriloquist, third child and third female to win a season of America's Got Talent. 10-year-old singer Angelica Hale placed second, and glow light dance troupe Light Balance came in third.[8] Farmer won the show's prize of $1 million and a headlining performance in Las Vegas.[9]", "America's Got Talent. In 2014, America's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson, the season eight (2013) runner-up, and the top finalists for season nine: Mat Franco, Emily West, Quintavious Johnson, AcroArmy, Emil and Dariel, Miguel Dakota, and Sons of Serendip.[23]" ]

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[ "New England Patriots. In terms of number of games played, the Patriots have competed most against teams either currently or formerly from the AFC East division. This includes the current teams, the New York Jets, the Miami Dolphins, and the Buffalo Bills, as well as former divisional opponents the Indianapolis Colts. Among those, however, a few run deeper than others.[citation needed]", "AFC East. The American Football Conference – Eastern Division or AFC East is a division of the National Football League (NFL)'s American Football Conference (AFC). There are currently four teams that reside in the division: the Buffalo Bills (based in Orchard Park, New York); the Miami Dolphins (based in Miami Gardens, Florida); the New England Patriots (based in Foxborough, Massachusetts); and the New York Jets (based in East Rutherford, New Jersey).", "New England Patriots. Division championships (20)", "AFC East. In 2012, the Patriots broke a tie with the Dolphins for winning the most division titles; with subsequent division titles in 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2016 the Patriots have won 19 AFL/AFC East division titles to Miami's 14. The Bills have won ten division titles, and the Jets have won four.", "Jets–Patriots rivalry. The Jets–Patriots rivalry is a rivalry between the New York Jets and New England Patriots of the National Football League. The teams both play in the AFC East. They have been in the same division since the two teams' inception in 1960 in the American Football League, and have played each other at least twice a year since then.", "New England Patriots. The New England Patriots are a professional American football team based in the Greater Boston region. The Patriots compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. The team plays its home games at Gillette Stadium in the town of Foxborough, Massachusetts, which is located 21 miles (34 km) southwest of downtown Boston, Massachusetts and 20 miles (32 km) northeast of downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The Patriots are also headquartered at Gillette Stadium.", "2016 New England Patriots season. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.", "Bills–Patriots rivalry. The Bills–Patriots rivalry is a professional American football rivalry between the Buffalo Bills and the New England Patriots. Both teams are members of the East division of the American Football Conference (AFC) in the National Football League (NFL). The teams play two scheduled games each season as a result. The series debuted in 1960 as part of the American Football League (AFL). As of October 2016[update], the Patriots lead the series 70–43–1; the two clubs have combined for thirteen AFL/AFC championships. Six Bills players, coach Marv Levy, and team founder Ralph Wilson are enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame, while five Patriots players and coach Bill Parcells are presently enshrined in the Hall of Fame.", "American Football Conference. Since the 1970 AFL–NFL merger, the New England Patriots have won nine AFC titles, the most of any team in the conference (and of any team in either conference since the merger), and are its current title holder.", "2017 New England Patriots season. Note: Intra-division opponents are in bold text.", "New England Patriots. The closest geographically has been the rivalry with the New York Jets.[20] The Patriots and Jets have been in the same division (what is now the AFC East) since both teams' foundings in 1960, and have played each other at least twice a year since then.[21] The rivalry between the Jets and Patriots has escalated since 1996, when Patriots head coach Bill Parcells left the Patriots under controversy to become the head coach of the Jets; he was replaced by former Jets coach Pete Carroll.[21] Four years later Carroll was fired, and Parcells's assistant, Bill Belichick, resigned the day he was named the Jets' head coach to become the head coach of the Patriots.[22] Six years after that, Eric Mangini, an assistant under Belichick, became the head coach of the Jets.[23]", "2016 New England Patriots season. Despite just sixteen completions for 188 yards Brady defeated the Broncos for only the third time at Denver and seventh time in his career[104] With the win, the Patriots improved to 12-2, and they clinched a first round bye for the playoffs and the AFC East title for the eighth straight season.[105][106] Their eighth straight division title surpassed the Rams franchise from 1973-79 for the most consecutive division titles won by one team in NFL history.[2]", "Colts–Patriots rivalry. Because the division-rival Texans won the AFC South with the Patriots winning the AFC East, there was no regular season meeting in 2013 between both teams for the first time since 2002, the first year of the NFL's current division alignment. Both teams won division titles in 2013 and with a stunning comeback win over Kansas City combined with San Diego's playoff win over Cincinnati, the Colts met the Patriots in the AFC Divisional round on January 11, 2014. The Patriots and Colts played a tight game until the Patriots scored 21 unanswered points in the fourth quarter to win 43-22. LeGarrette Blount erupted to 166 rushing yards and four touchdowns while Tom Brady reached 6,000 postseason passing yards with 198. Andrew Luck threw for 331 yards and two touchdowns but was intercepted four times for the second consecutive game, twice by Alfonzo Dennard.[23] The Patriots would go on to lose the AFC Championship Game 26-16 against Peyton Manning and the Denver Broncos.", "Bills–Patriots rivalry. AFC East Divisional Championships (25) (1970–present)", "2011 New England Patriots season. The Patriots' win improved them to 11–3 and helped them clinch the AFC East division title for the ninth time in 11 seasons; even if they had lost, they still would have clinched the division with the New York Jets' loss to the Eagles in a game concurrent with New England's matchup in Denver.", "Jets–Patriots rivalry. AFC East Divisional Championships (20) (1970—present)", "New England Patriots. When the NFL and AFL merged in 1970, the Patriots were placed in the American Football Conference (AFC) East division, where they still play today.[6] The following year, the Patriots moved to a new stadium in Foxborough, Massachusetts, which would serve as their home for the next 30 years. As a result of the move, they announced they would change their name from the Boston Patriots to the Bay State Patriots.[5] The name was rejected by the NFL and on March 22, 1971, the team officially announced they would change its geographic name to New England.[6]", "AFC East. Entering 2017 the Patriots had the most wins in the division's history, with a record of 476-383-9, with a playoff record of 32-19 (5-4 in Super Bowls) entering the playoffs of that season.[1] The Dolphins were second at 439-341-4 (having played 84 fewer games than their division rivals) with a playoff record of 20-21 (2-3 in Super Bowls).[2] The Bills were at 400-460-8 with a playoff record of 14-15 (with two American Football League titles) but winless having gone to four consecutive Super Bowls.[3] The Jets held a record of 392-468-8, with a playoff record of 12-13 including victory in Super Bowl III.[4]", "Jets–Patriots rivalry. AFL Eastern Division Championships (3) (1960–1969)", "Dolphins–Patriots rivalry. Miami is one of 4 teams in the AFC with a winning overall record against New England (the others being the Cleveland Browns, Denver Broncos, and Kansas City Chiefs)). Since 2003, the Patriots have dominated the rivalry, but not as much as their rivalries with their two other AFC East opponents. In 2004, one of the most famous moments in the rivalry happened where the Dolphins, 2–11 at the time, upset the 12–1 Patriots in a game that has been known as \"The Night That Courage Wore Orange\".[2] In 2008, the rivalry briefly intensified when the Dolphins became the only team other than the Patriots since 2003 to win the division. In week 3 of the aforementioned 2008 season, the Dolphins used the Wildcat formation to throw the Patriots off and went on to upset them, 38–13.[3]", "List of New England Patriots seasons. The New England Patriots are an American football team based in Foxborough, Massachusetts. They compete in the National Football League (NFL) as a member club of the league's American Football Conference (AFC) East division. Originally called the Boston Patriots, the team was founded as one of eight charter members of the American Football League (AFL) in 1960 under the ownership of Billy Sullivan.[1] The team became part of the NFL when the two leagues merged in 1970. The following year, they moved from Boston to nearby Foxborough, and changed their name to the New England Patriots.[2]", "Colts–Patriots rivalry. The nature of this rivalry is somewhat ironic because while the Colts and Patriots were AFC East division rivals from 1970–2001 (dating prior to the Colts' move from Baltimore to Indianapolis), their intensified enmity wasn't prevalent until Indianapolis was moved into the newly formed AFC South following the 2001 season as part of the NFL's realignment.[2] Following New England's 43–22 win in the 2013–14 playoffs the Patriots lead the series with nine wins (three in the playoffs) versus five wins (one playoff) for the Colts, and the Patriots hold a lead in points scored, 411–351.", "History of the New England Patriots. Despite entering the last week of the season with a three-game winning streak, the Patriots found themselves not controlling their own destiny. In addition to a Week 17 win, they also needed either a Miami Dolphins loss to win the AFC East, or a Baltimore Ravens loss to earn a wild card playoff berth. However, both Baltimore and Miami won, and the Dolphins, Ravens and Patriots all finished the season with identical 11–5 records. Miami qualified for the playoffs by winning the AFC East division over the Patriots on the fourth divisional tiebreaker (better conference record: 8–4 to 7–5). Baltimore qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team, defeating the Patriots on the second wild card tiebreaker (better conference record: 8–4 to 7–5). The Patriots thus became the first team since the 1985 Denver Broncos to finish with an 11–5 record and not make the playoffs.", "Bills–Patriots rivalry. AFL Eastern Division Championships (4) (1960–1969)", "AFC East. The American Football League Eastern Division was formed during the inaugural season of the American Football League in 1960, as a counterpart to the AFL Western Division. The divisional alignment consisted of the Buffalo Bills, Boston Patriots, New York Titans and Houston Oilers. The Miami Dolphins entered the AFL in 1966 as part of its Eastern division.[7]", "2017 New England Patriots season. This marked the fifth playoff meeting between the two clubs with the Patriots now holding a 4-1 advantage. This was their second meeting in the AFC Championship Game, the Patriots winning in 1996 as well.", "New England Patriots. Even though the two clubs were placed in separate divisions in the NFL's 2002 divisional realignment, their rivalry did not diminish. At that time, both teams were among the best in the AFC, and both were led by likely Hall of Fame quarterbacks, Peyton Manning (for the Colts) and Tom Brady (for the Patriots) The teams met three times in four years (2003, 2004, 2006) in the playoffs, with the winner going on to win that season's Super Bowl each time. The Manning portion of the rivalry began in Manning's rookie season, 1998; in 1999 Manning suffered a bitter 31–28 loss in September as the Patriots behind Drew Bledsoe erased a 28–7 Colts lead, then defeated the Patriots 20–15 in Indianapolis on December 12. The Brady–Manning portion of the rivalry began on September 30, 2001, as Brady made his first NFL start in a 44–13 Patriots win at Foxboro; on October 21 the Patriots defeated the Colts at the RCA Dome 38–17.[26]", "New England Patriots. An original member of the American Football League (AFL), the Patriots joined the NFL in the 1970 merger of the two leagues. The team changed its name from the original Boston Patriots after relocating to Foxborough in 1971. The Patriots played their home games at Foxboro Stadium from 1971 to 2001, then moved to Gillette Stadium at the start of the 2002 season. The Patriots' rivalry with the New York Jets is considered one of the most bitter rivalries in the NFL.", "2016 New England Patriots season. During the season, the New England Patriots became the first team that originated from the American Football League to reach 500 franchise wins—regular season and playoffs—with their Week 12 win over the New York Jets.[1] In Week 15, the Patriots clinched their eighth straight AFC East division title, and in doing so surpassed the 1979 Los Angeles Rams for most consecutive division titles.[2] With their Week 17 win over the Miami Dolphins, the Patriots clinched home field advantage throughout the entire AFC playoffs and ended the regular season with a league-best record of 14–2.[3][4] With their win over the Houston Texans in the Divisional Round, the Patriots advanced to the AFC Championship Game for the sixth consecutive year, surpassing the 1977 Oakland Raiders for most consecutive appearances in conference championship games.[5] After their win over the Pittsburgh Steelers in the AFC Championship Game, the Patriots became the first organization to clinch a ninth Super Bowl berth. They surpassed the Pittsburgh Steelers, Dallas Cowboys, and Denver Broncos who are all tied at 8.[6][7] Furthermore, Bill Belichick broke the record for a head coach by coaching his seventh Super Bowl, breaking a tie with Don Shula.[8]", "National Football League rivalries. The nature of this rivalry is somewhat ironic because while the Colts and Patriots were AFC East division rivals from 1970–2001 (dating back to the Colts' time in Baltimore), their intensified enmity wasn't prevalent until Indianapolis was moved into the newly formed AFC South following the 2001 season as part of the NFL's realignment.[17] The two teams did not meet in 2002 but met every year from 2003–12. From the first game of the rivalry's renewal (a 38–34 Patriots victory highlighted by a last-second goalline stand) the rivalry has been bitterly close: following New England's 31–24 win in 2011 the Patriots lead the series with seven wins (two in the playoffs) versus five wins (one playoff) for the Colts, and the Patriots hold a slim lead in points scored, 319–305.[when?][citation needed] The Colts and Patriots met every year from 2003–2015 as both teams often finished in the same position in their divisions. The other AFC East teams were only able to play the Colts when the East and South divisions were scheduled to play a full interlocking schedule.", "NFL regular season. Non-divisional intraconference match-ups can occur over consecutive years if two teams happen to finish in the same place consistently. For example, even though the Colts and Patriots are in different divisions within the same conference, the two teams played each other every season between 2003 and 2012, largely because both teams often finished in first place in their divisions each previous season. Similarly, the Redskins and the Rams played each other each season from 2008 to 2012 because both teams often landed in fourth place in their divisions.", "Bill Belichick. In 2009, with a fully healthy Tom Brady back as the starting quarterback, Belichick was able to guide the Patriots to yet another AFC East division title with a 10-6 record.[61] However, the Patriots lost to the Baltimore Ravens in the AFC Wild Card Game.[62]" ]

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[ "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Before Wilder was officially cast for the role, producers considered Fred Astaire, Joel Grey, Ron Moody and Jon Pertwee.[9][10] Spike Milligan was Roald Dahl's original choice to play Willy Wonka.[9] Peter Sellers even begged Dahl for the role.[11]", "Peter Ostrum. A native of Cleveland,[1] Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka. Though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over. After eschewing a career in film and theatre, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role. In 1990, he began an annual tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to theaters.", "Willy Wonka. Wilder's performance as Willy Wonka was well received and remains one of his best-known roles. Time Out Film Guide called it \"Great fun, with Wilder for once giving an impeccably controlled performance as the factory's bizarre candy owner.\"[13] Critic Jeffrey M. Anderson, of Combustible Celluloid, wrote, \"[W]hen the movie does actually reach the factory, and Gene Wilder takes the stage, the movie is saved. Wilder was in the middle of an incredible run of subtle comic performances ... and he was at the height of his powers here.\"[14]", "Willy Wonka. Early on in the production of the 2005 film, Nicolas Cage was under discussions for portraying Willy Wonka, but lost interest.[3][4] Warner Bros. president Alan F. Horn wanted Tom Shadyac to direct Jim Carrey as Willy Wonka, believing the duo could make Charlie and the Chocolate Factory relevant to mainstream audiences, but Roald Dahl's widow Liccy Dahl opposed this.[5] After Tim Burton was hired as director in May 2003, Burton immediately thought of Johnny Depp for the role of Willy Wonka, who joined the following August for his fourth collaboration with the director.[6]", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 American musical fantasy family film directed by Mel Stuart, and starring Gene Wilder as Willy Wonka. It is an adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. Dahl was credited with writing the film's screenplay; however, David Seltzer, who went uncredited in the film, was brought in to re-work the screenplay against Dahl's wishes, making major changes to the ending and adding musical numbers. These changes and other decisions made by the director led Dahl to disown the film.[4][5]", "Johnny Depp. Depp was again nominated for the Best Actor Academy Award for his performance as Scottish author J. M. Barrie in the film Finding Neverland (2004). The following year he starred as Willy Wonka in Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, which reunited him with director Tim Burton, with whom he had not collaborated since Sleepy Hollow. The film was a box office success and had a positive critical reception,[42][43] with Depp being nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.[38][44] Chocolate Factory was followed by another Burton project, stop-motion animation Corpse Bride (2005), in which Depp voiced the character Victor Van Dort.[45]", "Tim Burton. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) is an adaptation of the book of the same name by Roald Dahl. Starring Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka, Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket and Deep Roy as the Oompa-Loompas, the film generally took a more faithful approach to the source material than the 1971 adaptation, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, although some liberties were taken, such as adding Wonka's issue with his father (played by Christopher Lee). Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was later nominated for the Academy Award for Best Costume Design. The film made over $207 million domestically. Filming proved difficult as Burton, Depp, and Danny Elfman had to work on this and Burton's Corpse Bride at the same time.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). Prior to Burton's involvement, Warner Bros. considered or discussed Willy Wonka with Bill Murray, Christopher Walken, Steve Martin, Robin Williams, Nicolas Cage, Jim Carrey, Michael Keaton, Robert De Niro, Brad Pitt, Will Smith, Mike Myers, Ben Stiller, Leslie Nielsen, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Michael Palin, Patrick Stewart, and Adam Sandler.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] Dustin Hoffman and Marilyn Manson reportedly wanted the role as well.[24][30] Pitt's production company, Plan B Entertainment, however, stayed on to co-finance the film with Warner Bros.[7] Coincidentally, Cleese, Idle and Palin (as well as the other three Monty Python members) had all previously expressed interest in playing Wonka in the 1971 film adaptation.[29] Johnny Depp was the only actor Burton considered for the role,[17] although Dwayne Johnson was Burton's second choice in case Depp was unavailable.[31] Depp signed on without reading the script under the intention of going with a completely different approach than what Gene Wilder did in the 1971 film adaptation.[32] Depp said regardless of the original film, Gene Wilder's characterization of Willy Wonka stood out as a unique portrayal.[7]", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. When Wilder was cast for the role, he accepted it on one condition:", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise). Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is a 1971 musical[1] film adaptation of the 1964 novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory by Roald Dahl. It was directed by Mel Stuart, and starred Gene Wilder as Wonka. The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket as he receives a golden ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released on June 30, 1971. It received positive reviews, but it was a box office disappointment despite the fact that it recouped its budget. However, it developed into a cult film due to its repeated television airings and home video sales. In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score.", "Freddie Highmore. In 2005, he portrayed the main role of Charlie Bucket in Tim Burton's musical fantasy film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, adapted from the book of the same name by Roald Dahl.[8] He was reportedly recommended by co-star Johnny Depp, with whom Highmore had worked in Finding Neverland; Depp had been impressed by the young actor's performance and thus put his name forward for the role.[3] Highmore had not seen the original 1971 version of the film, and decided not to see it until he was done filming so his portrayal of Charlie would not be influenced. For his role, he again won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and was awarded the Satellite Award for Outstanding New Talent. Highmore also lent his voice to the film's accompanying video game of the same name.", "Peter Ostrum. Peter Gardner[4] Ostrum (/ˈoʊstrəm/;[5] born November 1957)[4] is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.", "Christopher Lee. Lee was one of the favourite actors of Tim Burton, and became a regular in many of Burton's films, working for the director five times, starting in 1999, where he had a small role as the Burgomaster in the film Sleepy Hollow. In 2005, Lee played Willy Wonka's strict dentist father, Dr. Wilbur Wonka, in Burton's reimagining of the Roald Dahl tale Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, and voiced the character of Pastor Galswells in Corpse Bride, co-directed by Burton and Mike Johnson.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 musical fantasy comedy film directed by Tim Burton and written by John August, based on the 1964 British novel of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film stars Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka and Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket. The storyline follows Charlie, who wins a contest and is along with four other contest winners, subsequently led by Wonka on a tour of his chocolate factory, the most magnificent in the world.", "List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters. In the 1971 film Willy Wonka and the Chocolates Factory, he is portrayed by Gene Wilder. While his personality remains generally the same as in the original, he is more melancholy here, and frequently quotes books and poems, including William Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet (\"Is it my soul that calls upon my name?\") or John Masefield's \"Sea Fever\" (\"All I ask is a tall ship and a star to steer her by\"), and the famous \"Candy is dandy, but liquor is quicker\" from \"Reflections on Ice Breaking\" by Ogden Nash, among many others. Toward the end of the film, he tests protagonist Charlie's conscience by pretending to deny him any reward, but assumes an almost paternal role when Charlie proves honest.", "Willy Wonka. Joe Lozito of Big Picture Big Sound questioned the intention as well, writing \"Depp's Wonka exudes none of the gravity required for the role. It's as though he didn't take the role seriously. Rather than an intimidating candyman teaching brats a lesson, this Wonka is simply a freak.\"[24] Depp received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy for his role as Willy Wonka, but lost to Joaquin Phoenix as Johnny Cash in Walk the Line.[25]", "Willy Wonka. Regarding Wilder's effect, Anderson wrote \"If you're a kid, Wonka seems magical, but watching it now, he has a frightening combination of warmth, psychosis, and sadism.\"[14] Kevin Carr, of 7M pictures wrote \"This is Gene Wilder's legacy. He was perfect for the role, and it was his mixture of childlike wonder and bitter, deserved vengeance that made the character so compelling.\",[15] while critic Widgett Walls simply called it \"Probably Gene Wilder's finest, most manic hour.\" [16] Wilder received a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy for his role as Willy Wonka, but lost to Chaim Topol as Tevye in Fiddler on the Roof.[17]", "Julie Dawn Cole. Julie Dawn Cole (born 26 October 1957) is an English actress who has been active for some 40 years. She began as a child performer in what remains her best-remembered film, 1971's Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, playing the spoiled Veruca Salt. She has two children.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (franchise). Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 film adaptation of the 1964 book of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film was directed by Tim Burton. The film stars Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket and Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka. The storyline concerns Charlie, who takes a tour he has won, led by Wonka, through the most magnificent chocolate factory in the world. Development for another adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, filmed previously as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, began in 1991, 20 years after the first film version, which resulted in Warner Bros. providing the Dahl Estate with total artistic control. Prior to Burton's involvement, directors such as Gary Ross, Rob Minkoff, Martin Scorsese and Tom Shadyac had been involved, while Warner Bros. either considered or discussed the role of Willy Wonka with Nicolas Cage, Jim Carrey, Michael Keaton, Brad Pitt, Will Smith and Adam Sandler. Burton immediately brought regular collaborators Johnny Depp and Danny Elfman aboard. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory represents the first time since The Nightmare Before Christmas that Elfman contributed to the film score using written songs and his vocals. Filming took place from June to December 2004 at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom, where Burton avoided using digital effects as much as possible. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to critical praise and was a box office success, grossing approximately $475 million worldwide, but received mixed to negative reviews when compared with the original 1971 film.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly praised Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, writing \"Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka may be a stone freak, but he is also one of Burton's classic crackpot conjurers, like Beetlejuice or Ed Wood.\"[56] Roger Ebert gave an overall positive review and enjoyed the film. He was primarily impressed by Tim Burton's direction of the younger cast members, but was disappointed with Depp's performance: \"What was Depp thinking of? In Pirates of the Caribbean he was famously channeling Keith Richards, which may have primed us to look for possible inspirations for this performance.\"[57] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle found Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Burton's \"best work in years. If all the laughs come from Depp, who gives Willy the mannerisms of a classic Hollywood diva, the film's heart comes from Highmore, a gifted young performer whose performance is sincere, deep and unforced in a way that's rare in a child actor.\"[58] Peter Travers wrote in Rolling Stone magazine that \"Depp's deliciously demented take on Willy Wonka demands to be seen. Depp goes deeper to find the bruises on Wonka's secret heart than what Gene Wilder did. Depp and Burton may fly too high on the vapors of pure imagination, but it's hard to not get hooked on something this tasty. And how about that army of Oompa-Loompas, all played by Deep Roy, in musical numbers that appear to have been choreographed by Busby Berkeley on crack.\"[59]", "List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters. In the 2005 film Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, he is portrayed by Johnny Depp. In this version, a back-story was added that Willy Wonka's father (being a dentist) would not let him eat sweets because of the potential risk to his teeth, and that the young Wonka left home to become a chocolatier. The conflict was so bad on young Wonka (portrayed by Blair Dunlop), that he took no interest in the kids when they arrived and couldn't even say the word \"parent\". He later gains a soft spot for Charlie and offers him a spoon from the chocolate river. Toward the end of the film, Charlie reconciles the two.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). Development for a second adaptation of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (filmed previously as Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971) began in 1991, which resulted in Warner Bros. providing the Dahl Estate with total artistic control. Prior to Burton's involvement, directors such as Gary Ross, Rob Minkoff, Martin Scorsese and Tom Shadyac had been involved, while actors Bill Murray, Nicolas Cage, Jim Carrey, Michael Keaton, Brad Pitt, Will Smith, Adam Sandler, and many others, were either in discussion with or considered by the studio to play Wonka.", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. In 2017, an animated adaptation of the film with Tom and Jerry was released. Tom and Jerry: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory stars JP Karliak as Willy Wonka and is dedicated to Gene Wilder, who died less than a year before the release.", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. All six members of Monty Python: Graham Chapman, John Cleese, Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones and Michael Palin, expressed interest in playing Wonka, but at the time they were deemed not big enough names for an international audience. Three of the members, Cleese, Idle and Palin, were later seriously considered for the same role in Tim Burton's version.[8][9]", "List of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory characters. In the 1971 film, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, they were written to be played by actors with dwarfism and are portrayed as orange-skinned, green-haired men in striped shirts and baggy lederhosen-like pants. Prominent portrayers: Angelo Muscat, Rusty Goffe, George Claydon, Rudy Borgstaller, Jo Kilkenny, Andy Wilday, Malcolm Dixon, Ismed Hassan, Norman Mcglen, Pepe Poupee, Marcus Powell, and Albert Wilkinson.[6]", "Willy Wonka. Willy Wonka (portrayed by Johnny Depp), the owner of a famous chocolate factory, has long closed access to his factory due to problems concerning industrial espionage that ultimately led him to fire all his employees, among them Charlie's Grandpa Joe. One day, Wonka informs the world of a contest, in which five Golden Tickets have been placed in five random Wonka Bars worldwide, and the winners will be given a full tour of the factory as well as a lifetime supply of chocolate, while one ticket holder will be given a special prize at the end of the tour.", "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film). During pre-production Burton visited Dahl's former home in the Buckinghamshire village of Great Missenden. Liccy Dahl remembers Burton entering Dahl's famed writing shed and saying, \"This is the Buckets' house!\" and thinking to herself, \"Thank God, somebody gets it.\" Liccy also showed Burton the original handwritten manuscripts, which Burton discovered were more politically incorrect than the published book. The manuscripts included a child named Herpes, after the sexually transmitted disease.[17] Burton immediately thought of Johnny Depp for the role of Willy Wonka, who in August 2003 joined the film, his fourth collaboration with the director.[18]", "Freddie Highmore. Alfred Thomas \"Freddie\" Highmore[1] (born 14 February 1992) is an English actor. He made his professional acting debut in the comedy film Women Talking Dirty (1999). He is known for his roles in the films Finding Neverland (2004), Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005), and The Spiderwick Chronicles (2008), and in the television series Bates Motel and The Good Doctor. For his roles in the first two, he won two consecutive Critics' Choice Movie Awards for Best Young Performer.", "Willy Wonka. Critical response to Johnny Depp's performance as Willy Wonka was more mixed. Critic Andrew Sarris, of the New York Observer, who did not enjoy the film's style in general, wrote \"I wonder if even children will respond to the peculiarly humorless and charmless stylistic eccentricities of Mr. Burton and his star, Johnny Depp.\"[18] However, Owen Gleiberman of Entertainment Weekly wrote that \"Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka may be a stone freak, but he is also one of Burton's classic crackpot conjurers, like Beetlejuice or Ed Wood.\"[19] Mick LaSalle from the San Francisco Chronicle found that \"all the laughs [in the film] come from Depp, who gives Willy the mannerisms of a classic Hollywood diva\".[20]", "Peter Ostrum. Ostrum was in the sixth grade and performing at the Cleveland Play House children's theatre, when he was noticed by talent agents who were searching nationwide for the actor to portray Charlie Bucket in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. The agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York. Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang \"My Country, 'Tis of Thee\",[4] and a month after that he was contacted and given ten days to prepare to leave for filming.[6]", "Roy Kinnear. Roy Mitchell Kinnear (8 January 1934 – 20 September 1988) was an English actor. He is known for his roles in films directed by Richard Lester; including Algernon in Help! (1965); Clapper in How I Won the War (1967); and Planchet in The Three Musketeers (1973), reprising the latter role in the 1974 and 1989 sequels. He is also known for playing Henry Salt in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory.", "Peter Ostrum. In the run-up to the release of Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005, Ostrum garnered a spate of attention that included seeing the film in New York City with NPR as well as being included in VH1's list of \"100 Greatest Kid Stars\" (placing 78th).[1] On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that \"It's sort of like going back to a house that you once lived in and it's been redecorated.\" Ultimately, the media attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone, and requested \"please, no more interviews.\"[5]" ]

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[ "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), officially the City of Los Angeles Police Department, is the Los Angeles police department. With 9,843 officers[4] and 2,773 civilian staff,[4] it is the third-largest municipal police department in the United States, after the New York City Police Department and the Chicago Police Department.[6] The department serves an area of 498 square miles (1,290 km2) and a population of 4,030,904 people.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Police Department has one officer for every 426 residents.[70] As a point of comparison, New York City has one NYPD officer for every 228 residents.[70] For Los Angeles to have the same ratio of officers to residents as New York City, the LAPD would need to have nearly 17,000 officers. Further points of comparison include Chicago, which has a ratio of one officer per 216 citizens and Philadelphia, whose officer per citizen ratio is 1 to 219.[70] And the same ratio for London's Metropolitan Police is 1 to 152,[72] to make an international comparison.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The majority of the LAPD's approximately 10,000[4] officers are assigned within the Office of Operations, whose primary office is located in the new Police Administration Building.[22] An Assistant Chief, currently First Assistant Chief Michel Moore, commands the office, and reports directly to the chief of police.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD Office of Operations comprises 21 police stations, known officially as \"areas\" but also commonly referred to as \"divisions\".[23]", "Los Angeles Police Department. In recent years, the department had been conducting a massive recruiting effort, with a goal of hiring an additional 1,500 police officers. The city has three specialized agencies, not affiliated with the LAPD directly, which serve the Port, the Airport, and the Unified School District.", "Los Angeles Police Department. Since 1876, there have been 56 appointed chiefs of the Los Angeles Police Department. William H. Parker was the longest serving police chief in Los Angeles Police Department history, serving for 16 years as Chief of LAPD.[69]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners also known as the Police Commission, is a five-member body of appointed officials which oversees the LAPD.[18] The board is responsible for setting policies for the department and overseeing the LAPD's overall management and operations. The Chief of Police reports to the board, but the rest of the department reports to the chief.[19]", "Los Angeles Police Department. According to the LAPD and Latin American Law Enforcement Association, in 2013, the Los Angeles Police Department was 81% male, 34.9% of the department was white, 43.6% of the department was Hispanic/Latino, 11.6% was African American, 7.2% was Asian, 2.2% was Filipino American, and 0.8% Indian and Other Ethnicities.[88][89]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The first paid force was created in 1869, when six officers were hired to serve under City Marshal William C. Warren.[3] By 1900, under John M. Glass, there were 70 officers, one for every 1,500 people. In 1903, with the start of the Civil Service, this force was increased to 200.[3]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD has grown over the years in the number of officers who speak languages in addition to English. There were 483 bilingual or multilingual officers in 1974, and 1,560 in 1998, and 2,500 in 2001 that spoke at least one of 32 languages.[90] In 2001, a study was released that found that Non-English-speaking callers to the 911 and non-emergency response lines often receive no language translation, often receive incomplete information, and sometimes receive rude responses from police employees.[90] The issue of a lack of multilingual officers led to reforms including bonuses and salary increases for officers who are certified in second languages.[90] Currently, over a third of LAPD officers are certified in speaking one or more languages other than English.[91] The department also uses a device called the phraselator to translate and broadcast thousands of prerecorded phrases in a multitude of languages and is commonly used to broadcast messages in different languages from police vehicles.[91]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The 21 police stations or \"divisions\" are grouped geographically into four command areas, each known as a \"bureau\".[23] The latest areas, \"Olympic\" and \"Topanga\", were added on January 4, 2009.[26]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Police Protective League (LAPPL) is the labor union for LAPD officers up to the rank of lieutenant.[76]", "Los Angeles Police Department. LAPD patrol officers have a three-day 12-hour and four-day 10-hour work week schedule. The department has over 250 types of job assignments, and each officer is eligible for such assignments after two years on patrol. LAPD patrol officers almost always work with a partner, unlike most suburban departments surrounding the city of Los Angeles, which deploy officers in one-officer units in order to maximize police presence and to allow a smaller number of officers to patrol a larger area.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Police Department has suffered from chronic underfunding and under-staffing in recent years.[70] Compared to most other major cities in the United States, and though it's the third largest police department in the country, Los Angeles has historically had one of the lowest ratios of police personnel to population served.[70] Former police chief William J. Bratton made enlarging the Department one of his top priorities (Bratton has been quoted as saying, \"You give me 4,000 more officers and I'll give you the safest city in the world\").[71]", "Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department. The Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) is the head of the Los Angeles Police Department.", "Los Angeles Police Department. In 1886, the department hired its first two black officers, Robert William Stewart and Roy Green..[7] The LAPD was one of the first two police departments in the country to hire an African-American woman officer, Georgia Ann Robinson in 1919.[84][85] Despite this, the department was slow at integration. During the 1965 Watts riots, only 5 of the 205 police assigned to South Central Los Angeles were black, despite the fact that it was the largest black community in Los Angeles. Los Angeles' first black mayor Tom Bradley was an ex-police officer and quit the department after being unable to advance past the rank of lieutenant like other black police officers in the department. When Bradley was elected mayor in 1972, only 5% of LAPD officers were black[86] and there was only one black captain in the department, Homer Broome. Broome would break down racial barriers on the force going on to become first black officer to obtain the rank of commander and the first black to command a police station, the Southwest Division which included historically black neighborhoods of South Central Los Angeles in 1975.[87]", "Los Angeles Police Department. Hiring quotas began to change this during the 1980s, but it was not until the Christopher Commission reforms that substantial numbers of black, Hispanic, and Asian officers began to be hired on to the force. Minority officers can be found in both rank-and-file and leadership positions in virtually all divisions, and the LAPD is starting to reflect the general population.", "Los Angeles. The city has many departments and appointed officers, including the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), the Los Angeles Board of Police Commissioners, the Los Angeles Fire Department (LAFD), the Housing Authority of the City of Los Angeles (HACLA), the Los Angeles Department of Transportation (LADOT), and the Los Angeles Public Library (LAPL).", "Los Angeles Police Department. The following names are used to describe supervision levels within the LAPD:[68]", "Los Angeles Police Department. Since the establishment of the Los Angeles Police Department, 207 officers have died in the line of duty.[118] Randy Simmons was the first LAPD SWAT officer to be killed in the line of duty in 2008.[119] There have been two memorials to fallen LAPD officers. One was outside Parker Center, the former headquarters, which was unveiled on October 1, 1971.[120] The monument was a fountain made from black granite, its base inscribed with the names of the LAPD officers who died while serving the City of Los Angeles.[120] The old monument located at Parker Center was destroyed in the process of being transported but was replaced by a new memorial at the current police headquarters building. This memorial, dedicated on October 14, 2009, is made up of more than 2,000 brass alloy plaques, 202 of which are inscribed with the names of fallen police officers.[121] The cause of deaths of LAPD officers who have been killed in the line of duty are as follows:", "Los Angeles Police Department. A lawsuit by a policewoman, Fanchon Blake, from the 1980s instituted court ordered mandates that the department begin actively hiring and promoting women police officers in its ranks.[83] The department eliminated the rank of \"Policeman\" from new hires at that time along with the rank of \"Policewoman.\"[83] Anyone already in those positions was grandfathered in, but new hires were classified instead as \"Police Officers,\" which continues to this day.[83] In 2002, women made up 18.9% of the force.", "Los Angeles Police Department. Up to the Gates administration, the LAPD was predominantly white (80% in 1980), and many officers had resided outside the city limits.[81] Simi Valley, the Ventura County suburb that later became infamous as the site of the state trial that immediately preceded the 1992 Los Angeles riots, has long been home to a large concentration of LAPD officers, most of them white.[81] A 1994 ACLU study of officers' home zip codes, concluded that over 80% of police officers resided outside the city limits.[81]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Central Bureau is responsible for downtown Los Angeles and Eastern Los Angeles,[27] and is the most densely populated of the four patrol bureaus.[27] It consists of five patrol divisions and a traffic division, which handles traffic-related duties such as accident investigation and the issuing of citations/tickets.[28]", "Los Angeles Police Department. Awarded for 4000 hours of service as a Reserve Police officer.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Harbor Area (#5) serves all of San Pedro, Wilmington and the Harbor Gateway annex south of Artesia Boulevard. This division often works with the Port of Los Angeles Police.[38] The 260 Harbor division members operate out of a $40-million, 50,000-square-foot (4,600 m2) police station, that was opened in April 2009 on John S. Gibson Blvd.[39]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The LAPD was in 1910 to hire the first female police officer in the United States, Alice Stebbins Wells.[82] On the LAPD through the early 1970s, women were classified as \"policewomen\".[83]", "Los Angeles Police Department. Over the years, the Los Angeles Police Department has been the subject of a number of scandals, police misconduct and other controversies:", "Los Angeles Police Department. In October 2014, the LAPD Office of the Inspector General released a report that members of the department had been using department computers to falsely inflate the number of officers and patrol cars that were on duty at any given time in a method known as \"ghost cars\".[169] The report found that supervisors of various ranks would check officers into vacant assignments right before the department's computerized patrol software did its head count and then log the officers off when the count was done.[170] The report found that the practice occurred in at least five out of 21 patrol divisions, and the report also highlighted the causes including understaffing in the LAPD.[171]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Office of the Chief of Police is the administrative office comprising the Chief of Staff and the Employee Relations Group. Also reporting to the chief of police is the Director of the Office of Constitutional Policing and Policy, whose office is divided into the Community Policing and Policy Group, Risk Management Legal Affairs Group and Media Relations. The Information Technology Bureau and the Professional Standards Bureau, which includes the Internal Affairs Group, Special Operations Division and Force Investigation Division, also reports directly to the Office of Chiefs.", "Los Angeles Police Department. The newer cadet program shifted focus from the old explorer program which tried to guide members to a career in law enforcement to a program that tries to give cadets a solid foundation in life and to help them prepare for whatever careers they choose by offering things like tutoring and college scholarships to different cadets in need of assistance.[80] The cadets complete courses not only on law enforcement but also on citizenship, leadership, financial literacy and other different skill sets.[80] Cadets work different positions including ride alongs, crowd control, charity assistance, working in stations, and other tasks.[80] The cadet program has posts at all of the LAPD's regional divisions as well as specialized divisions including the Metropolitan Division and the communications division and as of 2014 there were 5,000 cadets.[80]", "Los Angeles Police Department. Given to any LAPD officer who saw service during the 1984 Summer Olympics from July 28 to August 12, 1984.[111][113]", "Los Angeles Police Department. The Los Angeles Police Department Medal of Valor is the highest law enforcement medal awarded to officers by the Los Angeles Police Department. The Medal of Valor is an award for bravery, usually awarded to officers for individual acts of extraordinary bravery or heroism performed in the line of duty at extreme and life-threatening personal risk.[111][112]" ]

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[ "The Last of the Mohicans. The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757 (1826) is a historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama, set in 1757 during the French and Indian War. It was directed by Michael Mann, based on James Fenimore Cooper's eponymous 1826 novel and George B. Seitz's 1936 film adaptation, owing more to the latter than the novel. The film stars Daniel Day-Lewis, Madeleine Stowe, and Jodhi May, with Russell Means, Wes Studi, Eric Schweig, and Steven Waddington in supporting roles. It was produced by Morgan Creek Pictures.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains, in the British colony of New York. British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany. He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro, the commander of Fort William Henry. Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel’s two daughters, Cora and Alice, to their father. He is a family friend and in love with Cora, to whom he proposes before they leave, but she does not give him an answer.", "The Last of the Mohicans. It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences.[1] The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel.[2] The Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, both the French and the British used Native American allies, but the French were particularly dependent, as they were outnumbered in the Northeast frontier areas by the more numerous British colonists.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper set this novel during the Seven Years' War, an international conflict between Great Britain and France, which had a front in North America known by the Anglo-American colonists as the French and Indian War. The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces, with both sides also relying on Native American allies. The war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia.", "The Last of the Mohicans. The novel is primarily set in the upper New York wilderness, detailing the transport of the two daughters of Colonel Munro, Alice and Cora, to a safe destination at Fort William Henry. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas, the former of whom is the novel's title character. These characters are sometimes seen as a microcosm of the budding American society, particularly with regard to their racial composition.[3]", "Colonial American military history. American novelist James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last of the Mohicans in 1826, a widely read novel that was adapted for several Hollywood films. Cooper refers to the dangerous \"savages\" and shows their willingness to kill. The book creates a lasting impression of the untrustworthiness and dangerousness of Indians in general, according to Michael Hilger. One long-standing theme in American popular culture has portrayed the Indians as revenge-seeking savages looking to scalp their enemies.[23]", "The Last of the Mohicans. The novel was first published in 1826 by Carey & Lea, of Philadelphia. According to Susan Cooper, its success was \"greater than that of any previous book from the same pen\" and \"in Europe the book produced quite a startling effect.\"[13]", "The Last of the Mohicans. In the spring of 1757, Lieutenant Colonel George Monro became garrison commander of Fort William Henry, located on Lake George (New York) in the Province of New York. In early August, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort. On 2 August General Webb, who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward, sent 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militia to reinforce the garrison at William Henry. In the novel, this is the relief column with which Monro's daughters travel.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). During the French and Indian War, Alice (Binnie Barnes) and Cora Munro (Heather Angel), the two daughters of Colonel Munro (Hugh Buckler), commander of a British fort, set out from Albany to join their father. They are escorted by Major Duncan Heyward (Henry Wilcoxon), who has loved Alice for a long time, and by the Huron Indian Magua (Bruce Cabot). Magua is secretly an enemy of the British. Magua betrays them, but they are rescued by a colonial scout named Hawkeye (Randolph Scott) and his friends, the last two members of the Mohican tribe, Chingachgook (Robert Barrat) and his son Uncas (Phillip Reed). On their way to the fort, Uncas falls in love with Cora, while Hawkeye and Alice are attracted to each other.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Uncas and Hawk-eye travel to the Delaware village where Cora is held, and where Magua demands the return of his prisoners. Tamenund, the sage of the Delawares, frees the prisoners, except for Cora, whom he awards to Magua. To satisfy laws of hospitality, Tamenund gives Magua a three-hour head start before pursuit. The Delawares vanquish the Hurons, but Magua escapes with Cora and two other Hurons; Uncas, Hawk-eye, and Heyward pursue them. In a fight at the edge of a cliff, Cora, Uncas, and Magua are killed. The novel concludes with a lengthy account of the funerals of Uncas and Cora, and Hawk-eye reaffirms his friendship with Chingachgook. Tamenund prophesies: \"The pale-faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red-men has not yet come again....\".", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The following day, Colonel Munro, his soldiers, and their women and children leave the fort. Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them. Magua personally kills Munro. Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out, leading Cora, Alice, and Heyward to temporary safety. Later, however, Magua captures the major and the women. Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem. He is interrupted by Hawkeye, who comes in alone to plead for their lives.", "The Last of the Mohicans. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column. Cooper's account of the attack and aftermath is lurid and somewhat inaccurate. A detailed reconstruction of the action and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 70 to 184;[5] more than 500 British were taken captive.", "Daniel Boone. On July 5, 1776, Boone's daughter Jemima and two other teenaged girls were captured outside Boonesborough by an Indian war party, who carried the girls north towards the Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. Boone and a group of men from Boonesborough followed in pursuit, finally catching up with them two days later. Boone and his men ambushed the Indians while they were stopped for a meal, rescuing the girls and driving off their captors. The incident became the most celebrated event of Boone's life. James Fenimore Cooper created a fictionalized version of the episode in his classic novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826).[26]", "The Last of the Mohicans. The French general, Montcalm, invites Munro to a parley, and shows him General Webb's letter, in which the British general has refused reinforcements. At this, Munro agrees to Montcalm's terms that the British soldiers, together with their wounded, women, and children, must leave the fort and withdraw from the war for eighteen months. Outside the fort, the column of British prisoners is attacked by 2000 Huron warriors; in the ensuing massacre, Magua kidnaps Cora and Alice, and he leads them toward the Huron village. David Gamut follows. After the massacre, Hawk-eye, the Mohicans, Heyward, and Colonel Munro follow Magua, and cross a lake to intercept his trail. A canoe chase ensues, in which the rescuers reach land before the Hurons can kill them, and eventually follow Magua to the Huron village. Here, they find Gamut (earlier spared by the Hurons as a harmless madman), who says that Alice is held in this village, and Cora in one belonging to the Lenape (Delaware). Disguised as a French medicine man, Heyward enters the Huron village with Gamut, to rescue Alice; Hawk-eye and Uncas set out to rescue Cora, and Munro and Chingachgook remain in safety. Uncas is taken prisoner by the Hurons, and left to starve when he withstands torture, and Heyward fails to find Alice. A Huron warrior asks Heyward to heal his lunatic wife, and both are stalked by Hawk-eye in the guise of a bear. They enter a cave where the madwoman is kept, and the warrior leaves. Soon after revelation of his identity to Heyward, Hawk-eye accompanies him, and they find Alice. They are discovered by Magua; but Hawk-eye overpowers him, and they leave him tied to a wall. Thereafter Heyward escapes with Alice, while Hawk-eye remains to save Uncas. Gamut convinces a Huron to allow him and his magical bear (Hawk-eye in disguise) to approach Uncas, and they untie him. Uncas dons the bear disguise, Hawk-eye wears Gamut's clothes, and Gamut stays in a corner mimicking Uncas. Uncas and Hawk-eye escape and the Hurons vow revenge.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). The Last of the Mohicans is a 1936 American adventure film based on the novel The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper. It was directed by George B. Seitz and stars Randolph Scott, Binnie Barnes and Henry Wilcoxon.", "The Last of the Mohicans. On 7 August Montcalm sent men to the fort under a truce flag to deliver Webb's dispatch. By then the fort's walls had been breached, many of its guns were useless, and the garrison had taken significant casualties. After another day of bombardment by the French, Monro raised the white flag and agreed to withdraw under parle.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cora and Alice Munro, daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Munro, are traveling with Major Duncan Heyward from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry, where Munro is in command, and acquire another companion in David Gamut, a naive singing teacher. They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua, who leads them through a shortcut unaccompanied by the British militia. Heyward is dissatisfied with Magua's shortcut, and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo (known as Hawk-eye), a scout for the British, and his two Mohican friends, Chingachgook and his son Uncas. Heyward becomes suspicious of Magua, and Hawk-eye and the Mohicans agree with his suspicion, that Magua is a Huron scout secretly allied with the French. Upon discovery as such, Magua escapes, and in the (correct) belief that Magua will return with Huron reinforcements, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans lead their new companions to a hidden cave on an island in a river. They are attacked there by the Hurons, and when ammunition is exhausted, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans escape, with a promise to return for their companions. Magua and the Hurons capture Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters, and Magua offers to spare the party if Cora becomes his wife, but she refuses. Upon a second refusal, he sentences the prisoners to death. Hawk-eye and the Mohicans rescue all four, and lead them to a dilapidated building that was involved with a battle between the Indians and the British some years ago. They are nearly attacked again, but the Hurons leave the area, rather than disturb the graves of their own fellow-countrymen. The next day, Hawk-eye leads the party to Fort Henry, past a siege by the French army. Munro sends Hawk-eye to Fort Edward for reinforcements; but he is captured by the French, who deliver him to Fort Henry without the letter. Heyward returns to Colonel Munro and announces his love for Alice, and Munro gives his permission for Heyward's courtship.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away, Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering. Chingachgook, Uncas, and Hawkeye then set out after Magua's party to free Alice. Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat, but is killed. Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua. While Hawkeye holds Magua's remaining men at bay, Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son. Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas, calling himself \"the last of the Mohicans\".", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). The fort is besieged by the French, under General Montcalm (William Stack), and their Indian allies. Hawkeye sneaks out at night and overhears Magua's treacherous plans to raid the unprotected colonial settlements. Colonel Munro refuses to accept Hawkeye's unsupported word, and forbids the colonials to leave to protect their loved ones. Hawkeye arranges for the men to depart, but remains behind. Munro has no choice but to pronounce a death sentence on him for his actions. Magua incites his men to attack the fort to forestall an agreement between Montcalm and Munro that would allow the British to surrender the fort peacefully in exchange for their lives. Before Montcalm can stop the fighting, Munro is fatally wounded and his daughters are carried off by Magua and a small band of his supporters. Magua tells the women that Cora will become his squaw, and Alice will be burned alive.", "The Last of the Mohicans. According to Susan Fenimore Cooper, the author's eldest daughter, Cooper first conceived the idea for the book while visiting the Adirondack Mountains in 1825 with a party of English gentlemen.[13] The party passed through the Catskills, an area with which Cooper was already familiar, and about which he had written in his first novel featuring Natty: The Pioneers. They passed on to Lake George and Glens Falls.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). Major Heyward, the two women, and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside, guided by Magua, a Huron warrior. Magua leads the party into an ambush. All of the soldiers are killed or wounded, but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook, his son Uncas, and his white, adopted son \"Hawkeye\", who kill all of the ambushers except Magua, who escapes. The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort. During the fight, Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why. During the trek, Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other, as are Uncas and Alice.", "The Last of the Mohicans. In the period when Cooper was writing, deputations from the Western tribes frequently traveled through the region along the Mohawk River, on their way to New York or Washington, DC. He made a point of visiting these parties as they passed through Albany and New York. On several occasions, he followed them all the way to Washington to observe them for longer. He also talked to the military officers and interpreters who accompanied them.[13]", "The Last of the Mohicans. Classic Comics #4, The Last of the Mohicans, first published 1942.", "The Last of the Mohicans. The Last of the Mohicans has been James Fenimore Cooper's most popular work. It has continued as one of the most widely read novels throughout the world, and it has influenced popular opinion about American Indians and the frontier period of eastern American history. The romanticized images of the strong, fearless, and ever resourceful frontiersman (i.e., Natty Bumppo), as well as the stoic, wise, and noble \"red man\" (i.e., Chingachgook) were notions derived from Cooper's characterizations more than from anywhere else.[21] The phrase, \"the last of the Mohicans,\" has come to represent the sole survivor of a noble race or type.[22]", "The Last of the Mohicans. The 1920 film has been deemed \"culturally significant\" by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry. According to the director Michael Mann, his 1992 version was based more on the 1936 film version. Mann believes Cooper's novel is \"not a very good book,\" taking issue with Cooper's sympathy for the Euro-Americans and their seizure of the American Indians' domain.[24]", "The Last of the Mohicans. In Germany, Der Letzte der Mohikaner, with Béla Lugosi as Chingachgook, was the second part of the two-part Lederstrumpf film released in 1920. Der letzte Mohikaner directed by Harald Reinl was a 1965 West German/Italian/Spanish co-production setting elements of the story in the post American Civil War era. Based on the same series of the novels, Chingachgook die große Schlange (Chingachgook the Great Serpent), starring Gojko Mitic as Chingachgook, appeared in East Germany in 1967, and became popular throughout the Eastern Bloc.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). The movie was the last of several producer Edward Small's Reliance Picture Corporation made for United Artists.[2] Merle Oberon was originally announced as the female lead.[3] There were plans to make the movie in colour but Small decided it was too expensive.[4]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). Philip Dunne worked on the script with John L. Balderston. Dunne later claimed that the final film:", "The Last of the Mohicans. Monro sent messengers south to Fort Edward on 3 August requesting reinforcements, but Webb refused to send any of his estimated 1,600 men north because they were all that stood between the French and Albany. He wrote to Munro on 4 August that he should negotiate the best terms possible; this communication was intercepted and delivered to Montcalm. In Cooper's version, the missive was being carried by Bumppo when he, and it, fell into French hands.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British, Alice given to Magua, and Cora burned alive. Hawkeye, for his great bravery, may leave unharmed. Hawkeye tells Heyward, who is serving as translator, to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora's place. Instead, Heyward trades his own life for Cora’s.", "The Last of the Mohicans. At the time of Cooper's writing, many people believed that the Native Americans were disappearing, and would ultimately be assimilated or fail to survive. Especially in the East, their numbers continued to decline. At the same time, the author was interested in the period of the frontier of transition, when more colonists were increasing pressure on the Native Americans. He grew up in Cooperstown, New York, which his father had established on what was then a western frontier of settlement; it developed after the Revolutionary War." ]

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[ "Ultra-high vacuum. UHV is necessary for these applications to reduce surface contamination, by reducing the number of molecules reaching the sample over a given time period. At 0.1 mPa (10−6 Torr), it only takes 1 second to cover a surface with a contaminant, so much lower pressures are needed for long experiments.", "Ultra-high vacuum. Ultra-high vacuum (UHV) is the vacuum regime characterised by pressures lower than about 10−7 pascal or 100 nanopascals (10−9 mbar, ~10−9 torr). UHV conditions are created by pumping the gas out of a UHV chamber. At these low pressures the mean free path of a gas molecule is approximately 40 km, so the gas is in free molecular flow, and gas molecules will collide with the chamber walls many times before colliding with each other. Almost all molecular interactions therefore take place on various surfaces in the chamber.", "Ultra-high vacuum. Ultra-high vacuum is necessary for many surface analytic techniques such as:", "Ultra-high vacuum. UHV conditions are integral to scientific research. Surface science experiments often require a chemically clean sample surface with the absence of any unwanted adsorbates. Surface analysis tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and low energy ion scattering require UHV conditions for the transmission of electron or ion beams. For the same reason, beam pipes in particle accelerators such as the Large Hadron Collider are kept at UHV.[1]", "Mass spectrometry. In mass spectrometry, ionization refers to the production of gas phase ions suitable for resolution in the mass analyser or mass filter. Ionization occurs in the ion source. There are several ion sources available; each has advantages and disadvantages for particular applications. For example, electron ionization (EI) gives a high degree of fragmentation, yielding highly detailed mass spectra which when skilfully analysed can provide important information for structural elucidation/characterisation and facilitate identification of unknown compounds by comparison to mass spectral libraries obtained under identical operating conditions. However, EI is not suitable for coupling to HPLC, i.e. LC-MS, since at atmospheric pressure, the filaments used to generate electrons burn out rapidly. Thus EI is coupled predominantly with GC, i.e. GC-MS, where the entire system is under high vacuum.", "Mass spectrometry. Mass analyzers separate the ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. The following two laws govern the dynamics of charged particles in electric and magnetic fields in vacuum:", "Mass spectrometry. As with the toroidal trap, linear traps and 3D quadrupole ion traps are the most commonly miniaturized mass analyzers due to their high sensitivity, tolerance for mTorr pressure, and capabilities for single analyzer tandem mass spectrometry (e.g. product ion scans).[25]", "Mass spectrometry. There are many mass/charge separation and isolation methods but the most commonly used is the mass instability mode in which the RF potential is ramped so that the orbit of ions with a mass a > b are stable while ions with mass b become unstable and are ejected on the z-axis onto a detector. There are also non-destructive analysis methods.", "Ultra-high vacuum. Many common materials are used sparingly if at all due to high vapor pressure, high adsorptivity or absorptivity resulting in subsequent troublesome outgassing, or high permeability in the face of differential pressure (i.e.: \"through-gassing\"):", "Mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio. In simpler terms, a mass spectrum measures the masses within a sample. Mass spectrometry is used in many different fields and is applied to pure samples as well as complex mixtures.", "Mass spectrometry. Many mass spectrometers work in either negative ion mode or positive ion mode. It is very important to know whether the observed ions are negatively or positively charged. This is often important in determining the neutral mass but it also indicates something about the nature of the molecules.", "Mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry can measure molar mass, molecular structure, and sample purity. Each of these questions requires a different experimental procedure; therefore, adequate definition of the experimental goal is a prerequisite for collecting the proper data and successfully interpreting it.", "Mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry has both qualitative and quantitative uses. These include identifying unknown compounds, determining the isotopic composition of elements in a molecule, and determining the structure of a compound by observing its fragmentation. Other uses include quantifying the amount of a compound in a sample or studying the fundamentals of gas phase ion chemistry (the chemistry of ions and neutrals in a vacuum). MS is now in very common use in analytical laboratories that study physical, chemical, or biological properties of a great variety of compounds.", "Ultra-high vacuum. UHV is also required for:", "Ultra-high vacuum. Outgassing from surfaces is a subtler problem. At extremely low pressures, more gas molecules are adsorbed on the walls than are floating in the chamber, so the total surface area inside a chamber is more important than its volume for reaching UHV. Water is a significant source of outgassing because a thin layer of water vapor rapidly adsorbs to everything whenever the chamber is opened to air. Water evaporates from surfaces too slowly to be fully removed at room temperature, but just fast enough to present a continuous level of background contamination. Removal of water and similar gases generally requires baking the UHV system at 200 to 400 °C while vacuum pumps are running. During chamber use, the walls of the chamber may be chilled using liquid nitrogen to reduce outgassing further.", "Mass spectrometry. The uniqueness of this magnetic sector mass spectrometer may have been the fact that a plane of detectors, each purposely positioned to collect all of the ion species expected to be in the samples, allowed the instrument to simultaneously report all of the gases respired by the patient. Although the mass range was limited to slightly over 120 u, fragmentation of some of the heavier molecules negated the need for a higher detection limit.[53]", "Mass spectrometry. As an analytical technique it possesses distinct advantages such as: Increased sensitivity over most other analytical techniques because the analyzer, as a mass-charge filter, reduces background interference, Excellent specificity from characteristic fragmentation patterns to identify unknowns or confirm the presence of suspected compounds, Information about molecular weight, Information about the isotopic abundance of elements, Temporally resolved chemical data.", "Mass spectrometry. There is currently considerable interest in the use of very high sensitivity mass spectrometry for microdosing studies, which are seen as a promising alternative to animal experimentation.", "Mass spectrometry. The primary function of mass spectrometry is as a tool for chemical analyses based on detection and quantification of ions according to their mass-to-charge ratio. However, mass spectrometry also shows promise for material synthesis.[41] Ion soft landing is characterized by deposition of intact species on surfaces at low kinetic energies which precludes the fragmentation of the incident species.[54] The soft landing technique was first reported in 1977 for the reaction of low energy sulfur containing ions on a lead surface.[55]", "Mass spectrometry. Tandem mass spectrometry enables a variety of experimental sequences. Many commercial mass spectrometers are designed to expedite the execution of such routine sequences as selected reaction monitoring (SRM) and precursor ion scanning. In SRM, the first analyzer allows only a single mass through and the second analyzer monitors for multiple user-defined fragment ions. SRM is most often used with scanning instruments where the second mass analysis event is duty cycle limited. These experiments are used to increase specificity of detection of known molecules, notably in pharmacokinetic studies. Precursor ion scanning refers to monitoring for a specific loss from the precursor ion. The first and second mass analyzers scan across the spectrum as partitioned by a user-defined m/z value. This experiment is used to detect specific motifs within unknown molecules.", "Ultra-high vacuum. and, while not compulsory, can prove beneficial in applications such as:", "Ultra-high vacuum. Measurement of high vacuum is done using a nonabsolute gauge that measures a pressure-related property of the vacuum, for example, its thermal conductivity. See, for example, Pacey.[3] These gauges must be calibrated.[4] The gauges capable of measuring the lowest pressures are magnetic gauges based upon the pressure dependence of the current in a spontaneous gas discharge in intersecting electric and magnetic fields.[5]", "Mass spectrometry. In a typical MS procedure, a sample, which may be solid, liquid, or gas, is ionized, for example by bombarding it with electrons. This may cause some of the sample's molecules to break into charged fragments. These ions are then separated according to their mass-to-charge ratio, typically by accelerating them and subjecting them to an electric or magnetic field: ions of the same mass-to-charge ratio will undergo the same amount of deflection.[1] The ions are detected by a mechanism capable of detecting charged particles, such as an electron multiplier. Results are displayed as spectra of the relative abundance of detected ions as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. The atoms or molecules in the sample can be identified by correlating known masses (e.g. an entire molecule) to the identified masses or through a characteristic fragmentation pattern.", "Ultra-high vacuum. Technical limitations:", "Mass spectrometry. An important enhancement to the mass resolving and mass determining capabilities of mass spectrometry is using it in tandem with chromatographic and other separation techniques.", "Mass spectrometry. Hard ionization techniques are processes which impart high quantities of residual energy in the subject molecule invoking large degrees of fragmentation (i.e. the systematic rupturing of bonds acts to remove the excess energy, restoring stability to the resulting ion). Resultant ions tend to have m/z lower than the molecular mass (other than in the case of proton transfer and not including isotope peaks). The most common example of hard ionization is electron ionization (EI).", "Ultra-high vacuum. Maintaining UHV conditions requires the use of unusual materials for equipment. Heating of the entire system above 100 °C for many hours (\"baking\") to remove water and other trace gases which adsorb on the surfaces of the chamber is required upon \"cycling\" the equipment to atmosphere. To save time, energy, and integrity of the UHV volume an \"interlock\" is often used. The interlock volume has one door or valve facing the UHV side of the volume, and another door against atmospheric pressure through which samples or workpieces are initially introduced. After sample introduction and assuring that the door against atmosphere is closed, the interlock volume is typically pumped down to a medium-high vacuum. In some cases the workpiece itself is baked out or otherwise pre-cleaned under this medium-high vacuum. The gateway to the UHV chamber is then opened, the workpiece transferred to the UHV by robotic means or by other contrivance if necessary, and the UHV valve re-closed. While the initial workpiece is being processed under UHV, a subsequent sample can be introduced into the interlock volume, pre-cleaned, and so-on and so-forth, saving much time. Although a \"puff\" of gas is generally released into the UHV system when the valve to the interlock volume is opened, the UHV system pumps can generally snatch this gas away before it has time to adsorb onto the UHV surfaces. In a system well designed with suitable interlocks, the UHV components seldom need bakeout and the UHV may improve over time even as workpieces are introduced and removed.", "Mass spectrometry. There are several important analyser characteristics. The mass resolving power is the measure of the ability to distinguish two peaks of slightly different m/z. The mass accuracy is the ratio of the m/z measurement error to the true m/z. Mass accuracy is usually measured in ppm or milli mass units. The mass range is the range of m/z amenable to analysis by a given analyzer. The linear dynamic range is the range over which ion signal is linear with analyte concentration. Speed refers to the time frame of the experiment and ultimately is used to determine the number of spectra per unit time that can be generated.", "Mass spectrometry. A mass spectrum is a plot of the ion signal as a function of the mass-to-charge ratio. These spectra are used to determine the elemental or isotopic signature of a sample, the masses of particles and of molecules, and to elucidate the chemical structures of molecules, such as peptides and other chemical compounds.", "Mass spectrometry. Analysis of mass spectra can also be spectra with accurate mass. A mass-to-charge ratio value (m/z) with only integer precision can represent an immense number of theoretically possible ion structures; however, more precise mass figures significantly reduce the number of candidate molecular formulas. A computer algorithm called formula generator calculates all molecular formulas that theoretically fit a given mass with specified tolerance.", "Mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry is also used to determine the isotopic composition of elements within a sample. Differences in mass among isotopes of an element are very small, and the less abundant isotopes of an element are typically very rare, so a very sensitive instrument is required. These instruments, sometimes referred to as isotope ratio mass spectrometers (IR-MS), usually use a single magnet to bend a beam of ionized particles towards a series of Faraday cups which convert particle impacts to electric current. A fast on-line analysis of deuterium content of water can be done using flowing afterglow mass spectrometry, FA-MS. Probably the most sensitive and accurate mass spectrometer for this purpose is the accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS). This is because it provides ultimate sensitivity, capable of measuring individual atoms and measuring nuclides with a dynamic range of ~1015 relative to the major stable isotope.[41] Isotope ratios are important markers of a variety of processes. Some isotope ratios are used to determine the age of materials for example as in carbon dating. Labeling with stable isotopes is also used for protein quantification. (see protein characterization below)", "Vacuum pump. In ultra-high vacuum systems, some very odd leakage paths and outgassing sources must be considered. The water absorption of aluminium and palladium becomes an unacceptable source of outgassing, and even the absorptivity of hard metals such as stainless steel or titanium must be considered. Some oils and greases will boil off in extreme vacuums. The porosity of the metallic vacuum chamber walls may have to be considered, and the grain direction of the metallic flanges should be parallel to the flange face." ]

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[ "Wizard (Middle-earth). The wizards of Middle-earth were Maiar: spirits of the same order as the Valar, but lesser in power.[1]:389 The first three of these five wizards were known in the Mannish tongues of the Lord of the Rings series as Saruman \"man of skill\" (Rohirric), Gandalf \"elf of the staff\" (northern Men), and Radagast \"tender of beasts\" (possibly Westron).[1]:390–391 Tolkien never provided non-Elvish names for the other two; one tradition gives their names in Valinor as Alatar and Pallando,[1]:393 and another as Morinehtar and Rómestámo in Middle-earth.[3] Each wizard in the series had robes of a characteristic colour: white for Saruman (the chief and the most powerful of the five), grey for Gandalf, brown for Radagast, and sea-blue for Alatar and Pallando (known consequently as the Blue Wizards or \"Ithryn Luin\"). Gandalf and Saruman both play important roles in The Lord of the Rings, while Radagast appears only briefly. Alatar and Pallando do not feature in the story, as they are said to have journeyed far into the east after their arrival in Middle-earth.[1]:390", "Blue Wizards. They are two of the five Wizards (or Istari) sent by the Valar to Middle-earth to aid in the struggle against Sauron. They are called the Blue Wizards on account of their sea-blue robes (each of the other Istari had robes of a different color), and their individual names are given in the Unfinished Tales as Alatar and Pallando. They were both sent to the distant east of Middle-earth, and therefore played no role in the events of the west of Middle-earth, as described in The Lord of the Rings. Consequently, little is known about them.", "Blue Wizards. The only reference to the Blue Wizards in The Lord of the Rings is Saruman's accusation that Gandalf wants to take the staves of all five wizards for himself. However, other Tolkien writings have more to say. In Unfinished Tales the tale of the five's choosing is told:", "Wizard (Middle-earth). As in the novels, Saruman later joined forces with Sauron, though he retained his white robes and was not shown to be seeking the One Ring for his own use. He and Gandalf are the only wizards featured or mentioned in the Lord of the Rings films, and for the most part go through the same experiences as in the novels. However, as seen in the extended edition of The Return of the King, Saruman is killed by Wormtongue atop Orthanc rather than in The Shire. The films place a greater emphasis on the connection between the Wizards' powers being manifested through their staffs: Gandalf and Saruman are visibly seen employing their staffs in their battle inside Orthanc, and Gandalf is rendered helpless when Saruman takes his staff from him. In a departure from the books, Gandalf's staff is shattered during his confrontation with the Witch-king.", "Blue Wizards. In The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game, the Blue Wizards are instead named as \"Naurandir\" and \"Sûlrandir\". Games Workshop, which created the game, does not have rights to any books other than The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit, but was allowed to invent their own material to cover such areas.[citation needed]", "Blue Wizards. However, some of these changed in a text written in the last year or two of Tolkien's life (published in The Peoples of Middle-earth of 1996). They are said to have arrived not in the Third Age, but in the Second, around the year 1600, the time of the forging of the One Ring. Their mission was to travel to the east and weaken the forces of Sauron. And it is here said that the Wizards far from failed; rather, they had a pivotal role in the victories of the West at the end of both the Second and the Third Ages. At the same time, Tolkien considered the possibility that Glorfindel arrived back in Middle-earth along with the Blue Wizards. On this later, more positive interpretation, the Blue Wizards may have been as successful as Gandalf, just located in a different theatre beyond the borders of the map in The Lord of the Rings.[5]", "Middle-earth. The Valar withdrew from direct involvement in the affairs of Middle-earth after the defeat of Morgoth, but in later years they sent the wizards or Istari to help in the struggle against Sauron. The most important wizards were Gandalf the Grey and Saruman the White. Gandalf remained true to his mission and proved crucial in the fight against Sauron. Saruman, however, became corrupted and sought to establish himself as a rival to Sauron for absolute power in Middle-earth. Other races involved in the struggle against evil were Dwarves, Ents and most famously Hobbits. The early stages of the conflict are chronicled in The Silmarillion, while the final stages of the struggle to defeat Sauron are told in The Hobbit and in The Lord of the Rings.", "Blue Wizards. The Blue Wizards are fictional characters in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium.", "Wizard (Middle-earth). In Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings and The Hobbit film trilogies, three of the Istari are featured as characters: Saruman (portrayed by Christopher Lee), Gandalf (played by Ian McKellen), and Radagast (portrayed by Sylvester McCoy). Gandalf mentions the two Blue Wizards in The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey, but comments that he cannot recall their names; this is a reference to the fact that they went unnamed in both The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. In The Hobbit films, it is Radagast who first discovers the presence of the Necromancer at Dol Guldur, and alerts Gandalf who in turn informs the White Council, including Saruman. Gandalf is quick to deduce the Necromancer's true identity, but Saruman is reluctant to accept that Sauron could have returned. At the behest of Galadriel, Gandalf and Radagast meet at the tomb of the Nine Kings of Men, and then travel to Dol Guldur. Radagast is then sent to take word to the White Council while Gandalf enters Dol Guldur alone, where he confronts and is captured by Sauron. The White Council arrived in force to rescue him, with Saruman, Elrond, and Galadriel confronting the evil there while Radagast took Gandalf to safety. Saruman later forbade pursuit of Sauron, feeling that their foe would never be able to rise again, while Gandalf and Radagast later took part in The Battle of the Five Armies.", "Orc. Within the universe of the Might and Magic franchise, orcs are portrayed as orange, green, or brown. In Heroes of Might and Magic, they are associated with the Barbarian faction.", "Wizard (Middle-earth). They came to Middle-earth around the year 1000 of the Third Age, when the forest of 'Greenwood the Great' fell under shadow and became known as Mirkwood. The wizards already appeared old when they entered Middle-earth. They were \"clothed\" in the bodies of old Men, as the Valar wished them to guide the inhabitants of Middle-earth by persuasion and encouragement, not by force or fear. They were forbidden to dominate the free peoples of Middle-earth or to match Sauron's power with power. However, they aged very slowly and were in fact immortal. Physically they were \"real\" Men, and felt all the urges, pleasures and fears of flesh and blood. Therefore, in spite of their specific and unambiguous goal, the Wizards were capable of human feelings; Gandalf, for example, felt great affection for the Hobbits. They could also feel negative human emotions such as greed, jealousy, and lust for power. It is hinted in the essay in Unfinished Tales that the Blue Wizards may have fallen prey to these temptations, though information published in The Peoples of Middle-earth seems to contradict this version of their history.", "Blue Wizards. An alternate set of names in Quenya for both wizards is given in the 1996 The Peoples of Middle-earth as Morinehtar (\"Darkness-slayer\") and Rómestámo (\"East-helper\"). Like most names in Tolkien's works, these names are significant. Here, Rómestámo coming from the Quenya word rómen, meaning uprising, sunrise, east, incorporates not only his relation to the East of Middle-earth, but also his mission there to encourage uprising and rebellion against Sauron. Tolkien does not make it clear which alternative name belongs to which wizard, however.", "Gandalf. Tolkien discusses Gandalf in his essay on the Istari, which appears in the work Unfinished Tales. He describes Gandalf as the last of the wizards to appear in Middle-earth, one who: \"seemed the least, less tall than the others, and in looks more aged, grey-haired and grey-clad, and leaning on a staff\". Yet the Elf Círdan who met him on arrival nevertheless considered him \"the greatest spirit and the wisest\" and gave him the elven Ring of power called Narya, the Ring of Fire, containing a \"red\" stone for his aid and comfort. Tolkien explicitly links Gandalf to the element Fire later in the same essay:", "Wizard (Middle-earth). In the fiction of J. R. R. Tolkien, the Wizards of Middle-earth are a group of beings outwardly resembling Men but possessing much greater physical and mental power. They are also called the Istari (Quenya for \"Wise Ones\") by the Elves.[1]:388 The Sindarin word is Ithryn (sing. Ithron).[2]:448: \"Istari\" They were sent by the Valar to assist the people of Middle-earth to contest Sauron.[1]:388", "Blue Wizards. In the 2014 game Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor, three artifacts describe the encounter of two wizards whose names couldn't be remembered travelling side by side into Mordor. These may have been the Blue Wizards. Furthermore, a figurine depicting them has been carved out of azurite, a blue stone. More lore tells the player that the Black Hand could have been a king that brought Sauron the heads of 2 Istari. Whether or not this is true is unknown.", "Wizard (Middle-earth). The wizards landed at the Grey Havens in the North-west of Middle-earth, for the Valar felt that Arnor and Gondor, remnants of Elendil's old kingdom, had the greatest hope of mounting resistance against Sauron. Few of Middle-earth's inhabitants knew who the wizards really were; the wizards did not share their identities and purposes widely. Most thought they were Elves or wise Men; the name Gandalf, meaning \"Wand-elf\", reflects the belief that he was an Elf.", "Special effects of The Lord of the Rings film series. Whilst Jackson insisted on generally using miniatures, sometimes shots would get too difficult for that, primarily with the digital characters. Sometimes natural elements like cloud, dust, fire (which was used as the electronic data for the Wraithworld scenes and the Balrog) would be composited,[2] and natural environments were composited to create the Pelennor Fields.[1] To give a \"painterly\" look to the films, cinematographer Peter Doyle worked on every scene within the computer to strengthen colours and add extra mood and tone to the proceedings. Gold was tinted to Hobbiton, whilst cooler colours were strengthened into Lothlórien, Moria and Helm's Deep.[2] Such a technique took 2–3 weeks to do, and allowed some freedom with the digital source for some extra editing.[12]", "Radagast. Radagast the Brown is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. He is one of the Istari, also known as \"Wizards\", who were sent by the angelic Valar to aid the Elves and Men of Middle-earth in their struggle against the Dark Lord Sauron. Radagast appears in The Lord of the Rings and Unfinished Tales, and is mentioned in The Hobbit and The Silmarillion.", "Gandalf. Gandalf /ˈɡændɑːlf/[2] is a fictional character and one of the protagonists in J. R. R. Tolkien's novels The Hobbit and The Lord of the Rings. He is a wizard, member of the Istari order, as well as leader of the Fellowship of the Ring and the army of the West. In The Lord of the Rings, he is initially known as Gandalf the Grey, but returns from death as Gandalf the White.", "Magic: The Gathering. Most spells come in one of five colors. The colors can be seen on the back of the cards, in a pentagonal design, called the \"Color Wheel\" or \"Color Pie\". Clockwise from the top, they are: white (W), blue (U), black (B), red (R), and green (G).[53] To play a spell of a given color, at least one mana of that color is required. This mana is normally generated by a basic land: plains for white, island for blue, swamp for black, mountain for red, and forest for green. The balances and distinctions among the five colors form one of the defining aspects of the game. Each color has strengths and weaknesses based on the \"style\" of magic it represents.[54]", "Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series. Due to Jackson's requirement of realism, the costumers took great pains to make costumes look \"lived in\", wearing away colour, stuffing pockets and dirtying costumes for the likes of Gandalf and Aragorn due to their terrain crossing nature. Like armour, there would also be acid etching and some overdyeing of colours. Dickson decided to give the Hobbits shorts due to their bare feet, and specifically worked on long sleeves for the Elves for a gliding impression.[2] Dickson also took great pains to distinguish the Gondorians (silvers and black) and the Rohirrim (brown and green).[4]", "Blue Wizards. It is not clear from which of Tolkien's invented languages the names Alatar and Pallando are derived.[1] A possible translation from Quenya for Alatar is after-comer and could be a reference to his being selected as the second Wizard, after Curunír (Saruman).[2] Alatar could also mean \"Noble, great one\".[3] Pallando can be translated from Quenya as far one from palan, meaning far or distant.[4]", "The Lord of the Rings. Some characters in The Lord of the Rings are unequivocal protagonists, and others are absolute antagonists. However despite criticism that the book's characters \"are all either black or white\", some of the 'good' characters have darker sides that feature in the story, and likewise some of the villains have \"good impulses\".[13] Therefore the categorization of characters as either 'protagonists' or 'antagonists' below indicates their general role in the story.", "Blue Wizards. So Alatar was the second wizard to be chosen, at the suggestion of the Vala Oromë who had the most knowledge of the eastern lands. Pallando was then chosen by Alatar to accompany him as a friend. In an earlier draft Tolkien had associated Pallando with the Valar Mandos and Nienna, but he then changed this to also associate Pallando with Oromë. In a letter written at the same time Tolkien also wrote about their role:", "Magician (fantasy). Wizards are often depicted as old, white-haired, and with long white beards majestic enough to occasionally host lurking woodland creatures. This depiction predates the modern fantasy genre, being derived from the traditional image of wizards such as Merlin.[5][9]", "Saruman. Tolkien described Saruman at the time of The Lord of the Rings as having a long face and a high forehead, \"...he had deep darkling eyes ... His hair and beard were white, but strands of black still showed around his lips and ears.\"[24] His hair is elsewhere described as having been black when he first arrived in Middle-earth. He is referred to as 'Saruman the White' and is said to have originally worn white robes, but on his first entry in The Fellowship of the Ring they instead appear to be \"woven from all colours [, they] shimmered and changed hue so that the eye was bewildered\" and he names himself 'Saruman of Many Colours'.[25]", "Blue Wizards. In the 2012 film The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey Gandalf refers to \"the two Blue Wizards\", but then remarks that he has forgotten their names. According to Peter Jackson in the director's commentary to the extended edition the film makers lacked the rights to Unfinished Tales, The Silmarillion and the History of Middle-earth series and as such they could not legally name them.", "Saruman. Saruman the White is a fictional character and a major antagonist in J. R. R. Tolkien's fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings. He is leader of the Istari, wizards sent to Middle-earth in human form by the godlike Valar to challenge Sauron, the main antagonist of the novel, but eventually he desires Sauron's power for himself and tries to take over Middle-earth by force. His schemes feature prominently in the second volume, The Two Towers, and at the end of the third volume, The Return of the King. His earlier history is given briefly in the posthumously published The Silmarillion and Unfinished Tales.", "Production design of The Lord of the Rings film series. Several cultures' backstories had to be shown through only subliminal glimpses on screen, as are the miniatures, and for the Elves and Gondorians, fictional histories had to be presented within the changes of armour. The Elves have an Art Nouveau influence that involves leaves and flowers, whilst the Dwarves have a preoccupation with geometry that is supposed to remind the audience of their digging nature.[2] The Hobbits hark back to 18th century England, the Rohirrim have numerous horse and sun motifs and draw visual inspiration from Beowulf and the Anglo-Saxon artifacts found in the Sutton Hoo burial ship, and the Gondorians reflect 16th-century German and Italian armour as well as tree motifs. The evil Haradrim Men take influence from Aztecs and Kiribati after bad feedback from Phillipa Boyens over looking African. Most of the Orc armour is sharp, reflecting secateurs, and have runes written on them to reflect a worship of Sauron.[4]", "Wizard (Middle-earth). Tolkien gives multiple names for all of them. In Quenya, Saruman was Curumo (\"skillful one\"); Gandalf was Olórin (\"dreaming\" or \"dreamer\"); and Radagast was Aiwendil (\"friend of birds\").[1]:389–392 The Quenya names Morinehtar (\"darkness-slayer\") and Rómestámo (\"east-helper\") are given for Alatar and Pallando, though it is not clear which name goes with which wizard. Other names are noted in individual articles.", "Nazgûl. The Nazgûl wore their rings long enough that their physical forms faded away until they had become entirely invisible to mortal eyes. Their black robes gave them visible form. During the assault on Minas Tirith, the leader of the Nine, the Witch-king of Angmar, cast back his hood to reveal a crown, but the head that wore it was invisible. While wearing the One Ring, Frodo perceived them as pale figures robed in white, with \"haggard hands\" and wearing crowns. The Witch-king specifically was taller than the others, with \"long and gleaming\" hair. [6]", "Wizard (Middle-earth). During the War of the Ring, it was Gandalf who led the Free Peoples to victory over Sauron. He also became \"Gandalf the White\", and defeated the traitorous Saruman. After the destruction of Sauron's forces in front of the Black Gate at the mountainous borders of Mordor, Gandalf left Middle-earth and went over the Sea to Aman, along with the Ring-bearers and many of the Elves." ]

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[ "World Series. During this seven-year period, only three teams won the World Series: the Oakland Athletics from 1972 to 1974, Cincinnati Reds in 1975 and 1976, and New York Yankees in 1977 and 1978. This is the only time in World Series history in which three teams have won consecutive series in succession. This period was book-ended by World Championships for the Pittsburgh Pirates, in 1971 and 1979.", "New York Yankees. In 2000, the Yankees faced the New York Mets in the first Subway Series World Series since 1956. The Yankees won the series in 5 games, but a loss in Game 3 snapped their streak of World Series wins at 14, surpassing the club's previous record of 12 (in 1927, 1928, and 1932). The Yankees are the last major league team to repeat as World Series champions and after the 2000 season they joined the Yankee teams of 1936–1939 and 1949–1953, as well as the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics as the only teams to win at least three consecutive World Series.", "List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason streaks. The most successful postseason team in MLB history is the New York Yankees, who have achieved three of the four instances of a franchise winning more than two World Series championships in a row (one streak each of durations 3, 4, and 5 seasons) and five of the six instances of a franchise winning the league pennant (i.e., an appearance in the World Series) more than three times in a row (three streaks of 4 seasons and two streaks of 5 seasons). The only other franchises to achieve these milestones are the Oakland Athletics, who won three consecutive championships from 1972 to 1974, and the New York Giants, who won four consecutive pennants from 1921 to 1924. The Yankees also achieved a remarkable run of appearing in 15 of the 18 World Series from 1947 to 1964.", "World Series. As of 2017, no team has won consecutive World Series championships since the New York Yankees in 1998, 1999, and 2000—the longest such drought in Major League Baseball history.", "World Series. World Series games were contested outside of the United States for the first time in 1992, with the Toronto Blue Jays defeating the Atlanta Braves in six games. The World Series returned to Canada in 1993, with the Blue Jays victorious again, this time against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games. No other Series has featured a team from outside of the United States. Toronto is the only expansion team to win successive World Series titles. The 1993 World Series was also notable for being only the second championship concluded by a home run and the first concluded by a come-from-behind homer, after Joe Carter's three-run shot in the bottom of the ninth inning sealed an 8–6 Toronto win in Game 6. The first Series to end with a homer was the 1960 World Series, when Bill Mazeroski hit a ninth-inning solo shot in Game 7 to win the championship for the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "Miami Marlins. In 1989, Back to the Future Part II had a reference to the Chicago Cubs defeating a baseball team from Miami in the 2015 World Series, ending the longest championship drought in all four of the major North American professional sports leagues.[12]", "List of teams to overcome 3–1 series deficits. The following is the list of teams to overcome 3–1 series deficits by winning three straight games to win a best-of-seven playoff series. In the history of major North American pro sports, teams that were down 3–1 in the series came back and won the series 52 times, more than half of them were accomplished by National Hockey League (NHL) teams. Teams overcame 3–1 deficit in the final championship round eight times, six were accomplished by Major League Baseball (MLB) teams in the World Series. Teams overcoming 3–0 deficit by winning four straight games were accomplished five times, four times in the NHL and once in MLB.", "2003 American League Championship Series. The following year, Boston and New York met again in the ALCS, with Boston becoming the first team in major league history — as well as just the third team in American professional sports history — to come back to win a playoff series after being down three games to none;[20] they then swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series to win their first championship since 1918 and thus end the Curse of the Bambino.[21]", "2002 World Series. This was Giants' outfielder Reggie Sanders' second consecutive World Series appearance with different teams—in 2001 he got there with the Arizona Diamondbacks. This was the first time this happened since Don Baylor did it in three consecutive years with the Boston Red Sox in 1986, the Minnesota Twins in 1987, and with the Oakland Athletics in 1988.", "History of the Detroit Tigers. This was the greatest comeback in World Series history. No other team has been behind 3 games to 1 and down by 3 runs in the 5th game to win the 5th, 6th and 7th games.", "1987 World Series. Minnesota was victorious in a World Series that was both the first to feature games played indoors, as well as the first in which the home team won every game. This happened again in 1991 (also a Twins championship) over the Atlanta Braves and in 2001 with the Arizona Diamondbacks defeating the New York Yankees.", "2016 World Series. The Cubs became the first team to come back from a 3–1 deficit to win the Series since the 1985 Kansas City Royals. They were also the first since the 1979 Pittsburgh Pirates to do so while winning Games 6 and 7 on the road, and the second team since the 1979 Pirates to win Game 7 as the visiting team, with the 2014 San Francisco Giants also having achieved that feat in Kansas City; almost one year later, the 2017 Houston Astros did the same thing in Los Angeles. With the Game 7 victory, Joe Maddon is 3-0 in postseason series against Terry Francona, having also won the 2008 ALCS and the 2013 Wild Card Game against him. With Game 7 going into extra innings was the 60th extra inning game in World Series history as well as the first extra inning Game 7 won by the road team. In the previous four times in 1912, 1924, 1991 and 1997, the home team won all four extra inning Game 7s.", "Chase Field. The stadium hosted Games 1, 2, 6, and 7 of the 2001 World Series between the Arizona Diamondbacks and the New York Yankees. The Diamondbacks won all four home games, winning the world championship in seven games, and thus denying the Yankees a fourth consecutive championship. It was the first time since 1991 that the home team won all home games of a World Series. The only other incident was 1987, both by the Minnesota Twins.", "World Series. The American League had won every All-Star Game since this change until 2010 and thus enjoyed home-field advantage from 2002, when it also had home-field advantage based on the alternating schedule, through 2009. From 2003 to 2010, the AL and NL had each won the World Series four times, but none of them had gone the full seven games. Since then, the 2011, 2014, and 2016 World Series have gone the full seven games.", "2003 World Series. With the victory, the Marlins became the first National League team since the 1981 Los Angeles Dodgers, the last opposing team to win a Series championship at Yankee Stadium, to win the World Series without having home field advantage. They are just the fourth team overall to do it since the 1984 Detroit Tigers, following the 1992 Toronto Blue Jays and the 1999 New York Yankees. The 2006 St. Louis Cardinals later accomplished the same of feat, as did the 2008 Philadelphia Phillies, the 2014 San Francisco Giants, the 2016 Chicago Cubs and most recently the 2017 Houston Astros. They also became the second expansion team in the National League to win two World Series titles, following the New York Mets who achieved this feat in 1986; the Toronto Blue Jays of the American League, who pulled this off in 1992 and 1993, are the third major-league expansion franchise to do so. The Kansas City Royals, also of the American League, became the 4th expansion franchise to win two World Series titles, adding the 2015 title to their 1985 win. The Marlins also became the fastest expansion team to win two World Series titles, as the Mets won their second title in their 25th season, and the Blue Jays did it in their 17th (the Royals, joining the group 12 years later, got their second title in their 47th season).", "2016 Chicago Cubs season. The Cubs defeated the Cleveland Indians in seven games in the 2016 World Series, their first appearance since the 1945 World Series and first win since the 1908 World Series. In the World Series, the Cubs came back from a three-games-to-one deficit, winning the final three games. The last time a team came back from a three-games-to-one deficit to win the World Series was the Kansas City Royals in 1985. The Cubs were also the first team to win Games 6 and 7 on the road in a World Series since the Pittsburgh Pirates had done so against the Baltimore Orioles in 1979. The World Series victory put an end to the so-called Curse of the Billy Goat and the longest World Series championship drought in history.", "2005 World Series. This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word \"Sox\" in its nickname, after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. This also happened in 1917 and 1918. Furthermore, it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long-lived \"curse.\" In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events, the White Sox World Series win in 2005, along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004, symmetrically bookended the two teams' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between, with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917, respectively.[4]", "Super Bowl curse. Since 1993, few winning teams have followed up their Super Bowl appearances with a second Super Bowl appearance, or even advanced to a conference title game in the subsequent season (the 1994 Dallas Cowboys qualified for their conference title but did not qualify for the Super Bowl). Only seven teams have won back-to-back Super Bowl championships, and only one of these seven have made more than two consecutive winning appearances in the Super Bowl. The only franchise to reach more than three straight title games was the Buffalo Bills who lost four Super Bowls in a row from 1990–93.", "2001 World Series. Among several firsts, the 2001 World Series was: the first World Series championship for the Diamondbacks; the first World Series ever played in the state of Arizona and the Mountain Time Zone; the first championship for a Far West state other than California; the first major professional sports team from the state of Arizona to win a championship; and the earliest an MLB franchise had ever won a World Series (the Diamondbacks had only existed for four years). The home team won every game in the Series, which had only happened twice before, in 1987 and 1991. The Diamondbacks outscored the Yankees, 37–14, as a result of large margins of victory achieved by Arizona at Bank One Ballpark relative to the one-run margins the Yankees achieved at Yankee Stadium. Arizona's pitching held powerhouse New York to a .183 batting average, the lowest in a seven-game World Series. This and the 2002 World Series were the last two consecutive World Series to have game sevens until the World Series of 2016 and 2017.[3] The 2001 World Series was the subject of an HBO documentary, Nine Innings from Ground Zero, in 2004.", "Game seven. In only eight instances has a team been able to come back from being down 0–3 to win a series:", "List of World Series champions. The Seattle Mariners and the Washington Nationals (formerly Montreal Expos) are the only current Major League Baseball franchises to have never appeared in a World Series; the San Diego Padres, Colorado Rockies, Texas Rangers (formerly the 1961–1971 version of the Washington Senators), Tampa Bay Rays, and Milwaukee Brewers (formerly Seattle Pilots) have all played in the Series but have never won. The Toronto Blue Jays are the only franchise from outside the United States to appear in a World Series, winning in 1992 and 1993. The Houston Astros have represented both the NL (2005) and the AL (2017), winning the Series in 2017. The current World Series champions are the Boston Red Sox.", "1989 World Series. The A's would return to the World Series the following season, making it three years in a row. However, they were unsuccessful in defending their championship as the Cincinnati Reds swept them in the World Series. Oakland has not returned to the World Series since then and has only made two appearances in the American League Championship Series—losing in 1992 to the Toronto Blue Jays and in 2006 to the Detroit Tigers—and a total of eight times in the postseason (1992, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2006, 2012, 2013 and 2014) since this Series. At the time of the 1989 World Series, the Oakland franchise had not seen a World Series win since 1974.", "2000 World Series. The Yankees were the first team in baseball to three-peat as champions since the 1972–1974 Oakland Athletics and the first professional sports team to accomplish the feat since the 1996–1998 Chicago Bulls.", "2015 World Series. By winning the ALCS, the Royals became the first team to play in consecutive World Series since the Texas Rangers played in the 2010 World Series and 2011 World Series.[13]", "Major League Baseball rivalries. The teams also finished tied for first in 1978, when the Yankees won a high-profile one-game playoff for the division title.[20] The 1978 division race is memorable for the Red Sox having held a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season.[21] Similarly, the 2004 ALCS is famous for the Yankees leading 3–0 and ultimately losing a best-of-7 series.[22] The Red Sox comeback is the only time in baseball history to date that a team has come back from a 3–0 deficit to win a series.[23]", "Perfect season. In 2011 and 2012, the Washington Kastles of World Team Tennis completed back-to-back perfect seasons, the first major sports franchise in the United States to do so. The Kastles swept each of the 2011 and 2012 regular seasons with a perfect 14–0 record, then in each season went on to win their two postseason games and league's championship, amassing a 32-game winning streak in the process. This streak stands one short of the all-time professional sports record in the United States by the 1971–72 Los Angeles Lakers.", "Super Bowl XXIX. Ken Norton, Jr. became the first player to win three straight Super Bowls, although as a member of two teams. Norton was a member of the Cowboys teams who won Super Bowls XXVII and XXVIII. Deion Sanders became the first player to play in both a Super Bowl and a World Series, playing in the 1992 World Series with the Atlanta Braves.", "1989 World Series. The Giants, meanwhile, failed to repeat as National League Champions and would not return to the playoffs until 1997, when they were swept by the Florida Marlins in the NLDS. The Giants would not return to the World Series until 2002, when they lost a seven-game series to the Anaheim Angels after holding a 3–2 series lead. It took the Giants until 2010 to get back to the World Series, and they won their first world championship since 1954, when the team was still located in New York, by defeating the Texas Rangers in five games. In 2012, the Giants would go back to the World Series and defeat the Detroit Tigers in a four-game sweep, and in 2014 they would beat the Kansas City Royals in seven games to capture their third World Series crown in five seasons.", "World Series. The Dodgers won two more World Series in the 1980s (1981, 1988). The A's again went to three straight world series, from 1988–1990, winning once. 1988 and 1989 were all-California series as the A's lost to the Dodgers and beat the Giants, respectively. The Giants have been in four World Series' in the new millennium, losing in 2002 to the Anaheim Angels (Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim since 2005), and winning in 2010 (Rangers), 2012 (Tigers), and 2014 (Royals).", "World Series. Below is a chronological list of World Series played between teams from the same metropolitan area, with the winning teams listed in boldface.", "List of teams to overcome 3–1 series deficits. MLB teams have overcome 3–1 deficits 13 times (including 3–0 deficit 1 time), six of which occurred in the World Series.", "Sports in Houston. The Astros won the 2017 World Series for the first World Series win in franchise history. In 2006, the Dynamo won the MLS Cup in their first year after moving from San Jose, California, and in 2007 became the first MLS franchise since 1997 to repeat a championship. The Rockets won back-to-back NBA titles in 1994 and 1995. The Dawgs won the NPF championship for the first time in 2017." ]

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[ "Game of Thrones (season 1). The first season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 17, 2011, at 9.00 pm in the U.S., and concluded on June 19, 2011. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 55 minutes. The series is based on A Game of Thrones, the first novel in the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO had ordered a television pilot in November 2008; filming began the following year. However, it was deemed unsatisfactory and later reshot with some roles being recast. In March 2010, HBO ordered the first season, which began filming in July 2010, primarily in Belfast, Northern Ireland, with additional filming in Malta.", "Game of Thrones (season 1). Game of Thrones premiered on HBO in the United States and Canada on April 17, 2011,[130][131] and on Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 18, 2011,[132] with a same-day release on HBO Central Europe.[133] The series premiered in Australia on Showcase on July 17, 2011.[134]", "George R. R. Martin. HBO Productions purchased the television rights for the entire A Song of Ice and Fire series in 2007 and began airing the fantasy series on their US premium cable channel on April 17, 2011. Titled Game of Thrones, it ran weekly for ten episodes, each approximately an hour long.[54] Although busy completing A Dance With Dragons and other projects, George R. R. Martin was heavily involved in the production of the television series adaptation of his books. Martin's involvement included the selection of a production team and participation in scriptwriting; the opening credits list him as a co-executive producer of the series. The series was renewed shortly after the first episode aired.", "Game of Thrones (season 1). HBO originally optioned the rights to A Song of Ice and Fire in 2007, at which time David Benioff and D. B. Weiss were identified as the project's writers and executive producers.[37] The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, were submitted in August 2007,[38] and June 2008,[39] respectively. While HBO found both drafts to their liking,[39][40] a pilot was not ordered until November 2008,[41] with the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike possibly delaying the process.[40]", "Works based on A Song of Ice and Fire. In March 2010, HBO greenlit a television series based on A Song of Ice and Fire, written and executive produced by David Benioff and D.B. Weiss. Called Game of Thrones, it stars an ensemble cast including Sean Bean and Peter Dinklage. The series premiered on 17 April 2011. A critical and commercial success, it was most recently renewed for a seventh and eighth season to be aired in 2017–18.", "A Song of Ice and Fire. With the popularity of the series growing, HBO optioned A Song of Ice and Fire for a television adaptation in 2007.[52] A pilot episode was produced in late 2009, and a series commitment for nine further episodes was made in March 2010.[158] The series, titled Game of Thrones, premiered in April 2011 to great acclaim and ratings (see Game of Thrones: Reception). The network picked up the show for a second season covering A Clash of Kings two days later.[159] Shortly after the conclusion of the first season, the show received 13 Emmy Award nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series, winning Outstanding Main Title Design and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage's portrayal of Tyrion Lannister.[160] HBO announced a renewal for a third season in April 2012, ten days after the season 2 premiere.[161] Due to the length of the corresponding book, the third season only covered roughly the first half of A Storm of Swords.[162]", "Game of Thrones. The series began development in January 2007.[2] HBO acquired the TV rights to the novels, with Benioff and Weiss as its executive producers, and Martin as a co-executive producer. The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth of episodes.[2] Initially, Martin would write one episode per season while Benioff and Weiss would write the rest of the episodes.[2][37] Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were later added to write one episode apiece the first season.[4]", "Winter Is Coming. In March 2006, a few weeks after meeting Martin, Benioff and Weiss pitched the show to Showtime and Carolyn Strauss of HBO, who accepted their proposal.[4][6] HBO acquired the rights to the novels to turn them into a television series,[7] with Benioff and Weiss as writers and executive producers of the series. The series went into development in January 2007.[8] The series would begin with the 1996 first book of A Song of Ice and Fire, \"A Game of Thrones\", with the intention that each novel in the series would form the basis for a season's worth of episodes.[8] However, Benioff and Weiss had to resubmit a proposal after Carolyn Strauss stepped down as president of HBO in 2008.[9] The first and second drafts of the pilot script, written by Benioff and Weiss, were submitted in August 2007 and June 2008 respectively.[10] While HBO found both drafts to their liking, a pilot was not ordered until November 2008.[11]", "Game of Thrones. The first and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss were submitted in August 2007[38] and June 2008,[39] respectively. Although HBO liked both drafts,[39][40] a pilot was not ordered until November 2008;[41] the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed the process.[40] The pilot episode, \"Winter Is Coming\", was first shot in 2009; after a poor reception in a private viewing, HBO demanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, with cast and directorial changes).[34][42]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. It is an adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire, George R. R. Martin's series of fantasy novels, the first of which is A Game of Thrones. It is filmed in Belfast and elsewhere in the United Kingdom, Canada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the United States. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17, 2011, and its seventh season ended on August 27, 2017. The series will conclude with its eighth season premiering either in 2018 or 2019.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of Game of Thrones was broadcast on HBO in the United States from April 1, 2012 to June 3, 2012.[102][103]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 4). The fourth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 6, 2014, and concluded on June 15, 2014. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is adapted primarily from the second half of A Storm of Swords, along with elements of A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, all novels from the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin.[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the fourth season on April 2, 2013, which began filming in July 2013. The season was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland and Croatia.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series premiered on April 17, 2011, on HBO. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield and George R. R. Martin.[2][3] Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations, including Croatia, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Spain.[4][5][6] Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm Eastern Time,[7][8] and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length.[9] The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray.", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The third season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on March 31, 2013, and concluded on June 9, 2013. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes.[1] The season is based roughly on the first half of A Storm of Swords (the third of the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by George R. R. Martin, of which the series is an adaptation).[2] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO renewed the series for a third season on April 10, 2012, nine days after the second season's premiere. Production began in July 2012.[3] The show was filmed primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia, Iceland and Morocco.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of A Clash of Kings, the second novel of the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The fifth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 12, and concluded on June 14, 2015.[1] It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season primarily adapts material from A Feast for Crows and A Dance with Dragons, the fourth and fifth novels in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, though it also uses elements from the third novel, A Storm of Swords, as well as the upcoming sixth novel The Winds of Winter.[2][3][4] It also contains original content not found in Martin's novels.[5] The series is adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "A Clash of Kings. A Clash of Kings has been adapted for television by HBO as the second season of its successful adaptation of A Song of Ice and Fire.[1] Filming began July 2011, and the first episode of season 2 of Game of Thrones aired on April 1, 2012.[2]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). HBO ordered a second season of Game of Thrones on April 19, 2011, two days after the series premiere.[12] The second season obtained a 15% increase in budget in order to be able to stage the war's most important battle,[13] the Battle of the Blackwater, in episode nine.", "HBO. In 2001, HBO debuted Six Feet Under and in 2002 The Wire,[49] which, although not surpassing The Sopranos in viewership success, matched its critical acclaim and further cemented HBO's reputation as a network that produced quality programming.[citation needed] HBO experienced another success among viewers in 2008, with the debut of True Blood, a vampire drama based on a series of gothic novels by Charlaine Harris. The network saw three more hit series in the 2010s with Game of Thrones, based on George R. R. Martin's fantasy novel series A Song of Ice and Fire, which earned both critical and viewer praise; Girls, a comedy series created by series star Lena Dunham; and True Detective, an anthology-style series—structured to feature a different cast and setting within each season's storyline—which initially saw established film actors Woody Harrelson and Matthew McConaughey in its lead roles.[50]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones is broadcast by HBO in the United States and by its local subsidiaries or other pay television services in other countries, at the same time as in the U.S. or weeks (or months) later. The series' broadcast in China on CCTV, begun in 2014, was heavily edited to remove scenes of sex and violence in accordance with a Chinese practice of censoring Western TV series to prevent what the People's Daily calls \"negative effects and hidden security dangers\". This resulted in viewer complaints about the incoherence of what remained.[145] Broadcasters carrying Game of Thrones include Showcase in Australia; HBO Canada, Super Écran and Showcase in Canada; HBO Latin America in Latin America; SoHo and Prime in New Zealand, and Sky Atlantic in the United Kingdom and Ireland.[146]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 3). Game of Thrones rapidly became a critical and commercial success after it started airing in April 2011. A few days after ratings for the second season's premiere, \"The North Remembers\", hit a series high of 8.3 million viewers,[17] HBO announced the show's renewal for a third season. Prior to that announcement, there had been rumors and reports[18] that showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss planned to shoot seasons three and four simultaneously. Benioff said that this would be very efficient, but impossible to write.[19]", "Game of Thrones. Game of Thrones was highly anticipated by fans before its premiere,[184][185] and has become a critical and commercial success. According to The Guardian, by 2014 it was \"the biggest drama\" and \"the most talked about show\" on television.[7]", "A Song of Ice and Fire. Shortly after the season 3 premiere in March 2013, the network announced that Game of Thrones would be returning for a fourth season, which would cover the second half of A Storm of Swords along with the beginnings of A Feast for Crows and A Dance With Dragons.[163] Game of Thrones was nominated for 15 Emmy Awards for season 3.[164] Two days after the fourth season premiered in April 2014, HBO renewed Game of Thrones for a fifth and sixth season.[165] Season 5 premiered on April 12, 2015 and set a Guinness World Records for winning the highest number of Emmy Awards for a series in a single season and year, winning 12 out of 24 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series.[166][167] These episodes were watched by 8 million viewers, setting a record number for the series.[168] The sixth season premiered on April 24, 2016.[169] These episodes received the most nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards with 23, winning 12, including the award for Outstanding Drama Series.[170]", "George R. R. Martin. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[56] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[57] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[58][59] Like the previous season, it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[60]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners. While in some countries, it aired the day after its first release.[183]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). Game of Thrones is an episodic graphic adventure video game based on the TV series of the same name, which in turn, is based on George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire fantasy series, released in December 2014 for Android, iOS, Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, Xbox 360 and Xbox One.", "Iron Throne (A Song of Ice and Fire). The HBO television adaptation of the series, Game of Thrones, premiered in 2011. The show's popularity has made its version of the Iron Throne an icon of the entire media franchise.[1][2][3][4] It has been parodied in magazines and used in merchandising.[1][3] Several \"promotional thrones\" travel the world with show-sponsored exhibits and for fan events.[1][2][30] In June 2014, Queen Elizabeth II visited the Belfast set of Game of Thrones and was photographed examining the Iron Throne set piece from the series, though she declined to sit on it.[31][32][33][34]", "Game of Thrones (season 5). A half-hour documentary, Game of Thrones: A Day in the Life, aired on HBO on February 8, 2015. It covered one day of production of season 5 on three sets in Belfast, Dubrovnik and Osuna from the viewpoint of key crew members.[128] The first official trailer for season 5 was released on January 30, 2015,[129] and the season's second trailer was released on March 9, 2015.[130] The world premiere of the first episode of the fifth season was held at the Tower of London on March 18, 2015.[131]", "Game of Thrones. In January 2006, David Benioff had a phone conversation with George R. R. Martin's literary agent about the books he represented, and became interested in A Song of Ice and Fire as he had been a fan of fantasy fiction when young but had not read the books before. The literary agent then sent the first four books of A Song of Ice and Fire to Benioff.[32] Benioff read a few hundred pages of the first novel, A Game of Thrones, shared his enthusiasm with D. B. Weiss and suggested that they adapt Martin's novels into a television series; Weiss finished the first novel in \"maybe 36 hours\".[33] They pitched the series to HBO after a five-hour meeting with Martin (a veteran screenwriter) in a restaurant on Santa Monica Boulevard. According to Benioff, they won Martin over with their answer to his question, \"Who is Jon Snow's mother?\"[34]" ]

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[ "James Faulkner (actor). He was also cast to play Lord Daniel Sinderby in the highly acclaimed Edwardian costume drama Downton Abbey produced by ITV in 2014.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 1991, he played Alex Mair, the manager of the Larksoken nuclear power plant, in an Anglia production of the P. D. James novel featuring her character Inspector Adam Dalgliesh, Devices and Desires. He has also portrayed Agent Smith in the film Hitman. He was also the principal antagonist Baron Mullins in the short-lived Anglo-American television show, Covington Cross.", "James Faulkner (actor). Having trained as a chorister from the age of seven at the Royal College of Church Music at Addington Palace, he was a permanent member of the choir and often called upon as a soloist. He also took part in every house play, school play, choral society concert and ran the Puppet Club alongside its founder, the journalist Roger Wilkes.", "James Faulkner (actor). On leaving school he worked as Prep schoolmaster, rugby coach, waiter, barman and professional Santa Claus before auditioning for the waiting list of the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama in 1967. After three years of exhaustive training he won the lead role in the final graduation production of Kiss Me Kate. The following day, several theatrical agencies wrote to him and he signed at ICM and joined Prospect Theatre for Much Ado About Nothing, the main event at the 1970 Edinburgh Festival. A season at Chichester Festival Theatre followed with such luminaries as Sir John Gielgud and Dame Edith Evans and he then transferred to the Piccadilly Theatre in the West End with Jean Anouilh's Dear Antoine, meeting the author on the opening night.[1]", "Theo James. James made his television debut in A Passionate Woman, starring opposite Billie Piper.[3][10] He played Turkish diplomat Kemal Pamuk in an episode of the first season of Downton Abbey.[11] James starred in Bedlam, playing the lead role of Jed Harper. He appeared in the 2012 adaptation of John Braine's Room at the Top as Jack Wales.[12]", "James Faulkner (actor). James Sebastian Faulkner (born 18 July 1948) is an English actor, known for his many various appearance on television, in video games and in films, usually in supporting roles.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 1988 he portrayed one of the biggest enemies of Sherlock Holmes, Stapleton, in Granada Television's production of The Hound of the Baskervilles, opposite Jeremy Brett.", "James Faulkner (actor). He appeared in other films such as Whispering Death, Murder on the Orient Express, played Lt. Teignmouth Melvill in Zulu Dawn that he co-produced, and appeared as Uncle Geoffrey in both Bridget Jones films.", "James Faulkner (actor). Faulkner was cast as Pope Sixtus IV in BBC Worldwide's historical fantasy drama series Da Vinci's Demons in 2013.", "James Faulkner (actor). He played Herod Agrippa in the BBC's 1976 television adaptation of I, Claudius and portrayed Aldous Huxley in 1981's Priest of Love.", "James Faulkner (actor). Faulkner made his big screen debut as Josef Strauss in The Great Waltz in 1972.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 2008 Faulkner played Cardinal Rhades in the German thriller Der Bibelcode (The Bible Code).", "James Faulkner (actor). He voiced Severus Snape in the video game version of Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince. He also starred as Lord Kenworth in the film Agent Cody Banks 2: Destination London.", "Downton Abbey. Downton Abbey's senior staff are portrayed by Jim Carter as Mr Carson, the butler, and Phyllis Logan as Mrs Hughes, the housekeeper. Tensions rise when Rob James-Collier, portraying Mr Barrow, a valet and footman, along with Siobhan Finneran as Miss O'Brien, the personal maid to the Countess of Grantham (up to series three), plot against Brendan Coyle as Mr Bates, the valet to the Earl of Grantham, and his love interest and eventual wife, Anna (Joanne Froggatt), the personal maid to Lady Mary. Kevin Doyle plays the unlucky Mr Molesley, valet to Matthew Crawley; he and Thomas Howes, as William Mason the second footman, round off the main, original downstairs staff.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 2018, Faulkner played Paul in the biblical drama film, Paul, Apostle of Christ.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 2015, Faulkner played the lead antagonist, T.O.M, of philosophical puzzle game The Turing Test.[2]", "List of Downton Abbey characters. Kemal Pamuk (played by Theo James) (d. 1913) was an attaché at the Turkish Embassy in London and the son of one of the Ottoman Sultan's ministers. While participating in the \"Albanian talks\" he visits Downton as a guest, accompanying Evelyn Napier. His good looks are widely commented on and attract both Mary and Thomas. In the course of a sexual encounter with Mary, Pamuk dies in her bed of a heart attack. The story was inspired by true events. In 1996, Julian Fellowes learned that, according to a friend's great aunt's diary, around 1890 a diplomat did die in the bed of a single woman; the woman and a matron carried the diplomat's corpse to his guest bed, where a valet later found him; the secret was kept for a century.[16]", "Downton Abbey. In 2010, Fellowes hired Alastair Bruce, an expert on state and court ritual, as historical adviser.[100] Bruce explains his role as being \"here to guide the production and particularly the director as they bring Julian's words to life. That also involves getting the social conduct right, and giving actors a sense of surety in the way they deliver a performance.\"[100] Actor Jim Carter, who plays butler Carson, describes Bruce as the series \"etiquette watchdog\",[100] and the UK's Daily Telegraph finished its 2011 profile of Bruce's role stating \"Downton's authenticity, it seems, is in safe hands.\"[101] However, historian Simon Schama criticised the show for historical inaccuracies and \"pandering to clichés\".[102] Producer Gareth Neame defended the show, saying, \"Downton is a fictional drama. It is not a history programme, but a drama of social satire about a time when relationships, behaviour and hierarchy were very different from those we enjoy today.\"[103]", "Simon Jones (actor). Jones appeared in various TV series, including Brideshead Revisited (in which he played the Earl of Brideshead, or \"Bridey\", heir to the Marquess of Marchmain), and the second series of Blackadder (playing Sir Walter Raleigh). His films have included Club Paradise, Privates on Parade, Miracle on 34th Street and The Devil's Own.", "James Faulkner (actor). In 2016 he joined the cast of the HBO series Game of Thrones in Season 6 as Randyll Tarly, the father of Samwell Tarly.[citation needed]", "Rufus Sewell. He has recorded eleven of Ian Fleming's James Bond books on 36 CDs for Collins. He continues to work in film, television and theatre, playing the lead role of Dr. Jacob Hood in the CBS TV series Eleventh Hour.[1] He finished filming in November 2009 for a miniseries The Pillars of the Earth, which was shown on TV in 2010.[8] In 2010, he played the Italian detective Aurelio Zen, based on the best-selling novels by Michael Dibdin, for the BBC One drama series Zen. The three episodes were filmed in Rome and shown on BBC One in early January 2011. The series was cancelled by the BBC after just one season.[9] He also had a small part in the film The Tourist, which also starred Angelina Jolie and Johnny Depp and was released in cinemas in 2010.[10] He played the lead vampire, Adam, in the film Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter,[11] which was filmed in New Orleans and released in June 2012.[12]", "List of Downton Abbey characters. Thomas Barrow (played by Robert James-Collier) is under-butler at Downton Abbey and arguably the main antagonist of the show, having started his employment there as first footman. Thomas tells O'Brien that his father was a clockmaker. He constantly hatches schemes with O'Brien, intending to have Bates removed from service at Downton. When Bates catches him stealing some wine, Thomas attempts to frame him for the theft. Bates, however, manages to prove his innocence.", "James Willmott-Brown. The characters of Fi Browning (Lisa Faulkner) and Josh Hemmings (Eddie Eyre), who joined the show in 2017, were revealed as James' children. Faulkner's character was explained as James' daughter Sophie Willmott-Brown, who appeared in the serial in 1987 and 1992 as a child, portrayed by Natasha Knight.[5] Adam Astill was recast in the role of James' son Luke Willmott-Brown (now Luke Browning), who previously appeared alongside his sister portrayed by Henry Povey.[5] The build-up to Willmott-Brown's return began when Max Branning (Jake Wood) returned to the serial after being falsely imprisoned for the murder of Lucy Beale (Hetti Bywater). Max agrees with Willmott-Brown's plans as he is unaware of his past and understands that he is a \"wronged man\".[6] Of his return, Boyde said: 'I'm delighted to immerse myself once more in the fascinating world of soap land.\"[7]", "Rufus Sewell. Rufus Frederik Sewell (/ˈsuːəl/; born 29 October 1967) is an English actor. He has appeared in films such as Hamlet, The Woodlanders, Dangerous Beauty, Dark City, A Knight's Tale, The Illusionist, Tristan and Isolde, and Martha, Meet Frank, Daniel and Laurence. On television, he has starred in Middlemarch, The Man in the High Castle, Zen, The Pillars of the Earth, Charles II: The Power and The Passion, Holiday and Eleventh Hour.[1] On stage, he originated the role of Septimus Hodge in Tom Stoppard's Arcadia and the role of Jan in Stoppard's Rock 'n' Roll, with the latter earning him an Olivier Award and a Tony Award nomination.", "Downton Abbey. Allen Leech, who plays Tom Branson in the series, when asked about this by an Irish reporter writing for The Herald, denied that the series depicted Irish characters in a stage pejorative fashion.[90] Tom's brother Kieran, however, is depicted as boorish, rude, and drunken, and is described by the Dowager Countess as a 'drunken gorilla'[90]—a reminder to Irish audiences of the ape-like figures depicting the Irish that were commonly featured in British[91] and American[92] publications in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[93][94] The Dowager Countess character who makes these comments, however, was born in the mid 19th century, and frequently expresses Tory or pro-imperial views that were prevalent in England in the late 19th and early 20th century.[93]", "Hugh Bonneville. In 1991, Bonneville made his television debut, billed as Richard Bonneville. His debut film was 1994's Mary Shelley's Frankenstein with Robert De Niro and Kenneth Branagh. His early roles were usually good-natured bumbling characters like Bernie in Notting Hill (1999) and Mr Rushworth in Mansfield Park (1999). In the BBC television series, Take A Girl Like You (2000) and Armadillo (2001), he played more villainous characters, leading up to the domineering Henleigh Grandcourt in Daniel Deronda (2002) and the psychopathic killer James Lampton in The Commander (2003) series. In Love Again, he played the poet Philip Larkin.", "List of Downton Abbey characters. Tom Branson was supposed to appear in only three episodes of the first series,[11] and Branson was originally Yorkshire-born.[12] Moreover, actor Leech wanted to audition for Thomas Barrow, but chose Branson. Leech's audition for the role convinced Julian Fellowes to expand his role and to transform Branson to an Irishman.[11] Leech at first tried to develop a Yorkshire accent in an effort to prevent his character from becoming an Irish stereotype, but when he was persuaded that Tom would not become such, he used his native Irish accent.[13]", "Hugh Bonneville. From 2010 until 2015, he appeared in the ITV period drama Downton Abbey, as Robert, Earl of Grantham.", "Jonathan Pryce. In April 2003 Pryce returned to the non-musical stage with A Reckoning, written by American dramatist Wesley Moore. The play co-starred Flora Montgomery and after premiering at the Soho Theatre in London was described by The Daily Telegraph as \"one of the most powerful and provocative new American plays to have opened since David Mamet's Oleanna.\"[39] Pryce had a role in Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), in which he portrayed a fictional Governor of Jamaica, Weatherby Swann, a film he has described as \"one of those why-not movies.\"[21] After Pirates, Pryce appeared in several large-scale motion pictures, such as De-Lovely (2004), his second musical film, a chronicle of the life of songwriter Cole Porter, for which Kevin Kline and Pryce covered a Porter song called \"Blow, Gabriel, Blow\". The Brothers Grimm (2005), Pryce's third completed film with Terry Gilliam, starred Matt Damon and Heath Ledger, and The New World (2005), in which he had a cameo role as King James I. In 2005, Pryce was nominated for another Olivier Award in the best actor category for his role in the 2004 London production of The Goat or Who is Sylvia?, where he played Martin, a goat-lover who has to face the recriminations of his cheated-on wife, played by his real-life wife Kate Fahy. Pryce's performance was highly praised, but he lost the Olivier to Richard Griffiths.[40][41][42]", "James Aubrey (actor). Aubrey made his London stage debut at the Royal Court Theatre in June 1973 as a police constable in the premiere of Howard Brenton's Magnificence. From 1973 to 1974, Aubrey toured with the Cambridge Theatre Company as Diggory in She Stoops to Conquer and again as Aguecheek. Aubrey performed with the Royal Shakespeare Company for their 1974–75 season, appearing in such roles as Sebastian in The Tempest and Froth in Measure for Measure. He toured with the Cambridge Theatre Company again in 1979 in the roles of Mark in The Shadow Box and Tony in From the Greek. Other venues at which Aubrey appeared include the Birmingham Repertory Theatre, the Comedy Theatre and the Old Vic.[3]", "Joanne Froggatt. Joanne Froggatt (born 23 August 1980) is an English actress of stage, television, and film. From 2010, she played lady's maid Anna Bates in all six seasons of the period drama Downton Abbey. For this role, she received three Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series and won the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress on Television in 2014. In autumn 2017, she is starring in the six-part suspense miniseries Liar, which is airing on ITV in the UK and on SundanceTV in the U.S.", "Downton Abbey. Matt Milne joins the cast as O'Brien's nephew Alfred Nugent, the awkward new footman for series three and four, and Raquel Cassidy plays Baxter, Cora's personal maid, who was hired to replace O'Brien. The lower staff includes Lesley Nicol as Mrs Patmore the cook, Sophie McShera as Daisy, the scullery maid who works her way up to assistant cook and marries William Mason, and Rose Leslie as Gwen Dawson, a housemaid studying to be a secretary in series one. Amy Nuttall plays Ethel Parks, a maid, beginning in series two and three. In series three and four, Shirley MacLaine portrays the mother of Cora Crawley, Martha Levinson. Cara Theobold portrays Ivy Stuart, a kitchen maid, joining the cast for series three and four. Ed Speleers plays the dashing James Kent, the second footman from series three through five. In series five and six Michael C. Fox plays Andy Parker, a replacement footman for James. In series four, five, and six Andrew Scarborough plays Tim Drewe, a farmer of the estate, who helps Lady Edith conceal a big secret." ]

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[ "Sam Heughan. Sam Roland Heughan (born 30 April 1980) is a Scottish actor, known for his role as Jamie Fraser in the Starz series Outlander, for which he received two nominations for the Saturn Awards. He was nominated for a Laurence Olivier Award for Most Promising Performer in 2003, for his performance in the play Outlying Islands, performed at the Royal Court Theatre Upstairs.", "Sam Heughan. In 2013, Heughan was cast as Jamie Fraser on the Starz period drama series Outlander.[5] He was the first cast member officially announced, to great praise by the author of the series, Diana Gabaldon, who said, \"That man is a Scot to the bone and Jamie Fraser to the heart. Having seen Sam Heughan not just act, but be Jamie, I feel immensely grateful to the production team for their painstaking attention to the soul of the story and characters.\"[7]", "Outlander (TV series). On July 9, 2013, it was announced that Sam Heughan had been cast as Jamie Fraser, the male lead.[22] Tobias Menzies was the second actor cast, on August 8, in dual roles as both Frank and Jonathan Randall,[23] and on September 4 Graham McTavish and Gary Lewis were cast as the brothers MacKenzie.[24] On September 11 it was announced that Irish actress Caitriona Balfe had been cast to play Claire Beauchamp Randall.[25] The series later added Lotte Verbeek as Geillis Duncan and Laura Donnelly as Jamie's sister Jenny in October 2013.[26]", "Outlander (TV series). In June 2015, the series cast Andrew Gower as the Jacobite pretender Prince Charles Edward Stuart;[35] Robert Cavanah as Jamie’s Scottish cousin Jared, a wine merchant and Jacobite living in Paris;[36] Margaux Châtelier as Annalise de Marillac, Jamie's French ex-lover;[37] and Laurence Dobiesz as Alex Randall, Black Jack's younger–and gentler–brother.[38] Other cast added for season 2 include Romann Berrux as the French pickpocket Fergus,[35] Rosie Day as the baronet's daughter Mary Hawkins,[39] Stanley Weber as Le Comte St. Germain,[40] Dominique Pinon as healer Master Raymond,[35] Marc Duret as French Minister of Finance Joseph Duverney,[37] Frances de la Tour as Mother Hildegarde,[41] and Audrey Brisson as Sister Angelique.[42] In July 2015, Lionel Lingelser was cast as King Louis XV of France.[43] Moore revealed June 2015 that Verbeek would be returning in the role of Geillis.[44] Richard Rankin was cast as Roger Wakefield in December 2015,[45] while Sophie Skelton was chosen to portray Brianna Randall, Claire and Jamie's daughter, in January 2016.[46]", "Tobias Menzies. Tobias Menzies (born 7 March 1974) is an English stage, television and film actor. While working in theatre, he starred in television shows such as Rome (2005–2007) where he played Brutus and Game of Thrones (2013–2016) where he played Edmure Tully. He is probably best known for his dual role as Frank Randall and Jonathan \"Black Jack\" Randall in Outlander (2014–present), for which he received a Golden Globe Award nomination.", "David Berry (actor). In August 2016, it was announced that Berry would be joining the cast of the Starz period drama Outlander in the role of Lord John Grey.[4][5][6]", "Tobias Menzies. In 2014, Menzies played Maggie Gyllenhaal's bodyguard, Nathaniel Bloom, in the TV mini-series The Honourable Woman.[7] The same year, Menzies also began co-starring in the Starz period TV series, Outlander as two characters: Frank Randall, a 20th-century historian, and Jonathan \"Black Jack\" Randall, his brutal 18th-century ancestor.[8][9][10]", "Jim Caviezel. He had leading roles in the 2006 films Unknown and Déjà Vu. He played Kainan in Outlander (2008) and provided the voice of Jesus on the 2007 New Testament audio dramatization The Word of Promise.[16][17] In 2008, he starred in Long Weekend.[18]", "Outlander (TV series). In August 2016, Starz announced that David Berry had been cast as Lord John William Grey for season three.[47][48][49] In September, Wil Johnson was cast as Joe Abernathy, and John Bell as \"Young Ian\" Fraser Murray.[50] In October, César Domboy was cast as an adult Fergus, and Lauren Lyle as Laoghaire's daughter Marsali MacKimmie.[51] Hannah James and Tanya Reynolds were cast as sisters Geneva and Isobel Dunsany in November 2016.[52]", "Outlander (TV series). In October 2017, two season four roles were announced. Maria Doyle Kennedy was cast as Jamie's Aunt Jocasta and Ed Speleers as Stephen Bonnet, an Irish pirate and smuggler.[53] The casting of Colin McFarlane as Jocasta's slave butler Ulysses was announced in January 2018.[54]", "Jamie Dornan. James \"Jamie\" Dornan (born 1 May 1982)[2][3] is an Irish actor, model, and musician. He played Axel von Fersen in Sofia Coppola's Marie Antoinette (2006), Sheriff Graham Humbert in the ABC series Once Upon a Time (2011–2013), serial killer Paul Spector in the BBC Two and RTÉ One crime drama series The Fall (2013–2016), and Christian Grey in the Fifty Shades franchise (2015–present).", "Robert Ri'chard. Ri'chard was set to star in a new series entitled Eight Days a Week, starring Christina Milian and Mario Lopez on the CW Television Network during the Fall 2007 season, but it was canceled due to the 2007 Writers Strike before airing. On November 16, 2011, it was announced that Robert Ri'chard was cast as Jamie in the TV series The Vampire Diaries.[2]", "Sean Bean. Shaun Mark Bean (born 17 April 1959), known professionally as Sean Bean /ˈʃɔːn ˈbiːn/, is an English actor. After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he made his professional debut in a theatre production of Romeo and Juliet in 1983. Retaining his Yorkshire accent, he first found mainstream success for his portrayal of Richard Sharpe in the ITV series Sharpe. Bean has since garnered further recognition for his performance as Ned Stark in the HBO epic fantasy series Game of Thrones, as well as roles in the BBC anthology series Accused and the ITV historical drama series Henry VIII. His most prominent film role was Boromir in The Lord of the Rings trilogy (2001–03).", "Outlander (TV series). In December 2013, Simon Callow was cast in the supporting role of Duke of Sandringham,[27][28] and Entertainment Weekly reported in April 2014 that Steven Cree would portray Ian Murray.[29] Bill Paterson was cast as lawyer Ned Gowan in June 2014.[30][31] Author Gabaldon has a cameo as Iona MacTavish in the August 2014 episode \"The Gathering\".[32] In August 2014 it was announced that Frazer Hines had been cast in the role of a prison warden in an episode to air in 2015. From 1966 to 1969, Hines had portrayed the Doctor Who character Jamie McCrimmon, who Gabaldon said had inspired the setting of the Outlander series and the character of Jamie Fraser.[33] Hines plays Sir Fletcher Gordon, an English prison warden, in the May 2015 episode \"Wentworth Prison\".[34]", "Jamie Dornan. Dornan was born in Holywood, County Down, Northern Ireland, and grew up in the suburbs of Belfast.[4] He has two older sisters: Liesa, who works for Disney in London, and Jessica, a fashion designer based in Falmouth, England.[5] His father, Professor Jim Dornan, is an obstetrician and gynaecologist who had also considered becoming an actor.[6][7]", "Rami Malek. In the spring of 2007, he appeared on-stage as \"Jamie\" in the Vitality Productions theatrical presentation of Keith Bunin's The Credeaux Canvas at the Elephant Theatre in Los Angeles.[12][14]", "Oliver James (actor). Oliver James (born Oliver James Hudson;[1] 1 June 1980) is an English musician, singer, songwriter, and actor.", "Mathew Horne. Horne began his career as a comedian and later became one half of the comedy duo Mat and MacKinnon[8] – first performing at the Edinburgh Festival in 2000.[9] He was spotted at the festival by Catherine Tate who invited him to perform in The Catherine Tate Show. Since then Horne has continued to appear in several Catherine Tates Nan specials. He reprised his role as Jamie in two festive episodes of Catherine Tates Nan in 2015.", "Outlander (TV series). Outlander is a British-American television drama series based on the historical time travel Outlander series of novels by Diana Gabaldon. Developed by Ronald D. Moore and produced by Sony Pictures Television and Left Bank Pictures for Starz, the show premiered on August 9, 2014. It stars Caitriona Balfe as Claire Randall, a married World War II nurse who in 1945 finds herself transported back to the Scotland of 1743, where she encounters the dashing Highland warrior Jamie Fraser (Sam Heughan) and becomes embroiled in the Jacobite risings.[1][2]", "Caitriona Balfe. Caitriona Balfe (/kəˈtriːnə ˈbælf/; born 4 October 1979) is an Irish actress and model. She is best known for her role as Claire Fraser in the Starz drama series Outlander, for which she has won two People's Choice Awards and two Saturn Awards, and has received three nominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Television Series – Drama.", "Jaime Lannister. Coster-Waldau has received several nominations for his portrayal of Jaime, including the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2013,[39] the Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries or Television Film in 2013,[40] the Gold Derby TV Award for Best Drama Supporting Actor in 2013,[41] the People's Choice Award for Favorite TV Anti-Hero in 2014,[42] the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2014,[43] and the Zulu Award for Best Actor in 2017.[44]", "James Cromwell. James Oliver Cromwell (born January 27, 1940) is an American actor. Some of his more notable films include Star Trek: First Contact (1996), L.A. Confidential (1997), The Green Mile (1999), Space Cowboys (2000), The Sum of All Fears (2002), I, Robot (2004), The Longest Yard (2005), The Queen (2006), Secretariat (2010), The Artist (2011) and Marshall (2017), as well as the television series Six Feet Under (2003–2005), 24 (2007) and Halt and Catch Fire (2015).", "Everybody’s Talking About Jamie. As an encore, the cast perform \"Out Of The Darkness (A Place Where We Belong)\".", "Jamie Dornan. He attended and boarded at Methodist College Belfast,[9] where he played rugby and participated in the drama department. He later attended Teesside University but dropped out and moved to London to train as an actor.[10]", "John Bell (Scottish actor). Bell is currently playing a teenage \"Young\" Ian Murray in Outlander Series 3. His character first appears in Episode 6: \"A. Malcolm\".", "Richard Madden. He played Callum McGregor in the stage production of Malorie Blackman's Noughts and Crosses in 2008. He later gained the lead role of Dean McKenzie in the 2009 BBC series Hope Springs,[4] followed by his roles as Ripley in the 2010 film Chatroom,[8] and as Theatre of Hate singer Kirk Brandon in the 2010 film Worried About The Boy.[9] From 2011 to 2013, he starred as Robb Stark in the HBO series Game of Thrones, based upon George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels. [10][11][12] Speaking in September 2018, Madden claimed that he was not paid much for his role in Game of Thrones.[13] During this period, Madden also starred in the Channel 4 series Sirens, and in the BBC series Birdsong.", "John Hannah (actor). John David Hannah (born 23 April 1962) is a Scottish film and television actor. He came to prominence in Richard Curtis's Four Weddings and a Funeral (1994), for which he was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. His other film appearances include Sliding Doors (1998) and The Mummy trilogy (1999–2008). His television roles include: Dr Iain McCallum in McCallum (1995–1998); D.I. John Rebus in Rebus (2000–2001); Jack Roper in New Street Law (2006–2007); Jake Osbourne in Cold Blood (2007–2008), Quintus Lentulus Batiatus in Spartacus (2010–2011), Jack Cloth in A Touch of Cloth (2012–14), Jason's father (Aeson) in the BBC series Atlantis (2013–15) and Dr. Holden Radcliffe in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2016-2017).", "Justin Chatwin. Chatwin subsequently appeared in the sci-fi musical Bang Bang Baby (2014),[15] and the romantic comedy No Stranger Than Love (2015), with Alison Brie and Colin Hanks.[16] The following year, he starred in the thriller Urge, alongside Pierce Brosnan and Ashley Greene,[17] the film adaptation of Nancy Pickard's novel The Scent of Rain and Lightning,[18] the comedy Unleashed,[19] and the romantic drama One Night,[20] Also, in 2016, he returned to television with a leading role in CBS mystery drama series American Gothic, starring alongside Megan Ketch, Antony Starr and Virginia Madsen.[21] He also starred in the BBC science fiction series Doctor Who in 2016 Christmas special \"The Return of Doctor Mysterio\".[22] In 2017, he had a cameo role in the action-comedy CHiPs. He will star in the upcoming In the Lost Lands, a fantasy-adventure film based on three short stories by A Song of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin.[23]", "Outlander (franchise). In June 2013, Starz ordered 16 episodes of a television adaptation, and production began in October 2013 in Scotland.[29] The series premiered in the US on August 9, 2014 with Caitriona Balfe and Sam Heughan starring as Claire and Jamie.[2] It was picked up for a second season on August 15, 2014,[3] and for a third and fourth season on June 1, 2016.[30] On May 9, 2018, Starz renewed the series for a fifth and sixth season.[31]", "Lennie James. Lennie James (born 11 October 1965)[1] is an English actor, screenwriter, and playwright. He has appeared in many films, including Les Misérables (1998), Snatch (2000), and Blade Runner 2049 (2017).", "Long Day's Journey into Night. The 1987 made-for-TV film starred Kevin Spacey as Jamie, Peter Gallagher as Edmund, Jack Lemmon as James Tyrone, Bethel Leslie as Mary, and Jodie Lynne McClintock as Cathleen. Lemmon was nominated for a Golden Globe for Best Performance by an Actor in Mini-Series or Made-for-TV Movie the following year.", "Jaime Lannister. Jaime is portrayed by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau in the HBO adaptation Game of Thrones.[5] His casting was announced on August 20, 2009.[16]" ]

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[ "Kansas City Chiefs. On Christmas Day, the Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 33–10 to give Kansas City their tenth straight win against divisional opponents.", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season. The fourth annual AFL-NFL Championship Game, now officially known as the \"Super Bowl\", was played on January 11, 1970, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The AFL champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings, 23–7.", "Super Bowl I. The Chiefs entered the game after recording an 11–2–1 mark during the regular season. In the AFL championship game, they defeated the Buffalo Bills 31–7.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. In an AFL Divisional Playoff Game at New York, Kansas City rode its dominating defense which produced a crucial goal-line stand en route to a 13–6 win over the defending Super Bowl champion Jets to set up a rematch with the Raiders in the final AFL Championship Game. Looking for retribution of the previous losses in the regular season and in the 1968 playoffs, the Chiefs became the league's only three-time champions, defeating the Raiders by a 17–7 count at Oakland on January 4, 1970.", "Kansas City, Missouri. The Chiefs – now a member of the NFL's American Football Conference (AFC) – started play in 1960 as the Dallas Texans and they moved to Kansas City in 1963. The team lost Super Bowl I to the Green Bay Packers. They came back in 1969 to become the last ever AFL champions and win Super Bowl IV against NFL champions Minnesota Vikings with a score of 23-7.", "Super Bowl IV. Kansas City advanced to the Super Bowl with wins over the two previous AFL champions. First they defeated the New York Jets in a defensive struggle, 13-6, with Dawson's 61-yard completion to Taylor setting up the game winning score on his 19-yard touchdown pass to Gloster Richardson. Kansas City held New York to just 234 yards and forced 4 turnovers.", "Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs have won three AFL championships, in 1962, 1966, and 1969[6] and became the second AFL team (after the New York Jets) to defeat an NFL team in an AFL–NFL World Championship Game, when they defeated the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV. The team's victory on January 11, 1970, remains the club's last championship game victory and appearance to date, and occurred in the final such competition prior to the leagues' merger coming into full effect. The Chiefs were also the second team, after the Green Bay Packers, to appear in more than one Super Bowl (the first AFL team to do so) and the first to appear in the championship game in two different decades.", "Municipal Stadium (Kansas City, Missouri). While at Municipal Stadium, the Chiefs were successful, representing the American Football League in two of the four Super Bowls before the leagues merged. As AFL Champions under Coach Hank Stram, the Chiefs won Super Bowl IV, beating the Minnesota Vikings 23–7. Previously, the Chiefs played in the very first, Super Bowl I, losing to the Green Bay Packers of Vince Lombardi. Leading up to the game after Lamar Hunt had first used the term \"Super Bowl\" in the local media as a term for the AFL-NFL Championship Game, a phrase that was later adopted as the name.[28] Super Bowl IV was the last game played before the merger of the AFL and NFL[29] They moved to Arrowhead Stadium in the Truman Sports Complex for the 1972 season.", "Kansas City Chiefs. In Schottenheimer's tenure as head coach, (1989–1998), the Chiefs became a perennial playoff contender, featuring offensive players including Steve DeBerg, Christian Okoye, Stephone Paige and Barry Word, a strong defense, anchored by Thomas, Smith, Albert Lewis and Deron Cherry, and on special teams, Nick Lowery, most accurate kicker in NFL History.[6] The team recorded a 101–58–1 record, and clinched seven playoff berths.[30] The Chiefs' 1993 season was the franchise's most successful in 22 years.[28] With newly acquired quarterback Joe Montana and running back Marcus Allen, two former Super Bowl champions and MVPs, the Chiefs further strengthened their position in the NFL.[28] The 11–5 Chiefs defeated the Pittsburgh Steelers and Houston Oilers on their way to the franchise's first and to date only AFC Championship Game appearance against the Buffalo Bills.[28] The Chiefs were overwhelmed by the Bills and lost the game by a score of 30–13.[28] The Chiefs' victory on January 16, 1994, against the Oilers remained the franchise's last post-season victory for 21 years until their 30–0 victory over the Houston Texans on January 9, 2016.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. Using a dazzling I-formation offense and a smothering defense, the Chiefs claimed a dominating 31–7 victory in the AFL title game at Buffalo on New Year's Day, 1967. That victory propelled Kansas City to the first AFL-NFL World Championship Game, later known as the Super Bowl. At the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, the Chiefs met Vince Lombardi's powerful Green Bay Packers of the National Football League on January 15, 1967. The Chiefs played the Packers close for a half, trailing 14–10, but Green Bay took control in the final two quarters, winning the game by a score of 35–10.[2]", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season. The 1969 Kansas City Chiefs season was the team's 10th, their 7th in Kansas City, and also their final season in the American Football League. It resulted in an 11–3 record and a 23–7 victory in Super Bowl IV over the NFL's heavily favored Minnesota Vikings. The team beat their rivals, the Oakland Raiders in the final AFL Championship Game, claiming their third AFL Championship in franchise history. The Chiefs were coached by Hank Stram, led by quarterback Len Dawson and a powerful defense led by Bobby Bell, Willie \"Contact\" Lanier, Buck Buchanan and Curley Culp. The Chiefs' defense became the fourth defense in the history of pro football to lead its league in fewest rushing yards, fewest passing yards and fewest total yards.[1] The Chiefs were the second AFL team to win the Super Bowl and last AFL team to do so before the AFL-NFL Merger in the following season.", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season. In 2007, ESPN.com ranked the 1969 Chiefs as the seventh-greatest defense in NFL history,[3] noting \"Hank Stram's 'Triple Stack' defense, which gave the linebackers lots of room to roam, was superb, holding five opponents to fewer than 10 points and giving up an average of less than two touchdowns a game.... Then they got serious. Against the [defending] Super Bowl champion Jets in the AFL divisional playoff game at Shea Stadium, the Chiefs held on for a 13–6 victory, thanks to a remarkable three-play goal line stand that stifled the Jets on the one. After losing twice to the Raiders during the regular season, the Chiefs allowed a single touchdown, in the first quarter, to win the AFL title over Oakland 17–7. The Chiefs defense then stifled the Vikings in the Super Bowl, allowing only two rushing first downs and picking off three passes in the fourth quarter to win 23–7. Total points against the Chiefs in the playoffs: 20.\" Kansas City is the only team in the Super Bowl era to win the title without allowing as much as 10 points in any postseason game.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs used the game as a crusade for the American Football League and wore \"AFL-10\" patches honoring the league's 10-year existence. The Chiefs used three field goals from Jan Stenerud and a rushing touchdown from Mike Garrett to take a 16–0 halftime lead. A dynamic 46-yard TD pass from Len Dawson to Otis Taylor in the third quarter sealed the victory as Dawson was named the game's Most Valuable Player.[6] Perhaps the grittiest performance of the day came from safety Johnny Robinson, who registered two interceptions and a fumble recovery despite playing with three broken ribs. At approximately 5:20 PM, the final seconds ticked off the clock at Tulane Stadium as the Chiefs were crowned World Champions by claiming a 23–7 victory in the final game between the AFL and NFL.[6] A victory parade ensued upon the club's triumphant return the following day in downtown Kansas City.[6] As of 2014, Super Bowl IV remains as the last championship won by the Chiefs.", "Kansas City Chiefs. Despite losing to the division rival Oakland Raiders twice in the regular season in 1969, the two teams met for a third time in the AFL Championship Game where Kansas City won 17–7.[11] Backup quarterback Mike Livingston led the team in a six-game winning streak after Len Dawson suffered a leg injury which kept him out of most of the season's games.[10] While getting plenty of help from the club's defense, Dawson returned from the injury and led the Chiefs to Super Bowl IV.[10] Against the NFL champion Minnesota Vikings,[6] who were favored by 12½, the Chiefs dominated the game 23–7 to claim the team's first Super Bowl championship.[10] Dawson was named the game's Most Valuable Player after completing 12-of-17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown, with 1 interception.[18] The following season, the Chiefs and the rest of the American Football League merged with the National Football League after the AFL–NFL merger became official.[10] The Chiefs were placed in the American Football Conference's West Division.[11]", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs went 13–3 in 2003 and their offense, considered by many as one of the most powerful of all time, helped make Kansas City again a favorite to win Super Bowl XXXVIII. After starting 9–0, the Chiefs lost to the Cincinnati Bengals in their tenth game following a \"guarantee\" by Bengals wide receiver Chad Johnson. The Chiefs' dream season of 2003 began to lose momentum by November, but they still managed to gain the number two seed in the 2004 playoffs. The mighty homefield advantage of Arrowhead Stadium and their high-powered offense wouldn't lead the Chiefs to glory and the Chiefs lost to the Indianapolis Colts in the AFC Divisional playoffs in an offensive shootout in which neither team punted, an NFL playoffs first. The Chiefs' defense came under fire immediately after the loss, and Greg Robinson, the team's defensive coordinator, resigned after the season.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs defeated the Denver Broncos 31–17 on Thanksgiving Day. Trailing 24–17 late in the game, Denver attempted an onside kick that was recovered by linebacker Bobby Bell, who promptly returned that kick for a 53-yard touchdown. Mike Livingston started the following week against Buffalo on December 7 for an again-injured Dawson, who returned for the regular season finale at Oakland on December 13. A 10–6 loss against the Raiders gave the Chiefs an 11–3 record, good for second in the AFC Western Conference behind Oakland (12–1–1).[2]", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Chiefs' 13–3 record gave them home field advantage throughout the AFC Playoffs. However, their playoff run was short-lived, as Kansas City lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos 14–10 in the Divisional round.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. Kansas City entered the 1996 campaign with essentially the same lineup as the club boasted in 1995 and were featured on the cover of Sports Illustrated along with Green Bay as pre-season Super Bowl favorites. Kansas City made its third American Bowl appearance, this time against Dallas in Monterrey, Mexico. The club started the season with a 4–0 record for the first time in team history, but the season's lofty expectations came crashing down as the squad lost three of its next four games. A three-game winning streak, including a victory over the eventual Super Bowl champion Packers, put the club back in post-season contention at 8–3.[8]", "Super Bowl IV. Under wet conditions, the Chiefs defense dominated Super Bowl IV by limiting the Minnesota offense to only 67 rushing yards, forcing three interceptions, and recovering two fumbles. Kansas City's Len Dawson became the fourth consecutive winning quarterback to be named Super Bowl MVP. He completed 12 of 17 passes for 142 yards and one touchdown, with one interception. Dawson also recorded three rushing attempts for 11 yards.", "Super Bowl IV. The Chiefs then faced the Raiders, who took a 7-0 lead over them in the first quarter. However, this would be their only score of the game. Meanwhile, Dawson's 41-yard completion to Frank Pitts in the second quarter set up a 1-yard touchdown run by Wendell Hayes. Then in the third quarter, Emmitt Thomas' clutch interception in the end zone and Dawson's long completion to Taylor sparked a 95-yard drive that ended with a touchdown run by Robert Holmes. Kansas City went into the fourth quarter with a 14-7 lead, and held on for the win by forcing four turnovers (3 interceptions and a turnover on downs) in the final period.", "Ryan Succop. On November 22, 2009, Succop kicked a 22-yard field goal in overtime to give Kansas City a 27–24 win over the Pittsburgh Steelers, the defending Super Bowl champions.[16]", "Sports in Kansas City. Since moving to the city in 1963, the Kansas City Chiefs won the AFL title in 1966, ultimately losing Super Bowl I to the Green Bay Packers, and again in 1969 as the last ever AFL champion, en route to their only Super Bowl win. They won Super Bowl IV against the Minnesota Vikings, 23-7.", "Super Bowl IV. Kansas City's defense had shown their talent in the AFL title game when they defeated the Raiders. Raiders quarterback Daryle Lamonica had completed 13 of 17 passes for 276 yards and a record setting 6 touchdowns in a 56–7 divisional rout of the Houston Oilers in their previous game, and had shredded the Chiefs with 347 yards and 5 touchdowns in their 41–6 win in the previous season's playoffs. But in the 1969 AFL Championship Game, the Chiefs defense held him to just 15 of 39 completions and intercepted him 3 times in the fourth quarter.", "Super Bowl IV. Super Bowl IV, the fourth and final AFL-NFL World Championship Game in professional American football, was played on January 11, 1970, at Tulane Stadium in New Orleans, Louisiana. The American Football League (AFL) champion Kansas City Chiefs defeated the National Football League (NFL) champion Minnesota Vikings by the score of 23–7. This victory by the AFL squared the Super Bowl series with the NFL at two games apiece. The two leagues merged into one after the season.", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. The Texans won the AFL Championship in 1962, and the team relocated to Kansas City, Missouri the following year. In 1966, the Chiefs won their second AFL title and appeared in the inaugural AFL-NFL World Championship game. In 1969, the Chiefs won the final AFL title and went on to defeat the NFL's heavily favored Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV. The Texans/Chiefs were the most victorious franchise in AFL history, compiling an 87–48–5 record from 1960 to 1969. However, their victory on January 11, 1970 remains the franchise's only Super Bowl title to date.", "Super Bowl XXVI. Meanwhile, the Bills first defeated the Kansas City Chiefs 37–14, avenging a 33–6 Monday night loss during the regular season, in which the Chiefs recorded six sacks, recovered five fumbles, and gained 239 rushing yards, with running backs Harvey Williams and Christian Okoye recording over 100 rushing yards each. During this playoff game, the Bills jumped to a 24–0 lead in the 3rd quarter, with Kelly throwing three touchdown passes, the first two to Reed and the third to Lofton. The Bills also got a big performance out of Thomas, who rushed for over 100 yards, and kicker Scott Norwood, who made three field goals. Meanwhile, unconcerned with Kansas City's weak passing game, Buffalo played Bennett and Talley close to the line of scrimmage on nearly every play to stuff the run. Both players combined for 13 tackles, while the Bills' defense held Kansas City to 77 yards on the ground. Chiefs running back Barry Word, who became their primary rusher since the Monday Night game and rushed for over 100 yards in each of Kansas City's previous three games, was limited to just 50 yards. In addition, Buffalo's defense knocked Chiefs quarterback Steve DeBerg out of the game and intercepted backup quarterback Mark Vlasic four times.", "Kansas City Chiefs. In 1970, the Chiefs won only seven games in their first season in the NFL and missed the playoffs.[11] The following season, the Chiefs tallied a 10–3–1 record and won the AFC West Division.[20] Head coach Hank Stram considered his 1971 Chiefs team as his best, but they failed to capture their championship dominance from 1969.[20] Most of the pieces of the team which won Super Bowl IV two years earlier were still in place for the 1971 season.[20] The Chiefs tied with the Miami Dolphins for the best record in the AFC, and both teams met in a Christmas Day playoff game which the Chiefs lost 27–24 in double overtime.[20] The Dolphins outlasted the Chiefs with a 37-yard field goal.[20] The game surpassed the 1962 AFL Championship Game as the longest ever at 82 minutes and 40 seconds.[20] The game was also the final football game at Kansas City's Municipal Stadium.[20]", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. Free agent running back Barry Word produced a team-record 200-yard rushing outburst in a 43–24 victory against Detroit on October 14. Kansas City led the NFL with a franchise-record 60.0 sacks, including a team-record 20.0 by Derrick Thomas. Thomas established an NFL single-game record with 7.0 sacks in an inspiring Veterans Day performance against Seattle, a game the Seahawks miraculously won, 17–16, on a last-second, 25-yard TD pass to wide receiver Paul Skansi. That loss brought on the furious stretch run which saw the club record victories in six of its last seven outings. Behind DeBerg's offensive leadership (23 TD passes with just four interceptions) Kansas City finished the year with a franchise-best +26 turnover differential. The Chiefs clinched their first post-season berth since 1986 with a 24–21 win at San Diego and finished the year at 11–5, marking the franchise's best finish since 1969. The Chiefs suffered a heart-breaking, 17–16 loss at Miami on January 5, 1991 in an AFC Wild Card Game as placekicker Nick Lowery's potential game-winning 52-yard field goal fell short with 0:56 remaining.[8]", "Super Bowl IV. The Chiefs still managed to clinch a playoff spot. Wanting to set itself up more like the NFL right before the merger, the AFL expanded the playoffs for the 1969 season, by having the second place teams from each division face the first place teams from the other division (Western Champion vs. Eastern Runner-Up, and vice versa). As a result of the new playoff format, many critics thought the Chiefs entered the playoffs through a \"back-door\" as the runner up in the Western division. However, Dawson silenced the critics and led Kansas City to a strong finish in the playoffs, defeating the defending champion Jets in New York, 13–6 in the Divisional Playoffs, and defeating the Raiders (who had beaten them 41-6 in the previous year's postseason) 17–7 in the AFL Championship Game, thus essentially making the Chiefs the first wild card team to play in the Super Bowl. (Dawson says he thinks both the Jets and the Raiders could have beaten the Vikings.)[7]", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season. In 2006, the 1969 Kansas City Chiefs were ranked as the 18th greatest Super Bowl champions on the NFL Network's documentary America's Game: The Super Bowl Champions.[2]", "History of the Kansas City Chiefs. After enduring an 0–4 start, the club rebounded to post a four-game winning streak, starting with a 31–17 victory in Oakland, in which Raiders quarterback Dan Pastorini broke his leg and was replaced by Jim Plunkett, who guided the team to the Super Bowl XV championship. After Steve Fuller was sidelined with a knee injury late in the season, former Miami 12th-round draft choice Bill Kenney became the team's starting quarterback. He was so anonymous that when he appeared in that contest, the name on the back of his jersey was inadvertently misspelled \"Kenny.\"[7] Kenney went on to lead the club to a 31–14 victory against Denver on December 7 in his initial NFL start. The defense continued to evolve as defensive end Art Still and safety Gary Barbaro became the first Chiefs defensive players to be elected to the Pro Bowl in five seasons. The Chiefs finished the year at 8–8, the club's highest victory tally since 1972.[7]", "1969 Kansas City Chiefs season. In an AFL Divisional Playoff Game at the New York Jets (12/20), Kansas City rode its dominating defense which produced a crucial goal-line stand en route to a 13–6 win over the defending Super Bowl champions to set up a rematch with the Raiders in the final AFL Championship Game.[4]" ]

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[ "Mind your Ps and Qs. Mind your Ps and Qs is an English expression meaning \"mind your manners\", \"mind your language\", \"be on your best behaviour\" or similar.", "Mind your Ps and Qs. Nevertheless, a number of alternative explanations have been considered as more or less plausible. Another explanation suggests that \"Ps and Qs\" is short for \"pleases\" and \"thank-yous\", the latter of which contains a sound similar to the pronunciation of the name of the letter \"Q\". Another proposed origin is from the English pubs and taverns of the 17th century. Bartenders would keep a watch on the alcohol consumption of the patrons; keeping an eye on the pints and quarts that were consumed. As a reminder to the patrons, the bartender would recommend they \"mind their Ps and Qs\".[3] This may also have been a reminder to bartenders not to confuse the two units, written as \"p\" and \"q\" on the tally slate.[4]", "Mind your Ps and Qs. Other origin stories, some considered \"fanciful\",[4] could come from French instructions to mind one's pieds (feet) and queues (wigs) while dancing. However, there is no French translation for this expression.[5] Another origin could be from sailors in the 18th century who were reminded to pay attention to their peas (pea coat) and queues (pony tail).[5]", "Mind your Ps and Qs. Attempts at explaining the origin of the phrase go back to the mid-19th century. One explanation favoured in a letter to the editors of Notes and Queries dated 1851, as well as by the Oxford English Dictionary upon their revision of the relevant entry in 2007, is literal interpretation of the saying, concerning the distinction of the lowercase letters p and q in the context of the school-room or the printing-office.[1] As noted by W. D. Henkle in Educational Notes and Queries in 1876, in this case the proper spelling of the phrase should be \"note your p's and q's\", because the distinction of majuscule P and Q does not pose a problem.[2]", "English plurals. The plural of individual letters is normally written with -'s: there are two h's in this sentence; mind your p's and q's; dot the i's and cross the t's.", "Mind your Ps and Qs. Another proposal concerns the use of Norman French in medieval England; as the English dialect of the 11th century had no qs,[dubious – discuss] one must watch their usage in court or discourse with the French Norman conquerors. [6][dubious – discuss]", "Mind your Ps and Qs. Quinion cites an apparently related expression of pee and kew for \"highest quality\" used in 17th-century English.[7]", "Who's your daddy? (phrase). In the 2009 World Series, Pedro Martinez once again found himself hearing the \"Who's your daddy\" chants from the Yankees fans, this time as a starting pitcher for the Philadelphia Phillies in Games 2 and 6 of the series vs the AL Champion Yankees. The Yankees would come through against him this time, as they were victorious in both games, including the Game 6 series clinching game. Note: Before Pedro walked off the mound on the final game, the chant was raised once more, but morphed a bit... changing from \"Who's Your Daddy?\" to \"Still Your Daddy!\".[citation needed]", "Q (James Bond). Q: \"I've always tried to teach you two things: First, never let them see you bleed.\"\nBond: \"And the second?\"\nQ: \"Always have an escape plan.\" – before he is lowered out of view.", "Mind your own business. In the 1930s, a slang version rendered the saying as \"Mind your own beeswax\". It is meant to soften the force of the retort.[2] Folk etymology has it that this idiom was used in the colonial period when women would sit by the fireplace making wax candles together,[3] though there are many other theories.[4]", "What's My Line?. The final round of an episode involved blindfolding the panel for a celebrity \"mystery guest\" (originally called \"mystery challengers\" by Daly) whom the panel had to identify by name, rather than occupation. (In the first edition, the mystery guest was New York Yankees shortstop Phil Rizzuto.)[15] In the early years of the show, the questioning was the same as it was for regular contestants, but starting with the April 17, 1955 edition, panelists were only allowed one question at a time.[10] Mystery guests usually came from the entertainment world, either stage, screen, television or sports. When mystery guests came from other walks of life, or non-famous contestants whom the panel but not the studio audience might know, they were usually played as standard rounds. However, the panel might be blindfolded, or the contestant might sign in simply as \"X,\" depending on whether s/he would be known by name or sight.", "English plurals. Likewise, acronyms and initialisms are normally pluralized simply by adding (lowercase) -s, as in MPs, although the apostrophe is sometimes seen. Use of the apostrophe is more common in those cases where the letters are followed by periods (B.A.'s), or where the last letter is S (as in PS's and CAS's, although PSs and CASs are also acceptable; the ending -es is also sometimes seen).", "Mind your own business. \"Mind your own business\" is a common English saying which asks for a respect of other people's privacy. It can mean that a person should stop meddling in what does not concern that person, etc. Its initialism is MYOB.", "3's & 7's. Making us all forget, making us all forget", "Hoi polloi. In an episode of This American Life, radio host Ira Glass uses the term hoi polloi while relaying a story about a woman who believes the letter 'q' should occur later in the alphabet. He goes on to say that \"Q does not belong in the middle of the alphabet where it is, with the hoi polloi of the alphabet, with your 'm' 'n' and 'p'. Letters that will just join any word for the asking.\"", "Mind. In popular usage, mind is frequently synonymous with thought: the private conversation with ourselves that we carry on \"inside our heads.\"[12] Thus we \"make up our minds,\" \"change our minds\" or are \"of two minds\" about something. One of the key attributes of the mind in this sense is that it is a private sphere to which no one but the owner has access. No one else can \"know our mind.\" They can only interpret what we consciously or unconsciously communicate.[13]", "Political correctness. The term political correctness (adjectivally: politically correct; commonly abbreviated to PC or P.C.) is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.[1][2][3][4][5] Since the late 1980s, the term has come to refer to avoiding language or behavior that can be seen as excluding, marginalizing, or insulting groups of people considered disadvantaged or discriminated against, especially groups defined by sex or race. In public discourse and the media, it is generally used as a pejorative, implying that these policies are excessive.[6][3][7][8][9][10][11]", "OPQRST. OPQRST is an mnemonic used by medical professionals to accurately discern reasons for a patient's symptoms and history in the event of an acute illness.[1] It is specifically adapted to elicit symptoms of a possible heart attack.[2] Each letter stands for an important line of questioning for the patient assessment.[3][4] This is usually taken along with vital signs and the SAMPLE history and would usually be recorded by the person delivering the aid, such as in the \"Subjective\" portion of a SOAP note, for later reference.", "What's on Your Mind (Pure Energy). In 2009, VH1 ran a countdown of the 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders Of The '80s. Information Society's \"What's on Your Mind (Pure Energy)\" placed at #74 on the countdown[3] despite the fact that the group had two other Top 40 hits: \"Walking Away\" (#9)[4] and \"Think\" (#28).[5]", "Will Smith. Based on this success, the duo were brought to the attention of Jive Records and Russell Simmons. The duo's first album, Rock the House, which was first released on Word Up in 1986 debuted on Jive in March of 1987. The group received the first Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance in 1989 for \"Parents Just Don't Understand\" (1988), though their most successful single was \"Summertime\" (1991), which earned the group their second Grammy and peaked at number 4 on the Billboard Hot 100. Smith and Townes are still friends and claim that they never split up, having made songs under Smith's solo performer credit.[24]", "Contraction (grammar). The pronoun es often contracts to 's (usually written with the apostrophe) in certain contexts. For example, the greeting Wie geht es? is usually encountered in the contracted form Wie geht's?.", "The Windmills of Your Mind. \"The Windmills of Your Mind\" has also been rendered as:", "Scrubs (TV series). The Worthless Peons (also known as Ted's Band, The Blanks, or in the \"My Way Home\" Director's Cut, as \"Foghat\") are an a cappella group made up of Sacred Heart hospital employees from different departments. They are a cover band, and often sing songs from a specific genre (for example, cartoon theme songs or commercial jingles).", "Investment management. The 3-P's (Philosophy, Process and People) are often used to describe the reasons why the manager is able to produce above average results.", "SPQR. S.P.Q.R. is the fourth song on the critically acclaimed experimental rock album Deceit by This Heat. The song talks about atomic destruction and human morals using symbols of Rome.[39]", "Robert Nozick. Nozick's four conditions for S's knowing that P were:", "Logic. Second, certain parts of the sentence must be replaced with schematic letters. Thus, for example, the expression \"all Ps are Qs\" shows the logical form common to the sentences \"all men are mortals\", \"all cats are carnivores\", \"all Greeks are philosophers\", and so on. The schema can further be condensed into the formula A(P,Q), where the letter A indicates the judgement 'all - are -'.", "Reflections on the Revolution in France. In the phrase, \"[prejudice] renders a man's virtue his habit\", he defends people's cherished, but untaught, irrational prejudices (the greater it behooved them, the more they cherished it). Because a person's moral estimation is limited, people are better off drawing from the \"general bank and capital of nations and of ages\" than from their own intellects.[13]", "Urdu. Note: *('s) represents a possessive case that, when written, is preceded by the possessor and followed by the possessed, unlike the English \"of\".", "3's & 7's. The truth has always been a lie", "Validity. A standard view is that whether an argument is valid is a matter of the argument's logical form. Many techniques are employed by logicians to represent an argument's logical form. A simple example, applied to two of the above illustrations, is the following: Let the letters 'P', 'Q', and 'S' stand, respectively, for the set of men, the set of mortals, and Socrates. Using these symbols, the first argument may be abbreviated as:", "Talk:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.. This talk page is not the proper place for you to expound on your personal feelings about this sort of thing. Indeed, you have referred to your commentary with phrases such as \"My personal views on....\" etc. Your commentary above is riddled with what you obviously characterize as your own beliefs. Instead, let's stick to what reliable, previously published third party sources say about the subjects of this and other Wikipedia articles -- and let's summarize accurately what those sources are saying. Famspear (talk) 18:23, 29 July 2016 (UTC)" ]

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[ "RMS Titanic. The last living survivor, Millvina Dean from England, who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board, died aged 97 on 31 May 2009.[212] A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911.[213]", "Millvina Dean. In October 2007, Dean became the last Titanic survivor following the death of Barbara West Dainton, who died at age 96 in England.[7]", "Lillian Asplund. Lillian's death left two living Titanic survivors, Barbara West and Millvina Dean; however, both were less than a year old at the time of the sinking and neither had any recollection of it. She was the last survivor who remembered the sinking, therefore upon her death first-hand accounts of the sinking of the Titanic passed into history.", "Lillian Asplund. Lillian Gertrud Asplund (October 21, 1906 – May 6, 2006) was one of the last three living survivors of the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15, 1912. She was the last American survivor, and also the last survivor with actual memories of the disaster.[1]", "Passengers of the RMS Titanic. The youngest passenger on board the ship, two-month-old Millvina Dean who, with her parents Bertram Sr. and Eva Dean and older brother Bertram, were emigrating from England to Kansas, died in 2009. She was the last survivor of the Titanic disaster to die.[25]", "Crew of the RMS Titanic. Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued by the RMS Carpathia, on 15 April 1912.", "Ripley's Believe It or Not!. Ripley's has reported the urban legend of Frank Tower - an individual who was supposed to have survived the sinkings of the RMS Titanic, RMS Empress of Ireland, and RMS Lusitania - as being factual. However, this story has been debunked by several sources.[31][32]", "Violet Jessop. Violet Constance Jessop “Miss Unsinkable” (2 October 1887 – 5 May 1971) was an Irish Argentine ocean liner stewardess and nurse who is known for surviving the disastrous sinkings of both the RMS Titanic and her sister ship, the HMHS Britannic, in 1912 and 1916, respectively. In addition, she had been on board the RMS Olympic, the eldest of the three sister ships, when it collided with a British warship in 1911.[1][2]", "Ted Briggs. After the Hood sank, Briggs got aboard a raft from the ship and saw only 2 other survivors, Bob Tilburn and Bill Dundas, who boarded some rafts as well. Briggs paddled his raft to the other two survivors and stayed by their sides, holding their hands and singing popular British songs to keep them conscious. After 3 hours, and about to pass out from hypothermia, the 3 survivors were rescued by HMS Electra.[3]", "Edward Smith (sea captain). Several accounts say that Smith may have been seen in the water near the overturned Collapsible B during or after the sinking. Colonel Archibald Gracie reported that an unknown swimmer came near the capsized and overcrowded lifeboat, and that one of the men on board told him \"Hold on to what you have, old boy. One more of you aboard would sink us all,\"; in a powerful voice, the swimmer replied \"All right boys. Good luck and God bless you.\".[23] Gracie did not see this man, nor was able to identify him, but some other survivors later claimed to have recognised this man as Smith.[24][25] Another man (or possibly the same) never asked to come aboard the boat, but instead cheered its occupants saying \"Good boys! Good lads!\" with \"the voice of authority\".[26] One of the Collapsible B survivors, fireman Walter Hurst, tried to reach him with an oar, but the rapidly rising swell carried the man away before he could reach him.[26] Hurst said he was certain this man was Smith.[26] Some of these accounts also describe Smith carrying a child to the boat. Harry Senior, one of Titanic's stokers, and second class passenger Charles Eugene Williams, who both survived aboard Collapsible B, stated that Smith[21] swam with a child in his arms to Collapsible B, which Smith presented to a steward, after which he apparently swam back to the rapidly foundering ship. Williams' account differs slightly, claiming that, after Smith handed the child over to the steward, he asked what had become of First Officer Murdoch. Upon hearing news of Murdoch's demise, Smith \"pushed himself away from the lifeboat, threw his lifebelt from him and slowly sank from our sight. He did not come to the surface again.\" These accounts are almost certainly apocryphal, according to historians featured in the A&E Documentary Titanic: Death of a Dream. Lightoller who survived on Collapsible B never reported seeing Smith in the water or receiving a child from him. There is also no way in which survivors on Collapsible B would have been able to verify the identity of the individual concerned under such dimly lit and chaotic circumstances. It is more likely based upon wishful thinking that the person they saw was the Captain.[27] Captain Smith's fate will probably remain uncertain.", "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic. Among the survivors in Boat 14 were:", "Wreck of the RMS Titanic. Tulloch's approach has undoubtedly resulted in outcomes that would not have been possible otherwise. In 1991, he presented Edith Brown Haisman, a 96-year-old survivor of the disaster, with her father's pocket watch which had been retrieved from the sea bed. She had last seen it on 15 April 1912 when he waved goodbye to his wife and daughter as they left aboard lifeboat 14. They never saw him again and he presumably went down with the ship.[136] The watch was loaned to Haisman \"for life\"; when she died four years later it was reclaimed by RMS Titanic Inc.[137] On another occasion, a steamer trunk spotted in the debris field was found to contain three musical instruments, a deck of playing cards, a diary belonging to one Howard Irwin, and a bundle of letters from his girlfriend Pearl Shuttle.[138] It was first thought that Irwin, a musician and professional gambler, had boarded the ship under a false identity. There was no record of him being among the passengers, even though a ticket had been purchased for him. It turned out that he had stayed ashore but his trunk had been brought aboard the ship by his friend Henry Sutehall, who was among the victims of the disaster.[139] The fragile contents of the trunk were preserved due to the interior being starved of oxygen, which prevented bacteria from consuming the paper. Very few other shipwrecks have yielded readable paper.[140]", "Sinking of the RMS Titanic. Only a few of those in the water survived. Among them were Archibald Gracie, Jack Thayer and Charles Lightoller, who made it to the capsized collapsible boat B. Around 12 crew members climbed on board Collapsible B, and they rescued those they could until some 35 men were clinging precariously to the upturned hull. Realising the risk to the boat of being swamped by the mass of swimmers around them, they paddled slowly away, ignoring the pleas of dozens of swimmers to be allowed on board. In his account, Gracie wrote of the admiration he had for those in the water; \"In no instance, I am happy to say, did I hear any word of rebuke from a swimmer because of a refusal to grant assistance... [one refusal] was met with the manly voice of a powerful man... 'All right boys, good luck and God bless you'.\"[180] Several other swimmers (probably 20 or more) reached Collapsible boat A, which was upright but partly flooded, as its sides had not been properly raised. Its occupants had to sit for hours in a foot of freezing water,[146] and many died of hypothermia during the night.", "Archibald Butt. Butt died in Titanic's sinking; his body was never recovered.[48]", "Millvina Dean. Eliza Gladys \"Millvina\" Dean (2 February 1912 – 31 May 2009) was a British civil servant, cartographer, and the last remaining survivor of the sinking of the RMS Titanic on 15 April 1912.[1] At 2 months old, she was also the youngest passenger aboard.[2]", "Titanic II (film). The ship's diving facility only has one oxygen tank and scuba suit, which Hayden gives to Amy. Before sacrificing his life for her, Hayden kisses Amy and with his last words tells her to resuscitate him should he drown before they are rescued. Captain Maine arrives to rescue Amy and Hayden, but Hayden has drowned by then. Amy and an unknown number of injured passengers whom Hayden ordered his helicopter to take (earlier in the film) are the only known survivors of the disaster.", "Passengers of the RMS Titanic. Numerous notable and prominent people of the era, who held tickets for the westbound passage or were guests of those who held tickets, did not sail. Others were waiting in New York to board for the passage back to Plymouth, England, on the second leg of Titanic's maiden voyage. Many unused tickets that survived, whether they were for the westbound passage or the return eastbound passage, have become quite valuable as Titanic-related artifacts. Among those who held tickets for a passage, but did not actually sail, include: Theodore Dreiser, Henry Clay Frick, Milton S. Hershey, Guglielmo Marconi, John Pierpont Morgan, Edgar Selwyn, and Alfred Gwynne Vanderbilt (who died in the sinking of the RMS Lusitania).[30][31]", "Allison family. Hudson Joshua Creighton Allison (December 9, 1881[1] – April 15, 1912), his wife, Bess Waldo Allison (née Daniels) (November 14, 1886[2] – April 15, 1912), their daughter, Helen Loraine Allison (June 5, 1909[3] – April 15, 1912), and son, Hudson Trevor Allison (May 7, 1911[4] – August 7, 1929), were 1st class passengers on board the RMS Titanic, which struck an iceberg and sank on April 15, 1912. Only Trevor survived.", "Passengers of the RMS Titanic. Survivors are listed with the lifeboat from which they were known to be rescued. Victims whose remains were recovered after the sinking are listed with a superscript next to the body number, indicating the recovery vessel:", "Sinking of the RMS Titanic. Titanic's survivors were rescued around 04:00 on 15 April by the RMS Carpathia, which had steamed through the night at high speed and at considerable risk, as the ship had to dodge numerous icebergs en route.[189] Carpathia's lights were first spotted around 03:30,[189] which greatly cheered the survivors, though it took several more hours for everyone to be brought aboard. The 30 or more men on collapsible B finally managed to board two other lifeboats, but one survivor died just before the transfer was made.[191] Collapsible A was also in trouble and was now nearly awash; many of those aboard (maybe more than a half) had died overnight.[175] The remaining survivors – an unknown number of men, estimated to be between 10–11 and more than 20, and one woman – were transferred from A into another lifeboat, leaving behind three bodies in the boat, which was left to drift away. It was recovered a month later by the White Star liner Oceanic, with the bodies still aboard.[191]", "Sinking of the RMS Titanic. Less than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster. Some survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia.[230] Of the groups shown in the table, 49% of the children, 26% of the female passengers, 82% of the male passengers and 78% of the crew died. The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic, especially among women and children. Although less than 10 percent of first- and second-class women (combined) were lost, 54% of those in third class died. Similarly, five of six first-class and all second-class children survived, but 52 of the 79 in third class perished.[231] The only first-class child to perish was Loraine Allison, aged 2.[232] Proportionately, the heaviest losses were suffered by the second-class men, of whom 92% died. Additionally, among the pets brought aboard three survived the sinking.[233]", "Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic. By the time Collapsible Boat D was launched at 2:05 a.m., there were still 1,500 people on board Titanic and only 47 seats in the lifeboat. Crew members formed a circle around the boat to ensure that only women and children could board.[63] Two small boys were brought through the cordon by a man calling himself \"Louis Hoffman\". His real name was Michel Navratil; he was a Slovak tailor who had kidnapped his sons from his estranged wife and was taking them to the United States. He did not board the lifeboat and died when the ship sank. The identity of the children, who became known as the \"Titanic Orphans\", was a mystery for some time after the sinking and was only resolved when Navratil's wife recognised them from photographs that had been circulated around the world. The older of the two boys, Michel Marcel Navratil, was the last living male survivor of the disaster.[97] First Class passenger Edith Evans gave up her place in the lifeboat to Caroline Brown, who became the last passenger to enter a lifeboat from the davits. Evans became one of only four First Class women to perish in the disaster.", "Fireman (steam engine). There were approximately 176 stokers on board the coal fed ocean liner RMS Titanic. During the sinking of the ship, these men disregarded their own safety and stayed below deck to keep the steam driven electric generators running for the radiotelegraph, lighting, and water pumps.[3][4][5] Only 48 of them survived.[6]", "RMS Titanic. Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster. Some survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia.[210] The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic. Although only 3% of first-class women were lost, 54% of those in third class died. Similarly, five of six first-class and all second-class children survived, but 52 of the 79 in third class perished. The differences by gender were even bigger: nearly all female crew members, first and second class passengers were saved. Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class.[211] In total, 50% of the children survived, 20% of the men and 75% of the women.", "RMS Titanic. Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable.[t] For more than 100 years, she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction. She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck. Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers[249] together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates, whiskey jiggers,[250] and even black mourning teddy bears.[251] Several survivors wrote books about their experiences[252] but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published.[253]", "Crew of the RMS Titanic. Of the entire staff of 66 people, only one male clerk and two female cashiers survived. Several Titanic survivors indicated that the restaurant employees were locked in their quarters by the stewards to prevent them from rushing the lifeboats. It has never been confirmed whether this was true or not.[12]", "Titanic II (film). Soon, another more powerful tsunami hits the ship's starboard side, flipping it upside-down and drowning most of the passengers still on board. All the lifeboats are destroyed by various pieces of iceberg, killing everyone inside them. Having chosen to stay aboard the ship instead of going to the lifeboats, ship owner Hayden Walsh and nurses Amy Maine and Kelly Wade survive to this point. (This was against the orders of Amy's father, United States Coast Guard Captain James Maine.) Kelly is later killed when a very heavy door crushes her. With most of the ship flooded, Titanic II finally sinks.", "Violet Jessop. Jessop boarded the RMS Titanic as a stewardess on 10 April 1912, at age 24.[1] Four days later, on 14 April, it struck an iceberg in the North Atlantic, where Titanic sank a little more than two hours after the collision.[8] Jessop described in her memoirs how she was ordered up on deck, because she was to function as an example of how to behave for the non-English speakers who could not follow the instructions given to them.[3] She watched as the crew loaded the lifeboats.[1] She was later ordered into lifeboat 16; and as the boat was being lowered, one of the Titanic's officers gave her a baby to look after. The next morning, Jessop and the rest of the survivors were rescued by the RMS Carpathia. According to Jessop, while on board the Carpathia, a woman, presumably the baby's mother, grabbed the baby she was holding and ran off with it without saying a word.[7]", "RMS Olympic. Captain Edward Smith was still in command of Olympic at the time of the incident. Two crew members, stewardess Violet Jessop and stoker Arthur John Priest,[47] survived not only the collision with Hawke but also the later sinking of Titanic and the 1916 sinking of Britannic, the third ship of the class.[48][49]", "RMS Carpathia. Margaret Brown (right) giving Captain Arthur Henry Rostron an award for his service in the rescue of the Titanic's survivors", "Hindenburg disaster. Some of the survivors were saved by luck. Werner Franz, the 14-year-old cabin boy, was initially dazed by the realization that the ship was on fire. As he stood near the officer's mess where he had been putting away dishes moments before, a water tank above him burst open, and he was suddenly soaked. This snapped him back to his senses, as he later told interviewers, and also put out the fire around him. He then made his way to a nearby hatch through which the kitchen had been loaded with provisions before the flight, and dropped through it just as the forward part of the ship was briefly rebounding into the air. He began to run toward the starboard side, but stopped and turned around and ran the other way, because the flames were being pushed by the wind in that direction. He made it clear of the wreck with no injuries, and was the last surviving crew member when he died at the age of 92 on August 13, 2014.[21] The last surviving passenger is Werner G. Doehner (b. 1928), a retired electrical engineer who was an eight-year-old child traveling with his parents, brother, and sister at the time of the accident. His father and sister died in the disaster.[22]", "J. Bruce Ismay. Joseph Bruce Ismay (/ɪzˈmeɪ/; 12 December 1862 – 17 October 1937) was an English businessman who served as chairman and managing director of the White Star Line.[2] In 1912, he came to international attention as the highest-ranking White Star official to survive the sinking of the company's brand new flagship RMS Titanic, for which he was subject to severe criticism." ]

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[ "Bow echo. A bow echo is the characteristic radar return from a mesoscale convective system that is shaped like an archer’s bow. These systems can produce severe straight-line winds and occasionally tornadoes, causing major damage. They can also become derechos.", "Bow echo. After the rear inflow jet has bowed the storm system, book end or line end vortices develop on either side of the jet. These vortices are similar in strength.[5] Due to the small size of the bow echo, the vortices help enhance the mid-level flow between them. This strengthens the rear inflow jet. The surface winds increase from the descending jet.[4] As the life of the storm increases, the Coriolis force acts to intensify the cyclonic vortex and weaken the anticyclonic vortex. The system then develops an asymmetric comma-shaped echo.[4][5] Some embedded tornadoes or gustnadoes develop within these vortices.", "Derecho. Derechos are squall lines that are bow- or spearhead-shaped on weather radar and, thus, also are called bow echoes or spearhead radar echoes. Squall lines typically bow out due to the formation of a mesoscale high pressure system which forms within the stratiform rain area behind the initial line. This high pressure area is formed due to strong descending motion behind the squall line, and could come in the form of a downburst.[6] The size of the bow may vary, and the storms associated with the bow may die and redevelop.", "Bow echo. A bow echo is associated with squall lines or lines of convective thunderstorms. These echoes can range in size from 20 to 200 km, and have a life span of 3 to 6 hours. Bow echoes tend to develop when moderate to strong wind shear exists in the lower 2 to 3 km of the atmosphere. While similar to squall lines, bow echoes are smaller in scale and are moved by the wind inside them. They tend to push outward and after time die out. A bow echo also lowers the chance of a tornado being formed in the storm itself. The \"bow shaped\" echo is a result of focusing of the strong flow at the rear of the system.[4] Especially strong bow echoes that cause devastating damage all along the width of the storm are often called derechos.", "Squall. Following the initial passage of a squall line, light to moderate stratiform precipitation is also common. A Bow echo is frequently seen on the northern and southern most reaches of squall line thunderstorms (via satellite imagery). This is where the northern and southern ends curl backwards towards the middle portions of the squall line, making a \"bow\" shape. Bow echoes are frequently featured within supercell mesoscale systems.", "Bow echo. The formation of a bow echo requires a strong elevated rear inflow jet at mid-levels. The strength of the cold pool and mesohigh at the surface as well as warmer temperatures aloft due to convection works to create a mesolow at mid-levels which strengthens the jet. Upon reaching the edge of the convection the jet descends and spreads along the surface, generating straight-line winds.[4]", "Bow echo. The term \"bow echo\" was first used by Dr. Theodore Fujita in his May 1978 paper \"Manual of Downburst Identification for Project NIMROD.\"[1] In 2004, research was done to better anticipate the formation of bow echoes, specifically the formation of bow echoes from weakly organized squall lines and supercells. Researchers determined that bow echoes were most likely to occur in weakly organized cells.[2] A Midwest Bow Echo Workshop was held in 2007, at which meteorologists gathered to share their research to better understand bow echoes.[3]", "Middle cerebral artery. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries. The MCAs are not considered a part of the Circle of Willis.[1]", "Derecho. Organized areas of thunderstorm activity reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, and can outrun cold fronts. The resultant mesoscale convective system (MCS) forms at the point of the best upper level divergence in the wind pattern in the area of best low level inflow.[clarification needed][4] The convection then moves east and toward the equator into the warm sector, parallel to low-level thickness lines with the mean tropospheric flow. When the convection is strong linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[5]", "Bow echo. Damaging straight-line winds often occur near the center of a bow echo. Damage from all severe thunderstorm winds account for half of all severe reports in the lower 48 states of the US and is more common than damage from tornadoes. In a type of long-lived and powerful bow echo known as a derecho, wind speeds can reach up to or exceeding 100 mph (160 km/h) and can produce a damage path extending for hundreds of miles.[6] Bow echoes are capable of producing straight-line winds that are just as strong as many tornadoes. A strong bow echo will produce more widespread and intense damage than the majority of tornadoes. Also, bow echoes in the form of a line echo wave pattern create a favorable environment for tornadoes to form.", "Thunderstorm. A mesoscale convective system (MCS) is a complex of thunderstorms that becomes organized on a scale larger than the individual thunderstorms but smaller than extratropical cyclones, and normally persists for several hours or more.[33] A mesoscale convective system's overall cloud and precipitation pattern may be round or linear in shape, and include weather systems such as tropical cyclones, squall lines, lake-effect snow events, polar lows, and Mesoscale Convective Complexes (MCCs), and they generally form near weather fronts. Most mesoscale convective systems develop overnight and continue their lifespan through the next day.[8] The type that forms during the warm season over land has been noted across North America, Europe, and Asia, with a maximum in activity noted during the late afternoon and evening hours.[34][35]", "Derecho. Some derechos develop a radar signature resembling that of a hurricane in the low levels. They may have a central eye free of precipitation, with a minimum central pressure and surrounding bands of strong convection, but are really associated with an MCS developing multiple squall lines, and are not tropical in nature. These storms have a warm core, like other mesoscale convective systems. One such derecho occurred across the midwestern U.S. on 21 July 2003. An area of convection developed across eastern Iowa near a weak stationary/warm front and ultimately matured, taking on the shape of a wavy squall line across western Ohio and southern Indiana. The system re-intensified after leaving the Ohio Valley, starting to form a large hook, with occasional hook echoes appearing along its eastern side. A surface low pressure center formed and became more impressive later in the day.[15]", "Bow echo. The semiarid climate and rugged terrain in the interior west of the United States do not favour the development of bow echoes. However, on 21 April 2011, a bow echo associated with a fast-moving mid-tropospheric perturbation formed across the Great Salt Lake (GSL) in Utah, producing damaging winds along its path.[7]", "Sonar. Mine Countermeasure (MCM) Sonar, sometimes called \"Mine and Obstacle Avoidance Sonar (MOAS)\", is a specialized type of sonar used for detecting small objects. Most MCM sonars are hull mounted but a few types are VDS design. An example of a hull mounted MCM sonar is the Type 2193 while the SQQ-32 Mine-hunting sonar and Type 2093 systems are VDS designs. See also Minesweeper (ship)", "Avro Vulcan. Despite being designed before a low radar cross-section (RCS) and other stealth factors were ever a consideration,[73] a Royal Aircraft Establishment technical note of 1957 stated that of all the aircraft so far studied, the Vulcan appeared by far the simplest radar echoing object, due to its shape: only one or two components contributed significantly to the echo at any aspect, compared with three or more on most other types.[74][N 3]", "Ballistic Missile Early Warning System. BMEWS consisted of two types of radars and various computer and reporting systems to support them. The first type of radar consisted of very large, fixed rectangular partial-parabolic reflectors with two primary feed points. They produced two fan-shaped microwave beams that allowed them to detect targets across a very wide horizontal front at two narrow vertical angles. These were used to provide wide-front coverage of missiles rising into their radar horizon, and by tracking them at two points as they climbed, enough information to determine their rough trajectory. The second type of radar was used for fine tracking of selected targets, and consisted of a very large steerable parabolic reflector under a large radome. These radars provided high-resolution angular and ranging information that was fed to a computer for rapid calculation of the probable impact points of the missile warheads. The systems were upgraded several times over their lifetime, replacing the mechanically scanned systems with phased-array radar that could perform both roles at the same time.", "Thunderstorm. Forms of MCS that develop in the tropics are found in use either the Intertropical Convergence Zone or monsoon troughs, generally within the warm season between spring and fall. More intense systems form over land than over water.[36][37] One exception is that of lake-effect snow bands, which form due to cold air moving across relatively warm bodies of water, and occurs from fall through spring.[38] Polar lows are a second special class of MCS. They form at high latitudes during the cold season.[39] Once the parent MCS dies, later thunderstorm development can occur in connection with its remnant mesoscale convective vortex (MCV).[40] Mesoscale convective systems are important to the United States rainfall climatology over the Great Plains since they bring the region about half of their annual warm season rainfall.[41]", "Alan Shepard. On Shepard's second cruise with Cogswell, he was appointed a gunnery officer, responsible for the 20 mm and 40 mm antiaircraft guns on the ship's bow. They engaged kamikazes in the Battle of Okinawa, where the ship served in the dangerous role of a radar picket. The job of the radar pickets was to warn the fleet of incoming kamikazes; but because they were often the first ships sighted by incoming Japanese aircraft, they were also the most likely ships to be attacked. Cogswell performed this duty from May 27, 1945, until June 26, when it rejoined Task Force 38. The ship also participated in the Allied naval bombardments of Japan, and was present in Tokyo Bay for the Surrender of Japan in September 1945. Shepard returned to the United States later that month.[16][24]", "Doppler radar. CW Doppler radar only provides a velocity output as the received signal from the target is compared in frequency with the original signal. Early Doppler radars included CW, but these quickly led to the development of frequency modulated continuous wave (FMCW) radar, which sweeps the transmitter frequency to encode and determine range.", "Squall. There are several forms of mesoscale meteorology, including simplistic isolated thunderstorms unrelated to advancing cold fronts, to the more complex daytime/nocturnal Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) and Mesoscale Convective Complex (MCC), to squall line thunderstorms.", "Derecho. Its common definition is a thunderstorm complex that produces a damaging wind swath of at least 250 miles (400 km),[8] featuring a concentrated area of convectively-induced wind gusts exceeding 50 knots (60 mph; 90 km/h).[1] According to the National Weather Service criterion, a derecho is classified as a band of storms that have winds of at least 50 knots (90 km/h; 60 mph) along the entire span of the storm front, maintained over a time span of at least six hours. Some studies add a requirement that no more than two or three hours separate any two successive wind reports.[9] Derechos typically possess a high or rapidly increasing forward speed. They have a distinctive appearance on radar (known as a bow echo) with several unique features, such as the rear inflow notch and bookend vortices, and usually they manifest two or more downbursts.", "Air-to-air missile. At the front is the seeker, either a radar system, radar homer, or infra-red detector. Behind that lies the avionics which control the missile. Typically after that, in the centre of the missile, is the warhead, usually several kilograms of high explosive surrounded by metal that fragments on detonation (or in some cases, pre-fragmented metal).", "Radar. This technique can be used in continuous wave radar and is often found in aircraft radar altimeters. In these systems a \"carrier\" radar signal is frequency modulated in a predictable way, typically varying up and down with a sine wave or sawtooth pattern at audio frequencies. The signal is then sent out from one antenna and received on another, typically located on the bottom of the aircraft, and the signal can be continuously compared using a simple beat frequency modulator that produces an audio frequency tone from the returned signal and a portion of the transmitted signal.", "Boeing AH-64 Apache. One of the revolutionary features of the Apache was its helmet mounted display, the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);[51][52] among its capabilities, either the pilot or gunner can slave the helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to their helmet, making the gun track head movements to point where they look. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS).[53][54] On more modern AH-64s, the TADS/PNVS has been replaced by Lockheed Martin's Arrowhead (MTADS) targeting system.[55]", "Radar. Given all required funding and development support, the team produced working radar systems in 1935 and began deployment. By 1936, the first five Chain Home (CH) systems were operational and by 1940 stretched across the entire UK including Northern Ireland. Even by standards of the era, CH was crude; instead of broadcasting and receiving from an aimed antenna, CH broadcast a signal floodlighting the entire area in front of it, and then used one of Watson-Watt's own radio direction finders to determine the direction of the returned echoes. This fact meant CH transmitters had to be much more powerful and have better antennas than competing systems but allowed its rapid introduction using existing technologies.", "Missile defense systems by country. The Arrow system consists of the joint production hypersonic Arrow anti-missile interceptor, the Elta EL/M-2080 \"Green Pine\" early-warning AESA radar, the Tadiran Telecom \"Golden Citron\" (\"Citron Tree\") C3I center, and the Israel Aerospace Industries \"Brown Hazelnut\" (\"Hazelnut Tree\") launch control center. The system is transportable, as it can be moved to other prepared sites.", "Radar. Development of radar greatly expanded on 1 September 1936 when Watson-Watt became Superintendent of a new establishment under the British Air Ministry, Bawdsey Research Station located in Bawdsey Manor, near Felixstowe, Suffolk. Work there resulted in the design and installation of aircraft detection and tracking stations called \"Chain Home\" along the East and South coasts of England in time for the outbreak of World War II in 1939. This system provided the vital advance information that helped the Royal Air Force win the Battle of Britain; without it, significant numbers of fighter aircraft would always need to be in the air to respond quickly enough if enemy aircraft detection relied solely on the observations of ground-based individuals. Also vital was the \"Dowding system\" of reporting and coordination to make best use of the radar information during tests of early deployment of radar in 1936 and 1937.", "Weather front. Organized areas of thunderstorm activity not only reinforce pre-existing frontal zones, but can outrun cold fronts in a pattern where the upper level jet splits apart into two streams, with the resultant Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) forming at the point of the upper level split in the wind pattern running southeast into the warm sector parallel to low-level thickness lines. When the convection is strong and linear or curved, the MCS is called a squall line, with the feature placed at the leading edge of the significant wind shift and pressure rise.[16] Even weaker and less organized areas of thunderstorms lead to locally cooler air and higher pressures, and outflow boundaries exist ahead of this type of activity, which can act as foci for additional thunderstorm activity later in the day.[17]", "Electronic warfare. Electronic Warfare Self Protection (EWSP) is a suite of countermeasure systems fitted primarily to aircraft for the purpose of protecting the host from weapons fire and can include among others: DIRCM (protection against IR missiles), Infrared countermeasures (protection against IR missiles), Chaff (protection against radar guided missiles), DRFM Decoys (protection against radar guided missiles), and Flare (protection against IR missiles).", "Radar in World War II. While testing the AI radars near Bawdsey Manor, Bowen's team noticed the radar generated strong returns off of ships and docks. This was due to the vertical sides of the objects, which formed excellent partial corner reflectors, allowing detection at several miles range. The team focussed on this application for much of 1938.", "Muzzle brake. The advantages of brakes and compensators are not without downsides, however. The shooter, gun crew, or close bystanders may perceive an increase in sound pressure level as well as an increase in muzzle blast and lead exposure. This occurs because the sound, flash, pressure waves, and lead loaded smoke plume normally projected away from the shooter are now partially redirected outward to the side or sometimes at partially backward angles toward the shooter or gun crew. Standard eye and ear protection, important for all shooters, may not be adequate to avoid hearing damage with the muzzle blast partially vectored back toward the gun crew or spotters by arrowhead shaped reactive muzzle brakes found on sniper team fired anti-materiel rifles like the Barrett M82.[11]", "Supercell. This three body scatter spike is a region of weak echoes found radially behind the main reflectivity core at higher elevations when large hail is present.[7]" ]

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[ "Monk. Within Roman Catholicism, a monk is a member of a religious order who lives a communal life in a monastery, abbey, or priory under a monastic rule of life (such as the Rule of St. Benedict). St. Benedict of Nursia is considered to be the founder of western monasticism. He authored the Rule of St. Benedict, which is the foundation for the Order of St. Benedict and all of its reform groups such as the Cistercians and the Trappists.", "Christian monasticism. Saint Basil wrote a series of guides for monastic life (the Lesser Asketikon the Greater Asketikon the Morals, etc.) which, while not \"Rules\" in the legalistic sense of later Western rules, provided firm indications of the importance of a single community of monks, living under the same roof, and under the guidance—and even discipline—of a strong abbot. His teachings set the model for Greek and Russian monasticism but had less influence in the Latin West.", "Order of Saint Benedict. Gregory of Tours says that at Ainay Abbey, in the sixth century, the monks \"followed the rules of Basil, Cassian, Caesarius, and other fathers, taking and using whatever seemed proper to the conditions of time and place\", and doubtless the same liberty was taken with the Benedictine Rule when it reached them. In Gaul and Switzerland, it supplemented the much stricter Irish or Celtic Rule introduced by Columbanus and others. In many monasteries it eventually entirely displaced the earlier codes.[1]", "Christian monasticism. Guidelines for daily life were created, and separate monasteries were created for men and women. St Pachomius introduced a monastic Rule of cenobitic life, giving everyone the same food and attire. The monks of the monastery fulfilled the obediences assigned them for the common good of the monastery. Among the various obediences was copying books. St Pachomius considered that an obedience fulfilled with zeal was greater than fasting or prayer.[16]", "Buddhist monasticism. After the parinirvana of the Buddha, the Buddhist monastic order developed into a primarily cenobitic movement. The practice of living communally during the rainy vassa season, prescribed by the Buddha, gradually grew to encompass a settled monastic life centered on life in a community of practitioners. Most of the modern disciplinary rules followed by monks and nuns—the Patimokkha—relate to such an existing, prescribing in great detail proper methods for living and relating in a community of monks or nuns. The number of rules observed varies with the order; Theravada monks follow around 227 rules. There are a larger number of rules specified for bhikkhunis.", "Christian monasticism. Saint Benedict (c. 480 – 547 AD) lived for many years as a hermit in a cave near Subiaco, Italy. He was asked to be head over several monks who wished to change to the monastic style of Pachomius by living in community. Between the years 530 and 560, he wrote the Rule of Saint Benedict as a guideline for monks living in community.[18]", "Buddhist monasticism. The disciplinary regulations for monks and nuns are intended to create a life that is simple and focused, rather than one of deprivation or severe asceticism. Celibacy is of primary importance in monastic discipline, seen as being the preeminent factor in separating the life of a monastic from that of a householder.[2] Depending on the tradition and the strictness of observation, monastics may eat only one meal a day, provided either by direct donations of food from lay supporters, or from a monastery kitchen that is stocked (and possibly staffed) by lay supporters.", "Buddhist monasticism. The order of Buddhist monks and nuns was founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime between the fifth and fourth centuries BC. The Buddhist monastic lifestyle grew out of the lifestyle of earlier sects of wandering ascetics, some of whom the Buddha had studied under. It was not really isolationist or eremetic: the sangha was dependent on the lay community for basic provisions of food and clothing, and in return sangha members helped guide lay followers on the path of Dharma. Individuals or small groups of monks – a teacher and his students, or several monks who were friends – traveled together, living on the outskirts of local communities and practicing meditation in the forests. Monks and nuns were expected to live with a minimum of possessions, which were to be voluntarily provided by the lay community. Lay followers also provided the daily food that monks required, and provided shelter for monks when they were needed. Some Buddhist schools assert that during the Buddha's time, many retreats and gardens were donated by wealthy citizens for monks and nuns to stay in during the rainy season (although there is as yet no archaeological evidence to support this claim - evidence only exists for such monastic enclosures at a much later date). Out of this tradition grew two kinds of living arrangements for monastics, as detailed in the Mahavagga section of the Vinaya and Varsavastu texts:", "Christian monasticism. Among the first to set forth precepts for the monastic life was Saint Basil the Great, a man from a professional family who was educated in Caesarea, Constantinople, and Athens. Saint Basil visited colonies of hermits in Palestine and Egypt but was most strongly impressed by the organized communities developed under the guidance of Saint Pachomius. Saint Basil's ascetical writings set forth standards for well-disciplined community life and offered lessons in what became the ideal monastic virtue: humility.", "Christian monasticism. Benedict of Nursia is the most influential of Western monks and is called \"the father of western monasticism\". He was educated in Rome but soon sought the life of a hermit in a cave at Subiaco, outside the city. He then attracted followers with whom he founded the monastery of Monte Cassino around 520, between Rome and Naples. He established the Rule, adapting in part the earlier anonymous Rule of the Master (Regula magistri), which was written somewhere south of Rome around 500, and defined the activities of the monastery, its officers, and their responsibilities. By the ninth century, largely under the inspiration of the Emperor Charlemagne, Benedict's Rule became the basic guide for Western monasticism.", "History of Christianity. Central figures in the development of monasticism were Basil the Great in the East and, in the West, Benedict, who created the famous Rule of Saint Benedict, which would become the most common rule throughout the Middle Ages, and starting point for other monastic rules.[54]", "Role of Christianity in civilization. The period between 500 and 700, often referred to as the \"Dark Ages,\" could also be designated the \"Age of the Monk\". Christian aesthetes, like St.Benedict (480–543) vowed a life of chastity, obedience and poverty, and after rigorous intellectual training and self-denial, lived by the “Rule of Benedict.” This “Rule” became the foundation of the majority of the thousands of monasteries that spread across what is modern day Europe; \"...certainly there will be no demur in recognizing that St.Benedict's Rule has been one of the great facts in the history of western Europe, and that its influence and effects are with us to this day.\"[44]:intro.", "Buddhism. Vinaya is the specific code of conduct for a sangha of monks or nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 offences including 75 rules of decorum for monks, along with penalties for transgression, in the Theravadin tradition.[213] The precise content of the Vinaya Pitaka (scriptures on the Vinaya) differs in different schools and tradition, and different monasteries set their own standards on its implementation. The list of pattimokkha is recited every fortnight in a ritual gathering of all monks.[213] Buddhist text with vinaya rules for monasteries have been traced in all Buddhist traditions, with the oldest surviving being the ancient Chinese translations.[214]", "Order of Saint Augustine. Augustine of Hippo, first with some friends and afterward as bishop with his clergy, led a monastic community life. Religious vows were not obligatory, but the possession of private property was prohibited. Their manner of life led others to imitate them. Instructions for their guidance were found in several writings of Augustine, especially in De opere monachorum (P.L., XL, 527), mentioned in the ancient codices regularum of the eighth or ninth century as the \"Rule of St. Augustine\". Epistola ccxi, otherwise cix (P.L., XXXIII, 958), contains the early \"Augustinian Rule for Nuns\"; Epistolae ccclv and ccclvi (P.L., mmmlxv, 3065) \"De moribus clericorum\". Between 430 and 570 this life-style was carried to Europe by monks and clergy fleeing the persecution of the Vandals.[3] This system of life for cathedral clergy continued in various locations throughout Europe for centuries.", "History of Christianity. Eremetic monks, or hermits, live in solitude, whereas cenobitics live in communities, generally in a monastery, under a rule (or code of practice) and are governed by an abbot. Originally, all Christian monks were hermits, following the example of Anthony the Great. However, the need for some form of organised spiritual guidance lead Pachomius in 318 to organise his many followers in what was to become the first monastery. Soon, similar institutions were established throughout the Egyptian desert as well as the rest of the eastern half of the Roman Empire. Women were especially attracted to the movement.[53]", "Monk. In Theravada Buddhism, bhikkhu is the term for monk. Their disciplinary code is called the patimokkha, which is part of the larger Vinaya. They live lives of mendicancy, and go on a morning almsround (Pali: pindapata) every day. The local people give food for the monks to eat, though the monks are not permitted to positively ask for anything. The monks live in monasteries, and have an important function in traditional Asian society. Young boys can be ordained as samaneras. Both bhikkhus and samaneras eat only in the morning, and are not supposed to lead a luxurious life. Their rules forbid the use of money, although this rule is nowadays not kept by all monks. The monks are part of the Sangha, the third of the Triple Gem of Buddha, Dhamma, Sangha.", "Hermit. Also, as mentioned above, other orders which are essentially cenobitical, most notably the Trappists, maintain a tradition that allows individual monks or nuns, when they have reached a certain level of maturity within the community, to pursue the life of the hermit on monastery grounds under the supervision of the abbot or abbess. Thomas Merton was among those Trappists who undertook this way of life.", "Buddhism. Monastic communities in the Buddhist tradition cut normal social ties to family and community, and live as \"islands unto themselves\".[215] Within a monastic fraternity, a sangha has its own rules.[215] A monk abides by these institutionalized rules, and living life as the vinaya prescribes it is not merely a means, but very nearly the end in itself.[215] Transgressions by a monk on Sangha vinaya rules invites enforcement, which can include temporary or permanent expulsion.[216]", "Nalanda. The lives of all these virtuous men were naturally governed by habits of the most solemn and strictest kind. Thus in the seven hundred years of the monastery's existence no man has ever contravened the rules of the discipline. The king showers it with the signs of his respect and veneration and has assigned the revenue from a hundred cities to pay for the maintenance of the religious.", "Monk. Orthodox monasticism does not have religious orders as are found in the West, nor do they have Rules in the same sense as the Rule of St. Benedict. Rather, Eastern monastics study and draw inspiration from the writings of the Desert Fathers as well as other Church Fathers; probably the most influential of which are the Greater Asketikon and Lesser Asketikon of St. Basil the Great and the Philokalia, which was compiled by St. Nikodemos of the Holy Mountain and St. Makarios of Corinth. Hesychasm is of primary importance in the ascetical theology of the Orthodox Church.", "Buddhist monasticism. Unlike Christian monastics, some schools of Buddhist monastics are not required to live a life of obedience to a superior. However, it is expected that monastics will offer respect to senior members of the Sangha (in Thai tradition, seniority is based on the number of rains retreats, vassas, that one has been ordained). The Buddha did not appoint a successor, nor did he specify rules mandating obedience in the monastic code. Individual groups of monastics are expected to make decisions collectively through regular gatherings of the community, at which decisions regarding violations of monastic rules and the dispositions of communal property are to be made. Individual relationships of teacher/student, senior/junior, and preceptor/trainee may be observed among groups of monastics, but there are no formal positions, nor is there any authority to give orders or commands invested in senior monks. An abbess or abbot, typically a senior monastic still young enough to be active, is usually responsible for the day-to-day administration of the monastery, and may appoint others to assist with the work. In some traditions, the abbess/abbot is chosen by a vote of the monastics in a monastery. In other traditions (Thailand, for example), the abbot is chosen by the lay community.", "Order of Saint Benedict. It was from the monastery of St. Andrew in Rome that Augustine, the prior, and his forty companions set forth in 595 on their mission for the evangelization of England. At various stopping places during the journey, the monks left behind them traditions concerning their rule and form of life, and probably also some copies of the Rule. Lérins Abbey, for instance, founded by Honoratus in 375, probably received its first knowledge of the Benedictine Rule from the visit of St. Augustine and his companions in 596.[1]", "Vinaya. The Buddha constantly reminds his hearers that it is the spirit of the rules that counts. On the other hand, the rules themselves are designed to assure a satisfying life, and provide a perfect springboard for the higher attainments. Monastics are instructed by the Buddha to live as \"islands unto themselves\". In this sense, living life as the vinaya prescribes it is, as one scholar puts it: \"more than merely a means to an end: it is very nearly the end in itself.\"[10]", "Book. Monasteries carried on the Latin writing tradition in the Western Roman Empire. Cassiodorus, in the monastery of Vivarium (established around 540), stressed the importance of copying texts.[12] St. Benedict of Nursia, in his Rule of Saint Benedict (completed around the middle of the 6th century) later also promoted reading.[13] The Rule of Saint Benedict (Ch. XLVIII), which set aside certain times for reading, greatly influenced the monastic culture of the Middle Ages and is one of the reasons why the clergy were the predominant readers of books. The tradition and style of the Roman Empire still dominated, but slowly the peculiar medieval book culture emerged.", "Christian monasticism. Among these earliest recorded accounts was the Paradise, by Palladius of Galatia, Bishop of Helenopolis (also known as the Lausiac History, after the prefect Lausus, to whom it was addressed). Saint Athanasius of Alexandria (whose Life of Saint Anthony the Great set the pattern for monastic hagiography), Saint Jerome, and other anonymous compilers were also responsible for setting down very influential accounts. Also of great importance are the writings surrounding the communities founded by Saint Pachomius, the father of cenobiticism, and his disciple Saint Theodore, the founder of the skete form of monasticism.", "Role of Christianity in civilization. In 530, Saint Benedict wrote his monastic Rule, which became a blueprint for the organization of monasteries throughout Europe.[213] The new monasteries preserved classical craft and artistic skills while maintaining intellectual culture within their schools, scriptoria and libraries. As well as providing a focus for spiritual life, they functioned as agricultural, economic and production centers, particularly in remote regions, becoming major conduits of civilization.[214]", "Christian monasticism. While the Celtic monasteries had a stronger connection to the semi-eremitical tradition of Egypt via Lérins and Tours, Benedict and his followers were more influenced by the cenobitism of St Pachomius and Basil the Great. Early Benedictine monasteries were relatively small and consisted of an oratory, refectory, dormitory, scriptorium, guest accommodation and out-buildings, a group of often quite separate rooms more reminiscent of a decent sized Roman villa than a large medieval abbey. A monastery of about a dozen monks would have been normal during this period.", "Sangha. The key feature of Buddhist monasticism is the adherence to the vinaya which contains an elaborate set of 227 main rules of conduct (known as Patimokkha", "Liturgy of the Hours. In the West, St. Benedict in his famous Rule modeled his guidelines for the prayers on the customs of the basilicas of Rome. It was he who expounded the concept in Christian prayer of the inseparability of the spiritual life from the physical life. The Benedictines began to call the prayers the Opus Dei or \"Work of God.\"", "Writer. Being able to write was a rare achievement for over 500 years in Western Europe so monks who copied texts were scribes responsible for saving many texts from classical times. The monasteries, where monks who knew how to read and write lived, provided an environment stable enough for writing. Irish monks, for example, came to Europe in about 600 and \"found manuscripts in places like Tours and Toulouse\" which they copied.[32] The monastic writers also illustrated their books with highly skilled art work using gold and rare colours.", "Christian monasticism. Monks did not live in monasteries at first, rather, they began by living alone, as the word monos might suggest. As more people took on the lives of monks, living alone in the wilderness, they started to come together and model themselves after the original monks nearby. Quickly, the monks formed communities to further their ability to observe an ascetic life.[3] According to Christianity historian Robert Louis Wilken, \"By creating an alternate social structure within the Church they laid the foundations for one of the most enduring Christian institutions . . .\"[4] Monastics generally dwell in a monastery, whether they live there in community (cenobites), or in seclusion (recluses).", "Monastery. Monasteries were important contributors to the surrounding community. They were centres of intellectual progression and education. They welcomed aspiring priests to come study and learn, allowing them even to challenge doctrine in dialogue with superiors. The earliest forms of musical notation are attributed to a monk named Notker of St Gall, and was spread to musicians throughout Europe by way of the interconnected monasteries. Since monasteries offered respite for weary pilgrim travellers, monks were obligated also to care for their injuries or emotional needs. Over time, lay people started to make pilgrimages to monasteries instead of just using them as a stop over. By this time, they had sizeable libraries that attracted learned tourists. Families would donate a son in return for blessings. During the plagues, monks helped to till the fields and provide food for the sick." ]

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[ "Game Boy Advance. The Game Boy Advance[a] (GBA) is a 32-bit handheld video game console developed, manufactured and marketed by Nintendo as the successor to the Game Boy Color. It was released in Japan on March 21, 2001, in North America on June 11, 2001, in Australia and Europe on June 22, 2001, and in mainland China on June 8, 2004 (as iQue Game Boy Advance). Nintendo's competitors in the handheld market at the time were the Neo Geo Pocket Color, WonderSwan, GP32, Tapwave Zodiac, and the N-Gage. Despite the competitors' best efforts, Nintendo maintained a majority market share with the Game Boy Advance.", "History of Nintendo. Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance in Japan on March 21, 2001, followed by the North American launch on June 11 and the European launch on June 22.", "Game Boy Advance. As of June 30, 2010, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide.[4] Its successor, the Nintendo DS, was released in November 2004 and is also compatible with Game Boy Advance software.", "Nintendo video game consoles. In 2001, Nintendo introduced the Game Boy Advance, the first major technological upgrade to the Game Boy line. Nintendo later released two revised models of the Game Boy Advance, the Game Boy Advance SP and the Game Boy Micro. The Game Boy Advance SP features a smaller clamshell design, and introduced a built-in screen light and rechargeable battery which became standard features for future Nintendo handhelds. The Game Boy Micro is an even smaller variant with interchangeable designer faceplates. The three Game Boy Advance models have sold 81.51 million units worldwide.[1]", "Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Advance SP (ゲームボーイアドバンスSP, Gēmu Bōi Adobansu Essu Pī), released in February 2003,[9] is an upgraded version of Nintendo's Game Boy Advance. The \"SP\" in the name stands for \"Special\".[10] The SP is accompanied by the Nintendo DS (released in November 2004) and the Game Boy Micro (released in September 2005).", "Game Boy Advance SP. In September 2005, around the time of the Game Boy Micro's release, Nintendo released an improved version of the Game Boy Advance SP in North America, featuring a brighter backlit screen instead of the previous version's frontlit screen. The new model can be distinguished by the following features:", "Game Boy. The Game Boy (Japanese: ゲームボーイ, Hepburn: Gēmubōi) is an 8-bit handheld game console which was developed and manufactured by Nintendo and first released on the 100th anniversary of Nintendo in Japan on April 21, 1989 (1989-04-21), in North America on July 31, 1989 (1989-07-31) and in Europe on September 28, 1990 (1990-09-28). It is the first handheld console in the Game Boy line and was created and published by Satoru Okada and Nintendo Research & Development 1.[10] This same team, led by Gunpei Yokoi at the time, is credited with designing the Game & Watch series as well as several popular games for the Nintendo Entertainment System.[11] Redesigned versions were released in 1996 and 1998 in the form of Game Boy Pocket and Game Boy Light (Japan only), respectively.", "History of video games. Nintendo still dominated the handheld gaming market during this period. The Game Boy Advance, released in 2001, maintained Nintendo's market position with a high-resolution, full-color LCD screen and 16-bit processor allowing ports of SNES games and simpler companions to N64 and GameCube games. Finnish cellphone maker Nokia entered the handheld scene with the N-Gage, but it failed to win a significant following.", "Nintendo. The first major update to its handheld line since 1989, Game Boy Advance features improved technical specifications similar to those of the SNES. The Game Boy Advance SP was the first revision to the GBA line and introduced screen lighting and a clam shell design, while later iteration, the Game Boy Micro, brought a smaller form factor.", "Game Boy Advance. In September 2005, Nintendo released a second redesign of the Game Boy Advance. This model, dubbed the Game Boy Micro, is similar in style to the original Game Boy Advance's horizontal orientation, but is much smaller and sleeker. The Game Boy Micro also allows the user to switch between several colored faceplates to allow customization, a feature which Nintendo advertised heavily around the Game Boy Micro's launch. Nintendo also hoped that this \"fashion\" feature would help target audiences outside of typical video game players. Unlike the previous Game Boy Advance models, Game Boy Micro is unable to support Game Boy and Game Boy Color titles. The Game Boy Micro did not make much of an impact in the video game market as it was overshadowed by Nintendo's other portable, the Nintendo DS.[30]", "Game Boy Advance. An accessory for the GameCube, known as the Game Boy Player, was released in 2003 as the successor to the Super Game Boy peripheral for the Super Nintendo Entertainment System. The accessory allows Game Boy Advance games, as well as Game Boy and Game Boy Color games, to be played on the GameCube. However, some games may have compatibility issues due to certain features (for example, games with built-in motion sensors would require players to manipulate the console itself).", "Game Boy Advance. On December 1, 2006, Nintendo of America released launch-to-date information indicating that the company had sold 33.6 million units of the Game Boy Advance series in the United States.[38] In a Kotaku article published on January 18, 2008, Nintendo revealed that the Game Boy Advance series has sold 36.2 million units in the United States, as of January 1, 2008.[39] As of December 31, 2009, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.51 million units worldwide, 43.57 million of which are Game Boy Advance SP units and 2.42 million of which are Game Boy Micro units.[40]", "Video game console. During the sixth generation era, the handheld game console market expanded with the introduction of new devices from many different manufacturers. Nintendo maintained its dominant share of the handheld market with the release in 2001 of the Game Boy Advance, which featured many upgrades and new features over the Game Boy. Two redesigns of this system followed, the Game Boy Advance SP in 2003 and the Game Boy Micro in 2005. Also introduced were the Neo Geo Pocket Color in 1998 and Bandai's WonderSwan Color, launched in Japan in 1999. South Korean company Game Park introduced its GP32 handheld in 2001, and with it came the dawn of open source handheld consoles. The Game Boy Advance line of handhelds has sold 81.51 million units worldwide as of September 30, 2010.[47]", "Nintendo. In 2003, Nintendo released the Game Boy Advance SP, a redesign of the Game Boy Advance that featured a clamshell design that would later be used in Nintendo's DS and 3DS handheld video game systems.", "Game Boy Advance SP. In 2006, the AGS-101 backlit model also saw a very limited release in Europe.[20] Few models made it to market, likely due to the release of the Game Boy Advance-compatible Nintendo DS one year prior. The European version was released in \"Surf Blue\"[21] as well as re-issued \"Pink\" and \"Tribal\" editions.", "Game Boy Advance. Nintendo hoped to move 1.1 million Game Boy Advance units by the end of March with the system's Japanese debut, and anticipated sales of 24 million units before the end of 2001; many marketing analysts believed for this to be a realistic goal due to the company's lack of major competition in the handheld video game market.[34] Within the first week of its North American launch in June, the Game Boy Advance sold 500,000 units, making it the fastest-selling video game console in the United States at the time. In response to strong sales, Nintendo ordered 100,000 units to ship to retail stores, hoping to ship another half million of them by the end of June.[35] The game also became the fastest-selling system in the United Kingdom, selling 81,000 units in its first week of release and beating the PlayStation 2’s previous record of 20,000 units.[36] In 2004, the system’s sales in the United Kingdom surpassed one million units.[37]", "Game Boy Advance. In early 2003, Nintendo introduced a new form-factor for the handheld, known as the Game Boy Advance SP (model AGS-001). The redesigned unit resembles a pocket-size laptop computer, including a folding case approximately one-half the size of the original unit. It also supports a rechargeable lithium ion battery, a significantly brighter LCD screen, and an internal front-light that can be toggled on and off. The redesign was intended to address some common complaints about the original Game Boy Advance, which had been criticized for being somewhat uncomfortable to use, especially due to an overly dark screen.[citation needed]", "Game Boy Advance. As part of an Ambassador Program for early adopters of the Nintendo 3DS system, ten Game Boy Advance games were made available free for players who bought a system before August 2011.[22] Unlike other Virtual Console games for the system, players were not able to use features such as the Home menu or save states. 3DS systems that have custom firmware installed can also install the ten available games available to Ambassador Program members. Many other Game Boy Advance games can also be played via custom firmware by injecting a difference game into one of the officially released Game Boy Advance games, including Game Boy Advance games not available on the Wii U Virtual console.[citation needed] Satoru Iwata stated Game Boy Advance games will be available on the Wii U Virtual Console sometime during April 2014.[23] On April 3, 2014, the first of the announced GBA games (Advance Wars, Metroid Fusion and Mario & Luigi: Superstar Saga) were released for the Wii U Virtual Console.[24] A full Virtual Console service for Game Boy Advance games was launched for the Wii U console. All of the Virtual Console releases are single player only, as they do not emulate multiplayer features enabled by Game Link cables.", "Nintendo. After the success of the Game & Watch series, Yokoi developed the Game Boy handheld console, which was released in 1989. Eventually becoming the best-selling handheld of all time, the Game Boy remained dominant for more than a decade, seeing critically and commercially popular games such as Pokémon Yellow released as late as 1998 in Japan, 1999 in North America, and 2000 in Europe. Incremental updates of the Game Boy, including Game Boy Pocket, Game Boy Light and Game Boy Color, did little to change the original formula, though the latter introduced color graphics to the Game Boy line.", "Game Boy Advance. Final Fantasy VI Advance was the final licensed Japanese GBA game release. Released November 2006, it was the final Nintendo-published game for the system.[20] The Legend of Spyro: The Eternal Night was the final European GBA game, released November 2007.[21] Samurai Deeper Kyo was the final North American GBA game, released in February 2008. The last Nintendo-developed game released for the system was the Japan-only rhythm game Rhythm Tengoku, which later went on to form the popular Rhythm Heaven series.", "Game Boy Advance. In 1996, magazines including Electronic Gaming Monthly,[10] Next Generation,[11] issues 53 and 54 of Total![citation needed] and the July 1996 issue of Game Informer[citation needed] featured reports of a new Game Boy, codenamed Project Atlantis. Although Nintendo's expectations of releasing the system in at least one territory by the end of 1996[11] would make that machine seem to be the Game Boy Color, it was described as having a 32-bit RISC processor,[10][12] a 3-by-2-inch color LCD screen,[10][11] and a link port[10]—a description that more closely matches the Game Boy Advance. It also may have referred to the unnamed, unreleased Game Boy Color successor prototype that was revealed at 2009's Game Developers Conference.[13] It was announced that Nintendo of Japan was working on a game for the system called \"Mario's Castle\".[10]", "Nintendo. In 1988, Gunpei Yokoi and his team at Nintendo R&D1 conceived the new Game Boy handheld system, with the purpose of merging the two very successful ideas of the Game & Watch's portability along with the NES's cartridge interchangeability. Nintendo released the Game Boy in Japan on 21 April 1989, and in North America on 31 July 1989. Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa managed a deal to bundle the popular third party game Tetris along with the Game Boy, and the pair launched as an instant success.", "Mario Party. Mario Party Advance was released for the Game Boy Advance on March 28, 2005. It is the first Mario Party game on a handheld gaming system.", "Game Boy Advance. The Game Boy Advance was initially available in Arctic, Black, Orange, Fuchsia, Glacier (translucent blue/purple) and Indigo. Later in the system's availability, additional colours and special editions were released. These editions include: Red, Clear Orange/Black, Platinum, White, Gold, Hello Kitty edition (pink with Hello Kitty and logo on bezel), King of Fighters edition (black with images on bezel and buttons), Chobits edition (translucent light blue, with images on bezel and buttons), Battle Network Rockman EXE 2 (light blue with images on bezel), Mario Bros. edition (Glacier with Mario and Luigi on bezel) and Yumiuri Giant edition (Glacier with images on bezel).", "History of video games. This era also saw a revival of handheld consoles, which were absent in the prior generation. Nintendo's Game Boy, a portable released in 1989 with monochromatic 2D graphics and 35-hours battery life, became widely popular in the world and sold much more than its three competitors, the Atari Lynx, the Sega Game Gear and NEC's Turbo Express, released in Japan in North America until 1991. Despite these three consoles having much more sophisticated 16-bit graphics (similar to home consoles of the time), graphic resource consumed too much battery life, which contributed to their unpopularity. The other consoles also had scarce game libraries compared to over one thousand games released for the Game Boy, including best-selling titles Pokémon Red and Blue, and which inspired an entire line of portable machines that continued through the following two generations.", "History of Nintendo. On October 13, 1998, the Game Boy Color was released in Japan, with releases in North America and Europe a month later.", "Game Boy. During its early lifetime, the Game Boy mainly competed with Sega's Game Gear, Atari's Lynx, and NEC's TurboExpress. The Game Boy outsold its rivals and became a significant success.[12] The Game Boy and its successor, the Game Boy Color,[9] have sold over 118 million units worldwide.[6] Upon the Game Boy's release in the United States, its entire shipment of one million units was sold within a few weeks.[13] Production of the Game Boy and Game Boy Color were discontinued in the early 2000s, being replaced by the subsequent Game Boy Advance, released in 2001.[14]", "Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Color[a] (abbreviated as GBC) is a handheld game console manufactured by Nintendo, which was released on October 21, 1998 in Japan[8] and was released in November of the same year in international markets. It is the successor of the Game Boy.", "Game Boy Advance SP. As of June 30, 2009, the Game Boy Advance series has sold 81.48 million units worldwide, of which 43.52 million are Game Boy Advance SP units.[24]", "Game Boy Advance. Upon its North American release, IGN praised the Game Boy Advance's graphical capabilities and battery life, but criticized the system's shoulder button placement and noted the system's high price tag which \"may be a tad bit too high to swallow,\" ultimately scoring the system with in \"8.0\" out of 10. They also pointed out the system's lack of a backlight which occasionally got in the way of playing games.[31] ABC News praised the Game Boy Advance's graphics, grip and larger screen, stating that \"You've never had as much fun playing old games.\"[32]", "Game Boy Advance. The technical specifications[14][15][16] of the original Game Boy Advance are, as provided by Nintendo:[17]", "Game Boy Advance. Contrary to the previous Game Boy models, which were all following the \"portrait\" form factor of the original Game Boy (designed by Gunpei Yokoi), the Game Boy Advance was designed in a \"landscape\" form factor, putting the buttons to the sides of the device instead of below the screen. The Game Boy Advance was designed by the French designer Gwénaël Nicolas and his Tokyo-based design studio Curiosity Inc.[8][9]" ]

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[ "Antarctica. Antarctica (UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/, US English /æntˈɑːrktɪkə/ ( listen))[note 1] is Earth's southernmost continent. It contains the geographic South Pole and is situated in the Antarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost entirely south of the Antarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square miles), it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica is nearly twice the size of Australia. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by ice that averages 1.9 km (1.2 mi; 6,200 ft) in thickness,[5] which extends to all but the northernmost reaches of the Antarctic Peninsula.", "Antarctica. Since about 15 Ma, the continent has been mostly covered with ice.[57]", "Antarctica. About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.6 km (1.0 mi) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were melted, sea levels would rise about 60 m (200 ft).[43] In most of the interior of the continent, precipitation is very low, down to 20 mm (0.8 in) per year; in a few \"blue ice\" areas precipitation is lower than mass loss by sublimation and so the local mass balance is negative. In the dry valleys, the same effect occurs over a rock base, leading to a desiccated landscape.", "Antarctica. Positioned asymmetrically around the South Pole and largely south of the Antarctic Circle, Antarctica is the southernmost continent and is surrounded by the Southern Ocean; alternatively, it may be considered to be surrounded by the southern Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, or by the southern waters of the World Ocean. There are a number of rivers and lakes in Antarctica, the longest river being the Onyx. The largest lake, Vostok, is one of the largest sub-glacial lakes in the world. Antarctica covers more than 14 million km2 (5,400,000 sq mi),[1] making it the fifth-largest continent, about 1.3 times as large as Europe. The coastline measures 17,968 km (11,165 mi)[1] and is mostly characterised by ice formations, as the following table shows:", "Geology of Antarctica. The geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by the fact that nearly all of the continent is continuously covered with a thick layer of ice. However, new techniques such as remote sensing have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.", "Antarctica. Antarctica, on average, is the coldest, driest, and windiest continent, and has the highest average elevation of all the continents.[6] Antarctica is a desert, with annual precipitation of only 200 mm (8 in) along the coast and far less inland.[7] The temperature in Antarctica has reached −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F) (or even −94.7 as measured from space[8]), though the average for the third quarter (the coldest part of the year) is −63 °C (−81 °F). Anywhere from 1,000 to 5,000 people reside throughout the year at the research stations scattered across the continent. Organisms native to Antarctica include many types of algae, bacteria, fungi, plants, protista, and certain animals, such as mites, nematodes, penguins, seals and tardigrades. Vegetation, where it occurs, is tundra.", "Polar ice cap. Earth's south polar land mass, Antarctica, is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet. It covers an area of about 14.6 million km2 and contains between 25 and 30 million km3 of ice. Around 70% of the fresh water on Earth is contained in this ice sheet.", "Wildlife of Antarctica. Around 98% of continental Antarctica is covered in ice up to 4.7 kilometres (2.9 mi) thick.[1] Antarctica's icy deserts have extremely low temperatures, high solar radiation, and extreme dryness.[2] Any precipitation that does fall usually falls as snow, and is restricted to a band around 300 kilometres (186 mi) from the coast. Some areas receive as little as 50mm of precipitation annually. The coldest temperature recorded on Earth was −89.4 °C (−128.9 °F) at Vostok Station on the Antarctic Plateau.[1] Organisms that survive in Antarctica are often extremophiles.[2]", "Antarctica. East Antarctica lies on the Indian Ocean side of the Transantarctic Mountains and comprises Coats Land, Queen Maud Land, Enderby Land, Mac. Robertson Land, Wilkes Land, and Victoria Land. All but a small portion of this region lies within the Eastern Hemisphere. East Antarctica is largely covered by the East Antarctic Ice Sheet.", "Ice sheet. The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million km2 and contains 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the Earth's ice mass is in Antarctica,[3] which, if melted, would cause sea levels to rise by 58 meters.[4] The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[5]", "Antarctic ice sheet. The Antarctic ice sheet is one of the two polar ice caps of the Earth. It covers about 98% of the Antarctic continent and is the largest single mass of ice on Earth. It covers an area of almost 14 million square kilometres (5.4 million square miles) and contains 26.5 million cubic kilometres (6,400,000 cubic miles) of ice.[2] Approximately 61 percent of all fresh water on the Earth is held in the Antarctic ice sheet, an amount equivalent to about 58 m of sea-level rise.[3] In East Antarctica, the ice sheet rests on a major land mass, while in West Antarctica the bed can extend to more than 2,500 m below sea level.", "Antarctica. The geological study of Antarctica has been greatly hindered by nearly all of the continent being permanently covered with a thick layer of ice.[60] However, new techniques such as remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar and satellite imagery have begun to reveal the structures beneath the ice.", "Antarctica. East Antarctica is geologically varied, dating from the Precambrian era, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are coal and various modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.", "Antarctica. Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet which covers the land. Parts of this ice sheet form moving glaciers known as ice streams, which flow towards the edges of the continent. Next to the continental shore are many ice shelves. These are floating extensions of outflowing glaciers from the continental ice mass. Offshore, temperatures are also low enough that ice is formed from seawater through most of the year. It is important to understand the various types of Antarctic ice to understand possible effects on sea levels and the implications of global cooling.", "Antarctica. More than 170 million years ago, Antarctica was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart and Antarctica as we know it today was formed around 25 million years ago. Antarctica was not always cold, dry, and covered in ice sheets. At a number of points in its long history, it was farther north, experienced a tropical or temperate climate, was covered in forests, and inhabited by various ancient life forms.", "Climate of Antarctica. Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by a sheet of ice that is, on average, a mile thick or more (1.6 km). Antarctica contains 90% of the world's ice and more than 70% of its fresh water. If all the land-ice covering Antarctica were to melt — around 30 million cubic kilometres (7.2 million cubic miles) of ice — the seas would rise by over 60 metres (200 feet).[21] This is, however, very unlikely within the next few centuries. The Antarctic is so cold that even with increases of a few degrees, temperatures would generally remain below the melting point of ice. Higher temperatures are expected to lead to more precipitation, which takes the form of snow. This would increase the amount of ice in Antarctica, offsetting approximately one third of the expected sea level rise from thermal expansion of the oceans.[22]\nDuring a recent decade, East Antarctica thickened at an average rate of about 1.8 centimetres per year while West Antarctica showed an overall thinning of 0.9 centimetres per year.[23] For the contribution of Antarctica to present and future sea level change, see sea level rise. Because ice flows, albeit slowly, the ice within the ice sheet is younger than the age of the sheet itself.", "Future sea level. Antarctica consists of three main geographic regions: the Antarctic Peninsula, West Antarctica, and East Antarctica. In West Antarctica, which has warmed 0.17 °C per decade at the same time that global warming was 0.13 °C per decade, ice loss has increased by 59% in the early 21st century to about 132 billion metric tons per year.[43] The yearly loss along the Antarctic Peninsula has increased by 140% to 60 billion metric tons. The East Antarctic ice sheet, by far the largest region of the continent, has an ice budget that is overall stable to slightly melting. It is experiencing melting along the coastal margin in warming seas and snow accumulation in the hinterlands. Overall the entire continent of Antarctica is experiencing net melting.[10] All three regions of Antarctica are warming (Figure 4) and overall ice loss in Antarctica increased by 75% in the past 10 years.", "Antarctic Circle. The Antarctic Circle is roughly 17,662 kilometres (10,975 mi) long.[4] The area south of the Circle is about 20,000,000 km2 (7,700,000 sq mi) and covers roughly 4% of Earth's surface.[5] The continent of Antarctica covers much of the area within the Antarctic Circle.", "Chilean Antarctic Territory. The Chilean Antarctic Territory covers an area of 1 250 257,6 km², equivalent to more than 60% of total Chilean surface, which is covered in its entirety, except for small coastal areas, with a thick layer of ice and snow, which can exceed 1200 meters deep in some areas of the interior of the continent.", "Antarctica. West Antarctica is covered by the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. The sheet has been of recent concern because of the real, if small, possibility of its collapse. If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. Several Antarctic ice streams, which account for about 10% of the ice sheet, flow to one of the many Antarctic ice shelves: see ice-sheet dynamics.", "Wildlife of Antarctica. The surface temperature of the Southern Ocean varies very little, ranging from 1 °C (33.8 °F) to 1.8 °C (35.2 °F).[5] During the summer sea ice covers 4,000,000 square kilometres (1,500,000 sq mi) of ocean.[6] The continental shelf surrounding the mainland is 60 kilometres (37 mi) - 240 kilometres (149 mi) wide. The depth of the seafloor in this area ranges from 50 metres (164 ft) - 800 metres (2,625 ft), with an average of 500 metres (1,640 ft). After the shelf the continental slope descends to abyssal plains at 3,500 metres (11,483 ft) - 5,000 metres (16,404 ft) deep. In all these areas 90% of the seafloor is made up of soft sediments, such as sand, mud, and gravel.[7]", "Geology of Antarctica. East Antarctica is geologically very old, dating from the Precambrian, with some rocks formed more than 3 billion years ago. It is composed of a metamorphic and igneous platform which is the basis of the continental shield. On top of this base are various more modern rocks, such as sandstones, limestones, coal and shales laid down during the Devonian and Jurassic periods to form the Transantarctic Mountains. In coastal areas such as Shackleton Range and Victoria Land some faulting has occurred.", "Retreat of glaciers since 1850. The Antarctic sheet is the largest known single mass of ice. It covers almost 14 million km2 and some 30 million km3 of ice. Around 90% of the fresh water on the planet's surface is held in this area and if melted would raise sea levels by 58 metres.[127] The continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is positive and significant at >0.05 °C/decade since 1957.[128]", "Geology of Antarctica. The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources by signatory states is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.", "Australia (continent). With a total land area of 8.56 million square kilometres (3,310,000 sq mi), the Australian continent is the smallest, and second-lowest human inhabited (after Antarctica) continent on Earth.[22] The continental shelf connecting the islands, half of which is less than 50 metres (160 ft) deep, covers some 2.5 million square kilometres (970,000 sq mi), including the Sahul Shelf[23][24] and Bass Strait. As the country of Australia is mostly on a single landmass, and comprises most of the continent, it is sometimes informally referred to as an island continent, surrounded by oceans.[25]", "Geology of Antarctica. The geological history of Antarctica covers the geological development of the continent through the Proterozoic Eon, Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras.", "Antarctica. East Antarctica is a cold region with a ground base above sea level and occupies most of the continent. This area is dominated by small accumulations of snowfall which becomes ice and thus eventually seaward glacial flows. The mass balance of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet as a whole is thought to be slightly positive (lowering sea level) or near to balance.[136][137][138] However, increased ice outflow has been suggested in some regions.[137][139]", "Antarctica. About 298 million years ago Permian forests started to cover the continent, and there were tundras as late as 15 million years ago,[84] but the climate of present-day Antarctica does not allow extensive vegetation to form. A combination of freezing temperatures, poor soil quality, lack of moisture, and lack of sunlight inhibit plant growth. As a result, the diversity of plant life is very low and limited in distribution. The flora of the continent largely consists of bryophytes. There are about 100 species of mosses and 25 species of liverworts, but only three species of flowering plants, all of which are found in the Antarctic Peninsula: Deschampsia antarctica (Antarctic hair grass), Colobanthus quitensis (Antarctic pearlwort) and the non-native Poa annua (annual bluegrass).[85] Growth is restricted to a few weeks in the summer.[80][86]", "Continent. Antarctica was sighted in 1820 during the First Russian Antarctic Expedition and described as a continent by Charles Wilkes on the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838, the last continent identified, although a great \"Antarctic\" (antipodean) landmass had been anticipated for millennia. An 1849 atlas labelled Antarctica as a continent but few atlases did so until after World War II.[59]", "Antarctica. The main mineral resource known on the continent is coal.[57] It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. Exploitation of all mineral resources is banned until 2048 by the Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty.", "Wildlife of Antarctica. The wildlife of Antarctica are extremophiles, having to adapt to the dryness, low temperatures, and high exposure common in Antarctica. The extreme weather of the interior contrasts to the relatively mild conditions on the Antarctic Peninsula and the subantarctic islands, which have warmer temperatures and more liquid water. Much of the ocean around the mainland is covered by sea ice. The oceans themselves are a more stable environment for life, both in the water column and on the seabed.", "Last glacial period. During the last glacial period Antarctica was blanketed by a massive ice sheet, much as it is today. The ice covered all land areas and extended into the ocean onto the middle and outer continental shelf.[30][31] According to ice modelling, ice over central East Antarctica was generally thinner than today.[32]" ]

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[ "The Little Red Hen. The Little Red Hen is an old folk tale of the fable type, most likely of Russian origin.[citation needed] The story is applied in teaching children the virtues of work ethic and personal initiative.", "The Little Red Hen. During the 1880s, reading instruction in the United States continued to evolve to include primers that became known as literature readers. Prior to this time highly moralistic and religious texts were used to teach literacy. The Little Red Hen offers a moralistic tale of the importance of hard work and the shame, as well as consequences of laziness. During this time, consideration of the interest of the young reader became more central to the teaching of reading. In considering the young reader, the authors of this genre made their texts appealing visually both through illustrations and text formatting. \"Margaret Free and Harriette Taylor Treadwell were the first authors to prepare beginning readers with a content consisting wholly of adaptations from the old folktales.\" (Smith, 1965/2002, p. 141). The genre of the folktale lent itself to repetitive vocabulary – an early reading strategy still in use today.[citation needed]", "The Little Red Hen. In the tale, the little red hen finds a grain of wheat and asks for help from the other farmyard animals (most adaptations feature three animals, a pig, a cat, and a rat, duck, goose, dog, or goat[1]) to plant it, but they all refuse.", "Chicken Run. One chicken, Ginger, has long had visions of escaping with the help of her hen friends Babs, Bunty, and Mac, and two black-marketer rats, Nick and Fetcher, who help to acquire \"contraband\" from the Tweedys to aid Ginger's plans. However, she is always caught and put into solitary confinement. While thinking of a new plan, Ginger witnesses a Rhode Island Red cockerel fly over the fence and crash into one of the coops, spraining his wing. Ginger and the other chickens help to hide him from the Tweedys and care for his wing, learning that his name is Rocky. Ginger is particularly interested in Rocky's ability to fly and begs him to help train her and the other chickens to do the same. Rocky is coy, but proceeds to try to help train the chickens, unable to fully demonstrate due to his broken wing. Meanwhile, Mr. Tweedy begins assembling their pie-making production line, and the chicken's food ration is doubled to fatten them.", "The Little Red Hen. Finally, the hen has completed her task and asks who will help her eat the bread. This time, all the previous non-participants eagerly volunteer, but she disagrees with them, stating that no one helped her with her work. Thus, the hen eats it with her chicks, leaving none for anyone else.", "The Little Red Hen. At each later stage (harvest, threshing, milling the wheat into flour, and baking the flour into bread), the hen again asks for help from the other animals, but again she doesn't receive any help.", "Chicken Little. A Scots version of the tale is found in \nRobert Chambers's Popular Rhymes, Fireside Stories, and Amusements of Scotland of 1842.[15] It appeared among the \"Fireside Nursery Stories\" and was titled \"The hen and her fellow travellers\". The characters included Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Ducky Daddles, Goosie Poosie, and an unnamed \"tod\" (fox). Henny Penny became convinced that \"the lifts were faun\" (the heavens were falling) when a pea fell on her head.", "The Little Red Hen. The moral of this story is that those who make no contribution to producing a product do not deserve to enjoy the product: \"if any would not work, neither should he or she eat.\"[2]", "Chicken Little. Once the story began to appear in the English language, the titles by which they went varied considerably and have continued to do so. John Greene Chandler (1815-1879), an illustrator and wood engraver from Petersham, Massachusetts, published an illustrated children's book titled The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little in 1840.[11][12][13] In this American version of the story, the characters' names are Chicken Little, Hen-Pen, Duck-Luck, Goose-Loose, and Fox-Lox; Chicken Little is frightened by a leaf falling on her tail.[14]", "Henny Penny. Once the story began to appear in the English language, the titles by which they went varied considerably and have continued to do so. John Greene Chandler (1815-1879), an illustrator and wood engraver from Petersham, Massachusetts, published an illustrated children's book titled The Remarkable Story of Chicken Little in 1840.[11][12][13] In this American version of the story, the characters' names are Chicken Little, Hen-Pen, Duck-Luck, Goose-Loose, and Fox-Lox; Chicken Little is frightened by a leaf falling on her tail.[14]", "Chicken Little. The story was part of the oral folk tradition and only began to appear in print after the Brothers Grimm had set a European example with their collection of German tales in the early years of the 19th century. One of the earliest to collect tales from Scandinavian sources was Just Mathias Thiele, who in 1823 published an early version of the Henny Penny story in the Danish language.[4] The names of the characters there are Kylling Kluk,[5] Høne Pøne,[6] Hane Pane,[7] And Svand,[8] Gaase Paase,[9] and Ræv Skræv.[10] In Thiele's untitled account, a nut falls on Kylling Kluk's back and knocks him over. He then goes to each of the other characters, proclaiming that \"I think all the world is falling\" and setting them all running. The fox Ræv Skræv joins in the flight and, when they reach the wood, counts them over from behind and eats them one by one. Eventually the tale was translated into English by Benjamin Thorpe after several other versions had appeared.", "Three Meals a Day. A few days later, Seo-jin and Taecyeon are given five hens, named Sofia, Olivia, Matilda, Elizabeth, and Grace. They try to make egg rolls from an egg that one of the hens laid. They also build a hen house for the hens.", "Chicken Little. In 1849, a \"very different\" English version was published under the title \"The Story of Chicken-Licken\" by Joseph Orchard Halliwell.[16] In this Chicken-licken was startled when \"an acorn fell on her bald pate\" and encounters the characters Hen-len, Cock-lock, Duck-luck, Drake-lake, Goose-loose, Gander-lander, Turkey-lurkey and Fox-lox.", "Chicken Little. It was followed in 1850 by \"The wonderful story of Henny Penny\" in Joseph Cundall's compilation, The Treasury of pleasure books for young children.[17] Each story there is presented as if it were a separate book, and in this case had two illustrations by Harrison Weir. In reality the story is a repetition of the Chambers narration in standard English, except that the dialect phrase \"so she gaed, and she gaed, and she gaed\" is retained and the cause of panic is mistranslated as \"the clouds are falling\".", "Fried Green Tomatoes. Ninny's story begins with tomboy Idgie Threadgoode, the youngest of the Threadgoode children, whom Ninny describes as her sister-in-law. Idgie's close relationship with her charming older brother, Buddy, is cut short when he is hit by a train and killed. Devastated, she recedes from formal society for much of her childhood and adolescence until Buddy's former girlfriend, the straitlaced Ruth Jamison, intervenes at the request of the concerned Threadgoode family.", "Little Red Tractor. The characters of the series are:", "Henny Penny. Benjamin Thorpe's translation of Thiele's Danish story was published in 1853 and given the title \"The Little Chicken Kluk and his companions\"[18] Thorpe describes the tale there as \"a pendant to the Scottish story…printed in Chambers\" (see above) and gives the characters approximately the same names as in Chambers.", "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. According to Ninny, she was an orphan raised by the Threadgoodes, and eventually married one of their sons; but the principal character throughout her story is the youngest daughter, Idgie (Imogene) Threadgoode: an unrepentant tomboy, became reclusive after her brother, Buddy, was killed on the railway. Ruth Jamison comes to live with the family while teaching at the Vacation Bible School. Idgie gradually becomes enamored of her and is saddened when Ruth leaves Whistle Stop to marry Frank Bennett. Frank turns out to be a violent, abusive man who often beats Ruth. She remains faithful to Frank until her mother's death. Subsequently, Ruth sends Idgie a message, and Idgie, along with several others, rescue her. Intimidated by Big George, the family's handyman and café cook, Frank does not resist.", "Chicken Little. Chicken Little, also known as Henny Penny and sometimes as Chicken Licken, is a European folk tale with a moral in the form of a cumulative tale about a chicken who believes the world is coming to an end. The phrase \"The sky is falling!\" featured prominently in the story, and has passed into the English language as a common idiom indicating a hysterical or mistaken belief that disaster is imminent. Versions of the story go back more than 25 centuries;[1] it continues to be referred to in a variety of media.", "List of Friends characters. Monica E. Geller-Bing (Courteney Cox) is the mother hen of the group,[18] who is known for her obsessive-compulsive and competitive nature.[19][20] Monica is often jokingly teased by the others, especially her brother Ross, for having been extremely overweight as a child.", "Chicken Little. Benjamin Thorpe's translation of Thiele's Danish story was published in 1853 and given the title \"The Little Chicken Kluk and his companions\"[18] Thorpe describes the tale there as \"a pendant to the Scottish story…printed in Chambers\" (see above) and gives the characters approximately the same names as in Chambers.", "In Search of Lost Time. Mme Verdurin is an autocratic hostess who, aided by her husband, demands total obedience from the guests in her \"little clan.\" One guest is Odette de Crecy, a former courtesan, who has met Swann and invites him to the group. Swann is too refined for such company, but Odette gradually intrigues him with her unusual style. A sonata by Vinteuil, which features a \"little phrase,\" becomes the motif for their deepening relationship. The Verdurins host M. de Forcheville; their guests include Cottard, a doctor; Brichot, an academic; Saniette, the object of scorn; and a painter, M. Biche. Swann grows jealous of Odette, who now keeps him at arm's length, and suspects an affair between her and Forcheville, aided by the Verdurins. Swann seeks respite by attending a society concert that includes Legrandin's sister and a young Mme de Guermantes; the \"little phrase\" is played and Swann realizes Odette's love for him is gone. He tortures himself wondering about her true relationships with others, but his love for her, despite renewals, gradually diminishes. He moves on and marvels that he ever loved a woman who was not his type.", "List of Drawn Together characters. A parody of Strawberry Shortcake, Strawberry Sweetcake is a diminutive redheaded young woman (who appears to be eight years old, but is apparently eighteen). When Wooldoor hangs himself, the Jew Producer demands that the housemates find a replacement for him in order for them to be able to return to the house. After exhaustive interviews, they choose Strawberry Sweetcake. After Wooldoor returned to the house alive and well, he reveals that her people, the Sweetcakes, used to live peacefully with Wooldoor's people, the Sockbats. After a while, a great famine swept the lands. The Sweetcakes tagged the innocent Sockbats and fooled them into manual labor. Eventually, they turned the Sockbats into chocolate (a reference to the Holocaust, and a parody of the film Soylent Green). Sweetcake assures the housemates that it is all in the past, and they believe her, with the exception of Foxxy Love. Foxxy attempts to find out the truth about Sweetcake, but ends up being captured. Sweetcake then attempts to cook Wooldoor, but Foxxy manages to get free and expose her plan. After threatening the housemates with violence if they get in her way, Sweetcake is finally eaten by Toot, who has been blown back to the Drawn Together house. The character would later make appearances in \"The Drawn Together Clip Show\" and \"Breakfast Food Killer\".", "List of Where the Red Fern Grows characters. In the book there are several other animals, including Old Red, a rooster who woke Billy up, the family milk cow named Daisy, and Sloppy Ann the hog.", "A Little Princess. Ram Dass befriends Sara when his pet monkey escapes into Sara's adjoining attic. After climbing over the roof to Sara's room to get the monkey, Ram Dass tells Carrisford about Sara's poor living conditions. As a pleasant distraction, Carrisford and Ram Dass buy warm blankets, comfortable furniture, food, and other gifts, and secretly leave them in Sara's room when she is asleep or out. Sara's spirits and health improve due to the gifts she receives from her mysterious benefactor, whose identity she does not know; nor are Ram Dass and Carrisford aware that Sara is Crewe's lost daughter. When Carrisford anonymously sends Sara a package of new, well-made, and expensive clothing in her proper size, Miss Minchin becomes alarmed, thinking Sara might have a wealthy relative secretly looking out for her, and begins to treat Sara better and allows her to attend classes rather than doing menial work.", "Cow and Chicken. The program focuses on the misadventures of two unlikely yet somehow biological siblings: the sweet-natured, dim, ecstatic anthropomorphic Cow and her cynical older brother Chicken (both voiced by Charlie Adler). The two are often caught in escapades with their flamboyant enemy, the Red Guy (Adler), who disguises himself under various personas to attempt to scam the two.", "Little Red Rooster. I tell you that he keeps all the hens, fighting among themselves\nKeeps all the hens, fighting among themselves\nHe don't want no hen in the barnyard, layin' eggs for nobody else", "Chicken Little. There have also been a number of musical settings. American composer Vincent Persichetti used the fable as the plot of his only opera The Sibyl: A Parable of Chicken Little (Parable XX), op. 135 (1976), which premiered in 1985. On the sitcom The Golden Girls, there was a 1991 episode in which the characters perform a short musical based on the fable (here titled \"Henny Penny\") at a school recital.[26] In 1998, there was Joy Chaitin and Sarah Stevens-Estabrook's equally light-hearted musical version of the fable, \"Henny Penny\".[27] Designed for between six and a hundred junior actors, it has additional characters as optional extras: Funky Monkey, Sheepy Weepy, Mama Llama, Pandy Handy and Giraffy Laughy (plus an aggressive oak-tree).", "The Girl on the Train (novel). The story is a first-person narrative told from the point of view of three women: Rachel, Anna, and Megan.", "Chicken Little. In the United States, the most common name for the story is \"Chicken Little\", as attested by illustrated books for children dating from the early 19th century. In Britain and its other former colonies, it is best known as \"Henny Penny\" and \"Chicken Licken\", titles by which it also went in the United States.[note 1]", "Cow and Chicken. Supporting characters include Chicken and Cow's delirious human parents (Dee Bradley Baker, Candi Milo) who are only ever seen from the waist down, Chicken's two best friends Flem (Howard Morris) and Earl (Dan Castellaneta), and his appropriately-named cousin, Boneless Chicken (Adler).", "Henny Penny. In 1849, a \"very different\" English version was published under the title \"The Story of Chicken-Licken\" by Joseph Orchard Halliwell.[16] In this Chicken-licken was startled when \"an acorn fell on her bald pate\" and encounters the characters Hen-len, Cock-lock, Duck-luck, Drake-lake, Goose-loose, Gander-lander, Turkey-lurkey and Fox-lox." ]

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[ "Justin Henry. Justin Henry (born May 25, 1971) is an American actor, known for playing the object of the titular custody battle in the 1979 film Kramer vs. Kramer, a debut role that earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, when he was eight years old. As of 2018[update], he is the youngest actor to be nominated in any category, and the only actor ever nominated in the same decade as his or her birth. The performance later earned him a spot (No. 80) on VH1's list of 100 Greatest Kid Stars. Most of his film and television credits came as a child or teenager, although he has continued acting as an adult.[1]", "Eric Allan Kramer. Kramer's father, Roger Kramer, is a former CFL player. Kramer attended the BFA program at the University of Alberta in Edmonton, which led to acting in the theater and some television and movie roles, as well as a career in fight choreography.[2]", "Clare Kramer. Clare Elizabeth Kramer was born in Atlanta, Georgia, to a kindergarten teacher mother and a petroleum geologist father.[1] and spent most of her childhood in Delaware, Ohio. She is of British and German descent. She has a younger sister named Callie; their parents are Terry and Sandy. After graduating from high school, she attended New York University and received a BFA from NYU's Tisch School of the Arts.[2] She moved to Los Angeles in December 1999.", "The Bubble Boy (Seinfeld). Meanwhile, Kramer and Naomi (Jerry's girlfriend, played by Jessica Lundy) attempt to rendezvous with Jerry, Elaine, George, and Susan at Susan's family's country home. Kramer carelessly leaves his lit cigar near some newspapers, which causes a fire that destroys Susan's family's cabin. The other four travelers arrive shortly after the firefighters.[1]", "Cosmo Kramer. Cosmo Kramer, usually referred to as simply \"Kramer\", is a fictional character on the American television sitcom Seinfeld (1989–1998), played by Michael Richards.", "Cosmo Kramer. In \"The Trip\", Kramer admits that a man in a park exposed himself to him when he was a young boy. In \"The Big Salad\" Kramer reveals to Jerry that he grew up in a strict household where he had to be in bed every night by 9:00PM. In \"The Letter\", Kramer tells two art patrons that he ran away from home at age seventeen and stowed away aboard a steamer bound for Sweden.", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer's physical eccentricities are a frequent source of humor. His entrance is a recurring gag. He frequently 'slides' into Jerry's apartment, often resulting in applause, as in \"The Virgin\". In \"The Revenge\" Kramer clumsily carries a dry sack of cement powder to the washing machine. In \"The Foundation\", he takes on a group of kids at a karate school, and in \"The Van Buren Boys\", after giving his stories to Elaine to write, he slips up on the golf balls and lands on the floor. Many of his mannerisms resemble those of Danny Kaye's characters in The Secret Life of Walter Mitty and White Christmas, though this has never been mentioned as an inspiration for Richards's characterization of Kramer.", "Clare Kramer. Kramer married producer Brian Keathley in October 29, 2005. They have four children: daughters Gavin (born 2008) and River Marie (born 2010) and sons Hart (born 2012) and Sky Lynlee (born 2013).[3][4]", "Cosmo Kramer. Interestingly, Richards' portrayal of the Kramer character closely resembles that of Stanley Spadowski, a janitor-turned-children's-TV-host he played in the 1989 comedy UHF, starring \"Weird Al\" Yankovic.", "Cosmo Kramer. The character of Kramer was originally based on the real-life Kenny Kramer, a neighbor of co-creator Larry David from New York. However, Michael Richards did not in any way base his performance on the real Kramer, to the point of refusing to meet him. This was later parodied in \"The Pilot\" when the actor that is cast to play him in Jerry and George's sitcom refuses to base the character on the real Cosmo Kramer. At the time of the shooting of the original Seinfeld pilot, \"The Seinfeld Chronicles,\" Kenny Kramer had not yet given consent to use his name, and so Kramer's character was originally known as \"Kessler.\"", "Cosmo Kramer. Additionally, the episode titled \"The Bet\" would have revealed Kramer's first name as \"Conrad\", not \"Cosmo\", but it was never filmed.", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer was estranged for a long period from his mom, Babs Kramer, who works as a restroom matron at an upscale restaurant. Unlike George and Jerry, Kramer's character does not have a well-developed network of family members shown in the sitcom. He is the only main character on the show whose dad never makes an appearance; however, in \"The Chinese Woman\", Kramer mentions that he is the last male member of his family, implying that his father had died. He also mentions in \"The Lip Reader\" that he has or had a deaf cousin, from whom he learned fluent American Sign Language, but when Kramer tries to communicate in ASL, he speaks complete gibberish and cannot correctly translate the ASL he sees others using. He also apparently has no biological children, although he adopted mile 114 of the Arthur Burkhardt Expressway in \"The Pothole\".", "Cosmo Kramer. George finds out his unusual first name of \"Cosmo\" through an encounter with Kramer's long estranged mom, Babs (Sheree North), in \"The Switch\". Despite this, most characters continued to call him Kramer for the remainder of the show's run (although many minor characters referred to him as \"Cosmo\"). The name came from a friend of a producer, whose nephew was born of the given name Cosmo before Larry David had confidently decided on Kramer's name.", "Eric Allan Kramer. In 1987, Kramer made his acting debut in television film The Gunfighters. He also starred in the 1990 film Quest for the Mighty Sword,[3] replacing previous lead actor Miles O'Keeffe. He played Thor in NBC's television film The Incredible Hulk Returns and a Russian baseball player in the television movie The Comrades of Summer. Among Kramer's more notable roles have been Little John in Robin Hood: Men in Tights, Bear in American Wedding, and Boris, bodyguard to producer Lee Donowitz, in True Romance. He has also appeared in a number of notable television series, including Two and a Half Men, Wizards of Waverly Place, Growing Pains, Cheers, Empty Nest, Blossom, CSI: Crime Scene Investigation, NewsRadio, JAG, Roseanne, Murder, She Wrote, Seinfeld, That '70s Show, Ellen, Monk, Jack and Bobby, Phil of the Future, How I Met Your Mother, The King of Queens and My Name Is Earl. Kramer was also a series regular on the sitcom Bob as Whitey van de Bunt (1993) and the ABC/UPN sitcom The Hughleys as Dave Rogers.[4]", "Jerry Mathers. Mathers was born in Sioux City, Iowa, the son of a high school principal, and grew up in Rock Rapids,[1] about 75 miles north, and in the San Fernando Valley, Los Angeles, California.[2] He has two younger siblings, Susie Mathers McSweeney and Jim Mathers, who also became child actors.", "Jackie Cooper. John \"Jackie\" Cooper Jr. (September 15, 1922 – May 3, 2011) was an American actor, television director, producer and executive. He was a child actor who managed to make the transition to an adult career. Cooper was the first child actor to receive an Academy Award nomination.[1] At age nine, he was also the youngest performer to have been nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role—an honor that he received for the film Skippy (1931).[2] For nearly 50 years, Cooper remained the youngest Oscar nominee in any category, until he was surpassed by Justin Henry's nomination, at age eight, in the Supporting Actor category for Kramer vs. Kramer (1979).", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer has conflicting personality traits. An art patron described a painting of him in \"The Letter\" as \"a loathsome, offensive brute\"; he's sometimes shallow, callous and indifferent. Though eccentric, Kramer is generally caring, friendly and kind-hearted; he often goes out of his way to help total strangers, and tries to get his friends to also help others and to do the right thing even when they do not want to. He is confident in his own unique way of doing things, yet he can be neurotic and high-strung. His quirkiness, strange body movements and frequent gibberish mutterings (possibly a result from a blow to the head in \"The Pitch\") have become his trademark.", "Cosmo Kramer. The band Kramer's Place made reference to the character Kramer.", "The Cartoon. Kramer again gets Jerry into trouble, by revealing what he truly thinks of Susan Ross's old college roommate Sally Weaver (Kathy Griffin).", "Isaac Lidsky. Lidsky was born in and grew up in Miami. His parents were Jewish emigrants from Cuba.[4] A child actor, he was in a diaper commercial when he was six months old, and he went on to perform in more than 100 commercials. In 1993, when he was 13, he was cast as Weasel on NBC's Saved by the Bell: The New Class.[1] Also in 1993 he was diagnosed with retinitis pigmentosa, a retinal degenerative disease that leads to progressive sight loss and blindness.[3]", "Cosmo Kramer. A struggling (and terrible)[6] actor, Kramer's first gig was a one-line part in a Woody Allen movie in \"The Alternate Side\" (his line, \"These pretzels are making me thirsty\", becomes the show's first catchphrase). Although he is fired before completing his scene, he says he \"caught the bug\" because of it, and briefly moves to Los Angeles to pursue a career in Hollywood. While there, he accosts Fred Savage, appears in a minor role on Murphy Brown, and is a suspect in a string of serial killings (\"The Keys\", \"The Trip\"). After returning to New York, Kramer auditions for the role of \"Kramer\" in the pilot of a new sitcom called Jerry, using his stage name of Martin van Nostrand (\"The Pilot\"). Unfortunately, he was unable to complete the audition due to an intestinal problem and did not get the part. Kramer later works as a stand-in on a soap opera with his friend Mickey Abbott in \"The Stand In\" and various other low-paying or non-paying theater projects, such as acting out illnesses at a medical school in \"The Burning\".", "Justin Henry. Henry began his acting career in Kramer vs. Kramer. For his performance in that film, he became the youngest person to ever be nominated for an Oscar or Golden Globe. His next role was in a 1983 episode of the American television series Fantasy Island.[4] On the big screen, Henry appeared in the Brat Pack film Sixteen Candles (1984), as Mike Baker, one of Samantha Baker's siblings.[5] Henry also played the son of a married couple played by Don Johnson and Susan Sarandon in the film Sweet Hearts Dance (1988). In this role, critic Janet Maslin called him a \"large and amusingly sullen teenager\".[6]", "Cosmo Kramer. Along with his stint at H&H Bagels, Kramer is engaged in a variety of other short-lived jobs. He works part-time as a department store Santa before being fired for spreading Communist propaganda to young children in \"The Race\". In \"The Bizarro Jerry\", he works at an office where he is not actually employed, describing his daily activities to Jerry as \"T.C.B. You know, takin' care of business.\" His boss, \"old man Leland\", eventually fires him, commenting that his reports resemble work by someone with \"no business training at all\", which, of course, was the truth. In \"The Beard\", Kramer works as a \"lineup decoy\" for the NYPD, earning $50 per lineup. This job ends when the witness to a jewelry store heist, a homeless man who'd had a recent unrelated altercation with Kramer, fingers Kramer as the perpetrator. A story arc of the fifth season includes Kramer's idea for a coffee table book about coffee tables, which is eventually published in \"The Fire\". His success in that particular endeavor is short-lived, however, because he spews coffee all over Kathie Lee Gifford at the first stop of his book tour on Live with Regis and Kathie Lee in \"The Opposite\". In \"The Pick\", he becomes an underwear model for Calvin Klein, which must account for at least some of his income. The biggest boost to Kramer's income would have to be in the episode \"The Wizard\" when his coffee table book is optioned for a movie by a \"big Hollywood so-and-so\", earning Kramer enough royalty money to retire to Florida (although he moves back to New York almost immediately after a \"political scandal\" involving going barefoot in the clubhouse, which costs him the election for condo board president at Del Boca Vista, Phase 3).", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer never completed high school; however, it is made clear in \"The Barber\" that Kramer has a GED.", "List of Drake & Josh characters. Neil Kramer (Ridge Canipe) is a 5th grader who appears in \"Megan's New Teacher\" who played the drums for Drake when his original drummer left. Drake noticed his talent for drums when he found him playing a song on books with pencils in the classroom. After that he took him home to hear him play and Drake wanted to have him play in the band. However, when Josh handed out pop quizzes that everyone failed because they did not do homework, Neil's mom banned him from playing. Drake and Megan hatched a plan to get Josh fired; it worked, leading to Neil playing for Drake's band at the Premiere's third anniversary. Neil was never seen again after that.", "Eliza Dushku. On January 13, 2018, Dushku published, on Facebook, an account of her sexual molestation at the hand of stunt coordinator Joel Kramer when she was 12 and working on True Lies. According to Dushku, Kramer groomed her with flattery and special attention until, one day, he lured her to his Miami hotel room, took off all his clothes, lay Dushku on the bed, and rubbed himself against her (dressed) until he orgasmed. Kramer was 36 at the time of the alleged encounter. Soon after, an adult friend of Dushku confronted Kramer on set. The same day, Dushku was injured during a stunt and several of her ribs were broken; Kramer was responsible for her safety.[63] Kramer has denied the accusation.[64]", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer is inexplicably popular with both George's and Jerry's parents, although not at first. In \"The Handicap Spot\", Estelle Costanza calls Kramer \"trouble\" and expresses her dissatisfaction at George hanging around him, although he's good friends with Frank Costanza. It's revealed in \"The Blood\" that he calls the Seinfelds weekly. George's parents let Kramer stay at their house in an episode when they're away on a trip. They even let Kramer bring women to their house (upsetting George because he was never allowed to bring women over). He even briefly moves into Jerry's parents' retirement community in Florida, where Morty Seinfeld recruits him to run for Condo Board President in an effort to establish a puppet régime. Kramer even manages to befriend \"The Soup Nazi\", which seemed impossible because of the Soup Nazi's short temper and outbursts at anyone who holds up the line.", "Michael Richards. In 1989, he was cast as Cosmo Kramer in the NBC television series Seinfeld, which was created by fellow Fridays cast member Larry David and comedian Jerry Seinfeld. Although it got off to a slow start, by the mid-1990s, the show had become one of the most popular sitcoms in television history. The series ended its nine-year run in 1998 at #1 in the Nielsen ratings. In the setting of Seinfeld, Kramer is usually referred to by his last name only and is the neighbor of the show's eponymous character. Kramer's first name, Cosmo, was revealed in the sixth-season episode \"The Switch\".", "Arie Luyendyk Jr.. Luyendyk was born in The Netherlands,[3] to Arie and Mieke Luyendyk.[4] At age 3,[3] he immigrated with his family, including sister Maida, to the United States and settled in Brookfield, Wisconsin. Luyendyk has two younger twin brothers, Alec and Luca.[4]", "Michael Richards. Michael Anthony Richards (born July 24, 1949) is an American actor, writer, television producer and comedian, widely known for his portrayal of Cosmo Kramer on the television sitcom Seinfeld, for which he received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series three times.", "Cosmo Kramer. Kramer has on a few occasions taken people under his wing and aggressively protected their interests.", "Kat Dennings. Dennings began her career in commercials at the age of 10.[1] Her first acting job was an ad for potato chips.[8] Dennings made her professional debut with an appearance on HBO's Sex and the City in 2000, in the episode \"Hot Child in the City\", playing an obnoxious 13-year-old who hires Samantha to handle publicity for her bat mitzvah.[2][9] She then starred on the short-lived WB sitcom Raising Dad from 2001 to 2002 as Sarah, a 15-year-old raised by her widowed father (Bob Saget), with a pre-teen sister (Brie Larson). In 2002, Dennings appeared in the Disney Channel film The Scream Team as a teenager who stumbles into a group of ghosts. She was cast for a five-episode run on The WB's Everwood, but the role was recast with Nora Zehetner.[10]" ]

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[ "Grunge. Despite Kurt Cobain's death, the remaining members of Nirvana have continued to be successful posthumously. Due to the high sales for Kurt Cobain's Journals and the band's best-of compilation Nirvana upon their releases in 2002, The New York Times argued Nirvana \"are having more success now than at any point since Mr. Cobain's suicide in 1994.\"[248] This trend has continued through the century's second decade, with the reissuing of the band's discography and release of the authorized documentary Kurt Cobain: Montage of Heck.[249] In 2012, the surviving members of Nirvana re-united, with Paul McCartney in place of Cobain, to record a track for the soundtrack Dave Grohl's documentary Sound City titled \"Cut Me Some Slack\".[250]", "Nirvana (band). Nirvana's active career ended following the death of Cobain in 1994, but various posthumous releases have been issued since, overseen by Novoselic, Grohl, and Cobain's widow Courtney Love. Since its debut, the band has sold over 25 million records in the United States alone, and over 75 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling bands of all time.[2][3] Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2014, in its first year of eligibility.", "Nirvana (band). Nirvana was an American rock band formed by singer and guitarist Kurt Cobain and bassist Krist Novoselic in Aberdeen, Washington, in 1987. Nirvana went through a succession of drummers, the longest-lasting being Dave Grohl, who joined in 1990. Despite releasing only three full-length studio albums in their seven-year career, Nirvana has come to be regarded as one of the most influential and important alternative bands in history. Though the band dissolved in 1994 after the death of Cobain, their music maintains a popular following and continues to influence modern rock and roll culture.", "Nirvana (band). In early 1994, the band embarked on a European tour. Nirvana's final concert took place in Munich, Germany, on March 1. In Rome, on the morning of March 4, Cobain's wife, Courtney Love, found Cobain unconscious in their hotel room and he was rushed to the hospital. A doctor from the hospital told in a press conference that Cobain had reacted to a combination of prescribed Rohypnol and of alcohol. The rest of the tour was cancelled.[68] In the ensuing weeks, Cobain's heroin addiction resurfaced. An intervention was organized, and Cobain was convinced to admit himself into drug rehabilitation. After less than a week in rehabilitation, Cobain climbed over the wall of the facility and took a plane back to Seattle. A week later, on Friday, April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead of a self-inflicted shotgun wound to the head at his home in Seattle.[69]", "Nirvana (band). The day before the case was set to go to trial in October 2002, Love, Novoselic, and Grohl announced that they had reached a settlement. The settlement paved the way for the release of the compilation album Nirvana, which featured the previously unreleased track \"You Know You're Right\", the last song Nirvana recorded before Cobain's death.[75] Nirvana was released later that month, debuting at number three on the Billboard album chart.[76] The box set, With the Lights Out, was finally released in November 2004. The release contained a vast array of early Cobain demos, rough rehearsal recordings, and live tracks recorded throughout the band's history. Sliver: The Best of the Box, which culled 19 tracks from the box set in addition to featuring three previously unreleased tracks, was released in late 2005.[77]", "Nirvana (band). At Clive Davis' annual pre-Grammy party in 2016, the surviving members of Nirvana once again reunited to perform the David Bowie song \"The Man Who Sold the World\" that they'd covered on their Unplugged album. Beck joined the band to play acoustic guitar and handle lead vocals.[94]", "Krist Novoselic. Nirvana ended abruptly in April 1994 following Cobain's death.[14] For most of the rest of that year, Novoselic retreated from the spotlight. One of a few public appearances came that September at the MTV Video Music Awards, where the video for Nirvana's \"Heart-Shaped Box\" was awarded for Best Alternative Video. Novoselic took the opportunity to pay tribute to Cobain.", "Nirvana (Buddhism). There are two stages in nirvana, one in life, the second is final nirvana upon death; the former is imprecise and general, the latter is precise and specific.[43] The nirvana-in-life marks the life of a monk who has attained complete release from desire and suffering but still has a body, name and life. The nirvana-after-death, also called nirvana-without-substrate, is the complete cessation of everything, including consciousness and rebirth.[43]", "Grunge. During the mid-1990s many grunge bands broke up or became less visible. Kurt Cobain, labeled by Time as \"the John Lennon of the swinging Northwest\", appeared \"unusually tortured by success\" and struggled with an addiction to heroin. Rumors surfaced in early 1994 that Cobain suffered a drug overdose and that Nirvana was breaking up.[220] On April 8, 1994, Cobain was found dead in his Seattle home from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound; Nirvana summarily disbanded. Cobain's suicide \"served as a catalyst for grunge’s...demise\", because it \"...deflated the energy from grunge and provided the opening for saccharine and corporate-formulated music to regain\" its lost footing.\"[221]", "Nirvana (band). In 1997, Novoselic, Grohl, and Courtney Love formed the limited liability company Nirvana LLC to oversee all Nirvana-related projects.[72] A 45-track box set of Nirvana rarities was scheduled for release in October 2001.[73] However, shortly before the release date, Love filed a suit to dissolve Nirvana LLC, and an injunction was issued preventing the release of any new Nirvana material until the case was resolved.[74] Love contended that Cobain was the band, that Grohl and Novoselic were sidemen, and that she signed the partnership agreement originally under bad advice. Grohl and Novoselic countersued, asking the court to remove Love from the partnership and to replace her with another representative of Cobain's estate.[73]", "Foo Fighters (album). Following the death of Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain in April 1994, drummer Dave Grohl entered a state of depression,[3] and found it difficult to both listen to music and play instruments.[4] He was uncertain of what to do next, even considering abandoning his musical career despite a few invitations by bands such as Danzig or Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers to become their drummer, because \"it would just remind me of being in Nirvana; every time I sat down at a drum set, I would think of that.\"[5][6]", "The Band. The original configuration of The Band ended its touring career in 1976 with an elaborate live ballroom performance featuring numerous musical celebrities. This performance was filmed for Martin Scorsese's 1978 documentary The Last Waltz. The Band resumed touring in 1983 without guitarist Robertson, who had found success with a solo career and as a Hollywood music producer. Following a 1986 show, Manuel committed suicide. The remaining three members continued to tour and record albums with a succession of musicians filling Manuel's and Robertson's roles; the final configuration of the group included Richard Bell (piano), Randy Ciarlante (drums), and Jim Weider (guitar). Danko died of heart failure in 1999, after which the group broke up for good. Helm was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1998 and was unable to sing for several years, but he eventually regained the use of his voice. He continued to perform and released several successful albums until he died in 2012.", "Nirvana (band). Erlewine stated that Nirvana's breakthrough \"popularized so-called 'Generation X' and 'slacker' culture\".[114] Immediately following Cobain's death, numerous headlines referred to Nirvana's frontman as \"the voice of a generation\", although he had rejected such labeling during his lifetime.[116] Reflecting on Cobain's death over ten years later, MSNBC's Eric Olsen wrote, \"In the intervening decade, Cobain, a small, frail but handsome man in life, has become an abstract Generation X icon, viewed by many as the 'last real rock star' [...] a messiah and martyr whose every utterance has been plundered and parsed\".[113]", "Nirvana (band). Citing exhaustion, Nirvana decided not to undertake another American tour in support of Nevermind, instead opting to make only a handful of performances later that year.[45] In March 1992, Cobain sought to reorganize the group's songwriting royalties (which to this point had been split equally) so that they were more representative of the fact that he wrote the majority of the music. Grohl and Novoselic did not object to Cobain's request, but when the frontman asked for the agreement to be retroactive to the release of Nevermind, the disagreements between the two sides came close to breaking up the band. After a week of tension, Cobain ended up receiving a retroactive share of 75 percent of the royalties, and bad feelings about the situation remained within the group afterward.[46] Amid rumors that the band was disbanding due to Cobain's health, Nirvana headlined the closing night of England's 1992 Reading Festival, where Cobain personally programmed the performance lineup.[47] Nirvana's performance at Reading is often regarded by the press as one of the most memorable of the group's career.[48][49] A few days later, Nirvana performed at the MTV Video Music Awards where, despite the network's refusal to let the band play the new song \"Rape Me\" during the broadcast, Cobain strummed and sang the first few bars of the song before breaking into \"Lithium\". At the ceremony, the band received awards for the Best Alternative Video and Best New Artist categories.[50]", "Nirvana (Buddhism). What happens with one who has reached nirvana after death is an unanswerable question.[64][quote 16] According to Walpola Rahula, the five aggregates vanish but there does not remain a mere \"nothingness.\"[64] [quote 17] Rahula's view, states Gombrich, is not accurate summary of the Buddhist thought, and mirrors the Upanishadic thought.[quote 18][quote 19]", "Reading and Leeds Festivals. In 1991, Nirvana made the first of their two appearances at Reading, midway down the bill. The following year they played what would be their last UK concert, which was released as a live album/DVD Live at Reading in November 2009. The band's singer Kurt Cobain came onstage in a wheelchair pushed by music journalist Everett True and wearing a medical gown, parodying speculations about his mental health.[14]", "Krist Novoselic. Krist Anthony Novoselic (/ˌnoʊvəˈsɛlɪtʃ/; Croatian: Krist Novoselić; often referred to as Chris Novoselic, born May 16, 1965) is an American rock musician, and was the bass guitarist and founding member of the grunge band Nirvana. After Nirvana disbanded following the death of Kurt Cobain in 1994, Novoselic formed Sweet 75[1] in the following year and Eyes Adrift in 2002, releasing one album with each band. From 2006 to 2009 he played in the punk band Flipper, and in 2011 contributed bass and accordion to the song \"I Should Have Known\", on Foo Fighters' studio album Wasting Light, along with playing bass guitar and accordion in Giants in the Trees since June 2016.[2]", "Grunge. A number of factors contributed to grunge's decline in prominence. During the mid-to-late 1990s, many grunge bands broke up or became less visible. Nirvana's Kurt Cobain, labeled by Time as \"the John Lennon of the swinging Northwest\", appeared unusually tortured by success and struggled with an addiction to heroin before he died by suicide at the age of 27 in 1994.", "Pearl Jam. With the success of Ten, Pearl Jam became a key member of the Seattle grunge explosion, along with Alice in Chains, Nirvana, and Soundgarden. The band was criticized in the music press; British music magazine NME said that Pearl Jam was \"trying to steal money from young alternative kids' pockets.\"[25] Nirvana's Kurt Cobain angrily attacked Pearl Jam, claiming the band were commercial sellouts,[26] and argued Ten was not a true alternative album because it had so many prominent guitar leads.[19] Cobain later reconciled with Vedder, and they reportedly were on amicable terms before Cobain's death in 1994.[1]", "Nirvana (band). Since its breakup, Nirvana has continued to receive acclaim, and is regularly considered one of the greatest music artists of all time. In 2003, Nirvana was selected as one of the inductees of the Mojo Hall of Fame 100.[118] The band also received a nomination for induction in the UK Music Hall of Fame in 2004 as the \"Greatest Artist of the 1990s\".[119] Rolling Stone placed Nirvana at number 27 on their list of the \"100 Greatest Artists of All Time\" in 2004,[120] and at number 30 on their updated list in 2011.[121] In 2003, the magazine's senior editor David Fricke picked Kurt Cobain as the 12th best guitarist of all time.[122] Rolling Stone later ranked Cobain as the 45th greatest singer in 2008[123] and 73rd greatest guitarist of all time in 2011.[124] VH1 ranked Nirvana as the 42nd greatest artists of rock and roll in 1998,[125] the 7th greatest hard rock artists in 2000,[126] and the 14th greatest artists of all time in 2010.[127]", "Nirvana (band). In the late 1980s, Nirvana established itself as part of the Seattle grunge scene, releasing its first album, Bleach, for the independent record label Sub Pop in 1989. They developed a sound that relied on dynamic contrasts, often between quiet verses and loud, heavy choruses. After signing to major label DGC Records, Nirvana found unexpected success with \"Smells Like Teen Spirit\", the first single from the band's second album Nevermind (1991). Nirvana's sudden success widely popularized alternative rock, and Cobain found himself referred to in the media as the \"spokesman of a generation\", with Nirvana considered the \"flagship band\" of Generation X.[1] Nirvana's third studio album, In Utero (1993), released to critical acclaim, featured an abrasive, less mainstream sound and challenged the group's audience.", "Foo Fighters. Frontman Kurt Cobain was found dead in his Seattle home on April 8, 1994, and Nirvana subsequently disbanded. Grohl received offers to work with various artists; press rumors indicated he might be joining Pearl Jam[6] and he almost accepted a permanent position as drummer in Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers. Ultimately Grohl declined and instead entered Robert Lang Studios in October 1994 to record fifteen of the forty songs he had written.[5] With the exception of a guitar part on \"X-Static\", played by Greg Dulli of the Afghan Whigs, Dave Grohl played every instrument and sang every vocal on the tracks.[7] \"I was supposed to just join another band and be a drummer the rest of my life,\" Grohl later said. \"I thought that I would rather do what no one expected me to do. I enjoy writing music and I enjoy trying to sing, and there's nothing anyone can really do to discourage me.\" Grohl completed an album's worth of material in five days and handed out cassette copies of the sessions to his friends for feedback.[5]", "Krist Novoselic. Later in 1990, Melvins' singer-guitarist Buzz Osborne encouraged Novoselic and Cobain to check out a punk band called Scream. The pair were impressed by their drummer, Dave Grohl. A few weeks later, Scream disbanded, and Grohl placed a call to Osborne for advice. Osborne gave him Novoselic's phone number, and Novoselic invited Grohl up to Seattle (from San Francisco, where Scream broke up). Grohl passed the audition and joined Nirvana. Grohl was Nirvana's fifth and final drummer. This was after the first few recordings of songs from their Bleach Album. Novoselic spent the following months with Nirvana traveling to various labels as the band shopped for a deal, eventually signing with DGC Records.", "Nirvana (band). During its initial months, the band went through a series of names, starting with Skid Row and including Fecal Matter and Ted Ed Fred. The group finally settled on Nirvana, which Cobain said was chosen because \"I wanted a name that was kind of beautiful or nice and pretty instead of a mean, raunchy punk name like the Angry Samoans\".[9] With Novoselic and Cobain having moved to Tacoma and Olympia, Washington, respectively, the two temporarily lost contact with Burckhard. The pair instead practiced with Dale Crover of the Melvins, and Nirvana recorded its first demos in January 1988.[10] In early 1988, Crover moved to San Francisco but recommended Dave Foster to the band as his replacement on drums.[11] Foster's tenure with Nirvana lasted only a few months; during a stint in jail, he was replaced by a returning Burckhard, who himself didn't stay with the band after telling Cobain he was too hungover to practice one day.[12] Cobain and Novoselic put an ad in Seattle music publication The Rocket seeking a replacement drummer, which only yielded unsatisfactory responses. Meanwhile, a mutual friend introduced them to Chad Channing, and the three musicians agreed to jam together. Channing continued to jam with Cobain and Novoselic, although the drummer noted, \"They never actually said 'okay, you're in,'\" and Channing played his first show with the group that May.[13]", "The Band. The final song the group recorded together was their 1999 version of Bob Dylan's \"One Too Many Mornings\", which they contributed to the Dylan tribute album Tangled Up in Blues. On December 10, 1999, Rick Danko died in his sleep at the age of 56. Following his death, The Band broke up for good. In 2002, Robertson bought all other former members' financial interests in the group, with the exception of Helm,[41] giving him major control of the presentation of the group's material, including latter-day compilations. Richard Bell died of multiple myeloma in June 2007. The Band received a Lifetime Achievement Grammy Award on February 9, 2008, [42] but there was no reunion of all three living members. In honor of the event, Helm held a Midnight Ramble in Woodstock.[43] On April 17, 2012, it was announced via Helm's official website that he was in the \"final stages of cancer\";[44] he died two days later.[45]", "Nirvana (band). In April 2006, Love announced that she had arranged to sell 25 percent of her stake in the Nirvana song catalog in a deal estimated at $50 million. The share of Nirvana's publishing was purchased by Primary Wave Music, which was founded by Larry Mestel, a former CEO of Virgin Records. In an accompanying statement, Love sought to assure Nirvana's fanbase that the music would not simply be licensed to the highest bidder, noting, \"We are going to remain very tasteful and true to the spirit of Nirvana while taking the music to places it has never been before\".[78] Further releases have since been made. This includes the DVD releases of Live! Tonight! Sold Out!! in 2006,[79] and the full, uncut version of MTV Unplugged in New York in 2007.[80] The band's performance at the 1992 Reading Festival was released on both CD and DVD as Live at Reading in November 2009.[81] That month, Sub Pop released a 20th anniversary deluxe edition of Bleach,[82] and DGC released a number of 20th anniversary deluxe-edition packages of both Nevermind in September 2011,[83] and In Utero in September 2013.[84]", "Jason Everman. According to Everman's half-sister, with whom he grew up, \"My mother was extremely depressed, an artistic genius who was also a pill-popping alcoholic. Jason and I learned to walk on eggshells and really learned to take care of ourselves.\" After an incident in which he and a friend blew up a toilet with an M-80 firecracker, his grandmother put him in therapy sessions to deal with his emotional issues. Everman began playing guitar during the therapy sessions; he initially picked up one of the guitars the therapist kept around his office, and the therapist then decided to play with him, hoping it would help him open up. He went on to play in several bands during his high school years. Also, he reestablished contact with his biological father, who by that time owned a fishing boat in Alaska, and worked several seasons on the boat.[1] Prior to joining with Nirvana, he played guitar in a local band called Stonecrow with future Nirvana drummer Chad Channing.", "Nirvana (band). In August 1994, DGC announced that a double album titled Verse Chorus Verse featuring live material from throughout the group's career on one CD and its MTV Unplugged performance on another was due for release that November.[51] However, Novoselic and Grohl found assembling the live material so soon after Cobain's death to be too emotionally overwhelming.[70] Grohl founded the Foo Fighters, and Novoselic turned his attention to political activism. With the career-spanning live portion postponed, MTV Unplugged in New York debuted at number one on the Billboard charts upon release in November 1994. A few weeks later the group's first full-length video, Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!, was released.[51] The following year, MTV Unplugged in New York earned Nirvana a Grammy Award for Best Alternative Music Album.[71] In 1996, DGC finally issued a Nirvana live album, From the Muddy Banks of the Wishkah, which became the third Nirvana release in a row to debut at the top of the Billboard album chart.[51]", "Nirvana (band). In 2014, Nirvana was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; the members inducted were Cobain, Novoselic, and Grohl. At the induction ceremony, Novoselic, Grohl and Smear performed a four-song set with guest vocalists Joan Jett, Kim Gordon, St. Vincent, and Lorde.[90][91] Novoselic, Grohl, and Smear then performed a full show at Brooklyn's St. Vitus Bar with Jett, Gordon, St. Vincent, J Mascis, and John McCauley as guest vocalists.[92] At the ceremony, Grohl thanked Burckhard, Crover, Peters and Channing for their time in Nirvana. Everman was also invited and attended the ceremony.[93]", "27 Club. In 2011, seventeen years after Cobain's death, Amy Winehouse died at the age of 27, and there was a large amount of media attention devoted to the club once again.[17] Three years earlier, she had expressed a fear of dying at that age.[18]", "Nirvana (band). In Utero debuted at number one on the Billboard 200 album chart in September 1993.[63] Time's Christopher John Farley wrote in his review of the album, \"Despite the fears of some alternative-music fans, Nirvana hasn't gone mainstream, though this potent new album may once again force the mainstream to go Nirvana\".[64] In Utero went on to sell over 3.5 million copies in the United States.[43] That October, Nirvana embarked on its first tour of the United States in two years with support from Half Japanese and The Breeders.[65] For the tour, the band added Pat Smear of the punk rock band Germs as a second guitarist.[66] In November 1993, Nirvana recorded a performance for the television program MTV Unplugged. Augmented by Smear and cellist Lori Goldston, the band sought to veer from the typical approach to the show, opting to stay away from playing its most recognizable songs. Instead, Nirvana performed several covers, and invited Cris and Curt Kirkwood of the Meat Puppets to join the group for renditions of three of their songs.[67] Also in November 1993, the band made its second appearance on Saturday Night Live, where they played \"Heart-Shaped Box\" and \"Rape Me\".", "Krist Novoselic. Burckhard lasted only a few months and Melvins' drummer Dale Crover filled in until Novoselic and Cobain met Chad Channing. The trio recorded their debut album Bleach, released in 1989. Channing left the band in 1990 and was briefly replaced by Crover and Mudhoney drummer Dan Peters. Novoselic contributed to song writing of various songs, helping out Cobain, such as giving ideas." ]

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[ "Mr. Bojangles (song). \"Mr. Bojangles\" is a song written and originally recorded by American country music artist Jerry Jeff Walker for his 1968 album of the same title. Since then, it has been recorded by many other artists, including US country music band the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, whose version (recorded for the 1970 album Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy) was issued as a single and rose to #9 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1971. Live versions of the song appeared on Walker's 1977 album, A Man Must Carry On and his 1980 album The Best of Jerry Jeff Walker.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Since then Walker's song has been recorded by many popular artists: Kristofer Åström, Chet Atkins, Hugues Aufray (French version, 1984), Harry Belafonte, Bermuda Triangle Band, David Bromberg, Garth Brooks, Dennis Brown, George Burns, JJ Cale, David Campbell, Bobby Cole, Edwyn Collins, Jim Croce, Jamie Cullum, King Curtis, Sammy Davis Jr., John Denver, Neil Diamond, Cornell Dupree, Bob Dylan, Arlo Guthrie, Tom T. Hall, John Holt, Whitney Houston, Queen Ifrica, Billy Joel, Dave Jarvis, Elton John, Frankie Laine, Lulu, Rod McKuen, Don McLean, MC Neat, Bebe Neuwirth, Harry Nilsson, Dolly Parton, Johnny Paycheck, Esther Phillips, Ray Quinn, Mike Schank, Helge Schneider, Nina Simone, Corben Simpson, Todd Snider, Cat Stevens, Jim Stafford, Jud Strunk,[5] Radka Toneff, Bradley Walsh, Robbie Williams, and Paul Winter.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). The song was first recorded by friend and popular Austin performer Allen Wayne Damron during a live performance at the Chequered Flag folk club in Austin in 1967.[4] Jerry Jeff Walker recorded his single version (with Bobby Woods, Charlie Freeman, Sandy Rhodes, Tommy McClure, Sammy Creason, and a string orchestra) in Memphis, Tennessee on June 7, 1968, and it was released by Atco Records (Atco #6594) on June 20.[citation needed] He also recorded a non-string version in New York City for his album Mr. Bojangles with David Bromberg, Gary Illingworth, Danny Milhon, Bobby Cranshaw, Jody Stecher, Donny Brooks, Ron Carter, Bill LaVorgna, and Jerry Jemmott. It was released by Atco (Atco #33-259) on September 25, 1968.[citation needed]", "Mr. Bojangles (song). A dance choreographed by Bob Fosse to the song appeared in the 1999 West End and Broadway theatre show Fosse, having previously been featured in Fosse's 1978 show Dancin'.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Sammy Davis, Jr performed the song on television, as did William Shatner.", "Bill Robinson. Jerry Jeff Walker's 1968 folk song \"Mr. Bojangles\" indirectly makes reference to Robinson. According to Walker, it was inspired by Walker's encounter with a white street performer in the New Orleans first precinct jail, a street performer who called himself \"Bo Jangles\", presumably taking his pseudonym from Robinson.[30] In the song, the street performer is a heavy drinker and has a dog that died. By Robinson's own account and those of his friends, he neither smoked nor drank (although he was a frequent and avid gambler),[8]:p. 121 and he never owned a dog.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Jim Carrey also performed this song in his early stand-up and in his first movie Copper Mountain.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). The song is notated in two time signatures: 3/4 and 6/8.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). The NGDB's single version begins with the Uncle Charlie interview (subtitled \"Prologue: Uncle Charlie and his Dog Teddy\") that also precedes the song on the Uncle Charlie album. It was originally backed with another interview with Uncle Charlie, also taken from the album. When \"Mr. Bojangles\" started climbing the charts, the B-side was re-pressed with the same song without the interview. NGDB guitarist Jeff Hanna performed most of the lead vocals on the track, with bandmate Jim Ibbotson performing harmony vocals; the two switched these roles on the last verse.[1]", "Mr. Bojangles (song). In 2016, Bradley Walsh recorded the song for his debut album, Chasing Dreams.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Furthermore, composer Philip Glass makes reference to \"Mr. Bojangles\" in his minimalist opera Einstein on the Beach.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). British pop singer Robbie Williams recorded the song for his 2001 album, Swing When You're Winning. In early 2002, he released the song as a double A-side with \"I Will Talk and Hollywood Will Listen\". Released exclusively in Central and Eastern Europe, the single did not manage to break into the top forty in any country, but the songs, especially \"Mr. Bojangles\", became substantial radio hits around Europe.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Walker has said he was inspired to write the song after an encounter with a street performer in a New Orleans jail. While in jail for public intoxication in 1965, he met a homeless white man who called himself \"Mr. Bojangles\" to conceal his true identity from the police. He had been arrested as part of a police sweep of indigent people that was carried out following a high-profile murder. The two men and others in the cell chatted about all manner of things, but when Mr. Bojangles told a story about his dog, the mood in the room turned heavy. Someone else in the cell asked for something to lighten the mood, and Mr. Bojangles obliged with a tap dance.[2][3]", "Mr. Bojangles (song). In an episode of The Simpsons titled \"Milhouse Doesn't Live Here Anymore\", Homer sings a version of the song while panhandling.", "Mr. Bojangles (song). Christian McBride included the song in his 2017 album Bringin' It.[6]", "1930s. Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson, 1934", "Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. The group was inactive for a 6-month period after Paint Your Wagon, then reformed with Jimmy Ibbotson replacing Chris Darrow. With William McEuen as producer and a renegotiated contract that gave the band more artistic freedom, the band recorded and released Uncle Charlie & His Dog Teddy, issued in 1970. Embracing a straight, traditional country and bluegrass sound, the album included the group's best-known singles; a cover version of Jerry Jeff Walker's \"Mr. Bojangles\", Michael Nesmith's \"Some of Shelley's Blues\", and four Kenny Loggins songs including \"House at Pooh Corner\", the first recordings of Loggins's songs. Their version of \"Mr. Bojangles\" became the group's first hit, peaking at #9 on Billboard's all genre Hot 100 chart, with an unusual 36 weeks on the charts.", "The Tremeloes. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes first charted in the UK in July 1963 with a version of \"Twist and Shout\", a song previously popularised in America by the Isley Brothers, and already released by the Beatles in the UK in March 1963 on their first British LP, Please Please Me. Brian Poole and the Tremeloes followed \"Twist and Shout\" with a chart topping cover of the Contours' US million-seller \"Do You Love Me\" in the same year, in turn followed by \"I Can Dance\". The group also had success in the UK in 1964 with covers of Roy Orbison's B-side, \"Candy Man\" and a previously obscure Crickets' B-side ballad, \"Someone, Someone\"; both entered the UK Singles Chart Top Ten, with the latter peaking at no. 2. Other Decca-era chart singles included \"Three Bells\" and a version of \"I Want Candy\".", "Please Mr. Postman. In April 1961, the Marvelettes (then known as \"The Marvels\") arranged an audition for Berry Gordy's Tamla label. Marvels original lead singer Georgia Dobbins needed an original song for their audition, and got a blues song from her friend William Garrett, which she then reworked for the group. Dobbins left the group after the audition and was replaced, Gordy renamed the group and hired \"Brianbert\"—Brian Holland and Robert Bateman's songwriting partnership—to rework the song yet again. Freddie Gorman, another songwriting partner of Holland (before Holland became part of the Holland–Dozier–Holland team) was also involved in the final reworking.", "Patches (Chairmen of the Board song). A reggae version was recorded late in 1970 by The Rudies, later known as Greyhound. Another version by Canadian country singer Ray Griff reached #26 on the US country music chart the same year. The song was also recorded by Alabama some time before 1980, Jerry Reed in 1982, and by George Jones and B. B. King on the album Rhythm, Country and Blues in 1994.[12]", "Bojangles' Famous Chicken 'n Biscuits. Jack Fulk sold the Bojangles' concept to a now-defunct New York company, The Horn & Hardart Company,[3] in 1981.", "Nitty Gritty Dirt Band. The band's successes include a cover version of Jerry Jeff Walker's \"Mr. Bojangles\". Albums include 1972's Will the Circle be Unbroken, featuring such traditional country artists as Mother Maybelle Carter, Earl Scruggs, Roy Acuff, Doc Watson, Merle Travis, and Jimmy Martin. A follow-up album based on the same concept, Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two was released in 1989, was certified gold, won two Grammys, and was named Album of the Year at the Country Music Association Awards.", "Mrs. Robinson. Writer/actor/director Albert Brooks licensed Paul Simon’s music from “Mrs. Robinson” for his 1996 film Mother. Brooks and Monica Johnson wrote special lyrics for the song, which was recorded as “Mrs. Henderson,” and referenced Brooks’ character’s mother. Voice actors Steve Lively and Jess Harnell provided sound-alike vocals, impersonating Simon & Garfunkel on the track, which was produced by Marc Shaiman, who also composed and produced the film's score.[30]", "I'm a Man (The Spencer Davis Group song). The Serfs album The Early Bird Cafe, Capitol, 1968, featured a percussion-heavy intro (pre-dating Chicago's) and Mike Finnigan's lead vocal. Their arrangement segued into Bo Diddley's song of the same name.", "Satin Sheets (song). \"Satin Sheets\" has been recorded by artists including Dolly Parton, Tammy Wynette, Loretta Lynn, Hank Williams Jr. and Martina McBride.\nIt has been spoofed as \"Santa's Sheets\" by New Orleans act Benny Grunch and Kathy Savoie,sung from the perspective of Mrs.Santa Claus.", "Louis Jordan. Their next recording date, in March 1939, produced five sides, including \"Keep a-Knockin'\" (originally recorded in the 1920s and later famously covered by Little Richard), \"Sam Jones Done Snagged His Britches\" and \"Doug the Jitterbug\". Lem Johnson subsequently left the group and was replaced by Stafford Simon. Sessions in December 1939 and January 1940 produced two more early Jordan classics, \"You're My Meat\" and \"You Run Your Mouth and I'll Run My Business\". Other musicians who passed through the band in 1940 and 1941 included the tenorist Kenneth Hollon (who recorded with Billie Holiday) and the trumpeter Freddie Webster (from Earl Hines's band), who was part of the nascent bebop scene at Minton's Playhouse and influenced Kenny Dorham and Miles Davis.", "UK Singles Chart records and statistics. Some singles have been deleted from the charts due to technicalities, and have thus \"dropped\" out of the Top 10 and the singles chart entirely. Such singles include: \"Mrs. Robinson\" by Simon & Garfunkel (1969), \"Crazy\" by Gnarls Barkley (2006) and \"Maneater\" by Nelly Furtado (2006).", "I've Got a Lovely Bunch of Coconuts. The song appeared in I Could Go On Singing (1963), Judy Garland's last film. A portion of the song also appeared in Disney's 1994 The Lion King (sung by Rowan Atkinson). Nicolas Cage also sang part of this song in National Treasure: Book of Secrets. Ringo Starr sang an impromptu version of the song in Magical Mystery Tour, The Beatles' TV special broadcast by the BBC on 26 December 1967.[5] Also, actors Hayden Rorke and Bill Daily performed a few lines of the song on ukulele in the 1969 I Dream of Jeannie episode \"Uncles a Go-Go. In the first episode of the 1977 sitcom Mind Your Language it is mentioned that a professor went crazy and sang this song.[citation needed]", "The Hollies. Graham Nash was replaced in the Hollies in January 1969 by Terry Sylvester, formerly of both the Escorts, a second generation Merseybeat group who had a minor UK chart hit in 1964 with \"Dizzy Miss Lizzy\" and the Swinging Blue Jeans, best known for their hit singles with the HMV label; \"Hippy Hippy Shake\", \"Good Golly Miss Molly\", and \"You're No Good\", from 1966–1968. Sylvester also substituted for Nash as part of the group's songwriting team, with Clarke and Hicks. As planned before Nash's departure, the group's next album was Hollies Sing Dylan, which reached the No.3 position on the UK chart while the US version, Words And Music by Bob Dylan, was ignored. The next album Hollies Sing Hollies did not chart in the UK but did well in Canada and in the USA, charting at No.32.", "Lulu (singer). From 30 June to 2 July 1967, Lulu appeared with The Monkees at the Empire Pool, Wembley, and her brief romance with Davy Jones of the Monkees during a concert tour of the USA in March 1968 received much publicity in the UK press.[19] Lulu described her relationship with Jones as \"He was a kind of boyfriend but it was very innocent – nothing untoward happened. It faded almost as soon as it had blossomed.\"[20] In 1969, Lulu recorded New Routes, a new album, at Muscle Shoals studios: several of the songs, including a version of Jerry Jeff Walker's \"Mr. Bojangles\", featured slide guitarist Duane Allman. The album was recorded for Atlantic's Atco label and produced by Jerry Wexler, Tom Dowd and Arif Mardin[21]", "It Must Be Jelly ('Cause Jam Don't Shake like That). The vocals were by The Modernaires, consisting of Ralph Brewster, Bill Conway, Hal Dickinson, Chuck Goldstein, and Paula Kelly.", "Baby, Please Don't Go. Other recorded renditions include those by Mose Allison (Transfiguration of Hiram Brown, 1960),[48] Paul Revere & the Raiders (Just Like Us!, 1966),[49] the Amboy Dukes (reached number 106 on the Billboard Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles record chart in 1968),[50] Beacon Street Union (The Clown Died in Marvin Gardens, 1968), Gary Glitter (Glitter, 1972), Budgie (Never Turn Your Back on a Friend, 1973)[51] and Renée Geyer (Swing, 2013)." ]

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[ "American Idol (season 16). On April 23, 2018, ABC announced that the remaining live shows of the season (April 29, May 6, May 13, May 20, and May 21) would air across all mainland U.S. time zones, a first for American Idol.[12]", "American Idol (season 16). The sixteenth season of American Idol premiered on March 11, 2018, on the ABC television network. It is the show's first season to air on ABC. Ryan Seacrest continued his role as the show's host, while Katy Perry, Luke Bryan, and Lionel Richie joined as judges.", "American Idol. Season five began on January 17, 2006. It remains the highest-rated season in the show's run so far. Two of the more prominent contestants during the Hollywood round were the Brittenum twins who were later disqualified for identity theft.[71]", "American Idol (season 5). Season five is the season from the first ten seasons of American Idol with the most number of finalists who have made it onto the Billboard charts.[55]", "American Idol (season 15). The fifteenth season of American Idol, also branded as American Idol: The Farewell Season,[1][2] premiered on the Fox television network on January 6, 2016. Ryan Seacrest continued as the show's host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban, and Harry Connick, Jr. returned as judges. This season was four to six weeks shorter than seasons 2 through 14. On April 7, Trent Harmon was announced as the season's winner and La'Porsha Renae was the runner-up. Harmon was the third consecutive winner to never be in the bottom two or three, and the eighth male winner in nine years.", "American Idol (season 16). In June 2017, it was announced that American Idol would begin two bus tours in 19 cities, later increased to 22, for audition starting August 17, 2017.[13][14] Those who passed their first audition would go in front of the producers where they would be selected to appear before the judges in different cities. Instead of focusing on a city in each aired episode as in previous seasons, this season each episode shows a compilations of auditions from different cities, for example the premiere episode features auditions from New York, Nashville, and Los Angeles.[15]", "American Idol. Season eight premiered on January 13, 2009. Mike Darnell, the president of alternative programming for Fox, stated that the season would focus more on the contestants' personal life.[88]", "American Idol (season 16). Then, in May 2017, it was announced that ABC was making a bid to revive the program.[3] Later, ABC announced that it had acquired the rights to the series, and that American Idol would return for the 2017–18 television season.[4][5] On November 6, 2017, it was announced that the revival season would premiere on March 11, 2018.[6]", "List of American Idol episodes. American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It began airing on Fox in the United States on June 11, 2002, and ended on April 7, 2016. The series moved to ABC with its sixteenth season which debuted on March 11, 2018. It started off as an addition to the Idols format based on the British series Pop Idol, and became one of the most successful shows in the history of American television. The concept of the series involves discovering recording stars from unsigned singing talents, with the winner determined by the viewers in America through telephones, Internet, and SMS text voting.", "American Idol. The fourteenth season premiered on January 7, 2015. Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second seasons as judges. Eighth season runner-up Adam Lambert filled in for Urban during the New York City auditions. Randy Jackson did not return as the in-house mentor for this season.[112]", "American Idol (season 16). The Top 14 performances were taped on April 21, 2018, and aired on Sunday, April 22, followed with the live results on Monday, April 23.[citation needed]", "American Idol (season 8). Auditions began July 17 the previous year, and were held in the following cities:[11]", "American Idol (season 10). The tenth season of American Idol premiered on January 19, 2011 and concluded on May 25, 2011, on the Fox television network. The show underwent a number of changes from the ninth season, including the return of Nigel Lythgoe as executive producer.[2] Randy Jackson returned as judge for his tenth season while Jennifer Lopez and Steven Tyler joined the judging panel following the departures of Simon Cowell, Kara DioGuardi and Ellen DeGeneres.", "American Idol (season 14). The American Idols Tour which in years past included the top ten on tour has changed to include only the top five finalists so this week the finalists who move forward are considered as part of the annual summer tour of AI finalists.[45]", "American Idol (season 14). The fourteenth season of American Idol, also known as American Idol XIV, premiered on the Fox television network on January 7, 2015. Ryan Seacrest continues his role as host, while Jennifer Lopez, Keith Urban and Harry Connick, Jr. returned for their respective fourth, third and second times as judges. Randy Jackson stepped down as mentor, being replaced by Scott Borchetta. Long-time sponsor Coca-Cola ended its relationship with the show. This was the fourth season to have an all-male finale and the third season where the final two contestants had never been in the bottom group prior to the finale.", "American Idol (season 15). It was the series' final season to air on Fox; in May 2017, ABC announced that it would revive American Idol.[3]", "American Idol. American Idol is an American singing competition television series created by Simon Fuller, produced by FremantleMedia North America and 19 Entertainment, and distributed by FremantleMedia North America. It initially aired on Fox from June 11, 2002 to April 7, 2016 for 15 seasons. On March 11, 2018, the 16th season made its debut on ABC.[1]", "American Idol (season 15). The season premiered in Australia on Fox8 and in New Zealand on Prime on January 7, 2016 and in the United Kingdom on January 11, 2016 on 4Music. The show broadcasts live throughout Africa and Middle Eastern territories on DSTV's Vuzu Channel 114, but due to it being broadcast at 2 am, there are repeats during the week. The show started in Iran on August 2017 on PMC.", "American Idol. Season six began on Tuesday, January 16, 2007. The premiere drew a massive audience of 37.3 million viewers, peaking in the last half hour with more than 41 million viewers.[75]", "American Idol. Fox announced on May 11, 2015 that the fifteenth season would be the final season of American Idol; as such, the season was expected to have an additional focus on the program's alumni. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, with Harry Connick Jr., Keith Urban, and Jennifer Lopez all returning as judges.[17] The season was shortened by four weeks compared to previous years.[115] During the finale episode, President Barack Obama praised the millions of young people that voted for contestants and pitched that they vote in the upcoming election. The farewell season concluded on April 7, 2016. Seacrest signed off by saying: \"And one more time—this is so tough—we say to you from Hollywood, goodnight America\", and then he added, \"for now.\"[116]", "American Idol (season 11). The eleventh season of American Idol premiered on Fox on January 18, 2012. The show aired on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 8/7c.[1] Ryan Seacrest returned as host,[2] while Randy Jackson, Steven Tyler,[3] and Jennifer Lopez[4] all returned as judges. Interscope Records Chairman Jimmy Iovine, a songwriter and producer, also returned as an in-house mentor to work with the contestants on a weekly basis.[5] This season followed the same format as season 10, although a new title screen and logo were created, with a different font. Tyler and Lopez announced that they would be leaving the show two months after the finale.[6][7] Lopez later returned as a judge for the show's thirteenth season.[8]", "American Idol (season 5). The fifth season of reality television singing competition American Idol began on January 17, 2006, and concluded on May 24, 2006. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell returned to judge, and Ryan Seacrest returned to host. It is the most successful season to date ratings-wise, and resulted in 18 contestants (including all of the top 10 and a few semifinalists) getting record deals – nine of them with major labels. It was the first season with a male winner (Taylor Hicks) and a female runner-up (Katharine McPhee), which happened again in seasons 9, 10, 11, 13 and 15. It was also the first season of the series to be aired in high definition.", "American Idol (season 16). The Top 24 contestants will be split into two groups of twelve. Prerecorded performances of the first group will air on April 8 and the second group on April 15. On the following day each week, prerecorded performances of each contestant's duet will air, as will the judges' selection of seven contestants from each group to advance to the Top 14. Idol contestants will pair with celebrity singers as their duet partners. The artists set to duet with the Top 24 include: Banners, Aloe Blacc, Bishop Briggs, Cam, Colbie Caillat, Luis Fonsi, Andy Grammer, Lea Michele, Patrick Monahan, Rachel Platten, Bebe Rexha, Sugarland, and Allen Stone.[26]", "American Idol (season 4). Source: Idolsmusic.com", "American Idol (season 15). For the first time this season, the contestants paired up to sing duets.", "American Idol (season 4). The fourth season of American Idol premiered on January 18, 2005 and continued until May 25, 2005. It was hosted by Ryan Seacrest. Randy Jackson, Paula Abdul and Simon Cowell also returned to judge. Carrie Underwood won the season with approximately 500 million votes cast in the season and 37 million for the finale. Underwood has since gone on to become a seven-time Grammy-winning country megastar.", "American Idol. Season seven premiered on January 15, 2008, for a two-day, four-hour premiere. The media focused on the professional status of the season seven contestants, the so-called 'ringers',[80] many of whom, including Kristy Lee Cook, Brooke White, Michael Johns, and in particular Carly Smithson, had prior recording contracts.[81] Contestant David Hernandez also attracted some attention due to his past employment as a stripper.[82]", "American Idol (season 3). American Idol Rewind (season 3)", "American Idol (season 2). A couple of specials were aired later in the year - From Justin To Kelly: The Rise of Two American Idols on June 20, 2003, and American Idol: Christmas Songs on November 25, 2003, the latter of which was ranked number 30 with total viewer number of 10.9 million,[64] and number 28 in the 18/49 demo with a 4.1 rating.", "American Idol (season 6). The 12 finalists were announced on March 8, 2007. As in past years, the top 12 will appear on the annual compilation album while the top 10 will be the participants in the American Idol summer concert tour. Also as in past years, one finalist was eliminated every week, with the exception of the April 25 show, when all contestants were declared safe. As a result, two of the participants were eliminated on the May 2, 2007 results program.", "American Idol (season 6). TV Guide Channel brought back a second season of Idol Tonight, the live pre-show to American Idol, which aired on Wednesdays starting in March. The show features former Idol runner-up Justin Guarini as a correspondent along with Kimberly Caldwell and Rosanna Tavarez. Additionally American Idol Extra, a behind-the-scenes show, also returned for a second season, corresponding with the start of the finals in March. It aired Thursdays on Fox Reality.", "List of American Idol episodes. As of May 21, 2018,[update] 574 episodes of American Idol have aired." ]

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[ "Succession to the British throne. Queen Elizabeth II is the sovereign, and her heir apparent is her eldest son, Charles, Prince of Wales. Next in line after him is Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, the Prince of Wales's elder son. Third in line is Prince George, the son of the Duke of Cambridge, followed by his sister, Princess Charlotte. Fifth in line is Prince Henry of Wales, the younger son of the Prince of Wales. Sixth in line is Prince Andrew, Duke of York, the Queen's second-eldest son. Any of the first six in line marrying without the sovereign's consent would be disqualified from succession.", "Queen mother. A widowed queen consort, or dowager queen, has an important royal position (regardless whether or not she is the mother of the reigning sovereign) but does not normally have any rights to succeed a king as monarch on his death unless she happens to be next in line to the throne (one possibility would be if the King and Queen were also cousins and childless, the King had no other siblings, and she in her other position as his cousin was also his heiress presumptive).", "Queen's Counsel. The title traditionally depends on the sex of the sovereign. The current Queen, Elizabeth II has had a long reign, and few if any people appointed as King's Counsel survive. It can be assumed that, should the Queen die and the title pass to a descendant, the title will again become KC, as the next three in line to the throne are male heirs.", "George VI. Queen Victoria died on 22 January 1901, and the Prince of Wales succeeded her as King Edward VII. Prince Albert moved up to third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother.", "Succession to the British throne. The first four individuals in the line of succession who are over 21, and the sovereign's consort, may be appointed Counsellors of State. Counsellors of State perform some of the sovereign's duties in the United Kingdom while he or she is out of the country or temporarily incapacitated. Otherwise, individuals in the line of succession need not have specific legal or official roles.", "Succession to the British throne. In the Commonwealth realms, upon the death of a sovereign, the heir apparent or heir presumptive succeeds to the throne immediately, with no need for confirmation or further ceremony.[20][n 6] Nevertheless, the Accession Council meets and decides upon the making of the accession proclamation, which by custom has for centuries been ceremonially proclaimed in public places, in London, York, Edinburgh and other cities. The anniversary is observed throughout the sovereign's reign as Accession Day, including royal gun salutes in the United Kingdom.[22]", "Succession to the British throne. After a period of mourning,[26] the new sovereign is usually consecrated and crowned in Westminster Abbey. Normally, the Archbishop of Canterbury officiates, though the sovereign may designate any other bishop of the Church of England. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; for example, Edward VIII was never crowned, yet during his short reign was the undoubted king.", "Elizabeth II. The Queen does not intend to abdicate,[185] though Prince Charles is expected to take on more of her workload as Elizabeth, who celebrated her 91st birthday in 2017, carries out fewer public engagements.[186] Plans for her death and funeral have been extensively prepared by most British government and media organisations for decades.[187]", "Succession to the British throne. Succession to the British throne is determined by descent, gender (for people born before October 2011), legitimacy, and religion. Under common law, the Crown is inherited by a sovereign's children or by a childless sovereign's nearest collateral line. The Bill of Rights 1689 and the Act of Settlement 1701, restrict succession to the throne to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover that are in \"communion with the Church of England\".[1] Spouses of Roman Catholics were disqualified from 1689 until the law was amended in 2015. Protestant descendants of those excluded for being Roman Catholics are eligible.[2]", "Elizabeth II. During her grandfather's reign, Elizabeth was third in the line of succession to the throne, behind her uncle Edward, Prince of Wales, and her father, the Duke of York. Although her birth generated public interest, she was not expected to become queen, as the Prince of Wales was still young. Many people believed that he would marry and have children of his own.[15] When her grandfather died in 1936 and her uncle succeeded as Edward VIII, she became second-in-line to the throne, after her father. Later that year, Edward abdicated, after his proposed marriage to divorced socialite Wallis Simpson provoked a constitutional crisis.[16] Consequently, Elizabeth's father became king, and she became heir presumptive. If her parents had had a later son, she would have lost her position as first-in-line, as her brother would have been heir apparent and above her in the line of succession.[17]", "Succession to the British throne. Each of the Commonwealth realms has the same person as monarch and, to maintain that arrangement, they have agreed to continue the same line of succession; some realms do so through domestic succession laws, while others stipulate whoever is monarch of the United Kingdom will also be monarch of that realm. In February 1952, on her accession, Elizabeth II was proclaimed as sovereign separately throughout her realms. In October 2011, the heads of government of all 16 realms agreed unanimously at a meeting held in Perth, Australia, to proposed changes to the royal succession laws that would see the order of succession for people born after 28 October 2011 governed by absolute primogeniture—wherein succession passes to an individual's children according to birth order, regardless of gender—instead of male-preference primogeniture. They also agreed to lift a ban on those who marry Roman Catholics. The ban on Catholics themselves was retained to ensure that the monarch would be in communion with the Church of England.[11] The changes came into effect across the Commonwealth realms on 26 March 2015, after legislation was made according to each realm's constitution.[12][13]", "Succession to the British throne. The Act of Settlement 1701 provides that Protestant \"heirs of the body\" (that is, legitimate descendants) of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, are eligible to succeed to the throne, unless otherwise disqualified. The meaning of heir of the body is determined by the common law rules of male preference primogeniture (the \"male-preference\" criterion is no longer applicable, in respect of succession to the throne, to persons born after 28 October 2011), whereby older children and their descendants inherit before younger children, and a male child takes precedence over a female sibling.[15] Children born out of wedlock and adopted children are not eligible to succeed. Illegitimate children whose parents subsequently marry are legitimated, but remain ineligible to inherit the Crown.[n 4]", "Succession to the British throne. No official, complete version of the line of succession is currently maintained. The exact number, in remoter collateral lines, of the persons who would be eligible is uncertain. In 2001 genealogist William Addams Reitwiesner compiled a list of 4,973 living descendants of the Electress Sophia in order of succession, but did so disregarding Roman Catholic status.[3] When updated in January 2011, the number was more than five thousand.[4]", "Succession to the British throne. Anyone ineligible to succeed is treated as if they were \"dead\". That individual's descendants are not also disqualified, unless they are personally ineligible.", "Talk:Line of succession to the British throne/Archive 5. Victoria → Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh → Princess Marie of Edinburgh → King Carol II of Romania", "Hereditary monarchy. Theoretically, when the king or queen of a hereditary monarchy dies or abdicates, the crown typically passes to the next generation of the family. If no qualified child exists, the crown may pass to a brother, sister, nephew, niece, cousin, or other relative, in accordance with a predefined order of succession, often enshrined in legislation. Such a process establishes who will be the next monarch beforehand and avoids disputes among members of the royal family. In practice, there is an almost irresistible drive amongst the claimants to the throne. Few if any monarchies have not acquired and defended their hold on power through deceit, murder, war and oppression.[citation needed] Usurpers may resort to inventing semi-mythical genealogies to bolster their respectability.[2]", "George VI. King George V had severe reservations about Prince Edward, saying, \"I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.\"[46] On 20 January 1936, George V died and Edward ascended the throne as King Edward VIII. In the Vigil of the Princes, Prince Albert and his three brothers took a shift standing guard over their father's body as it lay in state, in a closed casket, in Westminster Hall.", "Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother. On 20 January 1936, King George V died and Albert's brother, Edward, Prince of Wales, became King Edward VIII. George had expressed private reservations about his successor, saying, \"I pray God that my eldest son will never marry and that nothing will come between Bertie and Lilibet and the throne.\"[42]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. Upon the death of a sovereign, his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase \"The king is dead, long live the king!\"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James's Palace.[86] Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will \"maintain and preserve\" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning.[87]", "Queen mother. The same thing happened when Queen Elizabeth II ascended the throne: the Queen Mother was Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother and, unofficially, the Queen Grandmother was Queen Mary.", "Succession to the British throne. The English Bill of Rights passed in 1689 determined succession to the English, Scottish and Irish Thrones. First in the line were the descendants of Mary II. Next came Mary's sister Princess Anne and her descendants. Finally, the descendants of William by any future marriage were added to the line of succession. Only Protestants were allowed to succeed to the Thrones, and those who married Roman Catholics were excluded.", "Succession to the British throne. The annotated list below covers the first part of this line of succession, being limited to descendants of the sons of George V (the present Queen's grandfather). Persons named in italics are unnumbered either because they are deceased or because sources report them to be excluded from the succession. The order of the first sixteen numbered in the list is given on the official website of the British Monarchy;[1] other list numbers and exclusions are explained by annotations (\"Notes and sources\" below) and footnotes.", "Succession to the French throne. The day after the funeral of Charles IV of France, the great nobles convened. Valois has already taken the title of regent, and used it already, while his cousin was dying. The assembly can only bow to the facts. Having postponed for a moment the question of the legitimacy of excluding women from succession, the will to rule the English king out was stronger. Edward III was thus ousted from the competition, but there remained two claimants to the throne, Philip of Valois and Philip of Évreux.", "Alternative successions of the English crown. The succession to the Crown of the United Kingdom is determined by the Act of Settlement 1701. This Act provided that, should William III and Anne both die without issue, the Crown would be settled on Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of King James VI and I) and her Protestant heirs. At the time the Act was passed, it was highly likely that both William and Anne would die without issue, and this indeed proved to be the case. This law has applied ever since, except for an amendment passed in 1936 that any descendants of Edward VIII would have no claim whatsoever to the Crown. This amendment proved academic, as the abdicated King Edward VIII died without issue in 1972.", "Succession to the British throne. In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating Richard III, who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry's standard. Richard was the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field,[6] and caused Richard's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament.[7] After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that \"the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming.\"[8]", "Queen mother. The title \"queen mother\" evolved to distinguish a queen dowager from all other queens when she is also the mother of the reigning sovereign. Thus, upon the death of her husband, King George V, Queen Mary became queen mother, retaining the status throughout the reigns of her sons, Edward VIII and George VI.", "Coronation of the British monarch. Since a period of time has often passed between accession and coronation, some monarchs were never crowned. Edward V and Lady Jane Grey were both deposed before they could be crowned, in 1483 and 1553, respectively.[54] Edward VIII also went uncrowned, as he abdicated in 1936 before the end of the customary one-year period between accession and coronation.[52] A monarch, however, accedes to the throne the moment their predecessor dies, not when they are crowned. i.e. \"The King is dead. Long live the King.\"[55]", "Succession to the British throne. Anne was predeceased by Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and was therefore succeeded by the latter's son, who became George I in 1714.", "Talk:Line of succession to the British throne/Archive 5. Prince Carol has since died but the two sons are Skipped in this article thus", "Succession to the British throne. The current succession law in the United Kingdom evolved from succession law in both England and Scotland. Originally in both countries, there were no fixed rules governing succession to the throne. The individual could have relied on inheritance, statute, election (by Parliament or by another body), nomination (by a reigning sovereign in his or her will), conquest or prescription (de facto possession of the Crown). It was often unclear which of these bases should take precedence; often, the outcome depended not on the legal strength of the claims, but on the political or military power of the claimants.", "Talk:Line of succession to the British throne/Archive 5. Catherine Oxenberg \nPrincess Elisabeth of Yugoslavia \nPrincess Olga of Greece and Denmark \nPrince Nikolaos of Greece and Denmark \nQueen Olga of Greece\nPrincess Alexandra von Sachsen-Altenburg\nHerzogin (Duchess) Amelia von Württemberg \nPrincess Henriette von Nassau-Weilburg \nPrincess Carolina of Orange-Nassau \nPrincess Anne of Great Britain and Ireland, Princess Royal\nGeorge II, King of Great Britain and Ireland [1727-1760 ]\nPacomartin (talk) 23:40, 5 January 2009 (UTC)", "Succession to the British throne. Formerly, a new sovereign proclaimed his or her own accession. But on the death of Elizabeth I an Accession Council met to proclaim the accession of James I to the throne of England. James was then in Scotland and reigning as King James VI of Scotland. This precedent has been followed since. Now, the Accession Council normally meets in St James's Palace. Proclamations since James I's have usually been made in the name of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, the Privy Council, the Lord Mayor, Aldermen and citizens of the City of London and \"other principal Gentlemen of quality\", though there have been variations in some proclamations. The proclamation of accession of Elizabeth II was the first to make mention of representatives of members of the Commonwealth." ]

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[ "Lucifer. However, the understanding of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12 as a metaphor referring to a king of Babylon continued also to exist among Christians. Theodoret of Cyrus (c. 393 – c. 457) wrote that Isaiah calls the king \"morning star\", not as being the star, but as having had the illusion of being it.[77] The same understanding is shown in Christian translations of the passage, which in English generally use \"morning star\" rather than treating the word as a proper name, \"Lucifer\". So too in other languages, such as French,[78] German,[79] Portuguese,[80] and Spanish.[81] Even the Vulgate text in Latin is printed with lower-case lucifer (morning star), not upper-case Lucifer (proper name).[6]", "Lucifer. According to both Christian [21] and Jewish exegesis, in the Book of Isaiah, chapter 14, the King of Babylon, Nebuchadnezzar II, conqueror of Jerusalem, is condemned in a prophetic vision by the prophet Isaiah and is called the \"Morning Star\" (planet Venus).[22][23] In this chapter the Hebrew text says הֵילֵל בֶּן-שָׁחַר (Helel ben Shachar, \"shining one, son of the morning\").[24] \"Helel ben Shahar\" may refer to the Morning Star, but the text in Isaiah 14 gives no indication that Helel was a star or planet.[25][26]", "Morning Star. Morning Star or Morningstar may refer to:", "Lucifer. In ancient Canaanite mythology, the morning star is pictured as a god, Attar, who attempted to occupy the throne of Ba'al and, finding he was unable to do so, descended and ruled the underworld.[42][43] The original myth may have been about a lesser god Helel trying to dethrone the Canaanite high god El who lived on a mountain to the north.[44][45] Hermann Gunkel's reconstruction of the myth told of a mighty warrior called Hêlal, whose ambition was to ascend higher than all the other stellar divinities, but who had to descend to the depths; it thus portrayed as a battle the process by which the bright morning star fails to reach the highest point in the sky before being faded out by the rising sun.[46]", "Lucifer. Some time later, the metaphor of the morning star that Isaiah 14:12 applied to a king of Babylon gave rise to the general use of the Latin word for \"morning star\", capitalized, as the original name of the devil before his fall from grace, linking Isaiah 14:12 with Luke 10:18 (\"I saw Satan fall like lightning from heaven\") and interpreting the passage in Isaiah as an allegory of Satan's fall from heaven.[75][76]", "Lucifer. As a name for the morning star, \"Lucifer\" is a proper name and is capitalized in English. In Greco-Roman civilization the morning star was also personified and considered a pagan god.[8] At that time the distinction between capitalized and lower-case letters had not yet been invented.[9]", "Esther. The Targum[5] connects the name with the Persian word for \"star\", setareh (In Persian: ستاره), explaining that Esther was so named for being as beautiful as the Morning Star.\nIn the Talmud (Tractate Yoma 29a), Esther is compared to the \"morning star\", and is considered the subject of Psalm 22, because its introduction is a \"song for the morning \nstar\".", "Lucifer. The Hebrew word, transliterated as Hêlêl [10] or Heylel (pron. as Hay-LALE),[11] occurs once in the Hebrew Bible [10] and according to the KJV-based Strong's Concordance means \"shining one, light-bearer\".[11] The Septuagint renders הֵילֵל in Greek as Ἑωσφόρος [12][13][14][15][16] (heōsphoros),[17][18][19] a name, literally \"bringer of dawn\", for the morning star.[20]", "Quetzalcoatl. According to another version of the myth, Quetzalcoatl is one of the four sons of Ometecuhtli and Omecihuatl, the four Tezcatlipocas, each of whom presides over one of the four cardinal directions. Over the West presides the White Tezcatlipoca, Quetzalcoatl, the god of light, justice, mercy and wind. Over the South presides the Blue Tezcatlipoca, Huitzilopochtli, the god of war. Over the East presides the Red Tezcatlipoca, Xipe Totec, the god of gold, farming and springtime. And over the North presides the Black Tezcatlipoca, known by no other name than Tezcatlipoca, the god of judgment, night, deceit, sorcery and the Earth.[24] Quetzalcoatl was often considered the god of the morning star, and his twin brother Xolotl was the evening star (Venus). As the morning star, he was known by the title Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, meaning \"lord of the star of the dawn.\" He was known as the inventor of books and the calendar, the giver of maize (corn) to mankind, and sometimes as a symbol of death and resurrection. Quetzalcoatl was also the patron of the priests and the title of the twin Aztec high priests. Some legends describe him as opposed to human sacrifice[25] while others describe him practicing it.[26][27]", "Lucifer. In Latin, the word is applied to John the Baptist and is used as a title of Jesus himself in several early Christian hymns. The morning hymn Lucis largitor splendide of Hilary contains the line: \"Tu verus mundi lucifer\" (you are the true light bringer of the world).[53] Some interpreted the mention of the morning star (lucifer) in Ambrose's hymn Aeterne rerum conditor as referring allegorically to Jesus and the mention of the cock, the herald of the day (praeco) in the same hymn as referring to John the Baptist.[54] Likewise, in the medieval hymn Christe qui lux es et dies, some manuscripts have the line \"Lucifer lucem proferens\".[55]", "Lucifer. Isaiah 14:12 is not the only place where the Vulgate uses the word lucifer. It uses the same word four more times, in contexts where it clearly has no reference to a fallen angel: 2 Peter 1:19 (meaning \"morning star\"), Job 11:17 (\"the light of the morning\"), Job 38:32 (\"the signs of the zodiac\") and Psalms 110:3 (\"the dawn\").[52] Lucifer is not the only expression that the Vulgate uses to speak of the morning star: three times it uses stella matutina: Sirach 50:6 (referring to the actual morning star), and Revelation 2:28 (of uncertain reference) and 22:16 (referring to Jesus).", "Lucifer. In classical mythology, Lucifer (\"light-bringer\" in Latin), Phosphorus (same meaning in Greek), Eosphoros (\"dawn-bringer\" in Greek) was a personification of the morning star as a male figure bearing a torch,[50] \"the fabled son of Aurora[51] and Cephalus, and father of Ceyx\". There is almost no legend about the Lucifer of classical mythology, but he was often presented in poetry as heralding the dawn.[50]", "Lucifer. The translation of הֵילֵל as \"Lucifer\", as in the King James Version, has been abandoned in modern English translations of Isaiah 14:12. Present-day translations render הֵילֵל as \"morning star\" (New International Version, New Century Version, New American Standard Bible, Good News Translation, Holman Christian Standard Bible, Contemporary English Version, Common English Bible, Complete Jewish Bible), \"daystar\" (New Jerusalem Bible, The Message), \"Day Star\" (New Revised Standard Version, English Standard Version), \"shining one\" (New Life Version, New World Translation, JPS Tanakh), or \"shining star\" (New Living Translation).", "Lucifer. In Persian teachings the Morning Star or Ishtar is called Zohra or Zohrah and commonly related to a \"beautiful woman\".[96] Two fallen angels named Harut and Marut were seduced by her beauty to commit shirk, murder, adultery and drinking wine. In their drunken state, Zohra elicited from these angels the secret words to ascend to heaven. Then she uttered the secret words, she elevated to the first heaven, but was imprisoned or transformed into Venus.[97]", "Lucifer. The term appears in the context of an oracle against a dead king of Babylon,[30] who is addressed as הילל בן שחר (Hêlêl ben Šāḥar),[31][32] rendered in the King James Version as \"O Lucifer, son of the morning!\" and in others as \"morning star, son of the dawn\".", "Lucifer. Lucifer (/ˈljuːsɪfər/ LEW-si-fər) is a name that, according to dictionaries of the English language, refers either to the Devil or to the planet Venus when appearing as the morning star.[1][2][3]", "Red Horn. Morning Star, of course, is not a fixed star. Their lack of identity is confirmed in another story in which Man Faces on His Ears coexists with Morning Star.[18] The connection between fixed stars and living beings on the ears finds a parallel in another HocÄ…k story in which Polaris (the North Star) has hummingbirds as earrings.[19]", "Janus. Morning belonged to Janus: men started their daily activities and business. Horace calls him Matutine Pater, morning father.[148] G. Dumézil believes this custom is at the origin of the learned interpretations of Janus as a solar deity.[149]", "Lucifer. In a modern translation from the original Hebrew, the passage in which the phrase \"Lucifer\" or \"morning star\" occurs begins with the statement: \"On the day the Lord gives you relief from your suffering and turmoil and from the harsh labour forced on you, you will take up this taunt against the king of Babylon: How the oppressor has come to an end! How his fury has ended!\"[33] After describing the death of the king, the taunt continues:", "Sirius. Sirius is mentioned in Surah, An-Najm (\"The Star\"), of the Qur'an, where it is given the name الشِّعْرَى (transliteration: aš-ši‘rā or ash-shira; the leader).[132] The verse is: \"وأنَّهُ هُوَ رَبُّ الشِّعْرَى\", \"That He is the Lord of Sirius (the Mighty Star).\" (An-Najm:49)[133] Ibn Kathir said in his commentary \"that it is the bright star, named Mirzam Al-Jawza' (Sirius), which a group of Arabs used to worship.\"[134] The alternate name Aschere, used by Johann Bayer, is derived from this.[18]", "Lucifer. In Anton LaVey's The Satanic Bible, Lucifer is one of the four crown princes of hell, particularly that of the East, the 'lord of the air', and is called the bringer of light, the morning star, intellectualism, and enlightenment.[113] The title 'lord of the air' is based upon Ephesians 2:2, which uses the phrase 'prince of the power of the air' to refer to the pagan god Zeus, but that phrase later became conflated with Satan.", "Red Horn. Without any reference to this story, much has been said about the stellar identity of Red Horn. In 1945, many years after his field work, Paul Radin suggested that Red Horn might be identical to the Morning Star (of Venus), known to the Hocągara as Wiragošge Xetera, “the Great Star”.[12] Most archaeologists have accepted this suggestion.[13] However, just three years later, he was less certain, saying only that Red Horn was “either evening- or morning-star”,[14] and in 1954 he changed his position yet again, asserting that Red Horn, “probably is identical with the Evening Star”.[15] After an extensive discussion of the problem, Lankford summed up by saying, “It appears that the safest conclusion for this study of Morning Star traditions is to accept the Winnebago divinities [Red Horn, Blue Horn, the Twins] as possibly stellar figures but to allow them to remain without a celestial name, insofar as ethnoastronomy is concerned.”[16] Nevertheless, the very end of our story identifies Red Horn, in his form as Wears Faces on His Ears, as a fixed star, probably Alnilam of Orion.", "Star of Bethlehem. Your birth, O Christ our God,\ndawned the light of knowledge upon the earth.\nFor by Your birth those who adored stars\nwere taught by a star\nto worship You, the Sun of Justice,\nand to know You, Orient from on High.\nO Lord, glory to You.[126]", "Fallen angel. Indeed, Christian tradition has applied to Satan not only the image of the morning star in Isaiah 14:12, but also the denouncing in Ezekiel 28:11–19 of the king of Tyre, who is spoken of as having been a \"cherub\". Rabbinic literature saw these two passages as in some ways parallel, even if it perhaps did not associate them with Satan, and the episode of the fall of Satan appears not only in writings of the early Church Fathers and in apocryphal and pseudepigraphic works, but also in rabbinic sources.[40] However, \"no modern evangelical commentary on Isaiah or Ezekiel sees Isaiah 14 or Ezekiel 28 as providing information about the fall of Satan\".[41]", "Protestantism. In the 1370s, John Wycliffe—later dubbed the \"Morning Star of Reformation\"—started his activity as an English reformer. He rejected papal authority over secular power, translated the Bible into vernacular English, and preached anticlerical and biblically-centred reforms.", "Lucifer. The Hebrew words הֵילֵל בֶּן-שָׁחַר (Helel ben Shaḥar, \"day-star, son of the morning\")[11][26] in Isaiah 14:12 are part of a prophetic vision against an oppressive king of Babylon.[57] Jewish exegesis of Isaiah 14:12–15 identified the king of Babylon as Nebuchadnezzar II.[58] Verse 20 says that this king of Babylon will not be \"joined with them [all the kings of the nations] in burial, because thou hast destroyed thy land, thou hast slain thy people; the seed of evil-doers shall not be named for ever\", but rather be cast out of the grave, while \"All the kings of the nations, all of them, sleep in glory, every one in his own house\".[26][59]", "Nimrod. Nimrod is mentioned by name in several places in the Baha'i scriptures, including the Kitáb-i-Íqán, the primary theological work of the Baha'i religion. There it is said that Nimrod \"dreamed a dream\" which his soothsayers interpreted as signifying the birth of a new star in heaven. A herald is then said to have appeared in the land announcing \"the coming of Abraham.\"[14] Nimrod is also mentioned in one of the earliest writings of the Báb (the herald of the Baha'i Faith). Citing examples of God's power, he asks: \"Has He not, in past days, caused Abraham, in spite of His seeming helplessness, to triumph over the forces of Nimrod?\"[15]", "Ursa Major. One of the few star groups mentioned in the Bible (Job 9:9; 38:32; – Orion and the Pleiades being others), Ursa Major was also pictured as a bear by the Jewish peoples. (\"The Bear\" was translated as \"Arcturus\" in the Vulgate and it persisted in the KJV.)", "Morning glory. Popular varieties in contemporary western cultivation include 'Sunspots', 'Heavenly Blue', the moonflower, the cypress vine, and the cardinal climber. The cypress vine is a hybrid, with the cardinal climber as one parent.", "Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament. Some titles of Jesus are unique to the Book of Revelation; he is referred to as Faithful and True in Revelation 19:11, the Alpha and Omega in Revelation 22:13 and elsewhere and the Morning Star in Revelation 22:16.", "Sirius. In the religion of the Serer people of Senegal, the Gambia and Mauritania, Sirius is called Yoonir from the Serer language (and some of the Cangin language speakers, who are all ethnically Serers). The star Sirius is one of the most important and sacred stars in Serer religious cosmology and symbolism. The Serer high priests and priestesses, (Saltigues, the hereditary \"rain priests\"[141]) chart Yoonir in order to forecast rain fall and enable Serer farmers to start planting seeds. In Serer religious cosmology, it is the symbol of the universe.[136][137]", "Big Dipper. The \"Seven Stars\" referenced in the Bible's Book of Amos[20] may refer to these stars or, more likely, to the Pleiades." ]

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[ "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" is a song by Australian rock band Jet, featured on their 2003 album Get Born. It was the first single from the album, released in 2003 in Australia and the United Kingdom, and in 2004 in the United States.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. The song hit number 29 on the Billboard Hot 100 making it their 1st Top 40 hit and their highest charting single; it also hit number 3 on the Modern Rock Tracks and number 7 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks. Even though it did not hit number 1 like the next hit, \"Cold Hard Bitch\", \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" stayed longer on the charts and is the band's most successful song, often regarded as their signature song.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. The song was voted number 1 in the Triple J Hottest 100 in 2003.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. The music video is shot in black and white, and shows Jet performing in a blank studio. As they play, black ink starts pouring out of their equipment and forms a landscape resembling the cover art on their album Get Born, The Beatles album Revolver and silhouettes of dancing girls. The video was shot at Vinopolis, London. Cameron Muncey can be seen wearing an AC/DC shirt.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. The single has sold 1.3 million copies in United States since 2012. [2]", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. Written by Nic Cester and Cameron Muncey, the song is often cited for similarities to Iggy Pop's \"Lust for Life\" (particularly its drum pattern and near-identical guitar riff);[3][4] and the 1999 song \"Screwdriver\" from The White Stripes.[5] The band, however, argues that \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" has more in common with 1960s Motown songs, namely \"I'm Ready for Love\" by Martha and the Vandellas and \"You Can't Hurry Love\" by The Supremes.", "Use ta Be My Girl. \"Use ta Be My Girl\" is a song by R&B vocal group The O'Jays. Released from their hit 1978 album, So Full of Love, it became a huge crossover hit. The song spent five weeks at number one on the R&B singles chart. It also peaked at number four on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart.[1] \"Use ta Be My Girl\" became one of their biggest and most familiar hits by The O'Jays. The song has also been certified by the RIAA as a Million-Seller.[2]", "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song). On 25 May 2007 Lavigne, Gottwald, RCA Records, and Apple Inc. were sued by James Gangwer and Tommy Dunbar (songwriters for The Rubinoos) over claims that \"Girlfriend\" infringed their copyright on their 1979 song \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\".[28]", "When She Was My Girl. \"When She Was My Girl\" is a 1981 single released by American vocal group the Four Tops. The song, their first release off Casablanca Records, helped to return the former signature Motown act to the American pop Top 40 charts, peaking at number 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, number 10 on the Cashbox chart, and reaching number one on the R&B charts.[1]", "My Girl (The Temptations song). \"My Girl\" is a 1964 standard, recorded by the Temptations for the Gordy (Motown) label, which became a number one hit in 1965. Written and produced by the Miracles members Smokey Robinson and Ronald White, the song became the Temptations' first U.S. number-one single, and is today their signature song. Robinson's inspiration for writing this song was his wife, Miracles member Claudette Rogers Robinson. The song was featured on the Temptations album The Temptations Sing Smokey.", "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song). Lavigne's manager, Terry McBride, denied that \"Girlfriend\" was copied from \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\", and pointed out that \"Boyfriend\" itself is similar to The Rolling Stones' song \"Get off of My Cloud\". In addition, Avril Lavigne herself posted on MySpace that the Rubinoos' song had a similar title and vocal hook to the Ramones' \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\", released in 1976.", "Here Comes My Girl. \"Here Comes My Girl\" is a song written by Tom Petty and Mike Campbell, and recorded by Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, their third single from their breakthrough hit 1979 album, Damn the Torpedoes. It peaked at number 59 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 in mid-1980.[1]", "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song). \"Girlfriend\" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Avril Lavigne. The song was written by Lavigne and producer Dr. Luke for Lavigne's third studio album, The Best Damn Thing, published in 2007. \"Girlfriend\" was released as the lead single from The Best Damn Thing on 27 February 2007 by Columbia and RCA Records.[1] Lyrically, the song revolves around its protagonist having a crush on someone who is in a relationship, proclaiming she should be his girlfriend. The song has been noted to have similarities to Toni Basil's 1982 single \"Mickey\", and The Rubinoos' 1979 single \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\". The songwriters of \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\" sued Lavigne and Dr. Luke for copyright infringement; the suit was later settled.", "Be My Lover. \"Be My Lover\" is a song recorded by German Eurodance group La Bouche. It was released in March 1995 as the second single from their album, Sweet Dreams.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. The APRA Awards are presented annually from 1982 by the Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA).[22]\n[23]", "My Girl (The Temptations song). In 1988, Suave had a Top 40 Pop hit & Top 10 R&B hit with the song.[citation needed] R&B/soul group the Whispers covered the song in a disco style for their eponymous 1979 album. It was subsequently released as a single, and (despite missing the US Charts completely) was a Top 30 hit in the UK, reaching #26.[citation needed]", "Girl I'm Gonna Miss You. \"Girl I'm Gonna Miss You\" is a song by German dance-pop group Milli Vanilli. It was released in July 1989 as a single from their debut album Girl You Know It's True. The single was a success, hitting the number one spot on the Billboard Hot 100 charts, while also being certified Gold by the RIAA. The song also reached number one in Canada, Austria, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and reached number two in the United Kingdom, Germany and Ireland, and number three in Australia.", "Mindless Behavior. They performed \"My Girl\" on The Today Show in November 2010.[1] Their debut album, #1 Girl, was released on September 20, 2011.[3] It debuted on the US Billboard 200 album chart at number seven.[4]", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. It's funny because I asked him point blank about that. He said I was crazy. He said that when he and David Bowie were writing \"Lust for Life\", they were ripping off Motown's beat. It's funny that he said that to me because we also thought we were ripping off Motown more than \"Lust for Life\". To be honest with you that kind of annoyed me a lot, because I always thought it was really lazy. People just go well Lust for Life is more well-known so that's what they go for, but if you listen to a song like \"You Can't Hurry Love\" (The Supremes) I think you'll find its closer to \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\" than \"Lust for Life\" ever was. And that's what Iggy said as well.[6]", "My Girl (The Temptations song). \"My Girl\" was later sampled for \"Stay\", a single from the Temptations' 1998 album Phoenix Rising.", "Bebe Rexha. Songs of hers performed by artists include Eminem's and Rihanna's single \"The Monster\" which won a Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Performance at the 57th Annual Grammy Awards ceremony, and songs for Selena Gomez and Nick Jonas.[2][5] In 2015 she released her first solo EP, I Don't Wanna Grow Up. In October 2016, \"I Got You\" was released as the lead single from her EP All Your Fault: Pt. 1. In August 2017, her third EP All Your Fault: Pt. 2 was released, which spawned the hit single \"Meant to Be\" with country duo Florida Georgia Line, which peaked at two on the Billboard Hot 100. The song is also included on her debut studio album, Expectations, which will be released on June 22, 2018.[6]", "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It). \"My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It)\" is a song by American female group En Vogue, released in 1992. It is the lead single from their multi-platinum hit album, Funky Divas. VH1 ranked it #43 on its list for the \"100 Greatest Songs of the '90s\".The single was certified gold by the RIAA for sales/shipments of over 500,000 units.", "My Girl (The Temptations song). In 2004, \"My Girl\" was ranked number 88 on Rolling Stone's list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\".[5]", "My Lovin' (You're Never Gonna Get It). In 2011 Slant Magazine ranked the song #39 in its The 100 Best Singles of the 1990s-list.[4] Billboard named the song #6 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time.[5]", "Girlfriend (Avril Lavigne song). Reviewers have noted similarities between Girlfriend and other songs. One similarity is to The Rubinoos' 1979 single \"I Wanna Be Your Boyfriend\", in which they sing \"Hey hey, you you, I wanna be your boyfriend\" similar to \"Hey hey, you you, I could be your girlfriend\" in \"Girlfriend\".[12] Similarities have also been noted to Toni Basil's \"Mickey\".[13][14][15]", "Live at the Apollo (TV series). The theme tune used on the BBC broadcasts (Jet – \"Are You Gonna Be My Girl\") has been replaced with another instrumental piece for the digital repeats. The instrumental track is called 'Monster Funk' and is from the KPM Production Music Library. It had previously been used for the end titles of 'Live at the Apollo' but is used on the opening and closing titles for digital repeats and DVD issues.", "Aslyn. Two singles were released off the album: \"Be the Girl\" and \"Gotta Get Over You\". The first single that peaked at #35[5] on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. Aslyn's sound as a performer has been classified as more of an \"independent pop/alternative singer\". Her single \"Be the Girl\" was featured in an episode of Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County on MTV.\"Be the girl\" also got featured in the \"Bratz Rock Angels\" Video Game.", "Are You Gonna Be My Girl. Chris Cester responded to media commentary regarding the similarities, stating in a Jared Story interview that the beat was taken from Motown, referring to a meeting between Iggy Pop and himself:", "When She Was My Girl. \"When She Was My Girl\" was a Grammy nominee for best R&B song.", "Got7. Got7 released their third Japanese single \"Laugh Laugh Laugh\" with its B-side \"Be My Girl\" on September 23. It sold over 35,000 album copies in the first week of its release and made its debut at first place on the Oricon's singles chart.[34][35]", "My Girl (The Temptations song). The recorded version of \"My Girl\" was the first Temptations single to feature David Ruffin on lead vocals. Previously, Eddie Kendricks and Paul Williams had performed most of the group's lead vocals, and Ruffin had joined the group as a replacement for former Temptation Elbridge Bryant. While on tour as part of the Motortown Revue, a collective tour for most of the Motown roster, Smokey Robinson caught the Temptations' part of the show. The group had included a medley of soul standards in the show, one of which, the Drifters' \"Under the Boardwalk\", was a solo spot for Ruffin. Impressed, Robinson decided to produce a single with Ruffin singing lead. Robinson saw Ruffin as a \"sleeping giant\" in the group with a unique voice that was \"mellow\" yet \"gruff\".[1] Robinson thought that if he could write just the perfect song for Ruffin's voice, then he could have a smash hit.[1] The song was to be something that Ruffin could \"belt out\" yet something that was also \"melodic and sweet\".[1]", "My Best Friend's Girl (song). \"My Best Friend's Girl\" is a song by American rock band The Cars from their 1978 self-titled debut album on Elektra Records, released on June 6 of that year. Written by Ric Ocasek and produced by Roy Thomas Baker, the song was released as the album's second single. It peaked at number 35 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 chart, and reached number three in the UK. \"My Best Friend's Girl\" was included on the soundtrack to the 1979 film Over the Edge, and the song appears on numerous compilation albums, such as the band's 1985 Greatest Hits, 1995's Just What I Needed: The Cars Anthology, and 2002's Complete Greatest Hits. A live version of the song by The New Cars appears on their 2006 debut album, It's Alive!. The song originates from late 1976-early 1977 as another successful demo, like \"Just What I Needed\", of the song was done.[2]" ]

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[ "Cuvette. Traditional ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or fluorescence spectroscopy typically use samples that are liquid - either a liquid substance or a substance dissolved in a solvent. The liquid sample is placed in a cuvette, and the cuvette is then placed in a spectrophotometer for testing. The cuvette can be made of any material that is transparent in the range of wavelengths being tested. Historically, reusable quartz cuvettes were required for measurements in the ultraviolet range, since glass and most plastic absorb light in this wavelength range, creating interference. Now, disposable plastic cuvettes manufactured using specialized ultraviolet-transparent plastics are available. Glass, plastic (traditional or ultraviolet-transparent), and quartz cuvettes are all suitable for measurements made at higher wavelengths (e.g. in the visible spectrum).", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Samples for UV/Vis spectrophotometry are most often liquids, although the absorbance of gases and even of solids can also be measured. Samples are typically placed in a transparent cell, known as a cuvette. Cuvettes are typically rectangular in shape, commonly with an internal width of 1 cm. (This width becomes the path length, \n\n\n\nL\n\n\n{\\displaystyle L}\n\n, in the Beer-Lambert law.) Test tubes can also be used as cuvettes in some instruments. The type of sample container used must allow radiation to pass over the spectral region of interest. The most widely applicable cuvettes are made of high quality fused silica or quartz glass because these are transparent throughout the UV, visible and near infrared regions. Glass and plastic cuvettes are also common, although glass and most plastics absorb in the UV, which limits their usefulness to visible wavelengths.[1]", "Cuvette. Different UV ranges can be analyzed using different types of cuvette. The smallest units are capable of holding 70 µL, while the largest can test samples of 2.5 mL or more.[5] Some cuvettes will be clear only on opposite sides, so that a single beam of light can pass through them. Cuvettes used in fluorescence spectroscopy must be clear on all four sides, as fluorescence is measured at a right-angle to the beam path to limit contributions from the beam itself.[6] Some cuvettes, known as tandem cuvettes, have a glass barrier medium that extends two-thirds of the way up in the middle of the container, so that measurements can be taken with two solutions separated, and again when they are mixed. Typically, cuvettes are 10 mm (0.39 in) in width, to allow for easy calculations of coefficients of absorption. To measure the sample, the transparent side must be placed toward the light in the spectrophotometer. For accurate measurement, these testing tubes should be clean and scratch-free.[7] Cuvettes to be used in circular dichroism[8] experiments should never be mechanically stressed, as the stress will induce birefringence[9] in the quartz and affect the measurements made. There are several different types of cuvettes commonly used; each type has different usable wavelengths at which its transparency exceeds 80%:", "Absorption spectroscopy. Two other issues that must be considered in setting up an absorption spectroscopy experiment include the optics used to direct the radiation and the means of holding or containing the sample material (called a cuvette or cell). For most UV, visible, and NIR measurements the use of precision quartz cuvettes are necessary. In both cases, it is important to select materials that have relatively little absorption of their own in the wavelength range of interest. The absorption of other materials could interfere with or mask the absorption from the sample. For instance, in several wavelength ranges it is necessary to measure the sample under vacuum or in a rare gas environment because gases in the atmosphere have interfering absorption features.", "Cuvette. Cuvette calibration has a great effect on the absorbance measurement. Many variables need to be considered to ensure precision and accuracy. The spectrophotometric measurement is sensitive to the change in volume. The calibration cuvette helps scientists to convert the volume data from relative value units to the true volume with less uncertainty. The cuvette adjustment is important for laboratory technicians who require a precise estimation of the solution volume.[15] In the laboratory, sometimes a round glass cuvette is utilized. The adjusted cuvette that has been aligned and sold in the market is expensive in comparison with the cost of normal glass tubes. The glass cell costs approximately 30 times more than an ordinary glass tube. In turn, the cuvettes do the most appropriate sort of spectrophotometer, but some researches need the great number of cuvette and it can be costly. A high quality glass tube can give similar results as a cuvette. However, the manually calibrated cuvette has less consistency. The adjustment and position of the tube affect the reading value of the absorbance as the light goes through the sample controlled by the width of the cuvette. The distance traveled by light and the concentration of solution influence the estimation of absorbance. The appropriate wavelength and type of cuvette is the main component for measuring the correct absorbance with manually calibrating the cuvette.[16]", "Cuvette. Disposable plastic cuvettes are often used in fast spectroscopic assays, where high speed is more important than high accuracy. Plastic cuvettes, with a wavelength from 380 to 780 nm (visible spectrum), are easily expendable and thus disposed of once used, preventing contamination risk from reusing cuvettes.[10] Owing to its low cost of manufacture, it is relatively low in price. Plastic cuvettes are accessible for UV measuring. Disposable cuvettes can be used in some laboratories where the beam light is not high enough to affect the absorption tolerance and consistency of the value.[11]", "Cuvette. Optical Glass has an optimal wavelength range of 340 - 2,500 nm. Glass cuvettes are typically for use in the wavelength range of visible light, whereas fused quartz tends to be used for ultraviolet (UV) applications.", "Cuvette. A cuvette (French: cuvette = \"little vessel\") is a small, straight-sided tube-shaped container with a circular or square cross section. It is sealed at one end, and made of an optically-clear material such as plastic, glass, or fused quartz (for UV light). Cuvettes are designed to hold samples for spectroscopic experiments in which a beam of light is passed through the sample within the cuvette in order to measure the absorbance (also called optical density), transmittance, fluorescence intensity, fluorescence polarization (also called fluorescence anisotropy), or fluorescence lifetime of the substance in the cuvette. This measurement is performed using a spectrophotometer.", "Cuvette. The size of the cuvette determines how long the light path is able to travel through the sample. For many applications, a 1 cm cuvette is used. Cuvettes typically have two parallel sides that are transparent so that the spectrophotometer light can pass through, but some tests can be performed by reflection and therefore only need a single transparent side. For fluorescence, two more parallel sides, perpendicular to the ones used for the spectrophotometer light, are needed for the excitation light.[1] Cuvettes are typically 10 mm thick, allowing light to easily pass through. The thickness and sizes of cuvette affects the calculation of absorbance value. Some cuvettes have a glass or plastic cap for use with hazardous solutions, but others do not.[2][3]", "Spectrophotometry. Samples are usually prepared in cuvettes; depending on the region of interest, they may be constructed of glass, plastic (visible spectrum region of interest), or quartz (Far UV spectrum region of interest). Some applications require small volume measurements which can be performed with micro-volume platforms.", "Cuvette. IR quartz has a usable wavelength range of 220 to 3,500 nm, and a matching tolerance of 1% at 2,730 nm. The IR quartz cuvette is more resistive to chemical solution than other types designed for fluorescence measurements. The path-lengths are available at 5 mm up until 40 mm with 1.25 mm thickness.[14]", "Cuvette. Stress factors in a cuvette reduces the expected measurement and possibly causes errors. Errors in the spectrophotometer such as light distribution can occur when light hits a scratched cuvette. A rubber or plastic rack protects the cuvette from accidentally hitting and being scratched by the machine casing. The type of solvent used, temperature, and the wavelength of the light affect the measurement at different levels of light transmitted through the cuvette.[17]", "Cuvette. Quartz cells provide more durability compared to plastic and glass. Quartz excels at transmitting UV light, and can be used for wavelengths ranging 190-2500 nm.[12]", "Cuvette. UV-VIS spectrophotometer used with cuvette.", "Cuvette. Fused quartz cells are used for wavelength transmission below 380 nm (ultraviolet spectrum). The optical combined quartz cuvette has a higher purification compared with other types of quartz.[13]", "Cuvette. Sapphire cuvettes are the most expensive, though provide the most durable, scratch-resistant, and transmissible material. The transmission extends from UV light to mid-infrared, ranging from 250 to 5,000 nm. Sapphire can withstand the extreme natural condition of some sample solutions and variances in temperature.[12]", "Cuvette. Low-lint gauze or tissue paper is used to wipe clean the outer surface of the cuvette before usage. Fingerprints or droplets of water disrupt the reflection of light rays during the measurement. In the situation where the pasture pipette contains air during solution transfer, bubbles may form inside the cuvette reducing the purity of a solution and cause light beams to be more scattered. The finger-clad finger method is used to remove bubbles. The solution contained in the cuvette should be high enough to be in the path of the light source.[18]", "Cuvette. ES quartz has a usable wavelength range of 190 to 2,000 nm, and a matching tolerance of 1% at 220 nm. ES quartz is composed of a suprasil giving a marginally higher quality of quartz over the UV cuvette. High transmission in the low nano-meter range is available for the ES quartz cuvette.[13]", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The detector used is broadband; it responds to all the light that reaches it. If a significant amount of the light passed through the sample contains wavelengths that have much lower extinction coefficients than the nominal one, the instrument will report an incorrectly low absorbance. Any instrument will reach a point where an increase in sample concentration will not result in an increase in the reported absorbance, because the detector is simply responding to the stray light. In practice the concentration of the sample or the optical path length must be adjusted to place the unknown absorbance within a range that is valid for the instrument. Sometimes an empirical calibration function is developed, using known concentrations of the sample, to allow measurements into the region where the instrument is becoming non-linear.", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. As a rough guide, an instrument with a single monochromator would typically have a stray light level corresponding to about 3 Absorbance Units (AU), which would make measurements above about 2 AU problematic. A more complex instrument with a double monochromator would have a stray light level corresponding to about 6 AU, which would therefore allow measuring a much wider absorbance range.", "Cuvette. In 1934, James Franklin Hyde created a combined silica cell, which was free from other extraneous elements, as a liquefying technique of other glass products. In the 1950s, Starna Ltd. idealized the method to completely melt an optical segment of glass by using heat without deformation of its shape. This innovation has altered the production of inert cuvettes without any thermosetting resin.[4] Before the rectangular cuvette was created, researchers used standard test tubes for laboratory work. As innovation motivated changes in technique, cuvettes were constructed to have focal points over ordinary test tubes.", "Absorption spectroscopy. Remote spectral measurements present several challenges compared to laboratory measurements. The space in between the sample of interest and the instrument may also have spectral absorptions. These absorptions can mask or confound the absorption spectrum of the sample. These background interferences may also vary over time. The source of radiation in remote measurements is often an environmental source, such as sunlight or the thermal radiation from a warm object, and this makes it necessary to distinguish spectral absorption from changes in the source spectrum.", "Cuvette. Mild detergent and ethanol rinsing with tap water is used to wipe off the outer layer of the cuvette. Acid and alkaline are not used due to their corrosive effects on glass, and acetone is avoided when dealing with plastic cuvettes. Wiping the container dry with a soft, low-lint cloth avoids scratching the surface of the cuvette. In case the cuvette needs incubation for various experiments, care must be taken to avoid raising the temperature above permissible levels for the material.", "Cuvette. Optical glass, or more technically, Optical Crown Glass, is manufactured from alkali-lime silicates containing around 10% potassium oxide. It typically has a refractive index of ≈1.52.", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. In liquids, the extinction coefficient usually changes slowly with wavelength. A peak of the absorbance curve (a wavelength where the absorbance reaches a maximum) is where the rate of change in absorbance with wavelength is smallest.[5] Measurements are usually made at a peak to minimize errors produced by errors in wavelength in the instrument, that is errors due to having a different extinction coefficient than assumed.", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The above factors contribute to the measurement uncertainty of the results obtained with UV/Vis spectrophotometry. If UV/Vis spectrophotometry is used in quantitative chemical analysis then the results are additionally affected by uncertainty sources arising from the nature of the compounds and/or solutions that are measured. These include spectral interferences caused by absorption band overlap, fading of the color of the absorbing species (caused by decomposition or reaction) and possible composition mismatch between the sample and the calibration solution.[7]", "Spectrophotometry. Traditional visible region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make it difficult to manage color issues if for example one or more of the printing inks is fluorescent. Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for visual spectrum spectrophotometers, d/8 (spherical) and 0/45. The names are due to the geometry of the light source, observer and interior of the measurement chamber.\nScientists use this instrument to measure the amount of compounds in a sample. If the compound is more concentrated more light will be absorbed by the sample; within small ranges, the Beer-Lambert law holds and the absorbance between samples vary with concentration linearly.\nIn the case of printing measurements two alternative settings are commonly used- without/with uv filter to control better the effect of uv brighteners within the paper stock.", "Ultraviolet. Common soda–lime glass is partially transparent to UVA but is opaque to shorter wavelengths, whereas fused quartz glass, depending on quality, can be transparent even to vacuum UV wavelengths. Ordinary window glass passes about 90% of the light above 350 nm, but blocks over 90% of the light below 300 nm.[28][29][30]", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. It is important to have a monochromatic source of radiation for the light incident on the sample cell.[5] Monochromaticity is measured as the width of the \"triangle\" formed by the intensity spike, at one half of the peak intensity. A given spectrometer has a spectral bandwidth that characterizes how monochromatic the incident light is.[clarification needed]If this bandwidth is comparable to (or more than) the width of the absorption line, then the measured extinction coefficient will be mistaken. In reference measurements, the instrument bandwidth (bandwidth of the incident light) is kept below the width of the spectral lines. When a test material is being measured, the bandwidth of the incident light should also be sufficiently narrow. Reducing the spectral bandwidth reduces the energy passed to the detector and will, therefore, require a longer measurement time to achieve the same signal to noise ratio.", "History of the telescope. Although optical telescopes can image the near ultraviolet, the ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs ultraviolet radiation shorter than 300 nm so most ultra-violet astronomy is conducted with satellites. Ultraviolet telescopes resemble optical telescopes, but conventional aluminium-coated mirrors cannot be used and alternative coatings such as magnesium fluoride or lithium fluoride are used instead. The Orbiting Solar Observatory satellite carried out observations in the ultra-violet as early as 1962. The International Ultraviolet Explorer (1978) systematically surveyed the sky for eighteen years, using a 45-centimetre (18 in) aperture telescope with two spectroscopes. Extreme-ultraviolet astronomy (10–100 nm) is a discipline in its own right and involves many of the techniques of X-ray astronomy; the Extreme Ultraviolet Explorer (1992) was a satellite operating at these wavelengths.", "Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. The instrument used in ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is called a UV/Vis spectrophotometer. It measures the intensity of light passing through a sample (\n\n\n\nI\n\n\n{\\displaystyle I}\n\n), and compares it to the intensity of light before it passes through the sample (\n\n\n\n\nI\n\no\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle I_{o}}\n\n). The ratio \n\n\n\nI\n\n/\n\n\nI\n\no\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle I/I_{o}}\n\n is called the transmittance, and is usually expressed as a percentage (%T). The absorbance, \n\n\n\nA\n\n\n{\\displaystyle A}\n\n, is based on the transmittance:", "Ultraviolet. Vacuum UV, or VUV, wavelengths (shorter than 200 nm) are strongly absorbed by molecular oxygen in the air, though the longer wavelengths of about 150–200 nm can propagate through nitrogen. Scientific instruments can therefore utilize this spectral range by operating in an oxygen-free atmosphere (commonly pure nitrogen), without the need for costly vacuum chambers. Significant examples include 193 nm photolithography equipment (for semiconductor manufacturing) and circular dichroism spectrometers." ]

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[ "Happy Endings (short story). \"Happy Endings\" is a short story by Margaret Atwood. It was first published in a 1983 Canadian collection, Murder in the Dark,[1] and highlighted during the nomination period for the 2017/2018 Galley Beggar Press Short Story Prize.[2]", "Happy Endings (short story). The short story includes six different stories, labeled A to F, which each quickly summarize the lives of its characters, eventually culminating in death. The names of characters recur throughout the stories and the stories reference each other (e.g. \"everything continues as in A\"), challenging narrative literary conventions.", "Happy Endings (short story). In addition, the story explores themes of domesticity, welfare, and success.", "Mary Margaret Blanchard. After the people from the Land of Untold Stories arrive in town, Snow and her family stop Hyde and decide to help these new people with finding their happy endings but find themselves in repeating battles as the Evil Queen arrives and has Regina kill the Count of Monte Cristo. Afterwards when trying to figure out why the Evil Queen survived Regina crushing her and a way to destroy her, Snow wishes to become a teacher again and for things to return to normal which they start to do but this is short lived when the Evil Queen threatens Storybrooke with water from the River of Lost Souls unless Snow and David give up their shared heart which they do. But the Evil Queens decides to give them her pain of loneliness so she places a sleeping curse on their shared heart so when one is awake, the other will be asleep meaning Snow and David cannot be together. As they try to continue life without each other Snow starts to lose hope as she cannot stand being without David.", "Miss Julie. At this point Jean and Miss Julie notice some servants heading up to the house, singing a song that mocks the pair of them. They hide in Jean's room. Although Jean swears he won't take advantage of her there, when they emerge later it becomes apparent that the two have had sex. Now they are forced to figure out how to deal with it, as Jean theorizes that they can no longer live together anymore — he feels they will be tempted to continue their relationship until they are caught. Now he confesses that he was only pretending when he said he had tried to commit suicide for love of her. Furiously, Miss Julie tells him of how her mother raised her to be submissive to no man. They then decide to run away together to start a hotel, with Jean running it and Miss Julie providing the capital. Miss Julie agrees and steals some of her father's money, but angers Jean when she insists on bringing her little bird along—she insists that it is the only creature that loves her, after her dog Diana was \"unfaithful\" to her. When Miss Julie insists that she would rather kill the bird than see it in the hands of strangers, Jean cuts off its head. In the midst of this confusion, Christine comes downstairs, prepared to go to church. She is shocked by Jean and Miss Julie's planning and unmoved when Miss Julie asks her to come along with them as head of the kitchen of the hotel. Christine explains to Miss Julie about God and forgiveness and heads off for church, telling them as she leaves that she will tell the stablemasters not to let them take out any horses so that they cannot run off. Shortly after, they receive word that Miss Julie's father, the Count, has returned. At this, both lose courage and find themselves unable to go through with their plans. Miss Julie realizes that she has nothing to her name, as her thoughts and emotions were taught to her by her mother and her father. She asks Jean if he knows of any way out for her. He takes a shaving razor and hands it to her and the play ends as she walks through the door with it, presumably to commit suicide.", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child. In a feminist retelling of the story, young hippie Vanna falls in love with Rip Van Winkle and must rediscover her voice after not being respected by her sexist husband. Vanna's fairy godmentor gives Rip some time to sleep on things (20 years to be exact) and he wakes up to a world where Vanna has helped change things for the better.", "The Story of an Hour. To this day, \"The Story of an Hour\" is one of Kate Chopin's most popular works. Although, it is commonly wondered why Mrs. Mallard would feel relieved by the news of her husband's death. It may seem like an unsettling thought, but as Wikipedia explains, \"It was a correlation to both the time period and the way men perceived woman back in the 1800s. The thought of a woman being able to survive without a man was a distant thought among many civilians back in that time. Women were often stuck at home while the husbands went to work. It was thought of between women at the time that the death of their husbands would bring them \"freedom\" and therefore Kate Chopin's, \"The Story of an Hour,\" resonated with a lot of women at the time, but was not so popular with men.\" This helps readers to see that Mrs. Mallard may have felt trapped and exploited by her marriage. Which brings us to another important element that this short story expresses; marriage is not always what it seems. When most people think of the day that they will get married, they think of how happy their lives will be from that point on. However, that is not always the case, and \"The Story of an Hour\" just goes to show it. Louise Mallard did feel love for her husband sometimes, but she felt like her newly found freedom from him was a joyful thing and for once in her life she felt hopeful about her future.", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child. The classic Mark Twain novel is told with an African-American and feminist twist where a princess named Princess Olivia and a poor girl named Zoe exchange identities.", "Cat on a Hot Tin Roof. Maggie, determined and beautiful, has escaped a childhood of poverty to marry into the wealthy Pollitts, but finds herself unfulfilled. The family is aware that Brick has not slept with Maggie for a long time, which has strained their marriage. Brick, an aging football hero, infuriates her by ignoring his brother Gooper's attempts to gain control of the family fortune. Brick's indifference and his drinking have escalated with the suicide of his friend Skipper. Maggie fears that Brick's malaise will ensure that Gooper and his wife Mae inherit Big Daddy's estate.", "Lynette Scavo. In her first trimester, Lynette is depressed about the prospect of having twins so late in life and fears she will not love them. She hides the pregnancy from her boss, Carlos, so as not to jeopardize her promotion. Gabrielle soon discovers the truth, and is angry with Lynette for putting the future of Carlos' company at stake. She does not tell Carlos, although Lynette thought she would, so reveals her secret to him without knowledge. He tells her that her options are to move to Miami or to quit. He then gives her a huge amount of work to do in one night, but when Lynette attends her daughter's Christmas pageant instead, Carlos subsequently fires her. Lynette and Gaby's friendship becomes strained, but is restored when Lynette saves Celia Solis from being hit by a plane that crashes on Wisteria Lane. Following the crash, Lynette is in pain and realizes something is wrong with the babies. Her doctor discovers one of the twins needs circulatory surgery. While unconscious, Lynette dreams of the struggle of life with a disabled child. The dream ends with her disabled son's graduation, where he thanks her for always challenging him. When she awakens, Tom tells her that the ill baby died but the other survived. Despite her early reluctance to have these twins at all, Lynette sobs for her lost baby. She has trouble processing her grief until Tom suggests that she stay home with their daughter after she is born.", "Joy of Living. Eventually, they fall in love and marry. Dan wants to immediately board his boat and sail to his island, which he calls 'Paradise', but Maggie has a show to do. She must make a choice.", "A Modest Proposal. In the 1998 edition of \"A Handmaid's Tale\" by Margaret Atwood there is a quote from \"A Modest Proposal\" before the introduction.[24]", "She's Dating the Gangster. Kelay joins him on his quest to find his father as she is determined to give her aunt whose name is Athena, the happily ever after she deserves. Kenneth is annoyed at Kelay wanting to bring her aunt and his father together especially since Kenneth has heard of her as the woman that his father secretly loved, resulting to the death of his mother, whose name is also Athena. Kelay does not like what Kenneth feels toward her aunt and so she decides to tell him their love story to convince him that her aunt is not so bad.", "Everything Good Will Come. The idea of universalism is shown that by the fact that lthough the women of these countries may seem very different, they all face many of the same issues. At this time, England and the United States were seen as more progressive in gender ideals by women having the ability to maintain independence, but they still faced discrimination in the work place as Enitan did in her father’s firm. All three countries are also faced with infidelity and race discrimination, issues that make this story relevant beyond Nigeria. To combat these issues Atta shows the negative effects and allows her main female protagonists to gain independence in the conclusion of the novel. This positive outlook on a woman’s ability to become self-sufficient and successful against family and political strains of this time contributed to this novel receiving the Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.[5]", "Ryan Atwood. In a flashforward, Ryan attends UC Berkeley, where Sandy is now a law professor. At Seth and Summer's wedding, he is best man and shares a smile with Taylor, the maid of honor (their relationship status is left ambiguous). Ryan achieves his dream of becoming an architect. As he walks away from a construction site, he notices a teenager down on his luck, seemingly in the same situation Ryan was when he was kicked out of his home. As he offers the youth help, Ryan's story comes full circle.", "She Stoops to Conquer. Wealthy countryman Mr. Hardcastle arranges for his daughter Kate to meet Charles Marlow, the son of a rich Londoner, hoping the pair will marry. Unfortunately, Marlow prefers lower-class women, finding them less intimidating than women of high society. On his first acquaintance with Kate, the latter realises she will have to pretend to be 'common' to get Marlow to woo her. Thus Kate 'stoops to conquer', by posing as a maid, hoping to put Marlow at his ease so he falls for her. Marlow sets out for Mr. Hardcastle's manor with a friend, George Hastings, an admirer of Miss Constance Neville, another young lady who lives with the Hardcastles. During the journey the two men get lost and stop at an alehouse, The Three Jolly Pigeons, for directions.", "Virginia Woolf. see Kirkpatrick & Clarke (1997), VWS (2018), Carter (2002)", "(Margie's At) The Lincoln Park Inn. The protagonist regrets his affair, and states that he has made a promise not to cheat anymore. However, he still harbors deep temptation for Margie (\"I know why she's there/I've been there before\"), and — still having her telephone number — knows full well that she is often a client at the inn and is probably there as he speaks.", "One Night @ the Call Center. The themes involve the anxieties and insecurities of the rising Indian middle class, including questions about career, inadequacy, marriage, family conflicts in a changing India, and the relationship of the young Indian middle class to both executives and ordinary clients whom they serve in the United States. There is an aspect of self-help in the book as the author invites readers to identify aspects of themselves and their lives that make them angry and that they would like to change.", "The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Having laid down this theoretical position, Kermode tracks the creation of new attempts to 'make sense of life' through literature. He focuses on modern literature but covers a range of authors including William Shakespeare, Edmund Spenser, William Butler Yeats, T.S. Eliot, James Joyce, the French 'new novelists', William S. Burroughs, Samuel Beckett and Jean-Paul Sartre.", "Happily N'Ever After. The story begins with the idea that the Wizard (George Carlin) controls all of the fairy tales and maintains the balance of good and evil in Fairy Tale Land. With the help of his assistants the uptight Munk (Wallace Shawn) and the decidedly goofy Mambo (Andy Dick), the Wizard is checking to make sure that all the fairy tales under his care are \"on track\" to have their traditional happy endings. As we meet him however, the Wizard is leaving for Scotland for a long-overdue vacation. He leaves the kingdom in the hands of Munk and Mambo.", "The Sense of an Ending. The title is borrowed from a book of the same name by Frank Kermode[5] first published in 1967, subtitled Studies in the Theory of Fiction, the stated aim of which is \"making sense of the ways we try to make sense of our lives\".[8] Kermode's book is a well received piece of literary criticism. Critic Colin Burrow called it one of “the three most inspiring works of literary criticism written in the twentieth century”, comparing Kermode's work with Erich Auerbach's Mimesis and E.R. Curtius's European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages.[9] The critic Boyd Tonkin adds the additional interpretation that Barnes's “show-off” characters could be typical readers of Kermode's work.[10]", "Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child. Based on Oscar Wilde's short story, a statue and a New York City pigeon work together to help the poor.", "Fried Green Tomatoes at the Whistle Stop Cafe. Inspired by these stories, Evelyn starts selling Mary Kay Cosmetics and, at Mrs. Threadgoode's urging, is treated for menopause and confronts various long-held fears. Evelyn becomes happier. While on vacation, she receives a letter from Mrs. Hartman, Mrs. Threadgoode's neighbor, that Mrs. Threadgoode has died and left various trinkets for Evelyn. The novel's conclusion reveals that Idgie and her brother Julian, after Whistle Stop became depopulated, operated a roadside food-stand.", "The Story of an Hour. Throughout the story Mrs. Mallard is indirectly shown to feel trapped within her marriage. She was joyful when the news of her husband's alleged passing was brought to her attention and this showed the readers how she actually felt about being in her marriage. It's shown that women who are married feel trapped and they are less happier then married men. Mrs. Mallard spends a lot of time thinking about how her life is going to be now that her \"husband is gone\" and this further raises the question of how happy is she really. This take on the story could allow readers to look deeper behind her actions after her husbands death.[15]", "Fall on Your Knees. Kathleen's diary and old dress is eventually sent home by her caretaker in New York, and after Frances reads it, sends it with Lily to New York, to find Kathleen's lover. As Lily reads through the pages of the diary, we learn of Kathleen's vocal lessons, her instructor she calls the Kaiser, and her illicit love affair with the female black piano accompanist, Rose Lacroix. The romance is a whirlwind, as both women fall madly in love with one another, going to Jazz bars with Rose dressed as a man. Kathleen thrives, and basks in her complete happiness. The world is their oyster, until James barges into Kathleen's apartment one day to find her in bed with the black woman (whom he mistakes for a man). A furious attack on Rose leads to James' jealous rape of Kathleen, as his sexual desire for her finally overcomes him. This reveals Lily's true father, and James brings Kathleen home to Cape Breton, where she then dies in childbirth, her dreams shattered and her short and gloriously promising life cut terribly short. James eventually confesses everything to Frances, and soon after dies in his reading chair, peacefully. Frances finally reveals the family's darkest secrets to her sister Mercedes, who is firmly in denial. Frances dies as an elderly woman with the help of Mercedes, without ever knowing the actual fate of her child.", "Ramona and Beezus. Ramona and Beezus attempt to make dinner for their parents, but the pan catches fire while Beezus is on the phone with Henry. During the ensuing argument, Henry overhears that Beezus loves him. Still upset, Ramona goes to feed her cat Picky-Picky but is devastated to find the cat dead. The girls' private funeral for Picky-Picky helps them reconcile. A job offer for Robert in Oregon leads Ramona's parents to decide to sell their house. As the family touches up the garden during an open house, Ramona inadvertently initiates a water fight with the neighbors, which floods the neighbors' backyard and exposes a box that Hobart buried there years ago. The box contains mementos of Bea and Hobart's teenage romance, and in light of their rekindling relationship, he proposes to her. Hesitantly, Bea accepts, and the family begins planning the impromptu wedding. Furious that her aunt broke her promise not to get \"reeled in,\" Ramona rushes home and seeks solace in the attic. The fragile rafters break, leaving Ramona's legs dangling from the ceiling during the open house. After the open house clears out, Robert scolds Ramona for her lack of maturity. He then receives a phone call from her teacher, Mrs. Meachum (Sandra Oh). Feeling unwanted, Ramona decides to run away. Unable to convince Ramona not to leave, her mother helps her pack her suitcase. Opening the heavy suitcase at a bus stop, Ramona discovers that her mother made it heavy on purpose to keep Ramona from traveling far. Inside, her mother has packed a book of Robert's sketches of Ramona. Her family finds her soon afterward and everyone is happily reunited.", "Some Came Running. Hirsh had left Parkman nineteen years before when his older brother Frank placed him in a charity boarding school, and is still embittered. Frank has since married well, inherited a jewelry business from the father of his wife Agnes, and made their social status his highest priority. Dave's return threatens this, so Frank makes a fruitless stab at arranging respectability, introducing him to his friend Professor French and his beautiful daughter Gwen, a schoolteacher. Dave is entranced by Gwen, falling in love with her even though she rejects him, interested only in Dave's \"mind\" and his undeveloped talent as a writer.", "The Mill on the Floss. This renunciation is tested by a renewed friendship with Philip Wakem, with whom she had developed a friendship while he and Tom were students. Against the wishes of Tom and her father - who both despise the Wakems - Maggie secretly meets with Philip and they go for long walks through the woods. The relationship they forge is founded partly in Maggie's heartfelt pity for broken and neglected human beings but it also serves as an outlet for her intellectual romantic desires. Philip's and Maggie's attraction is, in any case, inconsequential because of the family antipathy. Philip manages to coax a pledge of love from Maggie. When Tom discovers the relationship between the two, he forces his sister to renounce Philip, and with him her hopes of experiencing the broader, more cultured world he represents.", "Happy Endings (TV series). The series first begins with the six friends dealing with their group dynamic drastically changing after the breakup of the couple that first brought them all together: Dave and Alex. This leaves the rest of the group (Max, Brad, Jane, and Penny) in the awkward position of either trying to stay together as friends or having to choose sides. Dave and Alex decide to stay friends, but there are many more complications down the road.[4]", "The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. The book now appears on numerous university reading lists and is still regularly commented upon at academic conferences and in other books on literature.[9][10][11]", "The Sense of an Ending: Studies in the Theory of Fiction. Kermode claims that humans are deeply uncomfortable with the idea that our lives form only a short period in the history of the world. So much has gone before us and so much will come after us. We look for a 'coherent pattern' to explain this fact, and invest in the idea that we find ourselves in the middle of a story. In order to make sense of our lives we need to find some 'consonance' between the beginning, the middle, and the end." ]

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[ "The Last of the Mohicans. The novel is primarily set in the upper New York wilderness, detailing the transport of the two daughters of Colonel Munro, Alice and Cora, to a safe destination at Fort William Henry. Among the caravan guarding the women are the frontiersman Natty Bumppo, Major Duncan Heyward, and the Indians Chingachgook and Uncas, the former of whom is the novel's title character. These characters are sometimes seen as a microcosm of the budding American society, particularly with regard to their racial composition.[3]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The story takes place in 1757, during the French and Indian War in the Adirondack Mountains, in the British colony of New York. British Army Major Duncan Heyward arrives in Albany. He has been sent to serve under Colonel Edmund Munro, the commander of Fort William Henry. Heyward is given the task of escorting the colonel’s two daughters, Cora and Alice, to their father. He is a family friend and in love with Cora, to whom he proposes before they leave, but she does not give him an answer.", "The Last of the Mohicans. The Last of the Mohicans: A Narrative of 1757 (1826) is a historical novel by James Fenimore Cooper.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper set this novel during the Seven Years' War, an international conflict between Great Britain and France, which had a front in North America known by the Anglo-American colonists as the French and Indian War. The conflict arrayed British colonial settlers and minimal regular forces against royal French forces, with both sides also relying on Native American allies. The war was fought primarily along the frontiers of the British colonies from Virginia to Nova Scotia.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The Last of the Mohicans is a 1992 American epic historical drama, set in 1757 during the French and Indian War. It was directed by Michael Mann, based on James Fenimore Cooper's eponymous 1826 novel and George B. Seitz's 1936 film adaptation, owing more to the latter than the novel. The film stars Daniel Day-Lewis, Madeleine Stowe, and Jodhi May, with Russell Means, Wes Studi, Eric Schweig, and Steven Waddington in supporting roles. It was produced by Morgan Creek Pictures.", "The Last of the Mohicans. It is the second book of the Leatherstocking Tales pentalogy and the best known to contemporary audiences.[1] The Pathfinder, published 14 years later in 1840, is its sequel.[2] The Last of the Mohicans is set in 1757, during the French and Indian War (the Seven Years' War), when France and Great Britain battled for control of North America. During this war, both the French and the British used Native American allies, but the French were particularly dependent, as they were outnumbered in the Northeast frontier areas by the more numerous British colonists.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Uncas and Hawk-eye travel to the Delaware village where Cora is held, and where Magua demands the return of his prisoners. Tamenund, the sage of the Delawares, frees the prisoners, except for Cora, whom he awards to Magua. To satisfy laws of hospitality, Tamenund gives Magua a three-hour head start before pursuit. The Delawares vanquish the Hurons, but Magua escapes with Cora and two other Hurons; Uncas, Hawk-eye, and Heyward pursue them. In a fight at the edge of a cliff, Cora, Uncas, and Magua are killed. The novel concludes with a lengthy account of the funerals of Uncas and Cora, and Hawk-eye reaffirms his friendship with Chingachgook. Tamenund prophesies: \"The pale-faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red-men has not yet come again....\".", "The Last of the Mohicans. In the spring of 1757, Lieutenant Colonel George Monro became garrison commander of Fort William Henry, located on Lake George (New York) in the Province of New York. In early August, Major General Louis-Joseph de Montcalm and 7,000 troops besieged the fort. On 2 August General Webb, who commanded the area from his base at Fort Edward, sent 200 regulars and 800 Massachusetts militia to reinforce the garrison at William Henry. In the novel, this is the relief column with which Monro's daughters travel.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cora and Alice Munro, daughters of Lieutenant Colonel Munro, are traveling with Major Duncan Heyward from Fort Edward to Fort William Henry, where Munro is in command, and acquire another companion in David Gamut, a naive singing teacher. They are guided through the forest by a native named Magua, who leads them through a shortcut unaccompanied by the British militia. Heyward is dissatisfied with Magua's shortcut, and the party roam unguided and finally join Natty Bumppo (known as Hawk-eye), a scout for the British, and his two Mohican friends, Chingachgook and his son Uncas. Heyward becomes suspicious of Magua, and Hawk-eye and the Mohicans agree with his suspicion, that Magua is a Huron scout secretly allied with the French. Upon discovery as such, Magua escapes, and in the (correct) belief that Magua will return with Huron reinforcements, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans lead their new companions to a hidden cave on an island in a river. They are attacked there by the Hurons, and when ammunition is exhausted, Hawk-eye and the Mohicans escape, with a promise to return for their companions. Magua and the Hurons capture Heyward, Gamut, and the Munro sisters, and Magua offers to spare the party if Cora becomes his wife, but she refuses. Upon a second refusal, he sentences the prisoners to death. Hawk-eye and the Mohicans rescue all four, and lead them to a dilapidated building that was involved with a battle between the Indians and the British some years ago. They are nearly attacked again, but the Hurons leave the area, rather than disturb the graves of their own fellow-countrymen. The next day, Hawk-eye leads the party to Fort Henry, past a siege by the French army. Munro sends Hawk-eye to Fort Edward for reinforcements; but he is captured by the French, who deliver him to Fort Henry without the letter. Heyward returns to Colonel Munro and announces his love for Alice, and Munro gives his permission for Heyward's courtship.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The following day, Colonel Munro, his soldiers, and their women and children leave the fort. Magua and his Huron warriors ambush them. Magua personally kills Munro. Hawkeye and the Mohicans fight their way out, leading Cora, Alice, and Heyward to temporary safety. Later, however, Magua captures the major and the women. Magua takes his prisoners to a Huron settlement and addresses its sachem. He is interrupted by Hawkeye, who comes in alone to plead for their lives.", "The Last of the Mohicans. At the time of Cooper's writing, many people believed that the Native Americans were disappearing, and would ultimately be assimilated or fail to survive. Especially in the East, their numbers continued to decline. At the same time, the author was interested in the period of the frontier of transition, when more colonists were increasing pressure on the Native Americans. He grew up in Cooperstown, New York, which his father had established on what was then a western frontier of settlement; it developed after the Revolutionary War.", "The Last of the Mohicans. The novel was first published in 1826 by Carey & Lea, of Philadelphia. According to Susan Cooper, its success was \"greater than that of any previous book from the same pen\" and \"in Europe the book produced quite a startling effect.\"[13]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). Despite the film taking place in upstate New York, according to the film credits, it was filmed mostly in the Blue Ridge Mountains of North Carolina. Locations used include Lake James, Chimney Rock Park and The Biltmore Estate. Some of the waterfalls that were used in the movie include Hooker Falls, Triple Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and High Falls, all located in the DuPont State Recreational Forest. Another of these falls was Linville Falls, in the mountains of North Carolina. Scenes of Albany were shot in Asheville, NC at The Manor on Charlotte St.", "The Last of the Mohicans. The French general, Montcalm, invites Munro to a parley, and shows him General Webb's letter, in which the British general has refused reinforcements. At this, Munro agrees to Montcalm's terms that the British soldiers, together with their wounded, women, and children, must leave the fort and withdraw from the war for eighteen months. Outside the fort, the column of British prisoners is attacked by 2000 Huron warriors; in the ensuing massacre, Magua kidnaps Cora and Alice, and he leads them toward the Huron village. David Gamut follows. After the massacre, Hawk-eye, the Mohicans, Heyward, and Colonel Munro follow Magua, and cross a lake to intercept his trail. A canoe chase ensues, in which the rescuers reach land before the Hurons can kill them, and eventually follow Magua to the Huron village. Here, they find Gamut (earlier spared by the Hurons as a harmless madman), who says that Alice is held in this village, and Cora in one belonging to the Lenape (Delaware). Disguised as a French medicine man, Heyward enters the Huron village with Gamut, to rescue Alice; Hawk-eye and Uncas set out to rescue Cora, and Munro and Chingachgook remain in safety. Uncas is taken prisoner by the Hurons, and left to starve when he withstands torture, and Heyward fails to find Alice. A Huron warrior asks Heyward to heal his lunatic wife, and both are stalked by Hawk-eye in the guise of a bear. They enter a cave where the madwoman is kept, and the warrior leaves. Soon after revelation of his identity to Heyward, Hawk-eye accompanies him, and they find Alice. They are discovered by Magua; but Hawk-eye overpowers him, and they leave him tied to a wall. Thereafter Heyward escapes with Alice, while Hawk-eye remains to save Uncas. Gamut convinces a Huron to allow him and his magical bear (Hawk-eye in disguise) to approach Uncas, and they untie him. Uncas dons the bear disguise, Hawk-eye wears Gamut's clothes, and Gamut stays in a corner mimicking Uncas. Uncas and Hawk-eye escape and the Hurons vow revenge.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). During the French and Indian War, Alice (Binnie Barnes) and Cora Munro (Heather Angel), the two daughters of Colonel Munro (Hugh Buckler), commander of a British fort, set out from Albany to join their father. They are escorted by Major Duncan Heyward (Henry Wilcoxon), who has loved Alice for a long time, and by the Huron Indian Magua (Bruce Cabot). Magua is secretly an enemy of the British. Magua betrays them, but they are rescued by a colonial scout named Hawkeye (Randolph Scott) and his friends, the last two members of the Mohican tribe, Chingachgook (Robert Barrat) and his son Uncas (Phillip Reed). On their way to the fort, Uncas falls in love with Cora, while Hawkeye and Alice are attracted to each other.", "The Last of the Mohicans. In the period when Cooper was writing, deputations from the Western tribes frequently traveled through the region along the Mohawk River, on their way to New York or Washington, DC. He made a point of visiting these parties as they passed through Albany and New York. On several occasions, he followed them all the way to Washington to observe them for longer. He also talked to the military officers and interpreters who accompanied them.[13]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). Major Heyward, the two women, and a troop of British soldiers march through the rugged countryside, guided by Magua, a Huron warrior. Magua leads the party into an ambush. All of the soldiers are killed or wounded, but Heyward and the women are rescued by the timely intervention of the Mohican chief Chingachgook, his son Uncas, and his white, adopted son \"Hawkeye\", who kill all of the ambushers except Magua, who escapes. The rescuers agree to take the women and Heyward to the fort. During the fight, Hawkeye noticed that Magua attempted to kill Cora and asks Duncan if he knows why. During the trek, Cora and Hawkeye are attracted to each other, as are Uncas and Alice.", "The Last of the Mohicans. According to Susan Fenimore Cooper, the author's eldest daughter, Cooper first conceived the idea for the book while visiting the Adirondack Mountains in 1825 with a party of English gentlemen.[13] The party passed through the Catskills, an area with which Cooper was already familiar, and about which he had written in his first novel featuring Natty: The Pioneers. They passed on to Lake George and Glens Falls.", "The Last of the Mohicans. Cooper began work on the novel immediately. He and his family stayed for the summer in a cottage belonging to a friend, situated on the Long Island shore of the Sound, opposite Blackwell's Island, not far from Hallett's Cove (the area is now part of Astoria). He wrote quickly and completed the novel in the space of three or four months. He suffered a serious illness thought to have been brought on by sunstroke[14] and, at one point, he dictated the outline of the fight between Magua and Chingachgook (12th chapter), to his wife, who thought that he was delirious.[13]", "The Last of the Mohicans. In the novel, Hawkeye refers to Lake George as the Horican. Cooper felt that Lake George was too plain, while the French name, Le Lac du St. Sacrement, was \"too complicated\". Horican he found on an old map of the area; it was a French transliteration of a native group who had once lived in the area.[15]", "Chimney Rock, North Carolina. The climax of Michael Mann's film version of James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans was filmed along one of the pathways across from Chimney Rock State Park.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). The fort is besieged by the French, under General Montcalm (William Stack), and their Indian allies. Hawkeye sneaks out at night and overhears Magua's treacherous plans to raid the unprotected colonial settlements. Colonel Munro refuses to accept Hawkeye's unsupported word, and forbids the colonials to leave to protect their loved ones. Hawkeye arranges for the men to depart, but remains behind. Munro has no choice but to pronounce a death sentence on him for his actions. Magua incites his men to attack the fort to forestall an agreement between Montcalm and Munro that would allow the British to surrender the fort peacefully in exchange for their lives. Before Montcalm can stop the fighting, Munro is fatally wounded and his daughters are carried off by Magua and a small band of his supporters. Magua tells the women that Cora will become his squaw, and Alice will be burned alive.", "The Last of the Mohicans. When the withdrawal began, some of Montcalm's Indian allies, angered at the lost opportunity for loot, attacked the British column. Cooper's account of the attack and aftermath is lurid and somewhat inaccurate. A detailed reconstruction of the action and its aftermath indicates that the final tally of British missing and dead ranges from 70 to 184;[5] more than 500 British were taken captive.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). Hawkeye faces a court-martial, but Heyward has the charges dismissed. Hawkeye enlists in the British Army and sets out with them to attack Canada. Alice tells him she will be waiting for him at Albany.", "The Last of the Mohicans. By using the name Uncas for one of his characters, he seemed to confuse the two regional tribes: the Mohegan of Connecticut, of which Uncas had been a well-known sachem, and the Mahican of upstate New York. The popularity of Cooper's book helped spread the confusion.[16][17]", "The Last of the Mohicans. The Last of the Mohicans has been James Fenimore Cooper's most popular work. It has continued as one of the most widely read novels throughout the world, and it has influenced popular opinion about American Indians and the frontier period of eastern American history. The romanticized images of the strong, fearless, and ever resourceful frontiersman (i.e., Natty Bumppo), as well as the stoic, wise, and noble \"red man\" (i.e., Chingachgook) were notions derived from Cooper's characterizations more than from anywhere else.[21] The phrase, \"the last of the Mohicans,\" has come to represent the sole survivor of a noble race or type.[22]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1936 film). The Last of the Mohicans is a 1936 American adventure film based on the novel The Last of the Mohicans by James Fenimore Cooper. It was directed by George B. Seitz and stars Randolph Scott, Binnie Barnes and Henry Wilcoxon.", "Colonial American military history. American novelist James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Last of the Mohicans in 1826, a widely read novel that was adapted for several Hollywood films. Cooper refers to the dangerous \"savages\" and shows their willingness to kill. The book creates a lasting impression of the untrustworthiness and dangerousness of Indians in general, according to Michael Hilger. One long-standing theme in American popular culture has portrayed the Indians as revenge-seeking savages looking to scalp their enemies.[23]", "Daniel Boone. On July 5, 1776, Boone's daughter Jemima and two other teenaged girls were captured outside Boonesborough by an Indian war party, who carried the girls north towards the Shawnee towns in the Ohio country. Boone and a group of men from Boonesborough followed in pursuit, finally catching up with them two days later. Boone and his men ambushed the Indians while they were stopped for a meal, rescuing the girls and driving off their captors. The incident became the most celebrated event of Boone's life. James Fenimore Cooper created a fictionalized version of the episode in his classic novel The Last of the Mohicans (1826).[26]", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). The sachem rules that Heyward be returned to the British, Alice given to Magua, and Cora burned alive. Hawkeye, for his great bravery, may leave unharmed. Hawkeye tells Heyward, who is serving as translator, to beg the sachem to let Hawkeye take Cora's place. Instead, Heyward trades his own life for Cora’s.", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). Once Cora and Hawkeye are far enough away, Hawkeye shoots Heyward to end his suffering. Chingachgook, Uncas, and Hawkeye then set out after Magua's party to free Alice. Uncas races ahead and engages Magua in personal combat, but is killed. Alice chooses to step off the cliff to her death rather than go to the beckoning Magua. While Hawkeye holds Magua's remaining men at bay, Chingachgook duels Magua and avenges his son. Chingachgook prays to the Great Spirit to receive Uncas, calling himself \"the last of the Mohicans\".", "The Last of the Mohicans (1992 film). When Munro refuses to allow the militiamen to sneak away to defend their own families and homes, as he had earlier promised, Hawkeye arranges it anyway. He stays, however, and is condemned to death. Before that happens, during a parlay, French general Louis-Joseph de Montcalm shows Munro an intercepted message which states that no reinforcements have been sent. Montcalm offers to allow the British to evacuate the fort with honor, keeping their weapons. Munro has little choice but to accept. However, Magua, a French ally, is furious at this arrangement. He harbors great hatred for Munro, blaming him for past wrongs done to him and his family." ]

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[ "Soil respiration. Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of CO2. CO2 is acquired from the atmosphere and converted into organic compounds in the process of photosynthesis. Plants use these organic compounds to build structural components or respire them to release energy. When plant respiration occurs below-ground in the roots, it adds to soil respiration. Over time, plant structural components are consumed by heterotrophs. This heterotrophic consumption releases CO2 and when this CO2 is released by below-ground organisms, it is considered soil respiration.", "Soil respiration. All cellular respiration releases energy, water and CO2 from organic compounds. Any respiration that occurs below-ground is considered soil respiration. Respiration by plant roots, bacteria, fungi and soil animals all release CO2 in soils, as described below.", "Soil respiration. Plants respire some of the carbon compounds which were generated by photosynthesis. When this respiration occurs in roots, it adds to soil respiration. Root respiration usually accounts for approximately half of all soil respiration. However, these values can range from 10–90% depending on the dominate plant types in an ecosystem and conditions under which the plants are subjected. Thus the amount of CO2 produced through root respiration is determined by the root biomass and specific root respiration rates.[3] Directly next to the root is the area known as the rhizosphere, which also plays an important role in soil respiration.", "Nutrition. Plants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.", "Plant nutrition. Plants take up essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (mainly consisting of nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Nutrient uptake in the soil is achieved by cation exchange, wherein root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root. In the leaves, stomata open to take in carbon dioxide and expel oxygen. The carbon dioxide molecules are used as the carbon source in photosynthesis.", "Respiratory system. Plant respiration is limited by the process of diffusion. Plants take in carbon dioxide through holes, known as stomata, that can open and close on the undersides of their leaves and sometimes other parts of their anatomy. Most plants require some oxygen for catabolic processes (break-down reactions that release energy). But the quantity of O2 used per hour is small as they are not involved in activities that require high rates of aerobic metabolism. Their requirement for air, however, is very high as they need CO2 for photosynthesis, which constitutes only 0.04% of the environmental air. Thus, to make 1 g of glucose requires the removal of all the CO2 from at least 18.7 liters of air at sea level. But inefficiencies in the photosynthetic process cause considerably greater volumes of air to be used.[68][69]", "Soil. Plants obtain their carbon from atmospheric carbon dioxide. About 45% of a plant's dry mass is carbon; plant residues typically have a carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N) of between 13:1 and 100:1. As the soil organic material is digested by arthropods and micro-organisms, the C/N decreases as the carbonaceous material is metabolized and carbon dioxide (CO2) is released as a byproduct which then finds its way out of the soil and into the atmosphere. The nitrogen is sequestered in the bodies of the living matter of those decomposing organisms and so it builds up in the soil. Normal CO2 concentration in the atmosphere is 0.03%, this can be the factor limiting plant growth. In a field of maize on a still day during high light conditions in the growing season, the CO2 concentration drops very low, but under such conditions the crop could use up to 20 times the normal concentration. The respiration of CO2 by soil micro-organisms decomposing soil organic matter contributes an important amount of CO2 to the photosynthesising plants. Within the soil, CO2 concentration is 10 to 100 times that of atmospheric levels but may rise to toxic levels if the soil porosity is low or if diffusion is impeded by flooding.[423][413][424]", "Excretion. Green plants produce carbon dioxide and water as respiratory products. In green plants, the carbon dioxide released during respiration gets utilized during photosynthesis. Oxygen is a by product generated during photosynthesis, and exits through stomata, root cell walls, and other routes. Plants can get rid of excess water by transpiration and guttation. It has been shown that the leaf acts as an 'excretophore' and, in addition to being a primary organ of photosynthesis, is also used as a method of excreting toxic wastes via diffusion. Other waste materials that are exuded by some plants — resin, saps, latex, etc. are forced from the interior of the plant by hydrostatic pressures inside the plant and by absorptive forces of plant cells. These latter processes do not need added energy, they act passively. However, during the pre-abscission phase, the metabolic levels of a leaf are high.[2][3] Plants also excrete some waste substances into the soil around them.[4]", "Soil respiration. Fermentation is another process in which cells gain energy from organic compounds. In this metabolic pathway, energy is derived from the carbon compound without the use of oxygen. The products of this reaction are carbon dioxide and usually either ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.[2] Due to the lack of oxygen, this pathway is described as anaerobic respiration. This is an important source of CO2 in soil respiration in waterlogged ecosystems where oxygen is scarce, as in peat bogs and wetlands. However, most CO2 released from the soil occurs via respiration and one of the most important aspects of belowground respiration occurs in the plant roots.", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Natural sources of atmospheric carbon dioxide include volcanic outgassing, the combustion of organic matter, wildfires and the respiration processes of living aerobic organisms. Man-made sources of carbon dioxide include the burning of fossil fuels for heating, power generation and transport, as well as some industrial processes such as cement making. It is also produced by various microorganisms from fermentation and cellular respiration. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria convert carbon dioxide to carbohydrates by a process called photosynthesis. They gain the energy needed for this reaction from absorption of sunlight by chlorophyll and other pigments. Oxygen, produced as a by-product of photosynthesis, is released into the atmosphere and subsequently used for respiration by heterotrophic organisms and other plants, forming a cycle.", "Mimosa pudica. The roots contain sac-like structures that release organic and organosulfur compounds including SO2, methylsulfinic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, ethanesulfinic acid, propane sulfinic acid, 2-mercaptoaniline, S-propyl propane 1-thiosulfinate, and thioformaldehyde, an elusive and highly unstable compound never before reported to be emitted by a plant.[29]", "Stoma. Carbon dioxide, a key reactant in photosynthesis, is present in the atmosphere at a concentration of about 400 ppm. Most plants require the stomata to be open during daytime. The air spaces in the leaf are saturated with water vapour, which exits the leaf through the stomata; this is known as transpiration. Therefore, plants cannot gain carbon dioxide without simultaneously losing water vapour.[7]", "Respiratory system. Plants use carbon dioxide gas in the process of photosynthesis, and exhale oxygen gas as waste. The chemical equation of photosynthesis is 6 CO2 (carbon dioxide) and 6 H2O (water), which in the presence of sunlight makes C6H12O6 (glucose) and 6 O2 (oxygen). Photosynthesis uses electrons on the carbon atoms as the repository for the energy obtained from sunlight.[68] Respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis. It reclaims the energy to power chemical reactions in cells. In so doing the carbon atoms and their electrons are combined with oxygen forming CO2 which is easily removed from both the cells and the organism. Plants use both processes, photosynthesis to capture the energy and oxidative metabolism to use it.", "Evolutionary history of plants. One type of C4 metabolism employs a so-called Kranz anatomy. This transports CO2 through an outer mesophyll layer, via a range of organic molecules, to the central bundle sheath cells, where the CO2 is released. In this way, CO2 is concentrated near the site of RuBisCO operation. Because RuBisCO is operating in an environment with much more CO2 than it otherwise would be, it performs more efficiently.", "Soil respiration. The rhizosphere is a zone immediately next to the root surface with its neighboring soil. In this zone there is a close interaction between the plant and microorganisms. Roots continuously release substances, or exudates, into the soil. These exudates include sugars, amino acids, vitamins, long chain carbohydrates, enzymes and lysates which are released when roots cells break. The amount of carbon lost as exudates varies considerably between plant species. It has been demonstrated that up to 20% of carbon acquired by photosynthesis is released into the soil as root exudates.[4] These exudates are decomposed primarily by bacteria. These bacteria will respire the carbon compounds through the TCA cycle; however, fermentation is also present. This is due to the lack of oxygen due to greater oxygen consumption by the root as compared to the bulk soil, soil at a greater distance from the root.[5] Another important organism in the rhizosphere are root-infecting fungi or mycorrhizae. These fungi increase the surface area of the plant root and allow the root to encounter and acquire a greater amount of soil nutrients necessary for plant growth. In return for this benefit, the plant will transfer sugars to the fungi. The fungi will respire these sugars for energy thereby increasing soil respiration.[6] Fungi, along with bacteria and soil animals, also play a large role in the decomposition of litter and soil organic matter.", "Soil respiration. As stated earlier, the CO2 released by soil respiration is a greenhouse gas that will continue to trap energy and increase the global mean temperature if concentrations continue to rise. As global temperature rises, so will the rate of soil respiration across the globe thereby leading to a higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere, again leading to higher global temperatures. This is an example of a positive feedback loop. It is estimated that a rise in temperature by 2 degrees Celsius will lead to an additional release of 10 Pg carbon per year to the atmosphere from soil respiration.[24] This is a larger amount than current anthropogenic carbon emissions. There also exists a possibility that this increase in temperature will release carbon stored in permanently frozen soils, which are now melting. Climate models have suggested that this positive feedback between soil respiration and temperature will lead to a decrease in soil stored carbon by the middle of this century.[25]", "Respirometer. A simple whole plant respirometer designed to measure oxygen uptake or CO2 release consists of a sealed container with the living specimen together with a substance to absorb the carbon dioxide given off during respiration, such as soda lime pellets or cotton wads soaked with potassium hydroxide. The oxygen uptake is detected by manometry. Typically, a U-tube manometer is used, which directly shows the pressure difference between the container and the atmosphere. As an organism takes up O2, it generates a proportionate quantity of CO2 (see respiratory quotient), but all the CO2 is absorbed by the soda lime. Therefore, all of the drop of pressure in the chamber can be attributed to the drop of O2 partial pressure in the container. The rate of change gives a direct and reasonably accurate reading for the organism's rate of respiration.", "Decomposition. The chemical aspects of plant decomposition always involve the release of carbon dioxide.", "Carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide is an end product of cellular respiration in organisms that obtain energy by breaking down sugars, fats and amino acids with oxygen as part of their metabolism. This includes all plants, algae and animals and aerobic fungi and bacteria. In vertebrates, the carbon dioxide travels in the blood from the body's tissues to the skin (e.g., amphibians) or the gills (e.g., fish), from where it dissolves in the water, or to the lungs from where it is exhaled. During active photosynthesis, plants can absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release in respiration.", "Nutrient. Plant nutrients consist of more than a dozen minerals absorbed through roots, plus carbon dioxide and oxygen absorbed or released through leaves. All organisms obtain all their nutrients from the surrounding environment.[2][3]", "Transpiration. Mass flow of liquid water from the roots to the leaves is driven in part by capillary action, but primarily driven by water potential differences. If the water potential in the ambient air is lower than the water potential in the leaf airspace of the stomatal pore, water vapor will travel down the gradient and move from the leaf airspace to the atmosphere. This movement lowers the water potential in the leaf airspace and causes evaporation of liquid water from the mesophyll cell walls. This evaporation increases the tension on the water menisci in the cell walls and decrease their radius and thus the tension that is exerted on the water in the cells. Because of the cohesive properties of water, the tension travels through the leaf cells to the leaf and stem xylem where a momentary negative pressure is created as water is pulled up the xylem from the roots.[4] In taller plants and trees, the force of gravity can only be overcome by the decrease in hydrostatic (water) pressure in the upper parts of the plants due to the diffusion of water out of stomata into the atmosphere. Water is absorbed at the roots by osmosis, and any dissolved mineral nutrients travel with it through the xylem.", "Cactus. Photosynthesis requires plants to take in carbon dioxide gas (CO2). As they do so, they lose water through transpiration. Like other types of succulents, cacti reduce this water loss by the way in which they carry out photosynthesis. \"Normal\" leafy plants use the C3 mechanism: during daylight hours, CO2 is continually drawn out of the air present in spaces inside leaves and converted first into a compound containing three carbon atoms (3-phosphoglycerate) and then into products such as carbohydrates. The access of air to internal spaces within a plant is controlled by stomata, which are able to open and close. The need for a continuous supply of CO2 during photosynthesis means the stomata must be open, so water vapor is continuously being lost. Plants using the C3 mechanism lose as much as 97% of the water taken up through their roots in this way.[20] A further problem is that as temperatures rise, the enzyme that captures CO2 starts to capture more and more oxygen instead, reducing the efficiency of photosynthesis by up to 25%.[21]", "Photorespiration. C4 plants capture carbon dioxide in their mesophyll cells (using an enzyme called phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase which catalyzes the combination of carbon dioxide with a compound called phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)), forming oxaloacetate. This oxaloacetate is then converted to malate and is transported into the bundle sheath cells (site of carbon dioxide fixation by RuBisCO) where oxygen concentration is low to avoid photorespiration. Here, carbon dioxide is removed from the malate and combined with RuBP by RuBisCO in the usual way, and the Calvin cycle proceeds as normal. The CO\n2 concentrations in the Bundle Sheath are approximately 10–20 fold higher than the concentration in the mesophyll cells.[6]", "Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important trace gas in Earth's atmosphere. It is an integral part of the carbon cycle, a biogeochemical cycle in which carbon is exchanged between the Earth's oceans, soil, rocks and the biosphere. Plants and other photoautotrophs use solar energy to produce carbohydrate from atmospheric carbon dioxide and water by photosynthesis. Almost all other organisms depend on carbohydrate derived from photosynthesis as their primary source of energy and carbon compounds. CO2 absorbs and emits infrared radiation at wavelengths of 4.26 µm (asymmetric stretching vibrational mode) and 14.99 µm (bending vibrational mode) and consequently is a greenhouse gas that plays a vital role in regulating Earth's surface temperature through the greenhouse effect.[1]", "Soil respiration. Nitrogen directly affects soil respiration in several ways. Nitrogen must be taken in by roots in order to promote plant growth and life. Most available nitrogen is in the form of NO3−, which costs 0.4 units of CO2 to enter the root because energy must be used to move it up a concentration gradient. Once inside the root the NO3− must be reduced to NH3. This step requires more energy, which equals 2 units of CO2 per molecule reduced. In plants with mycorrhizal symbionts, which fix atmospheric nitrogen, the energetic cost to the plant to acquire one molecule of NH3 from atmospheric N2 is 2.36 CO2.[12] It is essential that plants uptake nitrogen from the soil or rely on symbionts to fix it from the atmosphere in order to assure growth, reproduction and long-term survival.", "Plant nutrition. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air while other nutrients are absorbed from the soil. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Each of these nutrients is used in a different place for a different essential function.[6]", "Carbon dioxide. The concentration of secondary metabolites such as phenylpropanoids and flavonoids can also be altered in plants exposed to high concentrations of CO2.[102][103]", "Soil respiration. Soil respiration plays a critical role in the regulation of carbon cycling at the ecosystem and global scales. Each year approximately 120 petagrams (Pg) of carbon are taken up by land plants and a similar amount is released to the atmosphere through ecosystem respiration. The global soils contain up to 3150 Pg of carbon, of which 450 Pg exist in wetlands and 400 Pg in permanently frozen soils. The soils contain more than four times the carbon as the atmosphere.[22] Researchers have estimated that soil respiration accounts for 77 Pg of carbon released to the atmosphere each year.[23] This level of release is one order of magnitude greater than the carbon release due to anthropogenic sources (6 Pg per year) such as fossil fuel burning. Thus, a small change in soil respiration can seriously alter the balance of atmosphere CO2 concentration versus soil carbon stores. Much like soil respiration can play a significant role in the global carbon cycle, it can also regulate global nutrient cycling.", "Soil respiration. Since the Industrial Revolution, humans have been emitting vast amounts of CO2 into the atmosphere. These emissions have increased exponentially over time and have increased global atmospheric CO2 levels to their highest in over 750,000 years. Soil respiration increases when ecosystems are exposed to elevated levels of CO2. Numerous free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) studies have been conducted to test soil respiration under predicted future elevated CO2 conditions. Recent FACE studies have shown large increases in soil respiration due to increased root biomass and microbial activity.[18] Soil respiration has been found to increase up to 40.6% in a sweetgum forest in Tennessee and poplar forests in Wisconsin under elevated CO2 conditions.[19] It is extremely likely that CO2 levels will exceed those used in these FACE experiments by the middle of this century due to increased human use of fossil fuels and land use practices.", "Soil respiration. Soil respiration refers to the production of carbon dioxide when soil organisms respire. This includes respiration of plant roots, the rhizosphere, microbes and fauna.", "Vertical farming. Greenhouses commonly supplement CO2 levels to 3–4 times the atmospheric rate. This increase in CO2 increases photosynthesis rates by 50%, contributing to higher yields.[45] Some greenhouses burn fossil fuels purely for this purpose, as other CO2 sources, such as those from furnaces, contain pollutants such as sulphur dioxide and ethylene which significantly damage plants.[45] This means a vertical farm requires a CO2 source, most likely from combustion. Also, necessary ventilation may allow CO2 to leak into the atmosphere.", "Soil respiration. Soil respiration is a key ecosystem process that releases carbon from the soil in the form of carbon dioxide. Carbon is stored in the soil as organic matter and is respired by plants, bacteria, fungi and animals. When this respiration occurs belowground, it is considered soil respiration. Temperature, soil moisture and nitrogen all regulate the rate of this conversion from carbon in soil organic compounds to CO2. Many methods are used to measure soil respiration; however, the closed dynamic chamber and utilization of stable isotope ratios are two of the most prevalent techniques. Humans have altered atmospheric CO2 levels, precipitation patterns and fertilization rates, all of which have had a significant role on soil respiration rates. The changes in these rates can alter the global carbon and nutrient cycles as well as play a significant role in climate change." ]

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[ "Locus (genetics). A locus (plural loci) in genetics is a fixed position on a chromosome, like the position of a gene or a marker (genetic marker).[1] Each chromosome carries many genes; human's estimated 'haploid' protein coding genes are 19,000-20,000,[2] on the 23 different chromosomes. A variant of the similar DNA sequence located at a given locus is called an allele. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a gene map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the locus for a particular biological trait.", "Gene. The total complement of genes in an organism or cell is known as its genome, which may be stored on one or more chromosomes. A chromosome consists of a single, very long DNA helix on which thousands of genes are encoded.[2]:4.2 The region of the chromosome at which a particular gene is located is called its locus. Each locus contains one allele of a gene; however, members of a population may have different alleles at the locus, each with a slightly different gene sequence.", "Locus (genetics). The shorter arm of a chromosome is termed the p arm or p-arm, while the longer arm is the q arm or q-arm. The chromosomal locus of a typical gene might be written 3p22.1, where", "Combined DNA Index System. Loci that fall within a gene are named after the gene. For example TPOX, is named after the human thyroid peroxidase gene.[12] Loci that do not fall within genes are given a standard naming scheme for uniformity. These loci are named D + the chromosome the locus is on + S + the order in which the location on that chromosome was described. For example, D3S1358 is on the third chromosome and is the 1358th location described.[13] The CODIS core are listed below; loci with asterisks are the new core and were added to the list in January 2017.", "Promoter (genetics). In genetics, a promoter is a region of DNA that initiates transcription of a particular gene. Promoters are located near the transcription start sites of genes, on the same strand and upstream on the DNA (towards the 5' region of the sense strand). Promoters can be about 100–1000 base pairs long.[1]", "Karyotype. Karyotypes are arranged with the short arm of the chromosome on top, and the long arm on the bottom. Some karyotypes call the short and long arms p and q, respectively. In addition, the differently stained regions and sub-regions are given numerical designations from proximal to distal on the chromosome arms. For example, Cri du chat syndrome involves a deletion on the short arm of chromosome 5. It is written as 46,XX,5p-. The critical region for this syndrome is deletion of p15.2 (the locus on the chromosome), which is written as 46,XX,del(5)(p15.2).[62]", "Locus (genetics). The ends of a chromosome are labeled \"pter\" and \"qter\", and so \"2qter\" refers to the terminus of the long arm of chromosome 2.", "Non-coding DNA. A promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates transcription of a particular gene when a transcription factor binds to it. Promoters are typically located near the genes they regulate and upstream of them.[64]", "Promoter (genetics). In the cell nucleus, it seems that promoters are distributed preferentially at the edge of the chromosomal territories, likely for the co-expression of genes on different chromosomes.[4] Furthermore, in humans, promoters show certain structural features characteristic for each chromosome.[4]", "Promoter (genetics). As promoters are typically immediately adjacent to the gene in question, positions in the promoter are designated relative to the transcriptional start site, where transcription of DNA begins for a particular gene (i.e., positions upstream are negative numbers counting back from -1, for example -100 is a position 100 base pairs upstream).", "Gene. Defining exactly what section of a DNA sequence comprises a gene is difficult.[4] Regulatory regions of a gene such as enhancers do not necessarily have to be close to the coding sequence on the linear molecule because the intervening DNA can be looped out to bring the gene and its regulatory region into proximity. Similarly, a gene's introns can be much larger than its exons. Regulatory regions can even be on entirely different chromosomes and operate in trans to allow regulatory regions on one chromosome to come in contact with target genes on another chromosome.[41][42]", "Noncoding DNA. A promoter is a region of DNA that facilitates transcription of a particular gene when a transcription factor binds to it. Promoters are typically located near the genes they regulate and upstream of them.[62]", "Dosage compensation. In chickens, most of the dosage compensated genes exist on the Zp, or short, arm of the chromosome while the non-compensated genes are on the Zq, or long, arm of the chromosome. The compensated (silenced) genes on Zp resemble a region on the primitive platypus sex chromosome, suggesting an ancestor to the XX/XY system.[37]", "Locus (genetics). A range of loci is specified in a similar way. For example, the locus of gene OCA1 may be written \"11q1.4-q2.1\", meaning it is on the long arm of chromosome 11, somewhere in the range from sub-band 4 of region 1 to sub-band 1 of region 2.", "Gender. Chromosomes were likened to books (above), also like books they have been studied at more detailed levels. They contain \"sentences\" called genes. In fact, many of these sentences are common to multiple species. Sometimes they are organized in the same order, other times they have been \"edited\"—deleted, copied, changed, moved, even relocated to another \"book\", as species evolve. Genes are a particularly important part of understanding biological processes because they are directly associated with observable objects, outside chromosomes, called proteins, whose influence on cell chemistry can be measured. In some cases genes can also be directly associated with differences clear to the naked eye, like eye-color itself. Some of these differences are sex specific, like hairy ears. The \"hairy ear\" gene might be found on the Y chromosome,[96] which explains why only men tend to have hairy ears. However, sex-limited genes on any chromosome can be expressed and \"say\", for example, \"if you are in a male body do X, otherwise do not.\" The same principle explains why chimpanzees and humans are distinct, despite sharing nearly all their genes.", "Promoter (genetics). Gene promoters are typically located upstream of the gene and can have regulatory elements several kilobases away from the transcriptional start site (enhancers). In eukaryotes, the transcriptional complex can cause the DNA to bend back on itself, which allows for placement of regulatory sequences far from the actual site of transcription. Eukaryotic RNA-polymerase-II-dependent promoters can contain a TATA element (consensus sequence TATAAA), which is recognized by the general transcription factor TATA-binding protein (TBP); and a B recognition element (BRE), which is recognized by the general transcription factor TFIIB.[5][9][10] The TATA element and BRE typically are located close to the transcriptional start site (typically within 30 to 40 base pairs).", "Locus (genetics). The cytogenetic bands count from the centromere out toward the telomeres.", "Directionality (molecular biology). The 5′-flanking region of a gene often denotes a region of DNA which is not transcribed into RNA. The 5′-flanking region contains the gene promoter, and may also contain enhancers or other protein binding sites.", "XY sex-determination system. All animals have a set of DNA coding for genes present on chromosomes. In humans, most mammals, and some other species, two of the chromosomes, called the X chromosome and Y chromosome, code for sex. In these species, one or more genes are present on their Y chromosome that determine maleness. In this process, an X chromosome and a Y chromosome act to determine the sex of offspring, often due to genes located on the Y chromosome that code for maleness. Offspring have two sex chromosomes: an offspring with two X chromosomes will develop female characteristics, and an offspring with an X and a Y chromosome will develop male characteristics.", "Y chromosome. The following are some of the gene count estimates of human Y chromosome. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[43]", "Chromosome 15. The following are some of the gene count estimates of human chromosome 15. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[5]", "Gene. The majority of eukaryotic genes are stored on a set of large, linear chromosomes. The chromosomes are packed within the nucleus in complex with storage proteins called histones to form a unit called a nucleosome. DNA packaged and condensed in this way is called chromatin.[2]:4.2 The manner in which DNA is stored on the histones, as well as chemical modifications of the histone itself, regulate whether a particular region of DNA is accessible for gene expression. In addition to genes, eukaryotic chromosomes contain sequences involved in ensuring that the DNA is copied without degradation of end regions and sorted into daughter cells during cell division: replication origins, telomeres and the centromere.[2]:4.2 Replication origins are the sequence regions where DNA replication is initiated to make two copies of the chromosome. Telomeres are long stretches of repetitive sequence that cap the ends of the linear chromosomes and prevent degradation of coding and regulatory regions during DNA replication. The length of the telomeres decreases each time the genome is replicated and has been implicated in the aging process.[29] The centromere is required for binding spindle fibres to separate sister chromatids into daughter cells during cell division.[2]:18.2", "DNA. Genomic DNA is tightly and orderly packed in the process called DNA condensation, to fit the small available volumes of the cell. In eukaryotes, DNA is located in the cell nucleus, with small amounts in mitochondria and chloroplasts. In prokaryotes, the DNA is held within an irregularly shaped body in the cytoplasm called the nucleoid.[107] The genetic information in a genome is held within genes, and the complete set of this information in an organism is called its genotype. A gene is a unit of heredity and is a region of DNA that influences a particular characteristic in an organism. Genes contain an open reading frame that can be transcribed, and regulatory sequences such as promoters and enhancers, which control transcription of the open reading frame.", "National Center for Biotechnology Information. Gene has been implemented at NCBI to characterize and organize the information about genes. It serves as a major node in the nexus of genomic map, expression, sequence, protein function, structure and homology data. A unique GeneID is assigned to each gene record that can be followed through revision cycles. Gene records for known or predicted genes are established here and are demarcated by map positions or nucleotide sequence. Gene has several advantages over its predecessor, LocusLink, including, better integration with other databases in NCBI, broader taxonomic scope, and enhanced options for query and retrieval provided by Entrez system.[11]", "X chromosome. The following are some of the gene count estimates of human X chromosome. Because researchers use different approaches to genome annotation their predictions of the number of genes on each chromosome varies (for technical details, see gene prediction). Among various projects, the collaborative consensus coding sequence project (CCDS) takes an extremely conservative strategy. So CCDS's gene number prediction represents a lower bound on the total number of human protein-coding genes.[11]", "X chromosome. The X chromosome is one of the two sex-determining chromosomes (allosomes) in many organisms, including mammals (the other is the Y chromosome), and is found in both males and females. It is a part of the XY sex-determination system and X0 sex-determination system. The X chromosome was named for its unique properties by early researchers, which resulted in the naming of its counterpart Y chromosome, for the next letter in the alphabet, after it was discovered later.[5]", "Philadelphia chromosome. The chromosomal defect in the Philadelphia chromosome is a translocation, in which parts of two chromosomes, 9 and 22, swap places. The result is that a fusion gene is created by juxtaposing the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9 (region q34) to a part of the BCR (breakpoint cluster region) gene on chromosome 22 (region q11). This is a reciprocal translocation, creating an elongated chromosome 9 (termed a derivative chromosome, or der 9), and a truncated chromosome 22 (the Philadelphia chromosome, 22q-).[5][6] In agreement with the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature (ISCN), this chromosomal translocation is designated as t(9;22)(q34;q11). The symbol ABL is derived from Abelson, the name of a leukemia virus which carries a similar protein.", "Y chromosome. In general, the human Y chromosome is extremely gene poor—it is one of the largest gene deserts in the human genome, however there are several notable genes coded on the Y chromosome: not including pseudoautosomal genes, genes encoded on the human Y chromosome include:", "Genetics. While haploid organisms have only one copy of each chromosome, most animals and many plants are diploid, containing two of each chromosome and thus two copies of every gene.[38] The two alleles for a gene are located on identical loci of the two homologous chromosomes, each allele inherited from a different parent.", "X-linked recessive inheritance. X-linked inheritance means that the gene causing the trait or the disorder is located on the X chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, while males have one X and one Y chromosome. Carrier females who have only one copy of the mutation do not usually express the phenotype, although differences in X chromosome inactivation can lead to varying degrees of clinical expression in carrier females since some cells will express one X allele and some will express the other. The current estimate of sequenced X-linked genes is 499 and the total including vaguely defined traits is 983.[1]", "Genetic linkage. When two genes are close together on the same chromosome, they do not assort independently and are said to be linked. Whereas genes located on different chromosomes assort independently and have a recombination frequency of 50%, linked genes have a recombination frequency that is less than 50%.", "Locus (genetics). Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele of a given gene at some locus are called homozygous with respect to that gene, while those that have different alleles of a given gene at a locus are called heterozygous with respect to that gene.[3]" ]

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[ "Show Me the Way to Go Home. The song was recorded by several artists in the 1920s, including radio personalities The Happiness Boys,[2] Vincent Lopez and his Orchestra,[2] and the California Ramblers.[3] Throughout the twentieth into the twenty-first century it has been recorded by numerous artists.", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. \"Show Me the Way to Go Home\" is a popular song written in 1925 by the pseudonymous \"Irving King\" (the English songwriting team James Campbell and Reginald Connelly). The song is said to have been written on a train journey from London by Campbell and Connelly. They were tired from the traveling and had a few alcoholic drinks during the journey, hence the lyrics. The song is in common use in England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales and North America.", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. The music and lyrics were written in 1925 by Jimmy Campbell and Reg Connelly. They self-published the sheet music and it became their first big success, selling 2 million copies and providing the financial basis of their publishing firm, Campbell, Connelly & Co.[1] Campbell and Connelly published the sheet music and recorded the song under the pseudonym \"Irving King\".[2]", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. Supporters of Wimbledon FC / AFC Wimbledon have sung an adapted version reflecting their team spending 25 years away from their Plough Lane home stadium: 'Show Me The Way To Plough Lane'", "Show You the Way to Go. \"Show You the Way to Go\" is a song written by Gamble and Huff and released as a single in 1977 by The Jacksons on their CBS debut album, The Jacksons. It was the only number-one song for the group in the UK. It was later covered by Dannii Minogue.", "Show You the Way to Go. This song was released after \"Enjoy Yourself,\" released a year earlier. Michael sang lead and background vocals. Marlon Jackson, and the rest of the brothers (without Jermaine Jackson) had backup parts. The song reached No. 6 US Billboard R&B chart, No. 28 US Billboard Hot 100 and No. 1 on the UK Singles Chart.[1] After recording the album Goin' Places in 1977, The Jacksons left Philadelphia International for Epic.", "Show Me the Way (Peter Frampton song). \"Show Me the Way\" is a song written by Peter Frampton, which was originally released on his 1975 album Frampton and as a single, but gained its highest popularity as a song from his 1976 live album Frampton Comes Alive! The song reached number 6 on the Billboard Hot 100 and number 10 on the UK Singles Chart, becoming his biggest hit until \"I'm in You\" in 1977.", "Show You the Way to Go. \"Show You the Way to Go\" became a 1977 hit for The Jacksons, (formerly known as \"The Jackson 5\") after their departure from Motown nearly two years prior. The move made it easy for the brothers to write and produce their own material. They spent a couple of years under the production and direction of Gamble and Huff and was signed to Philadelphia International Records. This was one of the songs that the producers wrote for the brothers.", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. Show me the way to go home\nI'm tired and I want to go to bed\nI had a little drink about an hour ago\nAnd it’s gone right to my head\nWherever I may roam\nOn land or sea or foam\nYou can always hear me singing this song\nShow me the way to go home.", "Take Me Home, Country Roads. In 2001, the song was covered by Dutch pop band Hermes House Band and released as \"Country Roads\". This version was a chart success in Europe, reaching number one in Scotland, number two in Germany and Ireland, and the top 10 in Austria, Denmark, and the United Kingdom. The band performed the song live on Top of the Pops.[citation needed]", "Go All the Way (song). \"Go All the Way\" was recorded by the American melodic rock band From the Fire.", "Boyzone. Boyzone played through 1994 in pubs and clubs all over Northern Ireland before Polygram signed them up in 1994 and released the cover version of the Four Seasons' hit \"Working My Way Back to You\", featuring Graham and Gately on lead vocals. It reached No. 3 in the Irish Charts. The release of their cover version of the classic Osmonds' hit, \"Love Me for a Reason\", broke into the British charts. The song hit No. 2 in the UK and was included in their 1995 hit debut album Said and Done. The album reached the No. 1 spot in Ireland and the UK. In 1995, the singles \"Key to My Life\", \"So Good\" and \"Father and Son\" were released, which all got the attention of new fans in Europe.", "Show Me the Way (Peter Frampton song). American alternative rock band Dinosaur Jr recorded it as a bonus track on their 1987 album You're Living All Over Me. In May 2000, Peter Frampton revisited it in a performance with the Foo Fighters, on Late Show with David Letterman. The song was also recorded in 2014 by Jake Kitchin[10] for use as background music television commercials for Uncle Ben's Beginners rice.", "Styx (band). The new line-up released one album, Edge of the Century (1990), featuring the Dennis DeYoung ballad \"Show Me the Way\", which received an additional boost just prior to the first Persian Gulf War. Some radio stations edited the Top Three hit to include the voices of children, whose parents were deployed in Saudi Arabia between 1990 and 1991. This contributed to the song's longevity at Adult Contemporary radio, where the song also peaked at No. 3 and notably remained in the top 40 for 23 weeks.[23] With the huge success of the song \"Show Me the Way\", Styx joined a handful of musical acts to have top 10 singles in three different decades and under four different presidential administrations.", "Home (Dixie Chicks album). \"Landslide\" was originally recorded by Fleetwood Mac in 1975. \"Travelin' Soldier\" was originally recorded by its writer, Bruce Robison, in 1996, and then in rewritten form, in 1999; Ty England also recorded the song in 1999. \"Godspeed\" was originally recorded by Radney Foster in 1999; his wife suggested sending it to the Dixie Chicks because Natalie Maines had just had a baby. \"Long Time Gone\" and \"More Love\" were originally recorded by Darrell Scott in 2000. \"Truth No. 2\" and \"Top of the World\" were originally recorded by Patty Griffin for a 2000 album that went unreleased. \"I Believe in Love\" made its debut on the 2001 telethon America: A Tribute to Heroes.", "Show You the Way to Go. Dannii Minogue's version was produced by Bruce Forest and Andy Whitmore and was the first song released from her second album, Get into You. In 1992 it appeared on the NME charity album Ruby Trax, and subsequently released as a single, reaching No. 30 on the UK Singles Chart in August of that year.", "Show You the Way to Go. UK CD single", "Show You the Way to Go. UK Cassette single", "Take Me Home (Phil Collins song). While recording \"Long Long Way to Go,\" Collins asked Sting to provide backing vocals for this song as well. The song also features Collins' former Genesis band member, Peter Gabriel, and Helen Terry on backing vocals.[5]", "Show Me the Way (Peter Frampton song). The song was one of Frampton's earliest to feature the talk box effect, which would become one of his signature sounds.", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. A parody popular on Midwest American campuses in the 1950s went", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. (Repeat)", "The Way (Fastball song). \"The Way\" is a song by the American alternative rock band Fastball. It was released in February 1998 as the lead single from their second studio album, All the Pain Money Can Buy.", "Show You the Way to Go. The single's B-side was \"Blues Away\", which was the first song Michael Jackson wrote entirely himself.", "The Impalas. The Impalas were an American doo-wop group in the late 1950s, best known for their hit, \"Sorry (I Ran All the Way Home)\".", "Home (Three Days Grace song). \"Home\" is a single by the band Three Days Grace. It is from their self-titled debut album.", "All the Way Home (Tamar Braxton song). \"All the Way Home\" is a song by American R&B recording artist Tamar Braxton. It was released as the third single on August 21, 2013 from her second studio album Love and War (2013). Written by Harvey Mason Jr., Damon Thomas, Michael Daley, Sevyn Streeter, Steven \"Lil Steve\" Russell and produced by The Underdogs.", "The Triplets (band). \"You Don't Have to Go Home Tonight\" also reached the Dutch charts at the time. In 1995 its success was eclipsed by the Dutch-language version (\"Je Hoeft Niet naar Huis Vannacht\") that Marco Borsato recorded.", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. Indicate the way to my abode\nI'm fatigued and I want to retire\nI had a spot of beverage sixty minutes ago\nAnd it went right to my cerebellum\nWherever I may perambulate\nOn land, or sea or atmospheric vapour\nYou can always hear me crooning the melody\nIndicate the way to my abode", "Show Me the Way to Go Home. Indicate the way to my abode\nI'm fatigued and I want to retire\nI imbibed a few about sixty minutes ago\nAnd it percolated right through my cerebellum\nWherever I may perambulate\nO'er land or sea or atmospheric vapor\nYou will always hear me rendering this melody\nIndicate the way to my abode\"", "Jeff Healey. After being signed to Arista Records in 1988, the band released the album See the Light, featuring the hit single \"Angel Eyes\" and the song \"Hideaway\", which was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Instrumental Performance. While the band was recording See the Light, they were also filming (and recording for the soundtrack of) the Patrick Swayze film Road House.[4] Healey had numerous acting scenes in the movie with Swayze, as his band was the house cover band for the bar featured in the movie. In 1990, the band won the Juno Award for Canadian Entertainer of the Year. The albums Hell to Pay and Feel This gave Healey 10 charting singles in Canada between 1990 and 1994, including a cover of The Beatles' \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" which featured George Harrison and Jeff Lynne on backing vocals and acoustic guitar.[5]", "No Jacket Required. Three songs recorded during the No Jacket Required sessions aired on episodes of the television show Miami Vice. \"Take Me Home\" appeared in \"The Prodigal Son\", the premiere of the second season.[64] \"Long Long Way to Go\" was played in the closing scene of the Season 2 finale \"Sons and Lovers\", during the funeral for Ricardo Tubbs' girlfriend and son. \"The Man with the Horn\" was re-written for an episode of Vice in which Collins guest-starred as a con-artist who got in trouble with cocaine distributors.[53][65][66] The re-written version was titled \"Life Is a Rat Race\".[22]" ]

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[ "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered in the United States on HBO on April 1, 2012, and concluded on June 3, 2012. It was broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm in the United States, consisting of 10 episodes, each running approximately 50–60 minutes. The season mostly covers the events of A Clash of Kings, the second novel of the A Song of Ice and Fire series by George R. R. Martin, adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the second season on April 19, 2011, which began filming in July 2011, primarily in Ireland, Northern Ireland, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Several media outlets reviewed the season's first four episodes before they were broadcast, and rendered almost uniformly positive verdicts. The season holds a Metacritic score of 90 out of 100 based on 26 critics, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[59] On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has a 96% approval rating from 35 critics with an average rating of 8.89 out of 10; the season also received a 96% average episode score. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Game of Thrones follows up a strong debut with an even better second season, combining elegant storytelling and vivid characters to create a rich fantasy world.\"[60]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of Game of Thrones was broadcast on HBO in the United States from April 1, 2012 to June 3, 2012.[102][103]", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). DVD/Blu-ray box sets and digital downloads of the second season were released in North America on February 19, 2013.[104] The DVD set contains a 30-minute feature covering the production of the episode \"Blackwater\", actor interviews, character profiles, twelve audio commentaries by cast and crew, and a discussion about Westerosi religions by the showrunners and George R. R. Martin. The Blu-ray set additionally contains a feature about the \"War of the Five Kings\" that breaks out in season two, as well as 19 animated histories of the mythology of Westeros and Essos.[105]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). HBO ordered a second season of Game of Thrones on April 19, 2011, two days after the series premiere.[12] The second season obtained a 15% increase in budget in order to be able to stage the war's most important battle,[13] the Battle of the Blackwater, in episode nine.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). HBO released numerous teaser trailers for the second season, beginning on December 11, 2011.[51] The second trailer, published on January 29, 2012,[52] was viewed 3.5 million times in the first three days after publication, a record for HBO promotional content.[53] Other trailers were released on February 24,[54] March 3 (set to Florence and the Machine's Seven Devils)[55] as well as subsequently.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as main writers and showrunners for the second season. They co-wrote six out of ten episodes. The remaining four episodes were written by story editor Bryan Cogman, A Song of Ice and Fire author George R. R. Martin, and new series writer and co-executive producer Vanessa Taylor, who wrote two episodes.", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season was nominated for 11 Primetime Emmy Awards, which included Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series for Peter Dinklage. It won six awards, for, Outstanding Costumes for a Series, Outstanding Art Direction for a Single-Camera Series, Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic), Outstanding Sound Editing for a Series, Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series (One-Hour), and Outstanding Special Visual Effects.[68]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Critics praised the show's production values and cast. Viewership rose compared to the previous season. The second season won six of the eleven Emmy Awards for which it was nominated. It received a nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Peter Dinklage) and Outstanding Drama Series. U.S. viewership rose by approximately 8% over the course of the season, from 3.9 million to 4.2 million by the season finale.", "Game of Thrones. In 2012, the second season received six Creative Arts Emmy Awards from 11 nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series and Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series (Dinklage).[108]", "Haters Back Off. The second season has 8 episodes, bringing the total number of episodes to 16.[9]", "George R. R. Martin. The second season, based on the second A Song of Ice and Fire novel A Clash of Kings, began airing on HBO in the US on April 1, 2012. The second season was nominated for 12 Emmy Awards, including another Supporting Actor nomination for Dinklage. It went on to win six of those Emmys in the Technical Arts categories, which were awarded the week before the regular televised 2012 awards show. The second-season episode \"Blackwater\", written by George R.R. Martin, was nominated the following year for the 2013 Hugo Award in the Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form category; that episode went on to win the Hugo Award at LoneStarCon 3, the 71st World Science Fiction Convention, in San Antonio, Texas. In addition to Martin, show-runners Benioff and Weiss (who contributed several scenes to the final screenplay) and episode director Neil Marshal (who expanded the scope of the episode on set) received Hugo statuettes.", "Blackwater (Game of Thrones). The DVD and Blu-ray box sets of Game of Thrones's second season contain a 30-minute feature covering the production of the episode.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Thanks to the critical and commercial success of the first season, as well as HBO's marketing efforts, the second season received intensive media coverage well before it started airing. Sunday is Coming, a two-minute short film for Funny or Die, satirized viewers' excitement about the return of Game of Thrones.[58]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Lena Headey, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Michelle Fairley and Emilia Clarke. The season introduced a number of new cast members, including Stephen Dillane, Natalie Dormer, Carice van Houten and Liam Cunningham.", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The second season of Game of Thrones was the most-pirated TV series in 2012.[109]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The story takes place in a fictional world, primarily upon a continent called Westeros, with one storyline occurring on another continent to the east known as Essos. Like the novel, the season follows the dramatic death of Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark, with all of the Starks being separated across Westeros. Season two mainly centres around the War of the Five Kings, fought between the leaders of Westerosi factions who are either staking a claim on the Iron Throne, or seeking independence from it.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The casting for the second season began in May 2011.[15] Although a large portion of the first-season cast were returning, the producers were still faced with a huge number of new characters to be cast. The producers decided that several characters from A Clash of Kings, including the Freys and Crannogmen Reeds at Winterfell, Frey bannermen of the Starks, the Tullys, Stannis' wife and daughter, Theon's uncle Aeron Greyjoy and the bastard Ramsay Snow would not be cast despite appearing in the novel. Showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss commented on this saying that certain character introductions taking place in A Clash of Kings would be delayed until the third season. This was done due to the large number of characters already introduced in season two, and because they couldn't afford to have people \"waiting around\" for their characters to become central to the plot.[16] Having to fill so many speaking roles, the showrunners not only \"postponed\" the introduction of several key characters, but they also merged some into one, or certain plot-functions were given to different characters. Many physical traits were also altered, such as the ethnicity or age of characters. The cast was estimated to be the largest on television.[17] Scattered around two fictional continents characters include, by order of importance:", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Filming took place during 106 shooting days. During three-quarters of those, two crews (\"Dragon\" and \"Wolf\") were working simultaneously in different locations.[14]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R. R. Martin. The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. The series starts when House Stark, led by Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark (Sean Bean) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn (Robert's chief advisor) dies mysteriously.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). Alan Taylor was promoted to co-executive producer and directed four episodes, including the season premiere and finale. David Petrarca and David Nutter each directed two episodes, while series cinematographer Alik Sakharov and filmmaker Neil Marshall directed the remaining two.", "The Walking Dead: Season Two. The game is separated into five episodes, like the first season.", "Game of Thrones. Each ten-episode season of Game of Thrones has four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes. Alan Taylor has directed seven episodes, the most episodes of the series. Alex Graves, David Nutter, Mark Mylod and Jeremy Podeswa have directed six each. Daniel Minahan directed five episodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Alik Sakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirk directed three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Patten directed the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed two episodes, both with large battle scenes: \"Blackwater\" and \"The Watchers on the Wall\". Other directors have been Jack Bender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and Matt Shakman.[105] David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have directed two episodes together but only credited one each episode, which was determined after a coin toss.[62][106]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "Game of Thrones (season 2). The soundtrack for the season was released on June 19, 2012.[50]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series premiered on April 17, 2011, on HBO. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss both serve as executive producers along with Carolyn Strauss, Frank Doelger, Bernadette Caulfield and George R. R. Martin.[2][3] Filming for the series has taken place in a number of locations, including Croatia, Northern Ireland, Iceland and Spain.[4][5][6] Episodes are broadcast on Sunday at 9:00 pm Eastern Time,[7][8] and the episodes are between 50 and 81 minutes in length.[9] The first six seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray." ]

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[ "Cats in Australia. Historical records date the introduction of cats to Australia at around 1804 and that cats first became feral around Sydney by 1820.[1] In the early 1900s, concern was expressed at the pervasiveness of the cat problem [2]", "Cats in Australia. Feral cats are one of the major invasive species in Australia and have been linked to the decline and extinction of various native animals. They have been shown to cause a significant impact on ground nesting birds and small native mammals.[4] Feral cats have also hampered any attempts to re-introduce threatened species back into areas where they have become extinct as the cats have simply hunted and killed the newly released animals.[5] Numerous Australian environmentalists claim the feral cat has been an ecological disaster in Australia, inhabiting most ecosystems except dense rainforest, and being implicated in the extinction of several marsupial and placental mammal species.[6][7]", "Australian feral camel. Australian feral camels are feral populations consisting of two species of camel: mostly dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius) but also some bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus). Imported into Australia from British India and Afghanistan[1] during the 19th century for transport and construction during the colonisation of the central and western parts of Australia, many were released into the wild after motorised transport replaced the use of camels in the early 20th century, resulting in a fast-growing feral population.", "Cats in Australia. A field experiment conducted in Heirisson Prong (Western Australia) compared small mammal populations in areas cleared of both foxes and cats, of foxes only, and a control plot. Researchers found the first solid evidence that predation by feral cats can cause a decline in native mammals. It also indicates that cat predation is especially severe when fox numbers have been reduced.[8] Cats may play a role in Australia's altered ecosystems; with foxes they may be controlling introduced rabbits, particularly in arid areas, which themselves cause ecological damage. Cats are believed to have been a factor in the extinction of the only mainland bird species to be lost since European settlement, the paradise parrot.[9] Cats in Australia have no natural predators except dingoes and wedge-tailed eagles, and as a result they are apex predators where neither the dingo or the eagle exist.", "Feral pig. The first recorded release of pigs in Australia was made by Captain James Cook at Adventure Bay, Bruny Island in 1777. This was part of his policy of introducing animals and plants to newly discovered countries. He \"carried them (a boar and sow) about a mile within the woods at the head of the bay and there left them by the side of a fresh water brook\". The deliberate introduction of pigs into previously pig-free areas seems to have been common. As recently as the early 1970s, pigs were introduced to Babel Island, off the east coast of Flinders Island. These pigs were eradicated by Department of Agriculture staff with local assistance.[7]", "Cats in Australia. Australian folklore holds that some feral cats in Australia have grown so large as to cause inexperienced observers to claim sightings of other species such as puma etc. This folklore is being shown to be more fact than fiction, with the recent shooting of an enormous feline,[10] in the Gippsland area of Victoria. Subsequent DNA test showed it to be a feral cat.[11]", "Australian feral camel. The introduction of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901 and the White Australia policy made it more difficult for cameleers to enter Australia.[14]", "Fauna of Australia. Since human settlement many placental mammals have been introduced to Australia and are now feral.[45] The first animal introduced to Australia was the dingo.[45] Fossil evidence suggests that people from the north brought the dingo to Australia about 5000 years ago.[47] When Europeans settled Australia they intentionally released many species into the wild including the red fox, brown hare, and the European rabbit.[45][48] Other domestic species have escaped and over time have produced wild populations including the cat, fallow deer, red deer, sambar deer, rusa deer, chital, hog deer, horse, donkey, pig, goat, water buffalo, and the camel.[49][50] Only three species of placental mammal were not deliberately introduced to Australia: the house mouse, black rat and the brown rat.", "Australian feral camel. Camels had been used successfully in desert exploration in other parts of the world. The first suggestion of importing camels into Australia was made in 1822 by Danish-French geographer and journalist Conrad Malte-Brun, whose Universal Geography contains the following;", "Australian feral camel. With the introduction of motorised transportation in the 1920s and 1930s, some cameleers released their camels into the wild. Well suited to the arid conditions of Central Australia, these camels became the source for the large population of feral camels still existing today.", "Cats in Australia. There are now an estimated 2.7 million domestic cats and over 18 million feral cats in Australia.", "Australian feral camel. In 1839, Lieutenant-Colonel George Gawler, second Governor of South Australia, suggested that camels should be imported to work in the semi-arid regions of Australia.", "Australian feral camel. Australia's first major inland expedition to use camels as a main form of transport was the Burke and Wills expedition in 1860. The Victorian Government imported 24 camels for the expedition.[4] The first Muslim cameleers arrived on 9 June 1860 at Port Melbourne from Kurrachee on the ship the Chinsurah,[7] to participate in the Burke and Wills expedition.[8] As described by the Victorian Exploration Expedition Committee, \"the camels would be comparatively useless unless accompanied by their native drivers\".[9] The cameleers on the expedition included 45-year-old Dost Mahomed, who was bitten by a bull camel losing permanent use of his right arm, and Esa (Hassam) Khan from Kalat, who fell ill near Swan Hill. They cared for the camels, loaded and unloaded equipment and provisions and located water on the expedition.[10]", "Feral pig. As of 1987, feral pigs are considered to be the most important mammalian pest of Australian agriculture.[7]", "Australian feral camel. Camels continued to be used for inland exploration by Peter Warburton in 1873, William Christie Gosse in 1873, Ernest Giles in 1875–76, David Lindsay in 1885–1886, Thomas Elder in 1891–1892, on the Calvert Expedition in 1896–97, and by Cecil Madigan in 1939.[13] They were also used in the construction of the Overland Telegraph Line, and carried pipe sections for the Goldfields Water Supply Scheme.", "Australian feral camel. The first camel arrived in Australia in 1840, ordered from the Canary Islands by the Phillips brothers of Adelaide (Henry Weston Phillips (1818-1898); George Phillips (1820-1900); G M Phillips (unknown)).[3] The Apolline, under Captain William Deane, docked at Port Adelaide in South Australia on 12 October 1840, but all but one of the camels died on the voyage. The surviving camel was named Harry.[4]", "Cats in Australia. It has been identified that domesticated cats predate on native animals, and surveys of catches have regularly occurred [3]", "Australian feral camel. Camel studs were set up in 1866, by Sir Thomas Elder and Samuel Stuckey, at Beltana and Umberatana Stations in South Australia. There was also a government stud camel farm at Londonderry, near Coolgardie in Western Australia, established in 1894.[12] These studs operated for about 50 years and provided high-class breeders for the Australian camel trade.", "Australian feral camel. In November 2010 the Australian Government Department of Environment released the National Feral Camel Action Plan, a national management plan for what it defined an 'Established Pest of National Significance' in accordance with its Australian Pest Animal Strategy.[28]", "Cat. In isolated landmasses, such as Australasia, there are often no other native, medium-sized quadrupedal predators (including other feline species); this tends to exacerbate the impact of feral cats on small native animals.[216] Native species such as the New Zealand kakapo and the Australian bettong, for example, tend to be more ecologically vulnerable and behaviorally \"naive\", when faced with predation by cats.[217] Feral cats have had a major impact on these native species and have played a leading role in the endangerment and extinction of many animals.[218]", "Invasive species in Australia. Feral cat bounties in Queensland have also been considered to counter the growing problem. The dingo is subject to various controversial bounty systems in Australia. The Australian dingo was itself introduced before European settlement, yet has been considered native of the mainland in most cases and is considered a pest to livestock.", "Cats in Australia. By 2006, 26 percent of Australian households had a domesticated cat.", "Australian feral camel. By the 1930s, as the cameleers became displaced by motor transport, an opportunity arose for Aboriginal people. They learnt camel-handling skills and acquired their own animals, extending their mobility and independence in a rapidly changing frontier society.[14]", "Cat. Feral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas.[10] The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the US feral population range from 25 to 60 million.[10] Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food.[208] Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.[209]", "Outback. Feral animals such as camels thrive in central Australia, brought to Australia by pastoralists and explorers, along with the early Afghan drivers. Feral horses known as 'brumbies' are station horses that have run wild. Feral pigs, foxes, cats and rabbits are other imported animals also degrading the environment, so time and money is spent eradicating them in an attempt to help protect fragile rangelands.", "Kangaroo Island. Because of its isolation from mainland Australia, foxes and rabbits are absent from and prohibited from entering the island. Registration and microchipping of cats is mandatory,[50] and since 2016 there is a program to eradicate an estimated population of between 3,000 and 5,000 cats within the next 15 years.[51]", "Australian feral camel. It was a collaboration between nineteen key partners: the Governments of Australia, Western Australia, South Australia, Northern Territory and Queensland; Central Land Council, Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Lands, Ngaanyatjarra Council Inc., Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa, Pila Nguru Aboriginal Corporation, Kimberley Land Council and Western Desert Lands Aboriginal Corporation; South Australian Arid Lands NRM, Alinytjara Wilurara NRM Board, Natural Resource Management Board NT Inc. and Rangelands NRM WA; Northern Territory Cattlemen’s Association; Australian Camel Industry Association; RSPCA; Australian Wildlife Conservancy; CSIRO; and Flinders University.", "Invasive species in Australia. Dingoes probably arrived in Australia between 4,600 and 5,400 years ago, long after the first humans, spread rapidly across the continent and probably contributed to the extinction of even more native species. The current period of invasive species introduction began in 1788 with the arrival of the first European settlers. The Aboriginal population density in Australia has historically been very low and there are large tracts of land, it is very difficult for people to manage even large feral animals like camels, horses, donkeys and water buffalos.", "Cat. Though cats usually prey on animals less than half their size, a feral cat in Australia has been photographed killing an adult pademelon of around the cat's weight at 4 kg (8.8 lb).[182]", "Feral pig. One common story about the feral pig population on Flinders Island is that pigs were released when the ship City of Foo Chow went ashore on the northeast coast of the island in March 1877. On Flinders Island, feral pigs usually invade agricultural areas adjacent to the national park and east-coast swamps. Farmers consider damage caused by the pigs to be minor, as it is restricted to rooting in pasture adjacent to scrub-land edges. The total pasture area damaged each year is estimated to be less than 50 hectares. Feral pigs are reported to visit paddocks where ewes are lambing, but no lambs being killed have been reported. However, pigs being omnivores, they scavenge any carcasses left near the scrub-land. In the Strzelecki National Park on the island, the ecosystem has been severely damaged; extensive rooting in the gullies led to water erosion and loss of regenerating forest plants. Bracken fern (Pteridium esculentum) flourishes in this damaged environment and dominates large areas forming dense stands to about 4 m which prevent light reaching the forest floor.[7]", "Cane toads in Australia. The cane toad in Australia is regarded as an exemplary case of a \"feral species\"—others being rabbits, foxes, cats and dogs. Australia's relative isolation prior to European colonisation and the industrial revolution—both of which dramatically increased traffic and importation of novel species—allowed development of a complex, interdepending system of ecology, but one which provided no natural predators for many of the species subsequently introduced. The recent, sudden inundation of foreign species has led to severe breakdowns in Australian ecology, after overwhelming proliferation of a number of introduced species for which the continent has no efficient natural predator or parasite, and which displace native species—in some cases these species are physically destructive to habitat as well. Cane toads have been very successful as an invasive species, having become established in more than 15 countries within the past 150 years.[1] In the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999, the Australian Government listed the impacts of the cane toad as a \"key threatening process\".[2]", "Red fox. In Australia, 2012 estimates indicate that there are more than 7.2 million[66] red foxes with a range extending throughout most of the continental mainland.[38]:14 The species became established in Australia through successive introductions by settlers in 1830s in the British colonies of Van Diemen's Land (as early as 1833) and the Port Phillip District of New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose of the traditional English sport of fox hunting. A permanent fox population was not established on the island of Tasmania and it is widely held that they were outcompeted by the Tasmanian devil.[67] On the mainland, however, the species was successful as an apex predator. It is generally less common in areas where the dingo is more prevalent, however it has, primarily through its burrowing behaviour, achieved niche differentiation with both the feral dog and the feral cat. As such it has become one of the continent's most invasive species. The red fox has been implicated in the extinction and decline of several native Australian species, particularly those of the family Potoroidae including the desert rat-kangaroo.[68] The spread of red foxes across the southern part of the continent has coincided with the spread of rabbits in Australia and corresponds with declines in the distribution of several medium-sized ground-dwelling mammals, including brush-tailed bettongs, burrowing bettongs, rufous bettongs, bilbys, numbats, bridled nailtail wallabys and quokkas.[69] Most of these species are now limited to areas (such as islands) where red foxes are absent or rare. Local eradication programs exist, although eradication has proven difficult due to the denning behaviour and nocturnal hunting, so the focus is on management with the introduction of state bounties.[70] According to the Tasmanian government, red foxes were introduced to the previously fox-free island of Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posing a significant threat to native wildlife including the eastern bettong, and an eradication program conducted by the Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water has been established.[71]" ]

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[ "Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II. A few lyrical revisions were made on \"You Ain't Going Nowhere\", the most notable being a reference to Roger McGuinn. \"Pack up your money, pull up your tent McGuinn, you ain't going nowhere\". McGuinn's band, The Byrds, had successfully recorded \"You Ain't Going Nowhere\" on their landmark album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo, and they even issued their recording as a single. Country musician Marty Stuart has also recorded this song. According to McGuinn in the liner notes to the 1997 reissue of Sweetheart of the Rodeo, Dylan singled him out in these lyrics for bungling Dylan's original Basement Tapes lyrics on the Byrds version of the song in which McGuinn sings \"Pack up your money / Pick up your tent\" instead of \"Pick up your money / Pack up your tent\" as Dylan had.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The Byrds' recording of the song caused a minor controversy between the band and its author. Dylan's original demo of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" contained the lyric \"Pick up your money, pack up your tent\", which was mistakenly altered in The Byrds' version, by guitarist and singer Roger McGuinn, to \"Pack up your money, pick up your tent\".[22] Dylan expressed mock-annoyance at this lyric change in his 1971 recording of the song, singing \"Pack up your money, put up your tent McGuinn/You ain't goin' nowhere.\"[14] McGuinn replied in 1989 on a new recording of the song included on the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's Will the Circle Be Unbroken: Volume Two album, adding the word \"Dylan\" after the same \"Pack up your money, pick up your tent\" lyric.[23] McGuinn and the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band's 1989 recording of the song, which also featured The Byrds' former bass player Chris Hillman, was released as a single and peaked at number six on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in 1989,[23] as well as number eleven on the Canadian country music charts published by RPM.[24] In spite of the involvement of the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, the single release was credited to McGuinn and Hillman alone.[25]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Slovenian singer-songwriter Matej Krajnc recorded his own version of the song, translated to Slovenian language with the title \"Ostani, kjer si\", on his album \"Pot skoz kamnolom - pesmi Boba Dylana\" in 2017.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" is a song written by Bob Dylan in 1967 in Woodstock, New York, during the self-imposed exile from public appearances that followed his July 29, 1966 motorcycle accident.[1][2] A recording of Dylan performing the song in September 1971 was released on the Bob Dylan's Greatest Hits Vol. II album in November of that year, marking the first official release of the song by its author.[3] An earlier 1967 recording of the song, performed by Dylan and The Band, was issued in 1975 on the album The Basement Tapes.[4]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The track features on the Fairport Convention album Cropredy 2002.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová recorded the song for the soundtrack album to Todd Haynes' Dylan biopic, I'm Not There, using the lyrics from Dylan's 1971 version, including the reference to Roger McGuinn.[40] The Dandy Warhols have covered the song on the 2009 digital download edition of their album The Dandy Warhols Are Sound[41] and for their September 1, 2011 Daytrotter session. Actor Oscar Isaac (with Kate Mara and Chad Fischer) performed a version of the song in the 2011 film 10 Years, which also appeared on the film's soundtrack.[42] In 2012, Brett Dennen released a version of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" on the Chimes of Freedom: Songs of Bob Dylan Honoring 50 Years of Amnesty International album.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The Crust Brothers covered \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" on their 1998 live album, Marquee Mark[35] and Counting Crows recorded the song as a bonus track on their Hard Candy album in 2002 as well as performing it live with Augustana.[36][37] Maria Muldaur recorded the song, with slightly altered lyrics, on her 2006 Heart of Mine: Maria Muldaur Sings Love Songs of Bob Dylan album[38] and Marty Raybon, former vocalist of Shenandoah, also covered the song on his 2006 album, When the Sand Runs Out.[39]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Starting in June 1967 and ending in October 1967, Bob Dylan's writing and recording sessions with the Band (then known as the Hawks) in Woodstock, New York, were the source of many new songs that were circulated as demos by Dylan's publisher for fellow artists to record.[9] \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" was written and recorded during this period and features lyrics that allude to the singer waiting for his bride to arrive and possibly, a final premarital fling.[10] The original version found on 1975's The Basement Tapes album was recorded with the Band (minus Levon Helm who had temporarily left the group at this point) in the basement of their house in West Saugerties, New York, called \"Big Pink\". A first take recorded during the Basement Tapes sessions includes improvised nonsense lyrics such as \"Just pick up that oil cloth, cram it in the corn / I don't care if your name is Michael / You're gonna need some boards / Get your lunch, you foreign bib\".[11] This alternate take was released in 2014 on The Bootleg Series Vol. 11: The Basement Tapes Complete.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. In addition to its appearance on the Sweetheart of the Rodeo album, The Byrds' original recording of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" also appears on several of the band's compilations, including The Best of The Byrds: Greatest Hits, Volume II, History of The Byrds, The Byrds Play Dylan, The Original Singles: 1967–1969, Volume 2, The Byrds, and There Is a Season.[19] Live performances of the song are included on the expanded edition of The Byrds' (Untitled) album and on Live at Royal Albert Hall 1971.[19]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The Byrds' recording of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" was released as a single on April 2, 1968, some three years prior to any commercial release of the song by Dylan.[3][6][7] It was the lead single from The Byrds' 1968 country rock album, Sweetheart of the Rodeo, and reached number 74 on the Bllboard Hot 100 chart and number 45 on the UK Singles Chart.[6][17][18] Along with the then current line-up of The Byrds, the song also features musical contributions from session musician Lloyd Green on pedal steel guitar.[14] Although it is not as famous as their cover version of \"Mr. Tambourine Man\", The Byrds' recording of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" is often considered by critics to be the band's best Dylan cover.[19]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The British beat group Unit 4 + 2 released a recording of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" as a single in 1968 but it suffered poor sales as a result of the version released by The Byrds[29] and consequently it did not chart.[30] Joan Baez included a gender-switched version of the song, in which she sings \"Tomorrow's the day my man's gonna come\", on her 1968 album of Dylan covers, Any Day Now.[31] Australian band The Flying Circus included this song on their self-titled debut album released in August 1969.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The Byrds also recorded a version of the song in 1968 and issued it as a single.[5][6] The Byrds' version is notable for being the first commercial release of the song, predating Dylan's first release by three years.[3][6][7] A later cover by Byrds members Roger McGuinn and Chris Hillman reached the top 10 of the Hot Country Songs charts in 1989. The song has also been covered by many other artists, including Joan Baez, Unit 4 + 2, Earl Scruggs, Old Crow Medicine Show, Phish, Counting Crows, The Dandy Warhols, Tedeschi Trucks Band, and Glen Hansard with Markéta Irglová.[8]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. After its appearance on Sweetheart of the Rodeo, the song would go on to become a staple of The Byrds' live concert repertoire, until their final disbandment in 1973.[26] The Byrds re-recorded \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" in 1971 with Earl Scruggs, as part of the Earl Scruggs, His Family and Friends television special, and this version was included on the program's accompanying soundtrack album.[27] The song was also performed live by a reformed line-up of The Byrds featuring Roger McGuinn, David Crosby, and Chris Hillman in January 1989.[26] McGuinn continues to perform the song in his solo concerts and consequently it appears on his 2007 album, Live from Spain.[28]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. On September 24, 1971, Dylan re-recorded three songs from the Basement Tapes sessions for inclusion on his Greatest Hits Vol. II album—\"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\", \"I Shall Be Released\", and \"Down in the Flood\"—with Happy Traum playing bass, banjo and electric guitar, as well as providing vocal harmony.[12] Traum notes that \"they were very popular songs ... that [Dylan] wanted to put his own stamp on.\"[13] The lyrics of this performance of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" differed significantly from both the Basement Tapes versions, and also played upon a mistaken lyric in The Byrds' cover of three years earlier (see below).[14] The 1971 version was later released on the compilations The Essential Bob Dylan (2000) and Dylan (2007), although the latter album's liner notes erroneously state that it is the 1967 version.[15][16]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. The song was selected as a suitable cover by The Byrds after their record label, Columbia Records, sent them some demos from Dylan's Woodstock sessions.[20] Included among these demos were the songs \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\" and \"Nothing Was Delivered\", both of which were recorded by The Byrds in March 1968, during the Nashville recording sessions for Sweetheart of the Rodeo.[5][14] Despite the change in musical style that the country-influenced Sweetheart of the Rodeo album represented for The Byrds, the inclusion of two Dylan covers on the album forged a link with their previous folk rock incarnation, when Dylan's material had been a mainstay of their repertoire.[21]", "Blowin' Your Mind!. Of the eight songs on the album, all were composed by Morrison except \"Goodbye Baby (Baby Goodbye)\" and the last song, \"Midnight Special\". Clinton Heylin contends that the first side of the album \"makes for one of the great single-sided albums in rock\",[5] whereas Greil Marcus, the album's most hostile critic, found it \"painfully boring, made up of three sweet minutes of 'Brown Eyed Girl' and... the sprawling, sensation-dulling 'T.B. Sheets'\".[8] \"He Ain't Give You None\" is an urban tale of \"lust, jealousy and sexual disgust.\" It references Notting Hill Gate and Curzon Street in London, England, places Morrison would have been familiar with when he lived there during his earlier touring days. It contains the words, \"You can leave now if you don't like what is happening.\" Brian Hinton compares \"the delighted contempt of the singer, the song's graveyard pace, the stately organ and stinging guitar\" to the Highway 61 period of Bob Dylan.[9]", "Sweetheart of the Rodeo. Upon its release, the album reached #77 on the Billboard Top LPs chart, but failed to reach the charts in the United Kingdom.[14][15] Two attendant singles were released during 1968, \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\", which achieved modest success, and \"I Am a Pilgrim\", which failed to chart.[15][16] The album received mostly positive reviews in the music press, but the band's shift away from psychedelic music alienated much of its pop audience.[17] Despite being the most commercially unsuccessful Byrds' album to date upon its initial release, Sweetheart of the Rodeo is today considered to be a seminal and highly influential country rock album.[4]", "I'll Be Lovin' U Long Time. Lyrically, the song tells of the protagonist's devotion to her lover, proclaiming that while she knows \"you've got me\", she'll be \"lovin' him long time\".[25] The first verse begins with \"You ain't even got to worry / About a thing, I've got you babe / And ain't nobody takin' me away / Its not a game I'm here to stay\", describing her strong emotional attachment to him.[29] As the verse continues, Carey makes references and comparisons to their love and drugs powerful effect over the body and its senses.[25] Carey describes the limits of her love during the chorus, singing \"As long as I can breathe\" and \"Eternally\".[25] During the second verse, she sings how no matter what others say about their relationship, they will continue being together, and describing a private moment they shared, their \"Little spot where no one knows\".[29]", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Roots rock quartet The Rave-Ups covered the song on their 1985 album, Town and Country.[32] Shawn Colvin, Mary Chapin Carpenter, and Rosanne Cash also performed the song at Madison Square Garden in 1992, for eventual release on the Bob Dylan tribute album The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration.[33]", "Sweetheart of the Rodeo. Nearly as disastrous was the group's appearance on the WSM program of legendary Nashville DJ, Ralph Emery, who mocked his guests throughout the interview and initially refused to play an acetate of \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\".[30] Eventually playing the record, he dismissed it over the air and in the presence of the band as being mediocre.[30] Clearly upset by their treatment, Parsons and McGuinn would make Emery the subject of their song, \"Drug Store Truck Drivin' Man\", which was written by the pair in London in May 1968.[31] The song appeared on the Byrds' next album, Dr. Byrds & Mr. Hyde, although this recording did not feature Parsons because he had left the band by this time.[32]", "Creeque Alley. The repeated line that ends the first three verses, \"No one's getting fat, 'cept Mama Cass\", is modified in the 4th verse to \"Everybody's getting fat, 'cept Mama Cass\" (Elliot was known for being overweight and, indeed, morbidly obese; this contributed to her early death from heart failure). The final lyric line, \"And California Dreamin' is becoming a reality,\" refers to their hit song \"California Dreamin',\" and notes the point where the group achieved its breakthrough and left behind the lifestyle described in the rest of the song.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Phish covered the song during their July 30, 2003 concert at the Tweeter Center at the Waterfront in Camden, New Jersey. This is the only time that Phish has performed the song, coming in the show before their IT music festival in Maine (particular emphasis was put on the lyric \"We'll climb that hill, no matter how steep...when we get up to it.\")[34]", "Ain't. Although ain't is seldom found in formal writing, it is frequently used in more informal written settings, such as popular song lyrics. In genres such as traditional country music, blues, rock n' roll, and hip-hop, lyrics often include nonstandard features such as ain't.[53] This is principally due to the use of such features as markers of \"covert identity and prestige.\"[53]", "Porgy and Bess. The chorus enjoys themselves at the picnic (\"I ain't got no shame\"). Sportin' Life presents the chorus his cynical views on the Bible (\"It Ain't Necessarily So\"), causing Serena to chastise them (\"Shame on all you sinners!\"). Everyone gets ready to leave. As Bess, who has lagged behind, tries to follow them, Crown emerges from the bushes. He reminds her that Porgy is \"temporary\" and laughs off her claims that she has been living decently now. Bess wants to leave Crown forever and attempts to make him forget about her (\"Oh, what you want wid Bess?\") but Crown refuses to give her up. He grabs her and will not let her go to the boat, which leaves without her, and then forcefully kisses her. He laughs at his conquest as her resistance begins to fail, and commands her to get into the woods, where his intentions are only too clear.", "Ain't No Way. \"Ain't No Way\" is a song written by singer-songwriter Carolyn Franklin and sung by her elder sister Aretha Franklin as the B-side to her 1968 hit, \"(Sweet Sweet Baby) Since You've Been Gone\".\nThis song should not be confused with a different song of the same title, recorded by Aretha Franklin on her 2003 CD So Damn Happy: \"Ain't No Way\" by Barry J. Eastmond and Gordon Chambers.", "You Ain't Goin' Nowhere. Garth Brooks for the 2013 \"The Melting Pot\" album in the Blame It All on My Roots: Five Decades of Influences compilation.", "Everybody's Talkin'. Described in The Rock Snob*s Dictionary as an \"anti-urban plaint\",[19] \"Everybody's Talkin'\" depicts the introverted speaker's inability to connect with others. Not hearing or truly seeing them, the speaker declares an intention to leave for the ocean and the summer breeze. AllMusic's Denise Sullivan describes Neil's version as \"positively spooky and Spartan\" by comparison to Nilsson's better-known cover, whose arrangement she felt captured the \"freedom, shrouded in regret and loss, implied in the lyric\".[7]", "Like a Rolling Stone. When you ain't got nothing, you got nothing to lose\nYou're invisible now, you got no secrets to conceal[46]", "The Byrds. The band also incurred the wrath of renowned country music DJ Ralph Emery, when they appeared on his Nashville-based WSM radio program.[162] Emery mocked the band throughout their interview and made no secret of his dislike for their newly recorded country rock single, \"You Ain't Goin' Nowhere\".[163] Parsons and McGuinn would later write the pointedly sarcastic song \"Drug Store Truck Drivin' Man\" about Emery and their appearance on his show.[162][163] Journalist David Fricke has described the reactions of Emery and the Grand Ole Opry audience as indicative of the resistance and hostility that the Byrds' venture into country music provoked from the Nashville old guard.[8]", "Max and Paddy's Road to Nowhere. The theme song was written by Toni Baker and Peter Kay, and borrowed heavily from the theme to the 1970s American series B. J. and the Bear. The lyrics are \"Don't know where we're going, Got no way of knowing, Driving on the Road to Nowhere, Sponging for a living, Checkin' out the women, Riding on the Road to Nowhere... And we don't take shit from anyone, The only thing we wanna do is have some fun, It's Max and Paddy, Paddy and Max, And best of all we don't pay council tax\".", "Blue Ain't Your Color. The song is about a male observing a lonely woman at a bar who is dissatisfied in her current relationship.", "Ain't Nobody's Business. There ain't nothin' I can do nor nothin' I can say, that folks don't criticize me\nBut I'm gonna do just as I want to anyway, I don't care if they all despise me" ]

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[ "Shrek (franchise). The Shrek franchise from DreamWorks Animation, based on William Steig's picture book Shrek!, consists of four computer-animated films including: Shrek (2001), Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010), with a fifth film planned for 2019 or 2020. A short 4-D film, Shrek 4-D, which originally was a theme park ride, was released in 2003.", "Shrek. Shrek has three sequels: Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010). Although Shrek 2 received similar acclaim from critics,[123] the following two movies after received some mixed reviews.[124][125] They were, however, still box office hits.[126][127] There were also two holiday specials entitled Shrek the Halls and Scared Shrekless, a spin-off Puss in Boots (a prequel to the Shrek series, exploring the origins of Puss in Boots, a character in the Shrek sequels), and several shorts.[128] A fifth feature film was also planned for release, but was later cancelled in 2009, after it was decided that Shrek Forever After (originally titled Shrek Goes Fourth) was to be the last film in the series.[128] However, in July 2016, the fifth film was announced and is currently in development.[129]", "Shrek (franchise). Shrek 4-D, also known as Shrek 3-D, Shrek 4D Adventure, Shrek's Never Before Seen Adventure, and The Ghost of Lord Farquaad, is a 4-D film/ride at various theme parks around the world. It premiered in 2003 at Universal Studios Florida, and was released on DVD. The short takes place right after the first Shrek film. Lord Farquaad returns from the dead to kidnap Princess Fiona and it is up to Shrek and Donkey to rescue her.", "Shrek (franchise). Following the success of Shrek 2 in May 2004, Jeffrey Katzenberg revealed that the Shrek story had been outlined into five films almost from the beginning. \"Before the first one was finished we talked about what the whole story of Shrek is, and each of the chapters answers questions about the first movie and gives us an insight,\" said Katzenberg. \"Shrek 3 and 4 are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie.\"[2] After the release of Shrek the Third in 2007, Katzenberg announced that the fifth film would be released in 2013.[3]", "Shrek 2. Shrek 2 has two sequels; they are Shrek the Third and Shrek Forever After. A spin-off film Puss in Boots was released on October 28, 2011, and focuses on the character of Puss in Boots, who was introduced in this film.", "Shrek Forever After. Following the success of Shrek 2 in May 2004, Jeffrey Katzenberg revealed that the Shrek story had been outlined into five films almost from the beginning. \"Before the first one was finished we talked about what the whole story of Shrek is, and each of the chapters answers questions about the first movie and gives us an insight,\" said Katzenberg. \"Shrek 3 and 4 are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie.\"[59] After the release of Shrek the Third in May 2007, Katzenberg announced that the fifth film would be released in 2013.[60]", "Shrek the Third. The thirty-minute Christmas special, Shrek the Halls picked up from where Shrek the Third left off.[48] The film was followed by a sequel, Shrek Forever After, which was released in theatres on May 21, 2010.[49] This was followed by the spinoff, Puss in Boots, in 2011. A fifth film in the series is in development, with a plan to be released in a 2019 or 2020 time frame.[50]", "Shrek (franchise). In May 2009, DreamWorks Animation (DWA) announced that the fourth film's title would be Shrek Forever After, indicating that it would be the last in the Shrek series.[4] Later in 2009, that was confirmed by Bill Damaschke, head of creative production at DWA, with him saying: \"All that was loved about Shrek in the first film is brought to the final film.\"[5]", "Shrek (franchise). Ape Entertainment has also released under KiZoic label five full color comic books, a fifty two page prequel to Shrek Forever After titled Shrek (2010), and four thirty two page books: Shrek #1 (2010), Shrek #2 (2010), Shrek #3 (2011), and Shrek #4 (2011).[67]", "Shrek!. Spin offs of the Shrek film series include the holiday specials Shrek the Halls (November 2007) and Scared Shrekless (October 2010); a musical adaptation (2008); and the film Puss in Boots (October 2011), a spin off prequel starring the franchise's character of the same name.", "Shrek!. Shrek was released on May 18, 2001, starring the voices of Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, and John Lithgow. The film was a critical and commercial success and won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature. The film's triumph ultimately led to the releases of three sequels: Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010). A fifth film will be released in 2019 or 2020.", "Shrek Forever After. In October 2007, Katzenberg announced a title for the fourth film, Shrek Goes Fourth,[11] explaining that \"Shrek goes out into the world, forth!\"[12] In May 2009, however, DreamWorks Animation retitled the film to Shrek Forever After,[13] indicating that it would be the last in the Shrek series.[citation needed] In November 2009, Bill Damaschke, head of creative production at DreamWorks Animation, confirmed with \"All that was loved about Shrek in the first film is brought to the final film.\"[14]", "Shrek (franchise). Main series:", "Shrek the Third. Shrek the Third is a 2007 American computer-animated fantasy comedy film and the third installment in the Shrek franchise, produced by DreamWorks Animation. It is the sequel to 2004's Shrek 2, and is the first in the series to be distributed by Paramount Pictures1, which acquired DreamWorks Pictures, the former parent of DreamWorks Animation, in 2006. Chris Miller and Raman Hui directed and co-directed the film, respectively,[3] with the former also co-writing the screenplay with Jeffrey Price, Peter S. Seaman, and Aron Warner. In addition to Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Rupert Everett, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese, who reprise their roles from Shrek 2, the film also features Justin Timberlake in the role of Arthur Pendragon and Eric Idle as Merlin. Harry Gregson-Williams composed the original music for the film. The story takes place eight months after the marriage of Shrek and Fiona in the first film.[4] Reluctantly reigning over the kingdom of Far, Far Away, Shrek sets out to find the next heir to the throne—Fiona's cousin Artie, while Prince Charming is plotting to overthrow Shrek and become king.", "Shrek (franchise). Two television specials, the Christmas television special Shrek the Halls (2007) and the Halloween television special Scared Shrekless (2010), have also been produced. A spin-off film titled Puss in Boots was released in October 2011, and a 2008 Broadway musical adaption was produced for two years.", "Shrek (franchise). The second film opens with Prince Charming on a quest to rescue Princess Fiona from the Dragon. When he gets there, he finds the wolf from Little Red Riding Hood and The Three Little Pigs in Fiona's bed. He asks the wolf where Fiona is and the wolf tells him that she is on her honeymoon with Shrek. Once Shrek and Fiona return from their honeymoon, they find Donkey in the swamp who tells them he and Dragon are going through a rough patch. They then get invited to the land of Far Far Away by Fiona's parents and who want to bless their marriage.", "Shrek the Third. Following the success of Shrek 2, a third and fourth Shrek movie, along with plans for a final, fifth film, were announced in May 2004 by Jeffrey Katzenberg: \"Shrek 3 and 4 are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie.\"[7]", "Shrek (franchise). Shrek, a solitary ogre, finds a surprise when fairy tale creatures are sent to live in his swamp by Lord Farquaad. He befriends a talking donkey whose name is also Donkey, and they set off to meet with Farquaad. The latter needs Princess Fiona to marry him so he will become the king of Duloc. When Shrek and Donkey visit him, they are forced to rescue her from an enormous fire-breathing dragon. The Dragon turns out to be female, and she falls in love with Donkey.", "Shrek (franchise). Shrek the Halls is a 22-minute television special, set shortly after the events of Shrek the Third (and before the events of Shrek Forever After) as Shrek and Fiona's children are still infants, that premiered on the American television network ABC on Wednesday, November 28, 2007.", "Shrek (franchise). The series primarily focuses on Shrek, a reclusive and grouchy yet kindhearted ogre, who becomes a respected hero with an ever growing collection of friends and family in a fairy tale world in spite of himself.", "Shrek Forever After. Following the success of Shrek 2, a third and fourth Shrek film, along with plans for a fifth and final film, were announced in May 2004 by Jeffrey Katzenberg: \"Shrek 3 and 4 are going to reveal other unanswered questions and, finally, in the last chapter, we will understand how Shrek came to be in that swamp, when we meet him in the first movie.\"[9] In October 2006, DreamWorks Animation revealed that the fourth film would be released in 2010.[10]", "Shrek Forever After. In May 2009, DreamWorks Animation (DWA) announced that the fourth film's title would be Shrek Forever After, indicating that it would be the last in the Shrek series.[61] Later that year, that was confirmed by Bill Damaschke, head of creative production at DWA, with him saying: \"All that was loved about Shrek in the first film is brought to the final film.\"[62]", "Shrek (franchise). Spin-offs:", "Shrek the Third. The film was released in the United Kingdom on June 29, 2007, and topped the country's box office for the next two weekends, before being dethroned by Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix.[25]", "Shrek (franchise). The film ends with Shrek and Fiona caring for their newborn ogre triplets.", "Shrek (franchise). In May 2010, The New York Times called the principal Shrek characters \"brilliantly realized\" and said \"nearly a decade after the first Shrek film they remain as vital and engaging fusions of image, personality and voice as any characters in the history of animation.\"[1] The series was a financial success, becoming the 16th highest-grossing franchise of all time and the second highest-grossing animated franchise.", "Shrek 2. Like its predecessor, Shrek 2 received critical acclaim. It scored the second-largest three-day opening weekend in US history at the time of its release,[3] as well as the largest opening for an animated film until May 18, 2007, when it was eclipsed by its sequel Shrek the Third.[4] It went on to be the highest-grossing film of 2004.[5] It is DreamWorks's most successful film to date, the highest-grossing film in the Shrek franchise, and was also the highest-grossing animated film of all time worldwide until Toy Story 3 surpassed it in 2010;[6] it is now the tenth-highest-grossing animated film of all time. It is also the seventh-highest animated film of all time in ticket sellings.[7] The associated soundtrack reached the Top 10 on the US Billboard 200.", "Shrek. Shrek was released in the United States on May 16, 2001, and grossed $484.4 million worldwide against production budget of $60 million. It was widely acclaimed as an animated film that featured adult-oriented humor and themes, while catering to children at the same time. Shrek won the first ever Academy Award for Best Animated Feature and was also nominated for Best Adapted Screenplay. It also earned six award nominations from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA), winning the BAFTA award for Best Adapted Screenplay. The film's success helped establish DreamWorks Animation as a prime competitor to Pixar in feature film computer animation, and three sequels were released—Shrek 2 (2004), Shrek the Third (2007), and Shrek Forever After (2010)—along with two holiday specials, a spin-off film, and a stage musical that kickstarted the Shrek franchise. A planned fifth film was cancelled in 2009 prior to the fourth film's release, but it has since been revived and has entered development.[4]", "Shrek the Third. The film was originally going to be released in November 2006; however, in December 2004, the date was changed to May 2007; \"The sheer magnitude of the Shrek franchise has led us to conclude that a May release date, with a DVD release around the holiday season, will enable us to best maximize performance and increase profitability, thereby generating enhanced asset value and better returns for our shareholders.\" Katzenberg said.[12] Flushed Away, another film from DreamWorks Animation, was given the slot of November 2006.[12] The release date change was the day after Disney Pixar changed the release date of Cars, from November 2005 to June 2006.[13][12]", "Shrek Forever After. Shrek Forever After (previously promoted as Shrek: The Final Chapter[5]) is a 2010 American computer-animated, comedy film by DreamWorks Animation. It is the fourth installment in the Shrek film franchise and the sequel to Shrek the Third (2007). The film was directed by Mike Mitchell from a script by Josh Klausner and Darren Lemke, and stars Mike Myers, Eddie Murphy, Cameron Diaz, Antonio Banderas, Julie Andrews, and John Cleese reprising their previous roles, with Walt Dohrn introduced in the role of Rumpelstiltskin. The plot follows Shrek struggling as a family man with no privacy, who yearns for the days when he was once feared. He is tricked by Rumpelstiltskin into signing a contract that leads to disastrous consequences.", "Shrek the Third. The film premiered on May 6, 2007, at the Mann Village Theatre, Westwood in Los Angeles,[5] and was released in the United States on May 18, 2007, exactly six years after the first film was released. The film grossed $799 million on a $160 million budget, becoming the fourth-highest-grossing film of 2007. It was nominated for Best Animated Movie at the 2008 Kids' Choice Awards, but lost to Ratatouille. It was also nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Animated Film at the 61st British Academy Film Awards. It was the final film in the Shrek franchise to be produced by Pacific Data Images, before its closure in 2015.[6] It was followed by Shrek Forever After in 2010.", "Shrek (franchise). (30,258,100)" ]

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[ "Gun laws in New Jersey. In New Jersey, it is illegal to possess any magazine that is capable of accepting more than 15 rounds for semi-automatic rifles/pistols and 6 rounds for semi-automatic shotguns. Police officers may possess these magazines for both personal and official purposes. FFLs may also possess these magazines (N.J.S.A 2C:39-1(y)[27]).", "Gun laws in New Jersey. Capacities of semiautomatic handguns and rifles (total in magazine excluding chamber) are limited to 15 rounds.[15] Furthermore, beginning January 1, 2010, New Jersey limits handgun purchases to one per 30-day period. Upon completing a New Jersey State police form, an FID card holder may be granted permission to purchase more than one handgun a month by declaring good reason. Reasons may include: recreational shooting; the purposes of collectors; when it is required for certain employment; and when obtaining firearms as the beneficiary of a will.[16] The State application required for this increase, Form SP-015, specifically requires the make, model and serial number of each firearm to be transferred prior to the exemption, keeping the spirit of the purchasing limit safe from circumvention.[17]", "Marlin Model 60. During the late-1980s, the capacity of the rifle was reduced to a 15-round maximum limit, to meet New Jersey's firearms law for semi-automatic assault weapons. For a few years in the mid-1980s the Model 60 rifles had both the \"last shot hold open\" feature and also held 18 rounds in the tube magazine. Those rifles with those two features are among the most sought after Model 60s. The redesigned magazine tube was visibly shorter than the barrel, which is how rifles from this period can be easily identified. Then, in the early 2000s the length of the barrel was reduced from 22 to 19 inches (559 to 483 mm), to match the length of the reduced length magazine. This had the effect of reducing the length of the rifle from 40.5 to 37.5 inches (1029 to 953 mm). (The photo above is of the 40.5 inch (1029 mm) version, the rifle having been manufactured in 1982.) Non-removable tubular magazine-fed rifles were never subject to the 10 round limit of the Federal Assault Weapons Ban. Marlin also manufactured models for export, which had various capacities to comply with foreign firearms regulations.", ".45 ACP. With standard (not extended) single-stack magazines, pistols chambered in .45 ACP usually hold 8 rounds or less (exceptions to this include the 10-round standard 14 round extended capacity .45 ACP from Sig Sauer in their P227 [15] and 13-round Glock 21)[16] and 15 rounds, such as the .45 ACP versions of the FN FNP and FN FNX, though this greatly increases the pistol's bulk and with that lowers maneuverability.[17] The Heckler and Koch USP .45 standard has a double-stack magazine that holds 12 cartridges.", "High-capacity magazine ban. In 2013, a federal judge in New York struck down the state's prohibition against gun owners loading more than seven rounds into a magazine, calling the limit “an arbitrary restriction” that violated the Second Amendment, but upheld the state's ban on magazines that hold more that 10 rounds. [27] In 2015, the Second Circuit upheld this decision on appeal.[28]", "Magazine (firearms). In the United States a number of state laws have banned what are deemed \"high-capacity magazines\".[51] High-capacity or large-capacity magazines are generally those defined by statute to be capable of holding more than 10 or 15 rounds, although the definitions vary.[51][52][53]", "High-capacity magazine ban. The federal ban of 1994 defined a magazine capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition as a large capacity ammunition feeding device. Likewise, the state of California defines a large capacity magazine as \"any ammunition feeding device with a capacity to accept more than 10 rounds.\"[1] Such devices are commonly called high-capacity magazines.[2][3][4] Among states with bans, the maximum capacity is 10 to 20 rounds. Several municipalities, such as New York City, restrict magazine capacity to 5 rounds for rifles and shotguns.[5] The state of New York previously limited magazine capacity to 7 rounds, but a District Court ruled this ban to be excessive and could not \"survive intermediate scrutiny\".[6] Most Americans support a ban on the sale and possession of high capacity magazines, according to polls.[7][8][9][10][11][12]", "Gun laws in New Jersey. N.J.S.A 2C:58-3(f)[11]:", "Magazine (firearms). Other nations impose restrictions on magazine capacity as well. In Canada, magazines are generally limited to five rounds for rifles and 10 for handguns (with some exceptions), depending on the firearm.[54]", "NY SAFE Act. Others claimed that this is a backdoor ban on handgun sales, noting that seven-round magazines simply do not exist for many popular models.[41][42] After realizing seven-round magazines do not exist for most firearms, New York governor Andrew Cuomo reversed his position on the seven-round limit, stating, \"There is no such thing as a seven-bullet magazine [sic]. That doesn't exist, so you really have no practical option.\" He went on to say the state needs to allow the sale of handguns and rifles with ten-round magazines, but requires the people of New York only load seven rounds in them, except at shooting ranges and competitions. He claimed the law is still enforceable.[43][44] Cuomo and New York State Senate leaders planned an indefinite suspension of the seven-round magazine limit until they could rewrite the measure.[45] In March 2013 during budget negotiations, Cuomo and lawmakers agreed to continue to allow 10-round magazines to be sold, but could still only be loaded with 7 cartridges.[46]", "High-capacity magazine ban. Most pistols sold in the U.S. are made and sold with magazines holding between 10 and 17 rounds.[13] In November 2013, the National Rifle Association sued the city of San Francisco over an ordinance banning possession of magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds. At the time, no court had overturned a ban on high-capacity guns or magazines.[14] In March 2014, the Supreme Court refused to halt a similar ban by the city of Sunnyvale, California.[15]", "Gun laws in New Jersey. Gun laws in New Jersey regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of New Jersey.[1][2] New Jersey's firearms laws are among the most restrictive in the country; some of which are being challenged in state and federal courts.", "Gun laws in New Jersey. NJ law states that Firearms Identification approval and/or handgun purchase permit(s) must be issued within 30 days. However, this is not always adhered to with some applicants waiting months to receive their permits. Applicants are able to appeal the denial of permits. The Firearm Purchaser ID card is also required to purchase handgun ammunition at dealers in the state. \"Handgun ammunition\" is interpreted as any caliber that can be used in a handgun, therefore some calibers that are typically used in rifles and shotguns require one to show a FPIC to purchase.", "Gun laws in New Jersey. Some municipalities have required additional forms, photographs and other requirements such as notarization. These forms are not required for approval per NJSA 2C:58-3a. This has been affirmed by the Appellate Court in two cases, one against the City of Paterson by resident Jeremy Perez, and another against Jersey City by resident Michael McGovern where the court ruled against the cities in violation.[12][13][14]", "AK-47. The standard magazine capacity is 30 rounds. There are also 10, 20, and 40-round box magazines, as well as 75-round drum magazines.", "Gun laws in Canada. Some magazines are prohibited regardless of the class of firearm to which the magazines are attached. As a general rule, under the Criminal Code, the maximum magazine capacity is five rounds for most magazines designed for rifles that shoot centre-fire ammunition in a semi-automatic fashion, or ten rounds for most handgun magazines.", "High-capacity magazine ban. With the passage of Bill C-17 in 1993 under Prime Minister Kim Campbell (in response to the 1989 Ecole Polytechnique Massacre), magazines designed for use in semi-automatic centrefire rifles and semi-automatic shotguns became limited to five rounds, and magazines designed for use in handguns are limited to 10 rounds. Magazines designed for use in semi-automatic rimfire rifles, as well as manually operated long guns, are exempt from the magazine capacity restrictions.", "Magazine (firearms). The STANAG magazine concept is only an interface, dimensional, and control (magazine latch, bolt stop, etc.) requirement.[43][44] Therefore, it not only allows one type of magazine to interface with various weapon systems,[43][44] but also allows STANAG magazines to be made in various configurations and capacities.[43][44] The standard STANAG magazines are 20, 30, and 40 round box magazines,[44] but there are many other designs available with capacities ranging from 1 round[45] to 60 and 100 round casket magazines,[46][47] 90 round snail-drum magazines,[48] and 100 round[49] and 150 round double-drum magazines.[50]", "Magazine (firearms). Magazines come in many shapes and sizes, from tubular magazines on lever-action rifles that hold only a few rounds,[not in citation given] to detachable box and drum magazines for automatic rifles and machine guns that can hold more than one hundred rounds. Various jurisdictions ban what they define as \"high-capacity magazines\".", "Gun laws in New Jersey. Under New Jersey law, a firearm is classified as an \"assault firearm\" if it meets the following criteria:[25]", "New Jersey. New Jersey also has some of the most stringent gun control laws in the U.S. These include bans on assault firearms, hollow-nose bullets and even slingshots. No gun offense in New Jersey is graded less than a felony. BB guns and black-powder guns are all treated as modern firearms. New Jersey does not recognize out-of-state gun licenses and aggressively enforces its own gun laws.[171]", "Gun laws in Canada. Magazines designed to contain centre-fire cartridges and designed or manufactured for use in a semiautomatic handgun are limited to 10 cartridges. The capacity is measured by the kind of cartridge the magazine was designed to contain. In some cases the magazine will be capable of containing more than 10 rounds of a different calibre; however, that is not relevant in the determination of the maximum permitted capacity.[31]", "High-capacity magazine ban. A high-capacity magazine ban is a law which bans or otherwise restricts high-capacity magazines, detachable firearm magazines that can hold more than a certain number of rounds of ammunition. For example, in the United States, the now-expired Federal Assault Weapons Ban of 1994 included limits regarding magazines that could hold more than ten rounds. Eight U.S. states, and a number of local governments, ban or regulate magazines that they have legally defined as high-capacity. The majority of states (42) do not ban or regulate any magazines on the basis of capacity. States that do have large capacity magazine bans or restrictions typically do not apply to firearms with fixed magazines whose capacity would otherwise exceed the large capacity threshold.", "High-capacity magazine ban. William B. Ruger, a founder of Sturm, Ruger & Co., is often ascribed with providing the impetus for high capacity magazine restrictions. Ruger proposed that instead of banning firearms, Congress should outlaw magazines holding more than 15 rounds.[16] “No honest man needs more than 10 rounds in any gun,” Ruger told Tom Brokaw of NBC News in 1992.[17][18] On March 30, 1989, Ruger sent a letter to every member of the US Congress stating:", "Magazine (firearms). Before WWII the Germans developed 75-round saddle-drum magazines for use in their MG 13 and MG 15 machine guns. The MG 34 machine guns could also use saddle-drum magazine when fitted with a special feed cover. The 75 rounds of ammunition were evenly distributed in each side of the magazine with a central feed \"tower\" where the ammunition is fed to the bolt. The ammunition was fed by a spring force, with rounds alternating from each side of the double drum so that the gun would not become unbalanced.", "Gun laws in New Jersey. The following manufacturers, models, and types are namingly banned:[26]", "Magazine (firearms). Another form of box magazine, sometimes referred to as a \"quad-column\", can hold a great amount of ammunition. It is wider than a standard magazine, but retains the same length. Casket magazines can be found on the Suomi KP/-31, Hafdasa C-4, Spectre M4, QCW-05 and on 5.45×39mm AK rifle derivatives. Magpul has been granted a patent[32] for a STANAG compatible casket magazine,[33] and such a magazine was also debuted by SureFire in December 2010, and is now sold as the MAG5-60 and MAG5-100 High Capacity Magazine (HCM) in 60- and 100-round capacities, respectively, in 5.56mm for AR-15 compatible with M4/M16/AR-15 variants and other firearms that accept STANAG 4179 magazines.[34] Izhmash has also developed a casket magazine for the AK-12.[33]", "Magazine (firearms). As World War II loomed, most of the world's major powers began to develop submachine guns fed by 20- to 40-round detachable box magazines. However, of the major powers, only the United States would adopt a general-issue semi-automatic rifle that used detachable box magazines; the M1 Carbine with its 15-round magazines. As the war progressed the Germans would develop the Sturmgewehr 44 assault rifle concept with its 30-round detachable magazine. After WWII, automatic weapons using detachable box magazines would be developed and used by all of the world's armies. Today, detachable box magazines are the norm and they are so widely used that they are simply referred to as magazines or \"mags\" for short.", "Gun laws in New Jersey. The Constitution of New Jersey has no provision explicitly guaranteeing the right of citizens to keep and bear arms.", "High-capacity magazine ban. As of March 2014, Washington, D.C. and nine U.S. states have high-capacity magazine restrictions or bans.[21]", "Gun laws in Maine. For hunters, a semi-automatic firearm's magazine capacity can not exceed 6 cartridges (5 in the magazine +1 in the chamber. For migratory game bird hunting, shotgun capacity is 3 shells. Upland bird hunting follows the semi-automatic laws. This is stated in Maine hunting law, but not Maine firearm law. Firearms, even if by definition it qualifies as a \"hunting firearm\", have no magazine capacity restriction. It only becomes a crime if one actively, or has previously, hunted while violating the magazine capacity restriction. These provisions do not apply to .22 caliber rimfire guns or to auto-loading pistols with a barrel length of less than 8 inches.[12]", "M16 rifle. Production of 30-round magazine started late 1967 but did not fully replace the 20-round magazine till the mid 1970s.[139] Standard USGI aluminum 30-round M16 magazines weigh 0.24 lb (0.11 kg) empty and are 7.1 inches (18 cm) long.[140][141] The newer plastic magazines are about a half inch longer.[142] The newer steel magazines are about 0.5 inch longer and four ounces heavier.[143] The M16's magazine has become the unofficial NATO STANAG magazine and is currently used by many Western Nations, in numerous weapon systems.[144][145]" ]

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[ "Adam Lambert. On May 11, Lambert for his album Trespassing along with Frank Ocean for Channel Orange were co-recipients of the award for Outstanding Music Artist at the 24th GLAAD Media Awards.[95] He returned to American Idol on May 16 for the fourth consecutive year, performing a duet with Angie Miller on the twelfth season finale of American Idol, where Miller was a finalist in the top three. The pair tackled the song \"Titanium.\"[96]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert performed three solos in the finale, a reprise of \"Mad World\", followed by the 1960s civil rights anthem \"A Change Is Gonna Come\", to tremendously positive judge reaction. After his performance of the mandatory winner's single, \"No Boundaries\" Cowell summed up Lambert's journey: \"Over the entire season, you've been one of the best, most original contestants we've ever had on the show. The hope and whole idea of a show like this is to find a worldwide star, and I truly believe we've found that in you\".[20] Lambert was announced as the runner-up for the eighth season of American Idol. Upon winning, Kris Allen stated: \"Adam deserved this\", later explaining he thought Lambert deserved to win as much as he did, and that Lambert \"was the most consistent person all year. He was seriously one of the most gifted performers that I've ever met\".[21] Lambert's version of the winner's single was released alongside Allen's. The LA Times later ranked Lambert fifth in its list of the top 120 American Idol contestants, selected from the first nine seasons of the show, above Allen.[22]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert was in attendance to receive two awards at China's Huading Music Awards, Best International Male Vocalist and the Fan Choice Award, on December 18 in Shanghai.[104] Lambert tied at number three on Forbes annual list of top earning American Idols, due to his live performances and other endeavors.[105]", "American Idol. The two finalists were Kris Allen and Adam Lambert, both of whom had previously landed in the bottom three at the top five. Allen won the contest in the most controversial voting result since season two. It was claimed,[90] and then later retracted,[91] that 38 million of the 100 million votes cast on the night came from Allen's home state of Arkansas alone, and that AT&T employees unfairly influenced the votes by giving lessons on power-texting at viewing parties in Arkansas.[92]", "American Idol (season 8). Adam Lambert (born January 29, 1982 in Indianapolis, Indiana, 26 years at the time of his audition) is from San Diego, California and auditioned in San Francisco, California with Queen's \"Bohemian Rhapsody\". Lambert grew up in Rancho Peñasquitos, San Diego, California and attended Deer Canyon Elementary School, Mesa Verde Middle School, and Mt. Carmel High School, where he took part in theater and choir, and also performed with the school's jazz band.[21] Lambert has been a stage actor since the age of ten, performing in such productions as You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown and Wicked.[22] He joined the band The Citizen Vein briefly. He also worked as a demo singer, and those recordings were released after his appearance on Idol in the album Take One. Lambert roomed with Kris Allen during the show.[23] Lambert was the runner-up.[19] He was signed to RCA Records after the show and released his debut album For Your Entertainment.", "Adam Lambert. Lambert performed \"Mad World\" on The Early Show,[27] and Live with Regis and Kelly.[28] He began the American Idols LIVE! Tour 2009 in July and that summer was also the recipient of two awards: the Young Hollywood Award for Artist of the Year and the Teen Choice Award for Male Reality/Variety Star.[29][30]", "Adam Lambert. His second single \"Never Close Our Eyes\", written by Bruno Mars and produced by Dr. Luke, was released digitally on April 17, to positive reviews.[71][72] Lambert returned to American Idol for his third consecutive year on the results show that preceded Idol's final week. The May 17 performance of \"Never Close Our Eyes\" was touted for its vibrant energy and dazzle, as well as for the powerhouse vocals that had become his signature.[73][74]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert received several year end accolades, among them a number one in Forbes yearly earnings ranking of American Idol contestants;[144] and the top spot in Rolling Stone's \"The Ten Best Albums of 2015\" readers' poll, with the publication noting his \"vocals are as massive as his performances.\"[145] In January, 2016, twenty-three US dates were added to \"The Original High Tour\", bringing it to 56 dates worldwide.[146] In mid-January, Lambert partnered with Oreo to launch a diversity focused global ad campaign, \"Open Up\", featuring his vocals in an animated spot.[147] In February, he featured in the finale tribute to David Bowie at Clive Davis and The Recording Academy's pre-Grammy event.[148] In March, he debuted \"Welcome to the Show\" in the final fifteenth season of American Idol.[149] The next week, the DJ produced Steve Aoki and Felix Jaehn track \"Can't Go Home\" debuted, with Lambert as the featured vocalist.[150]", "Adam Lambert. On January 15, 2015, Lambert became the first former contestant to appear as a guest judge on American Idol at the fourteenth season's New York City auditions, filling in for Keith Urban.[119] That same day, Lambert revealed in a Billboard interview that he had signed to Warner Bros. Records within twenty-four hours after announcing his departure from RCA. He further stated that his upcoming studio release, scheduled for early summer with a single out in April, would be executive produced by the Swedish songwriter-producers Max Martin and Shellback.[120]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert rose to fame in 2009 after finishing as runner-up on the eighth season of American Idol.[6] Later that year, he released his debut album, For Your Entertainment, which debuted at number three on the U.S. Billboard 200.[7] The album spawned several hit singles, including \"Whataya Want from Me\", for which he received a Grammy nomination for \"Best Male Pop Vocal Performance\".", "American Idol (season 8). \"We Are the Champions\" (Queen) - Queen, Kris Allen & Adam Lambert (later joined by the rest of the top 13)", "Adam Lambert. Lambert returned to the American Idol stage for the March 10, 2011, results show, singing an acoustic version of his For Your Entertainment track \"Aftermath\". After the performance, a dance remix version was made available for purchase, with proceeds benefiting The Trevor Project.[206]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert was presented the \"Equality Idol Award\" by Sam Sparro at the Equality California Los Angeles Equality Awards in August 2011 for being an exemplary role model for the LGBT community.[227] He was honored with his mother the following month at the PFLAG National Los Angeles event for his \"authentic\" voice.[228]", "Adam Lambert. In April 2010, Lambert returned to American Idol as the first former contestant to mentor during an Elvis Presley themed week, where he also performed.[54] In June, he appeared on Canada's MuchMusic Video Awards to receive the UR Fav International Video award for \"Whataya Want from Me.\"[55]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert won the \"Favorite International Artist\" category at the STAR TV 17th Chinese Music Awards held in Macau in April, also performing two songs from Trespassing.[93] Lambert also appeared as a guest judge during auditions on Chinese Idol.[94]", "American Idol (season 8). \"Beth\" (KISS) - Adam Lambert", "Adam Lambert. In February 2014, Lambert returned to American Idol, where he was a guest mentor during Randy Jackson's two-night \"Boot Camp\" workshop.[106] He was a guest judge on the season 6 premiere of RuPaul's Drag Race the following week.[107] Glee returned on February 25 with the episode \"Frenemies\" featuring Lambert in a performance of The Darkness's \"I Believe in a Thing Called Love\".[108] He also featured in the episodes \"Trio\" and \"New New York\".", "American Idol. In the May 23 season finale, Jordin Sparks was declared the winner with the runner-up being Blake Lewis. Sparks has had some success as a recording artist post-Idol.", "American Idol controversies. On the April 7, 2009 performance episode of season eight, the show ended nearly eight minutes past its set ending time. This caused viewers who recorded the program to completely miss the show's final performance, Adam Lambert's performance of \"Mad World\" by Tears for Fears, which received a standing ovation from judge Simon Cowell.", "A Change Is Gonna Come. American Idol creator/producer Simon Fuller selected the song for contestant Adam Lambert to sing in the season 8 finale in May, 2009. It was also covered by season 9 semifinalist Lilly Scott in March 2010.", "American Idol. Michael Lynche was the lowest vote getter at top nine and was given the Judges' Save. The next week Katie Stevens and Andrew Garcia were eliminated. That week, Adam Lambert was invited back to be a mentor, the first Idol alum to do so. Idol Gives Back returned this season on April 21, 2010, and raised $45 million.[78]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert auditioned for the eighth season of American Idol in San Francisco, California by singing \"Rock with You\" and \"Bohemian Rhapsody\".[17] Advancing to Hollywood week, he performed \"What's Up\" and \"Believe\" solo, and \"Some Kind of Wonderful\" in the group effort.[19] Simon Cowell voiced some concern about his theatricality, but Randy Jackson found it \"current\".[17] He advanced easily to the top 36 performing \"(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction\",[19] after which he was voted into the top 13.", "American Idol. The final two contestants were Lee DeWyze and Bowersox. DeWyze was declared the winner during the May 26 finale. No new song was used as coronation song this year; instead, the two finalists each released a cover song – DeWyze chose U2's \"Beautiful Day\", and Bowersox chose Patty Griffin's \"Up to the Mountain\". This is the first season where neither finalist achieved significant album sales.[96]", "American Idol (season 8). \"Rock and Roll All Night\" (KISS) - KISS & Adam Lambert", "Adam Lambert. In the first week of live shows, his rendition of Michael Jackson's \"Black or White\" was praised by all four judges.[20] For Country week, he sang a sitar-infused version of \"Ring of Fire\". His Motown night acoustic version of The Miracles' \"The Tracks of My Tears\" drew praise from judges and a standing ovation from Smokey Robinson, the week's mentor. Advancing to the top 8, he sang the 2001 Michael Andrews and Gary Jules arrangement of \"Mad World\". Because the show had exceeded its time slot, only Cowell gave a critique, which he did by giving Lambert a standing ovation, the only one he bestowed during his decade-long run as an American Idol judge. After Lambert sang \"If I Can't Have You\", delivering what DioGuardi called his \"most memorable performance\", Cowell described his vocals as \"immaculate.\" For the top 3 show, he performed \"One\" before Cowell declared, \"If you are not in the final next week, it will be one of the biggest upsets\"; and continued with \"Cryin'\" before Abdul affirmed, \"we'll be seeing you next week and many years after that\".[20]", "American Idol (season 8). \"Detroit Rock City\" (KISS) - KISS & Adam Lambert", "American Idol. Caleb Johnson was named the winner of the season, with Jena Irene as the runner-up.[110] Johnson released \"As Long as You Love Me\" as his coronation single while Irene released \"We Are One\".[111]", "Adam Lambert. Since his appearance on American Idol, Lambert has lent considerable support and time to charitable causes. As of October 2011, financial donations had reached the $1,000,000 mark.[198]", "Adam Lambert. Throughout the fall, Lambert continued appearances in the US, Europe and Asia. Notable performances included Today, Swedish Idol, The Voice of Poland and BBC One's Strictly Come Dancing, as musical guest. After participating in a Billboard news conference in Beijing announcing the inclusion of China in its music charts, he was the guest performer at Alibaba's Singles' Day event.[140][141] On December 2, he performed at the CMT \"Artists of the Year\" special, to honor Little Big Town and their controversial hit Girl Crush, in a duet with Leona Lewis.[142] The performance was nominated for \"Performance of the Year\" at the 2016 CMT Music Awards.[143]", "American Idol (season 8). Kris Allen's win over Adam Lambert resulted in controversy about the voting process, prompted by a claim that of the nearly 100 million votes cast,[66] as many as \"38 million\" votes may have come from Arkansas, Kris's home state,[67] a state with only 2.86 million people. Although the claim was later retracted,[68] it resulted in allegations that AT&T may have influenced the results.[69] Fox had previously denied these claims as baseless, stating that the network has no preference on who the winner might be.[70] AT&T meanwhile said in a statement that the vote tally above was based on incorrect information and apologized by saying that \"AT&T does not divulge or confirm how many votes were cast in any state.\"[71] On May 27, 2009, the producers of the show stated that they \"stand by the outcome\" and are \"absolutely certain\" that \"without a doubt Kris Allen is the American Idol.\"[72][73][74]", "Adam Lambert. Photos of Lambert kissing another man surfaced during the American Idol competition. Highlighted as controversial, they were displayed by conservative commentators on The O'Reilly Factor, who called them \"embarrassing,\" but did not agree that the images would impact the competition.[23] Lambert confirmed that the photos were of him, stating he had nothing to hide and had always been open about his life.[24] Mainstream media speculated on his sexuality and the readiness of American Idol voters for an openly gay winner.[25] He confirmed that he was gay in a Rolling Stone cover interview shortly thereafter.[26]", "Adam Lambert. Lambert was the headline performer at the Miami Beach Gay Pride Parade and Festival on April 14, 2013, and was also given the key to the city.[236] Lambert was presented with the prestigious GLAAD Davidson/Valentini Award on May 11 in San Francisco. The honorary award is bestowed yearly to out media professionals who have made a significant difference in promoting equal rights in the LGBT community.[237]" ]

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[ "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Lower Peninsula dominates Michigan politics, and maps of it without the Upper Peninsula are sometimes presented as \"Michigan\", which contribute to resentment by \"Yoopers\" (residents of \"the U.P\").[2][3] Yoopers jokingly refer to residents of the Lower Peninsula as \"flat-landers\" (referring to the region's less rugged terrain) or \"trolls\" (because, living south of the Mackinac Bridge, they \"live under the bridge\").[4]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Today, the Upper Peninsula is home to 299,184 people—only about 3% of the state's population— living in almost one-third of the state's land area. Residents are known as Yoopers (from \"U.P.ers\"), and many consider themselves Yoopers before they consider themselves Michiganders. (People living in the Lower Peninsula are commonly called \"trolls\" by Upper Peninsula residents, as they live \"Under the Bridge\".) This regionalism is not only a result of the physical separation of the two peninsulas, but also the history of the state.", "Michigan. A person from Michigan is called a Michigander or Michiganian;[70] also at times, but rarely, a \"Michiganite\".[71] Residents of the Upper Peninsula are sometimes referred to as \"Yoopers\" (a phonetic pronunciation of \"U.P.ers\"), and Upper Peninsula residents sometimes refer to those from the Lower Peninsula as \"trolls\" because they live below the bridge.[72]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula contains 29% of the land area of Michigan but just 3% of its total population. Residents are frequently called Yoopers (derived from \"U.P.-ers\") and have a strong regional identity. Large numbers of French Canadian, Finnish, Swedish, Cornish, and Italian immigrants came to the Upper Peninsula, especially the Keweenaw Peninsula, to work in the area's mines and lumber industry. The peninsula includes the only counties in the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry.[1]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Upper Peninsula natives speak a dialect influenced by Scandinavian and French-Canadian speech. A popular bumper sticker, a parody of the \"Say YES to Michigan\" slogan promoted by state tourism officials, shows an outline of the Upper Peninsula and the slogan, \"Say ya to da U.P., eh!\" The dialect and culture are captured in many songs by Da Yoopers, a comedy music and skit troupe from Ishpeming, Michigan.", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Because of its recognizable shape, the Lower Peninsula is nicknamed \"the mitten\", with the eastern region identified as \"The Thumb\". This has led to several folkloric creation myths for the area, one being that it is a hand print of Paul Bunyan, a giant lumberjack and popular European-American folk character in Michigan. When asked where they live, Lower Peninsula residents may hold up their right palm and point to a spot on it to indicate the location.[1] The peninsula is sometimes divided into the Northern Lower Peninsula—which is more sparsely populated and largely forested—and the Southern Lower Peninsula—which is largely urban or farmland.", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Lower Peninsula of Michigan is the southern of the two major landmasses of the U.S. state of Michigan, the other being the Upper Peninsula. It is surrounded by water on all sides except its southern border, which it shares with Indiana and Ohio. Although the Upper Peninsula is commonly referred to as \"the U.P.\" it is fairly uncommon for the Lower Peninsula to be called \"the L.P.\"", "Michigan. The heavily forested Upper Peninsula is relatively mountainous in the west. The Porcupine Mountains, which are part of one of the oldest mountain chains in the world,[43] rise to an altitude of almost 2,000 feet (610 m) above sea level and form the watershed between the streams flowing into Lake Superior and Lake Michigan. The surface on either side of this range is rugged. The state's highest point, in the Huron Mountains northwest of Marquette, is Mount Arvon at 1,979 feet (603 m). The peninsula is as large as Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island combined but has fewer than 330,000 inhabitants. They are sometimes called \"Yoopers\" (from \"U.P.'ers\"), and their speech (the \"Yooper dialect\") has been heavily influenced by the numerous Scandinavian and Canadian immigrants who settled the area during the lumbering and mining boom of the late 19th century.", "Escanaba in da Moonlight. A significant portion of the movie involves references to elements of \"Yooper\" (slang reference to residents of the U.P. or Upper Peninsula of Michigan) and broader Michigan culture. Some references are obscure to viewers unfamiliar with this culture and might be considered in-jokes.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Residents of the western Upper Peninsula take on some of the cultural identities of both Wisconsin and Michigan. In terms of sports fandom, residents may support Detroit professional teams or those of Wisconsin—particularly the Green Bay Packers. This is a result of both proximity and the broadcast and print media of the area. The four counties that border Wisconsin are also in the Central Time Zone, unlike the rest of Michigan, which is on Eastern time.", "Michigan. The Lower Peninsula is shaped like a mitten and many residents hold up a hand to depict where they are from.[44] It is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west and occupies nearly two-thirds of the state's land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula remains a predominantly rural region. As of the 2010 census, the region had a population of 311,361—scarcely more than 3% of Michigan's total population.[43]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Tourism has become the main industry in recent decades. In 2005, ShermanTravel, LLC listed the Upper Peninsula as No. 10 in its assessment of all travel destinations worldwide.[49] The article was republished in April 2006 by MSN.com.[50] The peninsula has extensive coastline on the Great Lakes, large tracts of state and national forests, cedar swamps, more than 150 waterfalls, and low population densities. Because of the camping, boating, fishing, snowmobiling, hunting, and hiking opportunities, many Lower Peninsula and Wisconsin families spend their vacations in the U.P. Tourists also go there from Detroit, Chicago, Milwaukee and other metropolitan areas. The opening of the Mackinac Bridge in 1957 (see below) has made the Upper Peninsula easily accessible to tourists and has helped make the UP a year-round tourist destination.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula is the northern of the two major peninsulas that make up the U.S. state of Michigan. It may also be referred to as the UP or Upper Michigan. The peninsula is bounded on the north by Lake Superior, on the east by the St. Marys River, on the southeast by Lake Michigan and Lake Huron, and on the southwest by Wisconsin.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The first known inhabitants of the Upper Peninsula were tribes speaking Algonquian languages. They arrived roughly around A.D. 800 and subsisted chiefly from fishing. Early tribes included the Menominee, Nocquet, and the Mishinimaki. Étienne Brûlé of France was probably the first European to visit the peninsula, crossing the St. Marys River around 1620 in search of a route to the Far East.[2] French colonists laid claim to the land in the 17th century, establishing missions and fur trading posts such as Sault Ste. Marie and St. Ignace. Following the end of the French and Indian War (part of the Seven Years' War) in 1763, the territory was ceded to Great Britain. Sault Ste Marie, Michigan is the oldest European settlement in Michigan and the site of Native American settlements for centuries.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. According to the 2010 census, 103,211 people live in the 12 towns of at least 4,000 people, covering 96.5 square miles (250 km2). A total of 116,548 people live in the 18 towns and villages of at least 2,000 people, which cover 108.5 square miles (281 km2)—less than 1% of the peninsula's land area.", "Midwestern United States. In addition to intra-American regional overlaps, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan has historically had strong cultural ties to Canada, partly as a result of early settlement by French Canadians. Moreover, the Yooper accent shares some traits with Canadian English, further demonstrating transnational cultural connections. Similar but less pronounced mutual Canadian-American cultural influence occurs throughout the Great Lakes region.[citation needed]", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. At its widest points, the Lower Peninsula is 277 miles (446 km) long from north to south and 195 miles (314 km) from east to west. It contains nearly two-thirds of Michigan's total land area. The surface of the peninsula is generally level, broken by conical hills and glacial moraines usually not more than a few hundred feet tall. The western coast features extensive sandy beaches and dunes. It is divided by a low water divide running north and south. The larger portion of the state is on the west of this and gradually slopes toward Lake Michigan. The highest point in the Lower Peninsula is not definitely established but is either Briar Hill at 1,705 feet (520 m), or one of several points nearby in the vicinity of Cadillac. The lowest point is the surface of Lake Erie at 571 feet (174 m).", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. Michigan's Lower Peninsula can be divided into four main regions based on geological, soil, and vegetation differences; amount of urban areas or rural areas; minority populations; and agriculture. The four principal regions listed below can further be separated into sub-regions and overlapping areas.", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Lower Peninsula is dominated by a geological basin known as the Michigan Basin. That feature is represented by a nearly circular pattern of geologic sedimentary strata in the area with a nearly uniform structural dip toward the center of the peninsula. The basin is centered in Gladwin County where the Precambrian basement rocks are 16,000 feet (4,900 m) deep. Around the margins, such as under Mackinaw City, Michigan, the Precambrian surface is around 4,000 feet (1,200 m) down. This 4,000-foot (1,200 m) contour on the bedrock clips the northern part of the lower peninsula and continues under Lake Michigan along the west. It crosses the southern counties of Michigan and continues on to the north beneath Lake Huron.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Other sizable ethnic communities in the Upper Peninsula include French-Canadian, German, Cornish, Italian, and Ojibwe ancestry.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Early settlers included multiple waves of people from Nordic countries, and people of Finnish ancestry make up 16% of the peninsula's population; the UP is home to the highest concentration of Finns outside Europe and the only counties of the United States where a plurality of residents claim Finnish ancestry. The Finnish sauna and the concept of sisu have been adopted widely by residents of the Upper Peninsula. The television program Finland Calling was for a long period the only Finnish-language television broadcast in the United States; it aired on Marquette station WLUC-TV from March 25, 1962, until March 29, 2015.[60] Finlandia University, America's only college with Finnish roots, is located in Hancock.[61] Street signs in Hancock appear in English and Finnish to celebrate this heritage.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The population of the Upper Peninsula grew throughout the 19th century and then leveled off and experienced decline during the 20th century.[45][46] A \"\" indicates an increase in population from the previous census, and a \"\" indicates a decrease in population from the previous census.", "Lower Peninsula of Michigan. The Lower Peninsula is bounded on the south by the states of Indiana and Ohio. It is bounded by the west by Lake Michigan and on the northeast by Lake Huron, which connect at the Straits of Mackinac. In the southeast, the waterway of the St. Clair River, Lake St. Clair, Detroit River, and Lake Erie separate it from the province of Ontario, Canada.", "Michigan. Michigan is the only state to consist of two peninsulas. The Lower Peninsula, to which the name Michigan was originally applied, is often noted to be shaped like a mitten. The Upper Peninsula (often referred to as \"the U.P.\") is separated from the Lower Peninsula by the Straits of Mackinac, a five-mile (8 km) channel that joins Lake Huron to Lake Michigan. The two peninsulas are connected by the Mackinac Bridge. The state has the longest freshwater coastline of any political subdivision in the world, being bounded by four of the five Great Lakes, plus Lake Saint Clair.[8] As a result, it is one of the leading U.S. states for recreational boating.[9]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Keweenaw Peninsula is home to several ski areas. Mont Ripley, just outside Houghton, is popular among students of Michigan Technological University (the university actually owns the mountain). Further up the peninsula in the small town of Lac La Belle is Mt. Bohemia. A skiing purist's resort, Bohemia is a self-proclaimed \"experts only\" mountain, and it does not groom its heavily gladed slopes.[62] Other ski areas are Pine Mountain located in Iron Mountain, Norway Mountain in the town of the same name, and the Porcupine Mountains located in Ontonagon.", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Ordered by size, the peninsula's largest cities are Marquette, Sault Ste. Marie, Escanaba, Menominee, Houghton, and Iron Mountain. The land and climate are not very suitable for agriculture because of the long harsh winters. The economy has been based on logging, mining, and tourism. Most mines have closed since the \"golden age\" from 1890 to 1920. The land is heavily forested and logging remains a major industry.[citation needed]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula has a distinctive local cuisine. The pasty (pronounced \"pass-tee\"), a kind of meat turnover originally brought to the region by Cornish miners, is popular among locals and tourists alike. Pasty varieties include chicken, venison, pork, hamburger, and pizza. Many restaurants serve potato sausage and cudighi, a spicy Italian meat.", "Great Lakes. As the surfaces of Lakes Superior, Huron, Michigan, and Erie are all approximately the same elevation above sea level, while Lake Ontario is significantly lower, and because the Niagara Escarpment precludes all natural navigation, the four upper lakes are commonly called the \"upper great lakes\". This designation, however, is not universal. Those living on the shore of Lake Superior often refer to all the other lakes as \"the lower lakes\", because they are farther south. Sailors of bulk freighters transferring cargoes from Lake Superior and northern Lake Michigan and Lake Huron to ports on Lake Erie or Ontario commonly refer to the latter as the lower lakes and Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior as the upper lakes. This corresponds to thinking of Lakes Erie and Ontario as \"down south\" and the others as \"up north\". Vessels sailing north on Lake Michigan are considered \"upbound\" even though they are sailing toward its effluent current.[25]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. The Upper Peninsula has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Köppen climate classification system). The Great Lakes have a great effect on the greater part of the great peninsula. Winters tend to be long, cold, and snowy for most of the peninsula, and because of its northern latitude, the daylight hours are short—around 8 hours between sunrise and sunset in the winter. Lake Superior has the greatest effect on the area, especially the northern and western parts. Lake-effect snow causes many areas to get in excess of 100–250 inches (250–640 cm) of snow per year—especially in the Keweenaw Peninsula and Gogebic County, and to a lesser extent Baraga, Marquette and Alger counties, making the western U.P. a prominent part of the midwestern snow belt.", "Lake Superior. Another culture known as the Terminal Woodland Indians (c. AD 900–1650) has been found. They were Algonkian people who hunted, fished and gathered berries. They used snow shoes, birch bark canoes and conical or domed lodges. At the mouth of the Michipicoten River, nine layers of encampments have been discovered. Most of the Pukaskwa Pits were likely made during this time.[36]", "Upper Peninsula of Michigan. In January 1837, the U.S. Congress admitted Michigan as a state of the Union. At the time, Michigan was considered the losing party in the compromise. The land in the Upper Peninsula was described in a federal report as a \"sterile region on the shores of Lake Superior destined by soil and climate to remain forever a wilderness.\"[2]" ]

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[ "Shock (circulatory). Shock is a common end point of many medical conditions.[1] It has been divided into four main types based on the underlying cause: hypovolemic, distributive, cardiogenic, and obstructive.[12] A few additional classifications are occasionally used including: endocrinologic shock.[1]", "Shock (circulatory). Circulatory shock is not related to the emotional state of shock. Circulatory shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and one of the most common causes of death for critically ill people. Shock can have a variety of effects, all with similar outcomes, but all relate to a problem with the body's circulatory system. For example, shock may lead to hypoxemia (a lack of oxygen in arterial blood) or cardiac and/or respiratory arrest.[5]", "Shock (circulatory). The prognosis of shock depends on the underlying cause and the nature and extent of concurrent problems. Hypovolemic, anaphylactic and neurogenic shock are readily treatable and respond well to medical therapy. Septic shock however, is a grave condition with a mortality rate between 30% and 50%. The prognosis of cardiogenic shock is even worse with a mortality rate between 70% and 90%.[24]", "Shock (circulatory). The first changes seen in shock is an increased cardiac output followed by a decrease in mixed venous oxygen saturation (SmvO2) as measured in the pulmonary artery via a pulmonary artery catheter. Central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) as measured via a central line correlates well with SmvO2 and are easier to acquire. If shock progresses anaerobic metabolism will begin to occur with an increased blood lactic acid as the result. While many laboratory tests are typically performed there is no test that either makes or excludes the diagnosis. A chest X-ray or emergency department ultrasound may be useful to determine volume state.[2][6]", "Shock (circulatory). The presentation of shock is variable with some people having only minimal symptoms such as confusion and weakness.[2] While the general signs for all types of shock are low blood pressure, decreased urine output, and confusion, these may not always be present.[2] While a fast heart rate is common, those on β-blockers, those who are athletic and in 30% of cases those with shock due to intra abdominal bleeding may have a normal or slow heart rate.[6] Specific subtypes of shock may have additional symptoms.", "Shock (circulatory). At this stage, the vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed. Brain damage and cell death are occurring, and death will occur imminently. One of the primary reasons that shock is irreversible at this point is that much cellular ATP has been degraded into adenosine in the absence of oxygen as an electron receptor in the mitochondrial matrix. Adenosine easily perfuses out of cellular membranes into extracellular fluid, furthering capillary vasodilation, and then is transformed into uric acid. Because cells can only produce adenosine at a rate of about 2% of the cell's total need per hour, even restoring oxygen is futile at this point because there is no adenosine to phosphorylate into ATP.[4]", "Shock (circulatory). Circulatory shock, commonly known as shock, is a life-threatening medical condition of low blood perfusion to tissues resulting in cellular injury and inadequate tissue function.[1][2] The typical signs of shock are low blood pressure, rapid heart rate, signs of poor end-organ perfusion (i.e., low urine output, confusion, or loss of consciousness), and weak pulses.", "Shock (circulatory). Obstructive shock includes cardiac tamponade, pulmonary embolism and aortic stenosis", "Shock (circulatory). Distributive shock includes infectious, anaphylactic, endocrine, and neurogenic causes. The SIRS features typically occur in early septic shock.[2]", "Shock (circulatory). This stage is characterised by the body employing physiological mechanisms, including neural, hormonal and bio-chemical mechanisms in an attempt to reverse the condition. As a result of the acidosis, the person will begin to hyperventilate in order to rid the body of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 indirectly acts to acidify the blood and by removing it the body is attempting to raise the pH of the blood. The baroreceptors in the arteries detect the resulting hypotension, and cause the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Norepinephrine causes predominately vasoconstriction with a mild increase in heart rate, whereas epinephrine predominately causes an increase in heart rate with a small effect on the vascular tone; the combined effect results in an increase in blood pressure. The renin–angiotensin axis is activated, and arginine vasopressin (Anti-diuretic hormone; ADH) is released to conserve fluid via the kidneys. These hormones cause the vasoconstriction of the kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs to divert blood to the heart, lungs and brain. The lack of blood to the renal system causes the characteristic low urine production. However the effects of the renin–angiotensin axis take time and are of little importance to the immediate homeostatic mediation of shock.[citation needed]", "Sepsis. Approximately 20–35% of people with severe sepsis and 30–70% of people with septic shock die.[73] Lactate is a useful method of determining prognosis with those who have a level greater than 4 mmol/L having a mortality of 40% and those with a level of less than 2 mmol/L have a mortality of less than 15%.[23]", "Shock (circulatory). There are four stages of shock. As it is a complex and continuous condition there is no sudden transition from one stage to the next.[14] At a cellular level, shock is the process of oxygen demand becoming greater than oxygen supply.[2]", "Spinal shock. Spinal shock was first defined by Whytt in 1750 as a loss of sensation accompanied by motor paralysis with initial loss but gradual recovery of reflexes, following a spinal cord injury (SCI) – most often a complete transection. Reflexes in the spinal cord below the level of injury are depressed (hyporeflexia) or absent (areflexia), while those above the level of the injury remain unaffected. The 'shock' in spinal shock does not refer to circulatory collapse, and should not be confused with neurogenic shock, which is life-threatening.", "Shock (circulatory). Main manifestations are produced due to massive release of histamine which causes intense vasodilation. Patients with septic shock will also likely be positive for the SIRS Criteria. The most generally accepted treatment for these patients is early recognition of symptoms, and early administration of broad spectrum and organism specific antibiotics.[11]", "Aftershock. Aftershocks rates and magnitudes follow several well-established empirical laws.", "Shock (circulatory). Haemorrhagic shock occurs in about 1-2% of trauma cases.[18] Up to one-third of people admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) are in circulatory shock.[23]", "Blood pressure. Shock is a complex condition which leads to critically decreased perfusion. The usual mechanisms are loss of blood volume, pooling of blood within the veins reducing adequate return to the heart and/or low effective heart pumping. Low arterial pressure, especially low pulse pressure, is a sign of shock and contributes to and reflects decreased perfusion.", "Bomb. Shock waves produced by explosive events have two distinct components, the positive and negative wave. The positive wave shoves outward from the point of detonation, followed by the trailing vacuum space \"sucking back\" towards the point of origin as the shock bubble collapses. The greatest defense against shock injuries is distance from the source of shock.[9] As a point of reference, the overpressure at the Oklahoma City bombing was estimated in the range of 28 MPa.[10]", "Shock (circulatory). Should the cause of the crisis not be successfully treated, the shock will proceed to the progressive stage and the compensatory mechanisms begin to fail. Due to the decreased perfusion of the cells, sodium ions build up within while potassium ions leak out. As anaerobic metabolism continues, increasing the body's metabolic acidosis, the arteriolar smooth muscle and precapillary sphincters relax such that blood remains in the capillaries.[10] Due to this, the hydrostatic pressure will increase and, combined with histamine release, this will lead to leakage of fluid and protein into the surrounding tissues. As this fluid is lost, the blood concentration and viscosity increase, causing sludging of the micro-circulation. The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion.[10] If the bowel becomes sufficiently ischemic, bacteria may enter the blood stream, resulting in the increased complication of endotoxic shock.[4][10]", "Aftershock. The other main law describing aftershocks is known as Båth's Law[5][6] and this states that the difference in magnitude between a main shock and its largest aftershock is approximately constant, independent of the main shock magnitude, typically 1.1–1.2 on the Moment magnitude scale.", "Shock (circulatory). Distributive shock is due to impaired utilization of oxygen and thus production of energy by the cell.[2] Examples of this form of shock are:", "Electrical injury. The lethality of an electric shock is dependent on several variables:", "Shock (circulatory). Symptoms of cardiogenic shock include:", "All-or-none law. ““An induction shock produces a contraction or fails to do so according to its strength; if it does so at all, it produces the greatest contraction that can be produced by any strength of stimulus in the condition of the muscle at the time.”", "Shock (circulatory). The shock index (SI), defined as heart rate divided by systolic blood pressure, is an accurate diagnostic measure that is more useful than hypotension and tachycardia in isolation.[3] Under normal conditions, a number between 0.5 and 0.8 is typically seen. Should that number increase, so does suspicion of an underlying state of shock. Blood pressure alone may not be a reliable sign for shock, as there are times when a person is in circulatory shock but has a stable blood pressure.[4]", "Shock (circulatory). Based on endocrine disturbances such as:", "Milgram experiment. [People] have learned that when experts tell them something is all right, it probably is, even if it does not seem so. (In fact, it is worth noting that in this case the experimenter was indeed correct: it was all right to continue giving the \"shocks\"—even though most of the subjects did not suspect the reason.)[24]", "James Forrestal. According to Dr. Raines, \"We considered electro-shock but thought it better to postpone it for another 90 days. In reactive depression if electro-shock is used early and the patient is returned to the same situation from which he came there is grave danger of suicide in the immediate period after they return... so strangely enough we left out electro-shock to avoid what actually happened anyhow\".[24]", "Electrostatics. A static shock occurs when the surface of the second material, negatively charged with electrons, touches a positively charged conductor, or vice versa.", "Shock (circulatory). The goal of treatment is to achieve a urine output of greater than 0.5 ml/kg/h, a central venous pressure of 8-12 mmHg and a mean arterial pressure of 65-95 mmHg. In trauma the goal is to stop the bleeding which in many cases requires surgical interventions.", "Failure mode and effects analysis. Determine the Severity for the worst-case scenario adverse end effect (state). It is convenient to write these effects down in terms of what the user might see or experience in terms of functional failures. Examples of these end effects are: full loss of function x, degraded performance, functions in reversed mode, too late functioning, erratic functioning, etc. Each end effect is given a Severity number (S) from, say, I (no effect) to V (catastrophic), based on cost and/or loss of life or quality of life. These numbers prioritize the failure modes (together with probability and detectability). Below a typical classification is given. Other classifications are possible. See also hazard analysis.", "Shock (circulatory). Obstructive shock is due to obstruction of blood flow outside of the heart.[2] Several conditions can result in this form of shock." ]

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[ "My Heart Will Go On. \"My Heart Will Go On,\" also called \"My Heart Will Go On (Love Theme from Titanic)\", is a song recorded by Canadian singer Celine Dion. It serves as the main theme song to James Cameron's blockbuster film Titanic, based on an account of the eponymous British transatlantic ocean liner which sank in 1912 after colliding with an iceberg in the middle of the North Atlantic Ocean. The song's music was composed by James Horner, its lyrics were written by Will Jennings, and was produced by Walter Afanasieff, Horner and Simon Franglen,[1][2]", "My Heart Will Go On. Released as a single on Dion's fifth English-language studio album, Let's Talk About Love (1997), and the film's soundtrack, the love power ballad became an international hit, reaching number one in all countries, including Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. \"My Heart Will Go On\" was first released in Australia and Germany on 8 December 1997, and in the rest of the world in January and February 1998.[3]", "My Heart Will Go On. \"My Heart Will Go On\" won the 1997 Academy Award for Best Original Song.[24] It dominated the 1999 Grammy Awards, winning Record of the Year — marking the first time to be won by a Canadian — Song of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television.[25] \"My Heart Will Go On\" also won the Golden Globe Award for \"Best Original Song – Motion Picture\" in 1998.[26]", "My Heart Will Go On. The song was included on the All the Way... A Decade of Song & Video DVD and on the Titanic (Three-Disc Special Collector's Edition) DVD release on 25 October 2005. In addition to Dion's Let's Talk About Love and the Titanic soundtrack, \"My Heart Will Go On\" appears on several other albums, including VH1 Divas Live, Au cœur du stade, All the Way... A Decade of Song, A New Day... Live in Las Vegas, Complete Best, My Love: Essential Collection, Taking Chances World Tour: The Concert, and Céline... une seule fois / Live 2013. It was also included on the DVDs for Au cœur du stade, All the Way... A Decade of Song & Video, Live in Las Vegas: A New Day..., and Celine: Through the Eyes of the World.", "My Heart Will Go On. AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote that this song \"shines the most brilliantly\" and marked it as a standout track.[16] Another AllMusic reviewer, single editor Heather Phares, who rated the single 4 out 5 stars, wrote, \"Indeed, her performances of it on VH1 Divas, the 1998 Academy Awards (wearing the film's 'Heart of the Ocean' pendant, no less), and on her 1997 album Let's Talk About Love have cemented 'My Heart Will Go On' as the quintessence of Dion's sweeping, romantic style.\"[17] Yahoo.com described the song as an \"emotional power ballad that perfectly captured [Titanic's] romantic yearning\".[7] Vulture said that it is a powerful song and has \"one of the most glorious key changes in recorded music history\", and that \"its legacy is eclipsed only by\" Whitney Houston's \"admittedly far superior\" song \"I Will Always Love You\".[18] Washington Post appreciated how the song was not just tagged on the end of the three-hour film, but has a lyrical motif that was already placed throughout the key moments of the film's love story in order to create a musical narrative.[19]", "My Heart Will Go On. It was included later on the Back to Titanic second soundtrack album, but it does not appear on the 20th anniversary edition. In France, \"My Heart Will Go On\" was released as a double A-side single with \"The Reason\". In the Let's Talk about Love album booklet, the lyrics of the song contain an additional line between a second chorus and the final verse. The words \"There is some love that will not go away\" are not performed by Dion in any available version of the song, however, they are still included on Dion's official site.", "My Heart Will Go On. \"My Heart Will Go On\" became Dion's biggest hit and one of the best-selling singles in history, having sold more than 18 million copies worldwide.[38] In the United States, the song was given a limited number of copies – 658,000. Regardless, it debuted at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100, with sales of 360,000 copies,[39] where it stayed for two weeks. In addition, the song spent ten weeks at number-one on the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay, and was number one for two weeks on the Hot 100 Singles Sales. As a testament to the popularity of the song on the radio, the song broke the record for the then-largest radio audience ever, garnering 117 million listeners in February 1998.[40] The single was eventually certified gold in the United States.[41] Billboard reported that the digital copy of the single has sold 1,133,000 units since being available bringing total sales to 1,791,000 copies sold in the US.[42]", "My Heart Will Go On. James Horner had originally composed the music for the song as an instrumental motif which he used in several scenes during Titanic; the main theme of the song being inspired by the song \"Flying Dutchman\" by Jethro Tull. He then wanted to prepare a full vocal version of it, for use in the end credits of the film. Lyricist Will Jennings was hired, who wrote the lyrics \"from the point of view of a person of a great age looking back so many years.\"[7] Director James Cameron did not want such a song, but Will Jennings went ahead anyway and wrote the lyrics. When Dion originally heard the song, she did not want to record it[8] as she felt she was pushing her luck by singing another film theme song after Beauty and the Beast.[7] Horner showed the piano sketch to Simon Franglen, who was working with him on electronic textures and synthesizers for the film score. Franglen, who had, himself, worked with Dion for several years on many of her major hits to date,[9] programmed and arranged an extensive demo to take to Dion.", "My Heart Will Go On. In latter years, \"My Heart Will Go On\" proved not to be popular with readers of Rolling Stone magazine; nor did it become popular with Kate Winslet, who played Rose DeWitt Bukater – the notional protagonist of the song – in the film. In 2011, Rolling Stone readers rated it the 7th worst song of the '90s, with the magazine writing, \"Celine Dion's song and the movie have aged very poorly...Now [the song] probably just makes you cringe\".[20] Winslet stated that the song made her feel \"like throwing up\", due to people's tendency to start playing it when she was around: \"I wish I could say, 'Oh listen, everybody! It's the Celine Dion song!' But I don't. I just have to sit there, you know, kind of straight-faced with a massive internal eye roll.\"[21] The Atlantic attributed the song's decline in popularity to its overexposure and added that over the years there have been many jokes that parody the song's lyrics by claiming \"My Heart Will Go On\" goes \"on and on and on\".[22] Vulture reasoned that it has become fashionable to dislike the song because it \"encapsulates most everything that once-enthusiastic moviegoers now dislike about Titanic: It's outdated, cheesy, and overly dramatic\".[18] Maxim deemed it \"the second most tragic event ever to result from that fabled ocean liner\".[22] On 11 September 2010, Matthew Wilkening of AOL Radio ranked the song No. 11 on his list of the \"100 Worst Songs Ever\", while stating a new rule: \"From now on, the Canadian warbler, and not the captain, has to go down with this ship.\" This was in reference to the Titanic itself.[23]", "My Heart Will Go On. In Germany, \"My Heart Will Go On\" was certified 4× platinum for selling over two million copies,[43] and was ranked as one of the most popular singles ever released there.[44] It sold over 1.2 million copies in France, being certified Diamond. Additionally, the song was certified 3× Platinum in Belgium, 2× Platinum in Australia, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland, Platinum in Greece, and Gold in Austria. \"My Heart Will Go On\" was released twice in Japan. The regular edition from January 1998 sold 205,300 and was certified 2× Platinum, for 200,000 copies sold. The remixed edition released in June 1998 sold 111,920 copies and was certified Gold for 100,000 copies sold, due the fact that maxi-singles are treated as an album.", "My Heart Will Go On. One of the best-selling singles of all time, the song is considered to be Dion's signature song.[4] It was also included in the list of Songs of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America and the National Endowment for the Arts. The music video was directed by Bille Woodruff and released at the end of 1997. Dion performed the song to honor the 20th Anniversary of the film at the 2017 Billboard Music Awards on 21 May 2017.[5] With worldwide sales estimated at 18 million copies, it became the second best-selling single by a female artist in history, and the eighth overall.[6]", "My Heart Will Go On. When the single was to be released to radio, it was produced further by Walter Afanasieff who added string and electric guitar, as well as rearranged portions of the song. This version, which runs a little over four and a half minutes, appears on both the 4-track maxi single and Dion's album Let's Talk About Love.[15] At the height of the song's popularity, some radio stations in the US and the UK played an edited version of the song, that had dramatic moments of dialog from the Jack and Rose lead characters in the film inserted in between Dion's vocal lines.", "My Heart Will Go On. In the United Kingdom, the song sold 1,681,023 copies (as of September 2017),[45] becoming Dion's second million-selling single in Britain following \"Think Twice\" in 1995 and Britain's second best-selling single of 1998 behind Cher's \"Believe\".[46] This made her the only solo female artist to have two million-selling singles in Britain, a record which stood until early 2012 when Rihanna's singles \"Only Girl (In the World)\" (2010) and \"We Found Love\" (2011) both topped a million sales.[47]", "My Heart Will Go On. Sissel Kyrkjebø recorded the song for the movie in 1997, but Celine Dion's vocals was preferred due to James Horner's decision to support Dion's career.[129][130][131][132][133] In an interview from December 2014, Horner quotes: \"When I had completed the Titanic [movie], I had to decide for Celine Dion or Sissel['s] [vocals]. Sissel I am very close, while Celine I had known since she was 18, and I had already written three film songs for [her]. But that was before Celine was known and filmmakers and marketing people had not done what they should have done for Celine and [her] songs. So I felt I owed her a Titanic chance, but I could [still] have used Sissel there.\"[134]", "My Heart Will Go On. UK cassette single", "My Heart Will Go On. Dion has said \"My Heart Will Go On gave me the opportunity to be associated with a classic that will live forever\".[37]", "My Heart Will Go On. UK CD maxi single #2", "James Horner. Horner's biggest critical and financial success came in 1997 with his score for James Cameron's Titanic. At the 70th Academy Awards, Horner received the Oscar for Best Original Dramatic Score, and shared the Oscar for Best Original Song with co-writer Will Jennings for \"My Heart Will Go On\". The film's score and song also won three Grammy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards.[24][25] (Ten years earlier, Horner had vowed never to work with Cameron again, referring to the highly stressful scoring sessions for Aliens as \"a nightmare\".[26])", "My Heart Will Go On. The song is written in the key of E major, though the leitmotif (as heard in the intro) is in the relative key of C♯ minor. The verses follow the chord progression of E–Bsus4–Aadd9–E–B. The chorus has the chord progression of C♯m–B–A–B. The song modulates to F minor in the final chorus, and ends in the key of A♭ major.[12] It contains heavy emphasis on the instrumental arranging. Usage of flute is prominent, backed by melodic use of strings and rhythm guitars. The song features both acoustic and electronic instrumentation. Dion's vocal performance is described as \"emotional\" and \"demanding\" by Pandora radio.[13]", "My Heart Will Go On. US CD single and Cassette", "My Heart Will Go On. Brazilian CD maxi single #2", "My Heart Will Go On. European CD maxi single #2 / UK 12\" single", "My Heart Will Go On. Japanese/Korean CD maxi single", "My Heart Will Go On. It has been named one of the Songs of the Century.[30] It is one of the best-selling singles ever in the United Kingdom,[31] selling over a million copies, the second single released by Dion to do so. This made Dion the only female artist to date to have released two million-selling singles in Britain.[32] In December 2007, the song peaked #21 on VH1's \"100 Greatest Songs of the 90's\".[33] In April 2010, the UK radio station Magic 105.4 voted the single the \"top movie song of all time\" after listeners's votes.[34] It was ranked at number 14 on AFI's 100 Years...100 Songs, celebrating the 100 greatest songs in American film history.[35]", "My Heart Will Go On. Australian CD maxi single #2", "My Heart Will Go On. In addition \"My Heart Will Go On\" reached number one in several other U.S. charts, including, Billboard's Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks,[39] Top 40 Mainstream,[39] Hot Latin Pop Airplay, and Hot Latin Tracks. For the latter, the single became the first English-language song to top the Hot Latin Tracks chart,[39] to which Dion was given a Billboard Latin Music Award for that achievement.", "My Heart Will Go On. French CD single", "My Heart Will Go On. Australian/Brazilian/European/UK/Korean CD maxi single", "My Heart Will Go On. Japanese CD single", "My Heart Will Go On. French CD single #2", "My Heart Will Go On. European CD single", "My Heart Will Go On. French CD single #3" ]

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[ "Big Stick ideology. In an article about an interview with Governor Roosevelt, published in the Brooklyn Daily Eagle on April 1, 1900, a reporter noted that \"His motto, he says, he has taken from the South African people: 'Speak softly— carry a big stick— and you will go far.'\"[4]", "Big Stick ideology. A good many of you are probably acquainted with the old proverb: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick -- you will go far.\"", "Big Stick ideology. I have always been fond of the West African proverb: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.\"", "Big Stick ideology. Big stick ideology, big stick diplomacy, or big stick policy refers to U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt’s foreign policy: \"speak softly and carry a big stick.\" Roosevelt described his style of foreign policy as \"the exercise of intelligent forethought and of decisive action sufficiently far in advance of any likely crisis.\"[1]", "Big Stick ideology. At the conclusion of the Russo-Japanese War in September 1905, President Roosevelt leveraged his position as a strong but impartial leader in order to negotiate a peace treaty between the two nations. \"Speaking softly\" earned the President enough prestige to even merit a Nobel Peace Prize the following year for his efforts.", "Theodore Roosevelt. After the campaign, Roosevelt took office as vice president in March 1901. The office of Vice President was a powerless sinecure and did not suit Roosevelt's aggressive temperament.[117] Roosevelt's six months as Vice President were uneventful, and Roosevelt presided over the Senate for a mere four days before it adjourned.[118] On September 2, 1901, Roosevelt first publicized an aphorism that thrilled his supporters at the Minnesota State Fair: \"Speak softly and carry a big stick, and you will go far.\"[119]", "Talk:Theodore Roosevelt/Archive 2. Would anyone mind if I were to add a bit about the resolution of the Venezuela crisis, which essentially precipitated the Roosevelt Corrollary to the Monroe Doctrine. It is really a marvelous bit of diplomacy. There are features of TR's foreign policy that demonstrate a mastery of \"speak softly\" as opposed to the dominant view of his \"big stick\" attitude.", "Minnesota State Fair. One of the most significant dates in the fair's history was September 2, 1901, when then-Vice President Theodore Roosevelt was visiting and first uttered the famous phrase, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick.\" Roosevelt became president just 12 days later after William McKinley was assassinated. In 1925, the Minnesota State Fair was the site of the Norse-American Centennial celebration. During his appearance at the Norse-American Centennial, President Calvin Coolidge gave recognition to the contributions of Scandinavian-Americans and noted Leif Erikson as the discoverer of America.[10]", "Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt's \"Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick\" ideology is still quoted by politicians and columnists in different countries—not only in English, but also in translations to various other languages.[119] Another lasting, popular legacy of Roosevelt is the stuffed toy bears—teddy bears—named after him following an incident on a hunting trip in Mississippi in 1902.[296] Roosevelt has been portrayed in films and television series such as Brighty of the Grand Canyon, The Wind and the Lion, Rough Riders, My Friend Flicka,[297] and Law of the Plainsman.[298] Robin Williams portrayed Roosevelt in the form of a wax mannequin that comes to life in Night at the Museum and its sequels Night at the Museum: Battle of the Smithsonian and Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb. In 2017, it was announced that Leonardo DiCaprio will portray Roosevelt in a biopic to be directed by Martin Scorsese.[299]", "Molon labe. Molon labe (Greek: μολὼν λαβέ molṑn labé), meaning \"come and take [them]\", is a classical expression of defiance. According to Plutarch,[1] Xerxes I, king of the Achaemenid Empire, demanded that the Spartans surrender their weapons and King Leonidas I responded with this phrase. It is an exemplary use of a laconic phrase.", "Speak Softly, Love. \"Speak Softly, Love\" is a popular song published in 1972, with music by Nino Rota and lyrics by Larry Kusik. The song was first introduced as an instrumental theme in the 1972 film The Godfather that was simply known as \"Love Theme from The Godfather\". The highest-charting rendition of either version was by vocalist Andy Williams, who took \"Speak Softly Love\" to number 34 on Billboard magazine's Hot 100[1] and number seven on its Easy Listening chart.[2]", "Folklore of the United States. Patrick Henry (May 29, 1736 – June 6, 1799) was an attorney, planter and politician who became known as an orator during the movement for independence in Virginia in the 1770s. Patrick Henry is best known for the speech he made in the House of Burgesses on March 23, 1775, in Saint John's Church in Richmond, Virginia. With the House undecided on whether to mobilize for military action against the encroaching British military force, Henry argued in favor of mobilization. Forty-two years later, Henry's first biographer, William Wirt, working from oral histories, tried to reconstruct what Henry said. According to Wirt, Henry ended his speech with words that have since become immortalized: \"I know not what course others may take; but as for me, Give me Liberty, or give me Death!\" The crowd, by Wirt's account, jumped up and shouted \"To Arms! To Arms!\". For 160 years Wirt's account was taken at face value. In the 1970s, historians began to question the authenticity of Wirt's reconstruction.", "Nader Shah. At the age of 13, his father died and Nader had to find a way to support himself and his mother. He had no source of income other than the sticks he gathered for firewood, which he transported to the market. Many years later, when he was returning in triumph from his conquest of Delhi, he led the army to his birthplace and made a speech to his generals about his early life of deprivation. He said, \"You now see to what height it has pleased the Almighty to exalt me; from hence, learn not to despise men of low estate.\" Nader's early experiences did not, however, make him particularly compassionate toward the poor. Throughout his career, he was only interested in his own advancement. Legend has it that in 1704, when he was about 17, a band of marauding Uzbek Tartars invaded the province of Khorasan, where Nader lived with his mother. They killed many peasants. Nader and his mother were among those who were carried off into slavery. His mother died in captivity. Somehow, Nader managed to escape and returned to the province of Khorasan in 1708.", "James Russell Lowell. Ef you take a sword an' dror it,\nAn go stick a feller thru,\nGuv'ment aint to answer to it,\nGod'll send the bill to you.[115]", "Panama Canal. President Roosevelt famously stated that \"I took the Isthmus, started the canal and then left Congress not to debate the canal, but to debate me.\" Several parties in the United States called this an act of war on Colombia: The New York Times called the support given by the United States to Bunau-Varilla an \"act of sordid conquest.\" The New York Evening Post called it a \"vulgar and mercenary venture.\" It is often cited as the classic example of U.S. gunboat diplomacy in Latin America, and the best illustration of what Roosevelt meant by the old African adage, \"Speak softly and carry a big stick [and] you will go far.\" After the revolution in 1903, the Republic of Panama became a U.S. protectorate until 1939.[31]", "George H. W. Bush. Bush was occasionally criticized for his lack of eloquence when compared to Reagan, but he delivered a well-received speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention. Known as the \"thousand points of light\" speech, the presentation described Bush's vision of America. He endorsed the Pledge of Allegiance, capital punishment, and gun rights, and drew upon his long-standing Christian beliefs to support both prayer in schools and opposed abortion.[98] The speech at the convention included Bush's famous pledge: \"Read my lips: no new taxes.\"[99]", "Keep Calm and Carry On. The poster has become an evocation of British stoicism: the \"stiff upper lip\", self-discipline, fortitude and remaining calm in adversity. Susannah Walker comments that it is now seen \"not only as a distillation of a crucial moment in Britishness, but also as an inspiring message from the past to the present in a time of crisis\".[17] She goes on to point out, however, that such an interpretation overlooks the circumstances of its production, and the relative failure of the campaign of which it formed a part.[17]", "Benjamin Harrison. Tensions increased to the brink of war – Harrison threatened to break off diplomatic relations unless the United States received a suitable apology, and said the situation required, \"grave and patriotic consideration\". The president also remarked, \"If the dignity as well as the prestige and influence of the United States are not to be wholly sacrificed, we must protect those who in foreign ports display the flag or wear the colors.\"[144] The Navy was also placed on a high level of preparedness. [143] A recuperated Blaine made brief conciliatory overtures to the Chilean government which had no support in the administration; he then reversed course, joined the chorus for unconditional concessions and apology by the Chileans, who ultimately obliged, and war was averted. Theodore Roosevelt later applauded Harrison for his use of the \"big stick\" in the matter.[145][146]", "Demosthenes. According to the classical scholar Harry Thurston Peck, Demosthenes \"affects no learning; he aims at no elegance; he seeks no glaring ornaments; he rarely touches the heart with a soft or melting appeal, and when he does, it is only with an effect in which a third-rate speaker would have surpassed him. He had no wit, no humour, no vivacity, in our acceptance of these terms. The secret of his power is simple, for it lies essentially in the fact that his political principles were interwoven with his very spirit.\"[124] In this judgement, Peck agrees with Jaeger, who said that the imminent political decision imbued Demosthenes's speech with a fascinating artistic power.[125] From his part, George A. Kennedy believes that his political speeches in the ecclesia were to become \"the artistic exposition of reasoned views\".[126]", "Charles Rangel. Rangel is known for his blunt speaking and candor, which are rarely meant to be taken personally.[49] This tendency has grown as he has gotten older and less bothered by what others think of him.[83] When asked how he would like to be remembered, he said, \"Well, as Rhett Butler once said in Gone With the Wind, if I'm gone, quite frankly, I don't give a damn.\"[83] In any case, he has fairly often made controversial remarks.", "Speak Softly, Love. The Andy Williams version of \"Speak Softly Love\" also made its first appearance in the April 8 issue and reached number 34 on the Hot 100 during its 11 weeks there[1] and number seven Easy Listening over the course of 12 weeks.[2] A recording of the song by Al Martino debuted on both of those charts in the April 29 issue and peaked at number 80 during its four weeks on the Hot 100[8] and number 24 on the Easy Listening chart, where it also spent four weeks.[9]", "Talk:Theodore Roosevelt/Archive 2. I heard a version of the \"Big Stick\" quote once that went", "Sam Hill (euphemism). The millionaire Samuel Hill, a businessman and \"good roads\" advocate in the Pacific Northwest, became associated with the phrase in the 1920s. A reference appeared in Time magazine when Hill convinced Queen Marie of Romania to travel to rural Washington to dedicate Hill's Maryhill Museum of Art.[6] The fact that \"Father of Good Roads\" Samuel Hill hadn't been born when the figure of speech first appeared in a publication rules out the possibility that he was the original Sam Hill in question.[2][7]", "Big Stick ideology. Roosevelt would go on to be elected Vice President later that year, and subsequently used the aphorism publicly in an address to the Minnesota State Fair, entitled \"National Duties\", on September 2, 1901:[5][6]", "Franklin D. Roosevelt. When Roosevelt returned to the United States, he addressed Congress on March 1 about the Yalta Conference,[276] and many were shocked to see how old, thin and frail he looked. He spoke while seated in the well of the House, an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity. Roosevelt opened his speech by saying, \"I hope that you will pardon me for this unusual posture of sitting down during the presentation of what I want to say, but... it makes it a lot easier for me not to have to carry about ten pounds of steel around on the bottom of my legs.\" Still in full command mentally, he firmly stated \"The Crimean Conference ought to spell the end of a system of unilateral action, the exclusive alliances, the spheres of influence, the balances of power, and all the other expedients that have been tried for centuries—and have always failed. We propose to substitute for all these, a universal organization in which all peace-loving nations will finally have a chance to join.\"[277]", "Chief Seattle. According to Smith's recollection, Doc Maynard introduced Governor Stevens, who then briefly explained his mission, which was already well understood by all present. Chief Seattle then rose to speak. He rested his hand upon the head of the much smaller Stevens, and declaimed with great dignity for an extended period. And Smith then presents a detailed translation of the speech. But recent scholarship questions the authenticity of Smith's version of the speech. Chief Seattle most probably spoke in the Lushootseed language, and someone then translated his words into Chinook Jargon, a limited trading language, that a third person then translated into English. But Smith's English version is in a flowery Victorian prose, and Smith noted that he had recorded \"but a fragment of his [Seattle's] speech\". Moreover, Smith's version of the speech does not square with the recollections of other witnesses; and as we have seen, Smith himself may not have been present as a witness. As a result of such discrepancies, staff of the National Archives in Washington, DC, concluded that the speech is most likely fiction.[8][16]", "Keep Calm and Carry On. Evocative of the Victorian belief in British stoicism – the \"stiff upper lip\", self-discipline, fortitude, and remaining calm in adversity – the poster has become recognised around the world.[4] It was thought that only two original copies survived until a collection of approximately 15 was brought in to the Antiques Roadshow in 2012 by the daughter of an ex-Royal Observer Corps member.[5]", "William Jennings Bryan presidential campaign, 1896. As he spoke his final sentence, he brought his hands to his head, fingers extended in imitation of thorns; amid dead silence in the Coliseum, he extended his arms, recalling with words and posture the Crucifixion of Jesus, and held that position for several seconds. He then lowered his arms, and began the journey back to his seat in the silence.[67]", "The Merchant of Venice. The play contains the earliest known use of the phrase \"with bated breath\" (by Shylock, in Act I, Scene 3, \"Shall I bend low and, in a bondman's key, / With bated breath and whisp'ring humbleness, / Say this ...\"), which has come into common use to convey the idea of restraining one's breathing in anticipation or supplicance (in which the archaic \"bated\" is often misidentified as \"baited\" in modern usage).[34][35][36]", "Harry Lauder. He was described by Sir Winston Churchill as \"Scotland's greatest ever ambassador\".[2][3][4] He became a familiar worldwide figure promoting images like the kilt and the cromach (walking stick) to huge acclaim, especially in America. Other songs followed, including \"Roamin' in the Gloamin\", \"A Wee Deoch-an-Doris\", \"The End of the Road\" and, a particularly big hit for him, \"I Love a Lassie\".", "William Edward Hickson. Hickson is credited with popularizing the proverb:", "Stonewall Jackson. A few moments before he died he cried out in his delirium, \"Order A.P. Hill to prepare for action! Pass the infantry to the front rapidly! Tell Major Hawks\"—then stopped, leaving the sentence unfinished. Presently a smile of ineffable sweetness spread itself over his pale face, and he said quietly, and with an expression, as if of relief, 'Let us cross over the river, and rest under the shade of the trees.'[47]" ]

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[ "Long Island. The westernmost end of Long Island contains the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn (Kings County) and Queens (Queens County). The central and eastern portions contain the suburban Nassau and Suffolk counties. However, colloquial usage of the term \"Long Island\" usually refers only to Nassau and Suffolk counties. For example, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York has a district named \"Long Island (Nassau-Suffolk Metro Division).\"[25] At least as late as 1911, locations in Queens were still commonly referred to as being on Long Island.[26] Some institutions in the New York City section of the island use the island's names, like Long Island University and Long Island Jewish Medical Center. In 1985, the United States Supreme Court ruled in United States v. Maine that Long Island, while geographically an island, was not an island for legal purposes, given that New York State's boundaries contained its offshore soil and seabeds.[27][28][29]", "Long Island. Until the 1883 completion of the Brooklyn Bridge, the only means of travel between Long Island and the rest of the United States was by boat or ship. As other bridges and tunnels were constructed, areas of the island began to be developed as residential suburbs, first around the railroads that offered commuting into the city. On January 1, 1898, Kings County and portions of Queens were consolidated into The City of Greater New York, abolishing all cities and towns within them. The easternmost 280 square miles (730 km2) of Queens County, which were not part of the consolidation plan,[19][20][21][22][23][24] separated from Queens in 1899 to form Nassau County.", "New York metropolitan area. Long Island is an island located just off the northeast coast of the United States and a region wholly within both the U.S. state of New York and the New York City metropolitan area. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties: Kings and Queens (these form the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, respectively) to the west; then Nassau and Suffolk to the east. However, most people in the New York metropolitan area (even those living in Queens and Brooklyn) colloquially use the term \"Long Island\" (or \"The Island\") exclusively to refer to the Nassau-Suffolk county area collectively, which is mainly suburban in character.[47] North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island.", "Long Island. All of Long Island (as well as the islands between it and Connecticut) became part of the Province of New York within the Shire of York. Present-day Suffolk County was designated as the East Riding (of Yorkshire), present-day Brooklyn was part of the West Riding, and present-day Queens and Nassau were part of the larger North Riding. In 1683, Yorkshire was dissolved and the three original counties on Long Island were established: Kings, Queens, and Suffolk.", "Long Island. In contrast, all of Brooklyn and Queens are served by the New York City Department of Education, the largest school district in the United States. Three of the nine specialized high schools in New York City are located in the two Long Island boroughs, those being Brooklyn Latin School, Brooklyn Technical High School (one of the original three specialized schools), and Queens High School for the Sciences. Like Nassau and Suffolk Counties, they, too, are home to numerous private schools, such as Poly Prep Country Day School, Packer Collegiate Institute, and Saint Ann's School, and Berkeley Carroll School, and parochial schools operated by the Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn.", "Long Island. Long Island is home to a range of higher-education institutions, both public and private. Brooklyn and Queens contain five of eleven senior colleges within CUNY, the public university system of New York City and one of the largest in the country. Among these are the notable institutions of Brooklyn College and Queens College. Brooklyn also contains private colleges such as Pratt Institute and the New York University Polytechnic School of Engineering, an engineering college that merged with New York University in 2014.", "Long Island. Long Island is a densely populated island off the East Coast of the United States, beginning at New York Harbor just 0.35 miles (0.56 km) from Manhattan Island and extending eastward into the Atlantic Ocean. The island comprises four counties in the U.S. state of New York: Kings and Queens counties (which comprise the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, respectively) in the west, and Nassau and Suffolk counties in the east. However, many people in the New York metropolitan area (even those living in Brooklyn and Queens) colloquially use the term \"Long Island\" (or \"The Island\") to refer exclusively to Nassau and Suffolk counties, which are mainly suburban in character.[2] The majority of New York City residents now live on Long Island.[3]", "History of Long Island. On January 1, 1898, Kings County and portions of Queens were consolidated into The City of Greater New York, abolishing all cities and towns within them. The easternmost 280 square miles (725 km2) of Queens County, which were not part of the consolidation plan,[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] formed a separate county in 1899. \"Nassau\", one of several names by which the island was once known, was revived to represent the newly established county.", "Long Island. Brooklyn and Queens, on the other hand, do not have county governments. As boroughs of New York City, both have borough presidents, which have been largely ceremonial offices since the shutdown of the New York City Board of Estimate. The respective Borough Presidents are responsible for appointing individuals to the Brooklyn Community Boards and Queens Community Boards, each of which serves an advisory function on local issues. Brooklyn's sixteen members and Queens' fourteen members represent the first and second largest borough contingents of the New York City Council.[81]", "Boroughs of New York City. The borough of Queens consists of what formerly was only the western part of a then-larger Queens County. In 1899, the three eastern towns of Queens County that had not joined the city the year before—the towns of Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—formally seceded from Queens County to form the new Nassau County.[4]", "History of Long Island. From 1830 until 1930, population roughly doubled every twenty years, and several cities were incorporated, such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County, and Long Island City in Queens.", "Geography of New York City. The boroughs of New York City straddle the border between two geologic provinces of eastern North America. Brooklyn and Queens, located on Long Island, are part of the eastern coastal plain. Long Island is a massive moraine which formed at the southern fringe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet during the last Ice Age. The Bronx and Manhattan lie on the eastern edge of the Newark Basin, a block of the Earth's crust which sank downward during the disintegration of the supercontinent Pangaea during the Triassic period. The Palisades Sill on the New Jersey shore of the Hudson River exposes ancient, once-molten rock that filled the basin. Tough metamorphic rocks underlie much of Manhattan, providing solid support for its many skyscrapers.", "List of colleges and universities on Long Island. This is a list of colleges and universities entirely in, or with a campus in Nassau or Suffolk County. For institutions in the Long Island sections of Brooklyn and Queens, two of New York City's five boroughs, see the separate List of colleges and universities in New York City.", "Nassau County, New York. In 1898, the western portion of Queens County became a borough of the City of Greater New York, leaving the eastern portion a part of Queens County but not part of the Borough of Queens. As part of the city consolidation plan, all town and county governments within the borough were dissolved. The areas excluded from the consolidation included all of the Town of North Hempstead, all of the Town of Oyster Bay, and most of the Town of Hempstead (excluding the Rockaway Peninsula, which was separated from the Town of Hempstead and became part of the city borough). In 1899, following approval from the New York State Legislature, the three towns were separated from Queens County, and the new county of Nassau was constituted.", "Brooklyn. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1, 1683,[19] one of the \"original twelve counties\" then established in New York Province. This tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity.", "Long Island. By the start of the 21st century, a number of Long Island communities had successfully converted their assets from industrial uses to post-industrial roles. Brooklyn reversed decades of population decline and factory closings to resurface as a globally renowned cultural and intellectual hotbed. Gentrification has affected much of Brooklyn and a portion of Queens, relocating a sizeable swath of New York City's population. On eastern Long Island, such villages as Port Jefferson, Patchogue, and Riverhead have been changed from inactive shipbuilding and mill towns into tourist-centric commercial centers with cultural attractions.", "Brooklyn. Brooklyn (/ˈbrʊklɪn/) is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,629,150 residents in 2016.[1] It borders the borough of Queens at the southwestern end of Long Island, and has several bridge connections to the nearby boroughs of Staten Island and Manhattan. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, the most populous county in the U.S. state of New York and the second-most densely populated county in the United States, after the county of New York (which is coextensive with the borough of Manhattan).[2]", "New-York Historical Society. The Society generally focuses on the developing city center on Manhattan Island, and the Long Island Historical Society was founded in 1863. It was later renamed as the Brooklyn Historical Society, located in the borough across the East River. This borough was consolidated into the \"City of Greater New York\" in 1898. The BHS also has materials pertaining to the greater city and its region.", "Long Island. While the eastern region of Long Island was first settled by the English, the western portion of Long Island was settled by the Dutch. Until 1664, the jurisdiction of Long Island was split, roughly at the present border between Nassau County and Suffolk County. The Dutch founded six towns in present-day Brooklyn beginning in 1645. These included: Brooklyn, Gravesend, Flatlands, Flatbush, New Utrecht, and Bushwick. The Dutch had granted an English settlement in Hempstead, New York (now in Nassau County) in 1644 but, after a boundary dispute, drove out English settlers from the Oyster Bay area. However, in 1664, the English returned to take over the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, including Long Island.", "History of Long Island. Long Island contained three of the original twelve counties of the British Province of New York organized in 1683: Kings, Queens, and Suffolk. At that time, Queens County included all of present-day Nassau County and a small portion of western Suffolk County.", "Brooklyn. The great majority of limited-access expressways and parkways are located in the western and southern sections of Brooklyn. These include the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway, the Gowanus Expressway (which is part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Prospect Expressway (New York State Route 27), the Belt Parkway, and the Jackie Robinson Parkway (formerly the Interborough Parkway). Planned expressways that were never built include the Bushwick Expressway, an extension of I-78[106] and the Cross-Brooklyn Expressway, I-878.[107] Major thoroughfares include Atlantic Avenue, Fourth Avenue, 86th Street, Kings Highway, Bay Parkway, Ocean Parkway, Eastern Parkway, Linden Boulevard, McGuinness Boulevard, Flatbush Avenue, Pennsylvania Avenue, and Nostrand Avenue.", "Brooklyn. Long Island University is a private university headquartered in Brookville on Long Island, with a campus in Downtown Brooklyn with 6,417 undergraduate students. The Brooklyn campus has strong science and medical technology programs, at the graduate and undergraduate levels.", "Nassau County, New York. In 1917,[44] the village of Glen Cove was granted a city charter, making it independent from the Town of Oyster Bay. In 1918, the village of Long Beach was incorporated in the Town of Hempstead. In 1922, it became a city, making it independent of the town. These are the only two administrative divisions in Nassau County identified as cities.", "Long Island. In the 19th century, Long Island was still mainly rural and devoted to agriculture. The predecessor to the Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) began service in 1836 from the South Ferry in Brooklyn, through the remainder of Brooklyn, to Jamaica in Queens. The line was completed to the east end of Long Island in 1844 (as part of a plan for transportation to Boston). Competing railroads (soon absorbed by the LIRR) were built along the south shore to accommodate travellers from those more populated areas. For the century from 1830 until 1930, total population roughly doubled every twenty years, with more dense development in areas near Manhattan. Several cities were incorporated, such as the City of Brooklyn in Kings County, and Long Island City in Queens.", "New York metropolitan area. With a Census-estimated population of 7,838,722 in 2015, constituting nearly 40% of New York State's population,[48][49][50][51][52] The majority of New York City residents, 58% as of 2015, now live on Long Island, namely the estimated 4,896,398 residents living in the New York City boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens.[53] Long Island is the most populated island in any U.S. state or territory, and the 17th-most populous island in the world (ahead of Ireland, Jamaica, and", "Brooklyn. Brooklyn totals 97 square miles (250 km2) in area, of which 71 square miles (180 km2) is land (73%), and 26 square miles (67 km2) is water (27%); the borough is the second-largest in land area among the boroughs of New York City. However, Kings County, coterminous with Brooklyn, is New York State's fourth-smallest county by land area and third-smallest by total area.[3] Brooklyn lies at the southwestern end of Long Island, and the borough's western border constitutes the island's western tip. Brooklyn's water borders are extensive and varied, including Jamaica Bay; the Atlantic Ocean; The Narrows, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Staten Island in New York City and crossed by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge; Upper New York Bay, separating Brooklyn from Jersey City and Bayonne in the U.S. state of New Jersey; and the East River, separating Brooklyn from the borough of Manhattan in New York City and traversed by the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Manhattan Bridge, the Williamsburg Bridge, and numerous routes of the New York City Subway. To the east of Brooklyn lies the borough of Queens, which contains John F. Kennedy International Airport in that borough's Howard Beach neighborhood, approximately two miles from the border of the East New York neighborhood of Brooklyn.", "Brooklyn. Brooklyn is connected to Manhattan by three bridges, the Brooklyn, Manhattan, and Williamsburg bridges; a vehicular tunnel, the Hugh L. Carey Tunnel (formerly the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel); and several subway tunnels. The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge links Brooklyn with the more suburban borough of Staten Island. Though much of its border is on land, Brooklyn shares several water crossings with Queens, including the Kosciuszko Bridge (part of the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway), the Pulaski Bridge, and the JJ Byrne Memorial Bridge, all of which carry traffic over Newtown Creek, and the Marine Parkway Bridge connecting Brooklyn to the Rockaway Peninsula.", "Nassau County, New York. Nassau County occupies a portion of Long Island immediately east of the New York City borough of Queens. It is divided into two cities and three towns, the latter of which contain 64 villages and numerous hamlets. The county borders Connecticut across the Long Island Sound.", "Long Island. Queens and Brooklyn are patrolled by the New York City Police Department. Nassau and Suffolk counties are served by the Nassau County Police Department and Suffolk County Police Department, respectively, although several dozen villages and the two cities in Nassau County have their own police departments. The Nassau County Sheriff's Department and Suffolk County Sheriff's Office handle civil procedure, evictions, warrant service and enforcement, prisoner transport and detention, and operation of the county jail. New York State Police patrol state parks and parkways.", "Long Island. Long Island is one of the most densely populated regions in the United States. As of the United States 2010 Census, the total population of all four counties of Long Island was 7,568,304, which was 39 percent of the population of the State of New York. As of 2017, the proportion of New York City residents living on Long Island had risen to 58%, given the 5,007,353 residents living in Brooklyn or Queens.[3] Furthermore, the proportion of New York State's population residing on Long Island has also been increasing, with Long Island's Census-estimated population increasing 4.0% since 2010, to 7,869,820 in 2017, representing 39.6% of New York State's Census-estimated 2017 population of 19,849,399[60] and with a population density of 5,617.3 inhabitants per square mile (2,168.9/km2) on Long Island. Long Island's population is greater than 37 of the 50 U.S. states.", "Nassau County, New York. Nassau County is immediately east of New York City, within the New York metropolitan area. The county is one of the four counties that occupy Long Island, together with Suffolk County to its immediate east and Queens and Kings counties to the west, which correspond, respectively, to the New York City boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn. Two cities, three towns, 64 incorporated villages, and more than 60 unincorporated hamlets are located within the county. There are 56 public school districts within the county.[5] Post office districts and school districts use the same names as a city, hamlet, or village within them, but each sets the boundaries independently.[6]", "History of Long Island. After World War II, Long Island's population skyrocketed, mostly in Nassau County and western Suffolk County. People who worked and lived in New York City moved out to Long Island in the new developments built during the post-war boom. The most famous post-war development was the town of Levittown. Positioned along the Wantagh Parkway and near Southern State Parkway, in the area formerly known as Island Trees, Levittown became the first place where a developer built numerous adjacent houses in one subdivision, providing great opportunity for GIs' returning home to build families." ]

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