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[ "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Starting in the fall of 2006, the Saints returned to playing all of their regular home games of the 2006 season in New Orleans at the Superdome. Their first game back in New Orleans, on September 25, 2006, was marked by a dramatic blocked punt early in the first quarter, with Steve Gleason blocking the punt and Curtis Deloatch recovering the ball in the Falcons' end zone for a touchdown. It was the first score in the Saints' first game in New Orleans in nearly 21 months. The Saints won the game and, unexpectedly, went on to have the most successful season in their history up to that time, reaching the NFC Championship Game for the first time in franchise history.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Hurricane Katrina devastated the city of New Orleans on August 29, 2005 and caused extensive damage to the Louisiana Superdome. The New Orleans Saints professional American football team were unable to play any home games at the Superdome for the entire 2005 NFL regular season as a result. The stadium was also used to temporarily house victims of the storm.", "New Orleans Saints. In 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region. The Superdome was used as an emergency temporary shelter for displaced residents. The stadium suffered damage from the hurricane (notably from flooding and part of the roof being torn off as well as internal damage), and from lack of available facilities. The Saints were forced to play their first scheduled home game against the New York Giants at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey (the Giants' home stadium); other home games were rescheduled at the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas or Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. During the season, it was rumored that Saints' owner Tom Benson might deem the Superdome unusable and seek to legally void his contract and relocate the team to San Antonio, where he has business interests. Ultimately, however, the Superdome was repaired and renovated in time for the 2006 season at an estimated cost of US$185 million. The New Orleans Saints' first post-Katrina home game was an emotionally charged Monday Night Football game versus their division rival, the Atlanta Falcons. The Saints, under rookie head coach Sean Payton and new quarterback Drew Brees, defeated the Falcons 23–3, and went on to notch the second playoff win in franchise history.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. After practicing for approximately a week in San Jose, California, where they had evacuated in conjunction with a pre-season game against the Oakland Raiders, the team set up temporary headquarters and arranged for practice facilities in San Antonio, Texas.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. After the events surrounding Katrina, the Superdome was not used during the 2005 NFL season. The New Orleans Saints played four of their scheduled home games at LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, three at the Alamodome in San Antonio, and one at Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey.[9]", "New Orleans Saints. Due to the damage Hurricane Katrina caused to the Superdome and the New Orleans area, the Saints' scheduled 2005 home opener against the New York Giants was moved to Giants Stadium. The remainder of their 2005 home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio, Texas, and LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.", "Hurricane Katrina effects by region. The New Orleans Saints NFL football team, who were displaced from their home facility at the Superdome, moved temporarily to San Antonio. The Saints' 2005 home games were split between the Alamodome in San Antonio and Louisiana State University's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge. On December 30, 2005, the team and the league announced that the club would play a split schedule again in 2006.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. On December 5, Tagliabue met with Benson and New Orleans officials to tour the city and assess the viability of playing in New Orleans in 2006. On January 11, 2006, at a press conference in New Orleans, Tagliabue announced that the Saints would likely play all eight home games at the Superdome.[10] Superdome officials said January 12 that the Dome would be ready by September 1, 2006.[11] The NFL announced on February 5, 2006, that the Superdome would reopen on September 24 when the Saints were to host the Atlanta Falcons.[12]", "New Orleans Saints. The September 25, 2006 home opener, the first home game in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina, was won by the Saints 23–3 against the Atlanta Falcons, who were undefeated in the 2006 season at that time. The attendance for the game was a sellout crowd of 70,003. Meanwhile, the broadcast of the game was ESPN's highest-ever rated program to date, with an 11.8 rating, and viewership by 10,850,000 homes. It was the most-watched program for the night, broadcast or cable, and was the second-highest rated cable program of all time at the time. Green Day and U2 performed \"Wake Me Up When September Ends\" and \"The Saints Are Coming\", respectively, before the game. The game received a 2007 ESPY award for \"Best Moment in Sports.\" The game is remembered by Saints fans for Steve Gleason's blocked punt on the opening series that resulted in a touchdown for New Orleans.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. Tagliabue said the team's preseason games would likely be played elsewhere in the region. He also stated that the Saints and the NFL were committed to New Orleans for the long haul.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. The league then announced that although the Saints' first home game on September 18 against the New York Giants would be played at Giants Stadium at 7:30 p.m. EDT on September 19, other home games would be split between Tiger Stadium (the stadium of the LSU Tigers football) at LSU in Baton Rouge, Louisiana (80 miles/130 km from New Orleans), and the Alamodome in San Antonio (540 miles/869 km from New Orleans); offices and practice would remain in San Antonio throughout the season.", "New Orleans Saints. Temporary stadiums in 2005 due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina:", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. On October 21, 2005, Benson issued a statement saying that he had not made any decision about the future of the Saints.[10] The San Antonio Express-News reported that sources close to the Saints' organization said that Benson planned to void his lease agreement with New Orleans by declaring the Superdome unusable.[11] Ultimately, the Saints announced that they would be returning to New Orleans, with the first home game on September 25, 2006 against the Atlanta Falcons on Monday Night Football. Before that first game, the team announced it had sold out its entire home schedule to season ticket holders — a first in franchise history.[12]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. NFL Commissioner Paul Tagliabue met with Benson and Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco at the Saints' first home game in Baton Rouge on October 30 against the Miami Dolphins. After the meeting, he stopped just short of making a formal commitment to keep the Saints in New Orleans. Said Tagliabue: \"The Saints are Louisiana's team and have been since the late '60s when my predecessor Pete Rozelle welcomed them to the league as New Orleans' team and Louisiana's team. Our focus continues to be on having the Saints in Louisiana.\" He dispelled rumors that had the Saints relocating to Los Angeles. Tagliabue appointed an eight-owner advisory committee to help decide the team's future.[5] Benson left the game with five minutes left in the fourth quarter. A WWL-TV camera crew recorded him leaving the stadium. Benson angrily pushed the camera away and then got into an argument with a fan. Video of the altercation was obtained by WWL-TV.[6] Three days later, Benson issued a statement that he would no longer go to Baton Rouge for Saints home games because he felt he and his family were in danger from abuse at the game.[7]", "Alamodome. In 2005, the NFL announced that the Alamodome would host three of the New Orleans Saints regular season \"home\" games due to the damage caused to the Louisiana Superdome by Hurricane Katrina. The Saints played the Buffalo Bills (week 4), the Atlanta Falcons (week 6), and the Detroit Lions (week 16) at the Alamodome. Although there have been many NFL preseason games held in San Antonio over the years, these games were the first NFL regular season games played in the city. The Saints also played one 2005 season \"home\" game in Giants Stadium (against the New York Giants) in East Rutherford, New Jersey, and four others in LSU's Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Overall, the Saints averaged 62,665 fans in the 64,000-seat Alamodome for the three games held there, a solid showing despite the short notice to sell tickets due to the hurricane. The Saints and the NFL announced that the team would return to Louisiana for the 2006 season even though at the time the NFL was uncertain where they would play their home games.", "Falcons–Saints rivalry. The series was rarely noted by the national media during the teams' first decades of existence, probably due to both teams' long stretches of futility. However, the September 25, 2006 match-up, which served as the Louisiana Superdome's official reopening after Hurricane Katrina, was considered a major milestone in New Orleans' and the Gulf Coast's recovery from the effects of the storm as well as the Saints' return to the city after their own year-long exile after the storm; the Saints later erected a statue outside the Superdome to commemorate their win in that game.", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. First Saints game\nThe New Orleans Saints opened the 1975 NFL season at the Superdome, losing 21–0 to the Cincinnati Bengals in the first regular-season game in the facility. Tulane Stadium, the original home of the Saints, was condemned for destruction on the day the Superdome opened.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the New Orleans Saints. In April 2009, the franchise reached a deal that would keep the Saints in New Orleans until at least 2025.[13] In the 2009 season, the Saints finished 13–3 and defeated the Indianapolis Colts in Super Bowl XLIV. In July 2012, \"Rebirth\", a statue depicting Gleason blocking the punt, was erected outside the Superdome; a news report commented that the blocked punt \"etched Steve Gleason into Saints lore and became symbolic of New Orleans' resilience in the face of disaster\".[14]", "History of the New Orleans Saints. Going into the 2005 season, the Saints were optimistic that they could build on their good results at the end of 2004. But when Hurricane Katrina struck, the Saints were thrown into chaos with the rest of their city. The Saints relocated their headquarters to San Antonio, Texas. The Saints managed to provide an emotional lift for their hometown when they defeated the Panthers 23-20 in Week 1. The NFL decreed that the Saints' first home game would be played in Giants Stadium, adding insult to injury as the Saints were forced to play a \"home\" game against the New York Giants in front of a hostile crowd. The Saints struggled and lost 27-10, feeling aggrieved at the situation. The rest of the Saints' home games would be played either in San Antonio's Alamodome or Baton Rouge's Tiger Stadium. The Saints lost to Minnesota in Week 3, but won in the Alamodome the next week over Buffalo to bring their record to 2-2. They then proceeded to be blown out 52-3 in Green Bay by a team which came into the game 0-4. The loss to the Packers was even worse for the Saints due to a season-ending injury suffered by star running back Deuce McAllister. The Saints would eventually finish the season with a 3-13 record; the last few games of the season saw quarterback Aaron Brooks being benched (and later traded to the Oakland Raiders), giving playing time for backup quarterback Todd Bouman and even third-stringer Adrian McPherson and, eventually, the season ended with head coach Jim Haslett losing his job.", "The Saints Are Coming. To coincide with the U2 and Green Day recording of the song, both bands performed it together live during the Monday Night Football Pregame show of the New Orleans Saints versus Atlanta Falcons game on 25 September 2006. This was the first game in the Louisiana Superdome since it was heavily damaged by Hurricane Katrina in August 2005. The live performance of the song was later sold online to benefit Music Rising, a charity created by U2's The Edge in order to bring instruments and music programs back to New Orleans.", "Tiger Stadium (LSU). Tiger Stadium at LSU served as a temporary relocation site for the New Orleans Saints for four games of the 2005 NFL season after Hurricane Katrina damaged the Superdome and left much of New Orleans under water. The Saints, however, utilized only 79,000 of Tiger Stadium's seats (the new west side upper deck, which was still under construction, was closed for Saints games). The Saints' first two games in Baton Rouge came on the Sunday immediately following an LSU home game, meaning field crews had to repaint the field to NFL standards immediately following the completion of LSU's games, both of which kicked off at 7 p.m. Due to the time crunch, the NFL granted LSU's request to start the Saints' games in the late slot (3:05 p.m. CST). Although none of the Saints' four Baton Rouge dates sold out due to the effects of Hurricane Katrina, the NFL exempted the Saints from the league's blackout rules, and the games were televised locally by WAFB and WGMB.", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The Superdome gained international attention of a different type in 2005 when it housed thousands of people seeking shelter from Hurricane Katrina. The building suffered extensive damage as a result of the storm, and was closed for many months afterward. It was eventually decided the building would be fully refurbished and reopened in time for the Saints' 2006 home opener on September 25.", "List of Monday Night Football results (1990–2009). September 25 saw the New Orleans Saints return to the Louisiana Superdome for the first time since Hurricane Katrina. The game was preceded by musical performances by the Goo Goo Dolls, Green Day, and U2.", "Hurricane Katrina effects by region. Hurricane Katrina made a direct landfall in the \"lower\" (southern/down river) portion of Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, the eye passed directly over the town of Empire, Louisiana. There was extensive flooding the majority of the Parish, and the southern part was temporarily \"reclaimed\" by the Mississippi River. All of the East Bank of the Parish was flooded, as was the downriver portion of the West Bank. Belle Chase mostly escaped with only moderate wind damage. The Belle Chasse Tunnel was flooded as well.", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. Tulane University postponed its scheduled football game against the University of Southern Mississippi until November 26. Their first game, against Mississippi State University, was played on September 17 at Independence Stadium in Shreveport, Louisiana. Overall, the team used six different stadiums for their six home games, including Tiger Stadium in Baton Rouge, Cajun Field in Lafayette, La., Joe Aillet Stadium in Ruston, La., Malone Stadium in Monroe, La., and Ladd Peebles Stadium in Mobile, Ala.", "Falcons–Saints rivalry. The 2006 matchup, the first game played in the Superdome after Hurricane Katrina, was the second highest rated cable television broadcast of all time, a mark that has since been surpassed. The 2010 matchup averaged 19.1 million viewers on ESPN, making it the most watched cable broadcast of 2010.[5]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. The 2005 New Orleans Bowl between the University of Southern Mississippi and Arkansas State University was moved from the Superdome to Cajun Field in Lafayette. Southern Miss won over ASU, 31-19.", "Hurricane Gustav. One major sporting event was directly affected by the disaster preparations. On August 30, Louisiana State University (LSU) opened its 2008 football season against Appalachian State. The originally scheduled kickoff time of 4 pm CDT would have conflicted with the start of contraflow lane reversal, and Interstate 10 is a key evacuation route through Baton Rouge. Accordingly, LSU moved kickoff to 10 am CDT.[66] A college football game between Nicholls State University and New Mexico State University, scheduled for September 4, was canceled.[67] The Triple-A baseball New Orleans Zephyrs cancelled the final three games of their season because of the impending approach of Gustav and evacuation preparations.[68] The New Orleans Saints of the National Football League (NFL) proceeded with plans to evacuate from New Orleans and headed to Indianapolis, where they practiced at Lucas Oil Stadium.[69] The Saints returned to New Orleans to play their first home game as scheduled on Sunday, September 7, defeating the Tampa Bay Buccaneers 24–20.[70]", "Effect of Hurricane Katrina on the Louisiana Superdome. Local residents stand outside of the Superdome, September 2.", "Mercedes-Benz Superdome. The first bowl game played in the Superdome after Katrina was the New Orleans Bowl won by the Troy Trojans 41–17 over the Rice Owls.", "History of the New Orleans Saints. The Saints entered the game 2–0 against the 2–0 Falcons with many expecting the Falcons' powerful running game to overwhelm the team. The game kicked off to fanfare of the Saints' official return to New Orleans. The game also featured pregame festivities featuring Green Day and U2 performing a song that would become the team's unofficial anthem, \"The Saints Are Coming\". New Orleans dominated the game right from the start when Steve Gleason blocked a punt that was recovered for a touchdown by Curtis Deloatch. The Saints went on to win 23–3.", "National Football League television blackout policies. In 2005, for the first time in its history, the NFL lifted the blackout policies for a team: the New Orleans Saints. Due to damage caused by Hurricane Katrina, the Saints split their home games between Giants Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, Tiger Stadium at Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, and the Alamodome in San Antonio, with most home games being played in Baton Rouge. Baton Rouge is a secondary market for the Saints and is subject to blackouts when games held at the Superdome carried by over-the-air networks do not sell out, since CBS affiliate WAFB and Fox affiliate WGMB reach within 75 miles of the Superdome, even though the city limits of Baton Rouge are more than 75 miles from the stadium (the Baton Rouge DMA is not subjected to a blackout when Saints games televised by ESPN or the NFL Network do not sell out)." ]

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[ "Potassium chlorate. Potassium chlorate is a compound containing potassium, chlorine and oxygen atoms, with the molecular formula KClO3. In its pure form, it is a white crystalline substance. It is the most common chlorate in industrial use. It is used", "Potassium cyanide. Potassium cyanide is a compound with the formula KCN. This colorless crystalline salt, similar in appearance to sugar, is highly soluble in water. Most KCN is used in gold mining, organic synthesis, and electroplating. Smaller applications include jewelry for chemical gilding and buffing.[4]", "Potassium alum. Potassium alum, potash alum, or potassium aluminum sulfate is a chemical compound: the potassium double sulfate of aluminium. Its chemical formula is KAl(SO4)2 and it is commonly found in its dodecahydrate form as KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. Alum is the common name for this chemical compound, given the nomenclature of potassium aluminum sulfate dodecahydrate. It is commonly used in water purification, leather tanning, dyeing,[4] fireproof textiles, and baking powder. It also has cosmetic uses as a deodorant, as an aftershave treatment and as a styptic for minor bleeding from shaving.[5]", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (USP) is the monohydrochloride monohydrate salt of ciprofloxacin. It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance with a molecular weight of 385.8 g/mol. Its empirical formula is C17H18FN3O3HCl•H2O.[56]", "Potassium. Major potassium chemicals are potassium hydroxide, potassium carbonate, potassium sulfate, and potassium chloride. Megatons of these compounds are produced annually.[98]", "Oral rehydration therapy. The formula for the current WHO oral rehydration solution (also known as low-osmolar ORS or reduced-osmolarity ORS) is 2.6 grams (0.092 oz) salt (NaCl), 2.9 grams (0.10 oz) trisodium citrate dihydrate (C\n6H\n5Na\n3O\n7⋅2H\n2O), 1.5 grams (0.053 oz) potassium chloride (KCl), 13.5 grams (0.48 oz) anhydrous glucose (C\n6H\n12O\n6) per litre of fluid.[15]", "Hypochlorous acid. Hypochlorous acid (HClO) is a weak acid that forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and itself partially dissociates, forming ClO-. HClO and ClO- are oxidizers, and the primary disinfection agents of chlorine solutions.[2] HClO cannot be isolated from these solutions due to rapid equilibration with its precursor. Sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2), are bleaches, deodorants, and disinfectants.", "Kilo-. Kilo (from the Greek χίλιοι, literally a thousand) is a decimal unit prefix in the metric system denoting multiplication by one thousand (103). It is used in the International System of Units where it has the unit symbol k, in lower case.", "Calcium hypochlorite. Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with formula Ca(ClO)2. It is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorinated lime, used for water treatment and as a bleaching agents.[1] This compound is relatively stable and has greater available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach).[2] It is a white solid, although commercial samples appear yellow. It strongly smells of chlorine, owing to its slow decomposition in moist air. It is not highly soluble in hard water, and is more preferably used in soft to medium-hard water. It has two forms: dry (anhydrous); and hydrated (hydrous).", "Carbon tetrachloride. Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a \"sweet\" smell that can be detected at low levels. It has practically no flammability at lower temperatures.", "International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. An example of IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry is potassium chlorate (KClO3):", "Metal carbonyl. Initial experiments on the reaction of carbon monoxide with metals were carried out by Justus von Liebig in 1834. By passing carbon monoxide over molten potassium he prepared a substance having the empirical formula KCO, which he called Kohlenoxidkalium.[55] As demonstrated later, the compound was not a metal carbonyl, but the potassium salt of ´hexahydroxy benzene and the potassium salt of dihydroxy acetylene[31]", "Potassium. Potassium hydroxide (KOH) is a very strong alkali, and up to 1.21 kg of it can dissolve in merely one liter of water.[24][25] KOH reacts readily with carbon dioxide to produce potassium carbonate, and is used to remove traces of the gas from air.", "Ciprofloxacin. Ciprofloxacin is 1-cyclopropyl-6-fluoro-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-7-(1-piperazinyl)-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid. Its empirical formula is C17H18FN3O3 and its molecular weight is 331.4 g/mol. It is a faintly yellowish to light yellow crystalline substance.[56]", "Formula unit. A formula unit in chemistry is the empirical formula of any ionic or covalent network solid compound used as an independent entity for stoichiometric calculations. It is the lowest whole number ratio of ions represented in an ionic compound.[1] Examples include ionic NaCl and K2O and covalent networks such as SiO2 and C (as diamond or graphite).[2]", "Potassium iodide. It is a white salt, which is the most commercially significant iodide compound, with approximately 37,000 tons produced in 1985. It absorbs water less readily than sodium iodide, making it easier to work with.", "Chemical formula. Condensed chemical formulas may also be used to represent ionic compounds that do not exist as discrete molecules, but nonetheless do contain covalently bound clusters within them. These polyatomic ions are groups of atoms that are covalently bound together and have an overall ionic charge, such as the sulfate [SO\n4]2− ion. Each polyatomic ion in a compound is written individually in order to illustrate the separate groupings. For example, the compound dichlorine hexoxide has an empirical formula ClO\n3, and molecular formula Cl\n2O\n6, but in liquid or solid forms, this compound is more correctly shown by an ionic condensed formula [ClO\n2]+[ClO\n4]−, which illustrates that this compound consists of [ClO\n2]+ ions and [ClO\n4]− ions. In such cases, the condensed formula only need be complex enough to show at least one of each ionic species.", "Graphite. Graphite forms intercalation compounds with some metals and small molecules. In these compounds, the host molecule or atom gets \"sandwiched\" between the graphite layers, resulting in a type of compounds with variable stoichiometry. A prominent example of an intercalation compound is potassium graphite, denoted by the formula KC8. Graphite intercalation compounds are superconductors. The highest transition temperature (by June 2009) Tc = 11.5 K is achieved in CaC6, and it further increases under applied pressure (15.1 K at 8 GPa).[43]", "Potassium chlorate. In chemical labs it is used to oxidize HCl and release small amounts of gaseous chlorine.", "Hypokalemia. The amount of potassium deficit can be calculated using the following formula:\nKdeficit (in mmol) = (Knormal lower limit − Kmeasured) × body weight (kg) × 0.4\nMeanwhile, the daily body requirement of potassium is calculated by multiplying 1 mmol to body weight in kilogrammes. Adding potassium deficit and daily potassium requirement would give the total amount of potassium need to be corrected in mmol. Dividing mmol by 13.4 will give the potassium in grams.[19]", "Potassium. In general, potassium compounds are highly ionic and, owing to the high hydration energy of the K+ ion, have excellent water solubility. The main species in water solution are the aquated complexes [K(H\n2O)\nn]+ where n = 6 and 7.[26] The potassium ion is colorless in water and is very difficult to precipitate; possible precipitation methods include reactions with sodium tetraphenylborate, hexachloroplatinic acid, and sodium cobaltinitrite into potassium tetraphenylborate, potassium hexachloroplatinate, and potassium cobaltinitrite.[20]", "Potassium chlorate. The electrolysis of KCl in aqueous solution is also used sometimes, in which elemental chlorine formed at the anode react with KOH in situ. The low solubility of KClO3 in water causes the salt to conveniently isolate itself from the reaction mixture by simply precipitating out of solution.", "Potassium chlorate. Another application of potassium chlorate is as the oxidizer in a smoke composition such as that used in smoke grenades. Since 2005, a cartridge with potassium chlorate mixed with lactose and rosin is used for generating the white smoke signalling the election of new pope by a papal conclave.[10]", "Potassium channel. Potassium channels have a tetrameric structure in which four identical protein subunits associate to form a fourfold symmetric (C4) complex arranged around a central ion conducting pore (i.e., a homotetramer). Alternatively four related but not identical protein subunits may associate to form heterotetrameric complexes with pseudo C4 symmetry. All potassium channel subunits have a distinctive pore-loop structure that lines the top of the pore and is responsible for potassium selective permeability.", "Calcium hypochlorite. Calcium hypochlorite is a general oxidizing agent and therefore finds some use in organic chemistry.[4] For instance the compound is used to cleave glycols, α-hydroxy carboxylic acids and keto acids to yield fragmented aldehydes or carboxylic acids.[5] Calcium hypochlorite can also be used in the haloform reaction to manufacture chloroform.[6]", "Potassium hydrogen phthalate. Potassium hydrogen phthalate, often called simply KHP, is an acidic salt compound. It forms white powder, colorless crystals, a colorless solution, and an ionic solid that is the monopotassium salt of phthalic acid. KHP is slightly acidic, and it is often used as a primary standard for acid-base titrations because it is solid and air-stable, making it easy to weigh accurately. It is not hygroscopic.[2][3][4] It is also used as a primary standard for calibrating pH meters because, besides the properties just mentioned, its pH in solution is very stable. It also serves as a thermal standard in thermogravimetric analysis[5].", "2,5-Diketopiperazine. 2,5-Diketopiperazine, also known as piperazine-2,5-dione and as the cyclodipeptide cyclo(Gly-Gly), is an organic compound and the smallest cyclic dipeptide that consists of a six-membered ring containing two amide linkages where the two nitrogen atoms and the two carbonyls are at opposite positions in the ring. It was first synthesized by Curtius and Gloebel in 1888[1] and was the first compound containing a peptide bond to be studied by X-ray crystallography in 1938.[2] It occurs in cocoa and bread and has a metallic and bitter taste.[3]", "Potassium chlorate. Potassium chlorate was one key ingredient in early firearms percussion caps (primers). It continues in that application, where not supplanted by potassium perchlorate.", "Sodium hypochlorite. Sodium hypochlorite is a chemical compound with the formula NaClO. It is composed of a sodium cation (Na+) and a hypochlorite anion (ClO−); it may also be viewed as the sodium salt of hypochlorous acid. When dissolved in water it is commonly known as bleach or liquid bleach.[1] Sodium hypochlorite is practically and chemically distinct from chlorine.[2] Sodium hypochlorite is frequently used as a disinfectant or a bleaching agent. The mixture of sodium peroxide (Na2O2) and hydrochloric acid, which react to produce sodium hypochlorite is also termed as oxone.[3]", "Potassium iodide. Potassium iodide is a chemical compound, medication, and dietary supplement.[1][2] As a medication it is used to treat hyperthyroidism, in radiation emergencies, and to protect the thyroid gland when certain types of radiopharmaceuticals are used.[3] In the developing world it is also used to treat skin sporotrichosis and phycomycosis.[3][4] As a supplement it is used in those who have low intake of iodine in the diet.[2] It is given by mouth.[3]", "Potassium bitartrate. Potassium bitartrate, also known as potassium hydrogen tartrate, with formula KC4H5O6, is a byproduct of winemaking. In cooking it is known as cream of tartar. It is the potassium acid salt of tartaric acid (a carboxylic acid). It can be used in baking or as a cleaning solution (when mixed with an acidic solution such as lemon juice or white vinegar).", "Unified atomic mass unit. Molecular masses of proteins are often expressed in kilodaltons (kDa or kD). For example, a molecule of a protein with molar mass 7004640000000000000♠64000 g⋅mol−1 has a mass of 64 kDa.[1]" ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film). Helen McCrory appears as Narcissa Malfoy, Draco's mother and younger sister of Bellatrix. McCrory was originally cast as Bellatrix in Order of the Phoenix, but had to drop out due to pregnancy.[26] Naomi Watts was previously reported as having accepted the role,[27] only for it to be denied by her agency.[28]", "Ellie Darcey-Alden. It was revealed in a 2011 article for the Oxford Mail that years before landing the part Darcey-Alden was tipped for future success by her agents at Enfield, London-based casting and theatrical agency A&J Management, although her parents decided to not treat her passion for acting seriously until she was more mature. Despite this, she resisted her mother for a chance in the business, especially for a part in Harry Potter, a role which her mother initially did not believe she would eventually win. In the same article, it was further reported that she was not allowed to tell her close friends of her part in Potter as she left school for Leavesden Studios and Hatfield House to film her scenes, when she met then 21-year-old actor Daniel Radcliffe on her first day on set during her screen-test. She was quoted: \"I am still trying to get over that I am actually in Harry Potter. When I got the part, I was so happy I was speechless. It was the best time of my life. It was very funny. Everyone was so friendly to me and it was really fun. At first, it was really difficult to keep the secret. But when my friends did find out, they were so happy for me and supported me all the way through it.\"[6][49]", "Geraldine Somerville. Somerville played Lady Stockbridge in Julian Fellowes's Gosford Park and Harry Potter's mother Lily in all the Potter movies. In May 2007, she played author Daphne du Maurier in the BBC TV drama Daphne. She plays a leading role as fictional Louisa, Countess of Manton in the 2012 ITV mini-series Titanic.", "Bonnie Wright. Wright auditioned for the role of Ginny Weasley because her big brother said she reminded him of the character.[4] Wright appears in the first film, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, only in a small scene set at London King's Cross railway station, where her character and her mother Molly meet Harry Potter as four of her older brothers board the Hogwarts express. Her role became much more prominent in the second film, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in which her character begins studies at Hogwarts and encounters a secret diary that begins to control her actions.", "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation). Lily Potter (née Evans) is the mother of Harry Potter. She is described as being very pretty,[27] with startlingly green almond-shaped eyes and thick, long, dark auburn hair. In addition, Slughorn says Lily is one of the brightest students he ever taught, with a natural and intuitive ability at Potions.[28][29] She is one of the \"all-time favourite students\" of star collector Horace Slughorn, who describes her as \"vivacious\", \"charming\", \"cheeky\", and \"very funny\" and recalls that he \"often told her she should have been in Slytherin\". Rowling describes Lily as being \"a bit of a catch\"; she was a popular girl for whom many boys had romantic feelings.[30] Although Lily is Muggle-born, she is an extremely gifted witch at the top of her class. She became Head Girl in her seventh year. Lily's sister Petunia Dursley despised her for being a witch and viewed her as a \"freak\", although Petunia is later revealed to have been envious of her abilities. Rowling stated that Lily did receive warning letters for testing the limits of the Statute of Secrecy.[31] Lily's Patronus is a doe, presumably to pair with James' Animagus shape of a stag (also the form of Harry's Patronus).[2][note 1]", "Ellie Darcey-Alden. Darcey-Alden's most notable role came in December 2009, when she attended an open audition for the latest Harry Potter installment (a year before she was actually needed due to the producers' decision to split the book into two parts). She recalled, \"I remember walking into the audition room, and I'd never seen so many other ginger kids in all my life. And even though I never expected much, I kept advancing through the audition rounds.\"[36] On 25 January 2010, she was called back for a second audition at Pinewood Studios where she met director David Yates and worked with a number of other potentials for the parts of young James Potter, Sirius Black, Severus Snape and Lily Evans. During the process, the children were asked to improvise short conversations. She subsequently received a screen test with then 13-year-old Benedict Clarke (who would be cast as young Severus Snape) at Leavesden Studios \"as well as an associated costume, hair and makeup meeting.\" A few weeks later in February, her mother was contacted by the producers and after school, Darcey-Alden was told that she received the part of young Lily Evans, cast at age 10, in the commercially successful Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows - Part 2. She said, \"I screamed, like I straight up screamed, then I cried. It's not something you expect; it's something you create [in your mind]. It's one of those things you go, 'Oh gosh, I wish I could do this. Like, how can I be able to do this?' And it's, like, one of my dreams [to be in Harry Potter], something that sits in the back of your head. And then, when it actually happens, it's really surreal.\"[42][43][44][45][46] In the film, Darcey-Alden appears in a flashback sequence as Harry's mother in her schooldays and reveals how she befriended Snape as child, which is crucial in explaining the back story of the shady professor and his complex relationship to Harry's deceased parents, particularly his bitter resentment to his father James.[47][48]", "Evanna Lynch. Lynch credits her being cast in the Harry Potter films to the obsession she had with the Harry Potter book series. At age 11, during the release of the fifth book in 2003, she was hospitalised and her family consulted with the book's publisher and the hospital. Lynch then was allowed to leave for an hour and collect a signed copy of the book.[13] While some have stated that her prior correspondence with J. K. Rowling was a major contributing factor behind the casting decision, but this theory has been debunked by both Lynch and Rowling, confirming that Rowling was unaware of Lynch being cast in the role of Luna Lovegood until the producers mentioned Lynch's name.[14][dead link] Lynch got the role by reading about the casting call on one of the many Harry Potter fan sites and going to the open audition. In 2006, Lynch auditioned at a casting call in London for the role of Luna Lovegood in Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, the fifth film in the series adapted from the books.[15][16] After auditioning against 15,000 other girls,[15] and a subsequent screen test with lead actor Daniel Radcliffe, she was cast at the age of 14.[10] Producers were impressed with her affinity for the character; David Heyman said: \"The others could play Luna; Evanna Lynch is Luna.\"[17] Although uninvolved in the casting process, Rowling believed that Lynch was perfect for the role.[18] She had never acted professionally before the Harry Potter series, her experience having been limited to school plays.[19] Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix was Lynch's debut screen performance in 2007. The film was a box office hit, taking US$938 million worldwide, and garnered generally favourable reviews.[20][21] Critics praised the performances of the supporting cast, often singling out Lynch for particular acclaim; A. O. Scott of The New York Times called her performance \"spellbinding\",[22] and Jane Watkins of Country Life said she \"[brought] an appealing sweetness to her character that's not so developed in the book\".[23] She reprised her role as Luna in the film's tie-in video game.[24]", "Helen McCrory. McCrory portrayed Cherie Blair in both The Queen (2006) and The Special Relationship (2010). She also portrayed Francoise in the film Charlotte Gray (2001), Narcissa Malfoy in the final three Harry Potter films, Mama Jeanne in Martin Scorsese's family film Hugo (2011), Clair Dowar in the James Bond film Skyfall (2012), Polly Gray in Peaky Blinders (2013–present), and Emma Banville in Fearless (2017).", "Bonnie Wright. Bonnie Francesca Wright[1] (born 17 February 1991)[2] is an English actress, film director, screenwriter, model and producer. She is best known for playing the role of Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter film series, based on the Harry Potter novel series by British author J. K. Rowling.", "Frances de la Tour. She performed as Mrs. Lintott in the play The History Boys in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She reprised the role in the 2006 film. Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (2005) and Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 (2010). Other television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial Cold Lazarus (1996), Headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom Big School and Violet Crosby in the sitcom Vicious.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). In a significant scene in the book, Harry sees a memory of his own father humiliating Snape in their school days, and Snape insulting his mother after she stood up for him. In the film, it is abbreviated to an \"idea\", in Goldenberg's words. \"It's an iconic moment when you realise your parents are normal, flawed human beings. ... Things get trimmed out, but I kept the meat of that in there – and that was what really gave me the coming-of-age story.\"[71] Young Lily Potter did not appear at all, but promotional screenshots show unknown teenager Susie Shinner in the role.[74]", "Katie Leung. Leung's father saw an advertisement for a Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire casting call, and suggested she should try out. She waited four hours in line for a five-minute audition, despite feeling she had little likelihood of obtaining the role,[2] Two weeks later, she was called back for a workshop and was cast as Cho Chang, beating out over 3,000 other girls for the part.[7] In retrospect, she stated in an interview with the Daily Record that her Scottish accent probably gave her an advantage in the casting,[8] as the casting director asked the girls who attended the audition, \"Is there anyone here from Scotland?\", to which only Leung raised her hand.[9] In a 2011 interview, Leung said her fondest memory of the Harry Potter experience was the first audition, because both her parents, who were separated at the time, went with her. \"It was a really nice moment because my parents hadn't seen each other for a long, long time,\" Leung said.[10] In an effort to heavily promote Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, Warner Bros. sent Leung to China in the film's second week of release, which was unusual for a market not used to frequent celebrity visits.[11]", "Shefali Chowdhury. Shefali Chowdhury (Bengali: শেফালী চৌধুরী; born 20 June 1988) is a British actress of Bangladeshi descent best known for playing the role of Parvati Patil in the Harry Potter film series, except for Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (2004), in which the character is played by Sitara Shah.", "Helena Bonham Carter. Bonham Carter played Bellatrix Lestrange in the final four Harry Potter films (2007–2011). While filming Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix, she accidentally ruptured the eardrum of Matthew Lewis (playing Neville Longbottom) when she stuck her wand in his ear.[18] Bonham Carter received positive reviews as Bellatrix, described as a \"shining but underused talent\".[19][20] She played Mrs. Lovett, Sweeney Todd's (Johnny Depp) amorous accomplice in the film adaptation of Stephen Sondheim's Broadway musical, Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street, directed by Tim Burton.[21] Bonham Carter received a nomination for the Golden Globe for Best Actress for her performance. She won the Best Actress award in the 2007 Evening Standard British Film Awards for her performances in Sweeney Todd and Conversations With Other Women, along with another Best Actress award at the 2009 Empire Awards. Bonham Carter also appeared in the fourth Terminator film entitled Terminator Salvation, playing a small but pivotal role.[22]", "Kelly Macdonald. Macdonald is best known for her roles in the films Trainspotting (1996), Gosford Park (2001), Intermission (2003), Nanny McPhee (2005), Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 (2011), and Brave (2012). For the 2005 TV film The Girl in the Cafe, she was nominated for a Golden Globe and won the Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie. In 2003, she appeared in the acclaimed BBC miniseries State of Play as journalist Della Smith.", "Allison Janney. In 2006, she had roles in the feature films Margaret and Over the Hedge. That same year, Janney was nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her performance in the film Our Very Own. In 2007, she appeared in Juno, playing the part of Bren MacGuff, the title character's stepmother, for which she won the Austin Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress. In the same year, Janney appeared in the Golden Globe Award-nominated film Hairspray as Prudy Pingleton, Penny's (Amanda Bynes) strict and religious mother. She appeared in such films as The Help (2011), Struck by Lightning (2012), and Liberal Arts (2012). Janney appeared in the 2015 films Spy and The DUFF. She then co-starred in the fantasy film Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children,[8] and portrayed a homicide detective in the mystery thriller The Girl on the Train.[9]", "Bonnie Wright. Wright had limited screen time in the third film, Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban but had a large supporting role in the fourth film, Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire.", "Order of the Phoenix (fictional organisation). Julie Walters portrays Molly Weasley in every film except Goblet of Fire, in which her role in the novel is cut out. In 2003, BBC voted her portrayal of Molly as the second-\"best screen mother\", behind Julia Roberts as Erin Brockovich.[50]", "When Harry Met Sally.... Rob Reiner initially envisioned actress Susan Dey for the role of Sally Albright. When she declined, he later considered Elizabeth Perkins. He also considered casting Elizabeth McGovern. Molly Ringwald was almost cast, but Meg Ryan convinced Reiner to give her the role. Reiner's mother Estelle and daughter Tracy both played roles in the film.", "Renée Zellweger. She played the title role in the biopic drama Miss Potter, co-starring Emily Watson and Ewan McGregor. The movie was based on the life story of acclaimed author Beatrix Potter. Zellweger also served as an executive producer as she was dissatisfied with the script and wanted to get more involved in the production.[82] Miss Potter had its world premiere in December 2006, garnering a positive feedback among critics; William Arnold, of Seattle Post-Intelligencer concluded that Renée \"strikes just the right chord of inspiration, eccentricity and uncompromising artistic drive,\"[83] For this portrayal, she earned her sixth nomination for the Golden Globe Award (and her fifth one in the category of Best Actress – Musical or Comedy).[5] The following year, she landed her voice in the animated family comedy Bee Movie and was awarded the Women in Film Crystal award.[84]", "Julie Walters. Walters first came to international prominence in 1983, for playing the title role in Educating Rita. It was a role she had created on the West End stage and it earned her an Academy Award nomination for Best Actress. It also won her a BAFTA and a Golden Globe. She received a second Academy Award nomination, this time for Best Supporting Actress, for her role in the 2000 film Billy Elliot, which also won her a BAFTA. Her other film roles include Personal Services (1987), Prick Up Your Ears (1987), Buster (1988), Stepping Out (1991), Calendar Girls (2003), Mamma Mia! (2008) and Brave (2012). She played Molly Weasley in seven of the eight Harry Potter films (2001–2011). On stage, she won an Olivier Award for Best Actress for the 2001 production of All My Sons.", "Magic in Harry Potter. In the first film the Fat Lady is played by Elizabeth Spriggs, and by Dawn French in the third film.", "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film). Imelda Staunton's performance as Dolores Umbridge and Helena Bonham Carter's as Bellatrix Lestrange were widely acclaimed; Staunton was described as the \"perfect choice for the part\" and \"one of the film's greatest pleasures\", \"coming close to stealing the show\".[138] The Daily Mail described Staunton's portrayal of Umbridge as a \"refreshing addition\", with the character herself described as \"a cross between Margaret Thatcher and Hyacinth Bucket\".[139] Bonham Carter was said to be a \"shining but underused talent\".[140] Variety praised Alan Rickman's portrayal of Severus Snape, writing that he \"may have outdone himself; seldom has an actor done more with less than he does here\".[141] Newcomer Evanna Lynch, playing Luna Lovegood, also received good word from a number of reviewers including the New York Times who declared her \"spellbinding\".[142]", "Shefali Chowdhury. Chowdhury is known for her performances as Parvati Patil in four of the Harry Potter films, starting with 2005's Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire. She acquired the role when she was in her last year at the Waverley School in Birmingham. She and Afshan Azad, (who played the character of Chowdhury's twin sister Padma Patil) are also good friends, according to Azad.[1]", "Geraldine Somerville. Geraldine Margaret Agnew-Somerville (born 19 May 1967) is an Irish born actress known for her role as Detective Sergeant Jane Penhaligon in Cracker (1993–95), for which she was nominated for the 1995 BAFTA TV Award for Best Actress, and for playing Lily Potter in the Harry Potter film series. Her other film appearances include Gosford Park (2001), My Week with Marilyn (2011) and Grace of Monaco (2014).", "Adrian Rawlins. Rawlins has appeared in several films including Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself, and also has a minor role in the Harry Potter film series as Harry Potter's father James Potter. Onstage, he has appeared in Her Naked Skin (2008, National Theatre). He played Richard Collingsworth in the 1989 TV serial version of The Ginger Tree, opposite Samantha Bond. He also starred in The Woman in Black which was made for television and aired at Christmas 1989.", "Julie Walters. In 2003, Walters starred as a widow (Annie Clark) determined to make some good come out of her husband's death from cancer in Calendar Girls, which starred Helen Mirren. In 2005, she again starred as an inspirational real-life figure, Marie Stubbs in the ITV1 drama Ahead of the Class.[citation needed] In 2006, she came fourth in ITV's poll of the public's 50 Greatest Stars, coming four places above frequent co-star Victoria Wood. Also in 2006, she starred in the film Driving Lessons alongside Rupert Grint (who played her son Ron in the Harry Potter series), and later had a leading role in the BBC's adaptation of Philip Pullman's novel The Ruby in the Smoke.[citation needed]", "Frances de la Tour. In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire, a role she reprised in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1.[9] Notable television roles during this time include Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile (2004), Waking the Dead (2004), the black comedy Sensitive Skin (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger (2006) and New Tricks as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006.", "List of supporting Harry Potter characters. Pansy was portrayed by Katherine Nicholson in the Philosopher's Stone and in the Chamber of Secrets, Genevieve Gaunt in Prisoner of Azkaban, Charlotte Ritchie in the Goblet of Fire, Lauren Shotton in Order of Phoenix, by Scarlett Byrne in Half-Blood Prince, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1 and Part 2.", "Hermione Granger. In Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, Hermione Granger is played by the South African-born actress Noma Dumezweni, also known for her work in Linda, A Raisin in the Sun and A Human Being Died That Night.[62] Dumezweni described the role as a \"privilege and a responsibility\" and said that \"we all aspire to be Hermione.\"[63] The choice of a black actress to play the part led to criticism on social media, which J.K. Rowling described as being by \"a bunch of racists\", adding that the books never explicitly mentioned her race or skin colour, and that she has been portrayed as black in fan art.[64] Emma Watson also expressed her support for the actress, tweeting that she looked forward to seeing her in the role.[65] Dumezweni herself called the backlash \"so unimaginative\",[66] stating that \"So many young actors and actresses have told me that they’re so pleased I’m playing Hermione because they can see a version of themselves on the stage.\"[67]", "Robert Capron. He started off with a role in Bride Wars and later had small parts in Hachiko: A Dog's Story and the Disney film The Sorcerer's Apprentice. His mother, Kaye Capron, played his character's mother in Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Capron lives in Scituate, Rhode Island, and has also been billed as Robert B. Capron. He currently attends Brown University for theater, film studies and screenwriting.", "Ed Harris. Harris has been cast in Darren Aronofsky's Mother!, alongside Jennifer Lawrence and Domhnall Gleeson.[33]" ]

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[ "Arrow (TV series). Arrow is an American superhero television series developed by writer/producers Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim, and Andrew Kreisberg. It is based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow, a costumed crime-fighter created by Mort Weisinger and George Papp. It premiered in North America on The CW on October 10, 2012, with international broadcasting taking place in late 2012. Primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, the series follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who, five years after being stranded on a hostile island, returns home to fight crime and corruption as a secret vigilante whose weapon of choice is a bow and arrow.", "Arrow (season 1). Production on the pilot began in March 2012 in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.[45] The series features two distinct timelines, which requires more specific planning in the filming schedule. Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver's Whytecliff Park area, near beachfront homes. The production team is tasked with keeping the buildings out of camera frame.[31] Additionally, producer Marc Guggenheim finds the process arduous: \"Stephen [Amell] has to wear a wig, and his look has to be changed... there's a lot. It's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week, every single episode. Because like Andrew [Kreisberg] said, it's almost like it's its own show.\"[31] Hatley Castle, located in Royal Roads University was used for exterior shots for the Queen family mansion. Hatley Castle had previously been used as the Luthor ancestral home in Smallville.[46] Vancouver's Terminal City Ironworks Complex doubles as the exterior for Queen Industrial, Inc, in which Oliver sets up his hideout and later his club Verdant.[47] It has also been used on several other occasions, such as the warehouse in which Oliver and Tommy are kidnapped in the pilot episode, or the base of operations for the Chinese Triad in episode 108 \"Vendetta\".[48]", "Arrow (TV series). On November 6, 2013, a six-episode series of shorts, titled Blood Rush, premiered alongside the broadcast of the show, as well as online. The series, which was presented by Bose, and features product placement for Bose products, was shot on location in Vancouver, similarly to the main show. The miniseries features Emily Bett Rickards, Colton Haynes and Paul Blackthorne reprising their roles of Felicity Smoak, Roy Harper and Quentin Lance, respectively.[163]", "Arrow (TV series). The series follows Oliver Queen, billionaire playboy of Starling City, who is discovered on the mysterious island of Lian Yu five years after he and his father were shipwrecked. Upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen, his sister, Thea Queen, and his friend, Tommy Merlyn.", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow features two storylines: one in the present, and the other, shown in flashback, during Oliver's time on the island five years before his rescue. These flashbacks are used to illustrate how Oliver transformed into the man that returns to Starling City.[48] Filming for the island flashbacks takes place in Vancouver's Whytecliff Park area, near beachfront homes. Much planning is required to keep the buildings out of camera frame.[52] Guggenheim said, \"Stephen [Amell] has to wear a wig, and his look has to be changed... there's a lot. It's actually incredibly ambitious to do these flashbacks every week, every single episode. Because like Andrew [Kreisberg] said, it's almost like it's its own show.\"[52] Regarding the flashbacks after the fifth season, Guggenheim and Mericle stated that the series would explore flashbacks from other character's perspectives, such as Curtis Holt, along with the possibility of flashfowards. Guggenheim said, \"We still want to make [flashbacks] part of our storytelling, because we do like them. We like when those non-island flashbacks sort of illuminate what's going on in the present day. That'll always be a part of the show and a part of the show's storytelling structure. It just won't be telling a serialized story.\"[53]", "Arrow (TV series). On January 12, 2012, The CW was preparing a new series centered around the character Green Arrow, developed by Andrew Kreisberg, Greg Berlanti and Marc Guggenheim.[45] A week later, the series, now known as Arrow, was ordered to pilot, which was directed by David Nutter, who also directed the pilot for Smallville, a series following Clark Kent on his journey to become Superman.[46] At the end of the month, Stephen Amell was cast in the titular role of Oliver Queen.[47] When developing the series, producer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to \"chart [their] own course, [their] own destiny\", and avoid any direct connections to Smallville, which featured its own Green Arrow/Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley), opting to cast a new actor in the role of Oliver Queen.[1] Unlike Smallville, the series does not initially feature super-powered heroes and villains. Instead, the team took inspiration from Smallville, as one of the main themes of Arrow was to \"look at the humanity\" of Oliver Queen, as Smallville had done with Clark Kent. The decision not to include superpowers was, in part, based on the executives' desire to take a realistic look at the characters in this universe.[48] Production on the pilot began in March 2012 in Vancouver,[49] which would continue to act as the primary filming location for the series.[1] The series' skyline shots use a combination of footage from Frankfurt, Germany, Center City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Maryland, Back Bay, Boston, and Tokyo, Japan.[50] The series was given a full season pick up on October 22, 2012.[51]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). Initially envisioned as a backdoor pilot, the positive reception Gustin received during two appearances as Barry on Arrow led to executives choosing to develop a full pilot to make use of a larger budget and help flesh out Barry's world in more detail. Colleen Atwood, costume designer for Arrow, was brought in to design the Flash's suit. The creative team wanted to make sure that the Flash would resemble his comic book counterpart, and not simply be a poor imitation. The series is primarily filmed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.", "Arrow (season 7). Production for the season began on July 6, 2018,[41] in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is set to conclude on April 18, 2019.[10] In May 2018, Stephen Amell revealed that co-star David Ramsey would direct the eleventh episode of the season, marking Ramsey's directorial debut.[37] Amell also grew a beard during the filming hiatus to accurately resemble the Green Arrow of the comics.[42]", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow premiered on The CW network from October 10, 2012, during the 2012–13 television season.[67][68] In Canada, the show is broadcast simultaneously on the same day as the United States.[69] The show premiered outside North America throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland,[70] on October 22, 2012.[71] In Australia, the series premiered on May 1, 2013,[72] on the Nine Network, before moving to Foxtel for the fourth season.[73]", "Arrow (season 1). Filming for the rest of the season commenced on July 18, 2012 and finalized on April 18, 2013.", "Arrow (season 1). The first season follows Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), billionaire playboy of Starling City, who spends five years shipwrecked on a mysterious island. Upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen (Susanna Thompson), his sister, Thea Queen (Willa Holland), and his friend, Tommy Merlyn (Colin Donnell). Oliver rekindles his relationships, while spending his nights hunting down and sometimes killing criminals as a hooded vigilante. He uncovers Malcolm Merlyn's (John Barrowman) conspiracy to destroy \"The Glades\", a poorer section of the city that has become overridden with crime. John Diggle (David Ramsey) and Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards) assist Oliver in his crusade. Oliver also reconnects with ex-girlfriend, Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy), who is still angry over his role in her sister Sara's presumed death. The first season also features flashbacks to Oliver's time on the island, and how it changed him.", "Arrowverse. On November 6, 2013, a six-episode series of shorts, titled Blood Rush, premiered alongside the broadcast of Arrow, as well as online. The series, which was presented by Bose, and features product placement for Bose products, was shot on location in Vancouver, similarly to the main show. The miniseries features Emily Bett Rickards, Colton Haynes and Paul Blackthorne reprising their roles of Felicity Smoak, Roy Harper and Quentin Lance, respectively. The episodes set during the course of the second season of the television series, show Roy coming to Queen Consolidated to have a meeting with Oliver. As he is out, Felicity tells Roy to go wait in the lobby. As Roy leaves, Officer Lance calls Felicity, telling her that the blood sample the Starling City police found on the vigilante, which Felicity destroyed, has resurfaced. Felicity then calls Roy, using Oliver's voice encoder, asking him to break into the lab to retrieve the sample. Felicity guides Roy through the lab, where he is able to recover the sample. As Roy is leaving, doctors enter the room, seemingly trapping him. He notifies Felicity, who then hacks into the building's PA system, and issues an evacuation notice, giving Roy a chance to escape. Roy gets out of the room before it enters into lock down, and is able to avoid two guards with the help of Felicity and exit the lab. Roy returns to Queen Consolidated, and Felicity offers to mail the acquired sample for Roy as he goes in to meet with Oliver.[247]", "The Flash (2014 TV series). Production on the pilot began in March 2014, with filming taking place in Vancouver, British Columbia;[45] additional filming for the series takes place in Portland, Oregon.[46] On how action sequences are shot for the series, compared to Arrow, Gustin said, \"When [Arrow] shoot[s] action sequences, pretty much what you see is what you get and they're really doing everything. We do a lot of plate shots that are empty shots of the area we're going to be in and then they're putting us in later in post. I do a lot of the fighting. I don't have to do it full speed and then they ramp it up and a lot of people have to freeze and I keep moving. Then I have to clear frame and step back into frame. It's really tedious stuff that we have to do. On theirs, they learn fight choreography and they shoot it from the perfect angles and what you see is what you get.\"[47] Production on the third season began in early July 2016.[48]", "List of Arrow episodes. Arrow is an American television series, developed by Greg Berlanti, Marc Guggenheim and Andrew Kreisberg, based on the DC Comics character Green Arrow. The series premiered in the United States on October 10, 2012 for The CW television network. The first five seasons have been released on DVD to Regions 1, 2 and 4 and on Blu-ray to Regions A and B.", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow has received generally positive reviews from critics. The series averaged about 3.68 million viewers over the course of the first season and received several awards and multiple nominations. To promote it, a preview comic book was released before the television series began, while webisodes featuring a product tie-in with Bose were developed for the second season. The first five seasons are available on DVD and Blu-ray in regions 1, 2 and 4; a series of soundtracks was also released.", "Project Mc2. The series is filmed primarily in and around the San Fernando Valley area of Los Angeles, including Chatsworth, Woodland Hills, Van Nuys, and Northridge, as well as in Alhambra.", "Oliver Queen (Arrow). Amell was cast as Queen in January 2012,[29] and was the first actor to audition for the role, with Kreisberg saying that Amell \"hit the target from the outset\" and \"everyone else just paled in comparison\".[30] Producer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to \"chart [their] own course, [their] own destiny\", and avoid any direct connections to Smallville, which featured its own Green Arrow/Oliver Queen (Justin Hartley), opting to cast a new actor in the role.[30] It was also the first script that Amell auditioned for during pilot season, having received multiple scripts at the start of the year.[31] For Amell, the appeal of portraying Queen was that he saw multiple roles tied to the same character: \"There’s Queen the casual playboy; Queen the wounded hero; Queen the brooding Hamlet; Queen the lover; Queen the man of action, and so on.\"[30] The actor, who was already in shape from Rent-a-Goalie, did physical fitness training at Tempest Freerunning Academy out of Reseda, California. Amell received archery training as well, which included watching a video on how archery has been displayed inaccurately or poorly in television and film before learning the basics of shooting a bow.[30] Amell describes the up-keep on his fitness as the biggest physical challenge of the series. Amell stated that he has to \"steal time at the gym\", and spends time on set being active.[31]", "Legends of Tomorrow. In May 2015, Garber revealed filming would begin in August 2015, for a January 2016 premiere.[48] The series shot a presentation for the network's upfront showcase, which was filmed over the course of one night, and directed by Arrow and The Flash veteran Dermott Downs.[9] Filming of the series began on September 9, 2015, in Vancouver, British Columbia.[63][64][65] Director/producer Glen Winter discussed in a January 2016 interview with Comic Book Resources the process of filming key elements of the series' pilot,", "Rochdale. It was announced by the BBC and Shed Media that filming on the series in Rochdale was to end in late 2011, with production moving to Scotland from early 2012. The final scenes to be shot at the Hilltop Primary site were filmed in November 2011. In April 2012, filming on the eighth series began on location at the new Waterloo Road set, the former Greenock Academy in Greenock, Scotland.", "List of Arrow episodes. Arrow follows billionaire playboy Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), who, after five years of being stranded on a hostile island, returns home to his mother, Moira Queen (Susanna Thompson) and sister, Thea Queen (Willa Holland) and becomes a bow and arrow-wielding vigilante. He is initially aided by his friends, John Diggle (David Ramsey) and Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards), and later aspiring vigilantes Roy Harper (Colton Haynes), Ray Palmer (Brandon Routh), Curtis Holt (Echo Kellum), Rene Ramirez (Rick Gonzalez), Evelyn Sharp (Madison McLaughlin), Rory Regan (Joe Dinicol), and Dinah Drake (Juliana Harkavy) join them. In addition, Queen's team receives help from the Lance family; Laurel (Katie Cassidy), Sara (Caity Lotz), and Quentin (Paul Blackthorne), sharing the goal of bringing justice to Starling City (later, Star City). The series also featured flashbacks in most episodes in the first five seasons to the time Queen was missing, and how his experiences there shaped him into the man who returned home to fight crime.", "Arrow (TV series). In season three, Arrow has become a public hero in Starling City following Slade Wilson's defeat. Queen Consolidated is sold to wealthy businessman, scientist and aspiring hero Ray Palmer. Oliver struggles to bring his family back together, an old enemy returns, and Oliver becomes embroiled in a conflict with Ra's al Ghul. After a tragic event and a rocky start, Laurel sets out to follow in Sara's footsteps as the Black Canary. Diggle struggles with his new role as a family man, as Oliver no longer wants John in the field after the birth of his child. Meanwhile, Felicity starts a new career as Vice President of Palmer Technologies (formerly Queen Consolidated). In flashbacks, Oliver is forced to work for A.R.G.U.S. leader Amanda Waller in Hong Kong; he and Tatsu Yamashiro work together to stop corrupt general Matthew Shrieve from unleashing a deadly pathogen, which Ra's al Ghul eventually acquires in the present.", "Arrow (season 1). Arrow: Season 1 was released as a 5-disc DVD set and as a 9-disc Blu-ray/DVD Combo Pack set on September 17, 2013 in the United States and September 23, 2013 in the United Kingdom. The DVD/Blu-ray box sets contain additional features, including making-of featurettes, deleted scenes, gag reel, and highlights from the Paley Fest 2012.[84]", "The River (U.S. TV series). The pilot episode was filmed in Puerto Rico and the next seven episodes were produced in Hawaii.[10]", "Arrow (TV series). Arrow has generated other media and spinoffs, including digital comic books and Internet-based mini-episodes with characters from the series.", "Oliver Queen (Arrow). Oliver Queen first appears in the pilot episode of Arrow as a billionaire playboy being discovered on the deserted island of Lian Yu after being missing for five years following a ship wreck of his family's yacht. Oliver returns to Starling City and is greeted by his mother Moira (Susanna Thompson), his sister Thea (Willa Holland), his best friend Tommy Merlyn (Colin Donnell), and his ex-girlfriend Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy). Unknown to his friends and family, Oliver has returned to Starling City to carry out a plan of redemption for his father, who was with him during the ship wreck and died while stranded on the island, and whom Oliver believes failed to do everything he could to help the citizens of Starling City. Season one focuses on Oliver readjusting to life during the day, and spending his nights dressed as a hooded vigilante. As his vigilante persona, Oliver carries a bow and arrows, and acts as judge, jury, and if necessary executioner to the wealthy that have used their money and power to take advantage and hurt the citizens of Starling City, and in the process embroiled into conflicts with some of the city's criminals including the Triad leader China White (Kelly Hu) and drug lord The Count (Seth Gabel).[1]", "The Returned (U.S. TV series). The show, set in the fictional Cascades Mountains town of Caldwell,[17] in Caldwell County, Washington, is actually filmed in and around Squamish, British Columbia.[18]", "Arrowverse. The series follows Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), billionaire playboy of Starling City, who spends five years shipwrecked on a mysterious island. Upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen (Susanna Thompson), his sister, Thea Queen (Willa Holland), and his friend, Tommy Merlyn (Colin Donnell). The first season focuses on Oliver rekindling his relationships and spending his nights hunting down and sometimes killing wealthy criminals as a hooded vigilante. He uncovers a conspiracy to destroy \"The Glades\", a poorer section of the city that has become overridden with crime. John Diggle (David Ramsey) and Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards) assist Oliver in his crusade. Oliver also reconnects with ex-girlfriend, Laurel Lance (Katie Cassidy), who is still angry over his role in her sister's presumed death and the fact that he was at the time cheating on her with said sister. The first season also features flashbacks to Oliver's time on the island, and how it changed him; this continues in subsequent seasons, with each season's worth of flashbacks corresponding roughly to a year.", "North of 60. The series was filmed in Bragg Creek, Alberta.", "Jacqueline MacInnes Wood. In 2011, she starred in her first feature film, Final Destination 5. In September 2010, Wood's casting was announced and it was revealed that filming was underway in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. This film is the fifth in the Final Destination horror film franchise.[15] Wood portrayed Olivia Castle. The character was described as \"a smart mouthed beauty who wears glasses\" and is \"caught in a spine chilling, stomach churning situation that will make viewers squirm in their seats\", which was a risky eye procedure which Wood was terrified to do.[16] Final Destination 5 was a critical and commercial success, grossing over $157 million at the American Box Office,[17] and becoming the highest-rated film from the franchise at the website Rotten Tomatoes, where it has been awarded a \"Fresh\" rating, consisting of 61% positive reviews from film critics. Her performance also received very positive reviews.[18] Wood had a guest role on The CW action-adventure series Arrow, which began airing in October 2012. She played Sara Lance (which she is later replaced by Caity Lotz).[19][20] Arrow opened to positive reviews from critics and ratings of over 4.1 million.[21][22][23]", "Arrow (season 1). On January 31, 2012 Stephen Amell became the first actor to be cast, having previously appeared on other CW dramas such as The Vampire Diaries and 90210.[32] Fan reaction to Amell's castin was mixed, with many fans wanting Justin Hartley to reprise his role from Smallville.[33] Amell was one of the first actors to audition for the role of Oliver Queen, and Kreisberg felt that he \"hit the target from the outset\" and \"everyone else just paled in comparison\".[28] Arrow's pilot script was the first Amell auditioned for during pilot season, having received multiple scripts at the start of the year.[34]\nProducer Marc Guggenheim expressed that the creative team wanted to \"chart [their] own course, [their] own destiny\", and avoid any direct connections to Smallville, which featured its own Green Arrow/Oliver Queen who was portrayed by Hartley. Instead, they opted to cast a new actor in the titular role.[28] Amell, who was already in shape from Rent-a-Goalie, did physical fitness training at Tempest Freerunning Academy out of Reseda, California. He received archery training as well, which included watching a video on how archery has been displayed inaccurately or poorly in television and film before learning the basics of shooting a bow.[28] For Amell, the appeal of portraying Queen was that he saw multiple roles tied to the same character: \"There's Queen the casual playboy; Queen the wounded hero; Queen the brooding Hamlet; Queen the lover; Queen the man of action, and so on.\"[28]", "Arrow (TV series). The first season focuses on Oliver rekindling his relationships and spending his nights hunting down and sometimes killing wealthy criminals as a hooded vigilante, following a list of names he discovered in a notebook belonging to his father. He uncovers Malcolm Merlyn's conspiracy to destroy \"The Glades\", a poorer section of the city that has become overridden with crime. John Diggle and Felicity Smoak assist Oliver in his crusade. Oliver also reconnects with ex-girlfriend, Laurel Lance, who is still angry over his role in her sister's presumed death. The first season features flashbacks to Oliver's time on the island, and how it changed him; flashbacks in subsequent seasons continue to show how Oliver spent his time and gains the skill-set that shapes him into a vigilante.[11]", "Arrow (season 2). The series follows Oliver Queen (Stephen Amell), billionaire playboy of Starling City, who spends five years shipwrecked on a mysterious island. Upon his return to Starling City, he is reunited with his mother, Moira Queen (Susanna Thompson) and his sister, Thea Queen (Willa Holland). In season two, following on from the devastating events of the Undertaking, including the death of his best friend Tommy Merlyn (Colin Donnell), Oliver has vowed to stop crime without killing criminals, with the continuing aid of close allies John Diggle (David Ramsey) and Felicity Smoak (Emily Bett Rickards). Oliver's vow is tested when he comes under attack from Slade Wilson (Manu Bennett), a man from Oliver's time on the island who resurfaces with a vendetta against him. Oliver must also contend with outside forces attempting to take over Queen Consolidated, guilt from decisions he made in the past, and secrets harbored by his family and friends. Oliver grows to accept aspiring vigilante Roy Harper (Colton Haynes) as his protégé, and begins to receive assistance from Laurel's father, Officer Quentin Lance (Paul Blackthorne). Oliver also gains another ally; a mysterious woman in black, who is eventually revealed to be Laurel's sister, Sara Lance (Caity Lotz), who had survived her ordeal at sea years prior." ]

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[ "The Cheyenne Social Club. The exteriors were shot at two Western film lots the Eaves Movie Ranch outside Santa Fe, New Mexico that was built for the film[2] and Bonanza Creek Ranch and, while the interiors were shot at the Samuel Goldwyn Studios in Hollywood.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. The Cheyenne Social Club turned a small profit, and was poorly received by critics. It didn't receive any notoriety until decades later with numerous cable television broadcasts. Barrett's script earned a 1970 Writers Guild of America nomination for \"Best Comedy Written Directly for the Screen\", but lost to Neil Simon for The Out-of-Towners.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. The Cheyenne Social Club is a 1970 American Western comedy, written by James Lee Barrett, directed and produced by Gene Kelly, and starring James Stewart, Henry Fonda and Shirley Jones. It's the story about an aging cowboy who inherits a brothel and decides to turn it into a respectable boarding house, against the wishes of both the townspeople and the ladies working there.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. In 1867, John O'Hanlan and Harley Sullivan are aging cowboys working on open cattle ranges in Texas. O'Hanlan gets a letter from an attorney in Cheyenne, Wyoming, that his disreputable and now deceased brother, DJ, left him something called The Cheyenne Social Club in his will.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. After making the 1,000 mile (1,600 km) trek to Cheyenne, O'Hanlan and Sullivan learn The Cheyenne Social Club is a high-class brothel next to the railroad. O'Hanlan's efforts to close the Club are thwarted, so O'Hanlan has his brother's lawyer transfer ownership of the Club to Jenny, and he leaves town again, with Sullivan in tow.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. Set in a brothel with suggestive dialogue, this was one of the few off-color films that James Stewart did. He also specifically asked that his friend Fonda be cast; they had most recently worked together two years previously in Firecreek. Stewart and Fonda's first film together had been the musical comedy On Our Merry Way (1948), and they had also both appeared in How the West Was Won (1962) but had no scenes together despite playing best friends.", "The Cheyenne Social Club. A novelisation of the screenplay was written by Phillip Rock.", "Johnson County War. Many of the large ranching outfits in Wyoming were organized as the Wyoming Stock Growers Association (the WSGA) and gathered socially as the Cheyenne Club in Cheyenne, Wyoming. Comprising some of the state's wealthiest and most influential residents, the organization held a great deal of political sway in the state and region. The WSGA organized the cattle industry by scheduling roundups and cattle shipments.[6] The WSGA also employed an agency of detectives to investigate cases of cattle theft from its members' holdings.", "Buena Vista Social Club. The first performances by the full line up of Buena Vista Social Club, including Cooder, were those filmed by Wenders in Amsterdam and New York. Other international shows and T.V. appearances soon followed with varying line ups. Ibrahim Ferrer and Rubén González performed together in Los Angeles in 1998 to an audience that included Alanis Morissette, Sean Combs, and Jennifer Lopez, Ferrer dedicating the song Mami Me Gusto to the Hispanic Lopez.[38]", "Buena Vista Social Club. Within three days of the project's birth, Cooder, Gold and de Marcos had organized a large group of performers and arranged for recording sessions to commence at Havana's EGREM Studios, formerly owned by RCA records, where the equipment and atmosphere had remained unchanged since the 1950s.[16] Communication between the Spanish and English speakers at the studio was conducted via an interpreter, although Cooder reflected that \"musicians understand each other through means other than speaking\".[5]", "Gossip Girl. Primarily filming in New York, Gossip Girl has been declared by New York Magazine as the \"Most Restauranty Show Since Sex and the City\", citing the pilot episode filming locales such as the Japanese restaurant, Geisha, the Campbell Apartment where Nate and Serena were filmed having sex and the New York Palace Hotel bar Gilt.[39] Other New York City landmarks and well-known establishments were filmed throughout the first season. Victor/Victrola filmed the fictional infamous Chuck Bass burlesque club, Victrola, at The Box Manhattan, a sister club to The Box Soho in London.[40] The fictional Constance Billard-St.Judes School, based on novel writer Cecil Von Ziegesar's alma mater, Nightingale-Bamford used external shots of the Museum of the City of New York.[41]", "Cheyenne. While they participated in nomadic Plains horse culture, men hunted and occasionally fought with and raided other tribes.[41] The women tanned and dressed hides for clothing, shelter, and other uses.[42] They also gathered roots, berries, and other useful plants.[43] From the products of hunting and gathering, the women also made lodges, clothing, and other equipment.[44] Their lives were active and physically demanding.[45] The range of the Cheyenne was first the area in and near the Black Hills, but later all the Great Plains from Dakota to the Arkansas River.", "IBMC College. The IBMC College campus in Cheyenne, Wyoming opened in the spring of 2005 in the heart of Cheyenne, off Dell Range Boulevard. The expanding campus contains classrooms, lecture rooms, cosmetology suite, medical labs, computer labs, a student resource center and student lounge area. A student and graduate massage clinic is also on-site.[6]", "The First Wives Club. Principal photography took place over three months at the Kaufman Astoria Studios in Queens, New York City between December 4, 1995,[13] and March 19, 1996. Among the 60 sites showcased on screen are Christie's auction house, the Bowery Bar, a suite at The Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, Café des Artistes, the King Cole Bar at the St. Regis Hotel, Frank E. Campbell's funeral home, and Barneys.[14] Other familiar sites include the Chrysler Building, the NoHo neighborhood, both 5th and 7th Avenues, Riverside Drive, and Central Park.[15]", "Buena Vista Social Club. The Buenavista Social Club was a members-only club originally located in Buenavista (literally good view), a quarter in the current neighbourhood of Playa (before 1976 part of Marianao), one of the 15 municipalities in Cuba's capital, Havana. The original club was founded in 1932 in a small wooden venue at calle Consulado y paisaje “A” (currently calle 29, n. 6007).[3] In 1939, due to lack of space the club relocated to number 4610 on Avenue 31, between calles 46 and 48, in Almendares, Marianao.[3] This location is recalled by Juan Cruz, former director of the Marianao Social Club and master of ceremonies at the Salón Rosado de la Tropical (other nightclubs in Havana).[4] As seen in the Buena Vista Social Club documentary, when musicians Ry Cooder, Compay Segundo and a film crew attempted to identify the location of the club in the 1990s, local people could not agree on where it had stood.[5]", "Desperately Seeking Susan. The interior/exterior shots of The Magic Club were filmed at the Audubon Ballroom in Harlem.[9] Some scenes were filmed at Danceteria, a club that Madonna frequented and which gave her a start in the music business.", "Easy Rider. The hippie commune was recreated from pictures and shot at a site overlooking Malibu Canyon, since the New Buffalo commune in Arroyo Hondo near Taos, New Mexico, did not permit shooting there.[13]", "Flagstaff, Arizona. During the 1940s and 1950s, over 100 western movies were filmed in nearby Sedona and Oak Creek Canyon. The Hotel Monte Vista in Flagstaff hosted many film stars during this era, including Jane Russell, Gary Cooper, Spencer Tracy, John Wayne, and Bing Crosby. A scene from the movie Casablanca was filmed in one of the rooms of the hotel.[86]", "Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee. After the surrender and removal, the Northern Cheyenne tribe led by Little Wolf and Dull Knife are unable to sustain themselves on the poor land at Fort Reno, and they form a hunting party to hunt buffalo north of their reservation. Their hunt was unsuccessful, and the tribe continues to suffer severe losses due to health problems from malnutrition and a measles epidemic. Chiefs Little Wolf and Dull Knife decide to move north but this leads to more violent encounters with the US Army. The tribes are reduced to nearly 10% of their earlier population. Dull Knife and his tribe try to join Red Cloud, and they defy orders to return to their southern, buffalo-depleted reservation. Battles ensue, and Dull Knife's tribe is pursued north until the majority of the tribe are killed. The survivors take refuge at Red Cloud's reservation.[1]:331-349", "Cheyenne (TV series). The interim had the introduction of a virtual Bodie-clone called Bronco Layne, played by Ty Hardin, born in New York City, but raised in Texas. Hardin was featured as the quasi main character during Bodie's absence. When Warner Bros. renegotiated Walker's contract and the actor returned to the show in 1959, Bronco was spun off as a show in its own right and became independently successful.[citation needed]", "Cheyenne (TV series). Cheyenne was an American Western television series of 108 black-and-white episodes broadcast on ABC from 1955 to 1963. The show was the first hour-long Western, and was the first hour-long dramatic series of any kind, with continuing characters, to last more than one season. It was also the first series to be made by a major Hollywood film studio which did not derive from its established film properties, and the first of a long chain of Warner Bros. original series produced by William T. Orr.", "Sons of Anarchy. In the series premiere, the Mayans torch the facility the SAMCRO used for storing and assembling guns, forcing the club to buy land for and build another facility. The clubhouse, described above, includes a living area with multiple rooms (where members sometimes crash for the night), a fully operational bar, a pool table, a kitchen, a workout room, and the \"chapel\", a room with an elaborate redwood conference table that has a reaper logo carved into the top, where the patched members meet to discuss club business and vote on major decisions. The club owns a secluded cabin in the woods and a warehouse outside of town (which was bought from but is still maintained by club associate Elliot Oswald), where they have stored weapons and cocaine for the Galindo Cartel. The club also rents an old soda fountain/candy shop that is used as the clubhouse in seasons 6 and 7 after the Teller/Morrow clubhouse was destroyed in an explosion. They also spend time at Red Woody, the club's porn studio (run by Lyla), and Diosa and Diosa Norte, the club's two escort agencies.", "Victoria, British Columbia. A number of well-known musicians and bands are from Victoria, including Nelly Furtado, David Foster, The Moffatts, Frog Eyes, Johnny Vallis, Jets Overhead, Bryce Soderberg, Swollen Members, Armchair Cynics, Nomeansno, The New Colors, Wolf Parade, The Racoons, Dayglo Abortions and Hot Hot Heat. Due to the proximity to Vancouver and a 6% distance location tax credit, Victoria is used as a filming location for many films, television series, and television movies. Some of these films include X2, X-Men: The Last Stand, In the Land of Women, White Chicks, Scary Movie, Final Destination, Excess Baggage and Bird on a Wire. Television series such as Smallville, The Dead Zone and Poltergeist: The Legacy were also filmed there. Canadian director Atom Egoyan was raised in Victoria. Actors Cameron Bright (Ultraviolet, X-Men: The Last Stand, Thank You for Smoking, New Moon) and Ryan Robbins (Stargate Atlantis, Battlestar Galactica, Sanctuary) were born in Victoria. Actor Cory Monteith from the television series Glee was raised in Victoria. Actor, artist, and athlete Duncan Regehr of Star Trek: Deep Space Nine was raised in the region.", "Vanilla Sky. Filming lasted for six weeks around the New York City-area, which included scenes shot in Central Park, Upper West Side, SoHo, and Brooklyn. One prominent location in the area was the Condé Nast Building that served as Aames Publishing and David’s office. After filming finished in New York, production moved to Los Angeles, where the remainder of interior shots were completed at Paramount Studios.[9] Crowe intentionally left in shots of the World Trade Center after the September 11 attacks in 2001 as a tribute.[12]", "Buena Vista Social Club. The group's eponymous album was recorded in March 1996 and released in September 1997, quickly becoming an international success, which prompted the ensemble to perform with a full line-up in Amsterdam and New York in 1998. German director Wim Wenders captured the performance on film for a documentary—also called Buena Vista Social Club—that included interviews with the musicians conducted in Havana. Wenders' film was released in June 1999 to critical acclaim, receiving an Academy Award nomination for Best Documentary feature and winning numerous accolades including Best Documentary at the European Film Awards.", "Buena Vista Social Club. Buena Vista Social Club is an ensemble of Cuban musicians established in 1996 to revive the music of pre-revolutionary Cuba. The project was organized by World Circuit executive Nick Gold, produced by American guitarist Ry Cooder and directed by Juan de Marcos González. They named the group after the homonymous members' club in the Buenavista quarter of Havana, a popular music venue in the 1940s. To showcase the popular styles of the time, such as son, bolero and danzón, they recruited a dozen veteran musicians, many of which had been retired for years.", "The Wheeltappers and Shunters Social Club. The show was produced by Johnnie Hamp at Granada Studios in Manchester, although it was once filmed at the Layton Institute, Blackpool.", "Buena Vista Social Club. Buena Vista Social Club continue to tour throughout the world as Orquesta Buena Vista Social Club, and despite the deaths of six of the original members, the collective performs with many of the remaining ensemble members including Barbarito Torres and \"Guajiro\" Mirabal.[42] Ry Cooder's guitar parts are handled by Manuel Galbán,[42] a former member of Cuban vocal group Los Zafiros, who played on Ibrahim Ferrer's first solo record with Cooder and appeared in Wim Wenders' film.[43] Following a 2007 performance in London, a reviewer at The Independent described the ensemble as \"something of an anomaly in music business terms, due to their changing line-up and the fact that they've never really had one defining front person\", adding, \"It's hard to know what to expect from what is more of a brand than a band.\"[44]", "Edgeley Park. The Vernon stand also homes the gantry for the club where all the footage for the club is recorded and where commentary takes place.", "Cheyenne. On the Missouri River, the Cheyenne came into contact with the neighboring Mandan, Hidatsa (Tsé-heše'émâheónese, \"people who have soil houses\"), and Arikara people (Ónoneo'o), and they adopted many of their cultural characteristics. They were first of the later Plains tribes into the Black Hills and Powder River Country. About 1730, they introduced the horse to Lakota bands (Ho'óhomo'eo'o - “the invited ones (to Cheyenne lands i.e. the Black Hills)”). Conflict with migrating Lakota and Ojibwe people forced the Cheyenne further west, and they, in turn, pushed the Kiowa to the south.[14]", "Citizen Kane. The next scenes were the El Rancho nightclub scenes and the scene in which Susan attempts suicide.[i][10]:69 Welles later said that the nightclub set was available after another film had wrapped and that filming took 10 to 12 days to complete. For these scenes Welles had Comingore's throat sprayed with chemicals to give her voice a harsh, raspy tone.[39]:170–171 Other scenes shot in secret included those in which Thompson interviews Leland and Bernstein, which were also shot on sets built for other films.[43]", "Buena Vista Social Club. Society in Cuba and in the Caribbean including New Orleans, as far as I know, was organized around these fraternal social clubs. There were clubs of cigar wrappers, clubs for baseball players and they'd play sports and cards—whatever it is they did in their club—and they had mascots, like dogs. At the Buena Vista Social Club, musicians went there to hang out with each other, like they used to do at musicians' unions in the U.S., and they'd have dances and activities.[5]" ]

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[ "Nigerian Civil War. The civil war can be connected to the British colonial amalgamation in 1914 of Northern and Southern Nigeria. Intended for better administration due to the close proximity of these protectorates, the change did not account for the great difference in the cultures and religions of the peoples in each area. After the amalgamation, oil was discovered in Eastern Nigeria (now southern South Nigeria). Competition for its associated wealth led to the struggle for control amongst the regions. As southern Nigeria was not as united as the north, it was disadvantaged in the power struggle.[28] In July 1966 Northern officers staged a counter-coup to revenge on the easterners for the targeting of their own political leaders in the first coup; Lt. Col. Yakubu Gowon emerged as the head of state. During his tenure, killing of Easters in the north continued; several retaliatory actions took place, eventually resulting in the Biafran war.[29]", "Nigerian Civil War. [43] Northern–Southern tension manifested on 1 May 1953, as fighting in the Northern city of Kano.[44] The political parties tended to focus on building power in their own regions, resulting in an incoherent and disunified dynamic in the federal government.[45]", "Nigerian Civil War. The Nigerian Civil War, commonly known as the Biafran War (6 July 1967 – 15 January 1970), was a war fought between the government of Nigeria and the secessionist state of Biafra. Biafra represented nationalist aspirations of the Igbo people, whose leadership felt they could no longer coexist with the Northern-dominated federal government. The conflict resulted from political, economic, ethnic, cultural and religious tensions which preceded Britain's formal decolonization of Nigeria from 1960 to 1963. Immediate causes of the war in 1966 included a military coup, a counter-coup and persecution of Igbo living in Northern Nigeria. Control over the lucrative oil production in the Niger Delta played a vital strategic role.", "Nigerian Civil War. The basis of modern Nigeria formed in 1914, when Britain amalgamated the Northern and Southern protectorates. Beginning with the Northern Protectorate, the British implemented a system of indirect rule according to which they exerted influence through alliances with local forces. This system worked so well, colonial governor Frederick Lugard successfully lobbied to extend it to the Southern Protectorate through amalgamation. In this way, a foreign and hierarchical system of governance was imposed on the Igbos (along with many other smaller groups in the South.)[39] Intellectuals began to agitate for greater rights and independence.[40] The size of this intellectual class increased significantly in the 1950s, with the massive expansion of the national education program.[41] During the 1940s and 1950s the Igbo and Yoruba parties were in the forefront of the fight for independence from Britain. They also wanted an independent Nigeria to be organized into several small states so that the conservative North could not dominate the country. Northern leaders, fearful that independence would mean political and economic domination by the more Westernized elites in the South, preferred the perpetuation of British rule. As a condition for accepting independence, they demanded that the country continue to be divided into three regions with the North having a clear majority. Igbo and Yoruba leaders, anxious to obtain an independent country at all costs, accepted the Northern demands.", "Nigerian Civil War. The September massacres and subsequent Igbo withdrawal from northern Nigeria was the basis for the initial human rights petition to the UN to end genocide and provided a historical link to Biafran claims of genocide during the Nigerian civil war.[132] Awareness of a mounting crisis rose in 1968. Information spread especially through religious networks, beginning with alerts from missionaries. It did not escape the notice of worldwide Christian organisations that the Biafrans were Christian and the northern Nigerians controlling the federal government were Muslim.[133] The famine was as a result of the blockade that the Nigerian government had imposed on the Eastern region in the months leading up to secession.[132]", "Nigerian Civil War. The British colonial ideology that divided Nigeria into three regions—North, West and East—exacerbated the already well-developed economic, political, and social differences among Nigeria's different ethnic groups. The country was divided in such a way that the North had a slightly higher population than the other two regions combined. On this basis the Northern Region was allocated a majority of the seats in the Federal Legislature established by the colonial authorities. Within each of the three regions the dominant ethnic groups, the Hausa-Fulani, Yoruba, and Igbo, respectively formed political parties that were largely regional and based on ethnic allegiances: the Northern People's Congress (NPC) in the North; the Action Group in the West (AG); and the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC) in the East. These parties were not exclusively homogeneous in terms of their ethnic or regional make-up; the disintegration of Nigeria resulted largely from the fact that these parties were primarily based in one region and one tribe. To simplify matters, we will refer to them here as the Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo-based; or Northern, Western and Eastern parties.", "Nigerian Civil War. The command was divided into two brigades with three battalions each. 1st brigade advanced 1 Brigade advanced on the axis Ogugu - Ogunga - Nsukka road while 2nd Brigade advanced on axis Gakem -Obudu - Ogoja road. By 10 July 1967, it had conquered all its assigned territories. By 12 July the 2nd brigade had captured Gakem, Ogudu, Ogoja. Enugu became the hub of secession and rebellion, and the Nigerian government believed that once Enugu was captured, the drive for secession would end. The plans to conquer Enugu began on 12 September 1967 and by 4 October 1967 the Nigerian Army had captured Enugu.[78] Nigerian soldiers under Murtala Mohammed carried out a mass killing of 700 civilians when they captured Asaba on the River Niger. The Nigerians were repulsed three times as they attempted to cross the River Niger during October, resulting in the loss of thousands of troops, dozens of tanks and equipment. The first attempt by the 2nd Infantry Division on 12 October to cross the Niger from the town of Asaba to the Biafran city of Onitsha cost the Nigerian Federal Army over 5,000 soldiers killed, wounded, captured or missing. Operation Tiger Claw (17–20 October 1967) was a military conflict between Nigerian and Biafran military forces. On 17 October 1967 Nigerians invaded Calabar led by the \"Black Scorpion\", Benjamin Adekunle, while the Biafrans were led by Col. Ogbu Ogi, who was responsible for controlling the area between Calabar and Opobo, and Lynn Garrison, a foreign mercenary. The Biafrans came under immediate fire from the water and the air. For the next two days Biafran stations and military supplies were bombarded by the Nigerian air force. That same day Lynn Garrison reached Calabar but came under immediate fire by federal troops. By 20 October, Garrison's forces withdrew from the battle while Col. Ogi officially surrendered to Gen. Adekunle. On 19 May 1968 Portharcourt was captured. With the capture of Enugu, Bonny, Calabar and Portharcourt, the outside world was left in no doubt of the Federal supremacy in the war.[78]", "Nigerian Civil War. Media and public relations played a central role in the war, due to their influence on morale at home and the dynamics of international involvement. Both sides relied heavily on external support.[76][126]", "Nigerian Civil War. However, it would be wrong to state that the two Southern regions were politically or philosophically aligned and there was already discordance between the two Southern political parties. Firstly, the AG favoured a loose confederacy of regions in the emergent Nigerian nation whereby each region would be in total control of its own distinct territory. The status of Lagos was a sore point for the AG which did not want Lagos, a Yoruba town which was at that time the Federal Capital and seat of national government to be designated as the Capital of Nigeria if it meant loss of Yoruba Suzerainty. The AG insisted that Lagos, a Yoruba city which was situated in Western Nigeria must be completely recognised as a Yoruba town without any loss of identity, control or autonomy by the Yoruba. Contrary to this position, the NCNC was anxious to declare Lagos, by virtue of it being the \"Federal Capital Territory\" as \"no man's land\" - a declaration which as could be expected angered the AG which offered to help fund the development of other territory in Nigeria as \"Federal Capital Territory\" and then threatened secession from Nigeria if it didn't get its way. The threat of secession by the AG was tabled, documented and recorded in numerous constitutional conferences, including the constitutional conference held in London in 1954 with the demand that a right of secession be enshrined in the constitution of the emerging Nigerian nation to allow any part of the emergent nation to opt out of Nigeria, should the need arise.(Author(s): Tekena N. TamunoSource: The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 8, No. 4 (Dec., 1970), pp. 563–584 [42] ) This proposal for inclusion of right of secession by the regions in independent Nigeria by the AG was rejected and resisted by NCNC which vehemently argued for a tightly bound united/unitary structured nation because it viewed the provision of a secession clause as detrimental to the formation of a Unitary Nigerian state. In the face of sustained opposition by the NCNC delegates, later joined by the NPC and backed by threats to view maintenance of the inclusion of secession by the AG as treasonable by the British, the AG was forced to renounce its position of inclusion of the right of secession a part of the Nigerian constitution. It should be noted that, had such a provision been made in the Nigerian constitution, later events which led to the Nigerian/Biafran civil war would have been avoided. The pre-independence alliance between the NCNC and the NPC against the aspirations of the AG would later set the tone for political governance of independent Nigeria by the NCNC/NPC and lead to disaster in later years in Nigeria.", "Nigerian Civil War. From 1968 onward, the war fell into a form of stalemate, with Nigerian forces unable to make significant advances into the remaining areas of Biafran control due to stiff resistance and major defeats in Abagana, Arochukwu, Oguta, Umuahia (Operation OAU), Onne, Ikot Ekpene, etc.[127] But another Nigerian offensive from April to June 1968 began to close the ring around the Biafrans with further advances on the two northern fronts and the capture of Port Harcourt on 19 May 1968. The blockade of the surrounded Biafrans led to a humanitarian disaster when it emerged that there was widespread civilian hunger and starvation in the besieged Igbo areas.[128]", "Nigerian Civil War. Reconstruction, helped by the oil money, was swift; however, the old ethnic and religious tensions remained a constant feature of Nigerian politics. Accusations were made of Nigerian government officials diverting resources meant for reconstruction in the former Biafran areas to their ethnic areas. Military government continued in power in Nigeria for many years, and people in the oil-producing areas claimed they were being denied a fair share of oil revenues.[172] Laws were passed mandating that political parties could not be ethnically or tribally based; however, it has been hard to make this work in practice.", "Nigerian Civil War. Until now, efforts to relieve the Biafra people have been thwarted by the desire of central government of Nigeria to pursue total and unconditional victory and by the fear of the Ibo people that surrender means wholesale atrocities and genocide. But genocide is what is taking place right now – and starvation is the grim reaper.[98]", "Religious violence in Nigeria. Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953, and in the case of the town of Tafawa Balewa, to 1948.[5] The Igbo massacre of 1966 in the North that followed the counter-coup of the same year had as a dual cause the Igbo officers' coup and pre-existing (sectarian) tensions between the Igbos and the local Muslims. This was a major factor in the Biafran secession and the resulting civil war.", "Nigerian Civil War. When this happened, Ojukwu regarded it as both a failure by Gowon to keep to the spirit of the Aburi agreement, and lack of integrity on the side of the Nigerian Military Government in the negotiations toward a united Nigeria. Gowon's advisers, to the contrary, felt that he had enacted as much as was politically feasible in fulfillment of the spirit of Aburi.[79] The Eastern Region was very ill equipped for war, outmanned and outgunned by the Nigerians. Their advantages included fighting in their homeland, support of most Easterners, determination, and use of limited resources.", "Nigerian Civil War. Widespread reports of fraud tarnished the election's legitimacy.[53] Westerners especially resented the political domination of the Northern People's Congress, many of whose candidates ran unopposed in the election. Violence spread throughout the country and some began to flee the North and West, some to Dahomey.[55] The apparent domination of the political system by the North, and the chaos breaking out across the country, motivated elements within the military to consider decisive action.[56]", "Nigerian Civil War. Nigeria received support from the Soviet Union in form of aircraft.[119]", "Nigerian Civil War. Shortly after extending its blockade to include oil, the Nigerian government launched a \"police action\" to retake the secessionist territory.[81] The war began on the early hours of 6 July 1967 when Nigerian Federal troops advanced in two columns into Biafra. The Biafra strategy had succeeded. The federal government had started the war, and the East was defending itself.[82] The Nigerian Army offensive was through the north of Biafra led by Colonel Mohammed Shuwa and the local military units were formed as the 1st Infantry Division. The division was led mostly by northern officers. After facing unexpectedly fierce resistance and high casualties, the right-hand Nigerian column advanced on the town of Nsukka, which fell on 14 July, while the left-hand column made for Garkem, which was captured on 12 July.", "Nigerian Civil War. The crisis brought about a large increase in prominence and funding of non-governmental organisations (NGOs).[136][137]", "Nigerian Civil War. Despite a seemingly natural alliance between these victims of the pogroms in the north, tensions rose as minorities, who had always harbored an interest in having their own state within the Nigerian federation, were suspected of collaborating with Federal troops to undermine Biafra.[88]", "Nigerian Civil War. Despite a seemingly natural alliance among these victims of the pogroms in the north, tensions rose as minorities, who had always harbored an interest in having their own state within the Nigerian federation, were suspected of collaborating with Federal troops to undermine Biafra.[88]", "Nigerian Civil War. Within a year, the Federal Military Government surrounded Biafra, capturing coastal oil facilities and the city of Port Harcourt. The blockade imposed during the ensuing stalemate led to severe famine. During the two and half years of the war, there were about 100,000 overall military casualties, while between 500,000 and 2 million Biafran civilians died from starvation.[27]", "Nigerian Armed Forces. Since its creation the Nigerian military has fought in a civil war – the conflict with Biafra in 1967–70 – and sent peacekeeping forces abroad both with the United Nations and as the backbone of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Cease-fire Monitoring Group (ECOMOG) in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It has also seized power twice at home (1966 & 1983).", "Nigerian Civil War. The war cost the Igbos a great deal in terms of lives, money and infrastructure. It has been estimated that up to three million people may have died due to the conflict, most from hunger and disease caused by Nigerian forces.[152][153][154] More than two million people died from the famine imposed deliberately through blockade throughout the war. Lack of medicine also contributed. Thousands of people starved to death every day as the war progressed.[155] (The International Committee of the Red Cross in September 1968 estimated 8,000–10,000 deaths from starvation each day.)[156] The leader of a Nigerian peace conference delegation said in 1968 that \"starvation is a legitimate weapon of war and we have every intention of using it against the rebels\". This stance is generally considered to reflect the policy of the Nigerian government.[157][158] The federal Nigerian army is accused of further atrocities including deliberate bombing of civilians, mass slaughter with machine guns, and rape.[157]", "Niger Delta. The people of the eastern region suffered heavily and sustained many deaths during the 1967–1970 Nigerian Civil War, also known as the Biafran War, in which the eastern region declared an independent state named Biafra that was eventually defeated, thereby preserving the sovereignty and indivisibility of the Nigerian state, which led to the loss of many souls.", "Boko Haram insurgency. Religious conflict in Nigeria goes as far back as 1953. The Igbo massacre of 1966 in the North that followed the counter-coup of the same year had as a dual cause the Igbo officers' coup and pre-existing (sectarian) tensions between the Igbos and the local Muslims. This was a major factor in the Biafran secession and the resulting civil war.", "Nigerian Civil War. The 1964 elections, which involved heavy campaigning all year, brought ethnic and regional divisions into focus. Resentment of politicians ran high and many campaigners feared for their safety while touring the country. The Army repeatedly deployed to Tiv Division, killing hundreds and arresting thousands of Tiv people agitating for self-determination.[53][54]", "Boko Haram insurgency. Chris Kwaja, a Nigerian university lecturer and researcher, asserted in 2011 that \"religious dimensions of the conflict have been misconstrued as the primary driver of violence when, in fact, disenfranchisement and inequality are the root causes\". Nigeria, he pointed out, has laws giving regional political leaders the power to qualify people as 'indigenes' (original inhabitants) or not. It determines whether citizens can participate in politics, own land, obtain a job, or attend school. The system is abused widely to ensure political support and to exclude others. Muslims have been denied indigene-ship certificates disproportionately often.[153]", "Nigerian Civil War. The Federal Military Government also laid the groundwork for the blockade of the Eastern Region which went into full effect in 1967.[72]", "Nigerian Civil War. Several peace accords were held, with the most notable one held at Aburi, Ghana (the Aburi Accord),. There were different accounts on what took place in Aburi. Ojukwu accused the federal government of going back on their promises while the federal government accused Ojukwu of distortion and half-truths.[78] Ojukwu gained agreement to a confederation for Nigeria, rather than a federation. He was warned by his advisers that this reflected a failure of Gowon to understand the difference and, that being the case, predicted that it would be reneged upon.", "Nigerian Civil War. Workers became increasingly aggrieved by low wages and bad conditions, especially when they compared their lot to the lifestyles of politicians in Lagos. Most wage earners lived in the Lagos area, and many lived in overcrowded dangerous housing. Labour activity including strikes intensified in 1963, culminating in a nationwide general strike in June 1964. Strikers disobeyed an ultimatum to return to work and at one point were dispersed by riot police. Eventually, they did win wage increases. The strike included people from all ethnic groups.[51] Retired Brigadier General H. M. Njoku later wrote that the general strike heavily exacerbated tensions between the Army and ordinary civilians, and put pressure on the Army to take action against a government which was widely perceived as corrupt.[52]", "Nigerian Civil War. On 27 May 1967, Gowon proclaimed the division of Nigeria into twelve states. This decree carved the Eastern Region in three parts: South Eastern State, Rivers State, and East Central State. Now the Igbos, concentrated in the East Central State, would lose control over most of the petroleum, located in the other two areas.[73][74]", "Nigerian Civil War. The Federal Military Government immediately placed an embargo on all shipping to and from Biafra—but not on oil tankers.[72][73] Biafra quickly moved to collect oil royalties from oil companies doing business within its borders.[73] When Shell-BP acquiesced to this request at the end of June, the Federal Government extended its blockade to include oil.[75] The blockade, which most foreign actors accepted, played a decisive role in putting Biafra at a disadvantage from the beginning of the war.[76]" ]

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[ "Countries of the United Kingdom. Studies and surveys have reported that the majority of the Scots and Welsh see themselves as both Scottish/Welsh and British though with some differences in emphasis. The Commission for Racial Equality found that with respect to notions of nationality in Britain, \"the most basic, objective and uncontroversial conception of the British people is one that includes the English, the Scots and the Welsh\".[24] However, \"English participants tended to think of themselves as indistinguishably English or British, while both Scottish and Welsh participants identified themselves much more readily as Scottish or Welsh than as British\".[24] Some people opted \"to combine both identities\" as \"they felt Scottish or Welsh, but held a British passport and were therefore British\", whereas others saw themselves as exclusively Scottish or exclusively Welsh and \"felt quite divorced from the British, whom they saw as the English\".[24] Commentators have described this latter phenomenon as \"nationalism\", a rejection of British identity because some Scots and Welsh interpret it as \"cultural imperialism imposed\" upon the United Kingdom by \"English ruling elites\",[25] or else a response to a historical misappropriation of equating the word \"English\" with \"British\",[26] which has \"brought about a desire among Scots, Welsh and Irish to learn more about their heritage and distinguish themselves from the broader British identity\".[27] The propensity for nationalistic feeling varies greatly across the UK, and can rise and fall over time.[28]", "Multinational state. Prior to the Acts of Union, the Kingdoms of England and Scotland both had minority populations of their own that could themselves be called nations. Wales and Cornwall were part of the Kingdom of England (Wales had been officially incorporated into England by the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542, although it had been a de facto English territory since the 13th century; Cornwall had been conquered during the Anglo-Saxon period). The Northern Isles, with their Norse-derived culture, were part of Scotland, having been pledged by Norway as security against the payment of a dowry for Margaret of Denmark[40] and then integrated in 1471. When the Kingdom of Great Britain was created, many of its inhabitants retained a sense of English, Scottish, or Welsh identity. Many of them also spoke languages other than English: principally Scottish Gaelic, Scots, Welsh, Cornish, and Norn.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness.[10]", "Scotland. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles and other royal symbols of statehood specific to the pre-union Kingdom of Scotland. The legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland; Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law.[23] The continued existence of legal, educational, religious and other institutions distinct from those in the remainder of the UK have all contributed to the continuation of Scottish culture and national identity since the 1707 union with England.[24]", "Wales. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, and Wales is regarded as one of the modern Celtic nations. Llywelyn ap Gruffudd's death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of England's conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542. Distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism and the Labour Party. Welsh national feeling grew over the century; Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters.", "British literature. The nature of British identity has changed over time. The island that contains England, Scotland, and Wales has been known as Britain from the time of the Roman Pliny the Elder (c. AD 23–79).[1] English as the national language had its beginnings with the Anglo-Saxon invasion of c.450 A.D.[2] Prior to this the inhabitants spoke mainly various Celtic languages. The various constituent parts of the present United Kingdom joined at different times. Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union of 1536 and 1542. However, it was not until 1707 with a treaty between England and Scotland, that the Kingdom of Great Britain came into existence. This merged in January 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Until fairly recent times Celtic languages continued to be spoken in Scotland, Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, and still survive, especially in parts of Wales", "Countries of the United Kingdom. Of the two perspectives of British identity, the civic definition has become the dominant idea and in this capacity, Britishness is sometimes considered an institutional or overarching state identity.[20][21] This has been used to explain why first-, second- and third-generation immigrants are more likely to describe themselves as British, rather than English, Northern Irish, Scottish or Welsh, because it is an \"institutional, inclusive\" identity, that can be acquired through naturalisation and British nationality law; the vast majority of people in the United Kingdom who are from an ethnic minority feel British.[22] However, this attitude is more common in England than in Scotland or Wales; \"white English people perceived themselves as English first and as British second, and most people from ethnic minority backgrounds perceived themselves as British, but none identified as English, a label they associated exclusively with white people\".[citation needed] Contrariwise, in Scotland and Wales \"there was a much stronger identification with each country than with Britain.\"[23]", "Wales. Although Wales closely shares its political and social history with the rest of Great Britain, and the vast majority of the population speaks English, the country has retained a distinct cultural identity and is officially bilingual. Over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the \"land of song\", in part due to the eisteddfod tradition. At many international sporting events, such as the FIFA World Cup, Rugby World Cup and the Commonwealth Games, Wales has its own national teams, though at the Olympic Games, Welsh athletes compete as part of a Great Britain team. Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness.", "Welsh people. As of the 2011 census in Wales, 66 per cent (2.0 million) of residents reported a Welsh national identity (either on its own or combined with other identities). Most residents of Wales (96 per cent, 2.9 million) reported at least one national identity of English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, or British. Of the 66 per cent (2.0 million) of Welsh residents who considered themselves to have a Welsh national identity in Wales in 2011, 218,000 responded that they had Welsh and British national identity. Just under 17 per cent (519,000) of people in Wales considered themselves to have a British national identity only.[63]", "English national identity. Although Englishness and Britishness are used synonymously in some contexts,[3] the two terms are not identical and the relation of each to the other is complex. Englishness is often a response to different national identities within Britain such as Scottishness, Irishness, Welshness.[4]", "Scottish independence. There are strong historical and contemporary ties between Scotland and the rest of the UK from the Reformation and Union of Crowns, to Scottish involvement in the growth and development of the British Empire and contribution of the Scottish Enlightenment and Industrial Revolution. Contemporary popular culture is also shared, primarily through the prevalence of the English language. Almost half of the Scottish population have relatives in England.[134] At the time of the 2011 census, approximately 700,000 adults who were born in Scotland lived in the rest of the UK, while about 470,000 adults who were born elsewhere in the UK had moved to live in Scotland.[135] There are also significant economic links with the Scottish military-industrial complex[136] as well as close links within the financial sector.[137]", "Welsh people. For some, speaking Welsh is an important part of their Welsh identity. Parts of the culture are strongly connected to the language — notably the Eisteddfod tradition, poetry and aspects of folk music and dance. Wales also has a strong tradition of poetry in the English language.", "English national identity. While the official United Kingdom census does record ethnicity, English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish/British is a single tick-box under the \"White\" heading for the answer to the ethnicity question asked in England and Wales (while making the distinction of white Irish).[2]", "Scotland. As one of the Celtic nations, Scotland and Scottish culture is represented at interceltic events at home and over the world. Scotland hosts several music festivals including Celtic Connections (Glasgow), and the Hebridean Celtic Festival (Stornoway). Festivals celebrating Celtic culture, such as Festival Interceltique de Lorient (Brittany), the Pan Celtic Festival (Ireland), and the National Celtic Festival (Portarlington, Australia), feature elements of Scottish culture such as language, music and dance.[322][323][324][325][326][327][328]", "Celtic nations. In Celtic languages, England is usually referred to as \"Saxon-land\" (Sasana, Pow Sows, Bro-Saoz etc.), and in Welsh as Lloegr (though the Welsh translation of English also refers to the Saxon route: Saesneg, with the English people being referred to as \"Saeson\", or \"Saes\" in the singular). The mildly derogatory Scottish Gaelic term Sassenach derives from this source. However, spoken Cumbric survived until approximately the 12th century, Cornish until the 18th century, and Welsh within the Welsh Marches, notably in Archenfield, now part of Herefordshire, until the 19th century. Both Cumbria and Cornwall were traditionally Brythonic in culture. Cornwall existed as an independent state for some time after the foundation of England, and Cumbria originally retained a great deal of autonomy within the Kingdom of Northumbria. The unification of the Anglian kingdom of Northumbria with the Cumbric kingdom of Cumbria came about due to a political marriage between the Northumbrian King Oswiu and Queen Riemmelth (Rhiainfellt in Old Welsh), a then Princess of Rheged.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. As a multi-national state, the UK has no single national costume. However, different countries within the United Kingdom have national costumes or at least are associated with styles of dress. Scotland has the kilt and Tam o'shanter, and tartan clothing – pattern consisting of criss-crossed horizontal and vertical bands in multiple colours – is a notable aspect of Gaelic culture.[382] A traditional Welsh costume with Welsh hat is worn by some women during Eisteddfodau. In England, the topic of a national costume has been in debate, since no officially recognized clothing is anointed \"national\". However, the closest to a national costume can be the smock or smock-frock. English Country Clothing is also very popular among rural folk, flat caps and brogue shoes also forming part of the country clothing.[383]", "Scotland. In the 2011 Census, 62% of Scotland's population stated their national identity as 'Scottish only', 18% as 'Scottish and British', 8% as 'British only', and 4% chose 'other identity only'.[171]", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The culture of the United Kingdom is influenced by the UK's history as a developed state, a liberal democracy and a great power; its predominantly Christian religious life; and its composition of four countries—England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland—each of which has distinct customs, cultures and symbolism. The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Historic Scotland is the executive agency of the Scottish Government, responsible for historic monuments in Scotland, such as Stirling Castle. The Old and New Town of Edinburgh is a notable Scottish World Heritage site. Balmoral Castle is the main Scottish residence of the Queen. The Wallace Monument in Stirling contains artifacts believed to have belonged to Sir William Wallace, including the Wallace Sword. The Rob Roy Way, named after Scottish folk hero and outlaw Rob Roy MacGregor, is a long distance footpath that runs for 92 miles.", "Wales. Wales has a distinctive culture including its own language, customs, holidays and music.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages. In Wales, all pupils at state schools must either be taught through the medium of Welsh or study it as an additional language until age 16, and the Welsh Language Act 1993 and the Government of Wales Act 1998 provide that the Welsh and English languages should be treated equally in the public sector, so far as is reasonable and practicable. Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. The Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act, passed by the Scottish Parliament in 2005, recognised Gaelic as an official language of Scotland, commanding equal respect with English, and required the creation of a national plan for Gaelic to provide strategic direction for the development of the Gaelic language.[note 2] A 2010 poll among Scots saw a majority view Scots as a dialect of English and not a separate language.[12] The Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. At its formation, the United Kingdom inherited the literary traditions of England, Scotland and Wales, including the earliest existing native literature written in the Celtic languages, Old English literature and more recent English literature including the works of Geoffrey Chaucer, William Shakespeare and John Milton.", "Scotland. The relationships between the central UK Government and devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are based on the extra statutory principles and agreements with the main elements are set out in a Memorandum of Understanding between the UK government and the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The MOU lays emphasis on the principles of good communication, consultation and co-operation.[216]", "Wales. The 2001 UK census was criticised in Wales for not offering 'Welsh' as an option to describe respondents' national identity.[241] Partly to address this concern, the 2011 census asked the question \"How would you describe your national identity?\". Respondents were instructed to \"tick all that apply\" from a list of options that included Welsh. The outcome was that 57.5% of Wales' population indicated their sole national identity to be Welsh; a further 7.1% indicated it to be both Welsh and British. No Welsh national identity was indicated by 34.1%. The proportion giving their sole national identity as British was 16.9%, and another 9.4% included British with another national identity. No British national identity was indicated by 73.7%. 11.2% indicated their sole national identity as English and another 2.6% included English with another national identity.[242][243][244]", "Wikipedia:Nationality of people from the United Kingdom. The census held throughout the UK in 2011 recorded information on the chosen national identity of each respondent. A separate census was carried out for each of England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The results clearly show that in no part of the UK do the majority of the population self-identify as British, but as English, Welsh, Scottish or Irish etc.", "Wikipedia:Nationality of people from the United Kingdom. A modern Celtic identity then developed in the course of Celtic Revival movements, and concepts of ethnic nationalism led to the Celtic nations being identified as territories in Northern and Western Europe where Celtic languages or cultural traits were still evident to some extent.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. The Union Flag is the national flag of the United Kingdom. Its red, white and blue colours are the combination of the red cross of Saint George for England, the saltire of Saint Andrew for Scotland, and the red saltire of Saint Patrick to represent Ireland.[399] Wales has never been represented on the Union Jack, with the Welsh flag incorporating the Red Dragon of Cadwaladr, King of Gwynedd, along with the Tudor colours of green and white.[400]", "Great Britain. Germanic speakers referred to Britons as Welsh. This term came to be applied exclusively to the inhabitants of what is now Wales, but it also survives in names such as Wallace and in the second syllable of Cornwall. Cymry, a name the Britons used to describe themselves, is similarly restricted in modern Welsh to people from Wales, but also survives in English in the place name of Cumbria. The Britons living in the areas now known as Wales, Cumbria and Cornwall were not assimilated by the Germanic tribes, a fact reflected in the survival of Celtic languages in these areas into more recent times.[35] At the time of the Germanic invasion of Southern Britain, many Britons emigrated to the area now known as Brittany, where Breton, a Celtic language closely related to Welsh and Cornish and descended from the language of the emigrants, is still spoken. In the 9th century, a series of Danish assaults on northern English kingdoms led to them coming under Danish control (an area known as the Danelaw). In the 10th century, however, all the English kingdoms were unified under one ruler as the kingdom of England when the last constituent kingdom, Northumbria, submitted to Edgar in 959. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, who introduced a Norman-speaking administration that was eventually assimilated. Wales came under Anglo-Norman control in 1282, and was officially annexed to England in the 16th century.", "Celts. Insular Celtic culture diversified into that of the Gaels (Irish, Scottish and Manx) and the Celtic Britons (Welsh, Cornish, and Bretons) of the medieval and modern periods.[13][14] A modern Celtic identity was constructed as part of the Romanticist Celtic Revival in Great Britain, Ireland, and other European territories, such as Portugal and Spanish Galicia.[15] Today, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh, and Breton are still spoken in parts of their historical territories, and Cornish and Manx are undergoing a revival.", "Kingdom of England. In 1092, William II led an invasion of Strathclyde, a Celtic kingdom in what is now southwest Scotland and Cumbria. In doing so, he annexed what is now the county of Cumbria to England. In 1124, Henry I ceded what is now southeast Scotland (called Lothian) to the Kingdom of Scotland, in return for the King of Scotland's loyalty. This final cession established what would become the traditional borders of England which have remained largely unchanged since then (except for occasional and temporary changes). This area of land had previously been a part of the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria. Lothian contained what later became the Scottish capital, Edinburgh. This arrangement was later finalised in 1237 by the Treaty of York.", "Culture of the United Kingdom. Each country of the United Kingdom has a separate education system. Power over education matters in Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland is devolved but education in England is dealt with by the UK government since there is no devolved administration for England.", "Celtic Britons. Wales was divided among varying Brittonic kingdoms, the foremost being Gwynedd, Powys (including Clwyd and Ynys Mon (Anglesey), Deheubarth (originally Ceredigion, Seisyllwg and Dyfed), Gwent and Morgannwg (Glamorgan. Some of these Welsh kingdoms initially included territories further east, for example Powys included parts of modern Merseyside, Cheshire and The Wirral and Gwent held parts of modern Herefordshire, Worcestershire, Somerset and Gloucestershire, but had largely been confined to the borders of modern Wales by the beginning of the 12th century." ]

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[ "Pro Football Hall of Fame. To be eligible for the nominating process, a player or coach must have been retired for at least five years. Any other contributor such as a team owner or executive can be voted in at any time.[9]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Selection Committee then meets on \"Selection Saturday,\" the day before each Super Bowl game to elect a new class. To be elected, a finalist must receive at least 80 percent support from the Board, with at least four, but no more than eight, candidates being elected annually. Once a contributor is inducted into the Hall, they cannot be banished and remain an inductee forever.[10]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. Fans may nominate any player, coach or contributor by simply writing to the Pro Football Hall of Fame via letter or email. The Selection Committee is then polled three times by mail to eventually narrow the list to 25 semifinalists: once in March, once in September, and once in October. In November, the committee then selects 15 finalists by mail balloting. A Seniors and Contributors Committee, subcommittees of the overall Selection Committee, nominate Seniors (those players who completed their careers more than 25 years ago) and Contributors (individuals who made contributions to the game in areas other than playing or coaching). The Seniors Committee and Contributors Committee add two or one finalist(s) on alternating years which makes a final ballot of 18 finalists under consideration by the full committee each year.[9] Committee members are instructed to only consider a candidate's professional football contributions and to disregard all other factors.[10]", "List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees. Enshrinees are selected by a 46-person selection committee which meets each year at the time and location of the Super Bowl. Current rules of the committee stipulate that between four and eight individuals are selected each year.[3] Any person may nominate an individual to the hall, provided the nominee has not played or coached for at least five seasons prior to the nomination. Not including the charter class, 73 players have been inducted in their first year of eligibility.[4]", "College Football Hall of Fame. The National Football Foundation outlines specific criteria that may be used for evaluating a possible candidate for induction into the Hall of Fame.[15]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. The two teams that play in the Pro Football Hall of Fame Game are typically selected by the league in advance of the remainder of the preseason schedule. The participants are usually announced around the time that the new Hall of Fame members are announced, which coincides with Super Bowl week. Often, if a particularly notable player will be entering the Hall of Fame that year, a team they were strongly associated with may be selected to play in the game to help maximize attendance and publicity of the game itself. From 1971 to 2010, the opponents for each game usually included one AFC team and one NFC team. In 2009, as recognition of the 50th anniversary of the American Football League, the game paired two AFC teams who were part of the \"original eight\" franchises of the AFL, the Tennessee Titans (dressed as their previous incarnation, the Houston Oilers) and the Buffalo Bills, whose owner, Ralph Wilson, was inducted into the Hall that year. An all-NFC matchup was scheduled for 2011,[1] but it was canceled due to the 2011 NFL lockout; the following year, another intra-conference matchup of two NFC teams took its place. From 2011 onward, each team selected to play in the game has had at least one prominent alumnus being inducted into the Hall that year.", "National Hockey League. Players, coaches, officials, and team builders who have had notable careers are eligible to be voted into the Hockey Hall of Fame. Players cannot enter until three years have passed since their last professional game, currently tied with the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame[98] for the shortest such time period of any major sport. One unique consequence has been Hall of Fame members (specifically, Gordie Howe, Guy Lafleur, and Mario Lemieux) coming out of retirement to play once more.[99] If a player was deemed significant enough, the three-year wait would be waived; only ten individuals have been honoured in this manner.[100] In 1999, Wayne Gretzky joined the Hall and became the last player to have the three-year restriction waived.[100] After his induction, the Hall of Fame announced that Gretzky would be the last to have the waiting period waived.", "Carolina Panthers. Nominees for the Pro Football Hall of Fame, which \"honor[s] individuals who have made outstanding contributions to professional football\",[103] are determined by a 46-member selection committee. At least 80% of voters must approve the nominee for him to be inducted.[104]", "List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees. Each entry includes the year of induction (i.e., \"class\"), position(s) played, team(s) each was associated with, and tenures with each team. The Pro Football Hall Of Fame website does not include CFL, USFL, WFL, indoor football leagues, and other lesser known league teams. The Canadian Football League and the Arena Football League both have their own halls of fame. NFL, American Football League, AAFC, and Ohio League (listed as pre-NFL) teams are recognized in the Hall of Fame. The list is complete up to date 2017 Hall of Fame class.", "National Soccer Hall of Fame. To be eligible in the Player category, an individual must have met number 1, and either number 2 or number 3, of the following three criteria:", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. As the late 2010s approached, a number of controversial and polarizing figures began to reach eligibility for the Hall. Terrell Owens's exclusion from the Hall in his first two years of eligibility despite his strong individual statistics was a subject of public debate.[19] Owens was elected to the Hall of Fame in 2018.", "College Football Hall of Fame. The eligibility criteria have changed over time, and have occasionally led to criticism. Dennis Dodd of CBSSports.com has said,", "National Soccer Hall of Fame. To be eligible in this category, an individual must have made his or her mark in soccer in a non-playing capacity and have had a major, sustained and positive impact on soccer in the United States at a national or first division professional level. Due to the broad, general nature of the criteria, nominations for this category may be considered. Nominations are screened by the Hall of Fame Historian and Researcher who submit their recommendations to the Hall as to the appropriateness of the nominee's inclusion on the eligibility list.", "Ohio State Varsity O Hall of Fame. An athlete must have earned at least one Varsity \"O\" letter to be eligible. An athlete is considered for recognition a minimum of five years after the graduation of his or her class. A coach or member of the athletic department must have served the Ohio State University for at least 15 years to be considered.", "College Football Hall of Fame. The NFF election process is arcane and confusing. Based on current rules, Notre Dame's Joe Montana will never be in the College Football Hall of Fame. He was never an All-American on a team recognized by the NCAA. If that sounds outrageous, consider that at one time hall of famers had to actually graduate. (emphasis in original)[17]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Pro Football Hall of Fame is the hall of fame for professional American football, located in Canton, Ohio. Opened in 1963, the Hall of Fame enshrines exceptional figures in the sport of professional football, including players, coaches, franchise owners, and front-office personnel, almost all of whom made their primary contributions to the game in the National Football League (NFL); the Hall inducts between four and eight new enshrinees each year. The Hall of Fame's Mission is to \"Honor the Heroes of the Game, Preserve its History, Promote its Values & Celebrate Excellence EVERYWHERE.\"", "List of members of the Baseball Hall of Fame. According to the current rules, players must have at least 10 years of major league experience to be eligible for induction. In addition, they must be retired for at least five years if living, or deceased for at least six months. Players meeting these qualifications must pass through a screening committee, and are then voted on by the Baseball Writers' Association of America (BBWAA). Each writer may vote for up to 10 players; to be admitted into the Hall of Fame, a player must be approved by 75% of those casting ballots.[2] Players receiving less than 5% approval are removed from future BBWAA ballots.[1] The rules, as revised in July 2016, allow that all individuals eligible for induction but not for the BBWAA ballot—players who have not been approved by the BBWAA election process within 15 years of their retirement, umpires, managers, pioneers, and executives—may be considered by one of four voting bodies that have taken over the role of the former Veterans Committee, based on the era in which each individual candidate made his greatest contribution to the sport.[3] On a few occasions, exceptions have been made to the guidelines in place at the time: Lou Gehrig was elected in 1939 following his diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis;[1] Roberto Clemente was elected shortly after his death in 1972; and Addie Joss was elected in 1978 even though he completed only nine seasons before his death.[4]", "List of Major League Baseball single-game runs batted in leaders. Of the eight players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have batted in 10 runs in a game, four have been elected and one was elected on the first ballot. Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 MLB seasons, and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[15] These requirements leave three players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons and two—Phil Weintraub and Zauchin—who did not play in 10 seasons.[16][17]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. Through 2017, all inductees except one, played some part of their professional career in the NFL (the lone exception is Buffalo Bills guard Billy Shaw, who played his entire career in the American Football League (AFL) prior to the 1970 AFL–NFL merger). Though several Hall of Famers have had AFL, Canadian Football League, World Football League, United States Football League, Arena Football League and/or Indoor Football League experience, and there is a division of the Hall devoted to alternative leagues such as this, to this point no players have made the Hall without having made significant contributions to either the NFL, AFL or All-America Football Conference. For CFL stars, there is a parallel Canadian Football Hall of Fame; only one player (Warren Moon) and one coach (Bud Grant) are in both halls.", "Pro Football Hall of Fame. The Pro Football Hall of Fame uses only media representatives to select inductees. This, along with its policy of inducting only a maximum of seven players a year (six in certain years past), with a current maximum of two \"senior\" candidates and five \"non-seniors,\" has been criticized by sports columnists, former players, and football fans.[11] Such critics would like to see solutions such as expanding the number of selectors, rotating panel members on and off the selection committee, and allowing former players to participate in the voting.[13] The small number of candidates elected each year has helped foster what some perceive as an inequality of representation at certain positions or in certain categories of player, with defensive players in general and defensive backs and outside linebackers in particular, special teams players, wide receivers, deserving players who primarily played on bad teams, and those from the \"seniors\" category, being slighted. This has included a 2009 New York Times article which criticized the Hall for not including punter Ray Guy on its ballot, also noting that the Hall did not have an inductee at the time representing the position.[13] (At least two inductees, Sammy Baugh and Yale Lary, punted in addition to playing other positions.) Guy was eventually inducted as part of the 2014 class for the Hall of Fame. There has also been criticism that certain players get overlooked because their team underproduced during their careers.[14]", "Hockey Hall of Fame. Each committee member is allowed to nominate one person in each category per year. Nominations must be submitted to the Chairman of the Board of Directors by April 15 of the nomination year. The committee then meets in June where a series of secret ballot votes is held; any player with the support of 75% of the members of the committee present is inducted. If the maximum number of players does not receive 75% after the first round of voting, then run-off votes are held. Players with less than 50% are dropped from consideration for that year and voting continues until either the maximum number of inductees is reached or all remaining nominees receive between 50% and 75%. In any given year, a maximum of four players, two builders, and one on-ice official are inducted as members. Player and on-ice officials must have not participated in a professional or international game for a minimum of three years to be eligible for nomination. Builders may be \"active or inactive\".[34]", "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. Because this game and the Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies are scheduled on the weekend before the league's regular four-week exhibition season begins, both teams end up playing five exhibition games instead of the normal four, and unlike the Canadian Football League (which plays its two-game exhibition season over three weeks), the league does not remove antone. \nThe last four expansion teams to have been added to the league each played in the Hall of Fame Game as their first game. In 1995, expansion clubs Jacksonville and Carolina played each another, and in 2002, Houston was one of the participants. When the Cleveland Browns returned to the league with a rebooted roster in 1999, they too played in the Hall of Fame Game. The Baltimore Ravens, while officially considered as being established in 1996, did not play in the Hall of Fame Game until 2018. With the Ravens' participation in the 2018 game, all 32 current NFL teams have now played in the Hall of Fame game at least once.", "List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees. The hall is not officially affiliated with the National Football League (NFL), although as of 2014 all but one enshrinee participated in the NFL for at least a portion of his career; the single exception being Billy Shaw.[8] There are 38 inductees into the hall who spent all or part of their careers in the American Football League that merged with the NFL.[9] Three players, Red Grange, Ray Flaherty, Mike Michalske, played a portion of their career in the first American Football League from 1926. The second American Football League from 1936 only has one Hall of Fame member who has played in this league, Ken Strong. Fifteen inductees spent some of their playing career in the All-America Football Conference during the late 1940s. Five players played some at least one year in the Ohio League, the predecessor to the NFL. Six players or coaches who spent part of their careers in the short-lived United States Football League (USFL) have been inducted.[10] Two coaches (Marv Levy,[11] Bud Grant[12]), one administrator (Jim Finks), and five players (Warren Moon,[13] Fred Biletnikoff, John Henry Johnson, Don Maynard, Arnie Weinmeister) who spent part of their careers in the Canadian Football League (CFL) have been inducted; two of which have been inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame: Warren Moon and Bud Grant. Four players, Larry Csonka, Leroy Kelly, Don Maynard, and Paul Warfield, played a portion of their career in the short-lived World Football League. Fritz Pollard is the only player to play in the Anthracite League's only season. Only one player, Kurt Warner, played a substantial portion of his career in the Arena Football League. Bill Walsh and Ken Stabler are the only members of the Hall of Fame to be involved with the Continental Football League. Nine inductees have played on a team that existed independently; there are three instances of an independent team being a pre-NFL team and one incident of a team being post-NFL, the rest of the teams existed independently for the entirety of their existence.", "List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees. The Pro Football Hall of Fame includes players, coaches, and contributors (e.g., owners, general managers and team or league officials) who have \"made outstanding contributions to professional football\". The charter class of seventeen was selected in 1963.[1] As of 2017, 310 individuals have been elected.[2]", "Kurt Warner. On February 4, Warner was elected to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in their Class of 2017. On August 5, 2017 Kurt Warner was officially inducted to the NFL Pro Hall of Fame. He is the only person inducted into both the NFL Pro Football Hall of Fame and the Arena Football Hall of Fame.", "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game is an annual National Football League (NFL) exhibition game that is held the weekend of the Pro Football Hall of Fame's induction ceremonies. The game is played at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium, which is located adjacent to the Hall of Fame building in Canton, Ohio. It is traditionally the first game played in the NFL preseason for any given year, marking the end of the NFL's six-month off-season.", "List of Major League Baseball single-game hits leaders. Of the 75 players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have recorded six hits in a nine-inning game, eighteen have been elected, three on the first ballot.[22] Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 MLB seasons, and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[23] These requirements leave six players ineligible who are active, six players ineligible who are living and have played in the past five seasons, and twenty-six players ineligible who did not play in 10 seasons.", "List of Major League Baseball single-game grand slam leaders. Of the nine players eligible for the Baseball Hall of Fame who have hit two grand slams in a game, two have been elected and one was elected on the first ballot. Players are eligible for the Hall of Fame if they have played in at least 10 MLB seasons, and have either been retired for five seasons or deceased for at least six months.[12] These requirements leave ineligible one player—Josh Willingham— who is living and has played in the past five seasons and one—Jim Tabor—who did not play in 10 seasons.[13]", "Huddersfield Town A.F.C.. Several ex-players/managers associated with Huddersfield Town are represented in the English Football Hall of Fame, which was created in 2002 as a celebration of those who have achieved at the very peak of the English game. To be considered for induction players/managers must be 30 years of age or older and have played/managed for at least five years in England.[4]", "National Football League Draft. Players who have been out of high school for at least three years are eligible for the NFL draft. The rules do not state that a player must attend college, but virtually all of the players selected in the NFL draft have played college football, usually in the United States but occasionally from Canadian universities as well. A few players are occasionally selected from other football leagues like the Arena Football League (AFL), the Canadian Football League (CFL), and the German Football League (GFL). A small handful of players have also been drafted from colleges who played other sports than football.", "Pro Football Hall of Fame Game. On December 28, 2016, the NFL announced that the 2017 edition of the game would be played on a Thursday (August 3). This scheduling change made the Hall of Fame Game the first event of the Hall of Fame Weekend. The 2018 game was also played on a Thursday (August 2).[6] Come 2019, the game will be played on August 1.", "List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees. In addition to the regular selection committee, which primarily focuses on contributions made over the past approximately thirty seasons, a nine-member seniors committee (which is a subset of the larger committee) submits two nominees each year whose contributions came prior to 1985.[3] These nominees are referred as \"seniors nominees\" (formerly \"old-timer\" nominees).[5]" ]

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[ "Curse of the Bambino. Talk of the curse as an ongoing phenomenon ended in 2004, when the Red Sox came back from a 0–3 best-of-seven deficit to beat the Yankees in the 2004 American League Championship Series (ALCS) and then went on to sweep the St. Louis Cardinals to win the 2004 World Series.[5] The curse had been such a part of Boston culture that when a \"reverse curve\" road sign on Longfellow Bridge over the city's busy Storrow Drive was graffitied to read \"Reverse The Curse\",[6] officials left it in place until after the Red Sox won the 2004 Series. After the Red Sox won the last game of the World Series that year, the road sign was edited to read \"Curse Reversed\" in celebration.[6]", "2004 World Series. The Red Sox's win in the World Series ended the \"Curse of the Bambino\", which supposedly had afflicted the team ever since the Red Sox sold Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1919.[105][106] Pitcher Derek Lowe and other players said that the team would no longer hear \"1918!\" at Yankee Stadium ever again.[45][107][108] Kevin Millar said to all Red Sox fans: \"We wanted to do it so bad for the city of Boston. To win a World Series with this on our chests, it hasn't been done since 1918. So rip up those '1918!' posters right now.\"[46][104][108] Members of previous Red Sox teams who had fallen short immediately acclaimed the 2004 team, including Pesky – who had been the shortstop responsible for a fatal checking error that had allowed the Cardinals' Enos Slaughter to complete his \"Mad Dash\" to score the winning run in Game 7 at the old Sportsman's Park in 1946. Pesky watched the game from the visiting clubhouse and was immediately embraced by Millar, Wakefield, Schilling and others as a living representative of those previous teams as he joined the celebrations.", "Boston Red Sox. Boston was a dominant team in the new league, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903 and winning four more championships by 1918. However, they then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history, dubbed the \"Curse of the Bambino\" after its alleged beginning with the Red Sox' sale of Babe Ruth to the rival New York Yankees two years after their world championship in 1918, an 86-year wait before the team's sixth World Championship in 2004. The team's history during that period was punctuated with some of the most memorable moments in World Series history, including Enos Slaughter's \"mad dash\" in 1946, the \"Impossible Dream\" of 1967, Carlton Fisk's home run in 1975, and Bill Buckner's error in 1986. Following their victory in the 2013 World Series, they became the first team to win three World Series trophies in the 21st century, including championships in 2004 and 2007. Red Sox history has also been marked by the team's intense rivalry with the Yankees, arguably the fiercest and most historic in North American professional sports.[2][3][4]", "Curse of the Bambino. The Curse of the Bambino was a superstition evolving from the failure of the Boston Red Sox baseball team to win the World Series in the 86-year period from 1918 to 2004. While some fans took the curse seriously, most used the expression in a tongue-in-cheek manner.[1]\nThis misfortune began after the Red Sox sold star player Babe Ruth, sometimes nicknamed as \"The Bambino\", to the New York Yankees in the off-season of 1919–1920.[2] Before that point, the Red Sox had been one of the most successful professional baseball franchises, winning the first World Series and amassing five World Series titles.[3] After the sale, they went without a title for nearly a century as the previously lackluster Yankees became one of the most successful franchises in North American professional sports.[4] The curse became a focal point of the Yankees–Red Sox rivalry over the years.", "Curse of the Bambino. Red Sox fans attempted various methods over the years to exorcise their famous curse. These included placing a Boston cap atop Mt. Everest and burning a Yankees cap at its base camp; hiring professional exorcists and Father Guido Sarducci to \"purify\" Fenway Park; spray painting a \"Reverse Curve\" street sign on Storrow Drive to change it to say \"Reverse the Curse\" (the sign was not replaced until just after the 2004 World Series win); and finding a piano owned by Ruth that he had supposedly pushed into a pond near his Sudbury, Massachusetts farm, Home Plate Farm.[citation needed]", "Curse of the Bambino. Some declared the curse broken during a game on August 31, 2004, when a foul ball hit by Manny Ramírez flew into Section 9, Box 95, Row AA and struck a boy's face, knocking two of his teeth out.[34] 16-year-old Lee Gavin, a Boston fan whose favorite player was Ramirez, lived on the Sudbury farm owned by Ruth. That same day, the Yankees suffered their worst loss in team history, a 22–0 clobbering at home against the Cleveland Indians.[35][36][37]", "Curse of the Bambino. Although it had long been noted that the selling of Ruth had been the beginning of a decline in the Red Sox' fortunes, the term \"curse of the Bambino\" was not in common use until the publication of the book The Curse of the Bambino by Dan Shaughnessy in 1990.[7] It became a key part of Red Sox lore in the media thereafter, and Shaughnessy's book became required reading in some high school English classes in New England.[7][8]", "1986 World Series. The collapse of the Boston Red Sox in Game 6 and Game 7 prompted a series of articles by George Vecsey of The New York Times, in which he mentions a \"Babe Ruth Curse.\"[30][31] Although it had long been noted that the selling of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees had marked the beginning of a down period in the Red Sox's fortunes, this was one of the first instances, if not the first, in which mention of a \"curse\" was made.[32][33] The term \"Curse of the Bambino\" was not in common use by the press during the 1920s, nor can it be found through the 1970s, as a search of historical newspapers will illustrate.[34] In fact, even though Vecsey's articles mention a \"Babe Ruth Curse\", the New York Times did not use the phrase \"Curse of the Bambino\" until 1990,[35] the year that Dan Shaughnessy's book of the same name and a Boston Globe article about it were published.[36] Shaughnessy's book The Curse of the Bambino helped that phrase become a key part of the Red Sox lore in the media thereafter.[34][37]", "2005 World Series. This was the second consecutive World Series to be won by a team that has the word \"Sox\" in its nickname, after the Boston Red Sox won the 2004 World Series against the St. Louis Cardinals. This also happened in 1917 and 1918. Furthermore, it was the second year in a row in which the Series champions broke a long-lived \"curse.\" In one of those ways that patterns appear to emerge in sporting events, the White Sox World Series win in 2005, along with the Boston Red Sox win in 2004, symmetrically bookended the two teams' previous World Series winners and the long gaps between, with the Red Sox and White Sox last Series wins having come in 1918 and 1917, respectively.[4]", "Curse of the Bambino. Some fans also cite a comedy curse-breaking ceremony performed by musician Jimmy Buffett and his warm-up team (one dressed as Ruth and one dressed as a witch doctor) at a Fenway concert in September 2004. Just after being traded to the Red Sox, Curt Schilling appeared in an advertisement for the Ford F-150 pickup truck hitchhiking with a sign indicating he was going to Boston. When picked up, he said that he had \"an 86-year-old curse\" to break.[38]", "Curse of the Bambino. In 2004, the Red Sox once again met the Yankees in the American League Championship Series. The Red Sox lost the first three games, including losing Game 3 at Fenway by the lopsided score of 19–8.[39][40]", "John W. Henry. Following his sale of the Marlins, Henry led a purchase of the Boston Red Sox with partners Tom Werner and the New York Times Company from the Yawkey Trust headed by John Harrington. Henry, as principal owner and Werner, as chairman, assembled a front office team headed up by Larry Lucchino with the express goal of \"breaking the Curse of the Bambino.\" He also hired baseball sabermetrics pioneer Bill James, whose work became widely known following the publication of Moneyball in 2003. Henry accomplished his championship goal in the 2004 World Series, against his former childhood favorite Cardinals, and again in 2013. The team also won the 2007 World Series against a franchise with which Henry had pre-expansion involvement, the Rockies. Henry is also responsible for saving Fenway Park from the wrecking ball. The previous Red Sox owners had planned on building a new Fenway Park next door, but Henry chose to keep and renovate (including new seats over the Green Monster) the current Fenway Park, which celebrated its centennial in 2012.", "Curse of the Bambino. Although the title drought dated back to 1918, the sale of Ruth to the Yankees was completed January 3, 1920.[9] In standard curse lore, Red Sox owner and theatrical producer Harry Frazee used the proceeds from the sale to finance the production of a Broadway musical, usually said to be No, No, Nanette.[10] In fact, Frazee backed many productions before and after Ruth's sale, and No, No, Nanette did not see its first performance until five years after the Ruth sale and two years after Frazee sold the Red Sox. In 1921, Red Sox manager Ed Barrow left to take over as general manager of the Yankees. Other Red Sox players were later sold or traded to the Yankees as well.[11]", "Curse of the Billy Goat. Bill Buckner played for the Chicago Cubs for seven seasons before being traded to the Boston Red Sox halfway through the 1984 season. The Red Sox were at the time also considered a cursed franchise, and had not won a World Series since 1918 - when, coincidentally, they had beaten the Cubs. Buckner and the Red Sox advanced to the 1986 World Series against the New York Mets, and took a 3–2 series lead coming into Game 6. On October 25, 1986, in one of the most famous baseball errors of all time, Buckner allowed a ball to pass between his legs at first base, allowing the Mets to score the winning run in the 10th inning and win Game 6. Later analysis of a photograph of Buckner walking off the field after his blooper showed that he had been wearing a Cubs batting glove under his glove at the moment he committed his error.[12]", "New York Yankees. In the years around 1920, the Yankees, the Red Sox, and the Chicago White Sox had a détente.[13] The trades between the three ballclubs antagonized Ban Johnson and garnered the teams the nickname \"The Insurrectos\".[14][15] This détente paid off well for the Yankees as they increased their payroll. Most new players who would later contribute to the team's success came from the Red Sox, whose owner, Harry Frazee, was trading them for large sums of money to finance his theatrical productions.[16][17] Pitcher-turned-outfielder Babe Ruth was the most talented of all the acquisitions from Boston, and the outcome of the trade would haunt the Red Sox for the next 86 years, a span in which the team did not win a single World Series championship. The Red Sox often found themselves eliminated from the playoff hunt as a result of the Yankees' success.[18] This phenomenon eventually became known as the Curse of the Bambino as the failure of the Red Sox and the success of the Yankees seemed almost supernatural, and seemed to stem from that one trade. However, it would not be until 1990 when Dan Shaughnessy of The Boston Globe wrote a book with the same title that the curse was publicized.[19]", "Curse of the Bambino. The Red Sox then faced the St. Louis Cardinals, the team to whom they had lost in 1946 and 1967, and led throughout the series, winning in a four-game sweep.[5] Cardinals shortstop Édgar Rentería, who wore the same number as Ruth (3), hit the final out of the game.[5][43]", "Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. In 1990, Boston Globe columnist Dan Shaughnessy wrote a book titled The Curse of the Bambino, criticizing the Red Sox for the sale of Babe Ruth, and publicized the curse.[6][142][154] When the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium during a weekend in September 1990, Yankee fans started to chant \"1918!\" to taunt the Red Sox, reminding them of the last time they won a World Series.[155] Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward, demeaning chants of \"1918!\" echoed through the stadium.[156] Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying \"1918!\", \"CURSE OF THE BAMBINO\", pictures of Babe Ruth, and wearing \"1918!\" T-shirts each time they were at the Stadium.[156][157]", "2003 American League Championship Series. The following year, Boston and New York met again in the ALCS, with Boston becoming the first team in major league history — as well as just the third team in American professional sports history — to come back to win a playoff series after being down three games to none;[20] they then swept the St. Louis Cardinals in the World Series to win their first championship since 1918 and thus end the Curse of the Bambino.[21]", "Curse of the Bambino. The Red Sox trailed, 4–3, in the bottom of the 9th inning of Game 4.[41] But the team tied the game with a walk by Kevin Millar and a stolen base by pinch-runner Dave Roberts, followed by an RBI single against Yankee closer Mariano Rivera by third baseman Bill Mueller, and won on a two-run home run in the 12th inning by David Ortiz.[41] The Red Sox won the next three games to become the first Major League baseball team to win a seven-game postseason series after being down three games to none.[42]", "2004 World Series. Massachusetts US Senator, Boston resident and future Secretary of State John Kerry, who had been named Democratic presidential nominee in Boston that summer, wore a Red Sox cap the day after the series ended.[110] He also said that the Red Sox had \"[come] back against all odds and showed America what heart is.\"[110] His Republican opponent, incumbent President George W. Bush,[111] made a phone call from the White House to congratulate the team's owner John W. Henry, president Larry Lucchino and manager Terry Francona.[110] The team also visited Bush at the White House the following March, where he gave a speech honoring their presence, in which he asked \"what took [them] so long?\"[112] A future Presidential candidate, Mitt Romney, at the time Massachusetts Governor, ceremonially helped remove the Reverse Curve road sign on Storrow Drive that had been famously spray-painted to read \"Reverse the Curse\" as a further marking of the end of the Curse.[113]", "New York Yankees. During the 1990 season, Yankee fans started to chant \"1918!\" to taunt the Red Sox, reminding them of the last time they won a World Series one weekend the Red Sox were there in 1990.[41] Each time the Red Sox were at Yankee Stadium afterward, demeaning chants of \"1918!\" echoed through the stadium.[42] Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying \"CURSE OF THE BAMBINO\", pictures of Babe Ruth, and wearing \"1918!\" T-shirts each time they were at the stadium.[42]", "Curse of the Bambino. Yankee fans taunted the Red Sox with chants of \"1918!\" one weekend in September 1990.[14] The demeaning chant echoed at Yankee Stadium each time the Red Sox were there.[15] Yankee fans also taunted the Red Sox with signs saying \"1918!\", \"CURSE OF THE BAMBINO,\" pictures of Babe Ruth, and wearing \"1918!\" T-shirts each time they were at the Stadium.[15][16]", "2008 NBA Finals. The Celtics' win was also seen as an addition to the recent success of Boston-area sports teams, following the wins by the New England Patriots in Super Bowls XXXVI, XXXVIII, and XXXIX (2001, 2003 and 2004 seasons) and the Red Sox's World Series wins in 2004 (death of the Curse of the Bambino) and 2007. Later, the Bruins would win the 2011 Stanley Cup Finals, the Red Sox win in the 2013 World Series, and the Patriots would win two more Super Bowls XLIX, and LI (2014 and 2016 seasons).", "1986 World Series. The Red Sox were the third professional sports team based in the Greater Boston area to compete for a championship in 1986. The NFL's New England Patriots lost to the Chicago Bears in Super Bowl XX and the Boston Celtics won the 1986 NBA Finals over the Houston Rockets. This was the last Red Sox loss in a World Series game until Game 2 of the 2013 World Series, when the Red Sox lost 4-2 to the St. Louis Cardinals after 9 consecutive wins in World Series play. Their intervening World Series appearances included their 2004 sweep against the St. Louis Cardinals, ending the Curse of the Bambino, their 2007 sweep against the Colorado Rockies, and their 2013 victory over the Cardinals in six games. The 2013 series marked the first time that the Red Sox won the clinching game at Fenway Park since 1918.", "Curse of the Bambino. Glenn Stout argues that the idea of a \"curse\" was indirectly influenced by antisemitism, although that aspect was not part of its modern usage; he even says \"This does not mean that ... anyone who writes or speaks of the Curse today -- as a journalist or a fan -- is either anti-Semitic or even remotely aware of the anti-Semitic roots of the Curse.\" .[44] Because Frazee was from New York and involved in theatre, it was assumed he was Jewish (he was actually a Presbyterian). Though Frazee was well respected in Boston, Henry Ford's Dearborn Independent ran a series of articles purporting to expose how Jews were \"destroying America\", and among these were articles lambasting Frazee, saying that with his purchase of the Red Sox \"another club was placed under the smothering influences of the 'chosen race.'\"[44] These articles turned the tide of both baseball owners and public opinion against Frazee, and Fred Lieb's vilification of Frazee in his history of the Red Sox portrayed him implicitly as a Jew.[44] Stout argues that this hatred indirectly created the atmosphere where the \"curse\" could be accepted.", "1978 American League East tie-breaker game. The loss of the Red Sox was seen as a manifestation of the Curse of the Bambino, long thought to be the reason behind all things bad that ever happened to the Red Sox.[28] Described as a \"shocking blast\" by the Sporting News, Dent's home run silenced the Fenway Park crowd. For the light-hitting Dent, it was just his fifth home run of the 1978 season.[29] It sealed Dent's reputation among Yankee fans, while inspiring the permanent nickname \"Bucky Fucking Dent\" in New England.[30] Dent, later the manager of the Yankees, was fired during a series in Boston in 1990.[31] Twenty-five years later, in Game 7 of the 2003 American League Championship Series, Aaron Boone received similar treatment by Red Sox fans after he hit the home run in the bottom of the 11th inning that clinched the pennant for the Yankees, but the Yankees would later lose to the Florida Marlins in the World Series, which went six games.", "2004 World Series. The Red Sox won the World Series the following year, sweeping the Colorado Rockies in four games.[49] Tom Werner, chairman of the Red Sox, and team president Larry Lucchino said that the 2004 championship was \"for the parents and grandparents who had suffered through the Curse of the Bambino\", while 2007 was \"for children, grandchildren, and for Red Sox Nation\".[135]", "2004 World Series. Twelve years after this World Series, the Chicago Cubs would end their own championship drought at 108 years, defeating the Cleveland Indians in seven games. In doing this, Theo Epstein is now credited with helping to end two of the most famous curses in all of professional sports. Coincidentally, the losing manager in that year's World Series was Terry Francona, who had managed the Red Sox to both the 2004 and 2007 championships.", "Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The Yankees and the Red Sox finished tied for first in 1978; subsequently, the Yankees won a high-profile tie-breaker game for the division title.[11] The first-place tie came after the Red Sox had enjoyed a 14-game lead over the Yankees more than halfway through the season.[12] Similarly, in the 2004 AL Championship Series, the Yankees ultimately lost a best-of-7 series after leading 3–0.[13] The Red Sox comeback was the only time in baseball history that a team has come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a series.[14] The Red Sox went on to win the World Series, effectively ending the 86-year-old curse.[15]", "Yankees–Red Sox rivalry. The Yankees–Red Sox rivalry is a Major League Baseball (MLB) rivalry between the New York Yankees and Boston Red Sox. The two teams have competed in MLB's American League (AL) for over 100 seasons and have since developed one of the fiercest rivalries in American sports.[2][3][4][5] In 1919, Red Sox owner Harry Frazee sold star player Babe Ruth to the Yankees, which was followed by an 86-year period in which the Red Sox did not win a World Series.[6] This led to the popularization of a superstition known as the \"Curse of the Bambino\", which was one of the most well-known aspects of the rivalry.[2]", "List of Boston Red Sox seasons. One of the American League's eight charter franchises, the club was founded in Boston in 1901. They were a dominant team in the early 20th century, defeating the Pittsburgh Pirates in the first World Series in 1903. They won four more championships by 1918, and then went into one of the longest championship droughts in baseball history. Many attributed the phenomenon to the \"Curse of the Bambino\" said to have been caused by the trade of Babe Ruth to the New York Yankees in 1920. The drought was ended and the \"curse\" reversed in 2004, when the team won their sixth World Series Championship.[3] The Red Sox led all MLB teams in average road attendance in 2007, while the small capacity of Fenway caused them to rank 11th in home attendance.[4][5] Every home game from May 15, 2003 through April 10, 2013 was sold out—a span of 820 games over nearly ten years.[6]", "Tom Yawkey. The Red Sox had been the dregs of the American League for more than a decade since the infamous Babe Ruth sale to the New York Yankees by former owner Harry Frazee before the 1920 season,[4] and had just finished the 1932 season, in which they lost 111 games—a record which is still the worst in franchise history.[5] Yawkey hired Collins as general manager with instructions to buy up as much talent as possible to turn the team around.[6] He also heavily renovated Fenway Park, which had fallen into disrepair over the years.[7]" ]

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[ "Vegetarianism by country. In 2018, a study from Economic and Political Weekly shows that in facts the percentage of vegetarians could be around 20 %, because people declarations in governemental surveys are different than the reality of meat consumption in the country.[71]", "Vegetarianism by country. A study from 2010[2] estimated that there are 1,450 million vegetarians of necessity and another 75 million of choice. They make approximately 21.8% of the world’s population.", "Vegetarianism by country. 1997 government figures suggested that 2.3% of the population never ate meat, and the observed trend seemed to point towards less meat consumption.[107] A 2007 study suggested that the percentage of vegetarians had risen to 5%.[107]", "Vegetarianism by country. In 1971, 1 percent of U.S. citizens described themselves as vegetarians.[119] In 2008 Harris Interactive found that 3.2% are vegetarian and 0.5% vegan,[120] while a 2013 Public Policy Polling survey of 500 respondents found that 13% of Americans are either vegetarian or vegan—6% vegetarian and 7% vegan.[121] U.S. vegetarian food sales (dairy replacements such as soy milk and meat replacements such as textured vegetable protein) doubled between 1998 and 2003, reaching $1.6 billion in 2003.[122] According to a report in 2017, the number of consumers claiming to be vegan has risen to 6% in the US [123] In 2015, a Harris Poll National Survey of 2,017 adults aged 18 and over found that eight million Americans, or 3.4%, ate a solely vegetarian diet, and that one million, or 0.4%, ate a strictly vegan diet.[43]", "Vegetarianism by country. A 2012 article in El Pais stated that 0.5% of the population are vegetarian, but that interest in vegetarianism is growing.[102]", "Vegetarianism by country. A study has shown that the number of vegetarians out of a population of nearly 16.5 million people increased from 560,000 in 2004 to 720,000 in 2006.[94][95] The number of \"part-time vegetarians\" grew rapidly as well; around 3.5 million Dutch citizens abstain from eating meat a few days a week.[95]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Germany has over six million vegetarians.[90] A survey conducted by Institut Produkt und Markt found that 9% of the population (7,380,000 people) are vegetarian.[91]", "Vegetarianism by country. A 2014 survey of 1,000 people found that the number of vegetarians had increased to 10% (4% vegans and 6% vegetarians).[37] The same survey found that 17% in the age group 15-24 were vegetarians.", "Vegetarianism by country. In the United Kingdom, increasing numbers of people have adopted a vegetarian diet since the end of World War II.[108] The Food Standards Agency Public Attitudes to Food Survey 2009 reported that 3% of respondents were found to be \"completely vegetarian\", with an additional 5% \"partly vegetarian (do not eat some types of fish or meat)\".[40] The UK's National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) reported in 2014 that its four-year study found 2.6% of adults and 1.9% of children were vegetarian.[41] The \"How many vegans?\" survey conducted in May 2016 by the Vegan Society found that 3.25% of UK residents were vegetarian or vegan, while 1.05% were vegan.[42] Some less formal market studies suggest that vegetarians constitute 7% to 11% of the UK adult population (4 million people).[109][110][111] There are twice as many vegetarian women as men.[111] According to Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, the UK has the third highest rate of vegetarianism in the European Union.[90] Flexitarianism is also becoming more popular in the UK.[112]", "Vegetarianism by country. In 2004, Marly Winckler, President of the Brazilian Vegetarian Society, claimed that 5% of the population was vegetarian.[139] According to a 2012 survey undertaken by the Brazilian Institute of Public Opinion and Statistics, 8% of the population, or 15.2 million people, identified themselves as vegetarian.[6] The city of São Paulo has the most vegetarians in absolute terms (792,120 people), while Fortaleza has the highest percentage, at 14% of the total population.[140]", "Vegetarianism. A 1992 market research study conducted by the Yankelovich research organisation concluded that \"of the 12.4 million people [in the US] who call themselves vegetarian, 68% are female, while only 32% are male\".[211]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a survey carried out in Poland by Mintel in 2017, 8% of respondents are vegetarian, while 7% identify themselves as vegans.[98]", "Vegetarianism by country. A study by the Israeli Ministry of Health in 2001 found that 7.2% of men and 9.8% of women were vegetarian. Although vegetarianism is quite common, the actual percentage of vegetarians in Israel may be lower — the Israeli food industry estimated it at 5%.[72] In 2010, one study found that 2.6% of Israelis were vegetarians or vegans.[73]", "Vegetarianism by country. Roy Morgan Research in August 2016 reported, \"Between 2012 and 2016, the number of Australian adults whose diet is all or almost all vegetarian has risen from 1.7 million people (or 9.7% of the population) to almost 2.1 million (11.2%), the latest findings from Roy Morgan Research reveal.\"[134]", "Vegetarianism by country. Studies in the 1990s showed that one million French (1.5% of the total population) called themselves vegetarians, although more recently this number has reportedly increased to 2%.[15]", "Vegetarianism by country. In China, consumption of meat is rapidly increasing while a small but growing number of young people in large cities are vegan.[10] An estimated 4 to 5 percent of Chinese are vegetarian.[10] However, in a survey conducted by SJTU researchers, only 0.77 percent of respondents labeled themselves vegetarian.", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a survey 2014 released by the registrar general of India, 29% of Indians over the age of 15 are vegetarian, compared with 25% in 2004.[67] Rajasthan has the highest fraction of vegetarians: 74.9%. Other states with large fraction of vegetarians are Haryana (69.25%) Punjab, (66.75%), Gujarat (60.95%) and MP (50.6%). Bengal (1.4%) and Telangana (1.3%) have the fewest vegetarians.", "Vegetarianism by country. In Canada, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with ovo-lacto vegetarianism. However, vegetarians are sometimes wrongly assumed to be pescetarians or pollotarians. Approximately 4.0% of adults were vegetarians as of 2003[update].[118]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a 2010 Newspoll survey, 5% of Australians identify themselves as vegetarians, with 2% actually eating a diet defined by the survey as vegetarian.[133]", "Veganism. According to a 2006 United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization report, Livestock's Long Shadow, 222 million tonnes of meat were produced globally in 1999.[301] The report posits that around 26 percent of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.[302] In the United States ten billion land animals are killed every year for human consumption, and in 2005 48 billion birds were killed globally.[303][304]", "Vegetarianism by country. The Italian research institute Eurispes estimates that 10% of Italians are vegetarian and 1.1% are vegan.[18]", "Animal welfare and rights in Australia. As of March 2016, 11.2% of people living in Australia, 2.1 million people, said \"The food I eat is all, or almost all, vegetarian.\"[10] The report also found that vegetarians were likely to be slimmer; while 60.7% of Australian adults have a Body Mass Index that qualifies as overweight or obese, this figure drops to 45.4% of those whose diet is mostly or totally vegetarian.", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a 2014/12 survey 4.7% of the Japanese population are vegetarian or vegan (2.7% vegan). NOTE: The referenced web survey included 1,188 valid responses and is not representative of the population of Japan.[25]", "Vegetarianism by country. 2013-2014 polls revealed that 3[33] to 4%[34] of the Russian population considered themselves vegetarian.[101]", "Vegetarianism by country. Similar to Australia, in New Zealand the term \"vegetarian\" refers to individuals who eat no animal meat such as pork, chicken, and fish; they may consume animal products such as milk and eggs. In contrast, the term \"vegan\" is used to describe those who do not eat or use any by-products of animals.[135] In 2002 New Zealand's vegetarians made up a minority of 1-2% of the country’s 4.5 million people.[136] By 2011 Roy Morgan Research claimed the number of New Zealanders eating an \"all or almost all\" vegetarian diet to be 8.1%, growing to 10.3% in 2015 (with men providing the most growth, up 63% from 5.7% to 9.3%).[29] In New Zealand there is a strong enough movement for vegetarianism that it has created significant enough demand for a number of vegetarian and vegan retailers to set up.[137]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a 2015 poll by the newspaper ''Globe'' and Channel 2, 8% of the Israeli population were vegetarians and 5% were vegans. 13% consider turning vegan or vegetarian. Tel Aviv beat out Berlin, New York and Chennai, India as U.S. food website The Daily Meal's top destination for vegan travelers.[73][74]", "Vegetarianism by country. In 2007, UN FAO statistics indicated that Indians had the lowest rate of meat consumption in the world.[56] India has more vegetarians than the rest of the world put together.[57] In India, vegetarianism is usually synonymous with lacto vegetarianism. Most restaurants in India clearly distinguish and market themselves as being either \"non-vegetarian\", \"vegetarian\", or \"pure vegetarian\". Vegetarian restaurants abound, and many vegetarian options are usually available. Animal-based ingredients (other than milk and honey) such as lard, gelatin, and meat stock are not used in the traditional cuisine. India has devised a system of marking edible products made from only vegetarian ingredients, with a green dot in a green square. A mark of a brown dot in a brown square conveys that some animal-based ingredients were used. Products like honey, milk, or its direct derivatives are often categorized under the green mark.[58]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a survey by Coop Analyse published in June 2011, just under 4% of Danes considered themselves either vegetarians or vegans.[11]", "Vegetarianism by country. It is estimated that 4.5% of the Dutch population does not eat meat.[93]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to the 2006 Hindu-CNN-IBN State of the Nation Survey, 31% of Indians are vegetarian, while another 9% also consume eggs (ovo-vegetarian).[59] Among the various communities, vegetarianism was most common among the Lingayat, Vaishnav Community, Jain community and then Brahmins at 55%, and less frequent among Muslims (3%) and residents of coastal states. Other surveys cited by FAO[60] and USDA[61][62] estimate 40% of the Indian population as being vegetarian. These surveys indicate that even Indians who do eat meat, do so infrequently, with less than 30% consuming it regularly, although the reasons are mainly cultural.[62] In states where vegetarianism is more common, milk consumption is higher and is associated with lactase persistence. This allows people to continue consuming milk into adulthood and obtain proteins that are substituted for meat, fish and eggs in other areas.[63][64] An official survey conducted by the Government of India, with a sample size of 8858 and the census frame as 2011, indicated India's vegetarian population to be 28-29% of the total population.[65] Compared to a similar survey done almost a decade earlier, India's vegetarian population has increased.[66]", "Vegetarianism by country. In Spain, different sources estimate that there are between 1.5 and 2 million vegetarians. In a 2002 article El Mundo stated that there are 1.5 million vegetarians.[103] More recent sources (Asociación Vegana) estimate the number to be two million and observe that in recent years the number of people adopting a vegetarian diet has been growing.[104][105] According to a new study, the number of vegans in Spain increased to 3.5 millions in 2017. [106]", "Vegetarianism by country. According to a study of ISEF[83] from 2013 (n=500), 9% of Austrians are vegetarian or vegan." ]

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[ "Ted Levine. Frank Theodore \"Ted\" Levine (born May 29, 1957) is an American actor. He is known for his roles as Buffalo Bill in The Silence of the Lambs and as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer in the television series Monk.", "Buffalo Bill (character). Jame Gumb (known by the nickname Buffalo Bill) is a character and the primary antagonist of Thomas Harris's 1988 novel The Silence of the Lambs and its 1991 film adaptation, in which he is played by Ted Levine. In the film and the novel, he is a serial killer who murders overweight women and skins them so he can make a \"woman suit\" for himself.", "Buffalo Bill (character). The film adaptation of Silence of the Lambs was criticized by some gay rights groups for its portrayal of the psychopathic Gumb as bisexual and transgender.[7] A Johns Hopkins sex-reassignment surgeon, present in the book but not the film (his scene was deleted and is found in bonus materials on the DVD), protests exactly the same thing. FBI Director Jack Crawford pacifies him by repeating that Gumb is not in fact transsexual, but merely believes himself to be. In the film, a similar scene is shown with Starling and Lecter in the same roles as the surgeon and Crawford, respectively. In the director's commentary for the 1991 film, director Jonathan Demme draws attention to various Polaroids taken of Buffalo Bill in the company of strippers; these are visible in Gumb's basement in the film.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Upon its release, The Silence of the Lambs was criticized by members of the LGBT community for its portrayal of Buffalo Bill as bisexual and transsexual. In response to the critiques, Demme replied that Buffalo Bill \"wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be.\" Demme added that he \"came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies\".[49]", "Family Guy. Seth Green primarily voices Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[87][90] Green stated that he did an impression of the character Buffalo Bill from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[91][92]", "Chris Griffin. Chris' voice was based on Ted Levine's performance as Jame \"Buffalo Bill\" Gumb in The Silence of the Lambs. Green admittedly did an impression of the character during his audition for the role of Chris.[2] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how \"Buffalo Bill\" would sound if he were speaking through a PA system at a McDonald's.[3] In the episode \"Stew-Roids\", Chris re-enacts a scene from the movie where Buffalo Bill dances nude in front of a mirror, albeit after tucking his large penis in between his legs.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American horror-thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and starring Jodie Foster, Anthony Hopkins, and Scott Glenn.[3] Adapted by Ted Tally from the 1988 novel of the same name by Thomas Harris, his second to feature the character of Dr. Hannibal Lecter; a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer, the film was the second adaptation of a Harris novel featuring Lecter, preceded by the Michael Mann-directed Manhunter in 1986. In the film, Clarice Starling, a young U.S. FBI trainee, seeks the advice of the imprisoned Dr. Lecter to apprehend another serial killer, known only as \"Buffalo Bill\".", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). FBI trainee and UVA graduate Clarice Starling is pulled from her training at the FBI Academy at Quantico, Virginia by Jack Crawford of the Bureau's Behavioral Science Unit. He assigns her to interview Hannibal Lecter, a former psychiatrist and incarcerated cannibalistic serial killer, whose insight might prove useful in the pursuit of a serial killer nicknamed \"Buffalo Bill\", who skins his female victims' corpses.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Starling travels to the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane, where she is led by Dr. Frederick Chilton to Lecter's solitary quarters. Although initially pleasant and courteous, Lecter grows impatient with Starling's attempts at \"dissecting\" him and rebuffs her. As she is leaving, one of the prisoners flicks semen at her. Lecter, who considers this act \"unspeakably ugly\", calls Starling back and tells her to seek out an old patient of his. This leads her to a storage shed where she discovers a man's severed head with a sphinx moth lodged in its throat. She returns to Lecter, who tells her that the man is linked to Buffalo Bill. He offers to profile Buffalo Bill on the condition that he be transferred away from Chilton, whom he detests.", "List of Family Guy cast members. Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the \"Buffalo Bill\" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how \"Buffalo Bill\" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). The tune played by the music box which Starling finds in the bedroom of Buffalo Bill's first victim is taken from Mozart's opera The Magic Flute. It is, ironically, the tune played by Papageno's magical bells, which charms his enemies and protects him from danger.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Buffalo Bill abducts a U.S. Senator's daughter, Catherine Martin. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal promising a prison transfer if he provides information that helps them find Buffalo Bill and rescue Catherine. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo from Starling, offering clues about Buffalo Bill in exchange for personal information. Starling tells Lecter about the murder of her father when she was ten years old. Chilton secretly records the conversation and reveals Starling's deceit before offering Lecter a deal of Chilton's own making. Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis, Tennessee, where he verbally torments Senator Ruth Martin and gives her misleading information on Buffalo Bill, including the name \"Louis Friend\".", "Hannibal Lecter. In the 1988 sequel The Silence of the Lambs, Lecter assists FBI agent-in-training Clarice Starling in catching a serial killer known as \"Buffalo Bill\". Lecter is fascinated by Starling, and they form an unusual relationship in which he provides her with a profile of the killer and his modus operandi in exchange for details about her unhappy childhood. Lecter had previously met Buffalo Bill, the former lover of his patient (and eventual victim) Benjamin Raspail. He does not reveal this information directly, instead giving Starling vague clues to help her figure it out for herself. In return for Lecter's assistance, the FBI and Chilton arrange for him to be transferred to a lower security facility. He escapes while in transit, however, killing and mutilating his guards and using one of their faces as a mask to fool paramedics. While in hiding, he writes a letter to Starling wishing her well, and another to Chilton swearing gruesome revenge: Chilton disappears soon afterward.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Starling analyzes Lecter's annotations to the case files and realizes that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim personally. Starling travels to the victim's hometown and discovers that Buffalo Bill was a tailor, with dresses and dress patterns identical to the patches of skin removed from each of his victims. She telephones Crawford to inform him that Buffalo Bill is trying to fashion a \"woman suit\" of real skin, but Crawford is already en route to make an arrest, having cross-referenced Lecter's notes with hospital archives and finding a transsexual man named Jame Gumb, who once applied unsuccessfully for a sex-change operation. Starling continues interviewing friends of Buffalo Bill's first victim in Ohio while Crawford leads an FBI HRT team to Gumb's address in Illinois. The house in Illinois is empty, and Starling is led to the house of \"Jack Gordon\", who she realizes is actually Jame Gumb, again by finding a sphinx moth. She pursues him into his multi-room basement, where she discovers that Catherine is still alive, but trapped in a dry well. After turning off the basement lights, Gumb stalks Starling in the dark with night-vision goggles, but gives his position away when he cocks his revolver. Starling reacts just in time and fires all of her rounds at Gumb, killing him.", "Ted Levine. After his breakout role in The Silence of the Lambs (as primary antagonist Buffalo Bill), there was a period where he was typecast in villainous roles. Levine was able to remedy this by playing more positive characters, such as a member of Al Pacino's police unit in Heat, astronaut Alan Shepard in the HBO mini-series From the Earth to the Moon, and Paul Walker's police superior Sergeant Tanner in The Fast and the Furious. In the drama Georgia, he played Mare Winningham's husband, one of his most sympathetic roles. His résumé also includes an uncredited role as the voice of the sociopathic trucker \"Rusty Nail\" in 2001's Joy Ride, and his performance as Detective Sam Nico in the 2003 film Wonderland, based on the gruesome murders in the Hollywood Hills. From 2002 to 2009, he co-starred as Captain Leland Stottlemeyer on USA Network's detective series Monk, starring Tony Shalhoub.", "Clarice Starling. In The Silence of the Lambs, Starling is a student at the FBI Academy. Her mentor, Behavioral Sciences Unit chief Jack Crawford, sends her to interview Dr. Hannibal Lecter, a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer. He is housed in a Baltimore mental institution. Upon arriving at the asylum for her first interview with Lecter, the asylum manager Frederick Chilton makes a crude pass at her, which she rebuffs; this helps her bond with Lecter, who despises Chilton. As time passes, Lecter gives Starling information about Buffalo Bill, a currently active serial killer being hunted by the FBI, but only in exchange for personal information, which Crawford has specifically warned her to keep secret from Lecter.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Principal photography for The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15, 1989 and concluded on March 1, 1990.[22] Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia.[23] The home of Buffalo Bill used for exterior scenes was in Layton, Pennsylvania.[24][25] The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane.[26] In what was a rare act of cooperation at the time, the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts.[27][28]", "The Silence of the Lambs (novel). In Tennessee, Lecter toys with Senator Martin briefly, enjoying the woman's anguish, but eventually gives her some information about Buffalo Bill: his name is William \"Billy\" Rubin, and he has suffered from \"elephant ivory anthrax\", a knifemaker's disease. He also provides an accurate physical description. The name, however, is a red herring: bilirubin is a pigment in human bile and a chief coloring agent in human feces, which the forensic lab compares to the color of Chilton's hair.", "Keanu Reeves. Keanu Charles Reeves (/kiˈɑːnuː/ kee-AH-noo;[1][2] born September 2, 1964) is a Canadian[a] actor, director, producer, and musician. He gained fame for his starring role performances in several blockbuster films, including comedies from the Bill and Ted franchise (1989–1991); action thrillers Point Break (1991), Speed (1994), and the John Wick franchise; psychological thriller The Devil's Advocate (1997); supernatural thriller Constantine (2005); and science fiction/action series The Matrix (1999–2003). He has also appeared in dramatic films such as Dangerous Liaisons (1988), My Own Private Idaho (1991), and Little Buddha (1993), as well as the romantic horror Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992).", "Bill Moseley. William Moseley (born November 11, 1951) is an American film actor and musician who has starred in a number of cult classic horror films, including House of 1000 Corpses, Repo! The Genetic Opera and The Devil's Rejects. His first big role was in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre 2 as Chop Top. On the HBO TV series Carnivàle Moseley had a recurring role as camp cook Possum. He has also released records with guitarist Buckethead in the band Cornbugs, as well as featuring on the guitarist's solo work.", "Ed Gein. The story of Ed Gein has had a lasting effect on American popular culture as evidenced by its numerous appearances in film, music, and literature. The tale first came to widespread public attention in the fictionalized version presented by Robert Bloch in his 1959 suspense novel Psycho. In addition to Alfred Hitchcock's 1960 film of Bloch's novel, Psycho,[70] Gein's story was loosely adapted into a number of films, including Deranged (1974),[70] In the Light of the Moon (2000) (released in the U.S. and Australia as Ed Gein (2001)), Ed Gein: The Butcher of Plainfield (2007), Hitchcock (2012), and the Rob Zombie films House of 1000 Corpses and its sequel, The Devil's Rejects. Gein served as a model for several book and film characters, most notably such fictional serial killers as Norman Bates (Psycho), Leatherface (The Texas Chain Saw Massacre),[70] Buffalo Bill (The Silence of the Lambs)[70] and the character Dr. Oliver Thredson from American Horror Story: Asylum.[71]", "The Silence of the Lambs (novel). Crawford's real intention, however, is to try to solicit Lecter's assistance in the hunt for a serial killer dubbed \"Buffalo Bill\", whose modus operandi involves kidnapping overweight women, starving them for about three or four days, and then killing and skinning them, before dumping the remains in nearby rivers. The nickname was started by Kansas City Homicide, as a sick joke that \"he likes to skin his humps.\" Throughout the investigation, Starling periodically returns to Lecter in search of information, and the two form a strange relationship in which he offers her cryptic clues in return for information about her troubled and bleak childhood as an orphan.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Other awards include being named Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, CHI Awards and PEO Awards. Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival[43] and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director. The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association. It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film. Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast, with Vincent Price presenting the award to the film's executive producer Gary Goetzman.[44]", "The Silence of the Lambs (novel). Lecter's ruminations are interrupted when Dr. Frederick Chilton – the asylum's administrator and Lecter's nemesis – steps in. A listening device allowed him to record Starling's offer, and Chilton has found out that Crawford's deal is a lie. He offers one of his own: If Lecter reveals Buffalo Bill's identity, he will indeed get a transfer to another asylum, but only if Chilton gets credit for getting the information from him.", "\"Wild Bill\" Hickok. In 1873, Buffalo Bill Cody invited Hickok to join his acting troupe after their earlier success.[43] Hickok did not enjoy acting, often hiding behind scenery, and in one show shot the spotlight when it focused on him. He was released from the group after a few months.[44]", "The Young Riders. William F. Cody (Stephen Baldwin)\nBuffalo Bill is arrogant, brash, and a bit on the goofy side, but also devoted to his friends. He is an excellent shot with long arms such as rifles.", "The Silence of the Lambs (film). Scott Glenn was cast in the role of Jack Crawford, the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia. To prepare for the role, Glenn met with John E. Douglas, after whom the character is modeled. Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16-year-old girl.[19][20] According to Douglas, Glenn wept as he experienced the recordings and even changed his liberal stance on the death penalty.[21]", "The Silence of the Lambs (novel). On the basis of Lecter's prediction, Starling believes that he knows who Buffalo Bill really is. She also asks why she was sent to fish for information on Buffalo Bill without being told she was doing so; Crawford explains that if she had had an agenda, Lecter would have sensed it and never spoken up.", "Chris Isaak. Isaak has appeared in numerous films, mostly playing cameo roles. He starred, however, with Keanu Reeves and Bridget Fonda in the 1993 Bernardo Bertolucci-directed Little Buddha, and played a major role in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me (1992). Other motion pictures include Married to the Mob (1988), The Silence of the Lambs (1991), That Thing You Do! (1996), A Dirty Shame (2004), and The Informers (2008).[citation needed]", "Hannibal Lecter. Hannibal Lecter is parodied in the 2005 musical, SILENCE! The Musical, with the character being originated by actor Brent Barrett.", "Frankie Faison. Faison started his acting career in 1974 in the New York Shakespeare Festival production of King Lear, with James Earl Jones in the title role. Faison would later appear opposite Jones in the Broadway premiere of Fences, for which he received a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play nomination. Faison's next role came in TV, in the short-lived series Hot Hero Sandwich in 1979. Faison did not make it to the big screen until 1980, when he appeared in Permanent Vacation as \"Man in Lobby\". A string of small roles followed until 1986, when he played the part of Lt. Fisk in Manhunter. Also that year, he appeared in the comedy The Money Pit, as an unruly construction worker, and in the Stephen King film Maximum Overdrive. In 1988, he appeared alongside Eddie Murphy and James Earl Jones in Coming to America in the role of a landlord and won a minor role in the 1989 Spike Lee film Do the Right Thing. Faison is notable for being the most frequent actor to appear in adaptations of Thomas Harris' Hannibal books: along with Manhunter, he also appeared as Lector's jailer Barney in The Silence of the Lambs, the sequel Hannibal and the prequel Red Dragon.", "The Silence of the Lambs (novel). In Tennessee, Catherine Baker Martin, daughter of Senator Ruth Martin, is kidnapped. Within six hours, her blouse is found on the roadside, slit up the back: Buffalo Bill's calling card. He traps her in an oubliette and begins to starve her. Crawford is advised that no less than the President of the United States has expressed \"intense interest\" in the case, and that a successful rescue is preferable. Crawford estimates they have three days before Catherine is killed. Starling is sent to Lecter with the offer of a deal: if he assists in Catherine's rescue and Buffalo Bill's capture, he will be transferred out of the asylum, something he has continually longed for. However, Lecter expresses skepticism at the genuineness of the offer." ]

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[ "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. American musician Todd Rundgren covered \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" for the 2003 album Songs from the Material World: A Tribute to George Harrison. Rundgren said of his contribution to the multi-artist tribute: \"[Before the Beatles], I'd never heard the term 'lead guitarist.' George created the job description for my first paying gig, the vocation that I'm still lucky enough to practice today …\"[115] Johnny Loftus of AllMusic views the recording as one of the collection's highlights, saying that Rundgren \"effortlessly replicates the grandeur\" of the Beatles' track.[116] As his personal tribute to Harrison,[117] Peter Frampton released a version of the song on his 2003 album Now.[118]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Among other cover versions, the song has also been recorded by guitarists such as Marc Ribot, Phish and Charlie Byrd, and on ukulele by Jake Shimabukuro.[121][122] Toto did a cover version for their album Through the Looking Glass and in a live performance in Live in Amsterdam.[121] Santana did a cover for his twentieth album Guitar Heaven: The Greatest Guitar Classics of All Time, in 2010, featuring singer India Arie and cellist Yo-Yo Ma.[123] Released as a single, it charted on Billboard's Adult Contemporary.[124] In 2016, Regina Spektor performed the song for the soundtrack to the film Kubo and the Two Strings, accompanied by Kevin Kmetz on a shamisen.", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. In 2004, when Harrison was inducted posthumously into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a solo artist, \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" was played in tribute by a large band that included Tom Petty, Lynne, Steve Winwood, Marc Mann and Dhani Harrison.[112] The performance concluded with an extended guitar solo by Prince, who was also being inducted into the Hall of Fame.[119][120]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. According to Ian MacDonald,[127] Walter Everett[66] and John Winn:[59]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1968 double album The Beatles (also known as \"the White Album\"). It was written by George Harrison, the band's lead guitarist. The song serves as a comment on the disharmony within the Beatles following their return from studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968. This lack of camaraderie was reflected in the band's initial apathy towards the composition, which Harrison countered by inviting his friend and occasional collaborator, Eric Clapton, to contribute to the recording. Clapton overdubbed a lead guitar part, although he was not formally credited for his contribution.[4]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Canadian guitarist Jeff Healey covered \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" on his 1990 album Hell to Pay. Harrison participated in the recording, contributing on acoustic guitar and backing vocals.[108] Also issued as a single, Healey's version peaked at number 27 in Canada,[109] number 85 in the UK[110] and number 25 in New Zealand.[111]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" was one of the few Beatles compositions from early 1968 that changed markedly from demo form to the official recording.[28] Harrison's demos suggest the influence of folk music, yet the Beatles' version is in the heavy rock style typical of much of the band's late 1960s work.[29] While noting the importance of Harrison's return to the guitar during this period, Beatles biographer Jonathan Gould describes the song as \"virtually a declaration of his recommitment to rock\".[30]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. The Beatles recorded \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" several times during the sessions for their self-titled double album, also known as \"the White Album\".[43] The recording sessions, which began in late May 1968, were characterised by a lack of cooperation among the four band members,[44][45] and by what Lennon's bandmates regarded as the overly intrusive presence of his new romantic partner, Yoko Ono.[46] In this atmosphere, Harrison had initially been reluctant to present his new compositions to the group.[47][48] Take 1 on 25 July – the version later issued on Anthology 3 – was a solo performance by Harrison, playing his Gibson J-200 acoustic guitar, with an overdubbed harmonium part.[27][34][nb 3]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. On 6 September, during a ride from Surrey into London, Harrison asked Clapton to play guitar on the track. Clapton, who recognised Harrison's talent as a songwriter,[56] and considered that his abilities had long been held back by Lennon and McCartney,[57] was nevertheless reluctant to participate; he later recalled that his initial response was: \"I can't do that. Nobody ever plays on Beatles records.\"[58] Harrison convinced him, and Clapton's lead guitar part, played on Harrison's Gibson Les Paul electric guitar \"Lucy\" (a recent gift from Clapton), was overdubbed that evening.[4][59] Recalling the session in his 2007 autobiography, Clapton says that, while Lennon and McCartney were \"fairly non-committal\", he thought the track \"sounded fantastic\", adding: \"I knew George was happy, because he listened to it over and over in the control room.\"[60]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. On release, the song received praise from several music critics, and it has since been recognised as an example of Harrison's continued maturity as a songwriter beside his Beatles bandmates John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Rolling Stone ranked \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" 136th on its list of \"The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time\",[5] seventh on the \"100 Greatest Guitar Songs of All Time\",[6] and at number 10 on its list of \"The Beatles 100 Greatest Songs\".[7][8] Clapton's performance was ranked 42nd in Guitar World's 2008 list of the \"100 Greatest Guitar Solos\".[9] Harrison and Clapton often performed the song together live, during which they shared the lead guitarist's role over the closing section. Live versions featuring the pair were included on the Concert for Bangladesh album in 1971 and Live in Japan in 1992. Backed by a band that included McCartney and Ringo Starr, Clapton performed the song at the Concert for George in November 2002, a year after Harrison's death.", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. The version performed by Harrison during his set at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert reunited him with Starr and Clapton,[102] and features an extended coda with the guitars of Harrison and Clapton interweaving. On their 1991 tour of Japan, Harrison and Clapton performed \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" with additional background vocals. An edit combining parts of the 14 December and 17 December Tokyo Dome performances of the song was included on Harrison's 1992 double album Live in Japan.[103]", "Regina Spektor. Her cover of \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps,\" performed on a shamisen, was featured on the soundtrack of the 2016 animated film Kubo and the Two Strings.", "The Beatles (album). \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" was written by Harrison during a visit he made to his parents' home in Cheshire.[92] He first recorded the song as a solo performance, on acoustic guitar, on 25 July – a version that remained unreleased until Anthology 3.[58] He was unhappy with the group's first attempt to record the track, and so invited his friend Eric Clapton to come and play on it. Clapton was unsure about guesting on a Beatles record, but Harrison said the decision was \"nothing to do with them. It's my song.\"[93] Clapton's solo was treated with automatic double tracking to attain the desired effect; he gave Harrison the guitar he used, which Harrison later named \"Lucy\".[94][e]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Among contemporary reviews, Jann Wenner of Rolling Stone said that \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" was \"one of George Harrison's very best songs\", and likened it to \"Blue Jay Way\" in that it \"recalls California, the simple Baja California beat, the dreamy words of the Los Angeles haze, the organic pace lapping around every room as if in invisible waves\". Wenner found the lyrics \"slightly self-righteous and preaching\", representing \"a general set of incidents, a message, like a sermon, impersonally directed to everyone\", and concluded: \"I am willing to bet something substantial that the lead guitarist on this cut is Eric Clapton, yet another involution of the circular logic on which this song [is] so superbly constructed as a musical piece.\"[82] In his review for the International Times, Barry Miles said the song was a \"great tune\" with \"nice hi-hats\" but a \"lifeless\" guitar part,[83] while Alan Smith of the NME wrote: \"the words are evocative and the melody line is creeping into my mind to stay.\"[84] Geoffrey Cannon wrote in The Guardian: \"George Harrison has seen the truth, and is anxious that we should see our truth. He's a preacher, man of fire. When his songs speak of 'you,' the address is direct. He achieves his character in 'While My Guitar Gently Weeps', which, with Phil Ochs's 'Tape from California', is the first track I know that succeeds in making magnanimous love serious and touching.\"[85]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. White Album version", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Despite his reluctance to record \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\", McCartney later identified it as one of his favourite selections on the 1995–96 Anthology outtakes series,[93] and he grouped the song with \"Something\" and \"Here Comes the Sun\" as candidates for Harrison's \"greatest track\".[94] Starr paired it with \"Something\" as \"Two of the finest love songs ever written\", adding: \"they're really on a par with what John and Paul or anyone else of that time wrote.\"[94] In their written tributes to Harrison following his death in November 2001, Mick Jagger and Keith Richards each expressed their admiration for the song.[95] Jagger said: \"It's lovely, plaintive. Only a guitar player could write that ...\"[96]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Harrison also featured the song in the set list for his only other tour as a solo artist, a series of North American concerts over November–December 1974 with Ravi Shankar.[104] Harrison shared the lead guitarist's role with Robben Ford, often extending the piece to eight minutes.[105] While it was a popular inclusion in a set list that barely acknowledged Harrison's past as a former Beatle, his alteration of some of the lyrics – so that his guitar \"gently smiles\" and \"tries to smile\" – disappointed many concert-goers and reviewers.[104][106] Author Simon Leng comments that on Harrison's return to Madison Square Garden towards the end of the tour, his playing on the song nevertheless received a standing ovation.[107]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Harrison wrote \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" as an exercise in randomness inspired by the Chinese I Ching. The song conveys his dismay at the world's unrealised potential for universal love, which he refers to as \"the love there that's sleeping\". Harrison first recorded it with a sparse backing of acoustic guitar and harmonium – a version that appeared on the 1996 Anthology 3 outtakes compilation and, with the addition of a string arrangement by George Martin, on the Love soundtrack album in 2006. The full group recording was made in September 1968, at which point the song's folk-based musical arrangement was replaced by a production in the heavy rock style. The recording was one of several collaborations between Harrison and Clapton during the late 1960s and was followed by the pair co-writing the song \"Badge\" for Clapton's group Cream.", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. During the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II concert at Buckingham Palace Garden on 3 June 2002, McCartney performed the song with Clapton, as a tribute to Harrison.[112] The performance appears on the DVD release Party at the Palace.[113] On 29 November the same year, Clapton, McCartney, Starr, Dhani Harrison, Jeff Lynne and Marc Mann performed \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" at the Concert for George in memory of Harrison.[112] This version showcased Clapton singing the lead vocal while McCartney provided background vocals and piano; Mann played Clapton's original fills and the mid-song solo. Author Ian Inglis writes that while Clapton was already \"permanently associated\" with \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" due to his presence on the White Album recording and the Concert for Bangladesh and Live in Japan versions, Clapton's long, closing solo at the Concert for George contained \"perhaps the most expressive\" playing of all these versions.[114]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Harrison played \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" at every one of his comparatively rare concerts as a solo artist. Writing for Mojo in 2003, Ashley Kahn attributed the track's \"classic\" status to its evocation of \"a band falling out of harmony\" and, with regard to the enduring musical bond between Harrison and Clapton, its standing as \"their song\".[97] At Harrison's Concert for Bangladesh, held at Madison Square Garden in New York on 1 August 1971, Clapton performed the song on a Gibson Byrdland, a hollow-body guitar more suited to jazz[98] or country music than rock.[99] He later said that this was a poor decision and, as with his substandard playing at the event, one indicative of his descent into heroin addiction.[99][100][nb 6]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. George Harrison wrote \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" after his return from India, where the Beatles had been studying Transcendental Meditation under Maharishi Mahesh Yogi during the spring of 1968. The visit had allowed Harrison to re-engage with the guitar as his primary instrument, after focusing on the Indian sitar for the previous two years,[11] and also marked the start of a prolific period for him as a songwriter.[12][13] Inspiration for the song came to him when he was visiting his parents in Warrington, Cheshire, and he began reading the I Ching, or \"The Book of Changes\".[10] As Harrison put it, \"[the book] seemed to me to be based on the Eastern concept that everything is relative to everything else, as opposed to the Western view that things are merely coincidental.\"[14] Embracing this idea of relativism, he committed to writing a song based on the first words he saw upon opening a book, which happened to be \"gently weeps\".[15] Harrison continued to work on the lyrics after this initial writing session.[14]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. A demo that Harrison recorded at his home in Esher includes an unused verse: \"I look at the trouble and see that it's raging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …\"[26] This version also includes the line \"The problems you sow are the troubles you're reaping\", which he similarly discarded. An early acoustic guitar and harmonium performance of the song features a slightly different third verse: \"I look from the wings at the play you are staging / While my guitar gently weeps / As I'm sitting here, doing nothing but ageing …\"[26] This version was released on the 1996 compilation Anthology 3 and was used as the basis of the 2006 Love remix, with a string arrangement by George Martin.[27]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. In his lyrics to \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\", Harrison revisits the theme of universal love and the philosophical concerns that were evident in his overtly Indian-influenced compositions, particularly \"Within You Without You\".[35] The song is a lament for how a universal love for humankind is latent in all individuals yet remains unrealised.[35][36] In the description of theologian Dale Allison, the song \"conveys spiritual angst and an urgent religious point of view without being explicitly theological\".[37] Harrison sings of surveying \"you all\" and seeing \"the love there that's sleeping\".[38] Musicologist Walter Everett comments that the change from the minor-mode verse to the parallel major might express hope that \"unrealized potential\" described in the lyrics is to be \"fulfilled\", but the continued minor triads \"seem to express a strong dismay that love is not to be unfolded\".[34] During the bridges, Harrison adopts a repetitive rhyming scheme in the style of Bob Dylan[39] to convey how humankind has become distracted from its ability to manifest this love.[38] He sings of people that have been \"inverted\" and \"perverted\" from their natural perspective.[40]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" became a staple of US rock radio during the early 1970s,[86] on a par with songs such as \"Layla\" by Clapton's short-lived band Derek and the Dominos, Led Zeppelin's \"Stairway to Heaven\" and the Who's \"Won't Get Fooled Again\".[80] In 1973, it appeared on the Beatles' double album compilation 1967–1970,[87] as one of only three tracks representing the White Album.[88] Capitol Records included it on The Best of George Harrison in 1976;[89] a year before this, Harrison released a sequel to the song, titled \"This Guitar (Can't Keep from Crying)\", which also served as the final single issued by Apple in its original incarnation.[90][91] The Beatles' recording also appeared on the soundtrack to Withnail and I, a 1987 comedy film set in late-1960s London and produced by Harrison's company HandMade Films.[92]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Anthology 3 version", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. In June 2016, Apple Corps and Cirque du Soleil released a music video for \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\". The video was created for the tenth anniversary re-staging of Cirque du Soleil's Love theatrical production.[125] The video was directed by Dandypunk, André Kasten and Leah Moyer. Ryan Reed, describing the clip for rollingstone.com, wrote that \"Dandypunk's hand-drawn illustrations depict Harrison's lyrics falling off the page into the air, transporting LOVE performer Eira Glover into a series of fantastical locations. Projection mapping – and no CGI – was used to create the clip.\"[126]", "Fifth Beatle. Originally \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" had only the first guitar solo in the song off the album. Harrison thought that it sounded weak, and called in Clapton.[25] to perform the lead guitar on the song. It was decided to cut one verse entirely and add another guitar solo towards the end of the song. When Harrison briefly left the band in January 1969, Lennon suggested inviting Clapton to replace him. After the Beatles broke up, Clapton became one of the few musicians to appear on solo recordings by each of the four.", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Still wary that his contribution might present too much of a departure from the band's sound, Clapton requested that Harrison give the lead guitar track a more \"Beatley\" sound when mixing the song.[62][63] During final mixing for the White Album, on 14 October,[62] the guitar part was run through an ADT circuit with \"varispeed\", with engineer Chris Thomas manipulating the oscillator to achieve the desired \"wobbly\" effect.[64][nb 4] According to Everett, Lennon's tremolo-rich guitar part, recorded on 5 September, was retained only in the song's coda.[66]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Clapton's guitar contribution has been described as making this a \"monumental\" track. As particularly notable features, Everett highlights the increasing lengths of thrice-heard first scale degrees (0:17–0:19), the restraint shown by rests in many bars then unexpected appearances (as at 0:28–0:29), commanding turnaround phrases (0:31–0:33), expressive string bends marking modal changes from C to C♯ (0:47–0:53), power retransition (1:21–1:24), emotive vibrato (2:01–2:07), and a solo (1:55–2:31) with a \"measured rise in intensity, rhythmic activity, tonal drive and registral climb\".[61] In October 1968, Harrison reciprocated by co-writing \"Badge\" with Clapton and playing on Cream's recording of the track.[67][68] Released on Cream's final album, Goodbye, \"Badge\" reflected Harrison's pop sensibilities[68] and helped Clapton transition from the heavy blues style and its reliance on extended soloing, and onto the more song-based approach that he and Harrison admired in the Band's 1968 album Music from Big Pink.[69]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. Sessions on 16 August and 5 September produced full band recordings of the song. In the case of the 16 August version, an overdubbing session on 3 September marked the first time that the Beatles had used eight-track recording at EMI Studios.[47][50] At the same session, Harrison overdubbed a backwards (or \"backmasked\") guitar solo, as he had done two years before on \"I'm Only Sleeping\", on the Revolver album, but he was not satisfied with the results.[51] The Beatles then remade the basic track on 5 September[34] – a session that marked Ringo Starr's return to the group after he had walked out on 22 August, upset at the unpleasant atmosphere.[52] While Harrison led the band in welcoming back their drummer, by installing a large flower display all over Starr's drum kit,[53] he continued to think that his bandmates were not giving their best to the song.[54][55]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. The song reflects the disharmonious atmosphere within the Beatles following their return from India.[16] Harrison had led the band in their highly publicised endorsement of Transcendental Meditation[17][18] and viewed this spiritual pursuit as superior in importance to their career momentum.[19] When discussing another song he wrote at this time, \"Not Guilty\", Harrison said it referred to \"the grief I was catching\" from John Lennon and Paul McCartney for leading them to Rishikesh[20] and supposedly hindering the group's career and the launch of their Apple record label.[21] Eric Clapton, with whom Harrison collaborated on several recordings throughout 1968 as a distraction from the Beatles,[22] said that \"While My Guitar Gently Weeps\" conveyed Harrison's spiritual isolation within the group.[23][nb 1]", "While My Guitar Gently Weeps. The song as originally issued by the Beatles is in the key of A minor,[31] changing to A major over the bridges.[32] Aside from the intro, the composition is structured into two rounds of verse and bridge, with an instrumental passage extending the second of these verse sections, followed by a final verse and a long instrumental passage that fades out on the released recording.[32] All the sections consist of an even sixteen bars or measures, which are divided into four phrases.[32]" ]

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[ "Eye black. It is a form of functional makeup.", "Black. Black can be defined as the visual impression experienced when no visible light reaches the eye. Pigments or dyes that absorb light rather than reflect it back to the eye \"look black\". A black pigment can, however, result from a combination of several pigments that collectively absorb all colors. If appropriate proportions of three primary pigments are mixed, the result reflects so little light as to be called \"black\".", "Pupil. The pupil is a hole located in the center of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.[1] It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.", "Pupil. The pupil is a hole located in the centre of the iris of the eye that allows light to strike the retina.[1] It appears black because light rays entering the pupil are either absorbed by the tissues inside the eye directly, or absorbed after diffuse reflections within the eye that mostly miss exiting the narrow pupil.", "Shades of black. Black is a color, the perception of which is evoked by the total absence of light that stimulates any of the three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye and with very low brightness compared to the surroundings. A black visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. Black is the darkest possible color.", "Human eye. The eye is not shaped like a perfect sphere, rather it is a fused two-piece unit, composed of the anterior segment and the posterior segment. The anterior segment is made up of the cornea, iris and lens. The cornea is transparent and more curved, and is linked to the larger posterior segment, composed of the vitreous, retina, choroid and the outer white shell called the sclera. The cornea is typically about 11.5 mm (0.3 in) in diameter, and 1/2 mm (500 μm) in thickness near its center. The posterior chamber constitutes the remaining five-sixths; its diameter is typically about 24 mm. The cornea and sclera are connected by an area termed the limbus. The iris is the pigmented circular structure concentrically surrounding the center of the eye, the pupil, which appears to be black. The size of the pupil, which controls the amount of light entering the eye, is adjusted by the iris' dilator and sphincter muscles.", "Evil eye. In general in India, if gone through time up to historical myths, babies and newborn infants will have their eye adorned with kajal, or eyeliner. This would be black, as it is believed in India that black wards off the evil eye or any evil auras. In South India (Andhra Pradesh), people call it as 'Disti' or 'Drusti'. To remove Disti people follow several methods based on their culture/area. Items used to remove Disti either Rock salt or Red chilies or Oiled cloth. Taking one of this item, people remove Disti by rotating their hand with one of the item above around the person who affected by Disti and they will burn the item.[32]", "Eye black. Eye black is a grease or strip applied under the eyes to reduce glare. It is often used by American football, baseball, and lacrosse players to mitigate the effects of bright sunlight or stadium floodlights.", "Limbal ring. A limbal ring is a dark ring around the iris of the eye. It is a dark-colored manifestation of the corneal limbus resulting from optical properties of the region.[1]", "Sclera. The sclera,[help 1] also known as the white of the eye, is the opaque, fibrous, protective, outer layer of the human eye containing mainly collagen and some elastic fiber.[2] In humans, the whole sclera is white, contrasting with the coloured iris, but in other mammals the visible part of the sclera matches the colour of the iris, so the white part does not normally show. In the development of the embryo, the sclera is derived from the neural crest.[3] In children, it is thinner and shows some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue. In the elderly, fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow. Many people with dark skin have naturally darkened sclerae, the result of melanin pigmentation.", "Uvea. The uvea (/ˈjuːvɪə/)[1] (Lat. uva, grape), also called the uveal layer, uveal coat, uveal tract, or vascular tunic, is the pigmented middle of the three concentric layers that make up an eye. The name is possibly a reference to its reddish-blue or almost black colour, wrinkled appearance and grape-like size and shape when stripped intact from a cadaveric eye.[2] Its use as a technical term in anatomy and ophthalmology is relatively modern.[citation needed]", "Heterochromia iridum. There are three kinds of heterochromia of the eye (heterochromia iridum or heterochromia iridis). In complete heterochromia, one iris is a different color from the other. In sectoral heterochromia, part of one iris is a different color from its remainder. In central heterochromia, there is a ring around the pupil or possibly spikes of different colors radiating from the pupil.", "Sclera. The eyes of all non-human primates are dark with small, barely visible sclera.", "Periorbital dark circles. Periorbital hyperpigmentation is the official name for when there is more melanin produced around the eyes than is usual, giving them a darker color.", "Uvea. The uvea is the vascular middle layer of the eye. It is traditionally divided into three areas, from front to back, the:", "Evil eye. In North India, the evil eye is called \"Drishti\" (meaning gaze or vision) or more commonly as Buri Nazar. A charm bracelet, tattoo or other object (Nazar battu), or a slogan (Chashme Baddoor (slogan)), may be used to ward-off the evil eye. Some truck owners write the slogan to ward off the evil eye: \"buri nazar wale tera muh kala\" (\"O evil-eyed one, may your face turn black\").", "Periorbital dark circles. Periorbital dark circles (also known as dark circles, infraorbital venous stasis or periorbital hyperpigmentation) are dark blemishes around the eyes. There are many causes of this symptom, including heredity and bruising.[1]", "Cornea. The cornea is the transparent front part of the eye that covers the iris, pupil, and anterior chamber. The cornea, with the anterior chamber and lens, refracts light, with the cornea accounting for approximately two-thirds of the eye's total optical power.[1][2] In humans, the refractive power of the cornea is approximately 43 dioptres.[3] While the cornea contributes most of the eye's focusing power, its focus is fixed. The curvature of the lens, on the other hand, can be adjusted to \"tune\" the focus depending upon the object's distance. Medical terms related to the cornea often start with the prefix \"kerat-\" from the Greek word κέρας, horn.", "Choroid. Melanin, a dark colored pigment, helps the choroid limit uncontrolled reflection within the eye that would potentially result in the perception of confusing images.", "Choroid. In humans and most other primates, melanin occurs throughout the choroid. In albino humans, frequently melanin is absent and vision is low. In many animals, however, the partial absence of melanin contributes to superior night vision. In these animals, melanin is absent from a section of the choroid and within that section a layer of highly reflective tissue, the tapetum lucidum, helps to collect light by reflecting it in a controlled manner. The uncontrolled reflection of light from dark choroid produces the photographic red-eye effect on photos, whereas the controlled reflection of light from the tapetum lucidum produces eyeshine (see Tapetum lucidum).", "Eye. The structures of the eye labelled", "Macula of retina. The interior of the posterior half of the left eyeball.", "Evil eye. In Pakistan, the evil eye is called Nazar (نظر). People usually may resort to reading the last three chapters of the Quran, namely Sura Ikhlas, Sura Al-Falaq and Sura Al-Nas. \"Masha'Allah\" (ما شاء الله‎) (\"God has willed it.\") is commonly said to ward off the evil eye. Understanding of evil eye varies by the level of education. Some perceive the use of black color to be useful in protecting from evil eye. Others use \"taawiz\" to ward off evil eye. Truck owners and other public transport vehicles may commonly be seen using a small black cloth on the bumpers to prevent evil eye.[23]", "Eye color. Normally, there is a thick layer of melanin on the back of the iris. Even people with the lightest blue eyes, with no melanin on the front of the iris at all, have dark brown coloration on the back of it, to prevent light from scattering around inside the eye. In those with milder forms of albinism, the color of the iris is typically blue but can vary from blue to brown. In severe forms of albinism, there is no pigment on the back of the iris, and light from inside the eye can pass through the iris to the front. In these cases, the only color seen is the red from the hemoglobin of the blood in the capillaries of the iris. Such albinos have pink eyes, as do albino rabbits, mice, or any other animal with a total lack of melanin. Transillumination defects can almost always be observed during an eye examination due to lack of iridial pigmentation.[89] The ocular albino also lacks normal amounts of melanin in the retina as well, which allows more light than normal to reflect off the retina and out of the eye. Because of this, the pupillary reflex is much more pronounced in albino individuals, and this can emphasize the red eye effect in photographs.", "Black. Black is the darkest color, the result of the absence or complete absorption of visible light. It is an achromatic color, literally a color without hue, like white (its opposite) and gray.[1] It is often used symbolically or figuratively to represent darkness, while white represents light.[2]", "Shades of black. A black body is an idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation (regardless of frequency or angle of incidence). To the human eye, it seems black.", "Iris (anatomy). One eye with a white or bluish-white iris is also known as a walleye.[7]", "Eye. Another view of the eye and the structures of the eye labelled", "Black. This provides two superficially opposite but actually complementary descriptions of black. Black is the absorption of all colors of light, or an exhaustive combination of multiple colors of pigment. See also primary colors.", "Black. Black is commonly associated with secrecy.", "Iris (anatomy). Melanin is yellowish-brown to dark brown in the stromal pigment cells, and black in the iris pigment epithelium, which lies in a thin but very opaque layer across the back of the iris. Most human irises also show a condensation of the brownish stromal melanin in the thin anterior border layer, which by its position has an overt influence on the overall color.[2] The degree of dispersion of the melanin, which is in subcellular bundles called melanosomes, has some influence on the observed color, but melanosomes in the iris of humans and other vertebrates are not mobile, and the degree of pigment dispersion cannot be reversed. Abnormal clumping of melanosomes does occur in disease and may lead to irreversible changes in iris color (see heterochromia, below). Colors other than brown or black are due to selective reflection and absorption from the other stromal components. Sometimes lipofuscin, a yellow \"wear and tear\" pigment, also enters into the visible eye color, especially in aged or diseased green eyes.", "Heterochromia iridum. Eye color, specifically the color of the irises, is determined primarily by the concentration and distribution of melanin.[4][5] The affected eye may be hyperpigmented (hyperchromic) or hypopigmented (hypochromic).[3] In humans, an increase of melanin production in the eyes indicates hyperplasia of the iris tissues, whereas a lack of melanin indicates hypoplasia. The term is from ancient Greek: ἕτερος, héteros meaning different and χρώμα, chróma meaning color.[6]" ]

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[ "Functional manager. Functional managers and project managers have different roles and duties within an organisation. Functional managers are accountable to manage people with specific skills and different resources within a department or section to meet functional objectives as well as corporate objectives. Project managers must bring people together from different functions and specific skills to accomplish specialized tasks within a required time.[6] Sometimes, both functional managers and project managers have to work together to share resources and experience . This may help to improve efficiency and overall performance.[7]", "Functional manager. In both traditional and matrix organizations, the control of the resources is centered on the functional managers,[1] essentially putting project managers at a disadvantage when bargaining about staffing arrangements. Additionally, in such organizations, project managers usually report to functional managers, who report to senior management.[2]", "Functional manager. A functional manager is a person who has management authority over an organizational unit—such as a department—within a business, company, or other organization. Functional managers have ongoing responsibilities, and are not usually directly affiliated with project teams, other than ensuring that goals and objectives align with the organization's overall strategy and vision.", "Functional manager. Functional manager are always responsible for how their functions are carried out, and how their employees work to meet functional objectives. However, a line manager directly manages other employees and is responsible for administrative management of individuals.[9] If someone refers to their \"boss\" they mean the individual who is their line manager.[10]", "Functional manager. Although above skills are important to all types of managers, their relative importance tends to vary by various functions, for example, finance functional managers need to have skills about rising fund and financial analysis.", "Functional manager. To achieve an organisation's objectives, functional managers need a number of specific skills—for example: communication skills, decision making skills, and interpersonal skills.[5]", "Functional manager. The roles of functional managers can be defined by obligation and authorities:", "Matrix management. Some organizations fall somewhere between the fully functional and the pure matrix. These organizations are defined in A Guide to the Project Management Body of Knowledge[7] as ’composite’. For example, even a fundamentally functional organization may create a special project team to handle a critical project.", "Functional manager. Functional manager is in charge of a specific business unit or section such as Finance or Sales.Here are some examples of functional managers:[11]", "Project management. A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers are in charge of the people in a project. People are the key to any successful project. Without the correct people in the right place and at the right time a project cannot be successful. Project managers can have the responsibility of the planning, execution, controlling, and closing of any project typically relating to the construction industry, engineering, architecture, computing, and telecommunications. Many other fields of production engineering, design engineering, and heavy industrial have project managers.", "Project management. A project manager needs to understand the order of execution of a project to schedule the project correctly as well as the time necessary to accomplish each individual task within the project. A project manager is the person accountable for accomplishing the stated project objectives. Project Managers tend to have multiple years’ experience in their field. A project manager is required to know the project in and out while supervising the workers along with the project. Typically in most construction, engineering, architecture and industrial projects, a project manager has another manager working alongside of them who is typically responsible for the execution of task on a daily basis. This position in some cases is known as a superintendent. A superintendent and project manager work hand in hand in completing daily project task. Key project management responsibilities include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building the project requirements, and managing the triple constraint (now including more constraints and calling it competing constraints) for projects, which is cost, time, and scope for the first three but about three additional ones in current project management. A typical project is composed of a team of workers who work under the project manager to complete the assignment. A project manager normally reports directly to someone of higher stature on the completion and success of the project.", "Project manager. A project manager is a professional in the field of project management. Project managers have the responsibility of the planning, procurement and execution of a project, in any domain of engineering. Project managers are first point of contact for any issues or discrepancies arising from within the heads of various departments in an organization before the problem escalates to higher authorities. Project management is the responsibility of a project manager. This individual seldom participates directly in the activities that produce the end result, but rather strives to maintain the progress, mutual interaction and tasks of various parties in such a way that reduces the risk of overall failure, maximizes benefits, and minimizes costs.", "Project manager. A project manager is the person responsible for accomplishing the project objectives. Key project management responsibilities include", "Functional manager. The strategic manager must view each action as it relates to the organization's larger strategic mission.They help the top leadership to prioritize business objectives and also help to provide strategies to capitalize opportunities and to avoid potential risks. Strategic managers should always have excellent analytical and problem-solving skills. However, the functional managers can concentrate on what is best for their specific sector.[8]", "Fayolism. … the most marked outward characteristics of functional management lies in the fact that each workman, instead of coming in direct contact with the management at one point only, … receives his daily orders and help from eight different bosses…", "Project manager. The Project Manager is accountable for ensuring that everyone on the team knows and executes his or her role, feels empowered and supported in the role, knows the roles of the other team members and acts upon the belief that those roles will be performed.[3] The specific responsibilities of the Project Manager may vary depending on the industry, the company size, the company maturity, and the company culture. However, there are some responsibilities that are common to all Project Managers, noting:[4]", "Organizational structure. Matrix structure is only one of the three major structures. The other two are Functional and Project structure. Matrix management is more dynamic than functional management in that it is a combination of all the other structures and allows team members to share information more readily across task boundaries. It also allows for specialization that can increase depth of knowledge in a specific sector or segment.", "Organization. This organizational type assigns each worker two bosses in two different hierarchies. One hierarchy is \"functional\" and assures that each type of expert in the organization is well-trained, and measured by a boss who is super-expert in the same field. The other direction is \"executive\" and tries to get projects completed using the experts. Projects might be organized by products, regions, customer types, or some other schema.", "Scrum (software development). One of the ways the scrum master role differs from a project manager is that the latter may have people management responsibilities and the scrum master does not. Scrum does not formally recognise the role of project manager, as traditional command and control tendencies would cause difficulties.[26]", "Cross-functional team. Some organizations are built around cross-functional workflows by having reporting lines to multiple managers. This type of management is called matrix management, and such organizations are often called matrix organizations.", "Project team. Most project teams require involvement from more than one department, therefore most project teams can be classified as cross functional team. The project team usually consists of a variety of members often working under the direction of a project manager or a senior member of the organization. Projects that may not receive strong support initially often have the backing of a project champion. Individual team members can either be involved on a part-time or full-time basis. Their time commitment can change throughout the project depending on the project development stage.", "Project manager. A project manager is a client representative and has to determine and implement the exact needs of the client, based on knowledge of the organization they are representing. An expertise is required in the domain the Project Managers are working to efficiently handle all the aspects of the project. The ability to adapt to the various internal procedures of the client and to form close links with the nominated representatives, is essential in ensuring that the key issues of cost, time, quality and above all, client satisfaction, can be realized.", "Project management office. PMOs may take other functions beyond standards and methodology, and participate in Strategic project management either as facilitator or actively as owner of the Portfolio Management process. Tasks[3] may include monitoring and reporting on active projects and portfolios (following up project until completion), and reporting progress to top management for strategic decisions on what projects to continue or cancel.", "Management. Consist of general managers, branch managers and department managers. They are accountable to the top management for their department's function. They devote more time to organizational and directional functions. Their roles can be emphasized as executing organizational plans in conformance with the company's policies and the objectives of the top management, they define and discuss information and policies from top management to lower management, and most importantly they inspire and provide guidance to lower level managers towards better performance.", "Senior management. The way TMTs are put together and work together as a team can greatly differ from other teams. This is mainly based on the fact that top managers have succeeded as individuals which often leads to a focus on functional team objectives rather than to working interdependently on a shared goal. TMTs consist of top managers from different functional areas of the firm, so they usually have different areas of expertise. Diversity and heterogeneity in teams can have a positive effect on teamwork. Nevertheless, there are also negative effects which have to be overcome as a team like not valuing different opinions and perspectives. A CEO that models valuing behavior and ensures the team has both a clear purpose and clear objectives can do just that. This also reduces social categorization effects because it leads to team members focusing more on their shared goals than on their differences.", "Management. In the 21st century observers find it increasingly difficult to subdivide management into functional categories in this way. More and more processes simultaneously involve several categories. Instead, one tends to think in terms of the various processes, tasks, and objects subject to management.[citation needed]", "Project management. As a discipline, project management developed from several fields of application including civil construction, engineering, and heavy defense activity.[9] Two forefathers of project management are Henry Gantt, called the father of planning and control techniques,[10] who is famous for his use of the Gantt chart as a project management tool (alternatively Harmonogram first proposed by Karol Adamiecki[11]); and Henri Fayol for his creation of the five management functions that form the foundation of the body of knowledge associated with project and program management.[12] Both Gantt and Fayol were students of Frederick Winslow Taylor's theories of scientific management. His work is the forerunner to modern project management tools including work breakdown structure (WBS) and resource allocation.", "Project management. An increasing number of organizations are using what is referred to as project portfolio management (PPM) as a means of selecting the right projects and then using project management techniques[54] as the means for delivering the outcomes in the form of benefits to the performing private or not-for-profit organization. PPM is usually performed by a dedicated team of managers organized by within a Project Management Office (PMO), usually based within the organization.", "Cross-functional team. Cross-functional teams consist of people from different parts of an organization. Information must be made understandable to all users. Not only engineers use technical data, and not only accountants use financial data, and not only human resources personnel use HR data. Modern organizations lack middle managers to combine, sort, and prioritize the data. Technical, financial, marketing, and all other types of information must come in a form that all members of a cross-functional team can understand. This involves reducing the amount of specialized jargon, sorting information based on importance, hiding complex statistical procedures from the users, giving interpretations of results, and providing clear explanations of difficult. Data visualization systems can present complex results in an intuitive manner.", "Project management. Traditionally (depending on what project management methodology is being used), project management includes a number of elements: four to five project management process groups, and a control system. Regardless of the methodology or terminology used, the same basic project management processes or stages of development will be used. Major process groups generally include:[6]", "Project management. Project management can apply to any project, but it is often tailored to accommodate the specific needs of different and highly specialized industries. For example, the construction industry, which focuses on the delivery of things like buildings, roads, and bridges, has developed its own specialized form of project management that it refers to as construction project management and in which project managers can become trained and certified.[46] The information technology industry has also evolved to develop its own form of project management that is referred to as IT project management and which specializes in the delivery of technical assets and services that are required to pass through various lifecycle phases such as planning, design, development, testing, and deployment. Biotechnology project management focuses on the intricacies of biotechnology research and development.[47] Localization project management includes many standard project management practices even though many consider this type of management to be a very different discipline. It focuses on three important goals: time, quality and budget. Successful projects are completed on schedule, within budget, and according to previously agreed quality standards.[48]", "Cross-functional team. The growth of self-directed cross-functional teams has influenced decision-making processes and organizational structures. Although management theory likes to propound that every type of organizational structure needs to make strategic, tactical, and operational decisions, new procedures have started to emerge that work best with teams.[3]" ]

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[ "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Ben Weston is a fictional character from Days of Our Lives, an American soap opera on the NBC network, most notably portrayed by Robert Scott Wilson. The role was originated by Justin Gaston in 2014 when Ben was introduced as the new love interest of Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) and he is later revealed to be the estranged brother of Jordan Ridgeway (Chrishell Stause).", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In the summer of 2013 Soap Opera Digest reported that the soap had put out two separate casting calls, one of which was for the role of Ben.[6] In February 2014, it was reported that actor and country singer Justin Gaston, known for his appearance on the television series, Nashville Star had been cast in the contract role of Ben. Gaston filmed his first scenes in October 2013 and was slated to make his first appearance on February 26, 2014.[7]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Ben (Justin Gaston) comes to Salem in 2014 where he lands a job as a waiter at Club TBD. It is later revealed that he is Jordan Ridgeway's (Chrishell Stause) estranged younger brother. Ben is immediately smitten with Abigail Deveraux (Kate Mansi) and comes to her defense against her deranged cousin Nick Fallon (Blake Berris). Jordan tries to chase Ben out of town fearing someone will uncover their past but he calms her fears. Ben comforts Abby after they witness Nick's murder together and they later share their first kiss. Ben (Robert Scott Wilson) accompanies Abigail to the wedding of EJ DiMera (James Scott) and Sami Brady (Alison Sweeney) where EJ is arrested. A distraught Sami tells Ben about EJ and Abby's affair. However, Ben doesn't hold Abby's past against her. Ben and Jordan are horrified when his abusive father Clyde Weston (James Read) comes to town demanding money they stole from him. Ben is surprised when Clyde changes his tune and gives Jordan back her life's savings. Meanwhile, Ben grows closer to Abby despite her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera's (Billy Flynn) attempts to sabotage Ben as he moves into a new apartment. Ben gets himself arrested when he attacks Chad in public after Chad throws his sexual relationships with Abby and Jordan in his face.", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). While he was initially excited about the storyline, Wilson knew there was a strong possibility that once the story wrapped, he could be out of a job.[32] As the serial killer story was set to climax in the fall, Soaps SheKnows reported that Wilson would likely vacate the role of Ben Weston when the story wrapped. However, neither Wilson nor the producers would comment on the actor's status with the series.[41] Wilson intentionally played coy during another interview in November 2015. When asked if he was coming or going, the actor \"It's a little bit of both. Maybe he's gone and then he's back and then he's gone. Maybe he's just among us. Maybe he's something that you can't get rid of.\"[34] Wilson seemingly vacated the role on December 8, 2015, when Ben goes to prison.[42] By the time of his departure, Wilson felt that Ben had completed his arc.[43] Despite reports that Wilson was done with the series, the actor continued posting pictures on social media of himself on the set.[42]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In April 2015, during an interview for Soapcentral.com, Wilson said that viewers will \"learn more about Ben in the next six months.\" The actor continued, \"It's a whole other side of Ben, and I'm really excited to kind of unravel it.\"[29] Wilson welcomed the shift in the direction of his character. \"I was getting bored out of my mind. So thank God. It's time for the cycle to change.\" Wilson admitted that Ben develops \"more of a wild streak than ever.\"[29]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In September 2017, having escaped a mental hospital, Ben crashes Chad and Abigail's double wedding with Sonny Kiriakis (Freddie Smith) and Paul Narita (Christopher Sean). He shocks everyone when he announces that Sonny's late husband Will is still alive and is then arrested. Ben eventually confides in Marlena that Clyde told him Will is alive. Later, Sami breaks Ben out and convinces him to reenact a very much alive Will's \"murder\" in hopes the event will bring back his memories. Ben cannot bring himself to go through with it, Sami has Ben locked away again.[2]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In January 2016 it was announced that Wilson would reprise his role as Ben. The actor reappeared onscreen on March 11.[44] Wilson revealed that producer Albert Alarr informed him toward the end of his first arc of the plans to bring the character back. However, this is a \"new chapter\" for Ben. \"This is now a fresh arc for myself and what I make for Ben.\" According to Wilson, Ben returns because he misses Salem, having found a home for himself there and \"because he wants to know what's going on\" and he somehow sees beyond what he has done.[43] As Abigail prepares to marry Chad, it is reported that Ben has escaped the mental hospital. However, when Abby sees Ben at her wedding, he appears to be a figment of her imagination.[45] Chad and JJ orchestrate a plan to lure Ben out of hiding, using Abigail as bait. However, Abigail's hallucinations get worse as the possibility that Ben is looming becomes even more real.[46]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Despite the controversy that stemmed from Will's murder, Wilson received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Ben. Michael Fairman who praised the story as a \"deeply affection and riveting arc\" said \"Wilson owned every second of Ben's troubled inner life and turmoil.\"[78] Soap Opera Digest made the climax it's \"Editor's Choice\" and praised Wilson and his co-stars for making the \"stakes feel higher\" and \"infusing the action with blistering intensity.\" The magazine said \"Wilson was mesmerizing as his character slipped in and out of lucidity. Wilson expertly highlighted Ben's struggle to stay cognizant as the manic part of his personality threatened complete dominance.\"[79] On-Air On-Soaps deemed the plot twist as the \"Most Shocking Storyline\" for the year 2015. The website also praised Ben as the \"Most Revived Character\" and Wilson as one of the \"Best\" supporting actors.[80] Soap Opera Digest further praised the character's \"revitalization\" describing Ben as a \"ho-hum character whose appeal increased as Wilson plumbed the depths of his alter ego's insanity.\"[79] Hope Campbell of Soap Hub noted that some fans suspected Ben had been faking his break from reality.[81]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). When Wilson reprised his role in 2017, Ryan White-Nobles excitedly declared \"The sexiest serial killer in soap history is returning to Days of our Lives!\"[89] \"If Will is returning to Salem, it should only make sense that the man who 'killed' him does, too, right?\"[90] Michael Fairman described the December 2017 scenes in which Ben attempts to re-enact Will's murder, as \"riveting\" \"can't-miss soap opera!\" He said the scenes were \"portrayed masterfully\" by Wilson and his co-stars, Alison Sweeney and Chandler Massey. The three \"all played their beats to perfection in this very dark and twisted plotpoint.\"[91] On-Air On-Soaps said Wilson had the \"Best Performance by a recurring\" actor for the year 2017. Fairman said \"Wilson has taken this disturbed character and brought him to soap opera cult status.\"[92] Gold Derby and Soap Hub credited Ben's 2017 return with helping the show win its 4th Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series as one of the episodes submitted featured Wilson's reappearance as Ben.[93][94]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). While the character was initially not well received, the shocking serial killer plot and Wilson's portrayal led to Ben becoming a fan favorite. One blog christened the character with the nickname \"Batty Ben\" while TVSource Magazine hailed Ben as \"The sexiest serial killer in soap history.\" Wilson received critical acclaim in the soap press and many were quite surprised the actor did not receive Daytime Emmy Award nomination for his work. However, Ben's multiple return stints garnered the series multiple daytime Emmy nominations, and wins, including the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 2018.", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Hope Campbell of Soap Hub said Wilson's 2016 return would surely \"shake things up\" just in time for February Sweeps.[81] Michael Fairman praised Wilson for his \"incredibly twisted\" portrayal during Ben's final confrontation with Kate Mansi's Abigail in April 2015.[85] Michael Goldberg from Serial Scoop said the scenes were \"magnificent.\"[86] Despite Ben terrorizing Abigail, \"to many fans, Ben was a treat.\" Hope Campbell said Wilson's performance kept viewers \"enthralled\" during his return. In a sample poll of nearly 2,000 votes, 65% of viewers hoped the character would return.[87] A Gold Derby poll saw 56% of voters were excited for Ben's return.[88]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). The original casting call described Ben as being in his early to mid 20s, a “gorgeous, Caucasian, country boy.” He is supposed to be Midwestern or Southern. The casting notice also described Ben as “utterly charming” due to his “honest sincere approach to life and love.” The producers looked for actors with a musical background.[6] According to Soap Central, musical talent was not a requirement for those auditioning for the role. Ben was also said to have a \"slight southern accent.\"[15] Wilson described the character as being \"a little more generic in the beginning.\"[1] \"He's kind of a loner. He's traveled and can read people very well.\" However, Ben can be a bit unpredictable, and according to Wilson, \"he's a loose cannon.\" Ben has a lot of rage because he comes from a \"messed-up home.\" Wilson described Ben as a \"good guy\" who isn't afraid to \"put somebody in line if he has to.\"[13] Unlike his former role as Pete, \"With Ben, I'm playing more of a hungry person.\" Wilson further described Ben as \"very street-smart\" and the typical \"nice guy.\" However, he can be a protective of his loved ones.[14] In an interview with On-Air On-Soaps, Wilson explained that Ben has a \"temper\" that can get him into trouble.[16] Ben has a \"protective nature\" because of his past.[17]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In January 2018, Wilson revealed on social media that he had been on set at Days of Our Lives, which led to rumors that he would soon reprise the role of Ben.[56] When actress Denice Duff announced that she would reprise her role as midwife Wendy Taylor, the speculation of Wilson's return increased, due to Wendy being one of Ben's victims during the serial killer plot. Soaps.com reported that Duff would reappear alongside Wilson in May 2018.[57] On April 26, 2018, Soap Opera Digest announced that Wilson would return as a series regular after signing a new deal with the soap. \"I'm really grateful,\" Wilson said to in a statement to the magazine. \"I love what Ron [Carlivati, head writer] and the whole team has been doing with him thus far, so I'm really excited to see where they take him after this.\"[58] Wilson credited his co-star Deidre Hall (Marlena) with being partly responsible for his return. \"She kind of rallied for me be back there\" he said. \"After our scenes, she'd say, 'Get this kid a contract.'\"[1]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Wilson later admitted that he didn't know much about the character when he assumed the role of Ben. \"[The producers] really only gave me what I needed to know to make it real and understandable to me.\"[18] Wilson revealed that the producers gave him a lot \"creative control\" when it came to his character's backstory.[17] Wilson revealed that he and Ben share a similar background because he too comes \"from humble beginnings.\"[14] Ben is born Oliver \"Ollie\" Weston on March 13, 1989 in the small city of Poplar Bluff, Missouri.[19][20] Wilson stated, \"Ben has pretty much always been broke\" and he's never experienced any real \"stability in his life.\"[18] \"I had to come up with my own backstory for things to work for me as the story went further\" the actor explained.[18] Wilson said of his character that \"Ben has lived a crazy life.[13] Ben hopes to make a home for himself by settling in the same town as his sister Jordan Ridgeway (Stause). Though Ben is the younger of the siblings, he has \"stepped up\" for Jordan and tries to be a father figure for her and protect her as payback for her raising him.[21] However, Ben's plans are threatened by the arrival of his father, Clyde Weston (Read). Ben \"very wary of Clyde\" because he only has bad memories of him.[18] While Clyde and Ben want the same thing, to build a father-son relationship, Clyde's schemes constantly undermines any progress they make.[22]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In an interview with Michael Maloney for TV Insider, Wilson said \"The show has come up with a phenomenal way to bring Ben full circle and putting him in a different light without losing his edge. They're writing the balance between vulnerability and danger.\"[1] In an interview with Soap Hub, Wilson said maintaining the character's edge is the \"trough line for everything.\" The writing leaves one wondering if, \"at any moment\" could Ben \"slip back into that dangerous mental space.\"[61] The writers paired Wilson with Deidre Hall's character, resident shrink, Marlena Evans, as she examines his mental stability upon hearing the news that he is rehabilitated.[62] Laurisa from Soapcentral.com argued that the extreme circumstances of a parallel plot in which Abigail avoided prison after killing someone and due to a psychotic break made Ben's return more plausible. \"A psychiatrist has deemed him sane, which the show can't shoot down in a light of Abigail's storyline.\"[63] Wilson described Marlena as the \"gatekeeper to get Ben back into the world of Salem.\" Of Ben's state of mind, Wilson said \"He had a chance to find himself, do some heavy reading and find God, maybe. He is medicated. He has been cleared and deemed sane. And he's okay.\"[61] Wilson revealed that Ben would interact with many of the characters he shared history with in addition some new faces. One of those new faces would be Victoria Konefal who played legacy character Ciara Brady.[1] \"Well he needs somebody to support him\" the actor stated.[64] Even with support from Marlena and Ciara, \"it's a struggle for him\" Wilson stated. Ben chooses to return to Salem \"because he wants to make amends.… And not everybody wants that.\" Ben is \"developing a sense of worth.\"[61]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Diane Brounstein of Soap Hub described Ben's 2018 reintroduction as a \"smart move.\" She continued, \"While the move may seem like a hard one to pull off […] there's no denying that the actor is mesmerizing to watch.\"[95] On-Air On-Soaps said \"You can never get enough of ole’ Ben Weston in your life now can you?\" Michael Fairman said \"it will be intriguiging to see just how Ben is integrated back into the canvas\" with Ron Carlivati as head writer.[96] Kambra Clifford of Soapcentral.com described the announcement as \"killer news.\"[97] Canyon News said the storyline would cause \"fireworks galore.\"[75] Soap Opera Spy said \"Even though Ben has caused quite a lot of trouble in Salem, there’s no denying that fans still tune in to see him.\"[98] However, not everyone was excited about the character's reintroduction. Jack Ori of TV Fanatic said \"I know a lot of people are fans of Batty Ben, but I'm not one of them. … I don't see him as redeemable.\"[99] However, not everyone was excited about the character's reintroduction. Jack Ori of TV Fanatic said \"I know a lot of people are fans of Batty Ben, but I'm not one of them. … I don't see him as redeemable.\"[100] Ori continued that \"The idea of Ben being so easily redeemed irks me.\"[101] Ori said the \"rushed nature\" of Ben's return was \"annoying.\" Christine Orlando said that while she appreciated Wilson's portrayal, \"I'm not really sure what purpose it serves to bring Ben back to Salem.\"[102] While she was excited for the return, Laurisa of Soapcentral.com said \"My biggest issue with reformed Ben is that [Robert Scott Wilson] does such a superb job of playing the villain. I'm not so sure I want to see him do anything else.\"[63] Soap Opera Digest described the character's reintroduction as \"misguided\" and said \"The idea of [Ben] mingling with the loved ones of his victims is off-putting.\" While the magazine agreed that keeping \"Ben on canvas a villain\" could generate \"interesting\" plots, \"trying to transform him into a romantic leading man is a big stretch.\"[103]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In September 2017, it was announced the Wilson was set to reprise his role in late September, under the regime of head writer Ron Carlivati. Wilson expressed his excitement in a statement to Soap Opera Digest. \"I couldn't have asked for a better entrance back to Salem – when no one sees it coming.\"[51] Just about everyone in town has converged on the church for a double wedding \"and then I got to swing the church doors open and drop a bomb\" the actor explained to Soap Opera Digest.[52] Ben announces to a packed room that Will Horton is alive upsetting the event. For Ben, this is \"great news.\" Ben considered Will to be a friend so \"Ben is trying to clear his conscience, and hopefully, clear his name as well.\" However, Ben has more than one agenda and sees it as a chance to stick it to those who have wronged him because he blames the people of Salem for turning him into what he has become. Ben takes pleasure in taunting everyone about Will being alive, which upsets Will's closest relatives. However, Ben cannot produce Will. \"That's part of the mystery. He's hoping Will can be found.\"[53]", "James Read. He had a recurring role on The WB series Charmed as Victor Bennett and was also a regular during the first season of Remington Steele. Recently, he could be seen as Ken Davis on the ABC family drama Wildfire and as ambassador Franklin Fairchild on the 2010 television series Persons Unknown. In 2008, he directed an episode of \"Wildfire\". In 2009, he performed in Better Angels as Abraham Lincoln at the Colony Theatre in Burbank, California. Since 2014, he has played the role of drug lord Clyde Weston on the soap opera Days of Our Lives.[2] On May 30, 2018, Michael Fairman TV and Soap Opera Digest announced Read joined the ABC Daytime soap opera General Hospital on June 6, 2018, as Gregory Chase.[3][4]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Michael Maloney described becoming a soap serial killer as \"a thankless role\" but credited Wilson's \"compelling performances\" with garnering \"rave reviews.\"[71] Jamey Giddens of Daytime Confidential initially praised the serial killer storyline and said \"The latest in a long line of DAYS serial killers is giving the show back its life\" by getting rid of the \"nonessential characters\" like Serena and Paige. \"Praise Soap Jesus\" Giddens exclaimed. Ironically, Giddens hoped the killer's next victims would be Ben and Clyde Weston.[72] Michael Fairman of On-Air On-Soaps praised the scenes in which Ben was revealed to be the serial killer.[31] Soap Central's Kambra Clifford described the plot twist as \"hellish\" and \"devilishly dark.\"[34] Soap Shows described Wilson's official confirmation of Ben as the serial killer as a \"spoilers reveal like no other.\"[73] Soap Shows christened the character with the nickname \"Batty Ben\" and said \"he's become the creepiest Salem man around.\" The blog further commented that \"Robert Scott Wilson appears to be having a blast playing an on-the-edge psycho who could flip at any moment.\"[74] Donald of Canyon News said the storyline and character reignited his interest in the soap. Wilson \"played Ben with devious perfection.\"[75] Initially, many viewers responded on social media and message boards in denial as many refused to believe that Ben was the killer.[32]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). The writers took it a step further in the development of the story by portraying Ben as having suffered some sort of psychological break creating two distinct personalities for himself.[40] The Ben viewers meet in 2014 is the \"nice guy\" who is just a bartender and Abigail's boyfriend. He \"takes the hand of the little princess [Abigail] of Salem.\" But then, there is \"Benjamin\" who experiences \"blackouts\" and blames Chad for his behavior. From Ben's perspective, Chad is responsible for the murders.[32] Though Wilson insisted that Ben does not have a split personality, \"Benjamin is another part of Ben's personality that acted as his protector.\" To help prepare for his portrayal of Ben, Wilson did some research with similar characters. He studied Anthony Perkins portrayal of Norman Bates in the 1960 film Psycho as well as Edward Norton's character in the 1996 film Primal Fear – who deals with a split personality. Wilson also watched several documentaries about the lives of serial killers. \"If somebody were to see my Netflix queue during that time they probably would have asked, 'What's up with this guy?'\" he said jokingly. However, in his research, Wilson recognized that Ben becoming a killer was entirely possible. \"The writers tapped into Ben's childhood, when he suffered abuse. That was the place where a lot of evil was rooted.\"[40] Tapping into that part of his psyche, \"worked for me as an actor\" Wilson explained. \"It is truly a great experience to go through as an actor, and weird at the same time.\"[32]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). He said of the character change, \"It's really night and day\" from the Ben viewers had come to know.[22] Wilson relished in portraying the \"bad guy.\" The actor was very grateful because \"they really did write for Ben\" and that allowed him to take a lot of \"chances and risks.\" He continued, \"I played things that I had never done.\"[28] In an interview with Michael Fairman from On-Air On-Soaps, Wilson revealed that when the story started filming, even he was not aware that Ben was the killer. Ben dumps the evidence in the river believing he has covered his tracks. The scenes were filmed in one take and Wilson later revealed that he wanted to re-shoot the scenes because he knew the fans wouldn't miss a beat and would notice that there was air in the bag – which would keep it from sinking. Ben is able to \"keep his game face on\" in public, until he is alone and \"can kind of revel in what has happened.\" In private, Ben takes \"deep breathes, and try to regain his composure.\"[32]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Robert Scott Wilson, Soap Opera Digest (2015)[28]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Soon after, Wilson was hired as a recast and the writers began exploring the character's dark past with the introduction of his abusive criminal father Clyde Weston (James Read). In 2015, the romantic triangle between Ben, Abigail and Chad DiMera (Billy Flynn) culminates in Ben becoming a serial killer, known as the \"Necktie Killer,\" claiming several victims, including legacy character Will Horton (Guy Wilson). Wilson vacated the role in late 2015 and would reprise the role for multiple guest stints. In 2016, he returned to the role to help facilitate the departure of Kate Mansi as Abigail. Wilson returned again in 2017 when Will was reintroduced with former cast member, Chandler Massey in the role. Wilson made a one episode guest appearance on May 4, 2018 and returned to the show as a series regular on June 1, 2018.[1]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In response to the original casting call looking for attractive actors, Luke Kerr said, \"Finding beautiful actors is all well and good, but please make sure they can act before letting them sign on the dotted line. \"[65] On-Air On-Soaps said \"Gaston fits the bill perfectly\" considering his musical background.[66] In response to the recast, Omar Nobles of TVSource Magazine said, \"I am THRILLED with this news.\" He continued and praised Wilson for his charm and charisma. Nobles stated, \"I rank this recast as an instant UPGRADE.\"[67] Wilson ranked at #10 on Daytime Confidential's list of the \"10 Best Soap Newbies of 2013\" having recently wrapped short lived stint on All My Children. Wilson's appearance on the list was only days after he had secretly booked the role of Ben.[68] Wilson also ranked at #3 on the soap blog's list of the \"10 Daytime Soap Opera Hunks We'd Love to Take Underwear Shopping.\" Jamey Giddens said, \"Is it any wonder CBS Daytime decided to make Robert Scott Wilson the first-ever male model on The Price is Right? Since then, the gorgeous hunk has proven to have impressive chops on two daytime soaps.\"[69] Despite Wilson being a popular casting choice, the writing for his character was very poorly received. Daytime Confidential listed the exploration of the character's backstory at #2 in its list of the \"10 Worst Soap Opera Storylines of 2014.\" The blog admitted that had the actors (including Wilson's costars Chrishell Stause and James Read) been cast in a more established roles, \"we doubt they'd be on a worst list.\" The site specifically said he should have been cast in the role of Andrew Donovan, son of supercouple Shane and Kimberly (Charles Shaughnessy and Patsy Pease) and brother to Theresa Donovan (Jen Lilley).[20] Giddens later commented on the character's love triangle with Abigail and Chad DiMera (Billy Flynn) \"isn't exactly compelling\" and Giddens also reiterated that the character of Andrew Donovan would've been better for story purposes.[70]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Laurisa, Soapcentral.com[63]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Ron Carlivati, Soap Opera Digest (2018)[55]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In June 2018, Ben is visited by Marlena Evans who questions his mental state as he due to be released from the sanitarium. Ben says it was the incident with Sami and Will that led to his break through. Ben vows to spend the rest of his life making amends for the pain he caused.[3] Upon his release, Ben visits Will and apologizes to him. Chad finds them together and orders Ben out of town. Ben reveals that he doesn't have any money to leave and Chad offers to help him leave. Chad takes Ben to the edge of town where Ben finds an unconscious Ciara Brady (Victoria Konefal) lying in the middle of the road, having crashed her motorcycle. Ben promises Ciara he has changed and convinces her to let him tend to her wounds.[4] The two bond as Ben takes care of Ciara and she begins to trust him. However, Ben starts to unravel when he can't refill his medication due to the Salem PD putting out an APB on him and Ciara. He grows paranoid and begins suffering from hallucinations of Clyde who tries to convince him that Ciara turned him in.[5] Ciara talks him down and Ben goes to the pharmacy to get his medication only to return to Hope and Rafe rescuing Ciara from the burning cabin. Ben is charged with arson but swears he is innocent and Ciara hires attorney Ted Laurent (Gilles Marini) to defend him. Ben is attacked by Paige's mother Eve Donovan (Kassie DePaiva) and turns to Ciara for help. After the police rule the fire was an accident Hope agrees to drop the charges if Ben skips town. Ciara convinces Ben to stay and invites him to move in with her, her niece Claire (Olivia Rose Keegan) and her boyfriend Tripp Dalton (Lucas Adams).", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). Michael Fairman, On-Air On-Soaps (2015)[39]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). In the summer of 2015, Entertainment Weekly reported that the series would launch a Murder mystery plot in late August as the show was to celebrate its 50th anniversary. The plot would feature several characters, including some fan favorites as victims. The story was slated to climax during the week of November 8, 2015, the official anniversary date.[30] On the episode which aired on September 24, 2015, the episode culminates with the revelation that Wilson's Ben is the mysterious Necktie Killer when he is shown going over the evidence.[31] Wilson was invited to a meeting with executive producer Albert Alarr and then headwriter Josh Griffith where they informed him of the plans for Ben. Wilson was immediately excited about the story.[32] In 2018, Wilson said of the story, \"I didn’t see it as a door closing. I saw it as a way to stretch as an actor.\"[1] But, Wilson initially felt some apprehension about the decision. \"They either want me to fail… or they trust me.\" But the producers quickly assured the actor it was the latter. And once he got into it, Wilson felt the changes allowed for him to play the role more \"honestly.\"[32] Wilson admitted that the way he worked changed \"Because they were writing for me. They wrote me an amazing story, which ended up being the threat of the entire show. They trusted me with it.\"[33] In an interview with Soapcentral.com, Wilson said \"I got to really know Ben and attack him and play it out to its fullest. I'm grateful they wrote as much as they did and really took the time on the story. They put a lot of care into it, and we all stepped up.\"[34] Wilson described the plot twist as \"some of the most fulfilling work of my career.\"[22]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). The character is paired with Abigail Deveraux (Mansi) in a romantic storyline. Wilson explained that Abigail is the first girl to make Ben want to \"settle down\" and have a stable relationship. \"It's all really new to him.\"[17] Ben's secret past jeopardizes his budding romance with Abigail because \"He's not yet ready to tell her... but if everything is good at the end of the tunnel\" Ben will come clean.[18] Wilson formed a close bond with his costar Mansi which he said helped with their onscreen chemistry. Ben doesn't hold Abigail's past against her because \"Everybody's got baggage\" Wilson said. Ben can understand and identity with Abby having a trouble past \"because he's far from perfect himself.\"[21] Abby and Ben's new romance is also threatened by return of her ex-boyfriend Chad DiMera (Flynn). Abigail is forced to choose between staying faithful to Ben and protecting him from a potential prison stint when he gets arrested for assaulting Chad.[23] After an affair with Chad, which Ben witnesses, Abigail ends up pregnant and is unsure of her baby's paternity.[24][25][26][27] Ben is so desperate to make a better life for himself that he willingly overlooks Abigail's cheating. \"That's always in the back of Ben's head\" Wilson stated. So, Ben is faced with the task of burying those feelings and staying focused on \"his ultimate goal of having a family and becoming stable.\" He continued, \"Abigail is the puzzle piece that will make all of that possible.\" Wilson further stated that this is the first relationship where Ben has \"found something to invest in\" and he is afraid to lose that so when he learns she is pregnant, Ben holds on tighter. However, \"it's eating him alive\" Wilson said of Abigail seemingly being drawn to Chad. But, he finds comfort in Abby's reassurances which keep him grounded in the \"reality that he knows.\" Wilson said he'd advise his character to leave Abigail and the town of Salem behind but admitted \"Love makes you do wild stuff.\"[22]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). The killer's first victim is Melissa Archer's Serena Mason, who is strangled to death. Chad (Billy Flynn) is implicated as a suspect because of their drunken confrontation the night before.[35] Less than a month later, the killer claims another victim when Paige Larson (True O'Brien) is strangled to death with a red necktie.[36] Chad once again appears to be the prime suspect as he had been harassing Paige who had witnessed the altercation with Serena. Following Paige's murder, there was immediate speculation that Ben was framing Chad or that Clyde had framed Chad on Ben's behalf.[37][38] On the episode that aired on September 24, 2015, the killer tries and fails to kill one of the show's most iconic characters, Doctor Marlena Evans, portrayed by veteran actress Deidre Hall.[31] Wilson later admitted that he wasn't too enthused about Ben's choice of victims, specifically True O'Brien's character. \"That one got me the most because True is so young\" Wilson explained.[28]", "Ben Weston (Days of Our Lives). During the week of April 11, 2016, Ben and Abigail come face to face. \"It's the real deal and not a figment of Abigail's imagination\" Wilson confirmed. At that point, it is a game of cat and mouse.[47] The confrontation culminates with Ben to a bed and Abigail setting him on fire, as he had previously done to her and Chad. Wilson's costar Kate Mansi opened up to Soap Opera Digest about filming the scenes. \"From the minute we arrived on set, Robert and I felt the weight of that encounter\" the actress explained. The actors didn't even rehearse together as usual. The taping was delayed due to a lighting problem so they took advantage of the downtime and \"We didn't take our eyes off each other\" allowing for the tension to build. The actors then utilized the remainder of the time to run through their scenes, without any dialogue. When the lighting situation was fixed, \"Robert and I just let ourselves get out of the way and went for the ride without any hesitation.\"[48] Wilson concluded his run with the series on June 24, 2016.[49] The return also helped facilitate Kate Mansi's departure from the series.[50] \"I'm so grateful to have been a part of her last episode\" Wilson said.[49]" ]

[ 7.9921875, 6.0625, 6.25, 2.27734375, 0.1182861328125, 1.4814453125, 2.255859375, 1.5439453125, 4.1796875, 1.908203125, 2.451171875, 1.3564453125, 4.078125, 2.05078125, 0.61767578125, 3.271484375, 0.1455078125, -0.03948974609375, 3.419921875, 1.4560546875, 1.306640625, 3.599609375, 5.734375, 3.9453125, -1.1904296875, 3.158203125, 1.5341796875, 2.744140625, 2.458984375, 1.8525390625, 1.060546875, 1.8505859375 ]

[ "Office of Foreign Assets Control. OFAC publishes the Specially Designated Nationals (SDN) List, which lists people, organizations and vessels with whom United States citizens and permanent residents are prohibited from doing business.[8] This list differs from the list maintained pursuant to Section 314(a) of the USA PATRIOT Act.[53]", "United States sanctions against Iran. In other words, these banks were placed on the Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) Specially Designated Nationals List (SDN List). The SDN List is a directory of entities and individuals who have been prohibited from accessing the U.S. financial system. Although difficult there are ways to carry out an OFAC SDN List removal.[14]", "Right to know. Some specific chemicals, such as cyaniate, cyanide, cyano, and nitrile compounds, satisfy the specific hazard definition that is identified in public law regardless of whether or not the item is identified on the list of restricted use pesticides maintained by the United States Environmental Protection Agency.", "National Register of Historic Places. Occasionally, historic sites outside the country proper, but associated with the United States (such as the American Embassy in Tangiers) are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, and multiple property submissions (MPS). The Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties: district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties. Some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks (NHL), National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, and some National Monuments. (Federal properties can be proclaimed National Monuments under the Antiquities Act because of either their historical or natural significance. They are managed by multiple agencies. Only monuments that are historic in character and managed by the National Park Service are listed administratively in the National Register.)", "Lawful permanent residents (United States). Lawful permanent residents, also known as legal permanent residents, and informally known as green card holders, are a special class of immigrants under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA),[1][2][3] with rights, benefits, and privileges to reside in the United States permanently or until they are deported (removed) from the country pursuant to applicable provisions of the INA.[4] There are an estimated 13.2 million lawful permanent residents of whom 8.9 million are eligible for citizenship of the United States.[5][6] Approximately 65,000 of them serve in the U.S. armed forces.[7]", "Australian National Heritage List. The Australian National Heritage List is a heritage register, a list of national heritage places deemed to be of outstanding heritage significance to Australia. The list includes natural, historic and indigenous places. Once on the National Heritage List the provisions of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 apply.[1]", "Minnesota Twins. Cronin, Goslin, Griffith, Harris, Johnson, Killebrew and Wynn are listed on the Washington Hall of Stars display at Nationals Park (previously they were listed at Robert F. Kennedy Stadium). So are Ossie Bluege, George Case, Joe Judge, George Selkirk, Roy Sievers, Cecil Travis, Mickey Vernon and Eddie Yost.[102]", "2017 Washington Nationals season. The Nationals optioned Cole to Syracuse and recalled Severino to the 25-man roster on August 15, ahead of an interleague game at Nationals Park against the Los Angeles Angels. The Nationals defeated the Angels in the August 15 game, with Kendrick hitting his 100th and 101st career home runs to provide Washington with its margin of victory in the 3–1 game.[246] In another set of roster moves on August 16, Goodwin was placed on the 10-day disabled list, injured shortstop Trea Turner was transferred from the 10-day disabled list to the 60-day disabled list, and veteran outfielder Alejandro De Aza had his contract selected from the Chiefs.[247] The Nationals also disclosed that primary setup man Ryan Madson was dealing with a medical issue with one of the fingers on his throwing hand.[248] Madson was placed on the 10-day disabled list with a right finger sprain, retroactive to August 14, and veteran reliever Shawn Kelley was activated from the disabled list August 17 after completing a rehab assignment with the Chiefs.[249] Scherzer was a late scratch as the August 18 starter, and the Nationals announced he would also go on the 10-day disabled list, retroactive to August 15, as his neck strain recurred. Reliever Matt Grace was called upon to make his first major league start in Scherzer's place, and he turned in 4⅓ scoreless innings as the Nationals defeated the San Diego Padres 7–1, with middle reliever Joe Blanton getting credit for the win. The only run was given up by Kelley, who allowed a solo home run to Dusty Coleman in his return to action against his former team.[250][251] Scherzer was replaced on the roster by starting pitcher Stephen Strasburg, activated August 19 after nearly a month on the disabled list. Strasburg turned in a quality start that day against the Padres, giving up just two earned runs in six innings, but took the 3–1 loss as an injury-depleted Nationals lineup could not solve San Diego's pitching.[252]", "Washington Nationals. 7- or 10-day disabled list\n Suspended list\n# Personal leave\nRoster and coaches updated October 6, 2017\nTransactions • Depth chart", "Classified information. This system was replaced by the Government Security Classifications Policy, which has a simpler model: TOP SECRET, SECRET, and OFFICIAL from April 2014.[12] OFFICIAL SENSITIVE is a security marking which may be followed by one of three authorised descriptors: COMMERCIAL, LOCSEN (location sensitive) or PERSONAL. SECRET and TOP SECRET may include a caveat such as UK EYES ONLY.", "2017 Washington Nationals season. Rosters expanded on September 1. In their first wave of call-ups, the Nationals recalled pitchers Austin L. Adams and Erick Fedde from the Class-AAA Syracuse Chiefs, as well as catcher Raudy Read from the Class-AA Harrisburg Senators. The team also activated relievers Ryan Madson and Enny Romero from the disabled list.[278] Read made his major league debut on September 3, grounding out in a pinch-hit appearance in the eighth inning before coming in as the Nationals' substitute catcher. Adams collected his first career major league out after loading the bases in the eighth inning and inducing a groundball to shortstop Trea Turner, who flicked it to Read for the forceout at home. Two runs scored, however, on a passed ball by Read and a sacrifice fly hit to Howie Kendrick in left field. The Nationals lost the game 7−2 to complete a one-out-of-four showing at Miller Park against the Brewers, their first series loss in a month, although first baseman Ryan Zimmerman hit his 30th home run of the season with two outs in the ninth inning to save the Nationals from being shut out for the second time in three games.[279]", "Security clearance. USA's Executive Order 12968's standards are binding on all of the USA's government agencies that handle classified information, but it allows certain agency heads to establish Special Access Programs (SAPs) with additional, but not duplicative, investigative and adjudicative requirements. The Intelligence Community's Sensitive Compartmented Information (SCI) control systems are a family of SAPs, and SCI eligibility must be granted prior to accessing any particular control system or compartment (which may require additional investigation or adjudication). SCI eligibility policy is described in Intelligence Community Directive 704 and its implementing policy guidance [It should be noted that within the Intelligence Community, the access to SCI information is far more common than \"Collateral Top Secret information,\" and therefore operatives will routinely include SCI in a TS product, just to ensure they do not have to meet the \"cradle-to-grave\" accountability requirements of Collateral TS information.] Any additional clearance measures used by SAPs must be approved by the Office of Management and Budget, which has generally limited such measures to polygraphs, exclusion of persons with non-US immediate family members, requiring more frequent reinvestigations, and requiring annual updates to security questionnaires.[11]", "List of U.S. National Historic Landmarks by state. The program is administered by the National Park Service (NPS), a branch of the Department of the Interior. The National Park Service determines which properties meet NHL criteria and makes nomination recommendations after an owner notification process.[1] The Secretary of the Interior reviews nominations and, based on a set of predetermined criteria, makes a decision on NHL designation or a determination of eligibility for designation.[2] Both public and privately owned properties can be designated as NHLs. This designation provides indirect, partial protection of the historic integrity of the properties via tax incentives, grants, monitoring of threats, and other means.[1] Owners may object to the nomination of the property as a NHL. When this is the case the Secretary of the Interior can only designate a site as eligible for designation.[2]", "Special 301 Report. The Special 301 Sub-Committee of the Trade Policy Staff Committee (TPSC) advises the U.S. Trade Representative on which countries to designate as \"priority foreign countries\" or to include in the watchlists. The Special 301 Sub-Committee is chaired by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) and its members include the Department of Commerce, the Patent and Trademark Office, the Department of State, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Agriculture, the Copyright Office, the Council of Economic Advisers, and other agencies. U.S. companies provide extensive comments in the annual National Trade Estimate Report. The Special 301 Sub-Committee also takes the views of foreign governments and the views of U.S. embassies on intellectual property rights.[4]", "Nationals Park. In 2010, the stadium added the Ring of Honor, celebrating players from the Washington Senators (Joe Cronin, Rick Ferrell, Goose Goslin, Clark Griffith, Bucky Harris, Walter Johnson, Harmon Killebrew, Heinie Manush, Sam Rice, and Early Wynn), Negro League Homestead Grays (Cool Papa Bell, Ray Brown, Josh Gibson, Buck Leonard, Cumberland Posey, and Jud Wilson), and the Nationals franchise's previous incarnation, the Montreal Expos (Gary Carter and Andre Dawson) who have been inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Washington Nationals. 60-day disabled list", "2017 Washington Nationals season. 7- or 10-day disabled list\n Suspended list\n# Personal leave\nRoster and coaches updated September 8, 2017\nTransactions • Depth chart", "List of demonyms for U.S. states and territories. This is a list of official and notable unofficial terms used to designate the citizens of specific states and territories of the United States.", "2017 Washington Nationals season. Following a rough outing in long relief for Jacob Turner the previous day, the Nationals designated him for assignment on July 1. Left-handed reliever Sammy Solis was activated off the 60-day disabled list.[167] The Nationals rallied in the ninth inning of their July 1 game against the St. Louis Cardinals, scoring a run and loading the bases against closer Trevor Rosenthal. St. Louis brought in reliever Matt Bowman to try to nail down his first career save, while Nationals manager Dusty Baker sent infielder Adrián Sánchez to the plate to pinch-hit in his first MLB at-bat. Sánchez worked the count full before taking a pitch roughly six inches off the plate away for what would have been ball four and a game-tying walk, but home plate umpire Manny Gonzalez called him out on strikes to end the game at 2–1 in the Cardinals' favor.[168] Baker praised Sánchez after the game, saying the call \"just wasn't fair to him\" and remarking, \"You hate to have an at-bat like that and have it settled on apparently a bad call.\"[169][170] In the following game, on July 2, minutes after being named to play in the 2017 All-Star Game as the top overall National League vote-getter,[171] right fielder Bryce Harper hit two home runs off fellow All-Star Carlos Martínez. Starting pitcher Max Scherzer, also named to the All-Star roster, struck out 12 Cardinals while allowing no runs in seven innings to earn the 7–2 win.[172]", "Washington Nationals. The Washington Nationals are a professional baseball team based in Washington, D.C. The Nationals compete in Major League Baseball (MLB) as a member club of the National League (NL) East division. From 2005 to 2007, the team played in RFK Stadium; since 2008 their home stadium has been Nationals Park on South Capitol Street in Southeast D.C., near the Anacostia River.[2]", "New Orleans Baby Cakes. 7-day disabled list\n* On Miami Marlins 40-man roster\n# Rehab assignment\n∞ Reserve list\n‡ Restricted list\n§ Suspended list\n† Temporary inactive list\nRoster updated August 28, 2018\nTransactions\n→ More rosters: MiLB • Pacific Coast League\n→ Miami Marlins minor league players", "Security clearance. Two additional categories called \"Site Access Status\" and \"Site Access Clearance\" exist not for access to information purposes but for those that require physical access to sites or facilities designated by CSIS as areas \"reasonably be expected to be targeted by those who engage in activities constituting threats to the security of Canada\". Designated areas include Government Houses, official residences of government officials, Parliament, nuclear facilities, airport restricted areas, maritime ports, and any large-scale events that are sponsored by the federal government (e.g., 2010 Winter Olympics).[7]", "National Register of Historic Places. A listing on the National Register of Historic Places is governmental acknowledgment of a historic district, site, building, or property. However, the Register is mostly \"an honorary status with some federal financial incentives.\"[24] The National Register of Historic Places automatically includes all National Historic Landmarks as well as all historic areas administered by the National Park Service.[2] Landmarks such as these include: National Historic Sites (NHS), National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, and some National Monuments. Occasionally, historic sites outside the country's borders, but associated with the United States, such as the American Legation in Tangiers, also are listed.[25]", "Injured reserve list. The injured reserve list (abbr. IR list) is an official designation used by the National Football League (NFL) and National Hockey League (NHL) for athletes who become injured and temporarily unable to play. It is analogous to the injured list in the Canadian Football League (CFL) or the disabled list in Major League Baseball (MLB). The National Basketball Association (NBA) does not have a direct analog to an injured reserve list, instead using a more general-purpose \"inactive list\" that does not require a player to be injured.", "Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The CDC runs a program that protects the public from rare and dangerous substances such as anthrax and the Ebola virus. The program, called the Select Agents Program, calls for inspections of labs in the U.S. that work with dangerous pathogens.[45]", "Tricare. Tricare Reserve Select is a premium-based health plan that active status qualified National Guard and Reserve members may purchase. The classification is sometimes referred to as Tricare Reserve Component (RC). It requires a monthly premium and offers coverage similar to Tricare Standard and Extra for the military member and eligible family members. It has a partial premium cost sharing arrangement with DoD similar to civilian private or public sector employer plans, although typically at a lower cost than civilian plans. The program coverage is available worldwide to Selected Reserve (SELRES) members of both the Title 10 USC Federal Reserve Components (Army Reserve, Navy Reserve, Air Force Reserve, Marine Corps Reserve), Title 14 USC Federal Reserve Component (Coast Guard Reserve) and the Title 32 National Guard (Army National Guard and Air National Guard) in a drill pay (also known as \"paid\") status. As of February 2008, retired Reserve Component personnel under the age of 60, actively drilling Individual Ready Reserve (IRR) personnel in a non-paid status, or actively drilling Volunteer Training Unit (VTU) personnel in a non-paid status do not qualify for TRS. IRR and VTU members are eligible for reinstatement under TRS is they return to a SELRES status. Reserve Component personnel who are also Federal civil servants (to include Army Reserve Technicians and Air Reserve Technicians (ART) in the Army Reserve, Army National Guard, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard) and eligible for the Federal Employee Health Benefit Program (FEHBP) are also excluded from TRS. Retired Reserve Component personnel and eligible dependent family members become eligible Tricare Standard, Tricare Extra or Tricare Prime on the service member's 60th birthday in the same manner as Active Component retirees and their eligible dependents are eligible immediately upon retirement from active service. Qualification questions should be referred to Tricare.", "Designated survivor. Only Cabinet members who are eligible to succeed to the presidency (i.e., natural-born citizens over the age of 35, who have resided in the United States for at least 14 years) can be chosen as designated survivors. The designated survivor is provided presidential-level security and transport for the duration of the event. An aide carries a nuclear football with them. However, they are not given a briefing on what to do in the event that the other successors to the presidency are killed.[2]", "Special 301 Report. Two non-statutory categories have been created in addition to the statutory category of \"priority foreign country\", which once identified as such needs to be investigated and if found in breach with a trade agreement is subject to possible \"retaliation actions\" under Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974. \"Priority Watch List\" and \"Watch List\" countries are identified by the annual Special 301 Report. \"Priority Watchlist countries\" are judged by the USTR as having \"serious intellectual property rights deficiencies\" that require increased USTR attention. \"Watch List\" countries have been identified by the USTR as having \"serious intellectual property rights deficiencies\" but are not yet placed on the \"Priority Watchlist\". The USTR can move countries from one list to the other, or remove them from the lists, throughout the year.[4]", "Australian National Heritage List. The Australian National Heritage List, together with the Commonwealth Heritage List, replaced the former Register of the National Estate. Places on the Australian National Heritage List are places of outstanding heritage value for Australia and the Commonwealth Heritage List for heritage places that are owned or controlled by the Commonwealth of Australia.[2][3]", "2017 Washington Nationals season. 60-day disabled list", "Office of Foreign Assets Control. As of October 7, 2015, the SDN List had more than 15,200 entries from 155 countries. Of those, 178 entries were for aircraft and 575 entries were for ships (\"vessels\"). The remaining 14,467 entries were for designated individuals and organisations.[56] OFAC creates separate entries in the SDN list for each alias of a designee, so the number of entries does not reflect the number of designees.[4]", "Israeli passport. Under Israeli law, Iran, Pakistan, Iraq, Libya, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen are designated \"enemy states\" and an Israeli citizen may not visit them without a special permit issued by the Israeli Interior Ministry. The original list was set in 1954, and was updated only once on 25 July 2007 to include Iran. (Not verified). This does not apply to dual nationality holders, as they are free to travel to the aforementioned countries on their other passports." ]

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[ "March on Washington Movement. The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin[1] as a tool to produce a mass march on Washington, D.C., was designed to pressure the U.S. government into desegregating the armed forces and providing fair working opportunities for African Americans. When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies, Randolph and collaborators called off the march.", "March on Washington Movement. The March on Washington Movement was an attempt to pressure the United States government and President Franklin D. Roosevelt into establishing policy and protections against employment discrimination as the nation prepared for war. A. Philip Randolph was the driving force behind the movement, with allies from the NAACP and other civil rights organizations. He had formed and led the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters beginning in 1925. His leadership in the March on Washington Movement, in which organizing middle and lower class members would be so important, was based on his strong experience in grassroots and union organizing.[5] Randolph's independence from white sources of power was shown when he said of the movement, \"If it costs money to finance a march on Washington, let Negroes pay for it. If any sacrifices are made for Negro rights in national defense, let Negroes make them....\"[6]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The impetus for a march on Washington developed over a long period of time, and earlier efforts to organize such a demonstration included the March on Washington Movement of the 1940s. A. Philip Randolph—the president of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, president of the Negro American Labor Council,[6] and vice president of the AFL-CIO—was a key instigator in 1941. With Bayard Rustin, Randolph called for 100,000 black workers to march on Washington,[4] in protest of discriminatory hiring by U.S. military contractors and demanding an Executive Order.[14] Faced with a mass march scheduled for July 1, 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 on June 25.[15] The order established the Committee on Fair Employment Practice and banned discriminatory hiring in the defense industry.[16] Randolph called off the March.[17]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march was organized by A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin, who built an alliance of civil rights, labor, and religious organizations[4] that came together under the banner of \"jobs and freedom.\"[5] Estimates of the number of participants varied from 200,000 to 300,000;[6] the most widely cited estimate is 250,000 people.[7] Observers estimated that 75–80% of the marchers were black.[8] The march was one of the largest political rallies for human rights in United States history.[5]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The Washington, D.C., police forces were mobilized to full capacity for the march, including reserve officers and deputized firefighters. A total of 5,900 police officers were on duty.[58] The government mustered 2,000 men from the National Guard, and brought in 3,000 outside soldiers to join the 1,000 already stationed in the area.[59] These additional soldiers were flown in on helicopters from bases in Virginia and North Carolina. The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs.[60] All of the forces involved were prepared to implement a coordinated conflict strategy named \"Operation Steep Hill\".[61]", "March on Washington Movement. The MOWM continued rallies throughout the summer on these issues, but the high water mark had passed. The movement's continued call for nonviolent civil disobedience alienated some black organizations, such as the NAACP, whose leaders withdrew some support. Although organized to bring about the 1941 march on Washington, the MOWM operated until 1947; its representatives collaborated with other groups to continue pressure on the federal government.[11] In 1943 Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9346, which expanded coverage of the FEPC to federal agencies beyond those in defense.", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march was not universally supported among civil rights activists. Some, including Rustin (who assembled 4,000 volunteer marshals from New York), were concerned that it might turn violent, which could undermine pending legislation and damage the international image of the movement.[40] The march was condemned by Malcolm X, spokesperson for the Nation of Islam, who termed it the \"farce on Washington\".[41]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Rustin and Walter Fauntroy negotiated some security issues with the government, gaining approval for private marshals with the understanding that these would not be able to act against outside agitators. The FBI and Justice Department refused to provide preventive guards for buses traveling through the South to reach D.C.[64] William Johnson recruited more than 1,000 police officers to serve on this force.[65] Julius Hobson, an FBI informant who served on the March's security force, told the team to be on the lookout for FBI infiltrators who might act as agents provocateurs.[66]", "March on Washington Movement. Early lobbying efforts to desegregate the military previous to 1941 did not persuade President Roosevelt to take action. On September 27, 1940, the first delegation composed of A. Philip Randolph, Walter White (NAACP), and T. Arnold Hill (National Urban League), met with President Roosevelt and his top officials. The delegation presented a memorandum demanding immediate integration of all blacks in the armed services. The White House issued a statement saying, \"The policy of the War Department is not to intermingle colored and white enlisted personnel in the same regimental organizations.\"[10] The armed forces were not integrated until 1948, under President Harry S. Truman.", "March on Washington Movement. By the fall of 1940, the American economy was emerging from the Depression. The defense boom benefited whites, but black workers were denied opportunities because of widespread racial discrimination in employment. Some government training programs excluded blacks based on their being refused entry to defense industries, and many skilled black workers with proper training were unable to gain employment.[3] In 1940 the president of the North American Aviation Co. was quoted as saying, \"While we are in complete sympathy with the Negro, it is against company policy to employ them as aircraft workers or mechanics ... regardless of their training.... There will be some jobs as janitors for Negroes.\"[4] It was in this climate that activists began to develop the March on Washington Movement.", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march commanded national attention by preempting regularly scheduled television programs. As the first ceremony of such magnitude ever initiated and dominated by African Americans, the march also was the first to have its nature wholly misperceived in advance. Dominant expectations ran from paternal apprehension to dread. On Meet the Press, reporters grilled Roy Wilkins and Martin Luther King about widespread foreboding that \"it would be impossible to bring more than 100,000 militant Negroes into Washington without incidents and possibly rioting.\" Life magazine declared that the capital was suffering \"its worst case of invasion jitters since the First Battle of Bull Run.\" The Pentagon readied 19,000 troops in the suburbs and the jails shifted inmates to other prisons to make room for those arrested in mass arrests; the city banned all sales of alcoholic beverages; hospitals made room for riot casualties by postponing elective surgery. With nearly 1,700 extra correspondents supplementing the Washington press corps, the march drew a media assembly larger than the Kennedy inauguration two years earlier.[42] Students from the University of California came together as black power organizations and emphasized on the importance of African American freedom struggle. The march included black political parties and William Worthy who was one of many who lead college students during the freedom struggle era.[68]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Mobilization and logistics were administered by Rustin, a civil rights veteran and organizer of the 1947 Journey of Reconciliation, the first of the Freedom Rides to test the Supreme Court ruling that banned racial discrimination in interstate travel. Rustin was a long-time associate of both Randolph and Dr. King. With Randolph concentrating on building the march's political coalition, Rustin built and led the team of two hundred activists and organizers who publicized the march and recruited the marchers, coordinated the buses and trains, provided the marshals, and set up and administered all of the logistic details of a mass march in the nation's capital.[38] During the days leading up to the march, these 200 volunteers used the ballroom of Washington DC radio station WUST as their operations headquarters.[39]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin began planning the march in December 1961. They envisioned two days of protest, including sit-ins and lobbying followed by a mass rally at the Lincoln Memorial. They wanted to focus on joblessness and to call for a public works program that would employ blacks. In early 1963 they called publicly for \"a massive March on Washington for jobs\".[26] They received help from Amalgamated Clothing Workers unionist Stanley Aronowitz, who gathered support from radical organizers who could be trusted not to report their plans to the Kennedy administration. The unionists offered tentative support for a march that would be focused on jobs.[27]", "March on Washington Movement. The Women's Auxiliary was a group of mostly wives and relatives of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. They were active within the MOWM primarily in fundraising and community efforts, as well as working broadly to promote ideas of \"concepts of black manhood, female respectability, and class consciousness.\"[9]", "March on Washington Movement. A week before the march was to take place, Mayor Fiorello La Guardia of New York City met with MOWM leadership to inform them of the president's intentions to issue an executive order establishing the first Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC) that would prohibit discrimination in federal vocational and training programs.[citation needed] Before the order was signed, the MOWM demanded also that it included a provision for desegregation of war industries. Roosevelt agreed and issued Executive Order 8802, which prohibited discrimination in federal vocational and training programs, and in employment in defense industries contracting with the government. Given this major victory, Randolph agreed to cancel the march. He continued the March on Washington Movement as a way to maintain an organization that could track and lobby for progress, and hold the FEPC to its mission.[12]", "March on Washington Movement. In the lead-up to the United States' entry into World War II, African Americans resented calls to \"defend democracy\" against Nazi racism while having to deal with discrimination in all sectors of life and business in the United States, especially the South, where they had been disenfranchised since the turn of the century and oppressed by Jim Crow laws.[2]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington,[1][2] was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. The purpose of the march was to advocate for civil and economic rights for African Americans. At the march, Martin Luther King Jr., standing in front of the Lincoln Memorial, delivered his historic \"I Have a Dream\" speech in which he called for an end to racism.[3]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march is credited with helping to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964[9][10] and preceded the Selma Voting Rights Movement which led to the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[11]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Although Randolph and Rustin had originally planned to fill the streets of Washington, D.C., the final route of the March covered only half of the National Mall.[44] The march began at the Washington Monument and was scheduled to progress to the Lincoln Memorial with a program of music and speakers. Demonstrators were met at the monument by speakers and musicians. Women leaders were asked to march down Independence Avenue, while the male leaders marched on Pennsylvania Avenue with the media.[70]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. About 50 members of the American Nazi Party staged a counter-protest and were quickly dispersed by police.[73]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The March is credited with propelling the U.S. government into action on civil rights, creating political momentum for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965.[23]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The march failed to start on time because its leaders were meeting with members of Congress. To the leaders' surprise, the assembled group began to march from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial without them. The leaders met the March at Constitution Avenue, where they linked arms at the head of a crowd in order to be photographed 'leading the march'.[71]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. On June 22, Big Six met with President Kennedy, who warned against creating \"an atmosphere of intimidation\" by bringing a large crowd to Washington. The civil rights activists insisted on holding the march. Wilkins pushed for the organizers to rule out civil disobedience and described this proposal as the \"perfect compromise\". King and Young agreed. Leaders from CORE and SNCC, who wanted to conduct direct actions against the Department of Justice, endorsed the protest before they were informed that civil disobedience would not be allowed. Finalized plans for the March were announced in a press conference on July 2.[36] President Kennedy spoke favorably of the March on July 17, saying that organizers planned a peaceful assembly and had cooperated with the Washington, D.C., police.[37]", "March on Washington Movement. Concerned that traditional meetings were not effective, on January 25, 1941, A. Philip Randolph officially proposed a March on Washington to \"highlight the issue.\"[11] In the following months, chapters of the MOWM began to organize for a mass march scheduled for July first of that year. During the spring, organizers estimated they could attract 100,000 marchers for the event.", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Segregationists including William Jennings Bryan Dorn criticized the government for cooperating with the civil rights activists.[117] Senator Olin D. Johnston rejected an invitation to attend, writing: \"You are committing the worst possible mistake in promoting this March. You should know that criminal, fanatical, and communistic elements, as well as crackpots, will move in to take every advantage of this mob. You certainly will have no influence on any member of Congress, including myself.\"[118]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Although one of the officially stated purposes of the march was to support the civil rights bill introduced by the Kennedy Administration, several of the speakers criticized the proposed law as insufficient. Two government agents stood by in a position to cut power to the microphone if necessary.[82]", "March on Washington Movement. The MOWM had an uneasy relationship with communist organizations in the U.S. Communists supported the idea of a proletariat uprising but \"they constantly drew a line between the 'job-march' and its 'war-mongering leadership.'\"[14] Randolph used various tactics to avoid having communists be part of the March on Washington Movement, as he knew it caused difficulties in gaining support for the larger goals of African Americans. He restricted membership to African Americans; although black Communists might participate, only a small percentage of the disciplined Communist party members were black.[14]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. The 1963 march was an important part of the rapidly expanding Civil Rights Movement, which involved demonstrations and nonviolent direct action across the United States.[20] 1963 also marked the 100th anniversary of the signing of the Emancipation Proclamation by Abraham Lincoln. Members of The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference put aside their differences and came together for the march. Many whites and blacks also came together in the urgency for change in the nation.", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. March organizers themselves disagreed over the purpose of the march. The NAACP and Urban League saw it as a gesture of support for a civil rights bill that had been introduced by the Kennedy Administration. Randolph, King, and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) saw it as a way of raising both civil rights and economic issues to national attention beyond the Kennedy bill. Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) saw it as a way of challenging and condemning the Kennedy administration's inaction and lack of support for civil rights for African Americans.[4]", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Despite their disagreements, the group came together on a set of goals:", "March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom. Rustin pushed hard for an expensive ($16,000) sound system, maintaining \"We cannot maintain order where people cannot hear.\" The system was obtained and set up at the Lincoln Memorial, but was sabotaged on the day before the March. Its operators were unable to repair it. Fauntroy contacted Attorney General Robert Kennedy and his civil rights liaison Burke Marshall, demanding that the government fix the system. Fauntroy reportedly told them: \"We have a couple hundred thousand people coming. Do you want a fight here tomorrow after all we've done?\" The system was successfully rebuilt overnight by the U.S. Army Signal Corps.[67]", "John F. Kennedy. Over a hundred thousand, predominantly African Americans gathered in Washington for the civil rights March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom on August 28, 1963. Kennedy feared the March would have a negative effect on the prospects for the civil rights bills in Congress, and declined an invitation to speak. He turned over some of the details of the government's involvement to the Dept. of Justice, which channelled hundreds of thousands of dollars to the six sponsors of the March, including the N.A.A.C.P. and Martin Luther King's Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).[273]" ]

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[ "United States presidential election, 1912. The election of 1912 was bitterly contested by three individuals, Wilson, Roosevelt, and Taft, who all had or would serve as president. Roosevelt's \"New Nationalism\" platform called for social insurance programs, an eight-hour workday, and a strong federal role in regulating the economy. Wilson's \"New Freedom\" platform called for tariff reform, banking reform, and a new antitrust law. Knowing that he had little chance of victory, Taft conducted a subdued campaign based on his own platform of \"progressive conservatism.\" Debs claimed that the other three candidates were largely financed by trusts and tried to galvanize support behind his socialist policies.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The United States presidential election of 1912 was the 32nd quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 5, 1912. Democratic Governor Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey unseated incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft and defeated Former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as the Progressive Party (\"Bull Moose\") nominee. Roosevelt remains the only third party presidential candidate in U.S. history to finish better than third in the popular or electoral vote.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The election of 1912 is considered the high tide of progressive politics. Had either Roosevelt or Taft stayed out of the race, a Republican victory would have been assured.[citation needed]", "United States presidential election, 1912. Roosevelt had served as president from 1901 to 1909, and Taft had won the 1908 Republican presidential nomination with Roosevelt's support. Displeased with Taft's actions as president, Roosevelt challenged Taft at the 1912 Republican National Convention. After Taft and his conservative allies narrowly prevailed at the Republican convention, Roosevelt rallied his progressive supporters and launched a third party bid. Backed by William Jennings Bryan and other progressives, Wilson won the Democratic Party's presidential nomination on the 46th ballot, defeating Speaker of the House Champ Clark and several other candidates. Meanwhile, the Socialist Party renominated its perennial standard-bearer, Eugene V. Debs.", "United States presidential primary. The primary received its first major test in the 1912 election pitting incumbent President William Howard Taft against challengers Theodore Roosevelt and Robert La Follette. Roosevelt proved the most popular candidate, but as most primaries were non-binding \"preference\" shows and held in only fourteen of the-then forty-eight states, the Republican nomination went to Taft, who controlled the convention.", "United States presidential election, 1912. For the first time, significant numbers of delegates to the national conventions were elected in presidential preference primaries. Primary elections were advocated by the progressive faction of the Republican Party, which wanted to break the control of political parties by bosses. Altogether, twelve states held Republican primaries. Robert M. La Follette won two of the first four primaries (North Dakota and Wisconsin). Beginning with his runaway victory in Illinois on April 9, however, Roosevelt won nine of the last ten presidential primaries (in order, Illinois, Pennsylvania, Nebraska, Oregon, Maryland, California, Ohio, New Jersey, and South Dakota), losing only Massachusetts to Taft.[6] As a sign of his great popularity, Roosevelt even carried Taft's home state of Ohio.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The 1912 presidential campaign was bitterly contested. Vice-President James S. Sherman died in office on October 30, 1912, less than a week before the election, leaving Taft without a running mate. (Nicholas M. Butler was designated to receive electoral votes that would have been cast for Sherman.) With the Republican Party divided, Wilson captured the presidency handily on November 5.[citation needed]", "List of third party performances in United States presidential elections. Republican Theodore Roosevelt ran as the \"Bull Moose Party\" (Progressive Party) nominee in the 1912 election. Roosevelt won 27.4% of the popular vote and carried six states totaling 88 electoral votes. Overall, Roosevelt's effort was the most successful third-party candidacy in American history. It was also the only third-party effort to finish higher than third in the popular votes and only the second to do so in electoral votes. Instead incumbent Republican President William Howard Taft finished third, taking only 23% of the popular vote and 8 electoral votes. The split in the Republican vote gave Democrat Woodrow Wilson victory with 42% of the popular vote, but 435 electoral votes.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Both Taft and Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson suspended their own campaigning until Roosevelt recovered and resumed his. When asked if the shooting would affect his election campaign, he said to the reporter \"I'm fit as a bull moose\", which inspired the party's emblem.[19] He spent two weeks recuperating before returning to the campaign trail.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Republican candidates:", "United States presidential election, 1912. Democratic candidates:", "United States presidential election, 1912. During Taft's administration, a rift grew between Roosevelt and Taft as they became the leaders of the Republican Party's two wings: the progressives, led by Roosevelt, and the conservatives, led by Taft. The progressive Republicans favored restrictions on the employment of women and children, promoted ecological conservation, and were more sympathetic toward labor unions. The progressive Republicans were also in favor of the popular election of federal and state judges and opposed to having judges appointed by the president or state governors. The conservative Republicans were in support of high tariffs on imported goods to encourage consumers to buy American-made products (as were most progressive Republicans), favored business leaders over labor unions, and were generally opposed to the popular election of judges.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Wilson carried 40 states and won a large majority of the electoral vote, taking advantage of the split in the Republican Party. He was the first Democrat to win a presidential election since 1892, and would be one of just two Democratic presidents to serve between the Civil War and the onset of the Great Depression. Roosevelt won 88 electoral votes, while Taft carried just two states, taking 8 electoral votes. Wilson won 41.8% of the national popular vote, while Roosevelt won 27%, Taft 23%, and Debs 6%.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Wilson's vote, 6,296,919, was less than William Jennings Bryan totaled in any one of his campaigns, and over 100,000 less than Bryan received in 1908, when Bryan won only 162 electoral votes.[23] Wilson fell behind Bryan's results in most of the country, and notably so in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Nebraska, Kansas, South Carolina, Kentucky, and Arkansas. In only two sections was Wilson's vote greater than the greatest Bryan vote: New England and the Pacific.[24] Wilson led the poll in 1,969 counties, but he received a majority of the vote in only 1,237 counties, less than Bryan had had in any of his campaigns.[24] Taft had a majority in only 35, and \"Other(s)\" in only 305. These small figures clearly reveal the result of the division of the normal Republican vote, as does the fact that in a plurality of counties (1,396) no candidate obtained a majority.[25] Taft had a lead over the field in only 232 counties. In addition to South Dakota and California, where there was no Taft ticket, and seven \"Solid South\" states in which he carried no county, Taft also carried no counties in Maine, New Jersey, Minnesota, Nevada and Arizona.[24] Nine counties did not record any votes due to either black disenfranchisement or being inhabited only by Native Americans who would not gain full citizenship for twelve more years.", "United States presidential election, 1912. William Howard Taft\nRepublican", "United States presidential election, 1912. Republican President Theodore Roosevelt had declined to run for re-election in 1908 in fulfillment of a pledge to the American people not to seek a second full term. Roosevelt's first term as president (1901–1905) was incomplete, as he succeeded to the office upon the assassination of William McKinley; it was only his second term (1905–1909) that encompassed four full years. He had tapped Secretary of War William Howard Taft to become his successor, and Taft defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in the general election.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The Democratic Convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland, from June 25 to July 2. It proved to be one of the more memorable presidential conventions of the twentieth century. Initially, the frontrunner appeared to be Champ Clark of Missouri, the Speaker of the House, and Clark did receive the largest number of delegate votes early in the balloting. However, he was unable to get the two-thirds majority required to win the nomination. His chances were hurt when Tammany Hall, the powerful and corrupt Democratic political machine in New York City, threw its support behind Clark. Instead of helping him, this led William Jennings Bryan, the three-time Democratic presidential candidate and still the leader of the party's progressives, to turn against Clark as the candidate of \"Wall Street\". Bryan instead threw his support to New Jersey Governor Woodrow Wilson, who had consistently finished second to Clark on each ballot, and who was regarded as a moderate reformer. Wilson had nearly given up hope that he could be nominated, and he was on the verge of having a concession speech read for him at the convention that would free his delegates to vote for someone else. Bryan's defection from Clark to Wilson led many other delegates to do the same, and Wilson gradually gained strength while Clark's support dwindled. Wilson finally received the nomination on the 46th ballot.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The conservatives, led by Victor L. Berger from Milwaukee, promoted progressive causes of efficiency and an end to corruption, nicknamed \"gas and water socialism.\" Their opponents were the radicals who wanted to overthrow capitalism, tried to infiltrate labor unions, and sought to cooperate with the Industrial Workers of the World (\"the Wobblies\"). With few exceptions, the party had weak or nonexistent links to local labor unions. Immigration was an issue—the radicals saw immigrants as fodder for the war with capitalism, while conservatives complained that they lowered wage rates and absorbed too many city resources. Many of these issues had been debated at the First National Congress of the Socialist Party in 1910, and they were debated again at the national convention in Indianapolis in 1912. At the latter, the radicals won an early test by seating Bill Haywood on the Executive Committee, sending encouragement to western \"Wobblies\", and passed a resolution seeming to favor industrial unionism. The conservatives counterattacked by amending the party constitution to expel any socialists who favored industrial sabotage or syndicalism (that is, the IWW), and who refused to participate in American elections. They adopted a conservative platform calling for cooperative organization of prisons, a national bureau of health, abolition of the Senate and the presidential veto. Debs did not attend; he saw his mission as keeping the disparate units together in the hope that someday a common goal would be found.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Socialist candidates:", "United States presidential election, 1912. Progressive candidate:", "United States presidential election, 1912. President William Howard Taft", "Theodore Roosevelt. The 1912 primaries represented the first extensive use of the presidential primary, a reform achievement of the progressive movement.[215] The Republican primaries in the South, where party regulars dominated, went for Taft, as did results in New York, Indiana, Michigan, Kentucky and Massachusetts. Meanwhile, Roosevelt won in Illinois, Minnesota, Nebraska, South Dakota, California, Maryland and Pennsylvania; Roosevelt also won Taft's home state of Ohio. These primary elections, while demonstrating Roosevelt's continuing popularity with the electorate, were not pivotal. The final credentials of the state delegates at the national convention were determined by the national committee, which was controlled by the party leaders, headed by the incumbent president.", "United States presidential election, 1916. Despite the narrow margin of his win, the 1916 election saw an increase in Wilson's popular vote from his election in 1912, when he won a landslide in the Electoral College. Wilson accomplished this as a result of a split in the Republican vote in 1912 between the incumbent President William Howard Taft, a conservative, and former President Theodore Roosevelt, who ran as a Progressive. In 1916, conservative and progressive Republicans were largely united under the moderate Hughes in their bid to oust Wilson. Nonetheless, Wilson attracted many voters who had earlier supported Roosevelt.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The party was funded by publisher Frank Munsey and its executive secretary George Walbridge Perkins, an employee of banker J. P. Morgan and International Harvester. Perkins blocked an anti-trust plank, shocking reformers who thought of Roosevelt as a true trust-buster. The delegates to the convention sang the hymn \"Onward, Christian Soldiers\" as their anthem. In a famous acceptance speech, Roosevelt compared the coming presidential campaign to the Battle of Armageddon and stated that the Progressives were going to \"battle for the LORD.\" However, many of the nation's newspapers, which tended to be pro-Republican, harshly depicted Roosevelt as an egotist who was only running for president to spoil Taft's chances and feed his vanity.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Unable to tolerate the personal humiliation he suffered at the hands of Taft and the Old Guard, and refusing to entertain the possibility of a compromise candidate, Roosevelt struck back hard. On the evening of June 22, 1912, Roosevelt asked his supporters to leave the convention. Roosevelt maintained that President Taft had allowed fraudulent seating of delegates to capture the presidential nomination from progressive forces within the Party. Thus, with the support of convention chairman Elihu Root, Taft's supporters outvoted Roosevelt's men, and the convention renominated incumbents William Howard Taft and James S. Sherman, making Sherman the first sitting vice-president to be nominated for re-election since John C. Calhoun in 1828.", "United States presidential election, 1912. Woodrow Wilson\nDemocratic", "United States presidential election, 1912. The Socialist Party of America was a highly factionalized coalition of local parties based in industrial cities and usually was rooted in ethnic communities, especially German and Finnish. It also had some support in old Populist rural and mining areas in the West, especially Oklahoma. By 1912, the party claimed more than a thousand locally elected officials in 33 states and 160 cities, especially the Midwest. Eugene V. Debs had run for president in 1900, 1904, and 1908, primarily to encourage the local effort, and he did so again in 1912 and from prison in 1920.[10]", "United States presidential election, 1912. Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote", "United States presidential election, 1912. The Progressive party was nicknamed the \"Bull Moose Party\" after journalists quoted Roosevelt saying that he felt \"fit as a bull moose\" following an assassination attempt on the campaign trail shortly after the new party was formed.[2]", "Progressive Party (United States, 1912). In the 1912 election, Roosevelt won 27.4% of the popular vote compared to Taft's 23.2%, making Roosevelt the only third party presidential nominee to finish with a higher share of the popular vote than a major party's presidential nominee. Both Taft and Roosevelt finished behind Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, who won 41.8% of the popular vote and the vast majority of the electoral vote. The Progressives elected several Congressional and state legislative candidates, but the election was marked primarily by Democratic gains. The 1916 Progressive National Convention was held in conjunction with the 1916 Republican National Convention in hopes of reunifying the parties with Roosevelt as the presidential nominee of both parties. The Progressive Party collapsed after Roosevelt refused the Progressive nomination and insisted his supporters vote for Charles Evan Hughes, the moderately progressive Republican nominee. Most Progressives joined the Republican Party, but some converted to the Democratic Party, and Progressives like Harold L. Ickes would play a role in President Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration. In 1924, La Follette established another Progressive Party, and a third Progressive Party would be established in 1948 under the leadership of Henry A. Wallace.", "United States presidential election, 1912. The impact of the third-party vote is indicated by the fact that few states were carried by a majority of the popular vote. Taft carried two states (Utah and Vermont), Roosevelt six, and Wilson forty. Taft carried no state with a popular majority, Roosevelt one (South Dakota, where there was no Republican ticket), and Wilson eleven, all of them states of the former Confederacy. More than two-thirds of Wilson's total vote was cast in the 37 states that he did not carry by majority vote.[23]", "United States presidential election, 1912. By 1910 the split between the two wings of the Republican Party was deep, and this, in turn, caused Roosevelt and Taft to turn against one another, despite their personal friendship. The 1910 Midterm elections proved to be rather rough for the Republicans which seemed to further cement the growing divide among the party. Taft's popularity among Progressives collapsed when he supported the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909,[3] abandoned Roosevelt's anti-trust policy[4] and fired popular conservationist Gifford Pinchot as head of the Bureau of Forestry in 1910.[5]" ]

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[ "History of bread. Even in antiquity there were a wide variety of breads. In ancient times the Greek bread was barley bread: Solon declared that wheaten bread might only be baked for feast days. By the 5th century BC bread could be purchased in Athens from a baker's shop, and in Rome, Greek bakers appeared in the 2nd century BC, as Hellenized Asia Minor was added to Roman dominion as the province of Asia;[9] the foreign bakers of bread were permitted to form a collegium. In the Deipnosophistae, the author Athenaeus (c.A.D.170 – c. 230) describes some of the bread, cakes, and pastries available in the Classical world.[10] Among the breads mentioned are griddle cakes, honey-and-oil bread, mushroom-shaped loaves covered in poppy seeds, and the military specialty of rolls baked on a spit. The type and quality of flours used to produce bread could also vary, as noted by Diphilus when he declared \"bread made of wheat, as compared with that made of barley, is more nourishing, more digestible, and in every way superior.\" In order of merit, the bread made from refined [thoroughly sieved] flour comes first, after that bread from ordinary wheat, and then the unbolted, made of flour that has not been sifted.\"[11] The essentiality of bread in the diet was reflected in the name for the rest of the meal: ópson, \"condiment\", i.e. bread's accompaniment, whatever it might be.[12]", "Bread. Bread is one of the oldest prepared foods. Evidence from 30,000 years ago in Europe revealed starch residue on rocks used for pounding plants.[4] It is possible that during this time, starch extract from the roots of plants, such as cattails and ferns, was spread on a flat rock, placed over a fire and cooked into a primitive form of flatbread. Around 10,000 BC, with the dawn of the Neolithic age and the spread of agriculture, grains became the mainstay of making bread. Yeast spores are ubiquitous, including on the surface of cereal grains, so any dough left to rest leavens naturally.[5]", "Baking. The first evidence of baking occurred when humans took wild grass grains, soaked them in water, and mixed everything together, mashing it into a kind of broth-like paste.[3] The paste was cooked by pouring it onto a flat, hot rock, resulting in a bread-like substance. Later, when humans mastered fire, the paste was roasted on hot embers, which made bread-making easier, as it could now be made any time fire was created. The world's oldest oven was discovered in Croatia in 2014 dating back 6500 years ago. The Ancient Egyptians baked bread using yeast, which they had previously been using to brew beer.[4] Bread baking began in Ancient Greece around 600 BC, leading to the invention of enclosed ovens.[4] \"Ovens and worktables have been discovered in archaeological digs from Turkey (Hacilar) to Palestine (Jericho) and date back to 5600 BC.\"[5]", "History of bread. A major change was the development in 1961 of the Chorleywood Bread Process. This used the intense mechanical working of dough, and control of gases touching dough, to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf at the expense of taste and nutrition.[18] The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of inferior grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. In total contrast, traditional breadmaking is extremely time-consuming, as the dough is mixed with yeast and requires several cycles of kneading and resting in order to become ready for baking, and to produce the desired flavor and texture.", "History of bread. The industrialization of bread-baking was a formative step in the creation of the modern world.[17] Otto Frederick Rohwedder is considered to be the father of sliced bread. In 1912 Rohwedder started work on inventing a machine that sliced bread, but bakeries were reluctant to use it since they were concerned the sliced bread would go stale. It was not until 1928, when Rohwedder invented a machine that both sliced and wrapped the bread, that sliced bread caught on. A bakery in Chillicothe, Missouri was the first to use this machine to produce sliced bread.", "Sliced bread. Otto Frederick Rohwedder of Davenport, Iowa, United States, invented the first loaf-at-a-time bread-slicing machine. A prototype he built in 1912 was destroyed in a fire[1] and it was not until 1928 that Rohwedder had a fully working machine ready. The first commercial use of the machine was by the Chillicothe Baking Company of Chillicothe, Missouri, which sold their first slices on July 7, 1928.[2] Their product, \"Kleen Maid Sliced Bread\", proved a success. Battle Creek, Michigan, has a competing claim as the first city to sell bread sliced by Rohwedder's machine; however, historians have produced no documentation backing up Battle Creek's claim.[3] The bread was advertised as \"the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped.\"", "Ancient Israelite cuisine. Bread making began with the milling of the grain. It was a difficult and time-consuming task, performed by women. Each household stored its own grain, and it is estimated that it required at least three hours of daily effort to produce enough flour to make sufficient bread for a family of five. The earliest milling was performed with a pestle and mortar, or a stone quern consisting of a large lower stone that held the grain and a smooth upper stone that was moved back and forth over the grains (Numbers 11:8). This often left small pieces of grit in the flour. The use of the millstone became more widespread during the Iron Age, resulting in greater speed and increased production of flour. Smaller versions for household use, the rotary or beehive quern, appeared during the early Persian period.[10][14]", "Yeast. It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread. The first records that show this use came from Ancient Egypt.[8] Researchers speculate a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the normal flat, hard cake.", "History of bread. There is extensive evidence of breadmaking in Ancient Egypt in the form of artistic depictions, remains of structures and items used in bread making, and remains of the dough and bread itself.[1][2][3][4][5][6]", "History of bread. In the late 19th century, the British empire encouraged a noticeable increase in import of bread from the colonies. This was regarded as British bread despite its origins, and institutes such as the Imperial Economic Committee encouraged the consumption and trade of foods such as bread from across the empire as they viewed it as cementing Britain's position in its colonies further. Advancements in refrigeration technology and techniques also encouraged an increase in the import of bread, as it could be preserved a lot longer than before and could be transported over longer distances. Bread was transported and stored using refrigeration more than most other foods, particularly in North America, as it was a staple food in most diets, more so than other staple foods like meat. [16]", "Baguette. No academic study has been written on the history of the baguette itself, as a type of bread.[3] Thus, much of its history is speculative; however, some facts can be established. Among these are the increased popularity of long, stick-like breads in France starting in the 18th century,[4] the shift among French bakers to using \"gruau\", a highly refined Hungarian high-milled flour in the early 19th century,[5] the introduction of Viennese steam oven baking to Paris in 1839 by August Zang,[6] and the subsequent introduction of the Austrian Adolf Ignaz Mautner von Markhof's compact yeast to Paris in 1867 at the Universal Exposition.[7] Finally, there is the first use of the word \"baguette\" in print, to define a particular type of bread, in a set of laws enacted by the Prefecture of the Seine Department in August 1920: \"The baguette, having a minimum weight of 80 g and a maximum length of 40 cm, may not be sold for a price higher than 0.65 francs apiece\"[8] While no one of these events is in itself definable as \"the invention of the baguette\", each of them, the shape, the flour, the fermentation, and the steam baking, contribute to what is today recognized as a \"baguette\".", "Bread. In 1961 the Chorleywood bread process was developed, which used the intense mechanical working of dough to dramatically reduce the fermentation period and the time taken to produce a loaf. The process, whose high-energy mixing allows for the use of lower protein grain, is now widely used around the world in large factories. As a result, bread can be produced very quickly and at low costs to the manufacturer and the consumer. However, there has been some criticism of the effect on nutritional value.[9][10][11]", "Baker's yeast. It is not known when yeast was first used to bake bread; the earliest definite records come from Ancient Egypt.[9] Researchers speculate that a mixture of flour meal and water was left longer than usual on a warm day and the yeasts that occur in natural contaminants of the flour caused it to ferment before baking. The resulting bread would have been lighter and tastier than the previous hard flatbreads. It is generally assumed that the earliest forms of leavening were likely very similar to modern sourdough; the leavening action of yeast would have been discovered from its action on flatbread doughs, and would have been either cultivated separately or transferred from batch to batch by means of previously mixed (\"old\") dough. Also, the development of leavened bread seems to have developed in close proximity to the development of beer brewing, and barm from the beer fermentation process can also be used in bread making.", "Timeline of United States inventions (1890–1945). 1927 Bread slicer Sliced bread is a loaf of bread which has been pre-sliced and packaged for commercial convenience. The automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder. His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread. In 1928, the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick, a baker from St. Louis, Missouri.[207]", "Baguette. To summarize this history, the historian and author Jim Chevallier states that \"it seems most accurate to say that the bread which became known as the baguette first appeared in its most primitive form in the eighteenth century, then experienced a number of refinements and variations before being (officially) given that name in 1920.\"[9]", "History of bread. In medieval Europe, bread served not only as a staple food but also as part of the table service. In the standard table setting of the day the trencher, a piece of stale bread roughly 6 inches by 4 inches (15 cm by 10 cm), was served as an absorbent plate. At the completion of a meal the trencher could then be eaten, given to the poor, or fed to the dogs. It was not until the 15th century that trenchers made of wood started to replace the bread variety.[13]", "Ancient Israelite cuisine. Bread was primarily made from barley flour during the Iron Age (Judges 7:13, 2 Kings 4:42), as barley was more widely and easily grown, and was thus more available, cheaper, and could be made into bread without a leavening agent[4] even though wheat flour was regarded as superior.[10] It was presumably made from dough that was a simple mixture of barley flour and water, divided into small pieces, formed by hand into round shapes and then baked.[20]", "Sliced bread. Sliced bread is a loaf of bread that has been sliced with a machine and packaged for convenience. It was first sold in 1928, advertised as \"the greatest forward step in the baking industry since bread was wrapped\". This led to the popular phrase \"greatest thing since sliced bread\".", "Bread. Aerated bread was leavened by carbon dioxide being forced into dough under pressure. From the mid 19th to mid 20th centuries bread made this way was somewhat popular in the United Kingdom, made by the Aerated Bread Company and sold in its high-street tearooms. The company was founded in 1862, and ceased independent operations in 1955.[53]", "Weimar Republic. In 1919, one loaf of bread cost 1 mark; by 1923, the same loaf of bread cost 100 billion marks.[citation needed]", "History of bread. Since 1986,[23] domestic breadmakers that automate the process of making bread have become popular in the home.", "History of bread. Up to the 19th century, bread in Europe was often adulterated with hazardous materials, including chalk, sawdust, alum, plaster, clay and ammonium carbonate. This gradually came to an end with government action, such as the 1860 and 1899 Food Adulteration Acts in Britain.[14] America had a more difficult time ending these processes of adulteration however, as various states had varying policies regarding bread making. [15]", "History of bread. The most common source of leavening in antiquity was to retain a piece of dough (with sugar and water in) from the previous day to utilize as a form of sourdough starter.[7] Pliny the Elder reported that the Gauls and Iberians used the foam skimmed from beer to produce \"a lighter kind of bread than other peoples.\" Parts of the ancient world that drank wine instead of beer used a paste composed of grape must and flour that was allowed to begin fermenting, or wheat bran steeped in wine, as a source for yeast.", "Bread. Bread is a staple food prepared from a dough of flour and water, usually by baking. Throughout recorded history it has been popular around the world and is one of the oldest artificial foods, having been of importance since the dawn of agriculture.", "Oat. Historical attitudes towards oats have varied. Oat bread was first manufactured in Britain, where the first oat bread factory was established in 1899. In Scotland, they were, and still are, held in high esteem, as a mainstay of the national diet.", "Bread in culture. There is a wide variety of traditional breads in Great Britain, often baked in a rectangular tin form. Round loaves are also produced, such as the North East England specialty called a stottie cake. A cob is a small round loaf. A cottage loaf is made of two balls of dough, one on top of the other, to form a figure-of-eight shape. There are many variations on bread rolls, such as baps, barms, breadcakes and so on. The Chorleywood process for mass-producing bread was developed in England in the 1960s before spreading worldwide. Mass-produced sliced white bread brands such as Wonderloaf and Mother's Pride have been criticized on grounds of poor nutritional value and taste of the loaves produced.[12]", "Bread in culture. In Spain, bread is called pan. The traditional Spanish pan is a long loaf of bread, similar to the French baguette but wider. One can buy it freshly made every morning in the traditional bakeries, where there is a large assortment of bread. A smaller version is known as bocadillo, an iconic piece of the Hispanic cuisine. In Spain, especially in the Mediterranean area, there have been guilds of bakers for over 750 years. The bakers guild in Barcelona was founded in 1200 AD.[13] There is a region called Tierra del Pan (\"Land of the Bread\"), located in the province of Zamora, where economy was in the past joined to this activity.", "Bread. Many breads are made from a \"straight dough\", which means that all of the ingredients are combined in one step, and the dough is baked after the rising time;[44] others are made from a \"pre-ferment\" in which the leavening agent is combined with some of the flour and water a day or so ahead of baking and allowed to ferment overnight. On the day of baking, the rest of the ingredients are added, and the process continues as with straight dough. This produces a more flavorful bread with better texture. Many bakers see the starter method as a compromise between the reliable results of baker's yeast and the flavor and complexity of a longer fermentation. It also allows the baker to use only a minimal amount of baker's yeast, which was scarce and expensive when it first became available. Most yeasted pre-ferments fall into one of three categories: \"poolish\" or \"pouliche\", a loose-textured mixture composed of roughly equal amounts of flour and water (by weight); \"biga\", a stiff mixture with a higher proportion of flour; and \"pâte fermentée\", which is simply a portion of dough reserved from a previous batch.[46][47]", "Sliced bread. In 1940, a form of bread consisting of two wrapped half-loaves was advertised as the \"greatest convenience since sliced bread\".[14]", "History of bread. Bread was central to the formation of early human societies. From the western half of Asia, where wheat was domesticated, cultivation spread north and west, to Europe and North Africa. This in turn led to the formation of towns, as opposed to the nomadic lifestyle, and gave rise to more and more sophisticated forms of societal organization. Similar developments occurred in eastern Asia, centered on rice, and in the Americas with maize.", "Bread. Sourdough breads are made with a sourdough starter. The starter cultivates yeast and lactobacilli in a mixture of flour and water, making use of the microorganisms already present on flour; it does not need any added yeast. A starter may be maintained indefinitely by regular additions of flour and water. Some bakers have starters many generations old, which are said to have a special taste or texture.[48] At one time, all yeast-leavened breads were sourdoughs. Recently there has been a revival of sourdough bread in artisan bakeries.[50]", "Wheat. The oldest evidence for hexaploid wheat has been confirmed through DNA analysis of wheat seeds, dating to around 6400-6200 BCE, recovered from Çatalhöyük.[23] The first identifiable bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with sufficient gluten for yeasted breads has been identified using DNA analysis in samples from a granary dating to approximately 1350 BCE at Assiros in Macedonia.[24]" ]

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[ "Tourism in India. Golden Temple, Amritsar", "Punjab. Golden Temple, Amritsar", "Punjab. The Golden Temple in Amritsar", "Amritsar. Sri Harmandir Sahib (\"The abode of God\"), also known as Darbar Sahib, (Punjabi pronunciation: [dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb]), informally referred to as the Golden Temple, is a Gurdwara located in Amritsar. It is one of the most revered spiritual sites of Sikhism. The construction of Harmandir Sahib is intended to build a place of worship for men and women from all walks of life and all religions to worship God equally. The four entrances (representing the four directions) to get into the Harmandir Sahib also symbolise the openness of the Sikhs towards all people and religions. Over 100,000 people visit the shrine daily for worship, and also partake jointly in the free community kitchen and meal (Langar) regardless of any distinctions, a tradition that is a hallmark of all Sikh Gurdwaras.", "Islam and Sikhism. The Golden Temple (Harmandir Sahib) in Amritsar, India is not only a central religious place of the Sikhs, but also a symbol of human brotherhood and equality. The four entrances of this holy shrine from all four directions, signify that people belonging to every walk of life are equally welcome. The Golden Temple is a holy site for Sikhs and is welcome to people of any faith.[78]", "Golden Temple. On Dec 22, 2016, a high-tech State of the Art visitors centre was opened for public. Hi-tech story-telling at the basement of the Golden Temple plaza was launched and opened for public amid 5,000 pilgrims on Wednesday. Besides the daily footfall of pilgrims at the shrine, a large number of people had gathered outside the basement for their turn to witness the 3D technology and synchronisation installed in galleries giving a tour of the Sikh history and ethos. [25][26]", "Golden Temple. First-time visitors are advised to begin their visit at the information office and then proceed to the Central Sikh Museum near the main entrance and clock tower.[tone]", "Punjab. A moment at Golden Temple", "Tourism in India by state. 3. Puri – Jagannath Temple, Chilika Lake, Konark Temple and Beach.", "Tourism in India by state. Shikharji temple at parasnath (Giridih) is known for its serene beauty.", "Golden Temple. The entrance from the plaza side holds a museum on history of the Sikhs on the first floor just over the entrance.", "Golden Temple. In keeping with the rule observed at all Sikh gurdwaras worldwide, the Harmandir Sahib is open to all persons regardless of their religion, colour, creed, caste or gender. The only restrictions on the Harmandir Sahib's visitors concern their behaviour when entering and while visiting:", "Tourism in India. Konark Sun Temple", "Arunachal Pradesh. The Golden Pagoda Monastery at Namsai is another tourist attraction.[42]", "Tourism in India by state. 1. Bhubaneswar – Lingaraj Temple, Rajarani Temple, Dhauligiri, Khandagiri and Udaygiri, Nandankanan Zoological Park.", "Architecture of India. Harmandir Sahib (The Golden Temple) is culturally the most significant place of worship for the Sikhs.", "Tourism in India by state. The pilgrim places of Haryana are thronged by devotees all over the year, who visit the important religious places to seek divine blessings and eternal happiness.", "Tourism in Rajasthan. Rajasthan is one of the most popular tourist destinations in India, for both domestic and international tourists.\nRajasthan attracts tourists for its historical forts, palaces, art and culture with its slogan 'Padharo mahare desh'. Every third foreign tourist visiting India travels to Rajasthan as it is part of the Golden Triangle for tourists visiting India.[1][2]", "Odisha. The Lingaraja Temple at Bhubaneswar has a 150-foot (46 m) high deula while the Jagannath Temple, Puri is about 200 feet (61 m) high and dominates the skyline. Only a portion of the Konark Sun Temple, the largest of the temples of the \"Holy Golden Triangle\" exists today, and it is still staggering in size. It stands out as a masterpiece in Odisha architecture. Sarala Temple, regarded as one of the most spiritually elevated expressions of Shaktism is in Jagatsinghpur district. It is also one of the holiest places in Odisha & a major tourist attraction. Maa tarini temple situated in Kendujhar district is also a famous pilgrimage destination. Every day thousands of coconuts are given to Maa Tarini by devotees for fulfilling their wishes.[113]", "Rabindranath Tagore. The golden temple of Amritsar comes back to me like a dream. Many a morning have I accompanied my father to this Gurudarbar of the Sikhs in the middle of the lake. There the sacred chanting resounds continually. My father, seated amidst the throng of worshippers, would sometimes add his voice to the hymn of praise, and finding a stranger joining in their devotions they would wax enthusiastically cordial, and we would return loaded with the sanctified offerings of sugar crystals and other sweets.[39]", "Tourism in India by state. Rajasthan, literally meaning \"Land of the Kings\", is one of the most attractive tourist destinations in Western India. The vast sand dunes of the Thar Desert attract millions of tourists from around the globe every year.", "Peoples Temple. Beginning in the 1970s, the bus caravan also traveled across the United States quarterly, including to Washington, D.C.[33] In June 1973, Representative George Brown, Jr. entered a lengthy and laudatory description of the Temple into the Congressional Record.[33] The Washington Post ran an August 18, 1973, editorial-page item stating that the 660 Temple visitors were the \"hands down winners of anybody's tourists of the year award\" after spending an hour cleaning up the Capitol grounds.[33]", "Punjab, India. Tourism in Indian Punjab centres around the historic palaces, battle sites, and the great Sikh architecture of the state and the surrounding region.[97] Examples include various sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, the ancient fort of Bathinda, the architectural monuments of Kapurthala, Patiala, and Chandigarh, the modern capital designed by Le Corbusier.[98] The Golden Temple in Amritsar is one of the major tourist destinations of Punjab and indeed India, attracting more visitors than the Taj Mahal, Lonely Planet Bluelist 2008 has voted the Harmandir Sahib as one of the world’s best spiritual sites.[99] Moreover, there is a rapidly expanding array of international hotels in the holy city that can be booked for overnight stays. Devi Talab Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Jalandhar. This temple is devoted to Goddess Durga[100] and is believed to be at least 200 years old. Another main tourist destination is religious and historic city of Sri Anandpur Sahib where large number of tourists come to see the Virasat-e-Khalsa (Khalsa Heritage Memorial Complex) and also take part in Hola Mohalla festival. Kila Raipur Sports Festival is also popular tourist attraction in Kila Raipur near Ludhiana.[101][102][103] Shahpur kandi fort, Ranjit sagar lake and Muktsar Temple also popular attractions in Pathankot.", "Tourism in India by state. Places of Worship\nDakshineswar Kali Temple · Kalighat Temple · Birla Mandir · Belur Math · Tipu Sultan Mosque · Nakhoda Masjid · St. Paul's Cathedral · St. John's Church · Parsi Fire Temples · Japanese Buddhist Temple · Calcutta Jain Temple · Tarakeswar · Tarapith · Furfura Sharif", "Tourism in India by state. Ramappa Temple, Warangal, India", "Tourism in India by state. Ancient temples of Amarkantak", "Punjab, India. The holiest of Sikh shrines, the Sri Harmandir Sahib (or Golden Temple), is in the city of Amritsar, which houses the SGPC, the top most Sikh religious body. The Sri Akal Takht Sahib, which is within the Golden Temple complex, is the highest temporal seat of Sikhs. Of the five Takhts (Temporal Seats of religious authority) of Sikhism, three are in Punjab. These are Sri Akal Takht Sahib, Damdama Sahib and Anandpur Sahib.[citation needed]", "Golden Temple. Sri Harmandir Sahib (\"The abode of God\"), also known as Darbar Sahib, (Punjabi pronunciation: [dəɾbɑɾ sɑhɪb]),[1] [3] informally referred to as the Golden Temple,[1] is the holiest Gurdwara of Sikhism, located in the city of Amritsar, Punjab, India. Amritsar (literally, the tank of nectar of immortality) was founded in 1577 by the fourth Sikh guru, Guru Ram Das.[4] The fifth Sikh Guru, Guru Arjan, designed Harmandir Sahib to be built in the centre of this holy tank, and upon its construction, installed the Adi Granth, the holy scripture of Sikhism, inside Harmandir Sahib.[1] The Harmandir Sahib complex is also home to the Akal Takht (the throne of the timeless one, constituted by the Sixth Guru, Guru Hargobind). While the Harmandir Sahib is regarded as the abode of God's spiritual attribute, the Akal Takht is the seat of God's temporal authority.[5]", "Tourism in India by state. The most sacred Hindu temple, Badrinath Temple.", "Tourism in India by state. Odisha is famous for the world-famous Jagannath Temple (Puri), UNESCO World Heritage Site Konark Sun Temple and The Leaning Temple of Huma. Out of total 4 Chausathi Yogini temples all over India, 2 are in Odisha, in Hirapur and Ranipur Jharial. Famous Oriya Sanskrit Poet Jayadeva, who wrote famous Gita Govinda, a poem of divine love between Lord Krishna and Radha with other Gopis, dedicated to Lord Jagannatha, was born here in Kenduli Sasan village near Khurda.", "Tourism in India by state. 2. Cuttack – Barabati Fort, Katak Chandi Temple, Lalitgiri-Ratnagiri-Udaygiri, Dhabaleswar Temple.", "Pilgrimage. Eventually, however, Amritsar and Harmandir Saheb (the Golden Temple) became the spiritual and cultural centre of the Sikh faith, and if a Sikh goes on pilgrimage it is usually to this place.[24]" ]

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[ "World Series. The Houston Astros won the 2017 World Series in 7 games against the Los Angeles Dodgers on November 1st, 2017, winning their first World Series since their creation in 1962.", "List of Houston Astros seasons. The Astros have completed 56 seasons in Major League Baseball, qualifying for the postseason eleven times and reaching the World Series twice (2005 and 2017). Established as an expansion franchise in 1962, the team's first winning season was in 1972. In 1980 the Astros made their first postseason appearance. From 1997–2005, the team made postseason appearances in six out of nine seasons. From 2006 to 2013 the franchise experienced a steady decline with consecutive 100-loss seasons in 2011, 2012 and 2013. In 2015 the team defeated the New York Yankees in the 2015 American League Wild Card Game. This was the Astros' first postseason appearance as an American League team, and first overall since 2005. It was also the Astros' first playoff win since Game 6 of the 2005 National League Championship Series. Houston would qualify for the playoffs again in 2017, defeating the Boston Red Sox in the 2017 American League Division Series and the New York Yankees in the 2017 American League Championship Series. The team would go on to defeat the Los Angeles Dodgers in the 2017 World Series, winning the championship for the first time in team history.", "Houston Astros. In 2014, Sports Illustrated predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series through their strategic rebuilding process.[66] As of June 9, the Astros were 41–16, which gave them a 13.5-game lead over the rest of their division, and they had comfortable possession of the best record in the entire league. This was the best start in the Astros' 55-year history. As the games of June 23 concluded, the Astros had an 11.5-game lead over the rest of the division. The Astros entered the All-Star Break with an American League best 60–29 record and a 16-game lead in the division, although the overall best record in MLB had just barely slipped to the Dodgers shortly before the All-Star Break by just one game.", "2017 World Series. With the Astros and Dodgers having waited a combined 84 years for a championship (the Dodgers last won the World Series in 1988, and the Astros had never won since their 1962 formation), this was the third straight year in which the World Series teams had waited a combined 50 years or more to win a World Series, following 2015 at 59 years and 2016 at 176 years. Both teams had not lost at home this postseason leading to the World Series. The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season.[11]", "Houston Astros. The Astros played in the NL from 1962 to 2012. They played in the West Division from 1969 to 1993, and the Central Division from 1994 to 2012. While a member of the NL, the Astros played in one World Series, in 2005, against the Chicago White Sox, in which they were swept in four games. In 2017, they became the first franchise in MLB history to have won a pennant in both the NL and the AL, when they defeated the New York Yankees in the ALCS. They subsequently won the 2017 World Series against the Los Angeles Dodgers, winning four games to three, earning the team, and Texas, its first World Series title.", "2017 American League Championship Series. The Astros advanced to their first World Series in 12 years, becoming the first team to win pennants in both leagues. Houston's victory made this just the fifth best-of-seven series (following the 1987, 1991, and 2001 World Series, and the 2004 National League Championship Series), and the first ALCS, in which the home team won all seven games.[22]", "Houston Astros. The Astros clinched their first division title as a member of the American League West division, and first division title overall since 2001. They also became the first team in Major League history to win three different divisions: National League West in 1980 and 1986, National League Central from 1997–1999 and 2001, and American League West in 2017. On September 29, the Astros won their 100th game of the season, the second time the Astros finished a season with over 100 wins, the first being in 1998. They finished 101–61, with a 21-game lead in the division, and faced the Red Sox in the first round of the AL playoffs. The Astros defeated the Red Sox three games to one, and advanced to the American League Championship Series against the New York Yankees. The Astros won the ALCS four games to three, and advanced to the World Series to play against the Los Angeles Dodgers. The Astros defeated the Dodgers in the deciding seventh game of the World Series, winning the first championship in franchise history.[70]", "2017 Houston Astros season. The 2017 Houston Astros season was the 56th season for the franchise in Houston, their 53rd as the Astros, their fifth in the American League, and their 18th season at Minute Maid Park. The Astros began the season at home against the Seattle Mariners on April 3, 2017. They finished the season on the road against the Boston Red Sox on October 1. Following the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey, the Astros added a patch on the front of their uniforms that read \"Houston Strong\". On September 17, the Astros clinched the American League West with a 7-1 victory over the Seattle Mariners. It was their first American League West title, and seventh division title overall. On September 29, the Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3-2 for their 100th win of the season, their first 100-win season since 1998. They defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games in the Division Series and advanced to the American League Championship Series where they defeated the New York Yankees in seven games for their first American League pennant, second pennant in franchise history, and first pennant since 2005. The Astros defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games in the World Series, earning their first World Series title in franchise history.", "2005 World Series. Home-field advantage was awarded to Chicago by virtue of the American League's 7–5 victory over the National League in the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. The Astros were attempting to become the fourth consecutive wild card team to win the Series, following the Anaheim Angels (2002), Florida Marlins (2003) and Boston Red Sox (2004). Both teams were attempting to overcome decades of disappointment, with a combined 132 years between the two teams without a title. The Astros were making their first Series appearance in 44 years of play, while the White Sox had waited exactly twice as long for a title, having last won the Series in 1917, and had not been in the Series since 1959, three years before the Astros' inaugural season.", "2010 World Series. This was the first World Series game won by a team from Texas, as the Houston Astros were swept in 2005.[12]", "Sports in Houston. The Astros won the 2017 World Series for the first World Series win in franchise history. In 2006, the Dynamo won the MLS Cup in their first year after moving from San Jose, California, and in 2007 became the first MLS franchise since 1997 to repeat a championship. The Rockets won back-to-back NBA titles in 1994 and 1995. The Dawgs won the NPF championship for the first time in 2017.", "2017 World Series. 2017 World Series (4–3): Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers.", "2017 World Series. The Astros defeated the Dodgers, four games to three, to win their first World Series in franchise history, and the first team from Texas to do so. Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series, including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros, and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark.[4] Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Dodgers' 2017 World Series representative Chase Utley in 2009 when he played for the Philadelphia Phillies.[5][6]", "2017 World Series. On August 31, just seconds before the midnight deadline, the Astros traded for Justin Verlander.[25] Following the trade, including the regular season and postseason to this point, Verlander had posted a 9–0 win-loss record with a 1.23 earned run average.[26] He was named the ALCS MVP.[27]", "2017 American League Championship Series. The Astros defeated the Boston Red Sox 3–1 in the 2017 American League Division Series (ALDS).[4] This is the Astros' fifth appearance in a League Championship Series, and their first since transferring from the National League to the American League. Their only previous LCS win came in the 2005 National League Championship Series; they lost in 1980, 1986, and 2004. They are also the first AL West team to make it to the ALCS since 2011.", "World Series. The 2017 World Series took place between the Los Angeles Dodgers and Houston Astros. Seven games were played, with the Astros victorious after game seven, played in Los Angeles. The final score was 5–1. This was the first World Series won by the Astros.", "2017 Houston Astros season. The Astros also defeated the Yankees 4−0 in Game 7, on October 21, 2017, allowing them to advance to the World Series for the second time in franchise history, and first as a member of the American League. McCullers pitched four scoreless innings in relief to earn his first career save.[13]", "Houston Astros. On July 30, 2011, the Astros traded OF Hunter Pence, the team's 2010 leader in home runs, to the Philadelphia Phillies. On July 31, they traded OF Michael Bourn to the Atlanta Braves. On September 17, the Astros clinched their first 100-loss season in franchise history, On September 28, the Astros ended the season with an 8–0 home loss to the St. Louis Cardinals. Cardinals pitcher Chris Carpenter pitched a complete game, two-hit shutout in the game, enabling the Cardinals to win the National League Wild Card, where they went on to beat the Texas Rangers in the World Series, with Lance Berkman being a key player in their championship victory. The Astros finished with a record of 56–106, the worst single-season record in franchise history (a record which would be broken the following season).", "Houston Astros. With baseball expansion and trades, the Astros had dramatically changed in 1969. Aspromonte was sent to the Braves and Staub was traded to the expansion Montreal Expos, in exchange for outfielder Jesús Alou and first baseman Donn Clendenon. However, Clendenon refused to report to Houston, electing to retire and take job with a pen manufacturing company. The Astros asked Commissioner Bowie Kuhn to void the trade, but he refused. Instead, he awarded Jack Billingham and a left-handed relief pitcher to the Astros to complete the trade. Cuellar was traded to the Baltimore Orioles for Curt Blefary. Other new players included catcher Johnny Edwards, infielder Denis Menke, and pitcher Denny Lemaster. Wilson continued to pitch brilliantly and on May 1 threw the second no-hitter of his career. In that game, he struck out 18 batters, tying what was then the all-time single-game mark. He was just 24 years of age and was second to only Sandy Koufax for career no-hit wins. Wilson's no-hitter lit the Astros' fire after a miserable month of April, and six days later the team tied a major league record by turning seven double plays in a game. By May's end the Astros had put together a ten-game winning streak. The Houston infield tandem of Menke and Joe Morgan continued to improve, providing power at the plate and great defense. Morgan had 15 homers and stole 49 bases while Menke led the Astros with 90 RBIs. The Menke/Morgan punch was beginning to come alive, and the team was responding to Walker's management style. The Astros dominated the season series against their expansion twins, the New York Mets, that season. In one game at New York, Denis Menke and Jimmy Wynn hit grand slams in the same inning, against a Mets team that would go on to win the World Series that same year. The Astros finished the 1969 season with a record of 81 wins, 81 losses, marking their first season of .500 ball.", "List of Houston Astros seasons. The following table describes the Astros' MLB win–loss record by decade.", "2017 World Series. Houston won the series, 4–3.", "Houston Astros. The Astros won the National League Division Series against the Atlanta Braves, 3-1, with a game four that set postseason records for most innings (18), most players used by a single team (23), and longest game time (5 hours and 50 minutes). Trailing by a score of 6-1, Lance Berkman hit an eighth inning grand slam to narrow the score to 6–5. In the bottom of the ninth, catcher Brad Ausmus, hit a game tying home run that allowed the game to continue in extra innings. In the bottom of the tenth inning, Luke Scott hit a blast to left field that had home run distance, but was inches foul. This game remained scoreless for the next eight innings. In the top of the fifteenth inning, Roger Clemens made only his second career relief appearance, pitching three shutout innings, notably striking out Julio Franco, at the time the oldest player in the MLB at 47 years old; Clemens was himself 43. In the bottom of the eighteenth inning, Clemens came to bat again, indicating that he would be pitching in the nineteenth inning, if it came to that. Clemens struck out, but the next batter, Chris Burke, hit a home run to left field for the Astros win, 7–6. Oddly enough, a fan in the \"Crawford Boxes\" in left field had previously caught Berkman's grand slam and this same fan caught Burke's home run.[citation needed] The National League Championship Series featured a rematch of the 2004 NLCS. The Astros lost the first game in St. Louis, but would win the next three games, with Roy Oswalt getting the win. Though the Astros were poised to close out the series in Game Five in Houston, Brad Lidge gave up a monstrous two-out three-run home run to Albert Pujols, forcing the series to a sixth game in St. Louis, where the Astros clinched a World Series appearance. Roy Oswalt was named NLCS MVP, having gone 2–0 with a 1.29 ERA in the series. Current honorary NL President William Y. Giles presented the league champion Astros with the Warren C. Giles Trophy. Warren Giles, William's father and President of the National League from 1951 to 1969, had awarded an MLB franchise to the city of Houston in 1960.[citation needed]", "Houston Astros. Shortly after McLane's arrival, which coincided with the maturation of Bagwell and Biggio, the Astros began to show signs of consistent success. After finishing second in their division in 1994 (in a strike year), 1995, and 1996, the Astros won consecutive division titles in 1997, 1998, and 1999. In the 1998 season, the Astros set a team record with 102 victories. However, each of these titles was followed by a first-round playoff elimination, in 1998 by the San Diego Padres and in 1997 and 1999 against the Atlanta Braves. The manager of these title teams was Larry Dierker, who had previously been a broadcaster and pitcher for the Astros. During this period, Bagwell, Biggio, Derek Bell, and Sean Berry earned the collective nickname \"The Killer Bs\". In later seasons, the name came to include other Astros, especially Lance Berkman.[49]", "2017 American League Championship Series. One out away from the World Series. McCullers hands at the belt, hands over the head and the windup, the 2-0...and Bird skies this one into shallow center! Correa out Springer in, Springer calling everyone off, SPRINGER MAKES THE CATCH AND THE ASTROS ARE HEADED TO THE WORLD SERIES! THE HOUSTON ASTROS WIN 4-0, TAKE THE SERIES 4 GAMES TO 3, AND THERE ARE THE 2017 AMERICAN LEAGUE CHAMPIONS!", "Houston Astros. The Astros entered the 2016 season as the favorites to win the AL West after a promising 2015 season. After a bad start to their season, with Houston going just 7–17 in April, the Astros bounced back and went on to have a winning record in their next four months, including an 18–8 record in June. But after going 12–15 in September, the Astros were eliminated from playoff contention. They finished in third place in the American League West Division with a final record of 84–78.", "List of Houston Astros first-round draft picks. The Astros won their first World Series title in 2017 with three of their first-round picks on the World Series roster—Correa, series MVP George Springer (2011), and Alex Bregman (2015). One Astros first-round pick is a member of the Baseball Hall of Fame. Craig Biggio (1987), who played his entire 20-season MLB career (1988–2007) with the Astros and became a member of the 3,000 hit club,[4] was elected to the Hall in 2015.[5] Carlos Correa is the only Astros first-round pick to have won a Rookie of the Year award, joining Jeff Bagwell (1991, originally drafted by the Red Sox) as the two Astros to win ROY. No Astros first round pick has won a Most Valuable Player award or Cy Young Award with the team. Brad Lidge (1998) won the Comeback Player of the Year Award in 2008 with the Philadelphia Phillies, his first season after leaving the Astros.[6]", "Houston Astros. After two fairly successful seasons without a playoff appearance, the Astros were early favorites to win the 2004 NL pennant. They added star pitcher Andy Pettitte to a roster that already included standouts like Lance Berkman and Jeff Kent as well as veterans Bagwell and Biggio. Roger Clemens, who had retired after the 2003 season with the New York Yankees, agreed to join former teammate Pettitte on the Astros for 2004. The one-year deal included unique conditions, such as the option for Clemens to stay home in Houston on select road trips when he wasn't scheduled to pitch. Despite the early predictions for success, the Astros had a mediocre 44–44 record at the All-Star break. A lack of run production and a poor record in close games were major issues. After being booed at the 2004 All-Star Game held in Houston, manager Jimy Williams was fired and replaced by Phil Garner, a star on the division-winning 1986 Astros. The Astros enjoyed a 46–26 record in the second half of the season under Garner and earned the NL wild card spot. The Astros defeated the Braves 3–2 in the Division Series, but would lose the National League Championship Series to the St. Louis Cardinals in seven games. Clemens earned a record seventh Cy Young Award in 2004. Additionally, the mid-season addition of Carlos Beltrán in a trade with the Kansas City Royals helped the Astros tremendously in their playoff run. Despite midseason trade rumors, Beltrán would prove instrumental to the team's hopes, hitting eight home runs in the postseason. Though he had asserted a desire to remain with the Astros, Beltrán signed a long-term contract with the New York Mets on January 9, 2005.", "2005 World Series. The 2005 World Series was the 101st edition of Major League Baseball's championship series, a best-of-seven playoff between the American League (AL) champions Chicago White Sox and the National League (NL) champions Houston Astros.[1] The White Sox swept the Astros four games to none in the series, played between October 22 to 26, winning their third World Series championship and their first in 88 seasons. Although the series was a sweep, all four games were quite close, being decided by two runs or fewer.", "Houston Astros. On September 29, the Astros completed their first year in the American League, losing 5–1 in a 14 inning game to the New York Yankees. The Astros finished the season with a 51–111 record (a franchise worst) with a season ending 15 game losing streak, again surpassing their worst record from last season. The team finished 45 games back out of the division winner Oakland Athletics, further adding to their futility. This marked three consecutive years that the Astros had lost more than 100 games in a single season. They also became the first team to have the first overall pick in the draft three years in a row. They improved on their season in 2014, going 70–92, finishing 28 games back over the division winner Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, and placing fourth in the AL West over the Texas Rangers.", "List of Houston Astros seasons. These statistics are from Baseball-Reference.com's Houston Astros History & Encyclopedia,[3] and are current as of September 30, 2018.", "Houston Astros. The Astros regressed in 2008 and 2009, finishing with records of 86–75 and 74–88, respectively. Manager Cecil Cooper was fired after the 2009 season.", "Carlos Beltrán. The Astros won 101 games and clinched the AL West division title, marking the second time franchise history they won at 100 games.[129] The faced the Boston Red Sox in the best-of-five ALDS. In Game 4 on October 9, Beltrán added to his legacy of postseason success. He hit a ninth inning RBI double that proved to be the deciding run in a 5–4 victory that clinched the ALDS for the Astros.[130]" ]

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[ "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: La Charte canadienne des droits et libertés), in Canada often simply the Charter, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada. It forms the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982. The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and civil rights of everyone in Canada from the policies and actions of all areas and levels of the government. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was signed into law by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, along with the rest of the Act.", "Constitution Act, 1982. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms is a bill of rights. The Charter is intended to protect certain political and civil rights of people in Canada from the policies and actions of all levels of government. It exists to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights.[11][12] The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was introduced by the government of John Diefenbaker in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights was only a federal statute, rather than a constitutional document. Therefore, it was limited in scope and was easily amendable. This motivated some within government to improve rights protections in Canada. The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[13] Hence, the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau enacted the Charter in 1982.", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982, it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights (section 15) came into effect. The delay was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities.", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights, which was enacted in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights is only a federal statute, rather than a constitutional document. As a federal statute, it can be amended through the ordinary legislative process and has no application to provincial laws. The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights and the Court was reluctant to declare laws inoperative.[1] The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada. The movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II also wanted to entrench the principles enunciated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.[2] The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982, the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.", "History of Canada. In addition to the enactment of a Canadian amending formulas, the Constitution Act, 1982 enacted the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter is a constitutionally entrenched bill of rights which applies to both the federal government and the provincial governments, unlike the earlier Canadian Bill of Rights.[225] The patriation of the constitution was Trudeau's last major act as Prime Minister; he resigned in 1984.", "Canadian constitutional law. In 1982 the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was brought into effect. This was not meant to affect the workings of federalism, though some content was moved from section 91 to section 4 of the Charter. Mainly, the Charter is meant to decrease powers of both levels of government by ensuring both federal and provincial laws respect Charter rights, under section 32.", "Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms. The Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms (French: Charte des droits et libertés de la personne) is a statutory bill of rights and human rights code passed by the National Assembly of Quebec on June 27, 1975. It received Royal Assent from Lieutenant Governor Hugues Lapointe, coming into effect on June 28, 1976.", "Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Though the Charter itself came into effect on April 17, 1982, section 15 was not brought into force until April 17, 1985, in accordance with section 32(2) of the Charter. The reason for this was so that provincial and federal governments would have enough time to review their legislation and make the appropriate changes to any discriminatory laws.", "Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. As a part of the Charter and of the larger Constitution Act, 1982, section 2 took legal effect on April 17, 1982. However, many of its rights have roots in Canada in the 1960 Canadian Bill of Rights (although this law was of limited effectiveness), and in traditions under a theorized Implied Bill of Rights. Many of the freedoms, such as freedom of expression, have also been at the centre of federalism disputes.", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The inclusion of a charter of rights in the Constitution Act was a much-debated issue. Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980,[13] and announced his intention to constitutionalize a bill of rights that would include fundamental freedoms, democratic guarantees, freedom of movement, legal rights, equality and language rights.[14] He did not want a notwithstanding clause. While his proposal gained popular support,[15] provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers. The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared liberal bias among judges, should courts be called upon to enforce rights.[16] Additionally, the British Parliament cited their right to uphold Canada's old form of government.[17] At a suggestion of the Conservatives, Trudeau's government thus agreed to a committee of Senators and MPs to further examine the bill of rights as well as the patriation plan. During this time, 90 hours were spent on the bill of rights alone, all filmed for television,[15] while civil rights experts and advocacy groups put forward their perceptions on the Charter's flaws and omissions and how to remedy them.[15] As Canada had a parliamentary system of government, and as judges were perceived not to have enforced rights well in the past, it was questioned whether the courts should be named as the enforcers of the Charter, as Trudeau wanted. Conservatives argued that elected politicians should be trusted instead. It was eventually decided that the responsibility should go to the courts. At the urging of civil libertarians, judges could even now exclude evidence in trials if acquired in breach of Charter rights in certain circumstances, something the Charter was not originally going to provide for. As the process continued, more features were added to the Charter, including equality rights for people with disabilities, more sex equality guarantees and recognition of Canada's multiculturalism. The limitations clause was also reworded to focus less on the importance of parliamentary government and more on justifiability of limits in free societies; the latter logic was more in line with rights developments around the world after World War II.[18]", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform. Said reforms would include improving safeguards of rights, as well as patriation of the Constitution, meaning the British Parliament would no longer have to approve constitutional amendments. Subsequently, Attorney General Pierre Trudeau appointed law professor Barry Strayer to research a potential bill of rights. While writing his report, Strayer consulted with a number of notable legal scholars, including Walter Tarnopolsky. Strayer's report advocated a number of ideas that were later incorporated into the Charter, including protection for language rights. Strayer also advocated excluding economic rights. Finally, he recommended allowing for limits on rights. Such limits are included in the Charter's limitation and notwithstanding clauses.[12] In 1968, Strayer was made the Director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office and in 1974, he became Assistant Deputy Minister of Justice. During those years, Strayer played a role in writing the bill that was ultimately adopted.", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Meanwhile, Trudeau, who had become Liberal leader and prime minister in 1968, still very much wanted a constitutional bill of rights. The federal government and the provinces discussed creating one during negotiations for patriation, which resulted in the Victoria Charter in 1971. This never came to be implemented. However, Trudeau continued with his efforts to patriate the Constitution, and promised constitutional change during the 1980 Quebec referendum. He would succeed in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act 1982. This enacted the Constitution Act, 1982.", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. With the Charter's supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982, the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism. However, under section 24 of the Charter, courts also gained new powers to enforce creative remedies and exclude more evidence in trials. Courts have since made many important decisions, including R. v. Morgentaler (1988), which struck down Canada's abortion law, and Vriend v. Alberta (1998), in which the Supreme Court found the province's exclusion of homosexuals from protection against discrimination violated section 15. In the latter case, the Court then read the protection into the law.", "Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. According to Beverley McLachlin, freedom of religion in Canada may have originated as early as 1759, when French Canadian Roman Catholics were allowed rights of worship by their British conquerors; this was later reconfirmed in 1774 in the Quebec Act. Later the Constitution Act, 1867 provided for denominational school rights[2] (these are reaffirmed by section 29 of the Charter). Discussions of church-state relations also took place in the Guibord case of 1874. In 1955, the Supreme Court ruled in Chaput v Romain,[3] regarding Jehovah's Witnesses, that different religions have rights, based upon tradition and the rule of law (at the time no statutes formed the basis for this argument).[4]", "Constitution. The Constitution of Canada came into force on July 1, 1867 as the British North America Act, an act of the British Parliament. Over a century later, the BNA Act was patriated to the Canadian Parliament and augmented with the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[43] Apart from the Constitution Acts, 1867 to 1982, Canada's constitution also has unwritten elements based in common law and convention.[44][45]", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Finally, Section 34: states that Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, containing the first 34 sections of the Act, may be collectively referred to as the \"Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms\".", "Constitution Act, 1982. On April 17, 1982, Queen Elizabeth II and Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau signed Canada's Proclamation of the Constitution Act, 1982.[3][4][5][6] The proclamation confirmed that Canada had formally assumed authority over its constitution, the final step to full sovereignty.[7][8][9] The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms forms the first thirty-five sections (counting Section 16.1 and not counting Section 35) of the Constitution Act, 1982.", "Christian right. Canada has had a Charter of Rights and Freedoms since the Canadian Constitution was patriated in 1982. As a result, there have been major changes in the law's application to issues that bear on individual and minority group rights. Abortions were completely decriminalized after two R. v. Morgentaler cases (in 1988 and in 1993). A series of provincial superior court decisions allowing same-sex marriage led the federal government to introduce legislation that introduced same-sex marriage in all of Canada. Former Conservative prime minister Stephen Harper stated before taking office that he would hold a free vote on the issue,[165] but declared the issue closed after a vote in the House of Commons in 2006.[166]", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter, including the rights to freedom of speech, habeas corpus and the presumption of innocence,[8] have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents[9] sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights. Many of these rights were also included in the Canadian Bill of Rights, which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960. However, the Canadian Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings. Unlike the Charter, it was an ordinary Act of Parliament, which could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament, and it was applicable only to the federal government. The courts also chose to interpret the Bill of Rights conservatively, only on rare occasions applying it to find a contrary law inoperative. The Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter, omitting, for instance, the right to vote[10] and freedom of movement within Canada.[11]", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Charter has been amended since its enactment. Section 25 was amended in 1983 to explicitly recognize more rights regarding Aboriginal land claims, and section 16.1 was added in 1993. There have also been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend the Charter, including the failed Charlottetown Accord of 1992. The Charlottetown Accord would have specifically required the Charter to be interpreted in a manner respectful of Quebec's distinct society, and would have added further statements to the Constitution Act, 1867 regarding racial and sexual equality and collective rights, and about minority language communities. Though the Accord was negotiated among many interest groups, the resulting provisions were so vague that Trudeau, then out of office, feared they would actually conflict with and undermine the Charter's individual rights. He felt judicial review of the rights might be undermined if courts had to favour the policies of provincial governments, as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities. Trudeau thus played a prominent role in leading the popular opposition to the Accord.[22]", "Law of Canada. The Constitution Act, 1982 created a mechanism by which Canada's constitution could be amended by joint action of federal and provincial governments; prior to 1982, it could be amended only by the Parliament of the United Kingdom.[13] It also created the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which grants individual rights which may not be contravened by any provincial or federal law.[14]", "Canada. The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions.[142] The Constitution Act, 1867 (known as the British North America Act prior to 1982), affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments.[143] The Statute of Westminster 1931 granted full autonomy and the Constitution Act, 1982, ended all legislative ties to the UK, as well as adding a constitutional amending formula and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[144] The Charter guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be over-ridden by any government—though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years.[145]", "Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. One of the most notable effects of the adoption of the Charter was to greatly expand the scope of judicial review, because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the Bill of Rights. The courts, when confronted with violations of Charter rights, have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations, as they did when Canadian case law was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism. The Charter, however, granted new powers to the courts to enforce remedies that are more creative and to exclude more evidence in trials. These powers are greater than what was typical under the common law and under a system of government that, influenced by Canada's parent country the United Kingdom, was based upon Parliamentary supremacy. As a result, the Charter has attracted both broad support from a majority of the Canadian electorate and criticisms by opponents of increased judicial power. The Charter only applies to government laws and actions (including the laws and actions of federal, provincial, and municipal governments and public school boards), and sometimes to the common law, not to private activity.", "Charter of the French Language. In 1982, the patriation of the Canadian constitution occurred as the British Parliament passed the Canada Act 1982. This act enacted the Constitution Act, 1982 for Canada (including the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms); section 23 introduced the notion of \"minority-language education rights\". This opened another door to a constitutional dispute of Quebec's Charter of the French Language.", "School prayer. In 1982, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms received royal assent. Section 2 of the charter guaranteeing freedom of conscience and freedom of religion trumped Section 167 of the Public Schools Act (1872). Sixteen years later in 1996, based on precedent that would be established in Ontario (1989), required recitation of the Lord’s Prayer as outlined in the Public Schools Act would be held to violate the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.", "Canadian Bill of Rights. On March 16, 1950, a decade before the Canadian Bill of Rights became law, Diefenbaker, then a Saskatchewan MP, told a public forum why such a law was needed. Individuals' freedoms of religion, press, speech and association are threatened by the state, he said. A Bill of Rights was needed to take a \"forthright stand against discrimination based on colour, creed or racial origin.\" [13]", "Section 15 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The Canadian Bill of Rights of 1960 had guaranteed the \"right of the individual to equality before the law and the protection of the law.\" Equal protection of the law is a right that has been guaranteed by the Equal Protection Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution since 1868.[2] Section 15 itself dates back to the earliest draft of the Charter, published in October 1980, but it was worded differently. It read,", "Sunday shopping. However, later that year, the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was introduced, ensuring freedom of conscience and religion, regardless of existing federal or provincial laws. On 24 April 1985 – the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the Lord's Day Act violated Canadians' freedom of religion. The 1985 ruling examined the original purpose of the act. It found that the Christian value of keeping Sunday holy had been incorporated into a law that affected all Canadians, Christian or not. This law—the Lord's Day Act—prevented non-Christians from performing otherwise legal activities on Sundays. This was inconsistent with the Canadian charter.", "Canadian federalism. The Canadian parliament asked the British parliament to approve the Constitution Act, 1982, which it did in passage of the Canada Act 1982. This resulted in the introduction of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, the transfer of constitutional amendment to a Canadian framework and the addition of section 92A to the Constitution Act, 1867, giving the provinces more jurisdiction over their natural resources.", "Multiculturalism in Canada. On October 8, 1971, the Liberal government of Prime Minister Pierre Elliot Trudeau announced in the House of Commons that, after much deliberation, the policies of bilingualism and multiculturalism would be implemented in Canada.[47] The next day, Prime Minister Trudeau reiterated the Canadian government's support for \"cultivation and use of many languages\" at the 10th Congress of the Ukrainian Canadian Committee in Winnipeg. Trudeau espoused participatory democracy as a means of making Canada a \"Just Society\".[48][49] When the Canadian constitution was patriated by Prime Minister Trudeau in 1982, one of its constituent documents was the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and section 27 of the Charter stipulates that the rights laid out in the document are to be interpreted in a manner consistent with the spirit of multiculturalism.[50]", "Section 2 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Freedom of speech had a limited background in Canada. It has been an issue in federalism disputes, as provincial legislation infringing upon free speech has been taken as criminal legislation, which only the Parliament of Canada can validly create under section 91(27) of the Constitution Act, 1867. Switzman v Elbling[15] is an example of a case in which this was discussed. An Implied Bill of Rights theory further stated governments were limited in their abilities to infringe upon free speech by virtue of the preamble of the Constitution Act, 1867. This preamble states Canada's constitution would be based upon Britain's, and Britain had limited free speech in 1867. Furthermore, free speech is considered to be necessary for a parliamentary government to function.[16]", "Freedom of speech by country. Other laws that protect freedom of speech in Canada, and did so, to a limited extent, before the Charter was enacted in 1982, include the Implied Bill of Rights, the Canadian Bill of Rights and the Saskatchewan Bill of Rights." ]

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[ "The pot calling the kettle black. \"The pot calling the kettle black\" is a proverbial idiom that may be of Spanish origin of which English versions began to appear in the first half of the 17th century. The idiom is glossed in the original sources as being used of a person who is guilty of the very thing of which they accuse another and is thus an example of psychological projection.", "The pot calling the kettle black. The earliest appearance of the idiom is in Thomas Shelton's 1620 translation of the Spanish novel Don Quixote. The protagonist is growing increasingly restive under the criticisms of his servant Sancho Panza, of which one is that \"You are like what is said that the frying-pan said to the kettle, 'Avant, black-browes'.\"[1] The Spanish text at this point reads: Dijo la sartén a la caldera, Quítate allá ojinegra (Said the pan to the pot, get out of there black-eyes).[2] It is identified as a proverb (refrán) in the text, functioning as a retort to the person who criticises another of the same defect that he plainly has. Among several variations, the one where the pan addresses the pot as culinegra (black-arse) makes clear that they are dirtied in common by contact with the cooking fire.[3]", "The pot calling the kettle black. This version was also recorded in England soon afterwards as \"The pot calls the pan burnt-arse\" in John Clarke's collection of proverbs, Paroemiologia Anglo-Latina (1639).[4] A nearer approach to the present wording is provided by William Penn in his collection Some Fruits of Solitude in Reflections and Maxims (1682):", "The pot calling the kettle black. An alternative modern interpretation,[6][7] far removed from the original intention, argues that while the pot is sooty (being placed on a fire), the kettle is shiny (being placed on coals only); hence, when the pot accuses the kettle of being black, it is the pot's own sooty reflection that it sees: the pot accuses the kettle of a fault that only the pot has, rather than one that they share. The point is illustrated by a poem that appeared anonymously in an early issue of St. Nicholas Magazine from 1876:", "Black pudding. While the dish has been known as \"black pudding\" for centuries, \"blak podyngs\" having been recorded in c.1450,[9] a number of dialect names have also been used for the dish, such as \"black pot\" (in Somerset),[10] and \"bloody pot\",[11] particularly in reference to versions cooked in an earthenware pot rather than in a sausage casing.", "Christmas Kettle. A tradition on the \"kettle\" started in 1891, in San Francisco, by Salvation Army officer Captain Joseph McFee.[1] Captain McFee, resolving to provide a free Christmas dinner to the poor of San Francisco, remembered a sight he saw in Liverpool, England. From his days as a sailor McFee remembered a large pot displayed on the Stage Landing, called \"Simpson's Pot.\" The pot took in donations put in by passersby. Taking this idea, McFee asked for permission from San Francisco city authorities to place a crab pot and tripod at the Oakland ferry landing. The kettle - and McFee's call of \"Keep the Pot Boiling!\" - drew in passengers and donations.", "The pot calling the kettle black. \"Not so! not so!\" kettle said to the pot;\"'Tis your own dirty image you see;For I am so clean – without blemish or blot – That your blackness is mirrored in me.\"[8]", "Christmas Kettle. The Christmas Kettle (also referred to as the Red Kettle due to its color) is The Salvation Army's most famous street campaign. It is most recognized during the Christmas season through its volunteers who stand outside of businesses and play or sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passersby to place donations of cash and checks inside the trademark red kettles.", "Christmas Kettle. The idea spread, and is in use by many Salvation Army charities worldwide. Innovations from the crab pot have included self ringing kettles, booths that play Christmas music, and Credit Card capabilities.[1]", "Christmas Kettle. A tradition has developed in the United States where, in some places, gold coins are anonymously inserted into the kettles in which the bell ringers collect donations. The tradition appears to have started in the Midwest when the first known drop of a gold coin was put into a kettle in Crystal Lake, Illinois in 1982.[2]", "Tea party. A less formal large afternoon party for tea was known during the 18th and 19th centuries as a \"kettle drum\". A widespread but possibly false folk etymology suggests that the name \"kettle drum\" may have originated in the informal tea gatherings hosted by British camp officers' wives during East India Company rule or the British occupation of India, during which kettle drums are claimed to have served as tea tables in the camps.[4][5] Alternatively, \"kettle drum\" may have been an amalgam of \"drum\" — 18th-century slang for a vivacious party — and \"kettle\" for the tea served.[6] At kettle drums, guests traditionally came for short periods and left at will, mingled and conversed with little formality, and partook of tea, chocolate, lemonade, cakes, and sandwiches. Guests were expected to dress for ordinary daytime visiting, but not more formally.", "The pot calling the kettle black. Apart from the final example in this passage, there is not a strict accord between the behaviour of the critic and the person censured.", "Black Country Communion. Following an impromptu performance together in Los Angeles, Hughes and Bonamassa started the side project in November 2009, recruiting Bonham and Sherinian on the advice of Shirley to finalise the lineup of the band. The name Black Country Communion is derived from the term Black Country, which refers to the West Midlands area of England where Hughes and Bonham grew up. The group's sound is intentionally reminiscent of popular classic rock groups of the 1970s, reflecting the previous work of frontman Hughes (in bands such as Trapeze and Deep Purple) as well as the link between Bonham and his father John's band Led Zeppelin.", "The Salvation Army. In many countries, the Salvation Army is most recognised during the Christmas season with its volunteers and employees who stand outside of businesses and play/sing Christmas carols, or ring bells to inspire passers-by to place donations of cash and cheques inside red kettles. A tradition has developed in the United States in which, in some places, gold coins or rings or bundles of large bills are anonymously inserted into the kettles. This was first recorded in 1982, in Crystal Lake, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago.[43][44] The red kettles are not only used during the Christmas season though. They are used throughout the year at other fundraising events, such as on National Doughnut Day in the U.S. On this day, some donut shops that teamed up with the Salvation Army have a red kettle set up for donations.[45]", "Black tea. In Chinese and the languages of neighbouring countries, black tea is known as \"red tea\" (Chinese 紅茶 hóngchá, pronounced [xʊ̌ŋʈʂʰǎ]; Japanese 紅茶 kōcha; Korean 홍차 hongcha, Bengali লাল চা Lal cha, Assamese ৰঙা চাহ Ronga sah), a description of the colour of the liquid; the Western term \"black tea\" refers to the colour of the oxidized leaves. In Chinese, \"black tea\" is a commonly used classification for post-fermented teas, such as Pu-erh tea; outside China and its neighbouring countries, \"red tea\" more commonly refers to rooibos, a South African herbal tea.", "Cheyenne. Black Kettle continued to desire peace and did not join in the second raid or in the plan to go north to the Powder River country. He left the large camp and returned with 80 lodges of his tribesmen to the Arkansas River, where he intended to seek peace with the US.[36]", "Tiffany Doggett. Tiffany Doggett's nickname \"Pennsatucky\" is derived from Pennsyltucky; a slang term for the rural portions of Pennsylvania. The author, Piper Kerman, of the book, Orange Is the New Black: My Year in a Women's Prison, which inspired Orange is the New Black describes the real life version of Pennsatucky as \"a young woman from western Pennsylvania who proudly called herself a redneck\".[1] Kerman further describes her as someone addicted to crack cocaine and dealing with the loss of custody of her child.[1]", "Dunkin' Donuts. William Rosenberg opened Open Kettle in 1948, a restaurant selling doughnuts and coffee in Quincy, Massachusetts, but he changed to name in 1950 to Dunkin' Donuts.[8] He conceived the idea for the restaurant after his experiences selling food in factories and at construction sites, where doughnuts and coffee were the two most popular items. The restaurant was successful, and Rosenberg sold franchises to others starting in 1955.[3]", "Potlatch. In 1888, the anthropologist Franz Boas described the potlatch ban as a failure:", "Cast iron. Cast-iron pots were made at many English blast furnaces at the time. In 1707, Abraham Darby patented a method of making pots (and kettles) thinner and hence cheaper than his rivals could. This meant that his Coalbrookdale furnaces became dominant as suppliers of pots, an activity in which they were joined in the 1720s and 1730s by a small number of other coke-fired blast furnaces.", "Potash. Potash refers to potassium compounds and potassium-bearing materials, the most common being potassium chloride (KCl). The term potash comes from the Middle Dutch word potaschen (pot ashes, 1477). [4] The old method of making potassium carbonate (K\n2CO\n3) was by collecting or producing wood ash (an occupation carried out by ash burners), leaching the ashes and then evaporating the resulting solution in large iron pots, leaving a white residue called pot ash.[5] Approximately 10% by weight of common wood ash can be recovered as pot ash.[6][7] Later, potash became the term widely applied to naturally occurring potassium salts and the commercial product derived from them.[8]", "Karahi. A karahi (/kəˈraɪ/; Hindi: कड़ाही kaṛāhī, Urdu: کڑاہی‎‎; also kadai, korai, karai, kadhi, kadahi, kadhai or cheena chatti) is a type of thick, circular, and deep cooking-pot[1] (similar in shape to a wok) that originated in the Indian subcontinent. It is used in Indian, Afghanistan, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and Nepalese cuisine. Traditionally made out of cast iron, karahi look like woks with steeper sides. Today they can be made of stainless steel, copper, and non-stick surfaces, both round and flat-bottomed.", "English breakfast tea. Accounts of its origins vary. Drinking a blend of black teas for breakfast is indeed a longstanding British custom. The practice of referring to such a blend as \"English breakfast tea\" appears to have originated not in England but America, as far back as Colonial times.[2] An additional account (referencing a period-era Journal of Commerce article) dates the blend to 1843 and a tea merchant named Richard Davies in New York City. Davies, an English immigrant, started with a base of Congou and added a bit of Pekoe and Pouchong. It sold for 50 cents a pound, and its success led to imitators, helping to popularize the name.[3] An investigation to find this source failed to locate it but did come upon an earlier reference to the same story in an 1876 edition of the Daily Alta California, citing \"a New York commercial journal\" and dating the tea's origin to 1844.[4][5] In an 1884 American publication it was noted that \"Bohea teas (are) known to trade in this country as \"English Breakfast\" tea, from its forming the staple shipment to England\".[6][4] Accounts of the emergence of the blend in the UK give its origins in Scotland in 1892, where it was initially known simply as \"breakfast tea\". It was in part popularised by Queen Victoria, having returned with a supply after tasting the tea at Balmoral and it subsequently acquired the prefix \"English\".[7][8][9][10]", "Jack Black. In 2015, Black visited Kampala in Uganda, Africa as part of Comic Relief USA's Red Nose Day.[44]", "Smoking. Cannabis smoking was introduced to Sub-Saharan Africa through Ethiopia and the east African coast by either Indian or Arab traders in the 13th century or earlier and spread on the same trade routes as those that carried coffee, which originated in the highlands of Ethiopia.[7] It was smoked in calabash water pipes with terracotta smoking bowls, apparently an Ethiopian invention which was later conveyed to eastern, southern and central Africa.", "Holy anointing oil. Other possible identifications have also been made. Sula Benet in Early Diffusion and Folk Uses of Hemp (1967), identified it as cannabis.[67] Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan notes that \"On the basis of cognate pronunciation and Septuagint readings, some identify Keneh bosem with the English and Greek cannabis, the hemp plant. There are, however, some authorities who identify the 'sweet cane' with cinnamon bark (Radak, Sherashim). Some say that kinman is the wood, and keneh bosem is the bark (Abarbanel).\" [68] Benet in contrast argued that equating Keneh Bosem with sweet cane could be traced to a mistranslation in the Septuagint, which mistook Keneh Bosem, later referred to as \"cannabos\" in the Talmud, as \"kalabos\", a common Egyptian marsh cane plant.[67]", "Trainspotting (film). Trainspotting is a 1996 British black comedy film directed by Danny Boyle, and starring Ewan McGregor, Ewen Bremner, Jonny Lee Miller, Kevin McKidd, Robert Carlyle, and Kelly Macdonald in her acting debut. Based on the novel of the same name by Irvine Welsh, the film was released in the United Kingdom on 23 February 1996.[6]", "Pittsburgh rare. One story relates that the method originated as an explanation for an accidental charring of a steak at a Pittsburgh restaurant, with the cook explaining that this was \"Pittsburgh style\".", "Dutch oven. Among the South African indigenous peoples (specifically Zulus) these pots also became known as phutu pots, after a popular food prepared in it. The larger pots are normally used for large gatherings e.g. Funerals or weddings to prepare large quantities of food. Wooden spoons referred to as Kombe in the Tsonga language are used for mixing and stirring.", "Cuisine of the Midwestern United States. \"Booyah\" is another very common and hearty Wisconsin meal, found especially in the Northeast region of the state. The origins of this dish are disputed, but the Wisconsin origin contends that the word is a vernacular Flemish or Walloon Belgian spelling of the French word bouillon, in this context meaning \"broth.\" Recipes vary but common ingredients usually involve chicken or other meats--beef, pork, or ox tail are most often used--as well as a mirepoix of vegetables, commonly onion, celery, carrots, cabbage, peas, potatoes, and rutabaga. The ingredients are all cooked together in a special kind of large, cast-iron kettle often known as a \"booyah kettle,\" over low heat for several days.", "Black. The Flag of South Africa (1994). The black comes from the flag of the African National Congress, the ruling party in South Africa.", "Black Power. In Apartheid Era South Africa, Nelson Mandela's African National Congress used the call-and-response chant \"Amandla! (Power!)\", \"Ngawethu! (The power is ours!)\" from the late 1950s onward.[24]" ]

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[ "The Incredible Hulk (film). Five years later,[N 1] Banner works at a bottling factory in Rocinha, Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, while searching for a cure for his condition. On the Internet, he collaborates with a colleague he knows only as \"Mr. Blue\", and to whom he is \"Mr. Green\". He is also learning Yoga techniques to help keep control, and has not transformed in five months. After Banner cuts his finger, a drop of his blood falls into a bottle, and is eventually ingested by an elderly consumer in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, giving him gamma sickness. Using the bottle to track down Banner, Ross sends a special forces team, led by Russian-born British Royal Marine Emil Blonsky, to capture him. Banner transforms into the Hulk and defeats Blonsky's team. After Ross explains how Banner became the Hulk, Blonsky agrees to be injected with a small amount of a similar serum, which gives him enhanced speed, strength, agility, and healing, but also begins to deform his skeleton and impair his judgment.", "The Incredible Hulk (film). Banner returns to Culver University and reunites with Betty, who is dating psychiatrist Leonard Samson. Banner is attacked a second time by Ross and Blonsky's forces, tipped off by the suspicious Samson, causing him to again transform into the Hulk. The ensuing battle outside the university proves to be futile for Ross' forces and they eventually retreat, though Blonsky, whose sanity is starting to falter, boldly attacks and mocks the Hulk. The Hulk seemingly kills Blonsky and flees with Betty. After the Hulk reverts to Banner, he and Betty go on the run, and Banner contacts Mr. Blue, who urges them to meet him in New York City. Mr. Blue is actually cellular biologist Dr. Samuel Sterns, who tells Banner he has developed a possible antidote to Banner's condition. After a successful test, he warns Banner that the antidote may only reverse each individual transformation. Sterns reveals he has synthesized Banner's blood samples, which Banner sent from Brazil, into a large supply, with the intention of applying its \"limitless potential\" to medicine. Fearful of the Hulk's power falling into the military's hands, Banner wishes to destroy the blood supply.", "The Death of the Incredible Hulk. David Banner (Bill Bixby) masquerades as David Bellamy, a mentally challenged janitor, to gain access to a scientific research facility in Portland, Oregon. He believes that the studies of one of the scientists there, Dr. Ronald Pratt (Philip Sterling), may hold the key to curing his gamma-induced condition that, in times of stress, turns him into a superhuman green creature known as the Hulk.", "The Incredible Hulk (film). The Incredible Hulk is a 2008 American superhero film based on the Marvel Comics character the Hulk, produced by Marvel Studios and distributed by Universal Pictures. It is the second film in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). The film was directed by Louis Leterrier, with a screenplay by Zak Penn. It stars Edward Norton as Bruce Banner, alongside Liv Tyler, Tim Roth, Tim Blake Nelson, Ty Burrell, and William Hurt. In The Incredible Hulk, Bruce Banner becomes the Hulk as an unwitting pawn in a military scheme to reinvigorate the supersoldier program through gamma radiation. On the run, he attempts to cure himself of the Hulk before he is captured by General Thaddeus Ross, but his worst fears are realized when power-hungry soldier Emil Blonsky becomes a similar, but more bestial creature.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). In the TV series, Dr. David Banner, a widowed physician and scientist, who is presumed dead, travels across America under assumed names (his false surnames always begin with the letter \"B\", but he keeps his first name), and finds himself in positions where he helps others in need despite his terrible secret: in times of extreme anger or stress, he transforms into a huge, incredibly strong green creature, who has been named \"The Hulk\". In his travels, Banner earns money by working temporary jobs while searching for a way to either control or cure his condition. All the while, he is obsessively pursued by a tabloid newspaper reporter, Jack McGee, who is convinced that the Hulk is a deadly menace whose exposure would enhance his career.", "Hulk (film). Betty visits Bruce in the hospital and remarks that he should be dead, but Bruce feels great. A new janitor at the lab claims that he is Bruce's biological father, of whom Bruce has no recollection. When under extreme stress, Bruce transforms into the Hulk, a huge, humanoid, green-skinned monstrous being who destroys the laboratory, though Bruce later has no memory of the incident. General Ross suspects Bruce of collaborating with David Banner but deduces Bruce has repressed memories. He orders Bruce to be put under house arrest. Through a phone call with his father, Bruce learns that the radiation unleashed something that was already in his DNA, and that David Banner plans to have Betty killed by his dogs, which now have similar powers to the Hulk thanks to David mutating them with gamma radiation. Bruce is then attacked by Major Glenn Talbot, leading to a transformation into the Hulk. The Hulk seriously injures Talbot before leaping to save Betty. After being wounded in a lengthy struggle, he kills David's dogs and changes back into Bruce before being captured by the military the next morning.", "Hulk (film). Scientist David Banner has the idea to create super soldiers by introducing modified DNA sequences extracted from various animals to strengthen the human cellular response, but General Thaddeus Ross denies him permission to use human subjects. Banner subsequently conducts the experiments on himself. After the birth of his son Bruce, he finds that his son may have inherited the effects and seeks a cure, but is stopped in the process. Following a traumatic event, Bruce remembers nothing of the incident, and has been raised by the Krenzlers. Years later, Bruce is a geneticist working with his girlfriend, Betty Ross, within the Berkeley Biotechnology Institute on nanomed research. The pair hopes to achieve instantaneous cell repair by using low level Gamma radiation exposure to activate the nanomeds once they are introduced into a living organism. During routine maintenance of their appropriated gamma-ray spectrometer, a circuit shorts and triggers the experiment's program sequence. Unable to prevent the machine from firing, Bruce throws himself in front of a colleague to shield the man and is exposed to a massive amount of gamma radiation.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation alters his body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.\n[Banner:] \"Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry.\"\nThe creature is wanted for a murder he didn't commit. David Banner is believed to be dead. And he must let the world think that he is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). Dr. David Banner—physician, scientist...searching for a way to tap into the hidden strengths that all humans have. Then an accidental overdose of gamma radiation interacts with his unique body chemistry. And now, when David Banner grows angry or outraged, a startling metamorphosis occurs. The creature is driven by rage and pursued by an investigative reporter.\n[Banner:] \"Mr. McGee, don't make me angry. You wouldn't like me when I'm angry.\"\nAn accidental explosion took the life of a fellow scientist—and supposedly David Banner as well. The reporter thinks the creature was responsible.\n[McGee:] \"I gave a description to all the law enforcement agencies; they got a warrant for murder out on it!\"\nA murder which David Banner can never prove he or the creature didn't commit. So he must let the world go on thinking that he, too, is dead, until he can find a way to control the raging spirit that dwells within him.", "Mark Ruffalo. Ruffalo gained international prominence by portraying the Marvel Comics character Hulk in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (replacing Edward Norton, who headlined The Incredible Hulk, released in 2008), beginning with The Avengers (2012) and later reprising the role in Iron Man 3 (2013), Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015), Thor: Ragnarok (2017), Avengers: Infinity War (2018) and its untitled sequel (2019). He starred in and was the co-executive producer of the 2014 television drama film The Normal Heart, for which he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Television Movie and he won the Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actor in a TV Movie. The same year, he portrayed Dave Schultz in Foxcatcher, for which he was nominated for awards, including a Golden Globe, and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. In 2015, he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy for Infinitely Polar Bear and also received BAFTA and Academy Award nominations for his role in the drama Spotlight.", "Glenn Talbot. He is a close compatriot to General Thaddeus Ross and an active participant in his operations to capture or kill the Hulk. His most significant blow is discovering and informing his superiors that Doctor Bruce Banner physically transformed into the Hulk, which made the scientist a wanted fugitive. Talbot is consistently portrayed as a courageous, resourceful, and fiercely patriotic man who puts the good of his country before all else. He is romantically attracted to Betty Ross, who is in love with Bruce Banner, which adds fuel to his enmity for the Hulk. Though Talbot was mostly used as a romantic rival and general adversary for Banner, the two sometimes work together to battle greater menaces.", "Bill Bixby. Bixby starred in the role of Dr. David Banner in the pilot movie, The Incredible Hulk, based on the Stan Lee and Jack Kirby Marvel characters. Kenneth Johnson, the creator, director and writer, said that Bixby was his only choice to play the part.[18] Although, reportedly, when Bixby was offered the role, he declined it – until he read the script and discussed it with Johnson.[19] The success of the pilot (coupled with some theatrical releases of the film in Europe) convinced CBS to turn it into a weekly series, which began airing in the spring of 1978. The pilot also starred Susan Sullivan as Dr. Elaina Marks, who tries to help the conflicted and widowed Dr. Banner overcome his \"problem\", and falls in love with him in the process. In a retrospective on The Incredible Hulk, Glenn Greenberg declared Bixby's performance to be the series's \"foremost\" strength, elaborating that he \"masterfully conveyed the profound loneliness and tragedy of Dr. Banner while also bringing to the role an abundance of warmth, intelligence, humor, nobility, likability, and above all else, humanity.\"[20]", "Hulk (film). At their mutual execution, David tries to taunt his son into transforming into the Hulk, but fails. He then decides to \"go first\" and bites an electrical cable, absorbing all the electricity in San Francisco. The electricity hits Bruce, triggering his own transformation. A brutal fight ensues between David and the Hulk, with David absorbing the Hulk's energy. It proves too much for David to handle, but when he himself transforms into a massive creature, he is killed by an Army missile. One year later, Bruce is presumed dead, while General Ross mentions apparent Hulk sightings and Betty admits her love for Bruce. In a South American jungle, Bruce has become a doctor and is approached by rebel militants who want to take medical supplies from the poor. Bruce faces the militants' leader, warning him that, \"You wouldn't like me when I'm angry.\" His eyes turn green and the roar of the Hulk is heard from the distance.", "Mark Ruffalo. Ruffalo starred in The Avengers (2012), the sixth installment of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, replacing Edward Norton as Dr. Bruce Banner / Hulk.[12] Ruffalo received critical acclaim for his performance and is under contract to reprise the role in any future film appearances of the character produced by Marvel Studios.[12] Ruffalo also made a cameo appearance as Banner in Iron Man 3, making him the first actor to reprise the character in a live-action film. He reprised the role again in Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015) and Thor: Ragnarok (2017),[13] and will do so once more in the upcoming films Avengers: Infinity War and its untitled sequel set for release in 2018 and 2019, respectively.", "Hulk (film). Hulk is a 2003 American superhero drama film based on the fictional Marvel Comics character of the same name. Ang Lee directed the film, which stars Eric Bana as Dr. Bruce Banner, as well as Jennifer Connelly, Sam Elliott, Josh Lucas, and Nick Nolte. The film explores the origins of Bruce Banner, who after a lab accident involving gamma radiation finds himself able to turn into a huge green-skinned monster whenever he gets angry, while he is pursued by the United States military and comes into a conflict with his father.", "Hulk (film). Michael Tolkin and David Hayter rewrote the script afterwards, despite positive response from the producers over France's script. Tolkin was brought in January 2000, while Hayter was brought in September of that year. Hayter's draft featured The Leader, Zzzax, and the Absorbing Man as the villains, who are depicted as colleagues of Banner and get caught in the same accident that creates the Hulk.[6][12][29] Director Ang Lee and his producing partner James Schamus became involved with the film in January 20, 2001.[30] Lee was dissatisfied with Hayter's script, and commissioned Schamus for a rewrite, merging Banner's father with the Absorbing Man.[6][31] Lee cited influences from King Kong, Frankenstein, Jekyll and Hyde, Beauty and the Beast, Faust, and Greek mythology for his interpretation of the story.[32] Schamus said he had found the storyline that introduced Brian Banner, thus allowing Lee to write a drama that again explored father-son themes.[33]", "The Incredible Hulk (film). Conversely, Christy Lemire of the Associated Press found that \"the inevitable comparisons to Iron Man, Marvel Studios' first blockbuster this summer, serve as a glaring reminder of what this Hulk lacks: wit and heart. Despite the presence of Edward Norton, an actor capable of going just as deep as Robert Downey Jr., we don't feel a strong sense of Bruce Banner's inner conflict\".[101] A.O. Scott of The New York Times opined, \"'The Adequate Hulk' would have been a more suitable title. There are some big, thumping fights and a few bright shards of pop-cultural wit, but for the most part this movie seems content to aim for the generic mean\".[102] David Ansen of Newsweek wrote, \"Leterrier has style, he's good with action and he's eager to give the audience its money's worth of bone-crunching battles. Still, once the movie leaves the atmospheric Brazilian settings, nothing in this \"Hulk\" sinks in deeply: its familiar genre pleasures are all on the surface. ... The movie's scene stealer is Tim Blake Nelson, making a comically welcome third act appearance as the unethical but madly enthusiastic scientist Samuel Sterns\".[103]", "The Incredible Hulk (film). Todd McCarthy of Variety said, \"what seemed, in theory, the least-necessary revival of a big screen superhero emerges as perfectly solid summer action fare in The Incredible Hulk.\" He emphasized \"it's all par-for-the-course cinematic demolition and destruction, staged efficiently and with a hint of enthusiasm,\" and \"penned with sporadic wit [...] Visuals lean toward the dark and murky, but editing by three—actually six—hands is fleet, and Craig Armstrong's ever-present score is simultaneously bombastic and helpfully supportive of the action. Effects are in line with pic's generally pro but not inspired achievements.\"[96] Rene Rodriguez of The Miami Herald applauded that the film \"does a lot of things [Ang] Lee's Hulk didn't: It's lighter and faster-paced, it's funnier and it embraces (instead of ignoring) the 1970s TV series that furthered the character's popularity\".[97] Mark Rahner of The Seattle Times wrote that, \"The relaunch of Marvel's green goliath is an improvement over director Ang Lee's ponderous 2003 Hulk in nearly every way – except that the actual Hulk still looks scarcely better than something from a video game, and he still barely talks\".[98] Lou Lumenick of the New York Post said, \"What lingers in my memory ... is the lengthy, essentially animated climactic battle between the Hulk and the Abomination on the streets and rooftops of Harlem, and an earlier showdown between the title creature and the U.S. Army, which is deploying high-tech weapons including sound-wave cannons. These are expertly staged by director Louis Leterrier, who disposes of the backstory under the opening credits and wraps up the whole thing in twenty-four minutes less than [Ang] Lee took\".[99] Roger Ebert was not a fan of the film stating, \"The Incredible Hulk is no doubt an ideal version of the Hulk saga for those who found Ang Lee's Hulk too talky, or dare I say, too thoughtful. But not for me. It sidesteps the intriguing aspects of Hulkdom and spends way too much time in, dare I say, noisy and mindless action sequences.\"[100]", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). For the role of Dr. David Banner, Kenneth Johnson cast Bill Bixby[13]—his first choice for the role.[14] Jack Colvin was cast as \"Jack McGee\", the cynical tabloid newspaper reporter—modeled after the character of Javert in Les Misérables[7]—who pursues the Hulk. Arnold Schwarzenegger auditioned for the role of the Hulk but was rejected due to his inadequate height, according to Johnson in his commentary on The Incredible Hulk – Original Television Premiere DVD release. Actor Richard Kiel was hired for the role. During filming, however, Kenneth Johnson's own son pointed out that Kiel's tall-but-under-developed physique did not resemble the Hulk's at all. Soon, Kiel was replaced with professional bodybuilder Lou Ferrigno, although a very brief shot of Kiel (as the Hulk) remains in the pilot. According to an interview with Kiel, who saw properly out of only one eye, he reacted badly to the contact lenses used for the role, and also found the green makeup difficult to remove, so he did not mind losing the part.[15]", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). Another season four two-part episode, \"The First\", has Banner discovering that another man transformed into a Hulk-like creature 30 years ago. In this case, a doctor used gamma radiation in an attempt to heal a man in poor health named Dell Frye (Harry Townes), who was embittered by bullying from the local townspeople, causing him to become vengeful and cruel. However, the radiation turned him instead into a savage green creature (Dick Durock). Because of Frye's difference in personality, his creature had killed people. Dr. Jeffrey Clive, long dead, had discovered the cure, but Frye, now old and arthritic, and still bullied, wants to have the power again. David discovers Dr. Clive's laboratory, which contains a machine that can harness the sun's gamma radiation. Looking through Clive's journals, he realizes that he needs to take the antidote developed by Clive and then bombard himself with gamma rays for the cure to work. Before he can do so, however, Frye knocks him out and straps himself into the machine. As David awakens and attempts to stop him, Frye is bombarded with gamma radiation, which turns him into a Hulk-like creature. After metamorphosing back, Frye discovers that after one transformation, his arthritis has vanished. Seeking revenge for the years of taunts he has endured, Frye goes into town and provokes some bullies into attacking him. He once again transforms into the creature, and proceeds to kill one of the bullies. Realizing that the Frye Hulk is extremely dangerous because of Frye's murderous nature, David manages to subdue Frye and strap him into the machine to reverse the process. Unfortunately, Frye comes to and transforms into the creature, and in the process destroys the last vial of the cure that Dr. Clive had developed. As he literally sees the cure dripping from his fingers, a distraught David transforms into the Hulk. The two creatures fight, with the much more powerful Banner Hulk getting the better of the Frye Hulk, who is eventually shot dead by the sheriff. \"The First\" is the only episode of the TV series to feature any other super-humanly powerful characters. \"The First\" remains a fan favorite and is often cited as an example of Bixby's finest acting work in the series. Guest star Townes' performance as Frye is generally regarded as the best and most memorable guest shot in the show's history.", "Joseph Mascolo. Mascolo also appeared in The Incredible Hulk in October 1979, as Mr. Arnold in the episode \"Brain Child\". 10 years later, he would appear again in NBC's The Trial of the Incredible Hulk, as Albert G. Tendelli, a police confidant of Daredevil.[27]", "The Incredible Hulk (film). Dale Keown's comic book artwork of the Hulk was an inspiration for his design.[41] Leterrier felt the first Hulk had \"too much fat [and] the proportions were a little off\". He explained, \"The Hulk is beyond perfect so there is zero grams of fat, all chiseled, and his muscle and strength defines this creature so he's like a tank.\"[41] Visual effects supervisor Kurt Williams envisioned the Hulk's physique as a linebacker rather than a bodybuilder. A height of nine feet was chosen for the character as they did not want him to be too inhuman. To make him more expressive, computer programs controlling the inflation of his muscles and saturation of skin color were created. Williams cited flushing as an example of humans' skin color being influenced by their emotions.[27] The animators felt green blood would make his skin become darker rather than lighter, and his skin tones, depending on lighting, either resemble an olive or even gray slate.[61] His animation model was completed without the effects company's full knowledge of what he would be required to do: he was rigged to do whatever they imagined, in case the model was to be used for The Avengers film.[64] The Hulk's medium-length hair was modeled on Mike Deodato's art.[64] He originally had a crew cut, but Leterrier decided flopping hair imbued him with more character.[62] Leterrier cited An American Werewolf in London as the inspiration for Banner's transformation, wanting to show how painful it was for him to change.[65] As a nod to the live action TV series, Banner's eyes change color first when he transforms.[66] Leterrier changed the Abomination's design from the comics because he felt the audience would question why he resembled a fish or a reptile, instead of \"an über-human\" like the Hulk. Rather, his hideousness is derived from being injected multiple times into his skin, muscles and bones, creating a creature with a protruding spine and sharp bones that he can use to stab. His green skin is pale, and reflects light, so it appears orange because of surrounding fire during the climactic battle.[24] The motion capture performers, including Roth, tried to make the character behave less gracefully than the Hulk. They modeled his posture and the way he turns his head on a shark.[38] The character also shares Roth's tattoos.[67] A height of eleven feet was chosen for the character.[27] Leterrier tried to work in the character's pointed ears, but realized the Hulk would bite them off (using the example of Mike Tyson when he fought Evander Holyfield), and felt ignoring that would make the Hulk come across as stupid.[68]", "The Incredible Hulk (film). On a potential sequel, Norton said, \"The whole thing was to envision it in multiple parts. We left a lot out on purpose. [The Incredible Hulk is] definitely intended as chapter one.\"[14] Leterrier made the film's final shot of Banner ambiguous; the thought being if there is a sequel, it would mean Banner finally masters control over his anger; if there is not a sequel, the shot indicates instead that he becomes a menace in The Avengers.[106] Leterrier had also intended for a scene in the credits showing Blonsky, human once more, imprisoned and chained in a box.[107] The character of Samuel Sterns, played by Tim Blake Nelson, was introduced to set him up as a villain in a possible future film, where he would become the Leader.[20][108] Aaron Sims, the lead designer on The Incredible Hulk, also took time to work on concepts for the Leader.[109] Nelson is \"signed on\" to reprise the role.[110] Ty Burrell wants to portray the superpowered Doc Samson faithfully to the comics.[110]", "Hulk (film). Hulk co-creator/executive producer Stan Lee and former Hulk actor Lou Ferrigno made cameo appearances as security guards. Johnny Kastl and Daniel Dae Kim have small roles as soldiers.", "List of Blue's Clues characters. Tyrese is Purple Kangaroo's male owner of African American decent. In the \"Blue's Big Holiday\", he along with Purple Kangaroo celebrate Kwanzaa. He wears a bright yellow shirt with his sleeves rolled up and a pair of dark brown pants; just like Sam and Wynonna, he only appears in one episode. Tyrese is portrayed by Tyrese Gibson.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). Driving home in a heavy rainstorm, Dr. Banner's frustration peaks when his car has a flat tire and he injures himself with a tire iron trying to change it. This triggers his transformation into the Incredible Hulk, a 7-foot-tall (2.1 m), 330-pound (150 kg), green-skinned savage creature, with a sub-human mind and superhuman strength. The Hulk destroys Banner's car and wanders off into the nearby woods. As the sun rises, the Hulk stumbles upon a girl and her father camping. In the ensuing confusion, the Hulk is shot by the girl's father, and responds by breaking his rifle and throwing him into the pond. Leaving the area, the Hulk eventually transforms back into Dr. Banner, with no memory of his time as the Hulk and little memory of the events immediately before or after. Wounded and confused, he visits Dr. Marks. Her amazement at Dr. Banner's healing powers (his gunshot wound is nearly healed) is replaced by shock and horror when Dr. Banner tells her that he bombarded himself with gamma radiation.", "The Incredible Hulk (film). A month later, Banner is in Bella Coola, British Columbia. Instead of trying to suppress his transformation, he successfully transforms in a controlled manner. In a final scene, Tony Stark approaches Ross at a local bar and informs him a team is being put together.", "Lou Ferrigno. In 1977, Ferrigno was cast as the Hulk in The Incredible Hulk. Ferrigno and Bill Bixby – who played the Hulk's \"normal\" alter ego – became friends; Ferrigno has described Bixby as a \"mentor\" and \"father figure\" who took him under his wing. Ferrigno also singles out the instances in which Bixby directed Ferrigno in some episodes as particularly memorable.[14] Ferrigno continued playing the Hulk role until 1981—although the last two episodes were not broadcast until May 1982. Later, he and Bixby co-starred in three The Incredible Hulk TV movies.", "Jeff Goldblum. Goldblum made his film debut as a home-invading thug in the 1974 Charles Bronson film Death Wish. He briefly appeared as a protester in the TV movie Columbo: A Case of Immunity (1975). He has a brief part as a party guest in Annie Hall (1977); Goldblum is seen saying into the telephone at a Hollywood party, \"This is Mr. Davis. I forgot my mantra.\"[8] Goldblum has had leading roles in films such as The Fly (1986), Jurassic Park (1993), Earth Girls Are Easy, The Tall Guy, Vibes (1988) and Into the Night (1985). Goldblum's strong supporting roles include those in Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1978), The Big Chill (1983), and Independence Day (1996), as well as the Wes Anderson films The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou (2004) and The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) and the cult films The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the Eighth Dimension (1984) and Igby Goes Down (2002).", "Betty Ross. She was portrayed by Jennifer Connelly in the 2003 film Hulk and in the Marvel Cinematic Universe by Liv Tyler in the 2008 film The Incredible Hulk.", "The Incredible Hulk (1978 TV series). David Bruce Banner, M.D., Ph.D., is a physician and scientist employed at the Culver Institute who is traumatized by the car accident that killed his beloved wife, Laura (played by Lara Parker). Haunted by his inability to save her, Dr. Banner, in partnership with Dr. Elaina Harding Marks (Susan Sullivan), who also works at the Culver Institute, conducts a study on people who, while in danger, summoned superhuman strength in order to save their loved ones. After months of work, the only two significant common factors they can find between the subjects are extreme emotional commitments and an abnormally high percentage of the adenine/thymine combination in their DNA – an insufficient explanation, since Dr. Banner has even higher levels of adenine/thymine than any of the subjects, yet was unable to summon the strength he needed to save Laura. Working late one night, Banner hypothesizes that high levels of gamma radiation from sunspots contribute to the subjects' increase in strength. Studying a chart of gamma activity, he confirms that all the subjects performed their feats during periods of high gamma activity, while his wife's death occurred during a period of low gamma activity. Impatient to test his theory, Dr. Banner conducts an unsupervised experiment in the lab, bombarding his own body with gamma radiation. Unknown to Dr. Banner, the equipment has been upgraded, causing him to administer an accidental overdose of gamma radiation (nearly 2 million units instead of 300,000 units) to himself. Despite this, he exhibits no immediate increase in strength, and leaves the lab in frustration.", "Hulk (film). Bruce is kept under observation at a secret desert base, while Talbot intends to weaponize the Hulk's powers. David tries to recreate Bruce's failed experiment, but instead of turning into another Hulk he finds himself able to absorb any material he touches or energy to which he is exposed. He hands himself over to the military after telling Betty that he had murdered his wife in front of the child Bruce. Bruce has a nightmare about the event, leading to a more powerful transformation of the Hulk. Talbot is killed in an explosion created when he attempted to use a special syringe to gain a sample of the creature. The Hulk escapes the base and rampages across the desert to San Francisco, battling Army forces sent after him. When Betty calms Bruce into his human form, General Ross realizes the Hulk is uncontrollable and that Bruce should be executed." ]

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[ "Divine right of kings. The divine right of kings, divine right, or God's mandate is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm. It implies that only God can judge an unjust king and that any attempt to depose, dethrone or restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act. It is often expressed in the phrase \"by the Grace of God\", attached to the titles of a reigning monarch.", "Divine right of kings. The concept of divine right incorporates, but exaggerates, the ancient Christian concept of \"royal God-given rights\", which teach that \"the right to rule is anointed by God\", although this idea is found in many other cultures, including Aryan and Egyptian traditions. In pagan religions, the king was often seen as a kind of god and so was an unchallengeable despot. The ancient Roman Catholic tradition overcame this idea with the doctrine of the \"Two Swords\" and so achieved, for the very first time, a balanced constitution for states. The advent of Protestantism saw something of a return to the idea of a mere unchallengeable despot.", "Divine right of kings. The conception of ordination brought with it largely unspoken parallels with the Anglican and Catholic priesthood, but the overriding metaphor in James's handbook was that of a father's relation to his children. \"Just as no misconduct on the part of a father can free his children from obedience to the fifth commandment\",[6] James also had printed his Defense of the Right of Kings in the face of English theories of inalienable popular and clerical rights. The divine right of kings, or divine-right theory of kingship, is a political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy. It asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authority, deriving his right to rule directly from the will of God. The king is thus not subject to the will of his people, the aristocracy, or any other estate of the realm, including (in the view of some, especially in Protestant countries) the church. A weaker or more moderate form of this political theory does hold, however, that the king is subject to the church and the pope, although completely irreproachable in other ways; but according to this doctrine in its strong form, only God can judge an unjust king. The doctrine implies that any attempt to depose the king or to restrict his powers runs contrary to the will of God and may constitute a sacrilegious act.", "Divine right of kings. In England the doctrine of the divine right of kings was developed to its extremest logical conclusions during the political controversies of the 17th century; its most famous exponent was Sir Robert Filmer. It was the main issue to be decided by the English Civil War, the Royalists holding that \"all Christian kings, princes and governors\" derive their authority direct from God, the Parliamentarians that this authority is the outcome of a contract, actual or implied, between sovereign and people.[10]", "Divine right of kings. In the Middle Ages, the idea that God had granted earthly power to the monarch, just as he had given spiritual authority and power to the church, especially to the Pope, was already a well-known concept long before later writers coined the term \"divine right of kings\" and employed it as a theory in political science. For example, Richard I of England declared at his trial during the diet at Speyer in 1193: \"I am born in a rank which recognizes no superior but God, to whom alone I am responsible for my actions\", and it was Richard who first used the motto \"Dieu et mon droit\" (\"God and my right\") which is still the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom.", "Divine right of kings. In the pagan world,[clarification needed] kings were often seen as either ruling with the backing of heavenly powers or perhaps even being divine beings themselves. However, the Christian notion of a divine right of kings is traced to a story found in 1 Samuel, where the prophet Samuel anoints Saul and then David as mashiach or king over Israel. The anointing is to such an effect that the monarch became inviolable, so that even when Saul sought to kill David, David would not raise his hand against him because \"he was the Lord's anointed\".", "Divine right of kings. With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters. The theory was developed by James VI of Scotland 1567–1625), and came to the fore in England under his reign as James I of England (1603–1625). Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) strongly promoted the theory as well.", "Absolute monarchy. Throughout much of European history, the divine right of kings was the theological justification for absolute monarchy. Many European monarchs, such as those of Russia, claimed supreme autocratic power by divine right, and that their subjects had no rights to limit their power. James VI of Scotland (later also James I of England) and his son Charles I of Scotland and England tried to import this principle. Charles I's attempt to enforce episcopal polity on the Church of Scotland led to rebellion by the Covenanters and the Bishops' Wars, then fears that Charles I was attempting to establish absolutist government along European lines was a major cause of the English Civil War, despite the fact that he did rule this way for 11 years starting in 1629, after dissolving the Parliament of England for a time. By the 19th century, the Divine Right was regarded as an obsolete theory in most countries in the Western world, except in Russia where it was still given credence as the official justification for the Tsar's power until February Revolution in 1917.", "Divine right of kings. One passage in scripture supporting the idea of divine right of kings was used by Martin Luther, when urging the secular authorities to crush the Peasant Rebellion of 1525 in Germany in his Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants, basing his argument on St. Paul's Epistle to the Romans 13:1–7.", "Divine right of kings. Catholic thought justified submission to the monarchy by reference to the following:", "Divine right of kings. It is related to the ancient Catholic philosophies regarding monarchy, in which the monarch is God's vicegerent upon the earth and therefore subject to no inferior power. However, in Roman Catholic jurisprudence, the monarch is always subject to natural and divine law, which are regarded as superior to the monarch. The possibility of monarchy declining morally, overturning natural law, and degenerating into a tyranny oppressive of the general welfare was answered theologically with the Catholic concept of extra-legal tyrannicide, ideally ratified by the pope. Until the unification of Italy, the Holy See did, from the time Christianity became the Roman state religion, assert on that ground its primacy over secular princes; however this exercise of power never, even at its zenith, amounted to theocracy, even in jurisdictions where the Bishop of Rome was the temporal authority.", "Divine right of kings. In the sixteenth century, both Catholic and Protestant political thinkers began to question the idea of a monarch's \"divine right\".", "Monarchy. Monarchy, especially absolute monarchy, sometimes is linked to religious aspects; many monarchs once claimed the right to rule by the will of a deity (Divine Right of Kings, Mandate of Heaven), a special connection to a deity (sacred king) or even purported to be divine kings, or incarnations of deities themselves (imperial cult). Many European monarchs have been styled Fidei defensor (Defender of the Faith); some hold official positions relating to the state religion or established church.", "Divine right of kings. Kings reign by Me, says Eternal Wisdom: 'Per me reges regnant' [in Latin]; and from that we must conclude not only that the rights of royalty are established by its laws, but also that the choice of persons [to occupy the throne] is an effect of its providence.", "Divine right of kings. In the Malay Annals, the rajas and sultans of the Malay States (today Malaysia, Brunei and Philippines) as well as their predecessors, such as the Indonesian kingdom of Majapahit, also claimed divine right to rule. The sultan is mandated by God and thus is expected to lead his country and people in religious matters, ceremonies as well as prayers. This divine right is called Daulat (which means 'state' in Arabic), and although the notion of divine right is somewhat obsolete, it is still found in the phrase Daulat Tuanku that is used to publicly acclaim the reigning Yang di-Pertuan Agong and the other sultans of Malaysia. The exclamation is similar to the European \"Long live the King\", and often accompanies pictures of the reigning monarch and his consort on banners during royal occasions. In Indonesia, especially on the island of Java, the sultan's divine right is more commonly known as the way, or 'revelation', but it is not hereditary and can be passed on to distant relatives.", "Divine right of kings. Adomnan of Iona is one of the earliest Christian proponents of this concept of kings ruling with divine right. He wrote of the Irish King Diarmait mac Cerbaill's assassination and claimed that divine punishment fell on his assassin for the act of violating the monarch. Adomnan also recorded a story about St Columba supposedly being visited by an angel carrying a glass book and telling him that he needed to ordain Aedan mac Gabrain as King of Dal Riata, but Columba initially refused and to this response, the angel answered by whipping him and demanding that he perform the ordination because God had commanded it. The same angel then visited Columba on three successive nights, and then finally Columba agreed and Aedan came to receive ordination. At the ordination Columba told Aedan that so long as he obeyed God's laws, then none of his enemies would prevail against him, but the moment he broke them, this protection would end and the same whip with which he had been struck would be turned against the king. Adomnan's writings most likely influenced other Irish writers, who in turn influenced continental ideas as well. Pepin the Short's coronation may have also come from the same influence.[3] The Carolingian dynasty and the Holy Roman Emperors also influenced all subsequent western ideas of kingship.", "Separation of church and state. For centuries, monarchs ruled by the idea of divine right. Sometimes this began to be used by a monarch to support the notion that the king ruled both his own kingdom and Church within its boundaries, a theory known as caesaropapism. On the other side was the Catholic doctrine that the Pope, as the Vicar of Christ on earth, should have the ultimate authority over the Church, and indirectly over the state. Moreover, throughout the Middle Ages the Pope claimed the right to depose the Catholic kings of Western Europe and tried to exercise it, sometimes successfully (see the investiture controversy, below), sometimes not, such as was the case with Henry VIII of England and Henry III of Navarre.[5]", "Divine right of kings. In China and East Asia, rulers justified their rule with the philosophy of the Mandate of Heaven, which, although similar to the European concept, bore several key differences. While the divine right of kings granted unconditional legitimacy, the Mandate of Heaven was dependent on the behaviour of the ruler, the Son of Heaven. Heaven would bless the authority of a just ruler, but it could be displeased with a despotic ruler and thus withdraw its mandate, transferring it to a more suitable and righteous person. This withdrawal of mandate also afforded the possibility of revolution as a means to remove the errant ruler; revolt was never legitimate under the European framework of divine right.", "Divine right of kings. Historically, many notions of rights were authoritarian and hierarchical, with different people granted different rights, and some having more rights than others. For instance, the right of a father to respect from his son did not indicate a right for the son to receive a return from that respect; and the divine right of kings, which permitted absolute power over subjects, did not leave a lot of room for many rights for the subjects themselves.[14]", "Divine right of kings. The Scots textbooks of the divine right of kings were written in 1597–1598 by James VI of Scotland. His Basilikon Doron, a manual on the powers of a king, was written to edify his four-year-old son Henry Frederick that a king \"acknowledgeth himself ordained for his people, having received from the God a burden of government, whereof he must be countable\". He based his theories in part on his understanding of the Bible, as noted by the following quote from a speech to parliament delivered in 1610 as James I of England:", "Divine right of kings. In one case the king's power would be unlimited, according to Louis XIV's famous saying: \"L' état, c'est moi!\",[10] or limited only by his own free act; in the other his actions would be governed by the advice and consent of the people, to whom he would be ultimately responsible. The victory of this latter principle was proclaimed to all the world by the execution of Charles I. The doctrine of divine right, indeed, for a while drew nourishment from the blood of the royal \"martyr\";[10] it was the guiding principle of the Anglican Church of the Restoration; but it suffered a rude blow when James II of England made it impossible for the clergy to obey both their conscience and their king. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 made an end of it as a great political force. This has led to the constitutional development of the Crown in Britain, as held by descent modified and modifiable by parliamentary action.[10]", "History of the Constitution of the United Kingdom. James VI was a believer in the Divine Right of Kings, which stated that Kings were chosen by God and should therefore be absolute and answerable only to God. This was corroborated by his Presbyterian belief in predestination, and such a birthright as kingship made him almost explicitly a part of the elect. Though he was Presbyterian (Calvinist, Huguenot, Puritan), he was against the Presbyterian idea of allowing the congregation (people) to elect their presbyters (church officials) since it undermined his absolutism (according to the Divine Right). Thus he was often at odds with the Puritans, who were English Presbyterians.", "Divine right of kings. In early Mesopotamian culture, kings were often regarded as deities after their death. Shulgi of Ur was among the first Mesopotamian rulers to declare himself to be divine. This was the direct precursor to the concept of \"Divine Right of kings\", as well as in the Egyptian and Roman religions.", "James VI and I. In 1597–98, James wrote The True Law of Free Monarchies and Basilikon Doron (Royal Gift), in which he argues a theological basis for monarchy. In the True Law, he sets out the divine right of kings, explaining that kings are higher beings than other men for Biblical reasons, though \"the highest bench is the sliddriest to sit upon\".[58] The document proposes an absolutist theory of monarchy, by which a king may impose new laws by royal prerogative but must also pay heed to tradition and to God, who would \"stirre up such scourges as pleaseth him, for punishment of wicked kings\".[59]", "Divine right of kings. The French prelate Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet made a classic statement of the doctrine of divine right in a sermon preached before King Louis XIV:[8]", "Divine right of kings. The state of monarchy is the supremest thing upon earth, for kings are not only God's lieutenants upon earth and sit upon God's throne, but even by God himself they are called gods. There be three principal [comparisons] that illustrate the state of monarchy: one taken out of the word of God, and the two other out of the grounds of policy and philosophy. In the Scriptures kings are called gods, and so their power after a certain relation compared to the Divine power. Kings are also compared to fathers of families; for a king is truly parens patriae [parent of the country], the politic father of his people. And lastly, kings are compared to the head of this microcosm of the body of man.[4]", "Monarchies in Europe. With the rise of nation-states and the Protestant Reformation, the theory of divine right justified the king's absolute authority in both political and spiritual matters. The theory came to the fore in England under the reign of James I of England (1603–1625, also known as James VI of Scotland 1567–1625). Louis XIV of France (1643–1715) strongly promoted the theory as well. Early modern Europe was dominated by the Wars of Religion, notably the Thirty Years' War, during which the major European monarchies developed into centralised great powers sustained by their colonial empires. The main European powers in the early modern period were:", "Divine right of kings. In China, the right of rebellion against an unjust ruler had been a part of the political philosophy ever since the Zhou dynasty, whose rulers had used this philosophy to justify their overthrow of the previous Shang dynasty. Chinese historians interpreted a successful revolt as evidence that the Mandate of Heaven had passed on to the usurper.", "Early modern Britain. The new power of the monarch was given a basis by the notion of the divine right of kings to rule over their subjects. James I was a major proponent of this idea and wrote extensively on it.", "Wars of the Three Kingdoms. Charles shared his father's belief in the Divine Right of Kings, and his persistent assertion of this standard seriously disrupted relations between the Crown and the English Parliament. The Church of England remained dominant, but a powerful Puritan minority, represented by about one third of Parliament, began to assert themselves; their religious precepts had much in common with the Presbyterian Scots.", "Divine right of kings. In due course, opposition to the divine right of kings came from a number of sources, including poet John Milton in his pamphlet The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates, and Thomas Paine in his pamphlet Common Sense. Probably the two most famous declarations of a right to revolution against tyranny in the English language are John Locke's Essay concerning The True Original, Extent, and End of Civil-Government and Thomas Jefferson's formulation in the United States Declaration of Independence that \"all men are created equal\".", "Sovereignty. During the brief period of absolute monarchies in Europe, the divine right of kings was an important competing justification for the exercise of sovereignty. The Mandate of Heaven had some similar implications in China." ]

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[ "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is scheduled for release on June 22, 2018,[3] with an early release in the United Kingdom on June 7, 2018.[32]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. A six-second clip from the film was released on November 22, 2017.[104][105] The first trailer was teased for release on November 30, 2017, but this was later confirmed to be incorrect.[106] Several teaser trailers and a behind-the-scenes featurette of the film were released in early December 2017,[107][108][109][110] prior to the release of a full-length trailer on December 7.[6][107] A second trailer aired during Super Bowl LII on February 4, 2018.[111][112] Universal launched a website for the Dinosaur Protection Group that included miscellaneous information about the group and its effort to save the island's dinosaurs.[11] Licensing partners include Mattel, Lego, and Funko, which are expected to create toys based on the film.[113][114][115] Mattel is expected to produce a variety of toys,[116] including Barbie dolls featuring the likeness of Pratt and Howard as their characters.[114] Lego is expected to release 13 Lego sets based on the film.[115] A video game, Jurassic World Evolution, is scheduled to be released simultaneously with the film.[117]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Universal Pictures has scheduled the film to be released in the United States on June 22, 2018. A sequel is set to be released on June 11, 2021.", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In August 2015, Howard confirmed that the script was being written.[31] That same month, it was also announced that the film will be released in the UK two weeks early, on June 7, 2018.[32] In October 2015, B. D. Wong said he \"would be happy to return\" as Dr. Henry Wu,[33] while Howard announced that filming would begin in 2017.[34] That month, Howard also said she would be interested in seeing characters from earlier Jurassic Park films return for the fifth film, saying, \"I could see versions of the film where a lot of the characters come back.\"[35] By that time, director J. A. Bayona was being considered to direct the film, although he chose instead to direct the World War Z sequel, a project to which he had already signed on.[36]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. An untitled sequel, known as Jurassic World 3, is scheduled for release on June 11, 2021.[122][123] The film will be written by Trevorrow and Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly. Trevorrow and Spielberg will serve as executive producers for the film, with Marshall and Crowley as producers.[124][125][122]", "Jurassic Park. A fifth film, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, was released in June 2018. A sixth film, tentatively titled Jurassic World 3, is scheduled to be released on June 11, 2021. As of 2000, the franchise had generated $5 billion in revenue, making it one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.[7]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. On July 23, 2015, Universal announced that a fifth film is scheduled for a June 22, 2018, release date. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with his writing partner Derek Connolly, as they did for Jurassic World; that the film would be produced by Frank Marshall; and that Spielberg and Trevorrow would act as executive producers. Universal also said that Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard would reprise their roles from the previous film.[3] At the time of the film's announcement, Trevorrow said the series \"isn't always going to be limited to theme parks\" and confirmed that the film would not involve \"a bunch of dinosaurs chasing people on an island. That'll get old real fast.\"[30] Trevorrow also spoke of the film's possible open-source storyline: \"It's almost like InGen is Mac, but what if PC gets their hands on it? What if there are 15 different entities around the world who can make a dinosaur?\"[30]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is an upcoming American science fiction adventure film directed by J. A. Bayona. The film is a sequel to Jurassic World (2015) and is the fifth installment of the Jurassic Park film series, as well as the second installment of a planned Jurassic World trilogy. The film features Derek Connolly and Jurassic World director Colin Trevorrow both returning as writers, with Trevorrow and original Jurassic Park director Steven Spielberg acting as executive producers. The film is set on the fictional island of Isla Nublar, located off Central America's Pacific Coast. Filming took place from February to July 2017 in England and Hawaii.", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In December 2017, a survey from Fandango indicated that Fallen Kingdom is one of the most anticipated films for 2018.[121]", "Jurassic Park (film). After the enormous success of the film, Spielberg asked Crichton to write a sequel novel, leading to the 1995 book The Lost World.[176] This, in turn, was adapted as the film The Lost World: Jurassic Park. Released on May 23, 1997, it was directed by Spielberg and written by David Koepp.[177] Another film, Jurassic Park III, was released on July 18, 2001, under the direction of Joe Johnston, with Spielberg as executive producer, featuring an original script that incorporated ultimate unused elements from Crichton's original Jurassic Park.[178] A fourth installment, Jurassic World, was released in theaters on June 12, 2015. Spielberg again produced, with Colin Trevorrow directing a script written by himself and Derek Connolly.[179] Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom is the next film in the franchise, and was released in June 2018.", "Jurassic World. A sequel, titled Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, is scheduled for release in June 2018.[384] Trevorrow and Connolly returned to write the script for the sequel, which will feature Pratt and Howard reprising their roles.[385] Trevorrow had previously said in 2014, \"We wanted to create something that would be a little bit less arbitrary and episodic, and something that could potentially arc into a series that would feel like a complete story.\"[204] In May 2015, Trevorrow confirmed that he would not be returning to direct a sequel,[386] and he instead acted as an executive producer with Spielberg.[385] J. A. Bayona directed the film, which will serve as the middle chapter of a planned Jurassic World trilogy.[387][388] Filming took place from February to July 2017.[389][390]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Filming in Hawaii began on June 13, 2017.[94][95] On June 21, 2017, filming began at Heʻeia Kea Small Boat Harbor in Heʻeia, Hawaii. More than half of the harbor was closed for filming, which required the use of smoke machines. Scenes were scheduled to be shot at the harbor throughout the end of the month.[96][97] On June 22, 2017, the film's official title was announced as Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[98] At the time, filming was underway at Kualoa Ranch on the Hawaiian island of Oahu.[99] On July 7, 2017, filming took place at Oahu's Hālona Blowhole.[100][101] Chris Pratt and Bryce Dallas Howard were seen on the ocean beach during filming of Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[102] Filming concluded on July 8, 2017.[103] Bayona said that making the film was the biggest challenge of his life.[43]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. On June 3, 2015, Trevorrow stated that Jurassic World left story possibilities open for the sequel's director that could potentially allow the film to take place in a different location, rather than on an island. Trevorrow hinted that the next film could involve dinosaurs being used by other companies for non-entertainment purposes, possibly in agriculture, medicine, and war: \"I really like the idea that this group of geneticists aren't the only people who can make a dinosaur […] when you think of the differences between Apple and PC—the minute something goes open-source, there are all kinds of entities and interests that may be able to utilize that technology.\"[25]", "Jurassic World. Jurassic World was completed on May 10, 2015,[5] and was released in over 60 countries beginning on June 10, 2015. After a record-breaking opening weekend of which it became the first film that grossed over $500 million worldwide,[6] Jurassic World generated a total of $1.6 billion in box office revenue, standing as the fourth-highest-grossing film of all time without inflation adjustment, as well as the second-highest-grossing film of 2015, the second-highest-grossing film of the 2010s and the highest-grossing film in the franchise. It also displaced Illumination Entertainment's Despicable Me 2 (2013) as the highest-grossing film released by Universal Pictures (based on original domestic release). A sequel, titled Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, is scheduled to be released in June 2018.", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. On June 8, 2015, Jurassic World producer Frank Marshall met with Trevorrow and Universal Studios to discuss a sequel.[26] Later that month, Trevorrow did not deny that the film could involve \"dinosaur soldiers\"[27] and said the series is \"not always gonna be about a Jurassic Park\", saying he felt that future films could explore the idea of dinosaurs and humans co-existing together.[20] That same month, Trevorrow hinted that the next film may not involve the Jurassic World theme park[28] and said he would be interested in seeing a Jurassic Park film made by one of several Spanish horror film directors, whose names he did not mention.[29]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In July 2016, it was confirmed that the film's working title is Ancient Futures,[47] and that production will begin in Hawaii in February 2017.[48][49] Wales was also confirmed as a filming location,[50] including Brecon Beacons and Penbryn.[51] That same month, Marshall confirmed that the film was in full pre-production, with storyboards being designed and filming expected to begin in early spring 2017.[52] In September 2016, Trevorrow announced that Hawaii would be used as a primary filming location, while U.K. shooting would be limited to studios, without the story taking place there. Trevorrow said that the film will feature many dinosaurs that were not seen in previous films and also denied that the film's story would involve militarized dinosaurs, which would only be mentioned in the film.[53] That same month, Bayona confirmed that the film would be the second chapter in a planned Jurassic World trilogy.[54]", "Jurassic World Evolution. The game is scheduled for a digital release for PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018,[19] coinciding with the theatrical release of the film's sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[14] Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version are scheduled for release on 3 July 2018.[19]", "Jurassic Park. In February 2018, it was announced that the currently titled Jurassic World 3[92] would be released on June 11, 2021. It was also announced that Trevorrow would write the script with Emily Carmichael, based on a story by Trevorrow and Connolly; and that Trevorrow and Spielberg would serve as executive producers for the film, with Marshall and Crowley as producers.[93][94][95] On March 30, 2018, it was announced that Trevorrow would also direct the film,[96] at the request of Spielberg.[97] Trevorrow and Carmichael were writing the script as of April 2018. At the time, Trevorrow said that Pratt and Howard would reprise their roles from the previous films, and that \"there's other characters who we'll meet in Fallen Kingdom you'll realize are major characters.\" Additionally, Trevorrow said that Jurassic World 3 would be a \"science thriller,\" describing it as being the Jurassic World film that would most closely match the tone of Spielberg's original 1993 Jurassic Park film.[97] In May 2018, Trevorrow announced that the film would focus more on real dinosaurs as opposed to hybrids, which had prominent roles in the previous Jurassic World films.[98]", "Chris Pratt. In November 2013, Pratt, an avid fan of Jurassic Park, who has referred to that film as \"my Star Wars\",[3] replaced Josh Brolin as the lead in the film Jurassic World (2015). He played Owen Grady, who works training velociraptors.[26][27][28][29] Jurassic World grossed $652.3 million in North America and $1.018 billion overseas for a worldwide total of $1.670 billion.[30] He will reprise his role in the sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, which is scheduled to be released on June 22, 2018.[31]", "List of Jurassic Park characters. It was confirmed in February 2017 that Wong will return as Henry Wu for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, scheduled for release in 2018. He is revealed to have created the Indoraptor from the DNA of an Indominus Rex and a Velociraptor. Wu spoke against auctioning off the Indoraptor and later tried to take Blue's DNA only for Zia to free it before Wu can get the chance to extract the DNA.", "Jurassic Park (film). The film, alongside The Lost World, Jurassic Park III and Jurassic World, was released as a box set for 4K UHD Blu-Ray on May 22, 2018, as part of the original film's 25th anniversary.[117]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In October 2016, casting was underway for the role of a nine-year-old girl.[70] On November 7, 2016, Toby Jones and Rafe Spall were reported to be in discussions about joining the cast for unspecified roles.[13] By that time, Tom Holland—who previously starred in The Impossible—had discussed having a possible role in the film, but he did not believe he would be available for filming because of scheduling conflicts.[71] On December 1, 2016, it was reported that Justice Smith had signed on to portray the role of a young scientist.[72][73] Jones and Spall were also confirmed to have joined the film at that point.[73] In January 2017, Daniella Pineda was cast in an unspecified lead role.[74]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Filming began at Langley Business Centre in Slough, England, on February 23, 2017.[77][78] A majority of filming in England was to take place at Pinewood Studios.[79] Production also took place in Hawaii, which was used as a primary filming location.[53] Scenes shot in Hawaii were set on Isla Nublar, the fictional island featured in the first and fourth films.[80] Scenes were also shot at Brecon Beacons National Park in Wales.[81] The film features more dinosaurs than any previous film in the series.[43] Animatronics were used to depict many of the dinosaurs.[82] Spielberg was shown scenes from the film during production and he offered his opinions to Bayona.[42]", "The Lost World: Jurassic Park. The film made its VHS and LaserDisc debut on October 21, 1997.[81] The DVD was first released on October 10, 2000, and also made available in a package with predecessor Jurassic Park.[82] The films were also featured in a deluxe limited edition box set featuring both the DVDs and soundtrack albums of the two films, two lenticulars, stills from both films, and a certificate of authenticity signed by all three producers of the set, all inside a collector case.[83] After the release of sequel Jurassic Park III, box sets including all three movies were also made available, as Jurassic Park Trilogy on December 11, 2001,[84] and as the Jurassic Park Adventure Pack on November 29, 2005.[85] The Lost World was first made available on Blu-ray on October 25, 2011 as part of a trilogy release.[86] The entire Jurassic Park film series was released on 4K UHD Blu-Ray on May 22, 2018.[87]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. On April 21, 2016, it was confirmed that filming would take place at a UK studio.[44] In May 2016, Trevorrow said, \"We're moving it into new territory. J. A. Bayona is an incredible director and I know he'll push the boundaries of what a 'Jurassic' movie is. I think it's important that we take risks. A franchise must evolve or perish.\"[45] In June 2016, actor Sam Neill was asked if he would return to the series as Dr. Alan Grant and responded, \"You never say never, but I think it's moved on. It's different times.\"[46]", "List of Jurassic Park characters. It was confirmed in April 2017 that Goldblum will return as Ian Malcolm for Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom, scheduled for release in 2018.", "Jurassic Park. The Jurassic Park Ultimate Trilogy was released on DVD and Blu-ray on October 25, 2011, in North America.[1] The first film was re-released in 3D on April 5, 2013.[2] Since 1996, several water rides based on the series have been opened at various Universal theme parks. On June 1, 2016, the first three films in the franchise were added to the Netflix streaming service,[3][4] but were removed on September 1, 2016.[5]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In April 2017, scenes were filmed at East Berkshire College in Berkshire, England.[83] Later that month, filming took place at Hartland Park—formerly the Pyestock jet engine test site—in Fleet, Hampshire, England.[84][85] Scenes were scheduled to be filmed on sets at Hawley Common, also in Hampshire.[85] On May 10, 2017, it was reported that scenes were being filmed at Rock Barracks military base, near Woodbridge, Suffolk.[86] Goldblum began filming his scenes on the same day.[87] On May 24, 2017, scenes were shot at Hampshire's Blackbushe Airport, which stood in as an American airfield.[88] Filming in the United Kingdom concluded on June 9, 2017.[89][90] Up to that point, Trevorrow was present as an on-set writer for each day of production so he could aid Bayona with any possible script changes.[91][92] Goldblum shot his scenes at Pinewood Studios, and concluded his shoot on the last day of filming in the United Kingdom.[93]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. Trevorrow and Connolly began work on the script and devised the basic story during a road trip that they took in June 2015, immediately after the release of Jurassic World.[63][64] Having directed Jurassic World, Trevorrow became familiar with how animatronics worked and wrote scenes into the sequel in a way that would allow for their use, as animatronics are incapable of certain actions such as running.[65] In September 2015, Trevorrow said the film's story was inspired by a quote from Dr. Alan Grant in the first film: \"Dinosaurs and man, two species separated by 65 million years of evolution, have suddenly been thrown back into the mix together. How can we possibly have the slightest idea of what to expect?\"[66] After Bayona was hired, he began reading all of Michael Crichton's novels—including Jurassic Park and its sequel, The Lost World—for inspiration and \"to try to immerse myself in Crichton's mind.\"[67][68]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In 2017, Trevorrow announced that the original T. rex from the first film and Jurassic World will be once again returning for this film,[60] while a leak stated that the sequel would center around Blue, the last surviving raptor from Jurassic World, and Owen stopping her from being used for violence.[61][62]", "Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom. In October 2016, Trevorrow said the film's dinosaurs would be \"a parable of the treatment animals receive today: the abuse, medical experimentation, pets, having wild animals in zoos like prisons, the use the military has made of them, animals as weapons.\"[55] That month, Bayona stated that he compares the sequel to The Empire Strikes Back and Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, which were both considered darker than their predecessors.[56] In November 2016, Marshall said that Wong was \"probably going to come back.\"[57] Later that month, Jurassic World composer Michael Giacchino confirmed that he would return to compose the fifth film,[58] while Óscar Faura was announced as the film's cinematographer.[59]", "Jurassic Park. Lego Jurassic World is a 2015 Lego action-adventure video game developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment, for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, PlayStation Vita, Nintendo 3DS, Wii U, Xbox One, Xbox 360, and Microsoft Windows. It followed the plots of the series' four films, including Jurassic Park, and was released on June 12, 2015." ]

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[ "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. Chilean pop singer Myriam Hernández, together with Anka, recorded a Spanglish version for his duets album Amigos. Canadian crooner and Paul Anka protégé Michael Bublé also recorded a lushly arranged version of it on his eponymously titled 2003 debut album. American rock band Good Charlotte also did a version of the song in the movie Not Another Teen Movie entitled \"Put Your Heads on My Shoulder,\" which originally aired in 2001. The song is also featured in the video game Hitman: Contracts.", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\" is a song written by Canadian singer-songwriter Paul Anka. Anka's version was recorded in August 1958 and released as a single by ABC-Paramount in 1959 as catalog number 4510040. It was arranged and conducted by Don Costa. The B-side was \"Don't Ever Leave Me\".[1] \"Put Your Head on My Shoulder\" became very successful, reaching number 2 on the Billboard Hot 100.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" is a song by American R&B group Tony! Toni! Toné!. It was released by Mercury and Polygram Records on January 11, 1994,[1] as the third single from their 1993 album Sons of Soul. The midtempo love ballad was written and produced by the group and recorded at Paradise Recording Studio in Sacramento, California.", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. Leif Garrett (American singer) also recorded a version in 1978, which reached No. 58 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. The song was repopularized when released as a single by The Lettermen in 1968. This version peaked just peaked number 44 on the Hot 100, it was more successful on the Adult Contemporary chart where it peaked at number 8.[2][3]", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. Nancy Sinatra has also covered the song.", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. This song is not to be confused with the Beach Boys' \"Don't Talk (Put Your Head on My Shoulder)\" (Brian Wilson/Tony Asher) from Pet Sounds (1966), with which it has much in common musically.", "Put Your Head on My Shoulder. Enrique Guzmán (Mexican singer) recorded a Spanish version in the 1960s titled \"Tu cabeza en mi hombro\". In Latin America, that cover is even more popular than the original one.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. Tony! Toni! Toné! recorded the song for their third album Sons of Soul, which was recorded and released in 1993.[3] The song was produced and written by the group—drummer Timothy Christian Riley, guitarist D'wayne Wiggins, and bassist Raphael Wiggins.[4]", "Dirty Heads. Their most successful single to date, \"Lay Me Down\", features vocalist/guitarist Rome Ramirez of Sublime With Rome. Produced by Stan Frazier and Steve Fox, the song was originally written by Bushnell and Ramirez in about 4 hours, who were under the influence of marijuana at the time. The video was directed by Thomas Mignone and premiered on MTV on June 24, 2010.[citation needed] The song became the No.1 Alternative hit after its release and remained No.1 for more than 10 weeks.", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. A midtempo love ballad,[5] \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" features tender, seductive lyrics.[6] The group incorporated country-influenced pedal steel guitar in the song after a country band had used it at Paradise Recording Studio, where they recorded the song.[7] Gil Griffin of The Washington Post writes that the song is informed by \"the sensual moods of Barry White and Isaac Hayes\".[8]", "Lay Back in the Arms of Someone. \"Lay Back in the Arms of Someone\" is a song co-written by Nicky Chinn and Mike Chapman, performed by the English band Smokie.[2]", "Over My Shoulder (Mike + The Mechanics song). \"Over My Shoulder\" is a pop rock song by British supergroup Mike and the Mechanics. It was released on 13 February 1995 as the first single from their album Beggar on a Beach of Gold. Sung by Paul Carrack, it was the most successful single from that album, peaking at number 12 on UK Singles Chart. Although it failed to crack the UK top 10, the song became perhaps the band's biggest radio hit in Britain. It was also the band's only hit in certain European countries, including Switzerland, Belgium, and France; in the latter country, it reached number nine and spent and spent 20 weeks in the top 50. Co-lead vocalist Paul Young played rhythm guitar on the track.[citation needed]", "Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms). \"Soldier of Love (Lay Down Your Arms),\" also known as \"Soldiers of Love,\"[2] is a 1962 song written by Buzz Cason and Tony Moon[3] that was originally recorded by soul artist Arthur Alexander and released as a single, with the B-side being \"Where Have You Been (All My Life).\" The song was later covered by The Beatles during a 1963 session at the BBC, that is available on the 1994 album Live at the BBC. It was also covered by The Kaisers, Marshall Crenshaw, Pearl Jam and The Derailers.", "Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home). The Paul Young version, from the album No Parlez, is stylistically notable for its use of fretless bass, played by Pino Palladino. Though a major UK hit that broke Young as a star, the song fared less well on the Billboard Hot 100, where it peaked at No. 70, but was later used in the 1986 film Ruthless People and its accompanying soundtrack album.", "Lay Your Hands on Me. \"Lay Your Hands on Me\" is a song by American rock band Bon Jovi. It was released on August 1 1989 as the fourth single from the band's 1988 album New Jersey. It peaked at #7 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's fourth single from New Jersey to chart in the Top 10 and it also charted at #20 on the Mainstream rock charts.[1]", "ABBA. ABBA were soon recognised and embraced by other acts: Evan Dando of the Lemonheads recorded a cover version of \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\";[71] Sinéad O'Connor and Boyzone's Stephen Gately have recorded \"Chiquitita\"; Tanita Tikaram, Blancmange and Steven Wilson paid tribute to \"The Day Before You Came\". Cliff Richard covered \"Lay All Your Love on Me\", while Dionne Warwick, Peter Cetera, and Celebrity Skin recorded their versions of \"SOS\". US alternative-rock musician Marshall Crenshaw has also been known to play a version of \"Knowing Me, Knowing You\" in concert appearances, while legendary English Latin pop songwriter Richard Daniel Roman has recognised ABBA as a major influence. Swedish metal guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen covered \"Gimme! Gimme! Gimme! (A Man After Midnight)\" with slightly altered lyrics.", "Lay Lady Lay. \"Lay Lady Lay\" is a song written by Bob Dylan and originally released in 1969 on his Nashville Skyline album.[2] Like many of the tracks on the album, Dylan sings the song in a low croon, rather than in the high nasal singing style associated with his earlier (and eventually later) recordings.[3] The song has become a standard and has been covered by numerous bands and artists over the years, including The Byrds, Ramblin' Jack Elliott, The Everly Brothers, Melanie, The Isley Brothers, Duran Duran, Magnet, Hoyt Axton, Angélique Kidjo, Ministry, Malaria! and Lorrie Morgan.[2][4]", "Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home). \"Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home)\" is a song written by Marvin Gaye, Barrett Strong and Norman Whitfield, and first recorded by Gaye in 1962. It was the B-side to his 1969 hit \"Too Busy Thinking 'Bout My Baby\". Nearly two decades later, Paul Young's version of the song was a UK No. 1 single for three weeks in July 1983.[1]", "Paul Young. Paul Antony Young[4][5] (born 17 January 1956)[6][7] is an English singer, songwriter and musician. Formerly the frontman of the short-lived bands Kat Kool & the Kool Cats, Streetband and Q-Tips, he was turned into a 1980s teen idol by subsequent solo success. He is famous for hit singles such as \"Love of the Common People\", \"Wherever I Lay My Hat\", \"Come Back and Stay\", \"Every Time You Go Away\" and \"Everything Must Change\", all reaching the top 10 of the UK Singles Chart.[8] Released in 1983, his debut album No Parlez, the first of three UK number-one albums, made him a household name.[8] His smooth yet soulful voice belonged to a genre known as \"blue-eyed soul\". At the 1985 Brit Awards, Young received the award for Best British Male.[9]", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. Credits are adapted from the single's 7-inch pressing (Wing #858260-7).[2]", "Lay a Little Lovin' on Me. \"Lay a Little Lovin' on Me\" is a 1970 song recorded by Robin McNamara. It reached number 11 on the Billboard Hot 100 and was McNamara's only hit.", "Pistol Packin' Mama. Patty Andrews recalled that she and her sisters were quite amused and had to restrain their laughter when Crosby ad libbed \"lay that thing down before it goes off and hurts somebody.\"[2]", "Maria Doyle Kennedy. After releasing music with The Black Velvet Band, Doyle Kennedy left the group to pursue a career in solo music.[9] In 2001, Doyle Kennedy released music on Mermaid Records, a label she founded herself in 2000.[5][13] Her debut solo album Charm was released in 2001 following the release of the two lead singles, \"Stars Above\" and \"Babes\".[9] She coordinated Sirens which is a compilation album of female artists and was released in 2003. In the same year, she performed on the first series of Other Voices.[9] She released the album Skullcover for a limited time in 2005. The album contained her covers of songs such as \"Lovesong\", \"Video Killed the Radio Star\" and \"Still in Love with You\".[9]", "(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow. \"(Lay Your Head on My) Pillow\" charted at number 31 on the Billboard Hot 100 and at number four on the Hot R&B Singles. It was promoted with a music video wherein the group appeared nude; they conceived it as their response to criticism of male artists for sexually objectifying women in music videos", "Throw Your Arms Around Me. The song was frequently performed in concert by Canadian band Spirit of the West,[7] although they never released a studio cover.", "Got My Mind Set on You. The single's B-side is \"Lay His Head\", a remixed version of the unreleased song from Harrison's originally intended Somewhere in England album. The 12-inch version of the single also adds an extended version of \"Got My Mind Set on You\".", "Lay Your Hands on Me. After hearing the song and thinking it would be a good Gospel song, country singer Dolly Parton called Jon Bon Jovi and Richie Sambora and got permission to turn the song into a Gospel tune for her 2014 album, Blue Smoke. Dolly and Richie performed this cover at Glastonbury on 29 June 2014.", "My Way. Dutch singer and painter Herman Brood covered the song. It was part of his posthumous greatest hits album My Way (2001). The title song was released on single and became his first No. 1 single in the Dutch top 40.[citation needed]", "Wherever I Lay My Hat (That's My Home). 4:52 (7\" Version)[3]\n5:18 (Album version)[4]", "ABBA. In 1983, Fältskog released the solo album Wrap Your Arms Around Me which achieved platinum sales in Sweden. This included the single \"The Heat Is On\", which was a hit all over Europe and Scandinavia. It reached number-one in Sweden and Norway and number-two in the Netherlands and Belgium. In the United States, Fältskog earned a Billboard Top 30 hit with \"Can't Shake Loose\". The single \"Wrap Your Arms Around Me\" was another successful hit, topping the charts in Belgium and Denmark, reaching the Top 5 in Sweden, the Netherlands and South Africa, and the Top 20 in Germany and France. The album sold 1.2 million copies worldwide.[67] The album was produced by the highly successful producer and songwriter Mike Chapman, also known for his work with the Sweet, Mud, Suzi Quatro, Blondie, Pat Benatar and the Knack.", "Sinéad O'Connor. In January 2010, O'Connor performed a duet with R&B singer Mary J. Blige produced by former A Tribe Called Quest member Ali Shaheed Muhammad of O'Connor's song \"This Is To Mother You\" (first recorded by O'Connor on her 1997 Gospel Oak EP). The proceeds of the song's sales were donated to the organisation GEMS (Girls Educational and Mentoring Services).[27] In 2012 the song \"Lay Your Head Down\", written by Brian Byrne and Glenn Close for the soundtrack of the film Albert Nobbs and performed by O'Connor, was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song." ]

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[ "Subaru Outback. The Subaru Outback is an automotive nameplate used by the Japanese automaker Subaru for two different vehicles: a Legacy-based station wagon (1994–present), the Outback; and an Impreza-derived hatchback, the Outback Sport (1994-2011).", "Subaru Outback. Many versions of the Outback wagon and Outback Sport have either had all-wheel drive as an option or standard equipment.", "Subaru Forester. In Japan, the Forester replaced the Subaru Impreza Gravel Express, known in the USA as the Subaru Outback Sport. However, the Outback Sport remained in production for the U.S. market. The Forester appeared after the introduction of the Nissan Rasheen in Japan with a similar appearance, and the Forester's Japanese competitors include the Toyota RAV4, Mitsubishi RVR, and the Suzuki Grand Vitara. Due to the Forester's low center of gravity, it meets the United States federal safety standards for passenger vehicles, and does not require a \"risk of rollover\" warning label on the driver's visor. Size and price-wise, it fits between the shared Impreza platform, and the larger Legacy.", "Subaru Outback. Subaru released a similarly-altered second generation Outback as part of the third generation Legacy lineup in 1998—or 1999 in North America for model year 2000, called the Legacy Lancaster in Japan and the Outback in most markets elsewhere. In North America the Legacy SUS became the Outback sedan.", "Subaru Outback. Along with the Legacy-based model, Subaru also released the first generation Impreza-based Outback Sport in 1994 to North America only for the 1995 model year. Derived from the Impreza hatchback, the Outback Sport featured an off-road appearance package, and a slightly raised suspension akin to the larger Legacy-based model. Subaru in North America launched subsequent generations in 2001 for the 2002 model year and 2007 for model year 2008, based on the second and third generation Impreza, respectively. Subaru discontinued the Outback Sport nameplate in 2011, replaced in 2012 for the 2013 year model with the Subaru XV as derived from the fourth generation model.", "Subaru Outback. The \"Outback\" variant added partial protective plastic side body cladding for off-road conditions and raised the suspension of the existing Legacy wagon to provide additional ground clearance. But for other small differences in trim, the Outback went on to share almost all of its components with the Legacy donor model. In the United States, Subaru retailed the Legacy SUS sedan, derived similarly from the Legacy model.", "Subaru Outback. The fourth-generation Outback arrived with the 2009 debut of the fifth generation Legacy, marketed as 2010 model year vehicles in North America, and called the Outback worldwide.", "Subaru. Subaru currently offers a Partial Zero Emissions Vehicle (PZEV) certified Legacy, Outback, Impreza,[53] XV/Crosstrek[54] and Forester models[55] which are available for sale anywhere in the U.S. Subaru PZEV vehicles meet California's Super-Ultra-Low-Emission Vehicle exhaust emission standard.[51] All other models have been certified LEV2.", "Subaru Outback. The Outback station wagon originally derived from the first generation Legacy, which made its debut in 1989, in both sedan and station wagon versions. The second-generation Legacy wagon became the first generation of the Outback wagon series, called the Legacy Grand Wagon in Japan in 1995, and the \"Legacy Outback\" in most other markets. When launched in Australia in 1996 \"Legacy Outback\" was shortened simply to the \"Outback\", followed in other markets afterwards.", "Subaru. Subaru cars are known for the use of a boxer engine layout in most vehicles above 1500 cc. Most Subaru models have used the Symmetrical All Wheel Drive drive-train layout since 1972. The flat/boxer engine and all-wheel-drive became standard equipment for mid-size and smaller cars in most international markets by 1996, and is now standard in most North American market Subaru vehicles. The lone exception is the BRZ, introduced in 2012, which uses the boxer engine but instead uses a rear-wheel-drive structure. Subaru also offers turbocharged versions of their passenger cars, such as the Impreza WRX and the Legacy 2.5GT. The 2.0XT trims of the Outback and Forester also include a turbocharged engine.", "Subaru Forester. The Subaru Forester is a compact crossover SUV manufactured since 1997 by Subaru. Available in Japan from 1997, the Forester shares its platform with the Impreza. It has been awarded Motor Trend's 2009 and 2014 SUV of the Year and The Car Connection's Best Car To Buy 2014.[2]", "Station wagon. Subaru has been a notable exception to the rule, offering full-size Legacy and Outback station wagon models in the United States and worldwide consistently from 1994 to the present. These models continue to be produced at the Subaru of Indiana plant in Lafayette.", "Subaru Outback. The fifth-generation Outback appeared in 2014 for the 2015 year model with the sixth generation Legacy, still badged the Legacy Outback for Japan. An unrelated Legacy wagon, the Legacy Touring, was introduced in 2014. Elsewhere, the Outback became a free-standing model line of its own, independent of the Legacy, thus bringing greater product differentiation between the two.[1]", "Subaru. The Subaru Hybrid Tourer Concept is a four-seat vehicle with gull-wing doors that combines a 2-liter turbocharged direct-injection gasoline engine with a continuously variable transmission and two axle-mounted motors. A lithium-ion battery pack provides energy storage for the vehicle.[45]", "Subaru. Subaru (スバル) (/ˈsuːbəruː/ or /sʊˈbɑːruː/;[3][4] Japanese pronunciation: [sɯbaɾɯ])[5] is the automobile manufacturing division of Japanese transportation conglomerate Subaru Corporation (formerly known as Fuji Heavy Industries (FHI)), the twenty-second largest automaker by production worldwide in 2012.[6]", "Subaru. According to the Kelley Blue Book in 2015, two Subaru models Forester and the Outback in the United States had very short inventory time (the time between being received by a dealer to being sold).[29]", "Subaru Outback. In 2003, fourth generation Legacy yielded a third-generation Outback, called the Outback everywhere but Europe. Introduction was delayed in North America until January 2004 for the 2005 model year, with a North America-only Outback sedan discontinued mid-way through this generation's lifespan.", "Subaru Forester. The Forester was introduced at the Tokyo Motor Show in November 1995 as the Streega concept, and made available for sale February 1997 in Japan, and to the US market in 1997 for MY1998. The Forester was one of the first emerging crossover SUVs.[3] It was built in the style of a car, but had a taller stance, higher h-point seating, and an all-wheel drive drive train. Subaru advertising employed the slogan \"SUV tough, Car Easy\". It used the Impreza platform but with the larger 2.5-litre DOHC EJ25D four-cylinder boxer engine from the Subaru Outback, making 123 kW (165 hp; 167 PS) at 5,600 rpm and 220 N⋅m (162 lb⋅ft) of torque at 4,000 rpm.", "Subaru. Starting in 2006, Subaru of America (SOA), as the official distributor of Subaru vehicles in the United States participates in the Subaru Road Racing Team (SRRT) with a Subaru Legacy 2.5 GT Spec-B in the Grand-Am Street Tuner class. In 2010, SRRT campaigns a Subaru Impreza WRX STI in the Grand Sport class.[35] In 2011, SRRT switched from the hatchback to a 2011 Subaru Impreza WRX STI sedan.", "Subaru. Upon Nissan's acquisition by Renault, its stake in FHI was sold to General Motors in 1999. Troy Clarke, of General Motors served as representative to Fuji Heavy Industries on their corporate board. During that time, Subaru introduced the Baja (2003), and the Tribeca (2005). The Subaru Forester was sold as a Chevrolet Forester in India in exchange for the Opel Zafira being sold as a Subaru Traviq in Japan. Also, the Chevrolet Borrego concept was presented in 2002, a crossover coupe/pickup truck being derived from the Japanese-market Legacy Turbo platform. During the brief General Motors period, a \"badge engineered\" Impreza was sold in the United States as the Saab 9-2X. An SUV (Subaru Tribeca / Saab 9-6X) was also planned[12][13] but the Saab version did not proceed, and styling was recycled in the 2008 Tribeca refresh.[14]", "Subaru Forester. Subaru produced a specialized vehicle for the National Ski Patrol based on 2.5XT turbo.[19] It includes diamond plate floor, rear steel walls, a 9,500-pound winch and a roof-mounted toboggan. The vehicle was unveiled in 2008 SEMA show.[20][21]", "Subaru Tribeca. The Subaru Tribeca is a mid-size crossover SUV made from 2005 to 2014. Released in some markets, including Canada, as the Subaru B9 Tribeca, the name \"Tribeca\" derives from the Tribeca neighborhood of New York City.[1] Built on the Subaru Legacy platform and sold in five- and seven-seat configurations, the Tribeca was intended to be sold alongside a slightly revised version known as the Saab 9-6. Saab, at the time a subsidiary of General Motors (GM), abandoned the 9-6 program just prior to its release subsequent to GM's 2005 divestiture of its 20 percent stake in FHI.", "Subaru. The Subaru engine was rated at 110 kW (150 PS; 148 hp) and 350 N·m (260 ft·lbf) with a displacement of 2.0 litres. In March 2008 Subaru offered the Legacy sedan and wagon and the Outback wagon with 2.0 litre turbodiesel in the EU with a 5-speed manual transmission.[40][41]", "Subaru. In September 2008 Subaru announced that the diesel Forester and diesel Impreza will be introduced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with Forester sales to begin October 2008 and diesel Impreza sales to start January 2009.[42] The Forester and Impreza will have a 6-speed manual transmission, whereas the Legacy and Outback have 5-speed manual transmissions.", "Subaru. In Western markets, the Subaru brand has traditionally been popular among a dedicated core of buyers. Marketing is targeted towards specific niches centered on those who desire the company's signature drive train engine, all-wheel/rough-road capabilities or affordable sports car markets.[7]", "Passenger vehicles in the United States. Subaru teamed up with fellow Japanese manufacturer Isuzu, forming a joint-venture called Subaru Isuzu Automotive to build and operate a manufacturing plant in Lafayette, Indiana. The plant made Subaru cars and Isuzu SUVs mostly for the American market until 2003, when Isuzu, facing faltering sales in America, decided to quit the venture selling their share to Subaru for $1 million. The plant continued to build Isuzu Rodeos under contract until the end of that vehicle's production run. From then on, the production was limited to Subaru models such as Legacy and its derivatives Outback and Baja, as well as the new B9 Tribeca. The two latter models are only built in Indiana for all markets where they are sold. After Toyota acquired a stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, it shifted some of the Toyota Camry production to the Lafayette plant.", "List of Subaru transmissions. Subaru motor vehicles have used manual, conventional automatic, and continuously variable (CVT) transmissions. Subaru manufactures its own manual and CVT transmissions (for non-Kei cars). Since the 1970s, all Subaru conventional automatic transmissions have been Jatco designs adapted to Subaru specifications. Since the 2014 model year, the conventional automatic transmissions in North American-spec Subaru vehicles have been replaced with Lineartronic CVTs (with some exceptions such as Outbacks with the 3.6 liter engine).", "Subaru Baja. The Subaru Baja is an all-wheel-drive, four passenger, four-door, open-bed pickup truck manufactured from 2002 to 2006 by Subaru and marketed for model years 2003 to 2006. The Baja combines the handling and passenger carrying characteristics of a traditional passenger car with the open-bed versatility, and to a lesser degree, load capacity of a pickup truck.", "Subaru. Subaru was briefly involved in Formula One circuit racing when it bought a controlling interest in the tiny Italian Coloni team for the 1990 season. The Coloni 3B's 12-cylinder engine was badged as a Subaru and shared the boxer layout with the company's own engines, but was an existing design built by Italian firm Motori Moderni. The cars were overweight and underpowered and the partnership broke down before the season finished.[31] With the rise of rally racing and the Import scene in the US, the introduction of the highly anticipated Subaru Impreza WRX in 2001 was successful in bringing high-performance AWD compact cars into the sports car mainstream. Subaru supplies a factory-backed team, Subaru Rally Team USA for Rally America and has won the driver's title six times, most recently in 2011 with David Higgins.[32] Grassroots Motorsports awarded Subaru with the Editors' Choice Award in 2002.[full citation needed]", "Subaru of America. Subaru cars available in North America:", "List of Subaru engines. The EE20 was offered with the Impreza XV at that model's launch in 2010.[14] The Subaru continuously variable transmission (branded Lineartronic) was offered as an option for EE20-equipped Outback models starting in 2013,[15] and sales of the Lineartronic EE20 Outback would start in Australia later in 2013.[16] At Geneva 2013, the diesel boxer was combined with three electric motors to form the hybrid powertrain of the Subaru VIZIV Concept.[17] The Lineartronic EE20 powertrain was added to the Forester in 2015.[18]", "Subaru Tribeca. The B9 Tribeca featured a triangular grille and a rounded body shape. Subaru also used the grille styling on the Impreza, and the Japanese market Subaru R1 and R2 kei car products. As this styling motif proved controversial,[7][8][9][10] all future Subaru redesigns abandoned this design language.[11]" ]

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[ "Casting Crowns. Casting Crowns is a contemporary Christian and Christian rock band started in 1999 by youth pastor Mark Hall, who serves as the band's lead vocalist, as part of a youth group at First Baptist Church in Downtown Daytona Beach, Florida.[1] They later moved to Stockbridge, Georgia, and more members joined. Some members of the band currently work as ministers for Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia.[2] The band has won a Grammy and a Dove Award.", "Mark Hall (musician). Casting Crowns began as the student worship band that Hall formed while he was serving at First Baptist Daytona Beach in 1999. As in previous churches, Mark was the lead singer and songwriter; other members would go on to write songs for the group as well. Other members at that time included: Juan DeVevo (guitar), Melodee DeVevo (vocals and violin), Hector Cervantes (guitar), and Darren Hughes (production manager).[citation needed]", "Casting Crowns. Christian rock group Casting Crowns began as a student worship band in Daytona Beach, Florida, in 1999. Led by singer, songwriter, and youth pastor Mark Hall, the group initially included guitarists Juan DeVevo and Hector Cervantes, violinist Melodee DeVevo, and drummer Rob Cervantes (a.k.a. Chavez). The group relocated to Stockbridge, Georgia, in 2001, adding Chris Huffman on bass, Megan Garrett on keyboards and accordion, and drummer Andy Williams. This augmented version of Casting Crowns released two independent albums on CD, both of which were well received in the Atlanta area. Both independent albums were efforts on the part of Mark Hall and the rest of the group as outreach projects for youth in the area.[3] The group won the GMA regional songwriters competition at Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, Florida, in both the \"Best Song\" and the \"Best Artist\" categories in 2004. Although the group was not searching for a record label, one of the group's albums found its way into the hands of Mark Miller, lead singer for country group Sawyer Brown, who was struck by Casting Crowns' driving pop/rock style and Hall's vocal delivery of his hard-hitting but devout songs. Miller signed Casting Crowns to his fledgling Beach Street Records, a division of Reunion Records with distribution by the Provident Label Group, making Casting Crowns the first artist signed to Beach Street Records.[4]", "Mark Hall (musician). John Mark Hall (born September 14, 1969) is the lead vocalist for the Georgia-based contemporary Christian music group Casting Crowns, a seven-member group composed of worship leaders. Hall himself is also youth pastor at Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough.[2]", "Casting Crowns. Mark Miller took the group into the studio along with co-producer Steven Curtis Chapman, himself a popular artist on the CCM musical scene. The resulting eponymous album, Casting Crowns, was released in 2003 on the Beach Street imprint. The album quickly made them one of the fastest selling debut artists in Christian music history. The album's third single, \"Voice of Truth\", spent a record-breaking fourteen consecutive weeks at No. 1 beginning in 2003. \"Voice of Truth\" is also used in the trailer and the ending from the movie Facing the Giants. The album was certified platinum in 2005,[5] and in 2011, the group received their first gold certification for a single for the song 'Who Am I' from their debut record.", "Casting Crowns. In early 2013, the band recorded their own version of the hymn \"I Surrender All\" for the album Jesus, Firm Foundation. Also, lead singer Mark Hall recorded the title song with Mike Donehey of Tenth Avenue North, Steven Curtis Chapman, and Mandisa.[15] To end the year, the band joined Chapman, Natalie Grant, Matthew West, and other artists on \"The Story Tour 2013\" performing sings from The Story.[16]", "Casting Crowns. Mark Hall is youth minister at Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia, while the other members are active in their respective churches. They do the band part-time around their full-time work of raising families and church service.<https://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7511374/casting-crowns-the-very-next-album> They often tour from Thursday to Saturday so that they can be home for church on Sunday morning and Wednesday night.[27]", "Mark Hall (musician). After two years of service in Florida, Mark Hall and Casting Crowns moved to Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church in McDonough, Georgia. Almost immediately upon arriving, two others joined the band – Chris Huffman (bass guitar), and Megan Garrett (keyboard, vocals, accordion). A year later, Andy Williams joined, completing Casting Crowns.[citation needed]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). According to Casting Crowns' lead singer Mark Hall, the idea for \"Who Am I\" came while he was driving home with his wife and children one night. Hall, who was having personal worship time during the drive, recounts that he wondered \"Who am I to think I can just call up to God whenever I want, from the middle of nowhere, and expect Him to hear me?\"[1] Hall says \"immediately I started thinking I'm a new creation, I'm more than a conqueror... I'm [also] grass, that is rises up and is gone in a day\". In an interview, he commented that \"me being a conqueror is true, but at the same time I need to understand that my life is a vapor, and me being able to even pray to [God] is because of what he's done for me\".[2] \"Who Am I\" was produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman. It was recorded at Glow In The Dark Studio in Decatur, Georgia and Zoo Studio in Franklin, Tennessee, and it was engineered by Matt Goldman and Sam Hewitt.[3]", "Casting Crowns. In 2012, Josh Mix joined the band, replacing guitar player Hector Cervantes.[12]", "Mark Hall (musician). In 2003, Casting Crowns debuted their self-titled album, full of an edgy-pop sound and rich, heart-felt lyrics, with Miller and Chapman serving as co-producers. Their first single, \"If We Are The Body\", which challenges Christians in the church to truly look at the needs of people around them, took off fast and set the group on a whirlwind of activity. He received e-mails from pastors and their wives telling them of the impact their song was having in their youth group and with their students.[citation needed]", "Sawyer Brown. In the early 2000s, Mark Miller formed Christian music label Beach Street Records. One of the first acts he began producing for the label was Casting Crowns.", "Casting Crowns. The band's third studio album The Altar and the Door debuted at No. 2 on the Billboard 200 albums chart[6] and No. 1 on the Hot Christian Albums chart upon its release in August 2007. Ten weeks after the album's release date, it was certified gold by the RIAA.[7] On September 27, 2007, the band embarked on the 'Altar and the Door' tour with Leeland and John Waller . The tour was highly successful, grossing $4.4 million in ticket sales.[8] Casting Crowns broke their own record in 2007 when the single \"East to West\" from The Altar and the Door hit sixteen consecutive weeks at No. 1. The song ended up enjoying the top spot for a total of nineteen weeks, now their most successful single to date. \"Slow Fade\" was also released as a single, and was included in the soundtrack of the Kirk Cameron film Fireproof.[citation needed]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). \"Who Am I\" was included on the 2004 compilation album WOW Hits 2005,[32] the 2006 compilation album WOW Worship: Aqua,[33] and the 2008 compilation album WOW Essentials,[34] as well as the band's 2004 live album Live from Atlanta.[9] The band re-recorded the song for their 2013 acoustic album The Acoustic Sessions: Volume One; unlike the original, which featured Mark Hall on lead vocals, the acoustic version features Megan Garrett on lead vocals.[12]", "The Altar and the Door. The Altar and the Door is the third studio album by American Christian rock band Casting Crowns, released on August 28, 2007 on Beach Street Records and Reunion Records. Produced by Mark A. Miller, the album was inspired by lead singer Mark Hall's experience looking at the MySpace pages of his youth ministry students. The album's main theme is the difference between how Christians feel in church and the compromises they make outside of it. Its musical tone, which Hall says is different and more progressive, incorporates more of a rock sound than their previous, more polished studio efforts.", "Casting Crowns. On September 16, 2016, the band released their seventh studio album, The Very Next Thing,[20] which was preceded by the single \"One Step Away\".[21] It was followed by a second single from the album, \"Oh My Soul\".[citation needed]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). \"Who Am I\" is a song recorded by Christian rock band Casting Crowns. Written by Mark Hall and produced by Mark A. Miller and Steven Curtis Chapman, it was released on February 22, 2004, as the second single from the band's 2003 self-titled debut album. A pop rock and adult contemporary ballad, the song is based around the piano and utilizes orchestral sounds. Lyrically, the song is centered on worshiping God. The song received positive reviews from music critics upon its release, with several regarding it as one of the best songs on their debut album.", "Casting Crowns. In early 2015, Casting Crowns released the hymns-album, Glorious Day - Hymns of Faith, exclusively through Cracker Barrel Old Country Stores. The album includes Casting Crowns' Until the Whole World Hears singles \"Glorious Day\" and \"Blessed Redeemer\", and acoustic versions of \"If We Are the Body\" and \"Praise You in This Storm\" as well as eight hymns, mostly covers.[citation needed]", "Nick Jonas. Nicholas Jerry Jonas (born September 16, 1992)[1] is an American singer, songwriter, actor, and record producer. Jonas began acting in theater at the age of seven, and released his debut single in 2002. He released his eponymous debut album in 2004 to little success, though it did catch the attention of Columbia Records. Jonas opted to form a band with his older brothers, Joe and Kevin, known as the Jonas Brothers. The group released their debut studio album It's About Time through the Columbia label in 2006, which failed to achieve commercial success. After signing with Hollywood Records, the group released their self-titled second studio album in 2007, which became their breakthrough record. The band became prominent figures on the Disney Channel during this time, gaining a large following through the network: they appeared in the widely successful musical television film Camp Rock (2008) and its sequel Camp Rock 2: The Final Jam (2010) as well as two of their own series, Jonas Brothers: Living the Dream (2008–2010) and Jonas (2009–2010).", "Casting Crowns. Casting Crowns was one of the only American bands to ever have been invited to North Korea. They attended the 2009 Spring Friendship Arts Festival in Pyongyang where they performed with The Annie Moses Band. This was Casting Crowns' second time invited to the festival sponsored by Global Resource Services, the first time being in 2007.[9][10] On August 30, 2009, Casting Crowns performed on Huckabee, Mike Huckabee's political show.[citation needed]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). At a concert at the Giant Center in Hershey, Pennsylvania held on April 1, 2005, Casting Crowns performed it as the third song on their set list.[26] On July 10, 2005 at a concert at Seaholm High School in Ypsilanti, Michigan, Casting Crowns performed it as their third song in their set list.[27] At a concert at Continental Airlines Arena in East Rutherford, New Jersey, Casting Crowns performed an acoustic version of the song.[28] At a concert on November 12, 2005 in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania's Stabler Arena, Casting Crowns performed the song as the thirteenth song in their set.[29] The band performed the song at a February 5, 2010 concert at the Sprint Center in Kansas City, Missouri.[30] In 2009, the band was invited to perform in North Korea at the 2009 Spring Friendship Art Festival; the band's set list at the festival included a Korean-language version of \"Who Am I\".[31]", "David Clayton-Thomas. David Clayton-Thomas (born David Henry Thomsett; 13 September 1941) is a Grammy Award-winning Canadian musician, singer and songwriter, best known as the lead vocalist of the American band Blood, Sweat & Tears. Clayton-Thomas has been inducted into the Canadian Music Hall of Fame and in 2007 his jazz/rock composition \"Spinning Wheel\" was enshrined in the Canadian Songwriter's Hall of Fame. In 2010 Clayton-Thomas received his star on Canada's Walk of Fame.", "Bruce Dickinson. After meeting Paul Samson and Barry Purkis at the Prince of Wales, and while still undertaking his final university exams, Dickinson joined Samson onstage at Bishop's Stortford to perform one of their songs, \"Rock Me Baby\", cementing his role as their new lead vocalist.[25]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). Credits taken from AllMusic.[35]", "Casting Crowns. In November 2015, the band released A Live Worship Experience. The album was recorded live at the band's home church, Eagle's Landing First Baptist Church, and features 12 songs, including worship songs \"Great Are You Lord,\" and \"Good Good Father,\" and Casting Crowns' songs \"Just Be Held\" and \"Thrive.\"[19]", "Casting Crowns. On October 11, 2018, the band announced their new album, Only Jesus, scheduled for release on November 16, 2018, with a video introduction by Mark Hall and made the title track available to those on their fans list.[23][24] On October 12, 2018, they also released a second track, \"Nobody\", featuring Matthew West, to fans.[25] On October 19, they released a third track, \"In the Hands of the Potter\" to those on their fans list.[26]", "Robert Schwartzman. Robert Schwartzman (born December 24, 1982) is an American actor, musician, and film director, Schwartzman is also best known as the lead vocalist of the rock/pop band Rooney. He has also acted in the short black-and-white film Lick the Star and The Virgin Suicides, both directed and co-written by his cousin Sofia Coppola, as well as The Princess Diaries.", "Casting Crowns. In 2006, the group released Lifesong Live, which included live performances of songs from their studio album Lifesong.", "Casting Crowns. Casting Crowns' fourth major studio album, Until the Whole World Hears, was released on November 17, 2009, debuting at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 and selling over 167,000 copies in its first week alone, setting a new record for the highest Christian album debut in history.[2] It was certified gold within four weeks.[11] The title track and first single from the album became the group's ninth No. 1 single in January 2010.[citation needed]", "Chris Jericho. In music, Jericho became the lead vocalist of Fozzy in 1999. Their eponymous debut album (2000) and Happenstance (2002) consist of cover songs and original music; later records All That Remains (2005), Chasing the Grail (2010), Sin and Bones (2012), Do You Wanna Start a War (2014) and Judas (2017) are comprised entirely or predominantly of original compositions. Jericho also has appeared on numerous TV shows over the years, having competed in the 2011 series of Dancing With the Stars, lasting until the sixth week. Prior to that, he hosted the ABC game show Downfall and the Revolver Golden Gods Awards.[11]", "Who Am I (Casting Crowns song). On October 5, 2003 at the band's church in Atlanta, Casting Crowns performed \"Who Am I\". This performance was included on their 2004 live album Live from Atlanta.[9] The band performed the song on May 6, 2004 at the Nationally Broadcast Concert of Prayer event, held at Daytona International Speedway in front of nearly 10,000 people; the band's performance, along with the rest of those participating in the three-hour event, was simulcast nationally on television, radio, and the internet.[24] The band performed the song on October 27, 2004 at the Pontiac Silverdome in Detroit, Michigan as part of a Bush-Cheney '04 campaign rally. The event was attended by around 20,000 people.[25]", "Casting Crowns. In April 2010, Casting Crowns won the Dove Award for Artist of the Year,[citation needed] their first ever win in that category. A music video for the title track of Until the Whole World Hears was posted on the band's YouTube page on August 23, 2010.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Air Jordan. In 2009, the Jordan Brand reintroduced the highly sought after Air Jordan III in the True Blue colorway. It was an international-only release, meaning they were not sold in the US. In 2011, the brand released a Black History Month (BHM) Air Jordan III colorway in commemoration of the 35th anniversary of Black History Month. The sneaker is black with gold trim and stitching as well as laser print around the toe and heel. The BHM III was a very limited release and there was said to have been no more than 3,000 pairs made. Also, the same year saw the release of the \"True Blue\" III on June 4. The Stealth colorway of the III was released in September and the Black Cements were released in November.[5] The \"Black Flips\" were released on December 3, 2011. In 2013, Jordan released a special edition of the Jordan III this shoe was deemed the Air Jordan III \"Retro '88\" White Cement and were released in February.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XXXII (32) was first released on September 23rd, 2017. This model is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 2. It also included a Jordan \"Wings\" logo. It first came out in the \"Rossa Corsa\" colorway. A special \"Banned\" colorway was released on October 18th, 2017 to coincide with the 31st anniversary for when the NBA banned the original AJ 1 black and red colorway. Another special edition called the \"Russ\" colorway was released to celebrate Russel Westbrook's sponsorship with the Jordan brand.", "Air Jordan. In 2007, the Jordan Brand collaborated with director Spike Lee to release a limited pair of Air Jordan III's with a colorway based on the blue-yellow poster for Lee's film Do the Right Thing. The same year also saw the reintroduced versions of the Air Jordan III's in two monotone colorways, all black and all white, nicknamed the \"Black Cats\" and the \"Pure Moneys\" respectively. 2007 also had the \"Flips\" which moved the elephant print from the trim to the entire shoe and replacing it with white leather, indeed \"Flipping\" the original design of white leather with elephant print trim.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan 1 was first produced for Michael Jordan in 1984. It was designed by Peter C. Moore.[2] The red and black colorway of the Nike Air Ship, the prototype for the Jordan 1, was later outlawed by NBA Commissioner David Stern for having very little white on them (this rule, known as the '51 percent' rule, was repealed in the late 2000s decade[3]).[4] It is a common misconception that the Jordan 1 was banned however, it was indeed the Nike Air Ship. After the Nike Air Ship was banned, Michael Jordan and Nike introduced the Jordan 1 in color ways with more white such as the \"Chicago\" color way and the \"Black Toe\" color way. They used the Nike Air Ship's banning as a promotional tool in advertisements hinting that the shoes gave an unfair competitive advantage for the Jordan 1 and that whoever wore them had a certain edginess associated with outlaw activities. Fragment x Jordan 1's: Staying true to the original Air Jordan, the remastered design features an all-over, premium leather execution with black overlays, blue accents, and Fragment insignia. The Air Jordan I was originally released on the market from 1985 to 1986, with re-releases (known as \"retros\") in 1994, 2001–2004, and 2007–2017.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan 2011 was endorsed by Dwyane Wade in 2011, Jordan Brand decided to keep the fans happy with the release of the Air Jordan 2011. The shoe has inter-changeable insoles- The Red, \"Explosive\" one is claimed to symbolize power, and a Blue, \"Quick\" one, supposedly for quickness. Four colorways of the shoe were released on February 19, 2011 in correspondence with the 2011 All Star Game. The first colorway was White/Black. There were also White/Red and White/Blue colorways that coincided with the East/West Jersey Colors. The \"Year of the Rabbit\" colorway was a limited release that celebrated of Michael Jordan's Chinese zodiac sign, coinciding with the current zodiac sign, the Year of the Rabbit.", "Air Jordan. Released in 2004, this is the first Jordan release after his third, and final, retirement which came after the 2002–03 NBA season. The design was inspired by the Black Mamba snake, and two original colorways where released: white/flint grey and black/red. Three regional colorways and three special edition colorways were released. They consisted of the East, West, and Midwest edition for regular and West, East, and Olympic for the SE (special edition).", "Air Jordan. The Jordan 6 white/infrared and black/infrared was released February 14, 2013, at a retail price of US$170. This is the second of the same colorway retro in Jordan Brand history. The first time retro on both colorways were in 2000, they were retro separately. This time, the retro distinguished with the previous release. The heel logo are using Jumpman logo instead of Nike Air logo, this is the most significant difference between these two re-releases. Jordan Brand started using Jumpman logo", "Air Jordan. The Jordan Brand released their second two-pair package named the \"Old Love New Love\" (OLNL), which consisted of the Air Jordan I Retro model in Mid White/Black-Varsity Red (Black Toes) and Black/Varsity-Maize/White. It was released on April 21, 2007. The Old Love New Love package was sold for $200.00. The pack represented Jordan's passions, the old love being basketball the new love being motorcycle racing.[26]", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan III was designed by Tinker Hatfield who works for Nike as a designer for stores and offices. By that time Michael Jordan was ready to leave Nike, but the Jordan III changed his mind. It was the first Air Jordan to feature a visible air unit on the heel, the new Jumpman logo, an elephant print trim and tumble leather to give it a luxury look. The Air Jordan III was also famous for the humorous ads depicting film director Spike Lee as Mars Blackmon, the character he played in his film She's Gotta Have It. This campaign was known as the \"Mars and Mike\" ad campaign, which was one of Nike's most successful advertisement campaigns. These were the first Jordan's to feature the \"NIKE AIR\" logo on the back, but later replaced by the Jumpman logo, with the words \"AIR\" underneath it, similar to the Air Jordan VI. These were said to be Michael Jordan's favorite shoes, he wore them during the 1988 NBA Slam Dunk Contest and many other events in his basketball career. The Air Jordan III's had poor sales when first reintroduced in 1994. On their second reintroduction in 2001, they sold well. The \"Fire Red\" Air Jordan III was released in March 2007, and late again in 2013.", "Air Jordan. In 1989, Nike released the Air Jordan IV to the public. Designed by Tinker Hatfield, it was the first Air Jordan released on the global market. It had four colorways: White/ Black-Cement Grey, Black/Cement Grey, White/Fire Red-Black, and Off White/Military Blue.", "Air Jordan. In 2012, the Air Jordan X was re-released. They are dubbed the \"Chicago Bulls\", as they are part of a regional pack (City Pack), representing five teams. The lacing and tongue are completely black, and the red inner lining contrasts with the red inserts on the outsole. The outsole's design features a striped (wavy) design, which list many of Jordan's accomplishments. They retailed at $160. The Air Jordan X was released again in an OVO collaboration in 2015 and 2016, releasing in white and black colorways respectively with stingray detailing.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan III was originally released in 1988. The multiple retros and new colorways have been released in 1994, 2001, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 and 2018.", "Air Jordan. This is the 25th anniversary of the Air Jordan brand, and although commonly called the Jordan 2010s, is also referred to as Air Jordan XX5/XXV. This model of shoe was announced on November 12, 2009, for a release date of February 13, 2010, retailing for US$170. Dwyane Wade is endorsing the AJ 2010.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan IV was re-released in 1999 and retroed in 2000, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2010–2013 and 2015–2017. Recent retroed colorways are the Retro 4 \"Legend Blue\", \"Oreo\" in early 2015, and the Retro 4 OG \"Cement\" that released on February 13, 2016.[6]", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan VI has been retro-ed many times since its original release in 1991, Notable releases were in 2000, 2002, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014 with the Black Infrared Colorway.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XVI was originally released in 2001. It was retro-ed in 2008, 2014 and 2016.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XVII was originally released in 2002. It was retro-ed in 2008 and 2016.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan VII was originally released in 1992. It was retro-ed in 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008–2012 and 2015–2017.", "Air Jordan. This was released in 1995 in eight different colors, Black/grey, varsity-black, off-white/black/varsity red*, Powder Blue (worn by University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill's Men's and Women's basketball teams), Orlando Magic*, New York Knicks*, Seattle SuperSonics*, and Sacramento Kings*. It was the first Air Jordan to feature a lightweight Phylon midsole. The shoe also featured all of Michael Jordan's accomplishments so far on the outsole.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XXXI (31) was unveiled on July 20, 2016. The sneaker is heavily influenced by the Air Jordan 1's having a leather upper and both a Nike swoosh and a Jumpman plus a Jordan \"Wings\" logo.[21] Its first retail debut was on September 3, 2016 in the \"banned\" colorway for $185 alongside its air Jordan 1 counterpart.[21] Notable appearances of the AJ 31 include the \"USA\" colorway worn during the 2016 Olympic basketball tournament by members of team USA.[22]Basketball at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's team rosters.", "Air Jordan. The sneakers were only samples in 1995 when Jordan decided to come back to the NBA. Hatfield and Nike discouraged Jordan from playing in them, but once they were produced, he couldn't resist. Also noteworthy, Jordan violated league dress code by wearing the shoes, as his teammates wore all-black shoes. It wasn't the first time Jordan had run afoul of NBA footwear rules, having broken them with his very first signature shoe in 1985. He was fined $5,000 for not following the Bulls colorway policy with the AJ XI. After the fine, Nike made him a pair of the shoes in a black/white/concord colorway for the series against Orlando. A similar black/white/royal blue colorway was released to the public at the end of 2000. The colorway was changed for the public release because the concord purple had looked like royal blue on television.", "Air Jordan. The Jordan Brand released a fourth \"Defining Moments\" package on August 15, 2009. This package, also known as the Orlando 60+ pack, consists of the Jordan 7 black and red. Also included is a second pair of Air Jordan 's. The \"Orlando\" pair features a white leather upper with black and blue accents. The blue accents featured a cracked print. The black tongue had black pinstripes which represented the black pinstriped Orlando jersey of the 1990s.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XXI was originally released in 2006. It was retro-ed in 2008.", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan VIII was originally released in 1993. It was retro-ed in 2003, 2007, 2008, 2013 and 2015–2017.", "Air Jordan. Michael Jordan and Spike Lee released the Jordan Spiz'ike shoes on October 21, 2006, as a tribute to their historic relationship.[23] The relationship began when Mars Blackmon (a character from Spike Lee's film, She's Gotta Have It) became the primary pitchman in Nike commercials for Air Jordans. The Spiz'ike is a mash-up of the Jordan III, IV, V, VI, Air Jordan IX and XX shoes. Only 4,567 pairs were made of the original release,[23] with all of the proceeds going to Morehouse College.[citation needed] The number 40 represents Spike Lee's film company, 40 Acres & A Mule Filmworks, and the number 23 represents Michael Jordan's jersey number.[citation needed] Each future release of the shoes varied the colors used.", "Air Jordan. The first Jordan Sixty Plus was released in August 2009. The Jordan 6ixty Plus (60+) is a hybrid sneaker from Jordan Brand that combines the various sneakers Michael Jordan wore when he scored 60 or more points in an NBA Game. In these games, MJ was wearing the Jordan I, II, V and VII. Inspiration came from the Air Jordan 5 because he was wearing those when he scored his career high of 69 points.", "Air Jordan. Various models of the Air Jordan VII were re-released in 2002, again in 2004, and again with different colors in 2006.", "Air Jordan. The success of the Air Jordan 1 encouraged Nike to release the New Air Jordan in 1986 for the new basketball season. Designed by Peter Moore and Bruce Kilgore, the original Air Jordan II was unique in that it was made in Italy. The Air Jordan 2 also retailed with a full length encapsulated Nike air bubble for maximum comfort. The Air Jordan 2 was the first Jordan not to have the Nike swoosh on the upper. The Air Jordan II was originally retailed at $100. The Air Jordan was originally released from 1986 to 1987. The model was revived from obscurity when Air Jordan collaborated with Just Don to create the Just Don x Air Jordan 2. The shoe featured premium blue quilted leather inspired by a Chanel handbag and released in very limited numbers on January 31, 2015 for $275. The shoe was released again in a Beach colourway bundled with a premium snapback and gold pin for $650 on January 30, 2016, later re-released in 1994, 2004–2005, 2008, 2010, 2014–2017.", "Air Jordan. Released in 2006 retailing at $295 containing the sneakers Michael Jordan wore during his first championship of his two three-peats. The retro 11 concord contains a gold Jumpman on the side, but originally was meant to also have gold eyelets spelling out Jordan was changed because of color bleeding. The retro 6 black infrared replaces its infrared for gold as well. Both shoes contained dog tags to reference the title won and a booklet showcasing a slam dunk highlight of the game and concept art of the shoe. Some of the original DMP retro 11 concords have surfaced and are considered some of the rarest air Jordan's.[24]", "Air Jordan. The Air Jordan XVIII was originally released from 2003 to 2004. It was retro-ed in 2008.", "Air Jordan. Air Jordan XVIs, designed by Nike's Senior Footwear Designer Wilson Smith, were released in 2001. This meaning it was the first design since the II's that Hatfield was not behind. Smith decided to bring in a few design elements/fabrics from earlier releases. The shoe featured the return of the clear rubber sole (V, VI, XI) and patent leather (XI).", "Air Jordan. Hatfield is believed to have drawn inspiration for the Air Jordan V from World War II fighter planes, which was most notably visible in the shark teeth shapes on the midsole. The Air Jordan V was reintroduced in 2000, including a new colorway featuring Michael Jordan's high school (Laney High) colors. In 2006 several V's were reintroduced, including the LS \"Grape\" V's, the LS \"burgundy\" V's, the \"Fire-Red\" V's, the \"Green Bean\" V's, and \"Stealth Blue V's. Along with the latter, a very limited laser design and the black/metallic/fire red colorways were released in early 2007." ]

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[ "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). On 22 September 2017, a lyric video for \"Perfect\" was released on Sheeran's YouTube channel.[36] The music video for \"Perfect\" was released on Sheeran's YouTube channel on 9 November 2017. The video stars Zoey Deutch and was directed by Jason Koenig, who also directed the video for \"Shape of You\". The video was filmed at the Austrian ski resort of Hintertux[37] and shows Sheeran and Deutch going on a ski trip with friends, with the two dancing in the snow and ending up in a cabin together.[38] Ross McNeilage who writes for MTV UK called the video a \"Christmas dream\" for its wintery visual. While praising the simple story and the video's cinematography, McNeilage noted that Zoey Deutch acts opposite to the superstar as his love interest and we watch as they \"coyly flirt until they realise their love for one another and slow dance in the snow together.\"[39] On 15 December 2017, a music video for \"Perfect Symphony\" (duet with Andrea Bocelli) was also released.[40]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). \"Perfect\" was the first track Sheeran wrote for his third studio album รท.[9] The song is a romantic ballad written about his girlfriend Cherry Seaborn, whom he knew from school and reconnected with when she was working in New York.[10][11] Sheeran revealed that the inspiration for the lyrics came after visiting James Blunt's house in Ibiza, where the two singers had listened to the rapper Future's music at six in the morning.[12] He said: \"Barefoot on the grass, dancing to our favorite song, which happened to be Future's \"March Madness\"... I booked the studio for the day, and I had that and I was like, right, let me just flesh that out. And the song happened and was sort of finished that day. I knew it was special.\"[12][13]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In an interview with Zane Lowe, Sheeran said that he needed to write the best love song of his career with \"Perfect\". He said: \"I need to do it 100% me, so everyone will listen to that will be like, \"Ah! He can actually do it!\" ... I wanted to beat \"Thinking Out Loud\", 'cause I know that song was going to define me.\"[12] He also produced the song himself with help from Will Hicks, and strings orchestration from his brother Matthew Sheeran.[12] This is the first time the brothers had collaborated on a song as it was the final wish of their grandmother to see the brothers working together before she died. A fully orchestral version of the song was recorded at Abbey Road Studios although only parts of it were used in the original release of the song.[9][12] The full orchestral version was used in the duet with Andrea Bocelli.[14]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). The original version peaked at number one in Austria, Belgium, France, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Netherlands, Philippines, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Slovenia, and Switzerland. After the Beyoncé duet release, \"Perfect\" also reached number one in Australia, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand, Sweden, the United Kingdom, and the United States.[30][31] The song is Sheeran's fourth to reach number one in Australia,[32] and held the country's top spot for eight consecutive weeks before \"God's Plan\" by Drake displaced it.[33] It went to number one as well in Canada, becoming Sheeran's second number one there and Beyoncé's first.[34][35]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In March 2017, Sheeran broke the record set by Frankie Laine in 1953, occupying all of the top five positions in the United Kingdom, and placing nine songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart.[16] Also, every single one of the sixteen tracks from his new album ÷ entered the top twenty. \"Perfect\" debuted at number four, selling 62,599 copies.[16] After Sheeran's performance of \"Perfect\" on The X Factor on 26 November 2017, the song reached a new peak in the UK, advancing to number three and selling 32,507 units.[17] The Beyoncé version, released on 1 December 2017, drove consumption of the track to 89,359 sales (including 45,460 from sales-equivalent streams) as it became Sheeran's second number-one song from ÷, following \"Shape of You\" – and his fourth number-one single in total.[18] With UK sales of 1,048,313, \"Perfect\" became Sheeran's tenth million-selling single.[18] It was the Christmas number-one song for 2017,[19] and held the summit for six consecutive weeks before being displaced by Eminem's \"River\", which features Sheeran as a guest artist.[20]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). \"Perfect\" is a song by English singer-songwriter Ed Sheeran from his third studio album, ÷ (2017).[3] After the album's release it charted at number four on the UK Singles Chart.[4] On 21 August 2017, Billboard announced that \"Perfect\" would be the fourth single from the album.[5] The song was serviced to pop radio on 26 September 2017, as the third single from the album in the United States (fourth overall).[6] The song eventually reached number one on the UK Singles Chart and the US Billboard Hot 100 in December 2017. It also peaked at number one in sixteen other countries, including Australia, Canada, Ireland and New Zealand. A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] Another duet with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\", was released on 15 December 2017.[8] \"Perfect\" also became the UK Christmas number-one song for 2017.", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). The song is performed in the key of A♭ major with a tempo of 63 beats per minute in 12\n8 time (if not using triplets) or 4\n4 time (if using triplets). \"Perfect\" moves at a chord progression of A♭5–Fm7–D♭sus2–E♭. The vocals span from E♭3 to A♭4 in the song.[15]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). They developed ideas for the song while Sheeran was building a Lego and McDaid was working on his laptop. After four hours, Sheeran picked up a guitar and they began properly structuring the composition.[4] According to Sheeran, they ended up composing the song \"within about half an hour\".[8] Both realized what had transpired only after listening back to the song the following day; they then decided on recording it.[8] Sheeran completed writing the song while in Denver, Colorado.[7]", "Angus, Thongs and Perfect Snogging. Most of the scenes were filmed on location in Brighton and Eastbourne.[2] Others, such as the gig scene and some interiors and exteriors for Georgia's house, were filmed in and around Ealing Studios, London. Areas in nearby west London like Bishopshalt school in Hillingdon and the Liquid nightclub in Uxbridge were used as well.[3] Other sites include locations in Teddington and Twickenham. Costumes included green blazers and kilts borrowed from St. Bede's Prep School in Eastbourne, and props included Eastbourne's signature blue bins to add to the effect and continuity when filming in multiple locations.", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). The montage chronicles Sheeran's infancy, childhood and adolescence (1990s and 2000s). It features Sheeran playing various music instruments (including piano, cello, bass guitar, acoustic and drums),[24] suggesting that he was musically inclined at a young age.[59] He is also shown displaying his skill in Bodhrán, an Irish frame drum.[60] Other footage depicts a teen Sheeran busking in Galway, Ireland.[61] In another clip before the final, Sheeran is shown performing to a crowd at a festival.[62] Daniel Kreps of Rolling Stone noted that the clips also revealed Sheeran's \"lifelong obsession with Legos\",[24] an object the latter referenced on his 2011 single \"Lego House\".", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). On 4 December 2017, \"Perfect\" pushed to a new number three Billboard Hot 100 high, and became Sheeran's third number one on Digital Song Sales (69,000, down 1 percent).[26] He previously topped the chart for a week in 2015 with \"Thinking Out Loud\" and for ten weeks earlier in 2017 with \"Shape of You\".[26] \"Perfect\" reached number one on Digital Song Sales, aided by the first few hours of tracking for its duet version, released before the end of the sales (and streaming) tracking week at 7 p.m. ET on 30 November.[26] For the full week, the Beyoncé version accounted for 18 percent of the song's sales.[26] On 11 December 2017, after a full tracking week, the single topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart, becoming Sheeran's second number-one song in the United States and Beyoncé's sixth as a solo act.[27] \"Perfect\" remained at number-one on the Digital Songs chart with sales of 181,000 copies (up 202 percent).[27] The duet version accounted for 63 percent of the song's total sales for the week.[27] \"Perfect\" also rose 11–3 on the Streaming Songs chart with 34.9 million US streams, up 87 percent, while on Radio Songs, it pushed 4–3 (102 million in audience, up 14 percent).[27] The duet topped the Hot 100 for five weeks. The original version of the song would later take over at the top on the week ending January 20, 2018. After six total weeks at number one, the song was dethroned by \"Havana\" by Camila Cabello featuring Young Thug.[28] \"Perfect\" was the seventh best-selling song of 2017 in the US, with 1,340,000 copies sold that year.[29]", "Galway Girl (Ed Sheeran song). On 11 April 2017, Sheeran shot the POV music video for \"Galway Girl\" in Galway, Ireland and filmed it himself on a Sony A6500 on body-mounted Ikan gimbal rigged to a Steadicam vest. The video was directed by Jason Koenig who also directed the \"Shape of You\" music video and director of photography Johnny Valencia. Galway Girl features Irish-American actress Saoirse Ronan.[21] It was uploaded to his official YouTube channel on 3 May 2017.[22]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In the United States, ten songs from ÷ debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 in March 2017, including \"Perfect\" at number thirty-seven.[21] In October, the song ascended to number eighteen and became the third song from ÷ to reach the country's top twenty.[22] It also lifted 4–3 on Digital Songs (50,000 downloads sold), 34–30 on Radio Songs (45 million) and 46–35 on Streaming Songs (11.5 million).[22] On 30 October 2017, \"Perfect\" soared to the top ten on the Billboard Hot 100.[23] The ballad gained in all metrics, holding at number three on Digital Song Sales (53,000, up 7 percent) and climbing 30-22 on Radio Songs (53 million, up 16 percent) and 35–27 on Streaming Songs (13.1 million, up 14 percent).[23] On 20 November 2017, \"Perfect\" pushed to a new Billboard Hot 100 high (8–7) and reached the Radio Songs top ten (17–10; 73 million, up 16 percent).[24] Sheeran scored his seventh Radio Songs top ten and the third from his album ÷, following \"Shape of You\" and \"Castle on the Hill\".[24] The next week, \"Perfect\" hit top five on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the second-highest-charting hit from his album ÷, following \"Shape of You\".[25] \"Perfect\" became Sheeran's third top five hit overall; his first, \"Thinking Out Loud\", rose to number two in 2015.[25] \"Perfect\" remained at number three on Digital Song Sales (60,000, down 6 percent) and powered 10–6 on Radio Songs (80 million, up 10 percent) and 38–15 on Streaming Songs (18.9 million, up 61 percent).[25]", "Perfect (Ed Sheeran song). In November 2017, Sheeran released an acoustic version of \"Perfect\" and two remixes by Mike Perry and Robin Schulz.[41][42][43] A version of \"Perfect\", titled \"Perfect Duet\", with American singer Beyoncé was released on 1 December 2017.[7] The song is a stripped down, acoustic version of the original, with Beyoncé singing the second verse from a female perspective. Sheeran stated the song was Beyoncé's favorite from the album, and reached out to her to re-record the song. Beyoncé agreed, and the two recorded the song in May 2017.[44] An operatic version of \"Perfect\" with Andrea Bocelli, titled \"Perfect Symphony\" and sung partly in Italian, was released on 15 December 2017.[45]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). An accompanying music video for \"Photograph\" was released on 9 May 2015. The video is a montage of real home footage. Sheeran sourced the clips from his father, who was then compiling it into DVDs for their family Christmas present.[55] He initially intended the clips for inclusion in a documentary that was being produced around that time; but looking through the collection, he thought it might work for a music video. Sheeran also admitted he could not attend to an actual video shoot, hence he opted for the montage.[56][57] Emil Nava, who had previously worked with Sheeran on his other promotional music videos, directed \"Photograph\".[24] Editor Ellie Johnson worked with Sheeran's father while in central London. According to Johnson, they spent a weekend gathering the clips used in the montage.[58]", "Zoey Deutch. Along with these, in the same year, she was seen opposite Ed Sheeran in the official music video of his song \"Perfect\" from the album รท.[52] The video which was released on November 9, 2017 has garnered over 1.1 billion views and 7.2 million likes, as of July 5th, 2018.[53] Also in 2017, she appeared in James Franco's The Disaster Artist, based on the book by Greg Sestero and Tom Bissell, which tells the behind-the-scenes story behind cult film The Room.[54]", "Castle on the Hill. The official music video for the song was released on 23 January 2017. It was directed by George Belfield and produced by Tom Gardner, and it features a group of adolescents living their youth with parallels being made to Sheeran's own youth.[17] The video was filmed throughout Suffolk with locations including Framlingham, Boyton marshes, Mildenhall Stadium and Felixstowe. The final shot shows Framlingham Castle.[18] Ed Sheeran stated on The Graham Norton Show that the young man playing him in the video went to the same school as Sheeran, Thomas Mills High School.[19] As of December 2017, the music video on YouTube has amassed over 270 million views.[20]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). The single's release on 11 May 2015 followed the premiere of the music video on 9 May 2015. The video is a montage of real home footage of Sheeran's infancy, childhood and adolescence, providing insight on his private early life such as his inclination to playing music instruments and fondness of Lego. The video was nominated for Best Video at the 2016 Brit Awards. Sheeran performed the song on television shows and on his x Tour, which ran from 2014 to 2015.", "Ed Sheeran. On 15 November 2014, Sheeran joined the charity supergroup Band Aid 30 along with other British and Irish pop acts, recording the latest version of the track \"Do They Know It's Christmas?\" at Sarm West Studios in Notting Hill, London, to raise money for the West African Ebola virus epidemic.[148]", "Ed Sheeran. On 26 January, Sheeran announced tour dates for the album ÷ in Europe, South America and North America from 17 March until 14 June 2017.[116] Sheeran will play to over 950,000 people in Australia and New Zealand in March and April 2018, making it the biggest concert tour in Australasian music history, overtaking the previous record set by Dire Straits in 1986.[117] On 17 February 2017, Sheeran released \"How Would You Feel (Paean)\". Though not an official single, the song peaked at number two in the UK.[118] By 11 March 2017 Sheeran had accumulated ten top 10 singles from ÷ on the UK Singles Chart, breaking Scottish DJ Calvin Harris's record of nine top 10 singles from one album.[119] On hearing the news Harris stated \"Congrats Ed but also fuck you I love you but also fuck you.\"[119] The fourth single from ÷, \"Perfect\", reached number one in the UK and Australia, and a stripped down acoustic version of the song titled \"Perfect Duet\", a collaboration with Beyoncé, reached number one in the US and the UK,[120][121] becoming the year's UK Christmas number one.[122] On 7 November, Taylor Swift revealed that Sheeran collaborated on the song \"End Game\" for her sixth studio album Reputation.[123] The song, which also features rapper Future, was released on 10 November along with the rest of the album.[124]", "Galway Girl (Ed Sheeran song). His new tattoo filmed in the video is misspelled \"Galway Grill\".[23]", "Ed Sheeran. On 6 January, Sheeran released two singles, \"Shape of You\" and \"Castle on the Hill\"; the theme of the latter single is about Sheeran's upbringing in his home town of Framlingham in Suffolk, with the castle referring to Framlingham Castle.[108] Following the release of these singles, Sheeran went on to co-host the BBC Radio 1 Breakfast Show with Scott Mills where it was inferred that he would possibly make an appearance at the Glastonbury Festival in 2017.[109] It was also during this show that Sheeran used a new Martin guitar that featured the รท logo (of his new album) on both the headstock and body of the acoustic guitar.[110] Both singles went on to break the Spotify day one streaming record, with a combined total of over 13 million streams in 24 hours.[111]", "Thinking Out Loud. Emil Nava directed the video accompaniment to the single. Most of it was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom at the Millennium Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles, California. The video was shot continuously using a 16 mm film camera.[51]", "Ed Sheeran. x was nominated for Album of the Year at the 57th Grammy Awards.[85] Sheeran performed alongside John Mayer at the ceremony.[86] On 25 February, Sheeran won British Male Solo Artist and British Album of the Year for x at the 2015 Brit Awards.[87] On 21 May he received the Ivor Novello Award for Songwriter of the Year.[88] On 21 June, Sheeran co-hosted the 2015 Much Music Video Awards in Toronto, where he performed the singles, \"Thinking Out Loud\" and \"Photograph\"; he also won two awards, Best International Artist and Most Buzzworthy International Artist or Group.[89][90] On 27 June, Sheeran performed as the opening act for The Rolling Stones in their Zip Code Tour date in Kansas City's Arrowhead Stadium.[91] On 10–12 July 2015, Sheeran performed sold-out shows at London's Wembley Stadium. The shows, which were announced in November 2014, were part of his world tour.[92] The concert was documented and aired on 16 August 2015 on NBC; the one-hour special Ed Sheeran – Live at Wembley Stadium also included behind-the-scenes footage.[93]", "Bridget Jones's Baby. Filming for a short period began in July 2015 in Dublin, where the first scenes for the film were shot at Ed Sheeran's concert at Croke Park.[19][20] Official principal photography with the actual cast began on 2 October 2015 in London.[18][21]", "Photograph (Ed Sheeran song). \"Photograph\" was performed on television prior to its commercial release. On 13 December 2014, Sheeran appeared on The X Factor UK, where he gave his first televised performance of the song.[63] This performance contributed to the song's first ascent inside the top 40 on the UK Singles Chart.[64] Sheeran also performed the song for various US television shows such as on Good Morning America,[55] The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon,[65] and Undateable,[66] at Canada's Much Music Video Awards,[67] and at the 2015 Global Citizen Festival.[68] The song was part of the setlist in Sheeran's x Tour;[69] the concert tour ran from 2014 to 2015.", "Perfect Day (Lou Reed song). A couple of weeks later, Lou Reed agreed not only to let her include the song on The Gift,[16] but also to produce her music video of the song. It was shot on the banks of Loch Lomond and premiered on 7 November 2010.[17][18]", "Ed Sheeran. Edward Christopher Sheeran, MBE (born 17 February 1991) is an English singer, songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. Sheeran was born in Halifax, West Yorkshire, and raised in Framlingham, Suffolk. He attended the Academy of Contemporary Music in Guildford as an undergraduate from the age of 18 in 2009. In early 2011, Sheeran independently released the extended play, No. 5 Collaborations Project. After signing with Asylum Records, his debut album, + (read as \"plus\"), was released in September 2011. It topped the UK and Australian charts, reached number five in the US, and has since been certified seven-times platinum in the UK. The album contains the single \"The A Team\", which earned him the Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically. In 2012, Sheeran won the Brit Awards for Best British Male Solo Artist and British Breakthrough Act. \"The A Team\" was nominated for Song of the Year at the 2013 Grammy Awards, where he performed the song with Elton John.", "Careless Whisper. As the band felt they had \"screwed up\" the video, further footage of Michael singing the song on-stage was later shot at the Lyceum Theatre, London.[9]", "Ed Sheeran. Sheeran began to be seen by more people over the internet through YouTube and his fan-base grew, with him also getting credit from The Independent newspaper, England football captain Rio Ferdinand and Elton John.[31] He played a Station Session in St. Pancras International in June 2010.[32][33] The episode is unavailable from the official Station Sessions channel.[34] Sheeran also self-released two other EPs in 2010, Ed Sheeran: Live at the Bedford and Songs I Wrote with Amy, which is a collection of love songs he wrote in Wales with singer, Amy Wadge.[35] In 2010 he was in Los Angeles and was invited to perform at The Foxxhole, a club run by actor Jamie Foxx, which ended with an invitation to stay at Foxx's home.[36]", "You and Tequila. Potter appears in the song's music video, which was filmed in Malibu, California.[11]", "Perfect Strangers (Jonas Blue song). A music video to accompany the release of \"Perfect Strangers\" was first released onto YouTube on 14 June 2016 at a total length of three minutes and twenty-seven seconds. The video is set and filmed in Cape Town in South Africa. It features a woman (Victoria Scholtz) always coincidentally meeting the same man (Devin Dollery) wherever she goes. They then ally together to help bring fun to the children in South Africa, with the man introducing them to skateboarding and the woman introducing them to breakdancing while falling in love in the process.[2]" ]

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[ "Games Without Frontiers (song). \"Games Without Frontiers\" is a song written and recorded by the English rock musician Peter Gabriel. It was released on his 1980 self-titled solo album and included backing vocals by Kate Bush. The song's lyrics are interpreted as a commentary on war and international diplomacy being like children's games.[1]", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The song's title refers to Jeux Sans Frontières, a long-running TV show broadcast in several European countries, in which teams of residents representing a town or city in one of the participating countries would compete in games of skill while frequently dressed in bizarre costumes. While some games were simple races, others allowed one team to obstruct another. The British version was titled It's a Knockout, which Gabriel references in the lyrics.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). 1 \"Games Without Frontiers\" - 4:05", "Games Without Frontiers (song). 2 \"Start\" - 1:21", "Games Without Frontiers (song). \"Games Without Frontiers\" was licensed as the title music for the Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum and Amstrad CPC computer game The Race Against Time,[13] which in turn was the official game of the charity event Sport Aid '88.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). B-Side", "Games Without Frontiers (song). Gabriel's 1991 performance of the song from the Netherlands was beamed via satellite to Wembley Stadium in England as part of \"The Simple Truth\" concert for Kurdish refugees.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). 3 \"I Don't Remember\" - 4:41", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The video includes film clips of Olympic events and scenes from the 1951 educational film Duck and Cover, which used a cartoon turtle to instruct US school children on what to do in case of nuclear attack. Such forlorn imagery tends to reinforce the song's antiwar theme.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The album version of the song includes the line \"Whistling tunes we piss on the goons in the jungle\" after the second verse and before the second chorus.[4] This was replaced for the single release with a more radio-friendly repeat of the line \"Whistling tunes we're kissing baboons in the jungle\" from the first chorus. The BBC also censored the video.[5]", "It's a Knockout. Jeux Sans Frontieres was the inspiration for Peter Gabriel's hit song \"Games Without Frontiers\". The words \"Jeux Sans Frontieres\" are repeated as the chorus of the song, and the phrase \"it's a knockout!\" is used in the song as well.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The Thirteenth Winter X Games introduced Gabriel's and Lord Jamar's remix of the song, redubbed \"X Games Without Frontiers\", which became the theme for subsequent games.[14]", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The song was Gabriel's first UK Top 10 as a solo artist. Gabriel's first two solo albums were distributed in the US by Atlantic Records, but they rejected his third album (which contained this track), telling Gabriel he was committing \"commercial suicide\". Atlantic dropped him but tried to buy the album back when \"Games Without Frontiers\" took off in the UK and started getting airplay in the US. At this point, Gabriel wanted nothing to do with Atlantic and let Mercury Records distribute the album in America.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The single became Gabriel's first top-10 hit in the United Kingdom, peaking at No. 4, and – tied with 1986's \"Sledgehammer\" – his highest-charting song in the United Kingdom. It peaked at No. 7 in Canada, but only No. 48 in the United States. The B-side to the single was two tracks combined into one: \"Start\" and \"I Don't Remember\".[2]", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The song is featured prominently over the closing montage of \"The Colonel\", the first season finale of the FX spy thriller series The Americans.", "Games Without Frontiers (song). The track features Kate Bush on backing vocals.[3] The whistling is performed by Gabriel, along with producers Steve Lillywhite and Hugh Padgham.", "Arcade Fire. Arcade Fire have recorded a version of the 1980 hit single \"Games Without Frontiers\" for the Peter Gabriel tribute album And I'll Scratch Yours, which was released in September 2013.[93]", "Land of Nod. Classic rock band Journey mentions the east of Eden in their song \"Frontiers\" from their 1983 Frontiers: \"And all the heroes have gone east of Eden, we all need new frontiers.\"", "Songs for a New World. On the voyage to an undiscovered country, a ship's Captain prays for the safety of the souls aboard his ship.", "I Had Trouble in Getting to Solla Sollew. Solla Sollew is the subject of a song in which the main characters yearn for a happy resolution to their problems. It is referred to as \"a faraway land, so the stories all tell / somewhere beyond the horizon.\" It is said that \"troubles there are few\" and that \"maybe it's something like heaven.\"", "Unorthodox Jukebox. Mars explained the meaning behind the album's title by saying that it had become a \"soulful, experimental, electronic, hard-to-explain\" concept.[12] In order to record an album like that, it was—according to him—mandatory to experiment and not follow any known pattern, resulting the guests enlisted for the record to be unexpected. According to the singer, jazz artist Esperanza Spalding and Diplo were among them. Furthermore, the \"pop's most innovative producers\" (Bhasker, Haynie and Ronson) had to be taken \"beyond their comfort zone\".[12] While being interviewed for his Billboard Artist of the Year cover story, Mars complimented Ronson and Bhasker by explaining that \"it's not about what's hot on the radio or the fastest way to make a buck, these guys are fearless, doing the music they want to do\".[10] Mars additionally felt that \"when there are no safe bets, that's when [he feels his] blood move.\"[12]", "Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely. In the United Kingdom, \"Show Me the Meaning of Being Lonely\" peaked at number 3, becoming their last single to reach the top-three and seventeenth top-ten single.[12] The song became a success in countries like the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden and Switzerland, reaching number 2.[13] It also reached the top-ten in Austria, Belgium, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy and Norway.[14] It only performed moderately in Australia, where it reached number 19, becoming their lowest charting-single since \"Quit Playing Games (with My Heart)\" (1997).[15]", "A World Without Love. \"A World Without Love\" is one of The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame's 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll.[10]", "Video Games (song). Prominent lyrics in the song include, \"I heard you like the bad girls, honey, is that true?\";[9] \"Heaven is a place on earth with you/ Tell me all the things you want to do\"; and \"open up a beer... and play a video game?\"[10] In an interview for British online magazine The Quietus, Del Rey stated that the inspiration for the song came from her ex-boyfriend, commenting, \"I think we came together because we were both outsiders. It was perfect. But I think with that contentment also comes sadness. There was something heavenly about that life – we'd go to work and he'd play his video games – but also it was maybe too regular.\"[11] The singer also stated that she used lower vocals for \"Video Games\" because she felt that the public did not see her as a serious artist.[2] Thematically, the lyrics have been labeled as antifeminist.[12][13] Of the musical composition, MTV lauded the cinematic atmosphere of the song, adoring its feathery violins, echoing electronic thumps, and melancholic crescendos — wound into a dramatic exhibition.[14]", "American frontier. What they objected to was arbitrary obstacles, artificial limitations upon the freedom of each member of this frontier folk to work out his own career without fear or favor. What they instinctively opposed was the crystallization of differences, the monopolization of opportunity and the fixing of that monopoly by government or by social customs. The road must be open. The game must be played according to the rules. There must be no artificial stifling of equality of opportunity, no closed doors to the able, no stopping the free game before it was played to the end. More than that, there was an unformulated, perhaps, but very real feeling, that mere success in the game, by which the abler men were able to achieve preëminence gave to the successful ones no right to look down upon their neighbors, no vested title to assert superiority as a matter of pride and to the diminution of the equal right and dignity of the less successful.[71]", "2112 (song). The Protagonist \"wanders home\" and has a vision of the past and future—he \"guesses\" it was a dream, but it seems \"so vivid\" to him: An oracle shows him the way it was before the Federation rose—a society where creativity and individuality flourished, with great \"sculptured\" works of beauty driven by \"the pure spirit of man.\" He now sees that without these things, life has become \"meaningless.\"", "Far Away Eyes. In the lyrics, the loneliness of life and the possibilities in finding love are dealt with:", "Video Games (song). Additional, Drowned in Sound wrote of \"Video Games\":", "Scars & Souvenirs. The title of the album comes from a line in the song \"By the Way\". The title refers to the \"scars and souvenirs,\" or the ups and downs of one's lifetime, as a large majority of the songs on the album deal with things like relationships and obstacles that one might encounter during his or her life.", "Video Games (song). Above all the noise of the internet, ‘Video Games’ still works and is magical; I still have to listen on quiet because whenever I do I become convinced something absolutely terrible is about to crash through the window; it might as well be sung by Laura Palmer and be about the Bobs at the end of your bed. Either way, it is a brilliant, beautifully-executed pop song, a proper shivery, proper classic.[20]", "Hard Times (Paramore song). Lyrically, \"Hard Times\" is about the feeling of going through hard times, and being useless in achieving one's goals.[3] According to DIY, \"Hard Times\" follows the \"bombastic footsteps\" of previous singles \"Still Into You\" and \"Ain't It Fun\", featuring a \"huge chorus and sugary vocals\".[4] Eddie Fu at Consequence of Sound agrees, noting that it expands on the pop rock sound of those songs by \"further incorporating 1980's new wave\".[5] According to Billboard writer Lindsey Byrnes, it is a pop rock song that features a tribal beat, and is reminiscent of 1980's new wave.[6]", "A Rush of Blood to the Head. Production of the album began quickly with the writing of the track \"Politik\", which was a song seen as a reflection of the world at the time, giving the band a renewed perspective on their lives and society. Many of the song lyrics on the album relate strongly to the theme of urgency. Martin has commented that previous songs were more relaxed since they were in a comfortable state of mind: \"Perhaps there's a bit more urgency on some of these songs. And that's born from all the places we've been and the things we've experienced.\" Martin has explained. In relation to the theme of urgency, Martin has also started that the album's title means \"doing something on impulse\".[10]" ]

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[ "3rd Rock from the Sun. Dick Solomon (John Lithgow), the High Commander and leader of the expedition, is the family provider as a physics professor at Pendelton (with Ian Lithgow, John Lithgow's eldest son, playing one of his less successful students). Information officer and oldest member of the crew Tommy (Joseph Gordon-Levitt) has been given the body of a teenager and is forced to enroll in high school (later college), leaving security officer Sally (Kristen Johnston) and \"the one with the transmitter in his head\", Harry (French Stewart) to spend their lives as 20-somethings hanging out at home and bouncing through short-term jobs. The show also involves their relationships with humans, mostly their love interests.", "List of 3rd Rock from the Sun characters. Originally, Harry was not part of the mission, but just happened to go for the ride because an extra seat was available. Later, it becomes known that a chip is in his head, and he becomes the Communicator or Transmitter. Occasionally, he gets a message from the Solomons' leader, the Big Giant Head, and shakes violently in the middle of a sentence and squats down, with his arms at 90° angles, declaring \"Incoming message from the Big Giant Head!\", before going through the motions of delivering the message, which always ends with a violent sneeze. He poses as Dick and Sally's brother, and Tommy's uncle. Harry is often known to be the simplest family member, is occasionally impulsive and misunderstands people. He is also prone to misfortune. Though he seems to fit in on Earth with the earthlings better than anyone else, this is implied because he is seen as dimwitted. Whether he is really dimwitted or just more sensitive to his surroundings is unclear, however.", "French Stewart. Milton French-Stewart (born February 20, 1964),[1] known professionally as French Stewart, is an American actor, best known for his role as Harry Solomon on the 1990s sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun and for his role as Chef Rudy on the sitcom Mom.", "John Lithgow. In television, Lithgow is probably most widely known for his starring role as Dick Solomon in the 1996–2001 NBC sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. He was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series in each of the program's six seasons and won three times, in 1996, 1997, and 1999. His son Ian regularly appeared alongside him as Leon, one of his physics students.", "3rd Rock from the Sun. The family often communicates through Harry with their off-world (and usually unseen) boss, the Big Giant Head, who when he finally visits Earth, appears in the body of William Shatner. Harry unexpectedly (and often in inconvenient circumstances) stands up, his arms stiff (acting as the antenna), and proclaims: \"Incoming message from the Big Giant Head.\"", "John Lithgow. Lithgow is well known for his television roles as Dick Solomon in 3rd Rock from the Sun, Arthur Mitchell in Dexter and Sir Winston Churchill in The Crown as well as for his roles in films Blow Out, Twilight Zone: The Movie, Footloose, Harry and the Hendersons, Raising Cain, Shrek, Rise of the Planet of the Apes and Interstellar. His performances in The World According to Garp and Terms of Endearment each earned him Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actor.", "3rd Rock from the Sun. 3rd Rock maintained a constant ensemble cast; the four main characters are Dick, Sally, Tommy, and Harry. Several other main characters who left or joined the show through its original run supplemented these four. The three male aliens' names are a play on the phrase \"Tom, Dick and Harry\".", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3). Harry drives Nina to the dentist and behaves so sweetly toward her that he ends up stirring her emotions and sparking a romance. At work, Mary has been awarded a place in a promotional video for Pendleton and a jealous Dick takes desperate measures to ensure that he also is granted a place in it. Unfortunately, neither Dick or Mary share the director's vision and end up ruining the video. Meanwhile, Officer Don gives Sally a key to his apartment, hoping that the pair can spend more quality time together; however, he regrets it when she begins to treat the place a little too much as if it is her own. Guest appearances by George Michael, Jerry Seinfeld, Ralph Macchio, Kirstie Alley, John Stamos and William Petersen", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 1). Dick decides that he is now Harry's father, and tries to treat him as a son, but Harry wants to know what his use on the alien's mission is, and Dick and tells him about the radio receiver in his head. Unfortunately, Harry becomes angry and runs away from home. Meanwhile, Sally goes on a date with Mr. Randall and meets his mother (Naomi Judd).", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3). Dick is called up for jury duty for the first time and struggles to deliver a guilty verdict on a clearly guilty man. Meanwhile, Sally, much to Officer Don's distress, falls for a cockney 'artist' called Seth, and makes herself over to look and sound just like him. Elsewhere, Harry and Tommy volunteer themselves for Mary's class project - they must communicate without words for five days.", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3). Dick has two theater tickets for Peter Connolly's 'King of the Jig' left over from when he and Mary were dating, but upon realizing that he doesn't have any friends to accompany him, he forges a friendship with Don and becomes jealous when Don wants to spend time with his other friends. Meanwhile, Sally's 'artist' boyfriend Seth voices his dislike of Connolly and Sally decides to lure him to Johnny Foam's, while Tommy forces Harry to go to night school to earn a diploma, so that he can have the things that his friends do.", "List of 3rd Rock from the Sun characters. Nina does not usually get on with Dick but eventually he grows on her. She quits working for him in the episode \"Will Work for Dick\", which causes him a great deal of angst and resulting in his hiring and firing Harry. He convinces her to return to him in the end of the episode.[3]", "Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun). Tommy Solomon is a fictional character created by Bonnie and Terry Turner from the American sitcom 3rd Rock from the Sun. He was portrayed by Joseph Gordon-Levitt.", "Kristen Johnston. She has performed with the Naked Angels Theater Company in The Stand-In and Hot Keys, and with New York Stage and Film in Kim's Sister, with David Strathairn and Jane Adams. For her performance in The Lights at Lincoln Center Theater, Johnston was nominated for a Drama Desk Award as Best Supporting Actress. The show brought her to the attention of a Carsey-Werner television executive. After numerous auditions in 1996 for the TV series 3rd Rock from the Sun, she won the role of Sally Solomon. She starred in the series from 1996 to 2001 along with John Lithgow, Jane Curtin, French Stewart, and Joseph Gordon-Levitt, and the role earned her two Emmy Awards for best supporting actress in a comedy series.", "3rd Rock from the Sun. Despite the report's being set within the fictional world of 3rd Rock, a foreword written by John Lithgow himself is included in which he explains how he was abducted by the 3rd Rock producers and forced to work on their production. A Post-it note is attached to the foreword, apparently written by Dick Solomon, stating he does not know why the foreword is there, but that Lithgow is an Earth actor who appeared in \"some helicopter movie\".", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3). Dick prepares to celebrate his second anniversary of his first real date with Mary, and Vicki Dubcek returns to rekindle her romance with Harry. Sally, however, wants to lose her virginity to Don, but has trouble when Dick, angry that Mary didn't know what the celebration was about, locks himself in his bedroom, as her bedroom is on the other side of his. There are more sinister things afoot, however, when Randy (Phil Hartman), a disgruntled ex-lover of Vicki's turns up and kidnaps Harry.", "3rd Rock from the Sun. John Lithgow received an Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series for each year the show was broadcast, winning the Emmy in 1996, 1997, and 1999. Accepting the 1999 award, he said, \"Many wonderful things have happened to me in my life, but the two best are 3rd Rock and my dear family.\"[45]", "3rd Rock from the Sun. Screen Actors Guild Awards", "Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun). In the episode \"Dick'll Take Manhattan\", in which Dick, Harry and Sally enter into an alternate universe, Tommy is the star of Saturday Night Live, but later gets fired by Harry (who in the alternate reality, is employed as the President of NBC) for being too conceited and demanding a large salary.[2]", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 3). Mary's father arrives in town, announcing that he and his wife are separated, but unfortunately for Mary, he soon begins dating Sally. Meanwhile, Harry and Tommy stumble upon Pendleton's university radio station, where Harry takes the controls and begins a new-found career as a shock jock.", "Something old. In the 3rd Rock from the Sun episode \"A Dick on One Knee\" Harry is tasked with finding something old, something new; something borrowed, and something blue, his second attempt is \"Blind Joe\", an old man who plays the blues that he borrowed from the Tip-Top Club. When Sally asks Harry what's new about him, Harry says Joe is his new friend. [9]", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 4). When Harry's boss Doug starts deducting income tax from Harry's paycheck, the Solomons realize that they have never filed a tax return and that they owe $9500 to the government. To combat this, they invent the 'brilliant' notion of lying on their tax return and Dick reworks the sums so that the government owes them several hundred thousand dollars. Sally attempts to help by setting up a failed home hairdressing business, but when women start arriving for haircuts, Harry and Tommy 'camp up' and take to the 'salon' to help. Lying doesn't work, however, and the Solomons are faced with an audit - and the threat of being exposed as aliens.", "Jason Carter (actor). Born in Ealing, London and brought up in Gainsborough, a small market-town in Lincolnshire, Carter appeared on stage since he was a child. Advised to pursue a career in rubber technology, Carter opted instead for three years at London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art. In 1982, he landed his first television role on BBC2’s long-running Jackanory (1965–1996) as Hawkwing.[citation needed] He has appeared in numerous television series including Viper, Beverly Hills, 90210, 3rd Rock from the Sun, Charmed, Angel and Babylon 5. He also played the hedgehog, Hans, in an episode of the television series The Storyteller. Carter also loaned his voice briefly to the James Bond video game GoldenEye: Rogue Agent, in the role of Bond. He also appeared in the film The Duel.", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 4). When a meeting is rescheduled without her having been notified, Mary begins to have doubts about the longevity of her position as Dean, and Dick leads her to become paranoid that there is a conspiracy to have her removed from her job. The pair decide to investigate, and end up breaking into Judith's office by night for evidence, only to be caught by the police. Vicki Dubcek decides that the best thing Sally needs to help her get over her break up with Don is a weekend of riverboat gambling on the Cincinnati Queen, a floating casino - where Harry manages to win big, while Sally gets her lips on a Neil Diamond impersonator(Bryan Cranston).", "Joseph Gordon-Levitt. As a child, Gordon-Levitt appeared in the films A River Runs Through It, Angels in the Outfield, and 10 Things I Hate About You, and as Tommy Solomon in the TV series 3rd Rock from the Sun. He took a break from acting to study at Columbia University, but dropped out in 2004 to pursue acting again. He has since starred in (500) Days of Summer, Inception, Hesher, 50/50, Premium Rush, The Dark Knight Rises, Brick, Looper, The Lookout, Manic, Lincoln, Mysterious Skin, and G.I. Joe: The Rise of Cobra. He starred as Philippe Petit in the Robert Zemeckis-directed film The Walk (2015),[1] and as Edward Snowden in the Oliver Stone film Snowden (2016).[2] For his leading performances in (500) Days of Summer and 50/50, he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.", "Robbie Coltrane. His roles continued in the 1990s with the TV series Cracker (1993–1996, returning in 2006 for a one-off special), in which he starred as forensic psychologist Dr. Edward \"Fitz\" Fitzgerald.[6] The role won him three BAFTA awards. Roles in bigger films followed; the James Bond films GoldenEye (1995) and The World Is Not Enough (1999), a supporting role in From Hell (2001), as well as half-giant Rubeus Hagrid in the Harry Potter films (2001–2011). J. K. Rowling, author of the Harry Potter series, had Coltrane at the top of her list to play Hagrid and, when asked whom she would like to see in the role, responded \"Robbie Coltrane for Hagrid\" in one quick breath.[7][8] There is also an unnamed 8ft actor who stands in for the 6ft 1in Coltrane in some scenes.[9][10]", "Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun). The major running gag of Tommy is that he is the \"least\" sexy of the alien colleagues, for Dick has charm, Sally has looks and Harry has an exotic sexual behavior. For example, in one episode, at the bar where Harry works later in the series, there was a machine that tests how sexy you are. Whenever Tommy tries it out, he gets the lowest score (\"cold fish\"), while Harry constantly gets the highest.[3]", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 4). Vicki and the Solomons continue to search for Harry, who was abducted and sold to a circus by Vicki's ex, Randy, where Harry's transmissions from The Big Giant Head award him popularity as the act \"Hargo the Alien\". Meanwhile, the loss of Harry means that the aliens' status report continues to remain past-due, for which The Big Giant Head's punishment is to slowly cease Dick's brain functions. The group races to find and convince Harry to transmit their report and come home to the family and Rutherford before it is too late for Dick.", "Third Rock from the Sun (song). \"Third Rock from the Sun\" is a song written by Sterling Whipple, Tony Martin and John Greenebaum, and recorded by American country music artist Joe Diffie. It was released in July 1994 as the lead single and title track from his album Third Rock from the Sun. The song became Diffie's third Number One single on the Hot Country Singles & Tracks (now Hot Country Songs) chart. The song also became his first number one hit since \"If the Devil Danced (In Empty Pockets)\" in 1991.", "Tommy Solomon (3rd Rock from the Sun). When the Solomons originally arrived on Earth, Tommy, despite being the oldest of the aliens, was given the body of a teenage boy. Despite having to act like a kid all the time, Tommy's real age shines through, particularly when he plays the role of mentor to High Commander Dick, ostensibly Tommy's father while on Earth. During one episode, Tommy announces he has retired from the mission, and starts behaving like a stereotypical old man, even hanging out at the old folks' home (where he poses as one of the resident's nephews). As Information Officer, Tommy is the smartest and most Earth-savvy of the Solomons, and he is typically charged with gathering information about humans, mainly from television shows and films. Joseph Gordon-Levitt left the series during the final season, so the storyline has his character Tommy away at college.[1]", "Harry Anderson. In November 2008, Anderson played himself on an episode of 30 Rock along with fellow former Night Court cast members Markie Post and Charles Robinson.[21]", "3rd Rock from the Sun (season 4). Dick realizes that he doesn't know how to use a computer and strives to learn how to use one. When he does it takes over his life and he becomes a recluse. Sally and Tommy decide to do away with their old TV in favor of a newer, better one, but end up becoming addicted, wanting all the latest features. Harry and Vicki, however, are trying to get pregnant, but the medical-science part of it is turning Harry off. Guest appearance by Edward Herrmann." ]

[ 6.8046875, -3.109375, 7.09375, -2.806640625, 0.4619140625, 0.28515625, -0.3994140625, 0.470703125, -0.52001953125, -3.23828125, -2.181640625, -2.0625, -1.69140625, -4.01953125, -0.8232421875, 0.048187255859375, 1.169921875, -3.783203125, -0.94677734375, -2.998046875, -0.9013671875, -4.68359375, -3.869140625, -1.44140625, -3.078125, -4.1328125, -2.134765625, -3.30859375, -0.8193359375, -3.189453125, -4.7421875, -2.2578125 ]

[ "High-speed rail. In Great Britain in the same year, the streamlined steam locomotive Mallard achieved the official world speed record for steam locomotives at 202.58 km/h (125.88 mph). The external combustion engines and boilers on steam locomotives were large, heavy and time and labor-intensive to maintain, and the days of steam for high speed were numbered.", "Steam locomotive. In the 20th century, Chief Mechanical Engineer of the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) Nigel Gresley designed some of the most famous locomotives, including the Flying Scotsman, the first steam locomotive officially recorded over 100 mph in passenger service, and a LNER Class A4, 4468 Mallard, which still holds the record for being the fastest steam locomotive in the world (126 mph).[3]", "LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. Mallard is the holder of the world speed record for steam locomotives at 126 mph (203 km/h). The record was achieved on 3 July 1938 on the slight downward grade of Stoke Bank south of Grantham on the East Coast Main Line, and the highest speed was recorded at milepost 90¼, between Little Bytham and Essendine. It broke the German (DRG Class 05) 002's 1936 record of 124.5 mph (200.4 km/h). The record attempt was carried out during the trials of a new quick-acting brake (the Westinghouse \"QSA\" brake).", "Steam locomotive. In 2012, the Coalition for Sustainable Rail[122] project was started in the US with the goal of creating a modern higher-speed steam locomotive, incorporating the improvements proposed by Livio Dante Porta and others, and using torrefied biomass as solid fuel. The fuel has been recently developed by the University of Minnesota in a collaboration between the university's Institute on the Environment (IonE) and Sustainable Rail International (SRI), an organisation set up to explore the use of steam traction in a modern railway setup. The group have received the last surviving (but non-running) ATSF 3460 class steam locomotive (No. 3463) via donation from its previous owner in Kansas, the Great Overland Station Museum. They hope to use it as a platform for developing \"the world's cleanest, most powerful passenger locomotive\", capable of speeds up to 130 mph (210 km/h). Named \"Project 130\", it aims to break the world steam-train speed record set by LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard in the UK at 126 mph (203 km/h). However, any demonstration of the project's claims is yet to be seen.", "Shinkansen. Development of the Shinkansen by the privatised regional JR companies has continued, with new train models developed, each generally with its own distinctive appearance (such as the 500 series introduced by JR West). Since 2014, shinkansen trains run regularly at speeds up to 320 km/h (200 mph), placing them alongside the French TGV and German ICE as the fastest trains in the world.", "Great Western Railway. The Cheltenham Spa Express was the fastest train in the world when it was scheduled to cover the 77.25 miles (124.3 km) between Swindon and London at an average of 71.3 miles per hour (114.7 km/h).[62] The train was nicknamed the 'Cheltenham Flyer' and featured in one of the GWR's 'Books for boys of all ages'. Other named trains included The Bristolian, running between London and Bristol from 1935,[63] and the Torbay Express, which ran between London and Kingswear.[64]", "LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. Mallard's world record has never been officially exceeded by a steam locomotive, though the German Class 05 was at least very close: in 1936, two years before Mallard's run, 05 002 had reached 200.4 km/h (124.5 mph) between Hamburg and Berlin. Stoke Bank is long, straight and slightly downhill, whereas the 1936 run of 05 002 took place on a horizontal stretch of track. Unlike world records for cars and aircraft, there is no requirement for an average of two runs in both directions, and assistance from gradient or wind has always been acceptable in rail speed records. Also, unlike Mallard, 05 002 survived the attempt undamaged: on the other hand, its train was only four coaches long (197 tons), whereas Mallard's train was seven coaches (240 tons).[9] In terms of rival claims, Gresley and the LNER had just one serious attempt at the record, which was far from a perfect run with a 15 mph (24 km/h) permanent way check just North of Grantham. Despite this a record was set.[10] Gresley planned to have another attempt in September 1939, but this was prevented by the outbreak of World War II.[11] Before the record run on 3 July 1938, it was calculated that 130 mph (210 km/h) was possible, and in fact Driver Duddington and LNER Inspector Sid Jenkins both said they might well have achieved this figure had they not had to slow for the Essendine junctions.[10] It is very possible that around 1946, the American Pennsylvania Railroad's T1 class duplex steam locomotive could have attained faster operational speeds than Mallard. However, such claims were not officially verified, thus Mallard continues to hold the official record. The LNER A4 and PRR T1 classes had the same piston stroke and driving wheel diameter, which gave both locomotives the same piston speed for the same track speed.[12]", "East Coast Main Line. The ECML has been the backdrop for a number of famous rail journeys and locomotives. The line was worked for many years by Pacific locomotives designed by Gresley, including the famous steam locomotives \"Flying Scotsman\" and \"Mallard\". Mallard achieved a world record speed for a steam locomotive, at 126 miles per hour (203 km/h) and this record was never beaten. It made the run on the Grantham-to-Peterborough section, on the descent of Stoke Bank.", "LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard. London and North Eastern Railway locomotive numbered 4468 Mallard is a Class A4 4-6-2 Pacific steam locomotive built at Doncaster, England in 1938. It is historically significant as the holder of the world speed record for steam locomotives at 126 mph (203 km/h).[1]", "Narrow-gauge railway. In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent way improvements have allowed trains on 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge tracks to run at 160 km/h (99 mph) and faster. Queensland Rail's Electric Tilt Train is currently the fastest train in Australia and the fastest 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) gauge train in the world, setting a record at 210 km/h (130 mph).[4] The current speed record for 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) narrow-gauge rail is 245 km/h (152 mph), set in South Africa, 1978.[5][6][7]", "InterCity 125. The prototype InterCity 125 (power cars 43000 and 43001) set the world record for diesel traction at 143.2 mph (230.5 km/h) on 12 June 1973.[15] An HST also holds the world speed record for a diesel train carrying passengers. On 27 September 1985, a special press run for the launch of a new Tees-Tyne Pullman service from Newcastle to London King's Cross, formed of a shortened 2+5 set, briefly touched 144 mph (232 km/h) north of York. The world record for the fastest diesel-powered train, a speed of 148 mph (238 km/h), was set by an HST on 1 November 1987,[16][17][18][19] while descending Stoke Bank with a test run for a new type of bogie, later to be used under the Mark 4 coaches on the same route.", "High-speed rail in the United States. Many steam locomotives were streamlined during this time to attract passengers, and the first steam streamlined locomotive was the New York Central's Commodore Vanderbilt.[19] Nonetheless, some of these steam locomotives became very fast—some were said to exceed 120 mph (193 km/h) on a regular basis. Examples include the New York Central's \"Super Hudsons\" as used on the Twentieth Century Limited; the Milwaukee Road's purpose-built Atlantics and Hudsons used in Hiawatha service; the Pennsylvania Railroad's duplex-drive 4-4-4-4 type T1 locomotives, and two Union Pacific engines, a 4-6-2 and a 4-8-2, used on the \"Forty Niner\" and other trains.", "Maglev. The Shanghai Maglev Train, also known as the Transrapid, is the fastest commercial train currently in operation and has a top speed of 430 km/h (270 mph). The line was designed to connect Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the outskirts of central Pudong, Shanghai. It covers a distance of 30.5 km (19.0 mi) in 8 minutes.[79] The Shanghai system was labeled a white elephant by rivals.[80]", "Mainline steam trains in Great Britain. The most famous steam locomotive operating on the British main line is the 1923 built Flying Scotsman. After being taken into public ownership in 2004, following a decade long refit it returned to mainline service in 2016.[7] The fastest steam locomotive ever built, the 1938 built Mallard, was also certified for main line operation briefly in the 1980s.", "High-speed rail. The Shanghai Maglev Train reaches 431 km/h (268 mph) during its daily service on its 30.5 km (19.0 mi) dedicated line, holding the speed record for commercial train service.[99] [clarification needed]", "High-speed rail. After the successful introduction of the Japanese Shinkansen in 1964, at 210 km/h (130 mph), the German demonstrations up to 200 km/h (120 mph) in 1965, and the proof-of-concept jet-powered Aérotrain, SNCF still ran its fastest trains at only 160 km/h (99 mph).[19]", "High-speed rail. The second fastest operating conventional trains are the French TGV POS, German ICE 3, and Japanese E5 and E6 Series Shinkansen with a maximum commercial speed of 320 km/h (199 mph), the former two on some French high-speed lines,[citation needed] and the latter on a part of Tohoku Shinkansen line.[101]", "High-speed rail. The speed record for a pre-production unconventional passenger train was set by a seven-car L0 series manned maglev train at 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015.[98]", "High-speed rail in China. Maglev received a big boost in 2000 when the Shanghai Municipal Government agreed to purchase a turnkey TransRapid train system from Germany for the 30.5 km (19.0 mi) rail link connecting Shanghai Pudong International Airport and the city. In 2004, the Shanghai Maglev Train became the world's first commercially operated high-speed maglev. It remains the fastest commercial train in the world with peak speeds of 431 km/h (268 mph) and makes the 30.5 km (19.0 mi) trip in less than 7.5 minutes.", "High-speed rail. In 1935, the Milwaukee Road introduced the Morning Hiawatha service, hauled at 160 km/h (99 mph) by steam locomotives. These were the last \"high-speed\" trains to use steam power. In 1936, the Twin Cities Zephyr entered service, from Chicago to Minneapolis, with an average speed of 101 km/h (63 mph).[17]", "France. SNCF, the French national railroad company, has developed the TGV, a high speed train which holds a series of world speed records. The TGV has been the fastest wheeled train in commercial use since reaching a speed of 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) on 3 April 2007.[215] Western Europe is now serviced by a network of TGV lines.", "High-speed rail. The China Railways G/1276/7-G1278/5 Harbin-Wuhan train (2,446 kilometres or 1,520 miles, 14 ½ hours), which began service on 10 December 2014, became the longest high-speed rail service in the world.[102] It overtook the G1202 Harbin-Shanghai (2,421 kilometres or 1,504 miles, 12 hours), which had set the previous record on 28 December 2012.[102]", "Maglev. Japan has a demonstration line in Yamanashi prefecture where test train SCMaglev L0 Series Shinkansen reached 603 km/h (375 mph), faster than any wheeled trains.[64]", "History of steam road vehicles. In 1906 the Land Speed Record was broken by a Stanley steam car, piloted by Fred Marriott, which achieved 127 mph (203 km/h) at Ormond Beach, Florida. This annual week-long \"Speed Week\" was the forerunner of today's Daytona 500. This record was not exceeded by any land vehicle until 1910, and stood as the steam-powered world speed record till 25 August 2009.", "High-speed rail. Since the 1955 record, France has nearly continuously held the absolute world speed record. The latest record is held by a SNCF TGV POS trainset, which reached 574.8 km/h (357.2 mph) in 2007, on the newly constructed LGV Est high-speed line. This run was for proof of concept and engineering, not to test normal passenger service.", "Saint Petersburg. In 2009 Russian Railways launched a high speed service for the Moscow – Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as Sapsan, is a derivative of the popular Siemens Velaro train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on May 2, 2009, travelling at 281 km/h (174.6 mph)[102] and on May 7, 2009, traveling at 290 kilometers per hour (180 mph).", "High-speed rail. Following the success of the Hamburg line, the steam-powered Henschel-Wegmann Train was developed and introduced in June 1936 for service from Berlin to Dresden, with a regular top speed of 160 km/h (99 mph). Incidentally no train service since the cancelation of this express train in 1939 has traveled between the two cities in a faster time as of 2015[update].", "High-speed rail. Following the French TGV, in 1991 Germany was the second country in Europe to inaugurate a high-speed rail service, with the launch of the Intercity-Express (ICE) on the new Hannover-Würzburg high-speed railway, operating at a top speed of 280 km/h (170 mph). The German ICE train was similar to the TGV, with dedicated streamlined power cars at both ends, but a variable number of trailers between them. Unlike the TGV, the trailers had two conventional bogies per car, and could be uncoupled, allowing the train to be lengthened or shortened. This introduction was the result of ten years of study with the ICE-V prototype, originally called Intercity Experimental, which broke the world speed record in 1988, reaching 406 km/h (252 mph).", "High-speed rail. In 1976, British Rail introduced a high-speed service able to reach 201 km/h (125 mph) using the InterCity 125 diesel-electric train sets under the brand name of High Speed Train (HST). It was the fastest diesel-powered train in regular service and it improved upon its 160 km/h (100 mph) forerunners in speed and acceleration.[citation needed] The train was as a reversible multi-car set having driving power-cars at both ends and a fixed formation of passenger cars between them. Journey times were reduced by an hour for example on the East Coast Main Line, and passenger numbers increased.[citation needed]", "InterCity 125. InterCity 125 was the brand name of British Rail's diesel-powered High Speed Train (HST) fleet, which was built from 1975 to 1982 and was introduced in 1976. An InterCity 125 train is made up of two Class 43 power cars, one at each end of a fixed formation of Mark 3 carriages (the number of carriages varies by operator). The train operates at speeds of up to 125 mph (201 km/h) in regular service, and has an absolute maximum speed of 148 mph (238 km/h), making it the fastest diesel-powered train in the world, a record it has held from its introduction to the present day. Initially the sets were classified as Classes 253 and 254. A variant of the power cars operates in Australia as part of the XPT.", "Maglev. L0 Series train type undergoing testing by the Central Japan Railway Company (JR Central) for eventual use on the Chūō Shinkansen line set a world speed record of 603 km/h (375 mph) on 21 April 2015.[64] The trains are planned to run at a maximum speed of 505 km/h (314 mph),[104] offering journey times of 40 minutes between Tokyo (Shinagawa Station) and Nagoya, and 1 hour 7 minutes between Tokyo and Osaka.[105]", "High-speed rail. State planning for high-speed railway began in the early 1990s, and the country's first high-speed rail line, the Qinhuangdao–Shenyang Passenger Railway, was built in 1999 and opened to commercial operation in 2003. This line could accommodate commercial trains running at up to 200 km/h (120 mph). Planners also considered Germany's Transrapid maglev technology and built the Shanghai Maglev Train, which runs on a 30.5 km (19.0 mi) track linking the city and its international airport. The maglev train service began operating in 2004 with trains reaching a top speed of 431 km/h (268 mph), and remains the fastest high-speed service in the world. Maglev, however, was not adopted nationally and all subsequent expansion features high-speed rail on conventional tracks." ]

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[ "Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme. Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a flat, white candy bar containing uniformly-shaped cookie bits similar in taste and texture to an Oreo. It was introduced in 1994.[1] The king size variant of the bar shares the dimensions of the original bar but is thicker vertically. This is one of the few Hershey's chocolates sold in the United Kingdom. The standard-sized bar has 12 rectangular blocks arranged in a 3X4 grid. Similar Cookies ‘n’ Creme candies manufactured by Hershey were released as Hershey's Drops in 2010.", "The Hershey Company. In 1907, he introduced a new candy, bite-sized, flat-bottomed, conical-shaped pieces of chocolate that he named \"Hershey's Kiss\". Initially, they were individually wrapped by hand in squares of aluminum foil, and the introduction of machine wrapping in 1921 simplified the process while adding the small paper ribbon to the top of the package to indicate that it was a genuine Hershey product.[10] Today, 80 million of the candies are produced each day. Other products introduced included Mr. Goodbar (1925), containing peanuts in milk chocolate, Hershey's Syrup (1926), semisweet chocolate chips (1928), and the Krackel bar containing crisped rice (1938).", "Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme. On July 5, 2013, Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme was released as a cereal by General Mills.", "Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme. Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme is a Flavoring of Candy Bar manufactured by The Hershey Company.", "Hershey's Kisses. In 1924, Milton S. Hershey received a registered trademark for the plume. During 1942, production of Hershey Kisses was briefly interrupted due to the rationing of aluminum foil. Instead, the machines were used to create chocolate paste for the soldiers in World War II. In 1976, the Kiss received a registered trademark for the foil wrapper", "Hershey's Kisses. Hershey's Kisses Hugs and Hershey's Kisses Cookies 'N' Creme are made with the ingredient PGPR (Polyglycerol polyricinoleate, E476),[3] which is used as a cheaper replacement for cocoa butter.[4]", "The Hershey Company. In 1896, Milton built a milk-processing plant so he could create and refine a recipe for milk chocolate candies. In 1899, he developed the Hershey process, which is less sensitive to milk quality than traditional methods. In 1900, he began manufacturing Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bars, also called Hershey's Bars or Hershey Bars.", "Blue Bell Creameries. Blue Bell introduced its flagship flavor, Homemade Vanilla, in 1969[3] and was the first company to mass-produce the flavor Cookies 'n Cream.[22] Although the company at one time made Cookies 'n Cream from Nabisco's Oreo cookies, buying ordinary retail packages, today it bakes its own cookies.[12] As of 1997, Blue Bell Homemade Vanilla was the best-selling single flavor of ice cream in the United States,[6] and in 2001, Forbes named Blue Bell the best ice cream in the country.[23]", "The Hershey Company. In 1969, Hershey received a license from Rowntree's to manufacture and market Kit Kat and Rolo in the United States. As of September 2013, Hershey continued to make and market these brands in the U.S. under license from Nestlé, owners of the Rowntree brand. That license would be revoked and revert to Nestlé if Hershey is sold.[15] In 1977, Hershey acquired Y&S Candies, founded in 1845, and became the makers of Twizzlers licorice candies. In 1986, Hershey's began a brief foray into cough drops when it acquired the Luden's cough drops brand. By 2001, though, the brand had been sold to Pharmacia (now part of Pfizer),[34] and Luden's eventually became a product of Prestige Brands.[35] Hershey's kept Luden's 5th Avenue bar. In 1988, Hershey's acquired the rights to manufacture and distribute many Cadbury-branded products in the United States (except gum and mints, which are part of Mondelēz International). In 1996, Hershey purchased the American operations of the Leaf Candy Company from Huhtamäki.", "Hershey's Kisses. The Hershey Kisses were first introduced in 1907. At first, the Hershey Kisses were wrapped by hand, but in 1921, a machine was made so the Kisses would be wrapped automatically. Brothers Walter, Howard and Raymond Phillippy made improvements, such as devices to reject misshapen Kisses and position unwrapped candies upright. This is also when the plume was added.", "Cookies and cream. In 1983, cookies and cream became one of the top five best-selling flavors of ice cream.[9]", "List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company. This is a list of products manufactured by The Hershey Company. Some of these products began production over 100 years ago such as the Hershey Kiss and Hershey Bar. Hershey produces a variety of products that are chocolate or candy based, and The Hershey Company also produces gum. This list excludes licensed items such as Ice Cream and Chocolate Milk, which are made by Breyers, Good Humor, Klondike, and Natrel. The main markets are the Continental North America. (U.S. and Canada)", "Hershey bar. The Hershey's Milk Chocolate Bar (commonly called the Hershey's Bar, or more simply the Hershey Bar) is the flagship chocolate bar of the Hershey Company. Hershey refers to it as \"The Great American Chocolate Bar.\" The Hershey Milk Chocolate Bar was first sold in 1900, followed by the Hershey's Milk Chocolate with Almonds variety, which began production in 1908.", "The Hershey Company. The Hershey Company, known until April 2005 as the Hershey Foods Corporation[4] and commonly called Hershey's, is an American company and one of the largest chocolate manufacturers in the world. Its headquarters are in Hershey, Pennsylvania, which is also home to Hershey's Chocolate World. It was founded by Milton S. Hershey in 1894 as the Hershey Chocolate Company, a subsidiary of his Lancaster Caramel Company. Hershey's chocolate is available across the United States, due to their wide network of distribution.[5] They have three mega distribution centers, with modern technology and labor management systems.[6] Hershey's products are sold in over 60 countries worldwide.[7][8] In addition, Hershey is a member of the World Cocoa Foundation. It is also associated with the Hersheypark Stadium and the Giant Center.", "The Hershey Company. After an apprenticeship to a confectioner in 1873, Milton S. Hershey founded a candy shop in Philadelphia. This candy shop was only open for six years, after which Hershey apprenticed with another confectioner in Denver, where he learned to make caramel.[9] After another failed business attempt in New York, Hershey returned to Pennsylvania, where in 1886 he founded the Lancaster Caramel Company. The use of fresh milk in caramels proved successful,[10] and in 1900, after seeing chocolate-making machines for the first time at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Hershey sold his caramel company for $1,000,000[10] (equal to $29,416,000 today), and began to concentrate on chocolate manufacturing, stating to people who questioned him, \"Caramels are just a fad, but chocolate is a permanent thing.\"", "Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme. The Hershey Company later changed the ingredients of some of its products in order to replace the relatively expensive cocoa butter with oil substitutes.[2] As a result, the packaging no longer states that the bar contains white chocolate.", "Hershey bar. The Hershey Process milk chocolate in these bars uses fresh milk delivered directly from local farms. The process was developed by Milton Hershey and produced the first mass-produced chocolate in the United States. As a result, the Hershey flavor is widely recognized in the United States, but less so internationally, especially in areas where European chocolates are more widely available. The process is a company and trade secret, but experts speculate that the milk is partially lipolyzed, producing butyric acid, which stabilizes the milk from further fermentation. This flavor gives the product a particular sour, \"tangy\" taste which the US public has come to associate with the taste of chocolate, to the point that other manufacturers often add butyric acid to their milk chocolates.[1] The American bar's taste profile was not as popular with the Canadian public, leading Hershey to introduce a reformulated Canadian bar in 1983.[2]", "Chocolate chip cookie dough ice cream. It originated at the Ben & Jerry's Burlington Scoop Shop from an anonymous suggestion on their flavor suggestion board.[1] Because this outlet made most of its own flavors, the combination was only available there for several years. Ben and Jerry's \"primal ice cream therapist\" Peter Lind collaborated with Rhino Foods' Ted Castle to produce a variety of cookie dough that retained dough-like consistency at ice cream temperatures.[2] Rhino was able to gear up production of the dough in 1990, and in 1991, Ben and Jerry's introduced it to the larger public in pint-sized containers.", "The Hershey Company. Shortly before World War II, Bruce Murrie, son of long-time Hershey's president William F.R. Murrie, struck a deal with Forrest Mars to create a hard sugar-coated chocolate that would be called M&M's (for Mars and Murrie). Murrie had 20% interest in the confection, which used Hershey chocolate during the rationing era during World War II. In 1948, Mars bought out Murrie's interest and became one of Hershey's main competitors.[11]", "The Hershey Company. In September 2006, ABC News reported that several Hershey chocolate products were reformulated to replace cocoa butter with vegetable oil as an emulsifier. According to the company, this change was made to reduce the costs of producing the products instead of raising their prices or decreasing the sizes. Some consumers complained that the taste was different, but the company stated that in the company-sponsored blind taste tests, about half of consumers preferred the new versions. As the new versions no longer met the Food and Drug Administration's official definition of \"milk chocolate\", the changed items were relabeled from stating they were \"milk chocolate\" and \"made with chocolate\" to \"chocolate candy\" and \"chocolaty.\"[13]", "The Hershey Company. In 1903, Hershey began construction of a chocolate plant in his hometown of Derry Church, Pennsylvania, which later came to be known as Hershey, Pennsylvania.[10] The town was an inexpensive place for the workers and their families to live. Milton treated the people well and provided leisure activities to make sure the citizens enjoyed themselves. The milk chocolate bars manufactured at this plant proved popular, and the company grew rapidly.", "Hershey's Kisses. Hershey's Kisses chocolates were originally wrapped in silver-colored foil, and were only available in this single color for decades. 1962 marked the first year that Kisses chocolates were available in different colored foil wrappers: red, green, and silver-wrapped candies were manufactured to coincide with the Christmas season. In 1968, pastel blue, pink, and green wrappers were introduced for Easter, and in 1986, Valentine's Day-themed wrappers of red and silver were introduced. Xs and Os have also appeared on pink and red wrappers as well as little red hearts on silver wrappers for Valentine’s Day. \"Fall Harvest\" colors were introduced in 1991. Independence Day has silver with red stripes and blue-starred wrappers. Pink wrappers with \"ribbons\" on them to support breast cancer research have also appeared. Camouflage wrappers are also available, primarily on military bases. Kisses Dark Chocolates come in a deep purple wrapper. The Halloween themed Kisses Candy Corn candies come in a wrapper whose colors imitate the color of a candy corn with yellow, white and orange stripes swirling around the candy. In 2016 four limited Holiday wrapper varieties were released: Santa hats, Kissmas sweaters that resemble knit Christmas sweaters, Kissmas Trees with plums that read Fa La La, and Kissmas Presents with plums that read from me to you. The Christmas themed Kisses Candy Cane candies also come in a wrapper whose colors imitate the color pattern (red stripes and white chocolate). The original silver (for regular) and gold (for Almonds) wrappers are available year-round.", "Hershey's Kisses. Hershey's Kisses is a brand of chocolate manufactured by The Hershey Company. The bite-sized pieces of chocolate have a distinctive shape, commonly described as flat-bottomed teardrops. Hershey's Kisses chocolates are wrapped in squares of lightweight aluminum foil with a narrow strip of paper protruding from the top.", "Almond Joy. In the 2000s, Hershey began producing variations of the product, including a limited-edition Piña Colada and Double Chocolate Almond Joy in 2004, a limited-edition White Chocolate Key Lime and Milk Chocolate Passion Fruit Almond Joy in 2005, and a limited-edition Toasted Coconut Almond Joy in 2006.", "List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company. Cacao Reserve by Hershey's was marketed as a premium line in comparison to Hershey's other chocolate products.[9] It was discontinued in July 2009.[10]", "M&M's. Forrest Mars, Sr., son of the Mars Company founder, Frank C. Mars, copied the idea for the candy in the 1930s during the Spanish Civil War when he saw soldiers eating British-made Smarties, chocolate pellets with a colored shell of what confectioners call hard panning (essentially hardened sugar syrup) surrounding the outside, preventing the candies from melting. Mars received a patent for his own process on March 3, 1941.[7] Production began in 1941 in a factory located at 285 Badger Avenue in Clinton Hill, Newark, New Jersey. When the company was founded it was M&M Limited.[8] The two \"Ms\" represent the names of Forrest E. Mars Sr., the founder of Newark Company, and Bruce Murrie, son of Hershey Chocolate's president William F. R. Murrie, who had a 20 percent share in the product.[9] The arrangement allowed the candies to be made with Hershey chocolate, as Hershey had control of the rationed chocolate at the time.[10]", "The Hershey Company. In June 2006, Philadelphia city councilman Juan Ramos called for Hershey's to stop marketing \"Ice Breakers Pacs\", a kind of mint, due to the resemblance of its packaging to a kind that was used for illegal street drugs.[12]", "Hershey bar. Until 2015, Hershey also added polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) to their chocolate which contributed to the difference in taste between Hershey chocolates and European chocolates.[3] Artificial vanillin was also removed in 2015.[4]", "Hershey's Cookies 'n' Creme. 1.55oz or 43g bar:", "Chocolate chip cookie. The chocolate chip cookie was invented by the American chef Ruth Graves Wakefield and chef Sue Brides in 1938.[1] She invented the recipe during the period when she owned the Toll House Inn, in Whitman, Massachusetts. In this era, the Toll House Inn was a popular restaurant that featured home cooking. It is often incorrectly reported that she accidentally developed the cookie, and that she expected the chocolate chunks would melt, making chocolate cookies. In fact, she stated that she deliberately invented the cookie. She said, \"We had been serving a thin butterscotch nut cookie with ice cream. Everybody seemed to love it, but I was trying to give them something different. So I came up with Toll House cookie.\"[2] She added chopped up bits from a Nestlé semi-sweet chocolate bar into a cookie.[3] The original recipe in Toll House Tried and True Recipes [4] is called \"Toll House Chocolate Crunch Cookies.\"", "List of products manufactured by The Hershey Company. Reese’s is the No. 1 selling candy brand in the United States[2] and has been Hershey's best-selling product since 1969.[3]", "Hershey's Kisses. Though originally made of solely milk chocolate, many variations of the Kisses brand of chocolates and candies have since been introduced. Hershey introduces and discontinues new flavors constantly. As of January 2013, some of the flavors available throughout the year include:[1]" ]

[ 5.48046875, 1.9375, 5.515625, -0.96533203125, -2.46875, -3.677734375, 1.5595703125, -2.2890625, -0.297119140625, -0.7724609375, 0.6025390625, -3.666015625, -0.54443359375, 0.71142578125, 0.2015380859375, -2.68359375, -0.1187744140625, -3.33203125, -0.6943359375, -1.9208984375, -0.935546875, -3.078125, -7.23828125, -1.2880859375, -1.7822265625, -0.53564453125, -4.1171875, -2.677734375, -4.9375, -4.7578125, 1.5673828125, -1.9326171875 ]

[ "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. The Getaway is the 12th book in the series, and is released everywhere except Canada on November 7, 2017.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway is the twelfth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2017 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event which was live streamed via YouTube as part of the 10th anniversary of the first book.[1] The book was published and released on November 7, 2017.[2]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 3, 2010. The Blu-ray Version features six pages from Rowley's diary, Diary of an Awesome, Friendly Kid.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules is the second book in an twelve book franchise. The third, The Last Straw was released January 13, 2009, has been on the list for 65 weeks (peaking at number 1).[4] The fourth, Dog Days was released October 12, 2009. The book was peaking at #1 for all 25 weeks of publication, making Dog Days the #1 Best Selling Book of 2009.[5] The fifth, The Ugly Truth was released November 9, 2010.[6] The sixth, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever was released November 15, 2011.[7] The seventh, The Third Wheel was released on November 13, 2012. The eighth, Hard Luck was released on November 5, 2013. The ninth, The Long Haul was released on November 4, 2014. The tenth, Old School was released on November 3, 2015. The eleventh, Double Down was released November 1, 2016. The twelveth, The Getaway was released November 7, 2017. The Thirteenth, ‘’The Meltdown will be released October 30, 2018 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Mom's Rules", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). The film was released on May 17, 2017, in the Philippines, May 19, 2017, in the United States, and May 20, 2017, in the United Kingdom.[5]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever is a 2011 bestselling and award winning children's book and the sixth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series, written by American author Jeff Kinney.[1] The book was released on November 15, 2011 and was the fastest selling book of 2011,[2] giving him the third strongest opening week sales for a children's author.[3] Cabin Fever had a first printing run of six million copies, which Amulet Books stated was one of their most significant titles for that year.[4] In 2012 Kinney won a \"Best Author\" Children's Choice Award from the Children's Book Council for Cabin Fever.[5] The book was followed by 2012's The Third Wheel.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. Greg Heffley and his family are getting out of town.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Double Down is the eleventh book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series by Jeff Kinney. The book was unveiled during the 2016 Diary of a Wimpy Kid Virtually Live Event. The book was published on November 1, 2016. The real book trailer was released on October 17, 2016.[1]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Diary of a Wimpy Kid is the first book in an ongoing book franchise. The second, Rodrick Rules was released February 1, 2008 and was listed on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 117 weeks.[5] The Last Straw, the third book in the series, released on January 13, 2009 was on the New York Times Best Sellers list for 65 weeks, peaking at number one.[6] Dog Days was released October 12, 2009 with 217 pages. The book was ranked at number one on the New York Times Best Sellers List for all 25 weeks of inclusion, making Dog Days the #1 Best Selling Book of 2009.[7] The Ugly Truth was released November 9, 2010 with 217 pages.[8] The sixth, Cabin Fever was released November 15, 2011.[9] The seventh, The Third Wheel was released on November 13, 2012. The eighth, Hard Luck was released on November 5, 2013 in the United States and on November 6 in the United Kingdom. The ninth, The Long Haul was released on November 4, 2014 in the US and November 5, 2014 in the UK. The tenth, Old School, was released globally on November 3, 2015.[10] The eleventh, Double Down, was published on November 1, 2016.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film). On July 29, 2016, it was announced that a new movie with a different cast based on the 9th book, The Long Haul, had begun production.[30] The film was released on May 19, 2017.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. Amulet Books (US)", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. With the cold weather and the stress of the approaching holiday season, the Heffleys decide to escape to a tropical island resort for some much-needed rest and relaxation. A few days in paradise should do wonders for Greg and his frazzled family.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). The film's trailer was shown with Gulliver's Travels on December 25, 2010. It was later online on January 3, 2011. A poster was released there after on January 14, 2011. In February 2011, an exclusive online-only trailer was released on the \"Wimpy Kid Movie\" YouTube channel, officialwimpmovie. Due to the success of the first film in Singapore, the film was released there eight days before the US release on March 17, 2011. The film was released in Brazil on September 16, 2011.[8] A TV spot of the movie was released in March 2011.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid. Diary of a Wimpy Kid first appeared on FunBrain in 2004, where it was read 20 million times.[1] The abridged hardcover adaptation was released on April 1, 2007.[citation needed] The book was named New York Times bestseller among other awards and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 19, 2010. The sequel to the film is Rodrick Rules, followed by Dog Days and The Long Haul.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). The official trailer for Wimpy Kid was released virally on January 21, 2010 and was shown in theaters with Tooth Fairy.[8] A poster for the film was released shortly after. Another trailer was shown with Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief.[9]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). The official Facebook account for Wimpy Kid had uploaded three clips from the film, as of March 1, 2010.[10]\nIn the United Kingdom and Ireland the film was released in cinemas on August 25, 2010.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). It was theatrically released on May 19, 2017, by 20th Century Fox. The film grossed $40 million worldwide on a $22 million budget, and received negative reviews from critics and fans of the franchise alike.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). A tie-in book, written by Kinney, called The Wimpy Kid Movie Diary was published on March 16, 2010, by Amulet Books (an imprint of Abrams Books). It includes film stills, storyboards, preliminary concept drawings, and also behind the scenes information to humorously chronicle the making of the film. It also includes some new illustrations.[11][12]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on Digital HD from Amazon Video and iTunes on August 1, 2017, and on Blu-ray and DVD on August 8, 2017 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.[19][20]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul was released on May 19, 2017, and is the first film to feature an entirely new cast. Jason Drucker and Charlie Wright portray Greg and Rodrick Heffley, and Tom Everett Scott and Alicia Silverstone as their parents, Frank and Susan.[4] The film follows Greg and Rodrick convincing their family to go on a road trip for their grandmother's 90th birthday, but they actually plan on attending a video game convention.[1] The film was critically panned by both critics and audiences upon release.[5]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (book). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days is a novel written by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney, and is the fourth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series.[1]\nIt was released on October 12, 2009 in the USA and October 13, 2009, in Canada. The film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days, released on August 3, 2012, was based on the book and its predecessor, The Last Straw.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Getaway. But the Heffleys soon discover that paradise isn't everything it's cracked up to be. Sun poisoning, stomach troubles, and venomous critters all threaten to ruin the family's vacation. Can their trip be saved, or will this island getaway end in disaster?", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film). Three sequels were released in 2011, 2012 and 2017 respectively. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was released on March 25, 2011. It was based on the second book in the series, Rodrick Rules. Zachary Gordon reprised his role in the film. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was released on August 3, 2012 and is based on The Last Straw and Dog Days, including scenes from both books. An animated short film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown, was released along with the DVD of Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days. A film based on The Long Haul was released in May 2017 featuring a new cast starring Jason Drucker, Alicia Silverstone, and Tom Everett Scott.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul. A film adaptation of the book, starring Jason Drucker as Greg Heffley, was released on May 19, 2017.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul. A sequel was announced in late March 2015, with the title, color, and cover of the book revealed on April 27, 2015.[citation needed] The sequel is called Old School, and was released on November 3, 2015.[2]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Third Wheel is a 2012 bestselling children's novel and the seventh book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series, written by American author Jeff Kinney.[1] Kinney announced the book in March 2012, with The Third Wheel's cover revealed in May 2012.[2] The book was released on November 13, 2012.[3][4]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Dog Days was released on iTunes on December 4, 2012.[24] It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United States on December 18, 2012.[25]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul is a children's novel written by Jeff Kinney and is the ninth book in the Diary of a Wimpy Kid series. On April 28, 2014, Kinney announced the book's name and its cover color. The book was released on November 5, 2014 in the UK.[1]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (film series). In December 2012, Jeff Kinney announced that he was working on an animated adaptation of Cabin Fever to air around Christmas 2013. The adaptation would explain how Manny managed to redirect the power for all to his room and no one else's.[6] In August 2013, Kinney stated it would be a half-hour television special, and would air on Fox in late 2014. The film was teased with the conclusion of the 2012 animated short film Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Class Clown, which ended with a scene adapted from the Cabin Fever book. As of 2017, no updates of the project have been announced since.[7]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules (film). Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules was released on a stand-alone DVD, a special edition double DVD pack, and a Blu-ray/DVD/digital copy combo pack on June 21, 2011. One of the bonus shorts was shown during iParty with Victorious on Nickelodeon at 8:00 PM on June 11, 2011.", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid (book series). The likelihood of a fourth live action film was slim. Kinney has announced the possibility for an animated film to be based on Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Cabin Fever as the next installment. In an interview for the latest book Hard Luck, Jeff Kinney stated he was working with Fox on a half-hour special of Cabin Fever, which was to be aired in late 2014,[21][22] but has since been delayed. In September 2016, Jeff Kinney announced officially the production of a fourth film, Diary of a Wimpy Kid: The Long Haul, on his Twitter account.[23]", "Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules. Diary of a Wimpy Kid: Rodrick Rules is a satirical realistic fiction novel by American author and cartoonist Jeff Kinney, based on the FunBrain.com version. It is the sequel to Diary of a Wimpy Kid, followed by The Last Straw.[2] The hardcover was released on February 1, 2008.[3] Rodrick Rules was named New York Times bestseller among awards and praise. A film of the same name was released on March 25, 2011." ]

[ 7.88671875, 7.890625, 2.068359375, 5.8515625, 5.26953125, 1.5244140625, -0.90771484375, 2.025390625, 2.416015625, 2.37890625, -1.068359375, -1.2265625, 0.63232421875, 3.00390625, 1.60546875, 2.48046875, 4.9375, 0.97265625, 4.27734375, 4.7890625, 2.26171875, -3.5859375, 1.990234375, 3.201171875, 1.45703125, 2.201171875, 2.9296875, 2.39453125, 0.751953125, 1.169921875, -0.52001953125, 1.361328125 ]

[ "Conjugal visit. Neither the English, Welsh, Scottish, nor Northern Irish prison systems allow conjugal visits. However, home visits, with a greater emphasis on building other links with the outside world to which the prisoner will be returned, are allowed. These home visits are usually only granted to prisoners who have a few weeks to a few months remaining of a long sentence. Furthermore, home visits are more likely to be granted if the prisoner is deemed to have a low risk of absconding i.e. prisoners being held in open prisons have a better chance of being granted home visits than prisoner being held in closed conditions.", "Conjugal visit. The Israel Prison Service (IPS) allows standard conjugal visits to inmates who are married or are in a common-law relationship or if their partner has been visiting them frequently for at least two years, and have been on good behavior. Inmates who receive prison furloughs are not eligible for conjugal visits. Conjugal visits can be withheld on security grounds or as a means of punishment for misbehavior. IPS guidelines were clarified in July 2013 to allow conjugal visits of same-sex partners.[12][13]", "Conjugal visit. A conjugal visit is a scheduled period in which an inmate of a prison or jail is permitted to spend several hours or days in private with a visitor, usually their legal spouse. The parties may engage in sexual activity. The generally recognized basis for permitting such visits in modern times is to preserve family bonds and increase the chances of success for a prisoner's eventual return to life after release from prison. They also provide an incentive to inmates to comply with the various day-to-day rules and regulations of the prison, and to avoid committing any infraction which might disqualify them from having a conjugal visit.", "Conjugal visit. In Spain, prisoners are allowed conjugal visits every four to eight weeks. They are held in private rooms and can last up to three hours. Couples are provided with condoms, shower facilities, and clean towels.[6]", "Conjugal visit. Conjugal visits are a universal practice in Mexico, independent of a prisoner's marital status; in some correctional facilities entire families are allowed to live in prisons with their imprisoned relative for extended periods.[14] Specifically in Mexico City, in July 2007, the prison system in that city has begun to allow gay prisoners to have conjugal visits from their partners, on the basis of a 2003 law which bans discrimination based on sexual orientation.[15]", "Conjugal visit. In Denmark, conjugal visits are permissible. The State Prison of East Jutland has apartments for couples, where inmates who have been sentenced to more than 8 years in prison can have visitation for 47 hours per visit.", "Conjugal visit. Germany allows prisoners and their spouses or partners to apply for conjugal visits. Those who are approved are allowed unsupervised visits so that prisoners can preserve intimate bonds with their partners. However, prisoners[clarification needed] are searched before being allowed a visit. In 2010, an inmate murdered his girlfriend and attempted suicide during a visit, leading to additional criticism of the allegedly lax security in German prisons.[8]", "Conjugal visit. The United States Federal Bureau of Prisons does not allow conjugal visits for prisoners in federal custody.[24] For prisoners in state custody, the availability of conjugal visits is governed by the law of the particular state. Where conjugal visits are allowed, inmates must meet certain requirements to qualify for this privilege:", "Conjugal visit. Since April 2013, Turkish General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Houses offers conjugal visits as a \"reward\" to the well-behaved prisoners.[22]", "Conjugal visit. In Canada, all inmates, with the exception of those on disciplinary restrictions or at risk for family violence, are permitted \"private family visits\" of up to 72 hours' duration once every two months. Eligible visitors, who may not themselves be prison inmates, are: spouse, or common-law partner of at least six months; children; parents; foster parents; siblings; grandparents; and \"persons with whom, in the opinion of the institutional head, the inmate has a close familial bond\". Food is provided by the institution but paid for by the inmates and visitors, who are also responsible for cleaning the unit after the visit. During a visit, staff members have regular contact with the inmate and visitors.[7]", "Conjugal visit. By the early 1990s, 17 states had conjugal programs. According to Leap, conjugal visits declined after an increase in attitudes that prison should be a place for punishment and that conjugal visits were not appropriate for people being punished, and also because academic literature in the 1980s and 1990s argued that it was not possible to rehabilitate some criminals.[26]", "Conjugal visit. The first state to implement conjugal visits was Mississippi in the Mississippi State Penitentiary (Parchman). It was enacted to convince black male prisoners to work harder in their manual labor.[25] Jorja Leap, a professor of social welfare at the Luskin School of Public Affairs at the University of California, Los Angeles stated that criminologists believe allowing conjugal visits would build family ties and reduce recidivism.[26] Over the last 40 years, most new prisons included special buildings specifically designed for \"Sunday visits.\"[27]", "Conjugal visit. In Brazil, male prisoners are eligible to be granted conjugal visits for both heterosexual and homosexual relationships, while women's conjugal visits are tightly regulated, if granted at all.[6]", "Conjugal visit. In Pakistan, conjugal visits prior to 2009 were permitted only under special circumstances.[17] In August 2009, Federal Shariat Court ruled that married prisoners should be allowed conjugal visits at the designated facilities within the jail complex and alternatively, they should be granted a short parole to visit their spouses.[18] Following the ruling, the Province of Sindh was the first to adopt legislation providing conjugal visits for married prisoners within Jail premises.[19] Human Rights Book 2010 reports that Conjugal visits are now available for Prisoners in all Provinces and Federal territories if they are male and married.[20] Since Homosexuality is considered a criminal offense in Pakistan and same-sex marriage is not recognized by law, this privilege applies only to straight couples.", "Conjugal visit. In Lyons v. Gilligan (1974), the United States District Court for the Northern District of Ohio held that prisoners have no constitutional right to conjugal visits with their spouses during sentences.[23]", "Conjugal visit. The visitor may be required to undergo a background check, and the inmate must also be free of any sexually transmitted diseases. As a matter of procedure, both visitor and inmate are searched before and after the visit, to ensure that the visitor has not attempted to smuggle any items into or out of the facility.", "Conjugal visit. In the Russian penal system, since a campaign of prison reform that began in 2001, well-behaved prisoners are granted an eighteen-day holiday furlough from incarceration to see loved ones. Prisoners also get extended on-site family visits, approximately once per month.[21]", "Conjugal visit. In April 2011, New York adopted legislation to allow family visits for married partners.[29] In January 2014, the head of the Mississippi Department of Corrections, Chris Epps, terminated the state conjugal program.[26] New Mexico announced it was also ending its program in May 2014. The states with conjugal visits are California, Connecticut, New York and Washington.[30]", "Conjugal visit. In June 2007, the California Department of Corrections announced it would allow same-sex conjugal visits. The policy was enacted to comply with a 2005 state law requiring state agencies to give the same rights to domestic partners that heterosexual couples receive. The new rules allow for visits only by registered married same sex couples or domestic partners who are not themselves incarcerated. Further, the same sex marriage or domestic partnership must have been established before the prisoner was incarcerated.[28]", "New York State Department of Corrections and Community Supervision. At some medium-security prisons, facilities for conjugal visits are available for carefully selected inmates, including same-sex married couples. New York State is one of only four states with conjugal visits in 2014.", "Conjugal visit. In 2015, the Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the right of married convicts and jail inmates to have conjugal visits or artificial insemination for pregnancy was a fundamental right.[9]", "Conjugal visit. Conjugal visits usually take place in designated rooms or a structure provided for that purpose, such as a trailer or a small cabin. Supplies such as soap, condoms, lubricant, bed linens, and towels may be provided.", "Conjugal visit. In Australia, conjugal visits are permitted in the Australian Capital Territory and Victoria.[1][2][3] Other jurisdictions, including Western Australia[4] and Queensland,[5] do not permit conjugal visits.", "Conjugal visit. New Zealand does not permit conjugal visits.[16]", "Conjugal visit. As of 2008, conjugal visitation programs are now known as the extended-family visits or family-reunion visits because mothers, fathers, and other family members may attend these visits. The focus is on family ties and rehabilitation.[27]", "Mark David Chapman. Chapman is in the Family Reunion Program, and is allowed one conjugal visit a year with his wife,[42] since he accepted solitary confinement. The program allows him to spend up to 42 hours alone with his wife in a specially built prison home. He also gets occasional visits from his sister, clergy, and a few friends. In 2004, James Flateau, a spokesman for the state's Department of Correctional Services, said that Chapman had been involved in three \"minor incidents\" between 1989 and 1994 for delaying an inmate count and refusing to follow an order.[43] On May 15, 2012, Chapman was transferred to the Wende Correctional Facility in Alden, New York, which is east of Buffalo.[6]", "Religion in the United Kingdom. Prisoners are given religious freedom and privileges while in prison. This includes access to a chaplain or religious advisor, authorised religious reading materials,[153] ability to change faith, as well as other privileges.[154] Several faith-based outreach programmes provide faith promoting guidance and counselling.[155][156][157]", "Conjugal visit. Marie and Noel Murray, an anarchist married couple imprisoned for a 1976 murder, lost a 1991 appeal for conjugal rights.[10] The Supreme Court ruled that the Constitutional right to beget children within marriage was suspended while a spouse was lawfully imprisoned.[11]", "Sentencing in England and Wales. Custodial sentences range from a minimum of five days to life imprisonment. They include:", "High Court of Justice. The Family Division has faced criticism by allowing allegedly abusive partners to cross-examine their former partners; a procedure already banned in criminal procedure. Peter Kyle, MP for Hove, claimed this amounted to \"abuse and brutalisation\", and called for the system to be changed.[13] Liz Truss, when she was Lord Chancellor, announced plans to end this practice, and proposals were contained in Clause 47 of the Prisons and Courts Bill before Parliament was prorogued for the 2017 General Election.[14][15][16]", "HM Prison Wakefield. Wakefield Prison holds approximately 600 of Britain's most dangerous people (mainly sex offenders and prisoners serving life sentences for violent crimes against women and children). Accommodation at the prison comprises single-occupancy cells with integral sanitation. All residential units have kitchens available for offenders to prepare their own meals. An Incentives and Earned Privileges system allows standard and enhanced offenders the opportunity of in-cell TV. All offenders are subject to mandatory drugs testing and there are voluntary testing arrangements, which are compulsory for all offenders employed as e.g. wing cleaners or kitchen workers.", "United Kingdom prison population. The United Kingdom has three distinct legal systems with a separate prison system in each: one for both England and Wales, one for Scotland, and one for Northern Ireland." ]

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[ "Auckland volcanic field. The first vent erupted at Onepoto 248,000 ± 28,000 years ago.[5] The most recent eruption (about 600 years ago[6] and within historical memory of the local Māori iwi) was of Rangitoto, an island shield volcano just east of the city, erupting 2.3 cubic kilometres of lava. The eruptions have tended to become bigger over time, with Rangitoto making up almost 60 per cent of the field's entire volume of erupted material. The field's volcanoes are relatively small, with most less than 150 metres (490 ft) in height.", "Auckland volcanic field. In 2013, scientists said new studies showed Rangitoto had been much more active in the past than previously thought, suggesting it had been active on and off for around 1000 years before the final eruptions around 550 years ago.[17] Civil Defence officials said the discovery did not make living in Auckland any more dangerous, but did change their view of how an evacuation might proceed.[18]", "Auckland volcanic field. For most of the 250,000 years that the field has been erupting, the planet has been in glacial periods (ice ages) where sea levels were much lower due to water being locked up as ice, and the Waitemata and Manukau Harbours were dry land. All the volcanoes probably erupted on land except for Rangitoto, which erupted during the current interglacial (warmer) period.[12]", "Auckland. Auckland's volcanoes are fuelled entirely by basaltic magma, unlike the explosive subduction-driven volcanism in the central North Island, such as at Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo which are of tectonic origin.[36] The most recent and by far the largest volcano, Rangitoto Island, was formed within the last 1000 years, and its eruptions destroyed the Māori settlements on neighbouring Motutapu Island some 700 years ago. Rangitoto's size, its symmetry, its position guarding the entrance to Waitematā Harbour and its visibility from many parts of the Auckland region make it Auckland's most iconic natural feature. Because of its rich acidic soil and the type of flora growing out of the rocky soil, only a few birds and insects inhabit the island.", "Auckland. Auckland straddles the Auckland volcanic field, which has produced about 90 volcanic eruptions from 50 volcanoes in the last 90,000 years. It is the only city in the world built on a basaltic volcanic field that is still active. It is estimated that the field will stay active for about one million years. Surface features include cones, lakes, lagoons, islands and depressions, and several have produced extensive lava flows. Some of the cones and flows have been partly or completely quarried away. The individual volcanoes are all considered extinct, although the volcanic field itself is merely dormant.", "Auckland volcanic field. The Auckland volcanic field is an area of monogenetic volcanoes covered by much of the metropolitan area of Auckland, New Zealand's largest city, located in the North Island. The approximately 48 volcanoes[1] in the field have produced a diverse array of maars (explosion craters), tuff rings, scoria cones, and lava flows. Aside from Rangitoto, which erupted repeatedly, no volcano has erupted twice, but eruptions lasted for various periods ranging from a few weeks to several years.[2] The field is fuelled entirely by basaltic magma, unlike the explosive subduction-driven volcanism in the central North Island, such as at Mount Ruapehu and Lake Taupo.[3] The field is currently dormant, but could become active again.[4]", "Ring of Fire. The Auckland volcanic field on the North Island of New Zealand has produced a diverse array of explosive craters, scoria cones, and lava flows. Currently dormant, the field is likely to erupt again with the next \"hundreds to thousands of years\", a very short timeframe in geologic terms.[60] The field contains at least 40 volcanoes, most recently active about 600 years ago at Rangitoto Island, erupting 2.3 km3 of lava.", "Auckland. The trend is for the latest eruptions to occur in the northwest of the field. Auckland has at least 14 large lava tube caves which run from the volcanoes down towards the sea. Some are several kilometres long. A new suburb, Stonefields, has been built in an excavated lava flow, northwest of Maungarei / Mount Wellington, that was previously used as a quarry by Winstones.", "Auckland volcanic field. Since the field is not extinct, new volcanic events may occur at any time, though the usual period between events is, on average, somewhere between hundreds to thousands of years. However, the effects of such an event—especially a full-scale eruption—would be substantial, ranging from pyroclastic surges to earthquakes,[14] lava bombs, ash falls, and the venting volcanic gas, as well as lava flows. These effects might continue for several months, potentially causing substantial destruction and disruption, ranging from the burial of substantial tracts of residential or commercial property, to the mid-to-long-term closures of major parts of the country's infrastructure such as the Port of Auckland, the State Highway network, or the Auckland Airport.[4] It is possible that several volcanoes could erupt simultaneously. There is strong evidence that five erupted within a span of 50 years or less, approximately 32,000 years ago.", "Auckland volcanic field. The field has produced voluminous lava flows that cover much of the Auckland isthmus. One of the longest runs from Mt Saint John northward, almost crossing the Waitematā Harbour to form Meola Reef.[7] More than 50 lava tubes and other lava caves have been discovered, including the 290-metre (950 ft)-long Wiri Lava Cave.[8] The second-longest individual cave in the Auckland field, some 270 metres (890 ft) in total length, is the Cave of a Thousand Press-ups to the east of Maungakiekie/One Tree Hill.[9] Two impressive depressions caused by lava cave collapses are the Puka Street Grotto and the nearby Hochstetter Pond, also known as Grotto Street Pond, in Onehunga.[10][11]", "Ring of Fire. Mount Ruapehu, at the southern end of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, is one of the most active volcanoes.[58] It began erupting at least 250,000 years ago. In recorded history, major eruptions have been about 50 years apart,[58] in 1895, 1945, and 1995–1996. Minor eruptions are frequent, with at least 60 since 1945. Some of the minor eruptions in the 1970s generated small ash falls and lahars that damaged ski fields.[59] Between major eruptions, a warm acidic crater lake forms, fed by melting snow. Major eruptions may completely expel the lake water. Where a major eruption has deposited a tephra dam across the lake's outlet, the dam may collapse after the lake has refilled and risen above the level of its normal outlet, the outrush of water causing a large lahar. The most notable lahar caused the Tangiwai disaster on December 24, 1953, when 151 people aboard a Wellington to Auckland express train were killed after the lahar destroyed the Tangiwai rail bridge just moments before the train was due. In 2000, the ERLAWS system was installed on the mountain to detect such a collapse and alert the relevant authorities.", "Lake Taupo. Several later eruptions occurred over the millennia before the most recent major eruption, which is traditionally dated as about 180 CE from Greenland ice-core records. Tree ring data from two studies suggests a later date of 232 CE ± 5.[4] Known as the Hatepe eruption, it is believed to have ejected 100 cubic kilometres of material, of which 30 cubic kilometres was ejected in a few minutes. This was one of the most violent eruptions in the last 5000 years (alongside the Minoan eruption in the 2nd millennium BCE, the Tianchi eruption of Baekdu around 1000 CE and the 1815 eruption of Tambora), with a Volcanic Explosivity Index rating of 7; and there appears to be a correlation, to within a few years, of a year in which the sky was red over Rome and China. The eruption devastated much of the North Island and further expanded the lake. The area was uninhabited by humans at the time of the eruption, since New Zealand was not settled by the Māori until about 1280. Possible climatic effects of the eruption would have been concentrated on the southern hemisphere due to the southerly position of Lake Taupo.[5] Taupo's last known eruption occurred around 30 years later, with lava dome extrusion forming the Horomatangi Reefs, but that eruption was much smaller than the 180 CE eruption.", "One Tree Hill (New Zealand). In the 2014 Treaty of Waitangi settlement with the Tamaki Makaurau Collective of 13 Auckland iwi, the volcano was officially named Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill and ownership was vested to the collective. It is now co-governed by the collective and Auckland Council in common benefit of the iwi \"and all other people of Auckland\".[13][14][15][16][17][18]", "One Tree Hill (New Zealand). The hill's scoria cones were erupted from three craters – one is intact and two have been breached by lava flows that rafted away part of the side of the scoria cone. Lava flows went in all directions, many towards Onehunga, covering an area of 20 square kilometres (7.7 sq mi), making it the second largest (in area covered) of the Auckland volcanic field, behind Rangitoto Island. The age of eruption is currently unknown, but it is older than 28,500 years as it has a mantling of volcanic ash erupted at that time from Te Tātua-a-Riukiuta volcano.[1]", "Mount Ruapehu. A GeoNet New Zealand Bulletin was released on 21 July 2008 stating that \"the current phase of volcano unrest appears to be over, however Ruapehu remains an active volcano. Future eruptions may occur without warning.\"[11] However the level has remained at 1, where it has been since 1997.", "Auckland. While most volcanic cones in the Auckland volcanic field have been affected by quarrying, many of the remaining cones are now within parks, and retain a more natural character than the surrounding city. Prehistoric earthworks and historic fortifications are in several of these parks, including Maungawhau / Mount Eden, North Head and Maungakiekie / One Tree Hill.", "Auckland volcanic field. Many of the volcanic cones were occupied by substantial Māori pā before European settlement, and many terraces and other archeological remnants are still visible. Many of the cones have been levelled or strongly altered—in small part due to the historical Māori use, but mostly through relatively recent quarrying of construction materials (especially scoria). However several of the remaining volcanoes are now preserved as landmarks and parks.[6] The cones are also protected by a 1915 law, the Reserves and Other Lands Disposal and Public Bodies Empowering Act 1915, which was passed due to early concern that the distinctive landscape was being eroded, especially by quarrying. While often ignored until the late 20th century, it has amongst other things minimised severe changes to Mount Roskill proposed by Transit New Zealand for the Southwestern Motorway.[13]", "Auckland volcanic field. The volcanoes within the field are:[2][19]", "Haleakalā. Until recently, East Maui Volcano was thought to have last erupted around 1790, based largely on comparisons of maps made during the voyages of La Perouse and George Vancouver. Recent advanced dating tests, however, have shown that the last eruption was more likely to have been in the 17th century.[4] These last flows from the southwest rift zone of Haleakalā make up the large lava deposits of the Ahihi Kina`u/La Perouse Bay area of South Maui.", "Auckland volcanic field. Various operative structures, plans and systems have been set up to prepare responses to volcanic activity within the urban areas, mainly coordinated in the 'Auckland Volcanic Field Contingency Plan' of the Auckland Regional Council, which provides a framework for interaction of civil defence and emergency services during an eruption. Auckland also has a seismic monitoring network comprising six seismometers—including one 250 metres (820 ft) deep at Riverhead—and three repeaters within the region that will detect the small tremors likely to precede any volcanic activity.[15] This is likely to give between a few hours and several days' warning of an impending eruption, and its approximate location.[14]", "Auckland volcanic field. Auckland War Memorial Museum, itself built on the crater rim of Pukekawa, has an exhibition on the field, including the \"Puia Street multi-sensory visitor experience\", which simulates a grandstand view of an eruption in Auckland.[16]", "Lake Taupo. The initial event 26,500 years ago is known as the Oruanui eruption. It was the world's largest known eruption over the past 70,000 years, ejecting 1170 cubic kilometres of material and causing several hundred square kilometres of surrounding land to collapse and form the caldera. The caldera later filled with water, eventually overflowing to cause a huge outwash flood.[3] It is possible that the Lake Taupo event contributed to starting the Last Glacial Maximum.[citation needed]", "Auckland volcanic field. Lake Pupuke, on the North Shore near Takapuna, is a volcanic explosion crater. A few similar craters such as Orakei Basin are open to the sea.", "Auckland volcanic field. The field ranges from Lake Pupuke and Rangitoto Island in the north to Matukutururu (Wiri Mountain) in the south, and from Mount Albert in the west to Pigeon Mountain in the east.", "Auckland volcanic field. In March 2007, New Zealand submitted the volcanic field, with several specifically named features, as a World Heritage Site candidate based on its unique combination of natural and cultural features.[6] At that time, only 2 per cent of more than 800 World Heritage Sites worldwide were in this \"mixed\" category.", "Auckland. Between 1842 and 1865, Auckland was the capital city of New Zealand. Parliament met in what is now Old Government House on the University of Auckland's City campus. The capital was moved to the more centrally located Wellington in 1865.", "Mount Rainier. The most recent recorded volcanic eruption was between 1820 and 1854, but many eyewitnesses reported eruptive activity in 1858, 1870, 1879, 1882, and 1894 as well.[38]", "Blue Lake (South Australia). Conflicting dates have been estimated for its last eruption, of 4,300 years ago,[1] of 28,000 years ago,[2] and, most recently, a little before 6,000 years ago.[2][3] If the youngest date is correct, this could be the most recent volcanic eruption on the Australian mainland.", "Geography of New Zealand. To the east of the North Island the Pacific Plate is forced under the Indo-Australian Plate. The North Island of New Zealand has widespread back-arc volcanism as a result of this subduction. There are many large volcanoes with relatively frequent eruptions. There are also several very large calderas, with the most obvious forming Lake Taupo. Taupo has a history of incredibly powerful eruptions, with the Oruanui eruption approx. 26,500 years ago ejecting 1,170 cubic kilometres (280 cu mi) of material and causing the downward collapse of several hundred square kilometers to form the lake.[31] The last eruption occurred c. 180 CE and ejected at least 100 cubic kilometers of material, and has been correlated with red skies seen at the time in Rome and China.[32]", "Auckland. Snowfall is extremely rare: the most significant fall since the start of the 20th century was on 27 July 1939, when snow stuck to the clothes of people outdoors just before dawn and five centimetres of snow reportedly lay on the summit of Mt Eden.[27] Snowflakes were also seen on 28 July 1930 and 15 August 2011.[28][29] The early morning calm on the isthmus during settled weather, before the sea breeze rises, was described as early as 1853: \"In all seasons, the beauty of the day is in the early morning. At that time, generally, a solemn stillness holds, and a perfect calm prevails...\".[30]", "Auckland. After the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in February 1840, the new Governor of New Zealand, William Hobson, chose the area as his new capital and named it for George Eden, Earl of Auckland, then Viceroy of India.[15] The land that Auckland was established on was given to the Governor by a local iwi, Ngﾄ》i Whﾄ》ua, as a sign of goodwill and in the hope that the building of a city would attract commercial and political opportunities for iwi. Auckland was officially declared New Zealand's capital in 1841,[16] and the transfer of the administration from Russell (now Old Russell) in the Bay of Islands was completed in 1842. However, even in 1840 Port Nicholson (later renamed Wellington) was seen as a better choice for an administrative capital because of its proximity to the South Island, and Wellington became the capital in 1865. After losing its status as capital, Auckland remained the principal city of the Auckland Province until the provincial system was abolished in 1876.", "Geography of New Zealand. The North Island Volcanic Plateau covers much of central North Island with volcanoes, lava plateaus, and crater lakes. The three highest volcanoes are Mount Ruapehu (2,797 metres (9,177 ft)), Mount Taranaki (2,518 metres (8,261 ft)) and Mount Ngauruhoe (2,287 metres (7,503 ft)). Ruapehu's major eruptions have historically been about 50 years apart,[15] in 1895, 1945 and 1995–1996. The 1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera, located near Rotorua, was New Zealand's largest and deadliest eruption in the last 200 years, killing over 100 people.[16] Another long chain of mountains runs through the North Island, from Wellington to East Cape. The ranges include Tararua and Kaimanawa.[17]" ]

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[ "Corpus cavernosum penis. The two corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum (also known as the corpus cavernosum urethrae in older texts and in the adjacent diagram) are three expandable erectile tissues along the length of the penis, which fill with blood during penile erection. The two corpora cavernosa lie along the penis shaft, from the pubic bones to the head of the penis, where they join. These formations are made of a sponge-like tissue containing trabeculae, irregular blood-filled spaces lined by endothelium and separated by connective tissue septa.[1][2]", "Corpus cavernosum penis. In some circumstances, release of nitric oxide precedes relaxation of muscles in the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum, in a process similar to female arousal. The spongy tissue fills with blood, from arteries down the length of the penis. A little blood enters the corpus spongiosum; the remainder engorges the corpora cavernosa, which expand to hold 90% of the blood involved in an erection, increasing both in length and in diameter. The function of the corpus spongiosum is to prevent compression of the urethra during erection.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. A corpus cavernosum penis (singular) (cavernous body of the penis) is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, the corpora cavernosa (plural) (cavernous bodies), which contain most of the blood in the penis during an erection. Such a corpus is homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis in the female; the body of the clitoris contains erectile tissue in a pair of corpora cavernosa (literally \"cave-like bodies\") with a recognisably similar structure.", "Erection. An erection occurs when two tubular structures, called the corpora cavernosa, that run the length of the penis, become engorged with venous blood. This may result from any of various physiological stimuli, also known as sexual stimulation and sexual arousal. The corpus spongiosum is a single tubular structure located just below the corpora cavernosa, which contains the urethra, through which urine and semen pass during urination and ejaculation respectively. This may also become slightly engorged with blood, but less so than the corpora cavernosa.", "Clitoris. The thin corpus spongiosum of the penis runs along the underside of the penile shaft, enveloping the urethra, and expands at the end to form the glans. It partially contributes to erection, which are primarily caused by the two corpora cavernosa that comprise the bulk of the shaft; like the female cavernosa, the male cavernosa soak up blood and become erect when sexually excited.[41] The male corpora cavernosa taper off internally on reaching the spongiosum head.[41] With regard to the Y-shape of the cavernosa – crown, body, and legs – the body accounts for much more of the structure in men, and the legs are stubbier; typically, the cavernosa are longer and thicker in males than in females.[25][42]", "Corpus cavernosum penis. The male anatomy has no vestibular bulbs, but instead a corpus spongiosum, a smaller region along the bottom of the penis, which contains the urethra and forms the glans penis.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. The deeper branches of the internal pudendal artery.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. Blood can leave the erectile tissue only through a drainage system of veins around the outside wall of the corpus cavernosum. The expanding spongy tissue presses against a surrounding dense tissue (tunica albuginea) constricting these veins, preventing blood from leaving. The penis becomes rigid as a result. The glans penis, the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum, remains more malleable during erection because its tunica albuginea is much thinner than elsewhere in the penis.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. Structure of the penis", "Clitoris. The clitoral body forms a wishbone-shaped structure containing the corpora cavernosa – a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the clitoris during clitoral erection. The two corpora forming the clitoral body are surrounded by thick fibro-elastic tunica albuginea, literally meaning \"white covering\", connective tissue. These corpora are separated incompletely from each other in the midline by a fibrous pectiniform septum – a comblike band of connective tissue extending between the corpora cavernosa.[23][24]", "Corpus cavernosum penis. Diagram of the arteries of the penis.", "Pelvis. The external anal and urethral sphincters close the anus and the urethra. The former is surrounded by the bulbospongiosus which narrows the vaginal introitus in females and surrounds the corpus spongiosum in males. Ischiocavernosus squeezes blood into the corpus cavernosum penis and clitoridis.\n[7]", "Corpus cavernosum penis. The penis in transverse section, showing the bloodvessels.", "Solifugae. The prosoma comprises the head, the mouthparts, and the somites that bear the legs and the pedipalps. The alternative name \"cephalothorax\" reflects the fact that the prosoma includes the parts that in insects form the head plus the thorax. Though it is not split into two clear tagmata, the prosoma does have a large, relatively well-defined anterior carapace, bearing the animal's eyes and chelicerae, while a smaller posterior section bears the legs.[5][6]", "Vulva. The clitoral glans is homologous to the glans penis in males, and the clitoral body and the clitoral crura are homologous to the corpora cavernosa of the penis. The labia majora, labia minora, and clitoral hood are homologous to the scrotum, shaft skin of the penis, and the foreskin, respectively. The vestibular bulbs beneath the skin of the labia minora are homologous to the corpus spongiosum, the tissue of the penis surrounding the urethra. The greater vestibular glands are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. Cross section of penis.", "Clitoris. The clitoris and penis are generally the same anatomical structure, although the distal portion (or opening) of the urethra is absent in the clitoris of humans and most other animals. The idea that males have clitorises was suggested in 1987 by researcher Josephine Lowndes Sevely, who theorized that the male corpora cavernosa (a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection) are the true counterpart of the clitoris. She argued that \"the male clitoris\" is directly beneath the rim of the glans penis, where the frenulum of prepuce of the penis (a fold of the prepuce) is located, and proposed that this area be called the \"Lownde's crown.\" Her theory and proposal, though acknowledged in anatomical literature, did not materialize in anatomy books.[36] Modern anatomical texts instead show that the clitoris displays a hood that is the equivalent of the penis's foreskin, which covers the glans, and a shaft that is attached to the glans; the male corpora cavernosa are homologous to the corpus cavernosum clitoridis (the female cavernosa); the corpus spongiosum is homologous to the vestibular bulbs beneath the labia minora, and the scrotum is homologous to the labia minora and labia majora.[37]", "Cerebrum. The cerebrum is made up of the two cerebral hemispheres and their cortices, (the outer layers of grey matter), and the underlying regions of white matter.[1] Its subcortical structures include the hippocampus, basal ganglia and olfactory bulb. The cerebrum consists of two cerebral hemispheres, separated from each other by a deep fissure called the longitudinal fissure.", "Spider anatomy. The cephalothorax, also called prosoma, is composed of two primary surfaces: a dorsal carapace and a ventral sternum. Most external appendages on the spider are attached to the cephalothorax, including the eyes, chelicerae and other mouthparts, pedipalps and legs.", "Corpus cavernosum penis. Male pelvic organs seen from right side.", "Erection. Physiologically, erection is triggered by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, causing nitric oxide (a vasodilator) levels to rise in the trabecular arteries and smooth muscle of the penis. The arteries dilate causing the corpora cavernosa of the penis (and to a lesser extent the corpora spongiosa) to fill with blood; simultaneously the ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa restricting the egress and circulation of this blood. Erection subsides when parasympathetic activity reduces to baseline.", "Corpus callosum. The corpus callosum (/ˈkɔːrpəs kəˈloʊsəm/; Latin for \"tough body\"), also callosal commissure, is a wide commissure, a flat bundle of commissural fibers, about 10 cm long[citation needed] beneath the cerebral cortex in the brains of placental mammals. It spans part of the longitudinal fissure, connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres, and enables communication between the hemispheres. It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain, consisting of 200–250 million axonal projections.[1]", "Corpus callosum. Thinner axons in the genu connect the prefrontal cortex between the two halves of the brain; these fibres arise from a fork-like bundle of fibers from the tapetum, the forceps anterior. Thicker axons in the mid body, or trunk of the corpus callosum, interconnect areas of the motor cortex, with proportionately more of the corpus callosum dedicated to supplementary motor regions including Broca's area. The posterior body of the corpus, known as the splenium, communicates somatosensory information between the two halves of the parietal lobe and the visual cortex at the occipital lobe, these are the fibres of the forceps posterior.[2][3]", "Intercostal nerves. Numerous slender muscular filaments supply the Intercostales, the Subcostales, the Levatores costarum, the Serratus posterior superior, and the Transversus thoracis. At the front of the thorax some of these branches cross the costal cartilages from one intercostal space to another.", "Corpus callosum. The posterior end of the corpus callosum, near to the cerebellum, is called the splenium. This is the thickest part, and overlaps the tela chorioidea of the third ventricle and the mid-brain, and ends in a thick, convex, free border. Splenium translates as bandage in Greek. A sagittal section of the brain shows that the posterior end of the corpus callosum is acutely bent forward, the upper and lower parts being applied to each other.", "Clitoris. In a study documenting the clitoral structure of mice, it was found that the mouse perineal urethra is surrounded by erectile tissue forming the bulbs of the clitoris, similar to the anatomy of human females:[154] \"In the mouse, as in human females, tissue organization in the corpora cavernosa of the clitoris is essentially similar to that of the penis except for the absence of a subalbugineal layer interposed between the tunica albuginea and the erectile tissue.\"[154]", "Insect morphology. In reproductive system of butterflies and moths, the male genitalia are complex and unclear. In females there are three types of genitalia based on the relating taxa: monotrysian, exoporian, and dytresian. In the monotrysian type there is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10, which act as insemination and oviposition. In the exoporian type (in Hepaloidae and Mnesarchaeoidea) there are two separate places for insemination and oviposition, both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type, 9/10. In most species the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue.[65] Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycle, called the endocrine system. The first insect hormone PTTH (Prothoracicotropic hormone) operates the species life cycle and diapause (see the relates section).[68] This hormone is produced by corpora allata and corpora cardiaca, where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi.[1]:65, 75 While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces jeuvanile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones.", "Mammal. In male placentals, the penis is used both for urination and copulation. Depending on the species, an erection may be fueled by blood flow into vascular, spongy tissue or by muscular action. A penis may be contained in a sheath when not erect, and some placentals also have a penis bone (baculum). Marsupials typically have forked penises while the monotreme penis generally has four heads with only two functioning. The testes of most mammals descend into the scrotum which is typically posterior to the penis but is often anterior in marsupials. Female mammals generally have a clitoris, labia majora and labia minora on the outside, while the internal system contains paired oviducts, 1-2 uteri, 1-2 cervices and a vagina. Marsupials have two lateral vaginas and a medial vagina. The \"vagina\" of monotremes is better understood as a \"urogenital sinus\". The uterine systems of placental mammals can vary between a duplex, were there are two uteri and cervices which open into the vagina, a bipartite, were two uterine horns have a single cervix that connects to the vagina, a bicornuate, which consists where two uterine horns that are connected distally but separate medially creating a Y-shape, and a simplex, which has a single uterus.[108][109][81]:247, 220–21", "Pia mater. Although the pia mater is primarily structurally similar throughout, it spans both the spinal cord’s neural tissue and runs down the fissures of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It is often broken down into two categories, the cranial pia mater (pia mater encephali) and the spinal pia mater (pia mater spinalis).", "Ascomycota. Sexual reproduction in the Ascomycota leads to the formation of the ascus, the structure that defines this fungal group and distinguishes it from other fungal phyla. The ascus is a tube-shaped vessel, a meiosporangium, which contains the sexual spores produced by meiosis and which are called ascospores.", "Cerebral cortex. There is a transitional area between the neocortex and the allocortex called the paralimbic cortex, where layers 2, 3 and 4 are merged. This area incorporates the proisocortex of the neocortex and the periallocortex of the allocortex. In addition, the cerebral cortex may be classified on the basis of gross topographical conventions into four lobes (named after the four skull bones protecting them): the temporal lobe, the occipital lobe, the parietal lobe, and the frontal lobe.", "Erection. In the presence of mechanical stimulation, erection is initiated by the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system with minimal input from the central nervous system. Parasympathetic branches extend from the sacral plexus into the arteries supplying the erectile tissue; upon stimulation, these nerve branches release acetylcholine, which, in turn causes release of nitric oxide from endothelial cells in the trabecular arteries.[1] Nitric oxide diffuses to the smooth muscle of the arteries (called trabecular smooth muscle[2]), acting as a vasodilating agent.[3] The arteries dilate, filling the corpora spongiosa and cavernosa with blood. The ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles also compress the veins of the corpora cavernosa, limiting the venous drainage of blood.[4] Erection subsides when parasympathetic stimulation is discontinued; baseline stimulation from the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system causes constriction of the penile arteries, forcing blood out of the erectile tissue.[5]" ]

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[ "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The first edition, entitled \"Special Rehearsal Edition\", corresponded to the script used in the preview shows and was scheduled to be published on 31 July 2016,[63] the date of Harry's birthday in the series and Rowling's birthday, as well.[64] Since revisions to the script continued after the book was printed, an edited version was released on 25 July 2017, as the \"Definitive Collector's Edition\".[65] According to CNN, this was the most preordered book of 2016.[66]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On 26 June 2015, the project was officially confirmed under the title of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child,[9] and it was revealed it would receive its world premiere in mid-2016 at London's Palace Theatre.[10] The announcement marked the eighteenth anniversary of the publication of the first Harry Potter novel, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,[11] published on 26 June 1997.[12]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The production will open at the Lyric Theatre on April 22nd, 2018 with previews beginning March 16th. Clemmett, Boyle, Dumezweni, Parker, Thornley and Miller will reprise their roles.[54] The theatre removed 400 seats from the auditorium, and moved the entrance to 43rd Street [55]. The production is produced by Sonia Friedman Productions, Sir Colin Callender and Harry Potter Theatrical Productions. The initial ticket block went on sale through Ticketmaster Verified Fan on October 18th 2017 for performances from March 16th through to November 18, 2018[56].", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The play will open at Broadway on April 22, 2018, at the Lyric Theatre in New York. Its cast will be similar to that of the first year on West-End, with actors including Sam Clemmett, Jamie Parker, Anthony Boyle, Noma Dumezweni and Paul Thornley.", "Harry Potter. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two-part West End stage play.[23] It was written by Jack Thorne, based on a story by J. K. Rowling, Thorne and director John Tiffany. The play opened on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre, London, England. The script was released on 31 July 2016.[24] The story is set nineteen years after the ending of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter, now a Ministry of Magic employee, and his youngest son Albus Severus Potter. The play's official synopsis was released on 23 October 2015:[25]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is a two-part stage play written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne, J. K. Rowling and John Tiffany.[1] Previews of the play began at the Palace Theatre, London on 7 June 2016,[2] and it officially premiered on 30 July 2016.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The play's official summary was released by the publisher (Pottermore) on 23 October 2015:[4]", "Harry Potter. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child: Parts I and II is a play which serves as a sequel to the books, beginning nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. It was written by Jack Thorne based on an original new story by Thorne, Rowling and John Tiffany.[208] It has run at the Palace Theatre in London's West End since previews began on 7 June 2016 with an official premiere on 30 June 2016.[209] The first four months of tickets for the June–September performances were sold out within several hours upon release.[210] Forthcoming productions are planned for Broadway[211] and Melbourne.[212]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On 23 October, it was confirmed the plays were set nineteen years after the conclusion of the final novel Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows,[19] and would open at London's Palace Theatre in July 2016.[20] The plays principally follow Harry, now Head of the Department of Magical Law Enforcement, and his younger son Albus Severus Potter.[21] As of 22 July, little more had been revealed about the plot even by those who had attended the previews since 7 June.[22]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. In December 2013, it was revealed that a stage play based on Harry Potter had been in development for around a year,[5] with the view to bringing it to the stage sometime in 2016.[6] At the time of the announcement, Rowling revealed that the play would \"explore the previously untold story of Harry's early years as an orphan and outcast\".[7] The following May, Rowling began establishing the creative team for the project.[8]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The new cast took over on 24 May, with the original cast having their final performance on 21 May.[60]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Previews at the West End Palace Theatre, London began on June 7, 2016,[2] with the official opening night for both parts on July 30,[36] and originally booking until September 18, 2016.[37] Tickets went on sale to pre-registered priority bookers on October 28, 2015, with a public sale scheduled to commence on 30 October.[38] In just under 8 hours of priority booking 175,000 tickets were sold for the world premiere production,[39] with the play's booking period extended to January 2017.[40] On commencement of the public sale booking was extended until April 30, 2017,[41] with a further extension issued the same day to May 27, 2017.[42] At opening tickets were priced from £30 up to £130 for a ticket for both parts,[43] although ticket resale agencies were selling seats for up to £3,000.[39] Ticket resale has been banned by the producers, with tickets no longer valid if sold on.[44] In mid-July 2016, the theatre began holding a ticket lottery at 1pm each Friday, releasing 40 for sale on their website for 'some of the best seats' in the theatre for the lowest price, advertised at £20 per part. For example, the \"Friday Forty\" tickets sold on July 29, 2016 were for performances on August 3, 5, 6, and 7.[45] On December 20, 2015, initial casting was announced with Jamie Parker playing Harry Potter, Noma Dumezweni playing Hermione Granger and Paul Thornley playing Ron Weasley.[46][47][48] The casting of the dark-skinned Noma Dumezweni as Hermione sparked fervent discussion, to which Rowling responded that Hermione's skin was never specified as white.[49][50] Further notable casting includes Poppy Miller as Ginny Potter and Sam Clemmett as Albus Severus Potter.[51] The production features an overall cast of 42.[52][53]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On the 24 October 2017, the Michael Cassel Group announced that it will be producing the Australian premiere of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The production will begin performances early 2019 in Melbourne's Princess Theatre, currently home to the Australian premiere of The Book of Mormon.[57] No casting or ticketing information has been announced.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. On announcing plans for the project, Rowling stated that the play would not be a prequel.[13] In response to queries regarding the choice of a play rather than a new novel, Rowling has stated that she \"is confident that when audiences see the play they will agree that it is the only proper medium for the story\".[14] Rowling has also assured audiences that the play will contain an entirely new story and will not be a rehashing of previously explored content.[15] On 24 September 2015, Rowling announced that the play had been split into two parts.[16] The parts are designed to be viewed on the same day or consecutively over two evenings.[17][18]", "J. K. Rowling. In October 2015, Rowling announced via Pottermore that a two-part play she had co-authored with playwrights Jack Thorne and John Tiffany, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, was the \"eighth Harry Potter story\" and that it would focus on the life of Harry Potter's youngest son Albus after the epilogue of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows.[169] On 28 October 2015, the first round of tickets went on sale and sold out in several hours.[170]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. In the United States and Canada, the book sold over 2 million copies in its first two days of release.[67] 847,885 copies were sold during the book's first week of release in the United Kingdom. By June 2017, the book had sold over 4.5 million copies in the United States.[68]", "Harry Potter. The series was originally published in English by two major publishers, Bloomsbury in the United Kingdom and Scholastic Press in the United States. A play, Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, based on a story co-written by Rowling, premiered in London on 30 July 2016 at the Palace Theatre, and its script was published by Little, Brown. The original seven books were adapted into an eight-part film series by Warner Bros. Pictures, which is the third highest-grossing film series of all time as of February 2018. In 2016, the total value of the Harry Potter franchise was estimated at $25 billion,[4] making Harry Potter one of the highest-grossing media franchises of all time.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Both parts of the stage play's script have been released in print and digital formats as Harry Potter and the Cursed Child Parts I & II.[61][62]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. In the opening scene, set during the final chapter of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows in the year 2017, Harry Potter and Ginny Weasley send their second son, Albus Severus Potter, on the Hogwarts Express to begin his first year at Hogwarts. Harry is now working in a desk job as the Head of Magical Law Enforcement at the Ministry of Magic, while Ginny is the editor of the sports section of the Daily Prophet. Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger also send their daughter Rose Granger-Weasley on the train. Hermione is now Minister for Magic, while Ron manages Weasley's Wizard Wheezes in Diagon Alley. Albus makes an unlikely friend in Slytherin with Scorpius Malfoy, the son of Harry's former nemesis Draco Malfoy and Astoria Greengrass. The school is stunned when, in a break with the tradition of Potters being sorted into Gryffindor, Albus is sorted into Slytherin house alongside Scorpius. Both boys are bullied by other students over the next few years, Albus due to his perceived failure to live up to his parents, Scorpius due to unproven rumours that he is the son of Lord Voldemort. In addition, Albus and Harry begin to drift apart, owing to Albus's struggles with his father's shadow and Harry's uncertainty on how to deal with his son's issues. Albus also drifts apart from Rose, with whom he was friends before meeting Scorpius. Prior to Albus and Scorpius's fourth year, Albus gets into a fight with his father after he is given Harry's baby blanket and a love potion from Ron. During the fight, Harry accidentally says that he sometimes wishes Albus was not his son, and Albus spills potion on the blanket.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a two-part play, was written by British playwright Jack Thorne based on an original story by Thorne, John Tiffany and Rowling. Some websites were listing all three as authors of the script[23] but by July 26, 2016, the official web site for the play[24] and many others (including the BBC)[25] were listing Thorne as the sole script writer.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. At the 2017 Laurence Olivier Awards, the London production received a record-breaking eleven nominations and an again record-breaking nine awards, including Best New Play, Best Actor, Best Actor in a Supporting Role, Best Actress in a Supporting Role and Best Director.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child is directed by John Tiffany[26][27] with choreography by Steven Hoggett,[28] set design by Christine Jones,[29] costume design by Katrina Lindsay,[30] lighting design by Neil Austin,[31] music by Imogen Heap,[32] and sound design by Gareth Fry.[33] In addition, special effects were created by Jeremy Chernick,[34] with illusions by Jamie Harrison, and musical supervision by Martin Lowe.[35]", "Harry Potter. A new series consisting of five films, beginning with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, will take place before the main series.[199] The first film was released on 18 November 2016 and the next two are due to be released in 2018 and 2020.[200] Rowling wrote the screenplay for the first instalment, marking her first foray into screenwriting.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The story begins nineteen years after the events of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows and follows Harry Potter, now a Ministry of Magic employee, and his younger son Albus Severus Potter, who is about to attend Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry.", "Harry Potter. The success of the books and films has allowed the Harry Potter franchise to expand, with numerous derivative works, a travelling exhibition that premiered in Chicago in 2009, a studio tour in London that opened in 2012, a digital platform on which J.K. Rowling updates the series with new information and insight, and a pentalogy of spin-off films premiering in November 2016 with Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, among many other developments. Most recently, themed attractions, collectively known as The Wizarding World of Harry Potter, have been built at several Universal Parks & Resorts amusement parks around the world.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Harry Potter and the Cursed Child has received extremely positive reviews from critics. Audiences and critics have complimented the casting and performances, while many debate the quality of the piece and how it compares to entries in the main Harry Potter series.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. However, other fans responded positively to the play and its characters, with Scorpius Malfoy being particularly popular.[88] Notably, the published script was voted Best Fantasy in Good Reads Choice Awards 2016.[89] Some fans commented that the dialogue between the familiar characters was \"spot on.\"[90] Others celebrated it as a faithful continuation of the books.[91][92] Others have noted that the play sheds light on some of the relationships between the characters, such as Harry and Dumbledore's.[93] The response had been particularly positive among fans who watched the play on stage.[94]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. The rehearsal script, which was not a novelisation of the play,[3] was published.", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Original cast members Helen Aluko and James Howard will play Rose Granger-Weasley and Draco Malfoy respectively. Samuel Blenkin and Theo Ancient - making their professional debut - will play Scorpius Malfoy and Albus Potter, respectively.", "Harry Potter. The spin-off games Lego Harry Potter: Years 1–4 and Lego Harry Potter: Years 5–7 were developed by Traveller's Tales and published by Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment. The spin-off games Book of Spells and Book of Potions were developed by SCE London Studio and use the Wonderbook, an augmented reality book designed to be used in conjunction with the PlayStation Move and PlayStation Eye.[204] The Harry Potter universe is also featured in Lego Dimensions, with the settings and side characters featured in the Harry Potter Adventure World, and Harry, Voldemort, and Hermione as playable characters. In 2017, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment opened its own Harry Potter themed game design studio, by the name of Portkey Games; before releasing Hogwarts Mystery in 2018, developed by Jam City.[205]", "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows. After it was told that the novel would be released on 21 July 2007, Warner Bros. shortly thereafter said that the film adaptation of Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix would be released shortly before the novel would be released, on 13 July 2007,[43] making many people proclaim that July 2007, was the month of Harry Potter.[44]", "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child. Original cast members who will continue include Nicola Alexis, Rosemary Annabella, Phoebe Austen, Annabel Baldwin, Jabez Cheeseman, Morag Cross, Esme Grace, Lowri James, Martin Johnston, Alfred Jones, Barry McCarthy, Sandy McDade, Tom Mackley, Harrison Noble, Ben Roberts, Nuno Silva, Hope Sizer and Joshua Wyatt." ]

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[ "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice is a neighborhood in the city of Los Angeles represented by District 11 on the Los Angeles City Council. City services are provided by the city of Los Angeles. There is a Venice Neighborhood Council that advises the LA City Council on local issues.", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice is a residential, commercial, and recreational beachfront neighborhood within Los Angeles, California. It is located within the urban region of western Los Angeles County known as the Westside.", "Venice, Los Angeles. According to the Mapping L.A. project of the Los Angeles Times, Venice is adjoined on the northwest by Santa Monica, on the northeast by Mar Vista, on the southeast by Culver City, Del Rey and Marina Del Rey, on the south by Ballona Creek and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.[9]", "Venice, Los Angeles. By 1925, Venice's politics had become unmanageable. Its roads, water and sewage systems badly needed repair and expansion to keep up with its growing population. When it was proposed that Venice be annexed to Los Angeles, the board of trustees voted to hold an election. Annexation was approved in the election in November 1925, and Venice was formally annexed to Los Angeles in 1926.[5]:8", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice was founded in 1905 as a seaside resort town. It was an independent city until 1926, when it merged with Los Angeles. Today, Venice is known for its canals, beaches, and the circus-like Ocean Front Walk, a two-and-a-half-mile (4.0 km) pedestrian promenade that features performers, mystics, artists and vendors.", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice is bounded on the northwest by the Santa Monica city line. The northern apex of the Venice neighborhood is at Walgrove Avenue and Rose Avenue abutting the Santa Monica Airport. On the east the boundary runs north-south on Walgrove Avenue to the neighborhood's eastern apex at Zanja Street, thus including the Penmar Golf Course but excluding Venice High School. The boundary runs on Lincoln Boulevard to Admiralty Way, excluding all of Marina del Rey, south to Ballona Creek.[10][11]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The City of Los Angeles official zoning map ZIMAS shows Venice High School as included in Venice,[12] as does Google Maps.[13]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice, originally called \"Venice of America,\" was founded by tobacco millionaire Abbot Kinney in 1905 as a beach resort town, 14 miles (23 km) west of Los Angeles. He and his partner Francis Ryan had bought two miles (3.24 km) of oceanfront property south of Santa Monica in 1891. They built a resort town on the north end of the property, called Ocean Park, which was soon annexed to Santa Monica. After Ryan died, Kinney and his new partners continued building south of Navy Street. After the partnership dissolved in 1904, Kinney, who had won the marshy land on the south end of the property in a coin flip with his former partners, began to build a seaside resort like the namesake Italian city.[5]:8", "Venice, Los Angeles. The United States Postal Service operates the Venice Post Office at 1601 Main Street and the Venice Carrier Annex at 313 Grand Boulevard.[59][60]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The 2000 U.S. census counted 37,705 residents in the 3.17-square-mile Venice neighborhood—an average of 11,891 people per square mile, about the norm for Los Angeles; in 2008, the city estimated that the population had increased to 40,885. The median age for residents was 35, considered the average for Los Angeles; the percentages of residents aged 19 through 49 were among the county's highest.[10]", "Venice, Los Angeles. In late 2010, the Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors conducted a $1.6 million replacement of 30,000 cubic yards of sand at Venice Beach eroded by rainstorms in recent years. Although Venice Beach is located in the city of Los Angeles, the county is responsible for maintaining the beach under an agreement reached between the two governments in 1975.[34]", "Venice, Los Angeles. East Venice is a racially and ethnically mixed residential neighborhood of Venice that is separated from Oakwood and Milwood (the area south of Oakwood) by Lincoln Boulevard, extending east to the border with the Mar Vista neighborhood, near Venice High School and Santa Monica Municipal Airport. Aside from the commercial strip on Lincoln (including the Venice Boys and Girls Club and the Venice United Methodist Church), the area almost entirely consists of small homes and apartments as well as Penmar Park and (bordering Santa Monica) Penmar Golf Course. The existing population (primarily composed of Caucasians, Hispanics/Latinos, and Asians, with small numbers of other groups) is being supplemented by new arrivals who have moved in with gentrification.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Many of Venice's houses have their principal entries from pedestrian-only streets and have house numbers on these footpaths. (Automobile access is by alleys in the rear.) The inland walk streets are made up primarily of around 620 single-family homes.[28] Like much of the rest of Los Angeles, however, Venice is known for traffic congestion. It lies 2 miles (3.2 km) away from the nearest freeway, and its unusually dense network of narrow streets was not planned for modern traffic. Mindful of the tourist nature of much of the district's vehicle traffic, its residents have successfully fought numerous attempts to extend the Marina Freeway (SR 90) into southern Venice.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Public Library operates the Venice–Abbot Kinney Memorial Branch.[62]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Los Angeles had neglected Venice so long that, by the 1950s, it had become the \"Slum by the Sea.\" With the exception of new police and fire stations in 1930, the city spent little on improvements after annexation. The city did not pave Trolleyway (Pacific Avenue) until 1954 when county and state funds became available. Low rents for run-down bungalows attracted predominantly European immigrants (including a substantial number of Holocaust survivors) and young counterculture artists, poets, and writers. The Beat Generation hung out at the Gas House on Ocean Front Walk and at Venice West Cafe on Dudley. Police raids were frequent during that era.[6]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Los Angeles had annexed the Disneyland of its day and proceeded to remake Venice in its own image. It was felt that the town needed more streets—not canals—and most of them were paved in 1929 after a three-year court battle led by canal residents. They[discuss] wanted to close Venice's three amusement piers but had to wait until the first of the tidelands leases expired in 1946.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The population (3,119 residents in 1910) soon exceeded 10,000; the town drew 50,000 to 150,000 tourists on weekends.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Police Department serves the area through the Pacific Community Police Station as well as a beach sub-station.[63]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Some locations include the following:", "Venice, Los Angeles. When Venice of America opened on July 4, 1905, Kinney had dug several miles of canals to drain the marshes for his residential area, built a 1,200-foot (370 m)-long pleasure pier with an auditorium, ship restaurant, and dance hall, constructed a hot salt-water plunge, and built a block-long arcaded business street with Venetian architecture. Tourists, mostly arriving on the \"Red Cars\" of the Pacific Electric Railway from Los Angeles and Santa Monica, then rode the Venice Miniature Railway and gondolas to tour the town. The biggest attraction was Venice's mile-long gently sloping beach. Cottages and housekeeping tents were available for rent.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Oakwood portion of Venice, also known as \"Ghost Town\" and the \"Oakwood Pentagon,\" lies inland from the tourist areas and is one of the few historically African American areas in West Los Angeles; Latinos now constitute the overwhelming majority of the residents. During the age of restrictive covenants that enforced racial segregation, Oakwood was set aside as a settlement area for Black Americans, who came by the hundreds to Venice to work in the oil fields during the 1930s and 1940s. After the construction of the San Diego Freeway, which passed through predominantly Mexican American and immigrant communities, those groups moved further west and into Oakwood where black residents were already established. White-Americans (most notably actor and filmmaker Dennis Hopper) moved into Oakwood during the 1980s and 1990s and Latinos moved out.[35]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The schools within Venice are as follows:[61]", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Los Angeles Fire Department operates Station 63, which serves Venice with two engines, a truck, and an ALS rescue ambulance.", "Venice, Los Angeles. Dozens of movies and hundreds of television shows and even video games have used locations in Venice, including the beach, pleasure piers, canals and colonnades, boardwalk, schools, and restaurants.[72]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice High School serves the community.", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice Beach is the headquarters of the Los Angeles County Lifeguards of the Los Angeles County Fire Department. It is located at 2300 Ocean Front Walk. It is the nation's largest ocean lifeguard organization with over 200 full-time and 700 part-time or seasonal lifeguards. The headquarters building used to be the City of Los Angeles Lifeguard Headquarters until Los Angeles City and Santa Monica Lifeguards were merged into the County in 1975.", "Venice, Los Angeles. In 1839, a region called La Ballona that included the southern parts of Venice, was granted by the Mexican government to Machados and Talamantes, giving them title to Rancho La Ballona.[2][3][4] Later this became part of Port Ballona.", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Los Angeles County Department of Health Services SPA 5 West Area Health Office serves Venice.[58]", "Venice, Florida. Venice is a principal city of the Bradenton-Sarasota-Venice, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area.", "Venice, Los Angeles. Venice Beach, which receives millions of visitors a year, has been labeled as \"a cultural hub known for its eccentricities\" as well as a \"global tourist destination.\"[29][30] It includes the promenade that runs parallel to the beach (also the \"Ocean Front Walk\" or just \"the boardwalk\"), Muscle Beach, the handball courts, the paddle tennis courts, Skate Dancing plaza, the numerous beach volleyball courts, the bike trail and the businesses on Ocean Front Walk.[citation needed]", "Venice, Los Angeles. Promotional flyer c. 1920", "Venice, Los Angeles. The Venice Shoreline Crips and the Latino Venice 13 (V-13) were the two main gangs active in Venice. V13 dates back to the 1950s, while the Shoreline Crips were founded in the early 1970s, making them one of the first Crip sets in Los Angeles.[citation needed] In the early 1990s V-13 and the Shoreline Crips were involved in a bloody, brutal war over crack cocaine sales territories.[7]" ]

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[ "King Neptune (statue). King Neptune is a large bronze statue located in Virginia Beach, Virginia and sculpted by Paul DiPasquale. The statue depicts the mythological god Neptune and is located at the entrance of Neptune Park on the Virginia Beach boardwalk on 31st Street. This sculpture weighs 12 tons.[1] and is listed as 24 feet (7.3 m)[1] or 34 feet (10 m) [2] tall. The design consists of a 12-foot tall rock base surrounded by various fish, dolphins, lobsters, and octopuses. Above this base, the figure of Neptune begins, starting with his waist. Neptune holds a trident in his right hand and rests his left hand on a loggerhead turtle.", "Virginia Beach Oceanfront. The oceanfront features many monuments to Virginians who have impacted the history of the state. Some of the monuments are located at the Naval Aviation Monument Park which was formally dedicated on May 6, 2006, by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association. Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach, the park features heroic-scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation. The Virginia Legends Walk features famous historical Virginians such as Pocahontas, Edgar Allan Poe and George Washington.[6] Many other monuments are scattered between hotels. A main monument is the statue of King Neptune - a colossal 34-foot-high bronze statue that rises from the sand at 31st Street & Atlantic Avenue, overlooking Neptune Park.[7] Other attractions include various forms of artwork between hotels and other buildings. Many are sculptures including different starfish, dolphins, and sea turtles painted in many colors for people's viewing pleasure.", "King Neptune (statue). In 2003, the Neptune Festival requested submission designs for a statue. Cameron Kitchin, the Director of the Contemporary Arts Center of Virginia Beach asked DiPasquale to submit his design of a statue of King Neptune. DiPasquale sent the clay model to the Festival’s sculpture committee.[citation needed]", "King Neptune (statue). In 2015, the 7 foot maquette that served as a model for the sculpture was donated for display at the Cape Charles boardwalk.[2]", "Virginia Beach Oceanfront. Virginia Beach Oceanfront refers to the three mile (4.8 km) long (27 feet wide) boardwalk area in South East Virginia Beach on the Atlantic Coast. It is located North of the Rudee Inlet Bridge and includes the boardwalk itself, Atlantic Avenue, and Pacific Avenue.[1] Virginia Beach is a resort city, and the Oceanfront is a main tourist attraction. The current version of the boardwalk was first constructed in 1988. It is made of concrete; the boardwalk links over forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path.[2]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The city's largest festival, the Neptune Festival, attracts 500,000 visitors to the oceanfront and 350,000 visitors to the air show at NAS Oceana. Celebrating the city's heritage link with Norway, events are held in September in the oceanfront and Town Center areas.[50] Every August, the American Music Festival provides festival attendees with live music performed on stages all over the oceanfront, including the beach on Fifth Street. The festival ends with the Rock 'n' Roll Half Marathon.[51]", "Virginia Beach Oceanfront. The Virginia Beach Oceanfront is home to Beach Street USA which lines up entertainment events during the summer months for tourists. Most events are free and include local and visiting performers from magic shows and musical talents, to psychics and palm readers. Some events do cost money, though. One of the most well known events at the ocean front hosted by Beach Street USA is McDonald's Holiday Lights at the Beach where guests can sit in their car and drive along the boardwalk to view many different holiday light setups.[8] There are bikes for individuals and families for rent all summer which are accommodated on a bike path that stretches the entirety of the boardwalk.[2] There are over forty hotels which are interspersed between small restaurants, photo studios, and other random shops. Night clubs are also in abundance on both Atlantic and Pacific Avenue. Another big tourist attraction at the Oceanfront is the 14th Street Fishing Pier. It is one of many fishing piers located in the state of Virginia, and the only pier accessible from the boardwalk.[9]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The Virginia Aquarium & Marine Science Center (formerly the Virginia Marine Science Museum) is a popular aquarium near the oceanfront that features the 300,000-gallon Norfolk Canyon Aquarium, containing sand tiger, nurse and brown sharks, as well as sting rays and other large open-ocean dwellers. There is also a 70,000-gallon sea turtle aquarium, sea turtle hatchling laboratory, hands-on ocean exploration exhibits, jellyfish and octopus aquariums, and even a life-size model of a humpback whale. Other features include the Owls Creek salt marsh and a nature trail.[45]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach has one Friendship City:[115]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Naval Aviation Monument Park was formally dedicated on May 6, 2006, by the Hampton Roads Squadron of the Naval Aviation Foundation Association. Planned since 1997 in partnership with the City of Virginia Beach, the park features heroic-scale statuary and reliefs to tell the history of Naval Aviation.[66]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach is located at 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W / 36.8506°N 75.9779°W / 36.8506; -75.9779 (Virginia Beach)Coordinates: 36°51′02″N 75°58′40″W / 36.8506°N 75.9779°W / 36.8506; -75.9779 (Virginia Beach).[21]", "King Neptune (statue). Upon arriving in the United States, the three pieces needed interior support before being reassembled. Due to exceeding its budget, the Chinese manufacturers inserted a weak metal to support the statue. This material was cleared out and substituted by a stainless steel skeletal support. According to DiPasquale, replacing the interior and reorganizing the individual pieces together required a month and a half of welding.[3]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach has many distinctive communities and neighborhoods within its boundaries, including: Alanton, Aragona Village, the largest sub-division in Tidewater when completed, Bay Colony, Bayside, Cape Henry, Chesapeake Beach, Croatan Beach, Great Neck Point, Green Run, Kempsville, Lago Mar, London Bridge, Lynnhaven, Newtown, The North End, Oceana, Ocean Park, Pembroke Manor, Princess Anne, Pungo, Red Mill Commons, Sandbridge, Thalia, and Thoroughgood.[22]", "George Washington. Jean-Antoine Houdon's statue, State Capitol in Virginia", "Battle of the Chesapeake. At the Cape Henry Memorial located at Joint Expeditionary Base Fort Story in Virginia Beach, Virginia, there is monument commemorating the contribution of de Grasse and his sailors to the cause of American independence. The memorial and monument are part of the Colonial National Historical Park and are maintained by the National Park Service.[60]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Mount Trashmore Park is clearly visible from I-264 when traveling to the oceanfront. The park is 165 acres (67 ha). The hill is 60 ft (18 m) high and over 800 ft (240 m) long, and was created by compacting layers of solid waste and clean soil. It is the highest point in Virginia Beach. The park also features two lakes: Lake Windsor and Lake Trashmore. Lake Trashmore is stocked with fish, but is unsanitary to fish in. Residents can also take advantage of a skate park.[57]", "Richmond, Virginia. The city is home to many monuments and memorials, most notably those along Monument Avenue. Other monuments include the A.P. Hill monument, the Bill \"Bojangles\" Robinson monument in Jackson Ward, the Christopher Columbus monument near Byrd Park. Located near Byrd Park is the famous World War I Memorial Carillon, a 56-bell carillon tower. Dedicated in 1956, the Virginia War Memorial is located on Belvedere overlooking the river, and is a monument to Virginians who died in battle in World War II, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the Gulf War, the War in Afghanistan, and the Iraq War.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Additionally, the famous 3 miles (4.8 km) boardwalk at the oceanfront is often packed with fascinating entertainment, outdoor cafes, concerts and people. Made of concrete, the boardwalk links forty hotels and other attractions and has a bike path.[65]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The Virginia Beach Amphitheater, built in 1996, features a wide variety of popular shows and concerts, ranging from Kenny Chesney to Taylor Swift to Coldplay to Ozzfest. The Sandler Center, a 1200-seat performing arts theatre, opened in the Virginia Beach Town Center in November 2007.[47] Virginia Beach is home to many sites of historical importance and has 18 sites on the National Register of Historic Places. Such sites include the Adam Thoroughgood House (one of the oldest surviving colonial homes in Virginia), the Francis Land House (a 200-year-old plantation), the Cape Henry Lights and nearby Cape Henry Light Station (a second tower), Bayville Farm, De Witt Cottage, Ferry Farm Plantation, Dr. John Miller-Masury House, Adam Keeling House, Old Donation Church, Pembroke Manor, Pleasant Hall, Shirley Hall (Devereaux House), Thomas Murray House, U.S. Coast Guard Station (Seatack), Upper Wolfsnare, Weblin House, and Wishart Boush House, and Wolfsnare.[48]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach's Sister Cities are:[115]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach is a resort city with miles of beaches and hundreds of hotels, motels, and restaurants along its oceanfront. Every year the city hosts the East Coast Surfing Championships as well as the North American Sand Soccer Championship, a beach soccer tournament. It is also home to several state parks, several long-protected beach areas, three military bases, a number of large corporations, two universities, International headquarters and site of the television broadcast studios for Pat Robertson's Christian Broadcasting Network (CBN), Edgar Cayce's Association for Research and Enlightenment, and numerous historic sites. Near the point where the Chesapeake Bay and the Atlantic Ocean meet, Cape Henry was the site of the first landing of the English colonists, who eventually settled in Jamestown, on April 26, 1607.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The city is connected to I-64 via I-264, which runs from the oceanfront, intersects with I-64 on the east side of Norfolk, and continues through downtown Norfolk and Portsmouth until rejoining I-64 at the terminus of both roads in Chesapeake where Interstate 664 completes the loop which forms the Hampton Roads Beltway. Travelers to and from Virginia Beach can access the Hampton Roads Beltway in either direction from I-264 in Norfolk to use a choice of the two bridge-tunnel facilities to cross Hampton Roads to reach the Peninsula, Williamsburg, Richmond and points north. Other major roads include Virginia Beach Boulevard (U.S. Route 58), Shore Drive (U.S. Route 60), which connects to Atlantic Avenue at the oceanfront, Northampton Blvd (U.S. Route 13), Princess Anne Road (State Route 165), Indian River Road (former State Route 603), Lynnhaven Parkway, Independence Boulevard, General Booth Boulevard, and Nimmo Parkway. Streets in the oceanfront hotel and entertainment district are arranged in a fairly regular, grid like pattern, with Atlantic Avenue parallel to the shoreline, then Pacific Avenue, and Arctic Avenue going further inland.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 1891, guests at the new hotel watched the wreck and rescue efforts of the United States Life-Saving Service for the Norwegian bark Dictator. The ship's figurehead, which washed up on the beach several days later, was erected as a monument to the victims and rescuers. It stood along the oceanfront for more than 50 years. In the 21st century, it inspired the pair of matching Norwegian Lady Monuments, sculpted by Ørnulf Bast and installed in Virginia Beach and Moss, Norway.[13]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The city is home to several points of interest in the historical, scientific, and visual/performing arts areas, and has become a popular tourist destination in recent years. The Virginia Museum of Contemporary Art features regularly changing exhibitions in a variety of media. Exhibitions feature painting, sculpture, photography, glass, video and other visual media from internationally acclaimed artists as well as artists of national and regional renown. MOCA was born from the annual Boardwalk Art Show, which began in 1952 and is now the museum's largest fundraiser. By operating at a national standard, MOCA received accreditation from the American Alliance of Museums in 2010.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach is an independent city located on the southeastern coast of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 437,994.[3] In 2015, the population was estimated to be 452,745.[4] Although mostly suburban in character, it is the most populous city in Virginia and the 41st most populous city in the nation.[5] Located on the Atlantic Ocean at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay, Virginia Beach is included in the Hampton Roads metropolitan area. This area, known as \"America's First Region\", also includes the independent cities of Chesapeake, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Suffolk, as well as other smaller cities, counties, and towns of Hampton Roads.", "Golden Isles of Georgia. The St. Simons Lighthouse, located on the south end of the Island, has been in operation since 1872 (an earlier lighthouse, completed in 1810, was destroyed during the Civil War).[5] Today, the Lighthouse and Museum are open to the public on a daily basis. Adjacent to the Lighthouse, Neptune Park with its public pool and playground is a popular spot for relaxation, cookouts, outdoor activities, and community events. The nearby Pier is a steady draw for anglers, tourists, and sightseers. The Pier Village on Mallery Street is lined with boutiques and a variety of restaurants.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach serves as the headquarters for the Christian Broadcasting Network, located adjacent to Regent University. CBN's most notable program, The 700 Club originates from the Virginia Beach studios.[89] In 2008, Virginia Beach became the home to the Reel Dreams Film Festival.", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. The city is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as having the longest pleasure beach in the world. It is located at the southern end of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge-Tunnel, the longest bridge-tunnel complex in the world.[6]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach is located entirely in the Virginia's 2nd congressional district, served by U.S. Representative Scott Taylor (Republican).", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. Virginia Beach is home to several United States Military bases. These include the United States Navy's NAS Oceana and Training Support Center Hampton Roads, and the Joint Expeditionary Base East located at Cape Henry. Additionally, NAB Little Creek is located mostly within the city of Virginia Beach but carries a Norfolk address.[42]", "Virginia Beach, Virginia. According to the 2010 Census, the racial composition of Virginia Beach was as follows:[34]", "Virginia Beach Oceanfront. With the construction of the rail system in 1883 tourism in Virginia Beach began to grow. Soon after the Virginia Beach Hotel was opened, offering tourists the first overnight accommodations.[3] As more tourists began to spend their summers in Virginia Beach along the coast, construction began on the boardwalk in 1888. It was first built from wooden planks and expanded a mere five blocks.[4] During the gilded age the boardwalk was home to the famous Peacock Ballroom, where performances were held by such artists as Duke Ellington, Cab Calloway, and Tommy Dorsey. By the early 1900s, Virginia Beach became a well-known vacation destination.[3] In 1927, The Cavalier opened its doors. This was Virginia Beach’s first grand hotel. The Cavalier was host to 7 US Presidents: Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon Johnson and Richard Nixon. The hotel was also an attraction to national celebrities such as, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Bette Davis, Jean Harlow, Judy Garland, Will Rogers and Fatty Arbuckle.[5] During the 1930s through the 1950s the Cavalier hosted the most popular big bands in the world. Some of these performances included: Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Benny Goodman, Tommy Dorsey, Glenn Miller, Xavier Cugat, Cab Calloway and Lawrence Welk.[3] The Cavalier even contributed to World War II. In 1942, the United States Navy asked for the hotel’s help. They converted the stables into sailor’s living quarters, drained the pool for training purposes and even had the hotel chefs feeding the Navy trainees.[5] In 1973 in response to the growing number tourists visiting the area The Cavalier built an 11-story oceanfront hotel. In the following years the hotel was visited by President Gerald Ford, George Bush, and then Ambassador to China, to address the Virginia Bar Association and President Jimmy Carter to speak before the Southern Baptist Convention.[5]" ]

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[ "Amazing Grace. The U.S. Library of Congress has a collection of 3,000 versions of and songs inspired by \"Amazing Grace\", some of which were first-time recordings by folklorists Alan and John Lomax, a father and son team who in 1932 traveled thousands of miles across the South to capture the different regional styles of the song. More contemporary renditions include samples from such popular artists as Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers (1963), the Byrds (1970), Elvis Presley (1971), Skeeter Davis (1972), Mighty Clouds of Joy (1972), Amazing Rhythm Aces (1975), Willie Nelson (1976), and the Lemonheads (1992).[64]", "Amazing Grace. Although it had its roots in England, \"Amazing Grace\" became an integral part of the Christian tapestry in the United States. More than 60 of Newton and Cowper's hymns were republished in other British hymnals and magazines, but \"Amazing Grace\" was not, appearing only once in a 1780 hymnal sponsored by the Countess of Huntingdon. Scholar John Julian commented in his 1892 A Dictionary of Hymnology that outside of the United States, the song was unknown and it was \"far from being a good example of Newton's finest work\".[39][h] Between 1789 and 1799, four variations of Newton's hymn were published in the U.S. in Baptist, Dutch Reformed, and Congregationalist hymnodies;[34] by 1830 Presbyterians and Methodists also included Newton's verses in their hymnals.[40][41]", "Amazing Grace. Two musical arrangers named Dwight Moody and Ira Sankey heralded another religious revival in the cities of the U.S. and Europe, giving the song international exposure. Moody's preaching and Sankey's musical gifts were significant; their arrangements were the forerunners of gospel music, and churches all over the U.S. were eager to acquire them.[59] Moody and Sankey began publishing their compositions in 1875, and \"Amazing Grace\" appeared three times with three different melodies, but they were the first to give it its title; hymns were typically published using the first line of the lyrics, or the name of the tune such as \"New Britain\". A publisher named Edwin Othello Excell gave the version of \"Amazing Grace\" set to \"New Britain\" immense popularity by publishing it in a series of hymnals that were used in urban churches. Excell altered some of Walker's music, making it more contemporary and European, giving \"New Britain\" some distance from its rural folk-music origins. Excell's version was more palatable for a growing urban middle class and arranged for larger church choirs. Several editions featuring Newton's first three stanzas and the verse previously included by Harriet Beecher Stowe in Uncle Tom's Cabin were published by Excell between 1900 and 1910, and his version of \"Amazing Grace\" became the standard form of the song in American churches.[60][61]", "Amazing Grace. Ordained in the Church of England in 1764, Newton became curate of Olney, Buckinghamshire, where he began to write hymns with poet William Cowper. \"Amazing Grace\" was written to illustrate a sermon on New Year's Day of 1773. It is unknown if there was any music accompanying the verses; it may have simply been chanted by the congregation. It debuted in print in 1779 in Newton and Cowper's Olney Hymns but settled into relative obscurity in England. In the United States, however, \"Amazing Grace\" was used extensively during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century. It has been associated with more than 20 melodies, but in 1835 it was joined to a tune named \"New Britain\" to which it is most frequently sung today.", "Amazing Grace. \"Amazing Grace\", with the words written by Newton and joined with \"New Britain\", the melody most currently associated with it, appeared for the first time in Walker's shape note tunebook Southern Harmony in 1847.[48] It was, according to author Steve Turner, a \"marriage made in heaven ... The music behind 'amazing' had a sense of awe to it. The music behind 'grace' sounded graceful. There was a rise at the point of confession, as though the author was stepping out into the open and making a bold declaration, but a corresponding fall when admitting his blindness.\"[49] Walker's collection was enormously popular, selling about 600,000 copies all over the U.S. when the total population was just over 20 million. Another shape note tunebook named The Sacred Harp (1844) by Georgia residents Benjamin Franklin White and Elisha J. King became widely influential and continues to be used.[50]", "Amazing Grace. With the advent of recorded music and radio, \"Amazing Grace\" began to cross over from primarily a gospel standard to secular audiences. The ability to record combined with the marketing of records to specific audiences allowed \"Amazing Grace\" to take on thousands of different forms in the 20th century. Where Edwin Othello Excell sought to make the singing of \"Amazing Grace\" uniform throughout thousands of churches, records allowed artists to improvise with the words and music specific to each audience. AllMusic lists more than 7,000 recordings – including re-releases and compilations – as of September 2011.[62] Its first recording is an a cappella version from 1922 by the Sacred Harp Choir. It was included from 1926 to 1930 in Okeh Records' catalogue, which typically concentrated strongly on blues and jazz. Demand was high for black gospel recordings of the song by H. R. Tomlin and J. M. Gates. A poignant sense of nostalgia accompanied the recordings of several gospel and blues singers in the 1940s and 1950s who used the song to remember their grandparents, traditions, and family roots.[63] It was recorded with musical accompaniment for the first time in 1930 by Fiddlin' John Carson, although to another folk hymn named \"At the Cross\", not to \"New Britain\".[64] \"Amazing Grace\" is emblematic of several kinds of folk music styles, often used as the standard example to illustrate such musical techniques as lining out and call and response, that have been practiced in both black and white folk music.[65]", "Amazing Grace. With the message that forgiveness and redemption are possible regardless of sins committed and that the soul can be delivered from despair through the mercy of God, \"Amazing Grace\" is one of the most recognisable songs in the English-speaking world. Author Gilbert Chase writes that it is \"without a doubt the most famous of all the folk hymns\",[1] and Jonathan Aitken, a Newton biographer, estimates that it is performed about 10 million times annually.[2] It has had particular influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic African American spiritual. Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music. \"Amazing Grace\" saw a resurgence in popularity in the U.S. during the 1960s and has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century, occasionally appearing on popular music charts.", "Amazing Grace. When originally used in Olney, it is unknown what music, if any, accompanied the verses written by John Newton. Contemporary hymnbooks did not contain music and were simply small books of religious poetry. The first known instance of Newton's lines joined to music was in A Companion to the Countess of Huntingdon's Hymns (London, 1808), where it is set to the tune \"Hephzibah\" by English composer John Husband.[44] Common meter hymns were interchangeable with a variety of tunes; more than twenty musical settings of \"Amazing Grace\" circulated with varying popularity until 1835 when William Walker assigned Newton's words to a traditional song named \"New Britain\", which was itself an amalgamation of two melodies (\"Gallaher\" and \"St. Mary\") first published in the Columbian Harmony by Charles H. Spilman and Benjamin Shaw (Cincinnati, 1829). Spilman and Shaw, both students at Kentucky's Centre College, compiled their tunebook both for public worship and revivals, to satisfy \"the wants of the Church in her triumphal march\". Most of the tunes had been previously published, but \"Gallaher\" and \"St. Mary\" had not.[45] As neither tune is attributed and both show elements of oral transmission, scholars can only speculate that they are possibly of British origin.[46] A manuscript from 1828 by Lucius Chapin, a famous hymn writer of that time, contains a tune very close to \"St. Mary\", but that does not mean that he wrote it.[47]", "Amazing Grace. Aretha Franklin and Rod Stewart also recorded \"Amazing Grace\" around the same time, and both of their renditions were popular.[i] All four versions were marketed to distinct types of audiences thereby assuring its place as a pop song.[82] Johnny Cash recorded it on his 1975 album Sings Precious Memories, dedicating it to his older brother Jack, who had been killed in a mill accident when they were boys in Dyess, Arkansas. Cash and his family sang it to themselves while they worked in the cotton fields following Jack's death. Cash often included the song when he toured prisons, saying \"For the three minutes that song is going on, everybody is free. It just frees the spirit and frees the person.\"[3]", "Amazing Grace. The greatest influences in the 19th century that propelled \"Amazing Grace\" to spread across the U.S. and become a staple of religious services in many denominations and regions were the Second Great Awakening and the development of shape note singing communities. A tremendous religious movement swept the U.S. in the early 19th century, marked by the growth and popularity of churches and religious revivals that got their start in Kentucky and Tennessee. Unprecedented gatherings of thousands of people attended camp meetings where they came to experience salvation; preaching was fiery and focused on saving the sinner from temptation and backsliding.[42] Religion was stripped of ornament and ceremony, and made as plain and simple as possible; sermons and songs often used repetition to get across to a rural population of poor and mostly uneducated people the necessity of turning away from sin. Witnessing and testifying became an integral component to these meetings, where a congregation member or even a stranger would rise and recount his turn from a sinful life to one of piety and peace.[40] \"Amazing Grace\" was one of many hymns that punctuated fervent sermons, although the contemporary style used a refrain, borrowed from other hymns, that employed simplicity and repetition such as:", "Amazing Grace. The transformative power of the song was investigated by journalist Bill Moyers in a documentary released in 1990. Moyers was inspired to focus on the song's power after watching a performance at Lincoln Center, where the audience consisted of Christians and non-Christians, and he noticed that it had an equal impact on everybody in attendance, unifying them.[22] James Basker also acknowledged this force when he explained why he chose \"Amazing Grace\" to represent a collection of anti-slavery poetry: \"there is a transformative power that is applicable ... : the transformation of sin and sorrow into grace, of suffering into beauty, of alienation into empathy and connection, of the unspeakable into imaginative literature.\"[98]", "Amazing Grace. According to the Dictionary of American Hymnology \"Amazing Grace\" is John Newton's spiritual autobiography in verse.[4]", "Amazing Grace. The New Testament served as the basis for many of the lyrics of \"Amazing Grace\". The first verse, for example, can be traced to the story of the Prodigal Son. In the Gospel of Luke the father says, \"For this son of mine was dead and is alive again; he was lost, and is found\". The story of Jesus healing a blind man who tells the Pharisees that he can now see is told in the Gospel of John. Newton used the words \"I was blind but now I see\" and declared \"Oh to grace how great a debtor!\" in his letters and diary entries as early as 1752.[37] The effect of the lyrical arrangement, according to Bruce Hindmarsh, allows an instant release of energy in the exclamation \"Amazing grace!\", to be followed by a qualifying reply in \"how sweet the sound\". In An Annotated Anthology of Hymns, Newton's use of an exclamation at the beginning of his verse is called \"crude but effective\" in an overall composition that \"suggest(s) a forceful, if simple, statement of faith\".[36] Grace is recalled three times in the following verse, culminating in Newton's most personal story of his conversion, underscoring the use of his personal testimony with his parishioners.[27]", "Amazing Grace. \"Amazing Grace\" came to be an emblem of a Christian movement and a symbol of the U.S. itself as the country was involved in a great political experiment, attempting to employ democracy as a means of government. Shape note singing communities, with all the members sitting around an open center, each song employing a different director, illustrated this in practice. Simultaneously, the U.S. began to expand westward into previously unexplored territory that was often wilderness. The \"dangers, toils, and snares\" of Newton's lyrics had both literal and figurative meanings for Americans.[50] This became poignantly true during the most serious test of American cohesion in the U.S. Civil War (1861–1865). \"Amazing Grace\" set to \"New Britain\" was included in two hymnals distributed to soldiers and with death so real and imminent, religious services in the military became commonplace.[54] The hymn was translated into other languages as well: while on the Trail of Tears, the Cherokee sang Christian hymns as a way of coping with the ongoing tragedy, and a version of the song by Samuel Worcester that had been translated into the Cherokee language became very popular.[55][56]", "Amazing Grace. \"Amazing Grace\" is a Christian hymn published in 1779, with words written by the English poet and Anglican clergyman John Newton (1725–1807).", "Amazing Grace. Although \"Amazing Grace\" set to \"New Britain\" was popular, other versions existed regionally. Primitive Baptists in the Appalachian region often used \"New Britain\" with other hymns, and sometimes sing the words of \"Amazing Grace\" to other folk songs, including titles such as \"In the Pines\", \"Pisgah\", \"Primrose\", and \"Evan\", as all are able to be sung in common meter, of which the majority of their repertoire consists.[57][58] A tune named \"Arlington\" accompanied Newton's verses as much as \"New Britain\" for a time in the late 19th century.", "Amazing Grace. Mahalia Jackson's 1947 version received significant radio airplay, and as her popularity grew throughout the 1950s and 1960s, she often sang it at public events such as concerts at Carnegie Hall.[67] Author James Basker states that the song has been employed by African Americans as the \"paradigmatic Negro spiritual\" because it expresses the joy felt at being delivered from slavery and worldly miseries.[31] Anthony Heilbut, author of The Gospel Sound, states that the \"dangers, toils, and snares\" of Newton's words are a \"universal testimony\" of the African American experience.[68] During the civil rights movement and opposition to the Vietnam War, the song took on a political tone. Mahalia Jackson employed \"Amazing Grace\" for Civil Rights marchers, writing that she used it \"to give magical protection – a charm to ward off danger, an incantation to the angels of heaven to descend ... I was not sure the magic worked outside the church walls ... in the open air of Mississippi. But I wasn't taking any chances.\"[69] Folk singer Judy Collins, who knew the song before she could remember learning it, witnessed Fannie Lou Hamer leading marchers in Mississippi in 1964, singing \"Amazing Grace\". Collins also considered it a talisman of sorts, and saw its equal emotional impact on the marchers, witnesses, and law enforcement who opposed the civil rights demonstrators.[3] According to fellow folk singer Joan Baez, it was one of the most requested songs from her audiences, but she never realized its origin as a hymn; by the time she was singing it in the 1960s she said it had \"developed a life of its own\".[70] It even made an appearance at the Woodstock Music Festival in 1969 during Arlo Guthrie's performance.[71]", "Amazing Grace. William Phipps in the Anglican Theological Review and author James Basker have interpreted the first stanza of \"Amazing Grace\" as evidence of Newton's realization that his participation in the slave trade was his wretchedness, perhaps representing a wider common understanding of Newton's motivations.[30][31] Newton joined forces with a young man named William Wilberforce, the British Member of Parliament who led the Parliamentarian campaign to abolish the slave trade in the British Empire, culminating in the Slave Trade Act 1807. However, Newton became an ardent and outspoken abolitionist after he left Olney in the 1780s; he never connected the construction of the hymn that became \"Amazing Grace\" to anti-slavery sentiments.[32] The lyrics in Olney Hymns were arranged by their association to the Biblical verses that would be used by Newton and Cowper in their prayer meetings and did not address any political objective. For Newton, the beginning of the year was a time to reflect on one's spiritual progress. At the same time he completed a diary – which has since been lost – that he had begun 17 years before, two years after he quit sailing. The last entry of 1772 was a recounting of how much he had changed since then.[33]", "Amazing Grace. The communal understanding of redemption and human self-worth has changed since Newton's time. Since the 1970s, self-help books, psychology, and some modern expressions of Christianity have viewed this disparity in terms of grace being an innate quality within all people who must be inspired or strong enough to find it: something to achieve. In contrast to Newton's vision of wretchedness as his willful sin and distance from God, wretchedness has instead come to mean an obstacle of physical, social, or spiritual nature to overcome in order to achieve a state of grace, happiness, or contentment. Since its immense popularity and iconic nature, \"grace\" and the meaning behind the words of \"Amazing Grace\" have become as individual as the singer or listener.[96] Bruce Hindmarsh suggests that the secular popularity of \"Amazing Grace\" is due to the absence of any mention of God in the lyrics until the fourth verse (by Excell's version, the fourth verse begins \"When we've been there ten thousand years\"), and that the song represents the ability of humanity to transform itself instead of a transformation taking place at the hands of God. \"Grace\", however, to John Newton had a clearer meaning, as he used the word to represent God or the power of God.[97]", "Amazing Grace. Following the appropriation of the hymn in secular music, \"Amazing Grace\" became such an icon in American culture that it has been used for a variety of secular purposes and marketing campaigns, placing it in danger of becoming a cliché. It has been mass-produced on souvenirs, lent its name to a Superman villain, appeared on The Simpsons to demonstrate the redemption of a murderous character named Sideshow Bob, incorporated into Hare Krishna chants and adapted for Wicca ceremonies.[84] It can also be sung to the theme from The Mickey Mouse Club, as Garrison Keillor has observed.[85] The hymn has been employed in several films, including Alice's Restaurant, Coal Miner's Daughter, and Silkwood. It is referenced in the 2006 film Amazing Grace, which highlights Newton's influence on the leading British abolitionist William Wilberforce,[86] and in the upcoming film biography of Newton, Newton's Grace.[87] The 1982 science fiction film Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan used \"Amazing Grace\" amid a context of Christian symbolism, to memorialize Mr. Spock following his death,[86] but more practically, because the song has become \"instantly recognizable to many in the audience as music that sounds appropriate for a funeral\" according to a Star Trek scholar.[88] Since 1954, when an organ instrumental of \"New Britain\" became a bestseller, \"Amazing Grace\" has been associated with funerals and memorial services.[89] It has become a song that inspires hope in the wake of tragedy, becoming a sort of \"spiritual national anthem\" according to authors Mary Rourke and Emily Gwathmey.[90] For example, President Barack Obama recited and then sang the hymn at the memorial service for Clementa Pinckney, one of the victims of the 2015 Charleston church shooting.[91]", "Portal:United States/Selected article. Author Gilbert Chase writes that \"Amazing Grace\" is \"without a doubt the most famous of all the folk hymns\", and Jonathan Aitken, a Newton biographer, estimates that it is performed about 10 million times annually. It has had particular influence in folk music, and become an emblematic African American spiritual. Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music. \"Amazing Grace\" saw a resurgence in popularity in the U.S. during the 1960s and has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century, sometimes appearing on popular music charts.", "Amazing Grace. Collins decided to record it in the late 1960s amid an atmosphere of counterculture introspection; she was part of an encounter group that ended a contentious meeting by singing \"Amazing Grace\" as it was the only song to which all the members knew the words. Her producer was present and suggested she include a version of it on her 1970 album Whales & Nightingales. Collins, who had a history of alcohol abuse, claimed that the song was able to \"pull her through\" to recovery.[3] It was recorded in St. Paul's, the chapel at Columbia University, chosen for the acoustics. She chose an a cappella arrangement that was close to Edwin Othello Excell's, accompanied by a chorus of amateur singers who were friends of hers. Collins connected it to the Vietnam War, to which she objected: \"I didn't know what else to do about the war in Vietnam. I had marched, I had voted, I had gone to jail on political actions and worked for the candidates I believed in. The war was still raging. There was nothing left to do, I thought ... but sing 'Amazing Grace'.\"[72] Gradually and unexpectedly, the song began to be played on the radio, and then be requested. It rose to number 15 on the Billboard Hot 100, remaining on the charts for 15 weeks,[73] as if, she wrote, her fans had been \"waiting to embrace it\".[74] In the UK, it charted 8 times between 1970 and 1972, peaking at number 5 and spending a total of 75 weeks on popular music charts.[75] Her rendition also reached number 5 in New Zealand[76] and number 12 in Ireland in 1971.[77]", "Amazing Grace. Moyers interviewed Collins, Cash, opera singer Jessye Norman, Appalachian folk musician Jean Ritchie and her family, white Sacred Harp singers in Georgia, black Sacred Harp singers in Alabama, and a prison choir at the Texas State Penitentiary at Huntsville. Collins, Cash, and Norman were unable to discern if the power of the song came from the music or the lyrics. Norman, who once notably sang it at the end of a large outdoor rock concert for Nelson Mandela's 70th birthday, stated, \"I don't know whether it's the text – I don't know whether we're talking about the lyrics when we say that it touches so many people – or whether it's that tune that everybody knows.\" A prisoner interviewed by Moyers explained his literal interpretation of the second verse: \"'Twas grace that taught my heart to fear, and grace my fears relieved\" by saying that the fear became immediately real to him when he realized he may never get his life in order, compounded by the loneliness and restriction in prison. Gospel singer Marion Williams summed up its effect: \"That's a song that gets to everybody\".[3]", "Amazing Grace. Another verse was first recorded in Harriet Beecher Stowe's immensely influential 1852 anti-slavery novel Uncle Tom's Cabin. Three verses were emblematically sung by Tom in his hour of deepest crisis.[51] He sings the sixth and fifth verses in that order, and Stowe included another verse not written by Newton that had been passed down orally in African American communities for at least 50 years. It was originally one of between 50 and 70 verses of a song titled \"Jerusalem, My Happy Home\" that first appeared in a 1790 book called A Collection of Sacred Ballads:", "Cherokee removal. During the journey, it is said that the people would sing \"Amazing Grace\", using its inspiration to improve morale. The traditional Christian hymn had previously been translated into Cherokee by the missionary Samuel Worcester with Cherokee assistance. The song has since become a sort of anthem for the Cherokee people.[22]", "Amazing Grace. The general impact of Olney Hymns was immediate and it became a widely popular tool for evangelicals in Britain for many years. Scholars appreciated Cowper's poetry somewhat more than Newton's plaintive and plain language driven from his forceful personality. The most prevalent themes in the verses written by Newton in Olney Hymns are faith in salvation, wonder at God's grace, his love for Jesus, and his cheerful exclamations of the joy he found in his faith.[26] As a reflection of Newton's connection to his parishioners, he wrote many of the hymns in first person, admitting his own experience with sin. Bruce Hindmarsh in Sing Them Over Again To Me: Hymns and Hymnbooks in America considers \"Amazing Grace\" an excellent example of Newton's testimonial style afforded by the use of this perspective.[27] Several of Newton's hymns were recognized as great work (\"Amazing Grace\" was not among them) while others seem to have been included to fill in when Cowper was unable to write.[28] Jonathan Aitken calls Newton, specifically referring to \"Amazing Grace\", an \"unashamedly middlebrow lyricist writing for a lowbrow congregation\", noting that only twenty-one of the nearly 150 words used in all six verses have more than one syllable.[29]", "Amazing Grace. John Newton, Olney Hymns, 1779", "Amazing Grace. Although Collins used it as a catharsis for her opposition to the Vietnam War, two years after her rendition, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards, senior Scottish regiment of the British Army, recorded an instrumental version featuring a bagpipe soloist accompanied by a pipe and drum band. The tempo of their arrangement was slowed to allow for the bagpipes, but it was based on Collins': it began with a bagpipe solo introduction similar to her lone voice, then it was accompanied by the band of bagpipes and horns, whereas in her version she is backed up by a chorus. It topped the RPM national singles chart in Canada for three weeks,[78] and rose as high as number 11 in the U.S.[79][80] It is also a controversial instrumental, as it combined pipes with a military band. The Pipe Major of the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards was summoned to Edinburgh Castle and chastised for demeaning the bagpipes.[81]", "Amazing Grace. John Newton, 1778[3]", "Amazing Grace. Steve Turner, 2002[83]", "Amazing Grace. When we've been there ten thousand years,\nBright shining as the sun,\nWe've no less days to sing God's praise,\nThan when we first begun.[52][53]", "Amazing Grace. The sermon preached by Newton was his last, of those that William Cowper heard in Olney, since Cowper's mental instability returned shortly thereafter. Steve Turner, author of Amazing Grace: The Story of America's Most Beloved Song, suggests Newton may have had his friend in mind, employing the themes of assurance and deliverance from despair for Cowper's benefit.[38]" ]

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[ "2gether (CNBLUE album). During a press conference in June for the 2015 Jung Yong-hwa Live \"One Fine Day\" concert in Taipei, he disclosed that, upon the completion of his solo promotions, CNBLUE was set to release an album in the second half of the year.[2] On August 24, 2015, it was announced that the band would release its second studio album in September.[3] Four days later, it was revealed that the album was titled 2gether and had a set release date of September 14, one year and seven months following Can't Stop.[4]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). 2gether is the second studio album by South Korean pop rock idol band CNBLUE. It was released on September 14, 2015, under FNC Entertainment. After ending domestic promotions for Can't Stop (2014), the band concentrated on individual activities; most notably, frontman Jung Yong-hwa released his debut solo album One Fine Day (2015) in January. The remaining band members sought out opportunities in television, particularly in acting, variety show appearances, and MCing. In August 2015, it was announced that CNBLUE would release its second studio album after an absence lasting one year and seven months. With 2gether, the band decided to change the direction of its music; it stripped itself of the acoustic tracks it was known for and explored electronic dance music in order to create a particular color and form a distinctive sound.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). After ending domestic promotions for its fifth mini-album Can't Stop (2014), CNBLUE pursued individual activities. Frontman Jung Yong-hwa released his debut solo studio album One Fine Day (2015) in January and embarked on an Asian tour. Guitarist Lee Jong-hyun played the role of a lead character in KBS2's Orange Marmalade and participated on MBC's reality variety program We Got Married. Drummer Kang Min-hyuk took part in MBC's I Live Alone and KBS2's sports variety show Our Neighborhood Arts and Physical Education. Bassist Lee Jung-shin was an MC for SBS Plus's Fashion King: Secret Box and Mnet's music chart show M Countdown.[1]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). The quartet were guests on KBS2's talk show You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook, where they performed \"Cinderella\", as well as a rearranged version of \"I'm a Loner\" and \"Can't Stop\".[49] CNBLUE appeared on SBS Power FM's Cultwo Show and KBS Cool FM's Kiss the Radio in order to promote the album.[50][51] The band, sans guitarist Lee, also made a surprise appearance on the September 27 broadcast of KBS2's Gag Concert for the same purpose.[52] The band held the CNBLUE 2nd Album [2gether] Behind Day event on October 9 to commemorate the end of the album's domestic promotional cycle.[53] tHE final music show performance was broadcast on Show! Music Core on October 17.[54]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). 2gether is available in three editions. The concept of version A revolves around the theme of morning and showcases CNBLUE's \"sexy change\".[24] It includes a 68-page photobook, one out of four random photo card between two sets, and a poster.[25] The concept of version B presents the members in a forest, in which they exhibit \"dreamlike atmospheres\".[26] It includes a 64-page photobook, one out of four random photo card between two sets, and a poster.[27] The cover art for these two versions display a pattern of geometric diamonds. The album's title is split into '2' and 'gether', encased within the diamond in the center of the cover.[4] The artwork for the special version of 2gether was designed by Belgian artist Sammy Slabbinck, his first time working with South Korean musicians.[28] It includes a 16-page photobook and a poster.[29]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). On September 2, a set of teaser photos for version A of 2gether was published.[24] A second set of teaser photos for version B followed the next day.[26] On the following day, the opening trailer for \"Cinderella\" was uploaded on CNBLUE's YouTube channel. The four members are shown awakening, each with a single high heel in their possession.[15] Between September 7–10, individual opening trailers were released daily, each preceded by the \"CNBLUE Cinderella V Week\" show on Naver's mobile app V directly before their release; bassist Lee, drummer Kang, and guitarist Lee held a 10-minute broadcast, while Jung Yong-hwa held a 15-minute broadcast.[30][31] This was followed by the release of the music video teaser for \"Cinderella\" on the subsequent day, as well as a highlight medley for the album.[32][33] One hour prior to the release of the album, CNBLUE broadcast from Japan on the V app to discuss the album and sing a portion of the lead single, as well as snippets of other selected songs.[34]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). First Step is the debut album by the South Korean rock band CNBLUE. The album was released on March 21, 2011 in South Korea. The song \"Intuition\" was used as the title track. The album contains twelve songs, three new songs, eight Korean versions of their Japanese songs and one song from their Japanese album as bonus track. The album was re-released on April 7, 2011 in a Special Limited Edition with the same track list and an 80-pages photobook with making-of the music videos \"Intuition\" and \"Love Girl\".", "2gether (CNBLUE album). The band embarked on the 2015 CNBLUE Live \"Come Together\" concert tour. The first concert took place on October 2 at the Mercedes-Benz Arena in Shanghai, China,[55][56] followed by two concerts at the Jamsil Arena between October 24–25 in Seoul, South Korea,[57][58] two concerts at the AsiaWorld–Expo arena between November 21–22 in Hong Kong,[59][60] one at the Impact, Muang Thong Thani arena on January 16, 2016, in Bangkok, Thailand,[61] one at the Workers' Stadium on January 23 in Beijing, China,[62] one at the Singapore Indoor Stadium on February 13 in Kallang,[63] two at the Taipei Nangang Exhibition Center between February 19–20 in Taipei, Taiwan,[64] and one at the Guangzhou International Sports Arena on February 27 in Guangzhou, China.[65] The concert at the Dalian Zhongsheng Center scheduled on December 19 in Dalian was canceled \"due to unforeseen reasons\".[66] One concert will take place at the Olympic Sports Centre on March 12 in Nanjing,[67] one at the International Expo Center on March 19 in Chongqing,[68] and one at the Huanglong Gymnasium on March 26 in Hangzhou.[69]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). On the chart dated September 13 – 20, 2015, 2gether debuted at number two on the Gaon Album Chart, outranked by Super Junior's Magic.[71] The following week, the album rose to the top of the chart.[72] It fell to number three on its third week.[73] The record ranked at number 30 on Gaon's year-end chart for selling 82,748 copies in South Korea.[74]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). 2gether also debuted at number three on Billboard magazine's World Albums Chart.[75] In Japan, the album debuted at number 19 on the weekly Oricon Albums Chart, selling 3,716 copies in its first week.[76] It sold an additional 3,069 on the following week, peaking at number 14.[77] By the end of its chart run, the album sold 12,672 copies in the country.[78]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). Rating the album three and a half stars out of five, Jung Min-jae of online magazine IZM sensed that CNBLUE \"adheres to its wide-ranging pop rock\" in 2gether. Lauding Jung's versatile vocal styles throughout the album and the band's blending of music, he felt that the band's \"signature smooth melodies and waving grooves are more attractive than ever\". He complimented the \"stable, tidied color of its sound\", acknowledging \"how much effort was put in to its solid structure.\" He named \"Domino\" and \"Radio\" as the highlights of the album that showcased \"a new side of the band\", while also noting tracks like \"Roller Coaster\" and \"Hero\" draw from the band's previous work to strike a balance within the album. He expressed that the \"dramatic\" progression of CNBLUE's music was \"unfathomable\" from its career beginnings. In spite of lyrics lacking depth, in addition to compositions and arrangements which fell short of diversity, he stated that the \"neat composition of the tracks makes you feel good\", which produced a \"well-made pop rock album\".[20] Rating the album three stars out of five, Jung Hae-wook of News Tomato complimented the band on the mixture of electronic rock and being able to form a distinct sound between the tracks, as well as their effort to experiment in order to establish its musical identity.[18]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). \"First Step +1 Thank You\" is a special Korean EP released by the South Korean rock band CNBLUE. It is the third Korean EP of the group, but it's being counted as First Step's re-release album (repackage album). It was released on April 26, 2011 with the new version of the song \"Love Girl\" as the title track. The EP was released as a \"thank you\" gift for the fans who supported the group with their first studio album First Step.[13] It comes with 4 songs, 3 Korean versions of their previous Japanese songs and a new arrangement version of the song \"Love Girl\" from their first studio album First Step.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). After a series of photo and video teasers, the album and lead single \"Cinderella\" were released simultaneously. The band held a \"Be My Cinderella\" album showcase on the day of release and began promoting the album through music chart programs across various television networks by performing \"Cinderella\" and other album tracks. The single ultimately led the band to win a total of five music show trophies: two consecutive wins on both SBS MTV's The Show and Korean Broadcasting System's (KBS) Music Bank, and one on MBC Music's Show Champion. 2gether was met with generally favorable reviews, particularly for the band's pursuit of electronic elements. The album went on to top the Gaon Album Chart in its second week of its release and sold 83,000 copies in its home country. The band embarked on the 2015 CNBLUE Live \"Come Together\" concert tour, which made stops in South Korea, China, and other countries in Asia.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). 2gether and the music video for \"Cinderella\" were concurrently released on September 14.[25][35] That same day, CNBLUE held the \"Be My Cinderella\" album showcase at the AX Hall in the Gwangjang-dong neighborhood of Seoul, which was broadcast on the V app.[36][37] On September 17, CNBLUE began promoting \"Cinderella\" by performing the song on weekly music chart shows. In addition to the lead single, the band also performed \"Radio\" on Mnet's music chart show M Countdown.[38] \"Hold My Hand\" on KBS's Music Bank,[39] \"Roller Coaster\" on Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation's (MBC) Show! Music Core,[40] \"Domino\" on Seoul Broadcasting System's (SBS) Inkigayo,[41] \"Footsteps\" on SBS MTV's The Show,[42] and \"Domino\" on MBC Music's Show Champion.[43] On the September 22 broadcast of The Show, CNBLUE earned its first music show win with \"Cinderella\",[44] followed by its second win on Show Champion the day after.[45] The song earned the band its third win on Music Bank that same week; the episode did not air due to the Chuseok holiday.[46] CNBLUE earned two consecutive wins on The Show and Music Bank a week later, bringing the total of music show wins up to five.[47][48]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). Credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[14]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). 2gether was met with generally favorably reviews from music critics. Writing for Billboard magazine, columnist Jeff Benjamin felt that the similarities between CNBLUE and Maroon 5 were \"more striking than ever\", noting that it \"may position them to be more internationally appealing than ever\". In spite of the change in direction of the band's music on the album, Benjamin observed that the \"sentimental songwriting\" and \"vivacious energy\" persisted within the band.[10] In a 10asia article where three staff individually picked their favorite song from recent releases, Park Soo-jeong named \"Domino\" as the highlight of the album. Commending the yin and yang harmonization between Jung's \"dreamy vocals\" and Wheein's \"feminine and lucid voice\", she took recognition of the \"immensely vast range of Jung Yong-hwa's musical spectrum\".[19]", "2gether (CNBLUE album). Often compared to American pop-rock band Maroon 5, CNBLUE has found the comparisons \"honorable\", but has expressed its desire to distinguish its musical color and establish a unique sound.[10] In CNBLUE's previous albums, Jung made a conscious effort to record music in order to receive recognition for it as an idol band. After deciding to disregard those notions, he opted to create \"more comfortable\" music that suited the band; as a result, the acoustic music which was present in the band's previous albums was entirely excluded from 2gether.[11] In developing the record, CNBLUE set out to \"really [come] together with our music, working with each other on the compositions\". CNBLUE took the initiative to change the sound of its music for a \"more mainstream feel\" by integrating elements of electronic dance music into the album.[12] The title of the album was conceived by Jung while he was eating patbingsu with bassist Lee.[13] It signifies CNBLUE's second studio album, as well as enjoyment of the band's music together.[4][13] The album was recorded in Seoul at the FNC Entertainment Studio. Mixing took place there, as well as at Cube Studio and MasterPiece SoundLab; it was mastered at the SUONO Mastering Studio.[14]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). The album contains Korean versions of songs which were previously released in Japanese. The songs \"I Don't Know Why\", \"Lie\", \"One Time\" and \"Ready N Go\" (previously titled \"The Way part 1 ~One Time~\" and \"The Way part 2 ~Ready N Go~\") from their second Japanese album 392, \"Just Please\" from their Japanese debut EP Now or Never, \"Wanna Be Like U\" and \"One of a Kind\" from their second Japanese EP Voice, and the song \"Thank You\" (previously titled \"a.ri.ga.tou.\") from their first Japanese album ThankU.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). CNBLUE began developing songs for 2gether in midst of writing songs for Can't Stop. While staying at a hotel in Japan during the band's Arena Tour 2013: One More Time, bassist Lee sought out to write a song. Jung assigned him and Kang to do it together; after listening to the melody of \"Control\", the two conceived the idea of writing a love song, which Jung rejected. After discussing it between themselves, Kang and Lee agreed to write a song with the notion that \"no one can control me\". Initially written in Korean, the two faced difficulties in translating the song into English. With the assistance of Jung, the translations and lyrics were completed; Kang and Lee were left uncredited. The song was originally intended to be included on Can't Stop, but was ultimately excluded. Jung cited the limited space on the release, as well as the \"different atmosphere\" the song had in comparison to the other songs for its omission. He decided to add it to the band's Japanese single \"Go Your Way\".[5] The lyrics were rewritten in Korean by the bassist for its inclusion on 2gether, marking the first song to be credited under his name since the debut of the band.[6][7] \"Radio\" was previously recorded in Japanese for CNBLUE's album Wave, which was re-recorded in Korean for inclusion on 2gether.[8] \"Footsteps\", originally titled \"Heart Song\" and included in its Japanese single \"Truth\", was also rewritten in Korean.[6] In midst of filming KBS2's Orange Marmalade, guitarist Lee took the opportunity to write \"Hero\".[9]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). The first teaser of the music video for \"Intuition\" was released on March 6, 2011 on the CNBLUE's YouTube account.[1] The second teaser was released a week after.[2] The full music video was released on March 21, 2011, along with the album.[3]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). A teaser for the music video of \"Love Girl\" was released on April 21, 2011[4] and the full music video on April 25 on the CN Blue's YouTube account.[5]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). The promotion of the title track \"Intuition\" started in March 24, on Mnet's show M! Countdown and was also promoted in the TV shows Music Bank, Music Core and Inkigayo. The songs \"Love Follows the Rain\", \"Love Girl\", \"I Don't Know Why\" and \"Imagine\" were used for the special comeback week performances. The song won 7 music show awards: 3 on M! Countdown, 3 on Music Bank and 1 on Inkigayo. To celebrate the \"triple crown\" on M! Countdown, the group made a special stage performance with the songs \"Love Girl\" and \"Lie\".[6] The promotions of the song ended on April 24, on Inkigayo. They followed the promotions with the song \"Love Girl\" to promote the special EP First Step +1 Thank You, the first performance of the song was on April 29 on Music Bank. The promotions of the song and albums ended in May 22. The song \"Intuition\" placed at No.19 on KBS Music Bank Year End 2011 K-Chart.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). Music critic Kim Young-dae of Idology noted that the album exhibited \"diverse genres and approaches, fitting well into the current scene as a result\". He observed that the band avoided a cliché chorus and opted for \"trendy brass grooves and a fluent melody\" in \"Hide and Seek\", and dubbed the experimentation in the composition and arrangement of \"Domino\" as \"refreshing\". Also writing for Idology as 'Mimyo', musician Moon Yong-min noticed that the album \"sets its foot between [the] uneasy cleavages\" of rock, K-pop, and dance music \"from the texture of the approach\". He sensed that the mixture of sounds came across as \"nonchalant\" as opposed to engaging in them for the purpose of \"popular appeal or an 'edgy', hybrid element\". He recalled past attempts of rock band popular music, but noted that CNBLUE worked well in avoiding the \"discomfort\" of trying to sell records.[70] In a mixed review, Cao Jiefeng of Malaysian newspaper Sin Chew Daily claimed that the band lacks the ability to create a \"hit hook\" and that it should strive to develop more \"outstanding\" melodies. He pointed out that the element of rock music almost disappeared in some tracks, saying that \"Drunken Night\" was essentially a techno dance-pop song that sounded like a 2PM or B1A4 \"side-cut\". He spotlighted \"Domino\" as one of the top tracks, stating that the \"cool rockers\" become \"the romantic bourgeoisie\" in the song. He also applauded \"Radio\"; he compared it to a British band Coldplay's and Swedish producer Avicii's \"A Sky Full of Stars\", revering its \"grand chorus\" and \"wild guitar solo\". He concluded that 2gether is a \"revolutionary production\" that paved the way to a \"promising start\" in CNBLUE distinguishing itself from Maroon 5.[17]", "First Step (CNBLUE album). This EP contains Korean versions of songs which were previously released in Japanese. Excluding \"Love Girl\", all the songs were previously released on their third Japanese indie single \"Re-maintenance\".", "2gether (CNBLUE album). Musically, 2gether explores the Top 40, electro, and alternative rock.[10] \"Cinderella\", the lead single of the album, is a pop-rock song that incorporates disco and elements of electronic music.[3][15] The song begins with \"warped vocals, zipping synths, and booming drum machines\" before building up into the \"explosive chorus\", leading into its catchy hook.[10] The song was written and composed Jung and serves as a take on the European folktale of the same name with \"trendy sounds\" and \"modern sensibilities\".[3][15] \"Hide and Seek\" is a track that affixes a blaring saxophone.[10] \"Roller Coaster\" is a pop-rock song with influences of reggae and ska, melded with a synthesizer.[16][17][18] In \"Domino\", Jung mixed CNBLUE's traditional rock sound with popular music to appeal to the masses.[19] Consisting of \"crunchy\" synths coupled with a funk rhythm guitar,[10][20] the 1980s synthpop song features Wheein of girl group Mamamoo, the band's first ever feature.[17][19] Written and composed be guitarist Lee, \"Hero\" is a song reminiscent of 1990s alternative rock.[10] He created it in tribute to his father, his first attempt to write a song for him.[9] \"Catch Me\" is a rock song which draws inspirations from 1980s dance music and is blended with a synthesizer.[20][21] A synthpop song,[21] \"Drunken Night\" describes the emancipation from the burden of expectations with a night out of alcohol consumption.[6] \"Hold My Hand\" is a medium-tempo jazz pop song infused with a \"romantic\" clarinet.[8][17] An electronic rock song, \"Radio\" features a heavy guitar and a synthesizer.[22] \"Footsteps\" is a Britpop-inspired song that deals with the idea of finding footprints along one's path that others have traveled, signifying \"you are not alone\".[23]", "Blue (Third Eye Blind album). Blue is the second studio album by American rock band Third Eye Blind, released on November 23, 1999. The album's creation was difficult, namely due to power struggles and arguments between frontman Stephan Jenkins and lead guitarist Kevin Cadogan, leading to a quick but isolated recording experience between members. The album was generally well received by critics, and was certified platinum by the RIAA, but performed below the band's prior album, the multi-platinum Third Eye Blind. While managing to stay together for the creation of the album, shortly after its release, the band fired Cadogan, touring in support of the album with replacement guitarist Tony Fredianelli. As such, the album was the last to feature Cadogan, and the last to be released without significant gaps and delays prior to release.", "Songs for a Blue Guitar. Nearly 13 years after its initial release, Plain Recordings issued Songs for a Blue Guitar on double 12\" heavyweight vinyl for the first time in June 2009.[4] A limited number of 500 copies pressed on heavyweight blue-colored vinyl were made available exclusively to Aural Exploits.[5]", "Blue Foundation. DPC Records announced that the band is working on a new album in their Brooklyn studio. It is meant to be released in 2016.[11]", "Blue Planet II. The soundtrack will be released as special edition LP for Record Store Day on 21 April 2018. [75]", "Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions. Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions (中二病でも恋がしたい!, Chūnibyō demo Koi ga Shitai!, Even with Eighth Grader Syndrome, I Want to Be in Love), also known as Chū-2 for short, is a Japanese light novel series written by Torako, with illustrations provided by Nozomi Ōsaka. The work won an honorable mention in the Kyoto Animation Award competition in 2010, leading the company to assume its publication starting in June 2011. A 12-episode anime adaptation by Kyoto Animation aired in Japan between October 4 and December 19, 2012, with six six-minute Lite episodes streamed on YouTube. The anime is licensed by Sentai Filmworks for release in North America. An animated film was released in September 2013, and a second anime season, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions -Heart Throb-, aired between January and March 2014. A second animated film featuring a new story, Love, Chunibyo & Other Delusions! Take on Me was released on January 6, 2018.", "Blue Exorcist. After six years, a second season,[22] titled Blue Exorcist: Kyoto Saga, was announced in June 2016 and premiered on January 7, 2017.[23][24] Koichi Hatsumi directed the sequel, while Toshiya Ōno wrote the scripts, Keigo Sasaki designed the characters, and Hiroyuki Sawano and Kohta Yamamoto composed the series' soundtrack. A-1 Pictures returned to produce the animation.[25][26] It was also announced that there would be five new characters in the sequel. The opening theme song was \"Itteki no Eikyō\" (一滴の影響, lit. \"Drop's Influence\") by Uverworld, while the ending theme song was \"Kono Te de\" (コノ手デ, lit. \"With This Hand\") by Rin Akatsuki.[27]", "Blue Monday (New Order song). \"Blue Monday\" has been called the \"aggro-fied-for-the-1990s\" version of New Order's song,[69] and it is considered to be part of a resurgence of new wave covers in gloomcore, along with Dope's cover of Dead or Alive's \"You Spin Me Round (Like a Record)\".[84] Many critics attribute the success of the album Candyass to \"Blue Monday\", and some anticipated that Orgy would become a one-hit wonder, believing that it would be difficult for the band to follow up with another hit song.[67] Many believed it to be their best song.[85] Porter W. Richards of Sputnik felt that even though many of the songs off of Candyass sounded similar, \"Blue Monday\" was a great song that should not be overlooked.[66]While the New Order song is viewed positively by the author of the comic book series Blue Monday, Chynna Clugston, in an interview she expresses dislike for the misconception that she borrowed the title for her book from Orgy's cover version rather than the original.[86]" ]

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[ "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive plate appearances with a walk", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive plate appearances reaching base (official) (includes all possible ways of reaching base which raise a batter's OBP: base hit, walk, hit-by-pitch)", "World Baseball Classic. A pitcher can still finish a batter's plate appearance even if the limit is reached, but must come out after completing the plate appearance.", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive plate appearances reaching base (unofficial) (includes all possible ways of reaching base: base hit, walk, hit-by-pitch, error, fielder's choice, dropped third strike, catcher's interference and fielder's obstruction)", "Eddie Gaedel. Gaedel is one of only five Major League players who drew a walk in their only plate appearance and never played the field. The first three all played in the 1910s: Dutch Schirick (Sep 17, 1914 with the Browns), Bill Batsch (Sep 9, 1916 with Pittsburgh) and Joe Cobb (April 25, 1918 with Detroit; although recent research shows that Cobb may have actually struck out in his only plate appearance). On June 24, 2007, Kevin Melillo of the Oakland Athletics, became the first player in over half a century to walk in his only plate appearance without taking the field, against the New York Mets. Other than Gaedel, the other four players pinch-hit for pitchers; all five appeared in games their teams ultimately lost.", "Baseball rules. A batter's turn at the plate is called a plate appearance. Batters can advance to first base safely in one of seven methods: a base-hit (abbreviated 'H') or walk ('BB' for base-on-balls) are by far the most common; being hit-by-the-pitch ('HBP'), reaching by error ('E') or fielder's choice ('FC') are less common; and somewhat rarely a player may reach base by virtue of interference ('I') or a passed ball ('PB') on a strike-out, where the player is allowed to run and reach base safely if he can. When the batter hits a fair ball, he must run to first base, and may continue or stop at any base unless he is put out. A successful hit occurs when the batter reaches a base: reaching only first base is a single; reaching second base, a double; third base, a triple; and a hit that allows the batter to touch all bases in order on the same play is a home run – whether the ball is hit over the fence does not matter (if the ball is not hit over the fence and the batter touches all bases, it is usually referred to as an \"inside-the-park home run\"). Once a runner is held to a base, he may attempt to advance at any time, but is not required to do so unless the batter or another runner displaces him (called a force play). A batter always drops his bat when running the bases; otherwise, the bat would slow him down and could give rise to a call of interference if it were to contact the ball or a fielder.", "Crime scene getaway. Witnesses to the crime will often attempt to take note of the tags (registration plate) or other important details of the car and report this information to law enforcement.[20] It may be possible to identify the offender if an officer spots the offender in possession of the vehicle prior to its abandonment. In one news story:", "Walking. The word walk is descended from the Old English wealcan \"to roll\". In humans and other bipeds, walking is generally distinguished from running in that only one foot at a time leaves contact with the ground and there is a period of double-support. In contrast, running begins when both feet are off the ground with each step. This distinction has the status of a formal requirement in competitive walking events. For quadrupedal species, there are numerous gaits which may be termed walking or running, and distinctions based upon the presence or absence of a suspended phase or the number of feet in contact any time do not yield mechanically correct classification.[1] The most effective method to distinguish walking from running is to measure the height of a person's centre of mass using motion capture or a force plate at midstance. During walking, the centre of mass reaches a maximum height at midstance, while during running, it is then at a minimum. This distinction, however, only holds true for locomotion over level or approximately level ground. For walking up grades above 9%, this distinction no longer holds for some individuals. Definitions based on the percentage of the stride during which a foot is in contact with the ground (averaged across all feet) of greater than 50% contact corresponds well with identification of 'inverted pendulum' mechanics and are indicative of walking for animals with any number of limbs, although this definition is incomplete.[1] Running humans and animals may have contact periods greater than 50% of a gait cycle when rounding corners, running uphill or carrying loads.", "Base on balls. An intentional walk is signaled by the catcher standing and extending one arm to the side away from the batter. The pitcher then pitches the ball to that side several feet outside from home plate, usually outside the reach of the batter. A ball pitched in this manner is called an intentional ball and counts as a ball in the pitcher's pitch count. In order to count as an intentional ball, the ball must be legally pitched, i.e., the pitcher's foot must be on the pitcher's rubber, the catcher must be in the catcher's box, and the batter must be in the batter's box appearing ready to take a pitch at the time the ball is thrown. An intentional walk may be signaled at any time during the batter's turn at the plate; in these cases only enough additional intentional balls need to be thrown to bring the total to four. Only walks issued by the catcher signaling as described above are recorded as intentional walks (see below); walks issued without the catcher signaling – even if the pitches are intentionally thrown outside of the strike zone – are not recorded as intentional.", "Baseball. An individual player's turn batting or plate appearance is complete when the player reaches base, hits a home run, makes an out, or hits a ball that results in the team's third out, even if it is recorded against a teammate. On rare occasions, a batter may be at the plate when, without the batter's hitting the ball, a third out is recorded against a teammate—for instance, a runner getting caught stealing (tagged out attempting to steal a base). A batter with this sort of incomplete plate appearance starts off the team's next turn batting; any balls or strikes recorded against the batter the previous inning are erased. A runner may circle the bases only once per plate appearance and thus can score at most a single run per batting turn. Once a player has completed a plate appearance, that player may not bat again until the eight other members of the player's team have all taken their turn at bat. The batting order is set before the game begins, and may not be altered except for substitutions. Once a player has been removed for a substitute, that player may not reenter the game. Children's games often have more liberal substitution rules.[17]", "At bat. A batter will not receive credit for an at bat if his plate appearance ends under the following circumstances:", "Vehicle registration plates of Ontario. Early deterioration on a rear plate. The aluminum base is visible where the reflective layer has fallen off.", "Canada's Walk of Fame. Canada's Walk of Fame (French: Allée des célébrités canadiennes) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, is a walk of fame that acknowledges the achievements and accomplishments of Canadians. It is a series of maple leaf-like stars embedded in 13 designated blocks' worth of sidewalks in Toronto in front of Roy Thomson Hall, The Princess of Wales Theatre, and The Royal Alexandra Theatre on King Street as well as Simcoe Street.", "Walk-on (sports). Walk-ons have a particularly developed history in college football. Often these athletes are relegated to the scout team, and may not even be placed on the official depth chart or traveling team. However, there are occasions, sometimes well publicized, where a walk-on will become a noted member of his or her team in one of several ways.", "List of Major League Baseball individual streaks. Consecutive plate appearances with a hit", "Vehicle registration plates of Ontario. Driving with an illegible plate is an offence punishable by fine, under the Highway Traffic Act.[30]", "Survey (archaeology). Even with optimal surface conditions the efficacy of fieldwalking varies according to long-term land use, topography, weather conditions, the skill and experience of the fieldwalkers, and other factors. Intensive arable agriculture on hilltops will first expose and then pulverize artifacts such as pottery and even chipped stone (typically flint, chert or obsidian) flakes.[9][10] Conversely, the plateau and upper scarp or valley side soils will move down slope, forming a deep seal over low-lying archaeological deposits, rendering them inaccessible to surface survey. Even artifacts on the surface and with relatively high visibility (i.e., little obscuring vegetation), however, are not consistently detected by surveyors. Consequently, it is unrealistic to expect 100% recovery of artifacts or even sites. We can evaluate surveyors' effectiveness at detecting artifacts with \"Sweep width,\" which is the theoretical width of a transect in which the number of artifacts detected outside the sweep is identical to the number missed within the sweep.[1] The poorer the visibility, the poorer the contrast between the artifact \"targets\" and their surroundings, or the poorer the surveyor's skill or attention, the narrower the sweep width will be.", "Tennessee Walking Horse. The two basic categories of Tennessee Walking Horse show competition are called \"flat-shod\" and \"performance\", differentiated by desired leg action. Flat-shod horses, wearing regular horseshoes, exhibit less exaggerated movement, while performance horses wear built-up pads or \"stacks\" along with other weighted action devices, creating the so-called \"Big Lick\" style. Stacks and action devices are prohibited at shows sanctioned by the United States Equestrian Federation and some breed organizations. The Tennessee Walking Horse is the breed most affected by the Horse Protection Act of 1970, which prohibits the practice of soring, abusive practices used to enhance the Big Lick movement prized in the show ring, which still occur today despite the law. The controversy over continuing soring practices has led to a split within the breed community, criminal charges against a number of individuals, and the creation of several separate breed organizations.", "L-plate. After learners have passed a driving test for the appropriate vehicle, they may opt to display green P-plates (P for probationary) to show that they have less experience than other drivers.[8] These plates are voluntary and not required by law or the Highway Code.[9]", "Vehicle registration plates of the United Kingdom. Number plates must be displayed in accordance with the Road Vehicles (Display of Registration Marks) Regulations 2001.", "Racewalking. Athletes stay low to the ground by keeping their arms pumping low, close to their hips. If one sees a racewalker's shoulders rising, it may be a sign that the athlete is losing contact with the ground. What appears to be an exaggerated swivel to the hip is, in fact, a full rotation of the pelvis. Athletes aim to move the pelvis forward, and to minimize sideways motion in order to achieve maximum forward propulsion. Speed is achieved by stepping quickly with the aim of rapid turnover. This minimizes the risk of the feet leaving the ground. Strides are short and quick, with pushoff coming forward from the ball of the foot, again to minimize the risk of losing contact with the ground. World-class racewalkers (male and female) can average under four and five minutes per kilometre in a 20-km racewalk.[5]", "Walking. The walk is a four-beat gait that averages about 4 miles per hour (6.4 km/h). When walking, a horse's legs follow this sequence: left hind leg, left front leg, right hind leg, right front leg, in a regular 1-2-3-4 beat. At the walk, the horse will always have one foot raised and the other three feet on the ground, save for a brief moment when weight is being transferred from one foot to another. A horse moves its head and neck in a slight up and down motion that helps maintain balance.[39]", "List of halls and walks of fame. A hall, wall, or walk of fame is a list of individuals, achievements, or animals, usually chosen by a group of electors, to mark their fame in their field. In some cases, these halls of fame consist of actual halls or museums which enshrine the honorees with sculptures, plaques, and displays of memorabilia and general information regarding the inducted recipients. Sometimes, the honorees' plaques may instead be posted on a wall (hence a \"wall of fame\") or inscribed on a sidewalk (as in a \"walk of fame\" or an \"avenue of fame\"). In other cases, the hall of fame is more figurative and simply consists of a list of names of noteworthy people or achievements. The lists are maintained by an organization or community, and may be national, state, local, or private.", "Dilophosaurus. Gierlinski (1996) observed unusual traces associated with a track specimen in the collection at the Pratt Museum in Amherst, Massachusetts. Specimen AC 1/7 is a \"dinosaur sitting imprint\", made when a dinosaur is resting its body on the ground, leaving an impression of its belly between a pair of footprints. Traces associated with AC 1/7 were interpreted by Gierlinski as the imprints of feathers, suggesting that Dilophosaurus was a feathered dinosaur.[40] Further analysis proved, however, that the lines that seemed to be feathers were in reality just cracks in the mud where the animal sat. While this does not rule out the possibility of feathery covering on this species, there is no evidence for it and it currently remains as speculation.[41]", "Base on balls. A common nickname for the intentional walk is four-finger salute, since most managers call for an intentional walk by holding up four fingers. As of 2017, the manager may simply request to the plate umpire to let the batter go to first instead of having the pitcher waste four outside pitches.", "Tennessee Walking Horse. The two basic categories of Tennessee Walking Horse show competition are called \"flat-shod\" and \"performance\". Flat-shod horses compete in many different disciplines under both western and English tack.[18]:19–20 At shows where both divisions are offered, the flat-shod \"plantation pleasure\" division is judged on brilliance and show presence of the horses while still being well mannered, balanced, and manageable. \"Park pleasure\" is the most animated of the flat-shod divisions.[19]:31 Flat-shod horses are shown in ordinary horseshoes, and are not allowed to use pads or action devices, though their hooves are sometimes trimmed to a slightly lower angle with more natural toe than seen on stock horse breeds. Performance horses, sometimes called \"padded\" or \"built up\", exhibit flashy and animated gaits, lifting their forelegs high off the ground with each step.[20] This exaggerated action is sometimes called the \"Big Lick\".[21] The customary style for rider attire and tack is saddle seat. Horses are shod in double and triple-nailed pads,[20] which are sometimes called \"stacks\".[22] This form of shoeing is prohibited at shows governed by the National Walking Horse Association (NWHA),[18]:3 and the United States Equestrian Federation (USEF).[23]", "List of Major League Baseball career at-bat leaders. In baseball, an at bat (AB) or time at bat is a batter's turn batting against a pitcher. An at bat is different from a plate appearance. A batter is credited with a plate appearance regardless of what happens during his turn at bat. A batter is only credited with an at bat if that plate appearance does not have one of the results enumerated below. While at bats are used to calculate certain statistics, including batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage, a player can only qualify for the season-ending rankings in these categories if he accumulates 502 plate appearances during the season.[1]", "Walk-on (sports). The reasons athletes choose to pursue the path of a walk-on are numerous. Here are several more common reasons:", "Palpation. Manual palpation of skeletal landmarks (illustrated here on a patient's shoulder, see left image). The gauntlet on the palpating hand (left) allows to locate the spatial coordinates of the palpated landmarks with a satisfactory accuracy (below 1 cm). Reflective markers are part of the scientific protocol and allow further quantified motion analysis for joint disorders follow-up.\nVirtual palpation of skeletal landmarks located on a 3D bone model (illustrated here on a patient's knee model obtained from medical imaging, see right image). Colored spheres on bones indicate palpated skeletal landmarks. This method combined with quantified manual palpation allows subject-specific visualization of joint behavior during particular motion tasks (e.g., walking, stair climbing, etc.).", "Survey (archaeology). Conventionally, fieldwalking in grids or along lines called transects has formed the backbone of archaeological survey fieldwork, at least where visibility is fairly good.[1] A single researcher or team will walk slowly through the target area looking for artifacts or other archaeological indicators on the surface, often recording aspects of the environment at the time.[8] The method works best on either ploughed ground or surfaces with little vegetation. On ploughed surfaces, as the soil is turned regularly artifacts will move to the top. Erosion and soil loss on uncultivated and lightly vegetated soil (e.g., in semi-arid environments) may cause artifacts to also 'rise' to the surface.", "Strike zone. A batter who accumulates three strikes in a single batting appearance has struck out and is ruled out (with the exception of an uncaught third strike); a batter who accumulates four balls in a single appearance has drawn a base on balls (or walk) and is awarded advancement to first base. In very early iterations of the rules during the 19th century, it took up to 9 balls for a batter to earn a walk; however, to make up for this, the batter could request the ball to be pitched high, low, or medium.[4]", "Vehicle registration plate. The first two letters run sequentially with no ties to any geographic region." ]

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[ "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. An old couple, Mohan Joshi (Bhisham Sahni) and his wife (Dina Pathak), sues their landlord (Amjad Khan) for not maintaining their 'collapsing' apartment building. For this, they hire two cunning lawyers (Naseeruddin Shah and Satish Shah), while Rohini Hattangadi is the opposition lawyer.", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho! (Summons for Mohan Joshi ) is a 1984 Hindi art film, made by Saeed Akhtar Mirza, based on his own story, during the Parallel Cinema period of Indian cinema.[1]", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho! was shot at Kamithapura, Bapty Road, and Duncan Road (Two Tanks/Do Tanki) at Mumbai's middle-class Hindu Muslim locality.", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. In the end, when the judge comes to check the condition of the chawl, the landlord's men prop up the place, thus convincing the judge that all is well. Finally, Joshi gathers all his strength and pulls down the temporary supports put up by the men causing the building to collapse on himself.[2]", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. The film is a comic satire on a judicial system, where cases drag on for decades, where plaintiffs either die or lose hope and money, while the corrupt run scot free, thanks to their nexus with corrupt lawyers.", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. The court case drags on for years and the lawyers milk the old couple dry, while they become rich. Back home in the society, the old couple is ridiculed for fighting the landlord, but they fight on nevertheless.", "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!. It won the 1984 National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare.", "Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. The minister's brother-in-law is gunned down by an assailant named Mohan Joshi (Paresh Rawal). When Ajay learns that he was not Choti's man, he panics. Ria learns about Ajay & Choti's deal, but they decide to help each other nevertheless. Minister Ramakant, takes advantage for his brother's death to gain votes and sympathy he organises a pogrom. In the turn of events, Mohan is arrested, but does not open his mouth even once during police torture. To avoid any public unrest, the ACP (Anjan Srivastav) declares that Mohan is a terrorist working for unknown terror organisations. Meanwhile, Mohan somehow escapes out of jail.", "Roopa Ganguly. In 2011 she won the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for rendering her voice in Aditi Roy's Bengali film Abosheshey (2012)[51] where she also acted. In the film, she portrayed the character of Suchismita.[52] She appeared in Birsa Dasgupta's Jaani Dyakha Hawbe (2011) which after much commercial expectation proved to be a failure at box office. She acted in Anurag Basu's blockbuster film Barfi! (2012). She acted in Anjan Dutt's Dutta Vs Dutta (2012) where she played the character of Runu mashi who lives her life on her own term and inspires the protagonist to live the life he desires.[53] She appeared in Riingo's Bengali film Na Hannyate (2012) where she played the character of Jui who is caught in a situation where she could save only one of her kids and leave the other to die.[54] In 2013, she appeared in Utsav Mukherjee's hilarious social-satirical film Half Serious. She played the role of goddess Durga in the film. She appeared in Rana Basu's Bengali film Namte Namte (2013).[55] She also appeared in Shekhar Das's Bengali film Nayanchampar Dinratri (2013).[56] In 2014, she appeared alongside Soumitra Chatterjee in Souvik Mitra's Bengali film Punascha where she played the muse of an award-winning author, played by Chatterjee. The film earned her rave review including the statement made by The Times of India that the film belongs to her only.[57] In 2015, she acted in Debesh Chottopadhyay's Bengali film Natoker Moto and Aparna Sen's Bengali film Arshinagar. She will be seen in the role of a foul mouthed politician in an upcoming Hindi film Babumoshai Bandookbaaz directed by Kushan Nandy.[58]", "Dilip Joshi. Joshi has appeared in several Gujarati dramas, one of them being Bapu Tame Kamaal Kari with Sumeet Raghavan and Amit Mistry, the trio known for their television serial Shubh Mangal Savadhan. Joshi starred in the show Yeh Duniya Hai Rangeen and Kya Baat Hai in which he played a South Indian. He also appeared in films such as Maine Pyaar Kiya and Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!.", "Aamir Khan. In addition to assisting Hussain, Khan acted in documentaries directed by the students of FTII, Pune.[37] The director Ketan Mehta noticed Khan in those films, and he offered him a role in the low-budget experimental film Holi (1984).[37][38] Featuring an ensemble cast of newcomers, Holi was based on a play by Mahesh Elkunchwar, and dealt with the practice of ragging in India.[39] The New York Times said that the film was \"melodramatic\" but \"very decently and exuberantly performed by the nonprofessional actors\".[40] Khan's role was that of a rowdy college student, an \"insignificant\" role[39] that was described by CNN-IBN as \"lack[ing] in finesse\".[41]", "Kyo Kii... Main Jhuth Nahin Bolta. Coming from small-town Hoshiarpur to big city Bombay, conman and compulsive liar, Raj Malhotra (Govinda), a lawyer by profession, sets up shop with fellow lawyer, Mohan. He falls in love with Sonam (Sushmita Sen), daughter of a wealthy lawyer Tejpal. He devises a scheme to marry into this wealthy family, and he succeeds. Years later, he has a son, who wishes that his dad would stop lying; and a mistress, Tara. The son's wish comes true, and all utterances from Raj's mouth are truthful. This creates a crisis in his personal life, as he confesses about his mistress; as well as his professional life, when he starts telling the truth in court, especially with his underworld clients, who are now out to kill him.", "Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani (English: Yet the heart is still Indian) is an Indian Hindi comedy-drama film released by Dreamz Unlimited, now Red Chillies Entertainment on 21 January 2000. The film was directed by Aziz Mirza and stars Shahrukh Khan and Juhi Chawla focuses on the media war being fought in the TV newsrooms. Ajay Bakshi and Ria Banerjee are two television reporters for rival news channels who try to save the life of a man who has been fixed by a politicians for the death of his brother, from a death sentence. The film marked the first attempted by Khan, Chawla and Mirza under their new production company Dreamz Unlimited, now Red Chillies Entertainment. This film won the IIFA Award for Best Special Effects.", "India's Next Superstars. Mehrotra gave a thrilling solo spotlight performance (Sixth) as a psychotic killer in his act. This act reminded the audience of the common man from the movie A Wednesday! played by veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah. The act had a great social message that no one should take the law in his or her hands. Johar talked about the recent film of Rani Mukerji Hichki, where she has used her heart and head in a very balanced way. Shetty mentioned that Mehrotra’s intense acts might be taking a monotonous turn. So he had helped him to improvise a bit. After receiving criticism in the last episode, he thanked the mentors for guiding him. This intense act was appreciated by the judges and audience alike and he scored a perfect ten again. Deo supported the role by playing a cop.", "Akshay Kumar. Kumar made his first appearance as the lead actor opposite Raakhee and Shantipriya in Saugandh (1991). In the same year, he acted in Kishore Vyas-directed Dancer, which received poor reviews.[28] The following year he starred in Abbas Mustan-directed suspense thriller, Khiladi, widely considered his breakthrough role.[29][30][31] His next release was the Raj Sippy-directed detective film Mr. Bond, based on James Bond.[32] His last release of 1992 was Deedar. It failed to perform well at the box office.[33] In 1993, he acted in the Keshu Ramsay-directed bilingual film Ashaant (released in Kannada as Vishnu-Vijaya) and starring Dr. Vishnuvardhan, Ashwini Bhave and Ashutosh Rana. All of his films released during 1993, including Dil Ki Baazi, Kayda Kanoon, Waqt Hamara Hai and Sainik did not perform well commercially.[34] In 1994, he played a police inspector in two films: Sameer Malkan-directed remake of Hollywood film The Hard Way, Main Khiladi Tu Anari and Rajiv Rai-directed Mohra which were among the highest-grossing films of the year.[35] Later that year, he starred in Yash Chopra-produced romance, Yeh Dillagi opposite Kajol. His role in the film earned Kumar his first nomination for Best Actor at the Filmfare Awards[36] and Star Screen award.[34] During the same year, Kumar also had success with films like Suhaag and the low budget action film Elaan. All these achievements, promoted Kumar as one of the most successful actors of the year.[37] In 1994, he appeared in 11 feature films.[38]", "Rohitash Gaud. Gaud made his Bollywood debut in the 2001 biographical film Veer Savarkar.[1] Although he has acted in 11 Bollywood films so far, most of them are very minor roles like police inspector role in college drama of Kya Kehna etc. He portrayed the role of Mukundilal Gupta, in the SAB TV sitcom Lapataganj – Sharad Joshi Ki Kahaniyon Ka Pata. He is currently working in &TVs comedy show Bhabi Ji Ghar Par Hai! as Manmohan Tiwari, an undergarments business man. He also acted in a 90's television serial named Ehsaas. His second film was 2002 Irrfan Khan starrer Pratha.[2] He then acted in 2003 film Pinjar, where he played the role of protagonist's (Manoj Bajpai) brother.[3] The same year, he acted in two more movies, Dhoop directed by the National Award winning director Ashwini Chaudhary[4] and in Munna Bhai M.B.B.S. where he played the role of nariyal pani waala (coconut water vendor).[5] After a one-year gap, he starred in 2005 film Matrubhoomi – A Nation Without Women.[6] The same year, he starred in Sun Zarra,[7] Lage Raho Munna Bhai, the sequel to the 2003 film Munna Bhai M.B.B.S., wherein he portrayed the role of Cuckoo, the antagonist Lucky Singh's (Boman Irani) secretary[8] and in Dil Se Pooch? Kidhar Jaana Hai.[9] Again after a gap of a year, in 2008, he was seen in the comedy film One Two Three[10] (uncredited remake of Blame it on the Bellboy) and the much critically acclaimed A Wednesday!, where he portrayed the role of Ikhlaque Ahmed, a fictional terrorist.[11] His latest release was the 2010 film Atithi Tum Kab Jaoge?, where he portrayed the role of a bank manager.[12]", "Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega. Har Dil Jo Pyar Karega ([Every Heart That Loves] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup (help)) is a 2000 Indian Hindi romance film directed by Raj Kanwar. The film stars Salman Khan, Preity Zinta and Rani Mukerji with a special appearance by Shah Rukh Khan. It was highly praised by the critics and was the third hit in a row by Salman Khan-Sajid Nadiadwala (producer) collaboration[2] It became the fourth highest grosser of the year. The film is a remake of 1997 Malayalam film Chandralekha starring Mohanlal and the plot also has some minor elements loosely based on the film While You Were Sleeping.", "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaro. Professional photographers Vinod Chopra (Naseeruddin Shah) and Sudhir Mishra (Ravi Baswani) open a photo studio in the prestigious Haji Ali area in Mumbai, and hope to make enough money to keep it running. After a disastrous start, they are given some work by the editor of \"Khabardar\", a publication that exposes the scandalous lives of the rich and the famous. They accept it and start working with the editor, Shobha Sen (Bhakti Barve), on a story exposing the dealings between an unscrupulous builder, Tarneja (Pankaj Kapoor), and corrupt Municipal Commissioner D'Mello (Satish Shah). During their investigation, they find out that another builder Ahuja (Om Puri) who is Tarneja's business rival is also involved in this dealing to get a contract for building 4 flyovers from D'Mello.", "Shootout at Wadala. In a police van, Afaaque Baaghran (Anil Kapoor) listens to the story narrated by a gangster, Manya Surve (John Abraham), who is gravely injured with a bullet-riddled body. Surve is a decent student at Kirti college, Dadar. He is in love with Vidya Joshi (Kangana Ranaut) and takes her to his mother to discuss about their marriage. Manya has an older brother named Bhargav Surve, who is a gangster after an underworld don named Bhatkar (Ranjeet).", "Manna Dey. Manna Dey gave playback for Raj Kapoor in Shree 420 (Mud Mud Ke Na Dekh), Chori Chori (Yeh Raat Bheegi, Jahan Main Jati and Aja Sanam), Parvarish (Masti bhara hai sama), Dil Hi To Hai (Laga chunari mein daag), Mera Naam Joker (Ae bhai zara dekh ke chalo) and \"Ek Paon Chal Raha Hai\" from Kal Aaj Aur Kal (1971). R.D.Burman recorded hit songs with Manna Dey regularly from 1965 with films like Bhoot Bangla, Gomti Ke Kinare, Chandan Ka Palna, Baharon Ke Sapne, Padosan, in late 60’s. He sang for Balraj Sahni in many films from 1950 till 1969 and was voice of Mehmood and Anoop Kumar in many films from 1960-1975.", "Yea Toh Two Much Ho Gayaa. The movie starts in Thailand in a restaurant when Mann played by *((Jimmy Shergill)) is in a party with his girlfriend. Where a loafer type boy namely Rickey who is brother of gangster (Arbaaz Khan) tries to take a selfie with her and is stopped by Jimmy Shergill. When they tries to leave then the boy attack them but gets badly beaten and has to be hospitalized. In other part the gangster Arbaaz Khan kills his rival gangster and then he comes to know that his brother is in hospital. He visits his brother in hospital and swears revenge.He has a twin brother Mohan also played by ((Jimmy Sherrill)) who lives with his mother at Village.He loves a girl but her cousin brother is against the marriage. Then there is a situation when both brothers find them in a situation where Mohan went to Thailand and Mann returns to Village. The girlfriend of Mann is kidnapped by gangster in Thailand and here in village a pregnant lady levels allegations against Mohan. Mann clears his brothers name in front of Village Panchayat. Whereas Mohan rescues Mann's girlfriend from gangster after thrashing him and his henchmen and returns to village. Then the marriage of Mann and Mohan is performed.", "Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. Pappu Junior alias Choti (Johnny Lever) is a don who is soon to be ousted from his own gang, owing to his inability to make it big in the crime world. Ajay approaches Choti with an offer: arrange a fake attack on a minister Ramakant's (Shakti Kapoor) brother-in-law (Mahavir Shah) on national TV. Choti will earn respect & Ajay's channel will gain TRP. Little does Ajay know that the plan is going to turn too real.", "Kishore Kumar. As a singer, Kumar's work as singer with many music directors in this period includes \"Ye Raatein Ye Mausam\" and \"Hum Toh Mohabbat Karega\" from Dilli Ka Thug, \"Piya Piya Mora Jiya\" from Baap Re Baap, \"Hello Hello Ji\" from Bombay Ka Chor, \"Micheal Hai Toh Cycle Hai\" from Bewaqoof, \"Ae Haseeno Nazneeno\" from Chacha Zindabad, \"Zaroorat Hai Zaroorat Hai\" from Manmauji (1961), \"Likha Hai Teri Ankhon Mein\" from Teen Deviaan, \"Suno Jaana Suno Jaana\", \"Pyaar Baatke Chalo\" and \"Kya Teri Zulfein Hai\" from Hum Sab Ustaad Hai, \"Khoobsurat Haseena\" from Mr. X in Bombay, \"Gaata Rahe Mera Dil\" from Guide (1965), \"Sultana Sultana\" from Shreeman Funtoosh, \"Machalti Hui\" from Ganga Ki Lahren, \"Mera Dil Meri Jaan\" and \"Pyar Ka Jaahan Hotel\" from Jaalsaaz and \"Yeh Dil Na Hota Bechara\" from Jewel Thief (1967).", "Main Aisa Hi Hoon. Main Aisa Hi Hoon (English: I Am Like This) is a Bollywood drama film released in 2005. It was directed by Harry Baweja and stars Ajay Devgn, Sushmita Sen, Esha Deol and Anupam Kher. This film is a remake of the American drama film I Am Sam written and directed by Jessie Nelson, and starring Sean Penn as a father with a developmental disability.[2]", "Aishwarya Rai. After the success of Chokher Bali, Rai returned to mainstream Hindi film with Rajkumar Santoshi's Khakee (2004), an action thriller featuring Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Ajay Devgan and Tusshar Kapoor. The film tells the story of five constables embroiled in a mystery surrounding a terrorist attack; Rai's role was that of Mahalakshmi, a gun moll. While filming for Khakee, Rai was accidentally hit by a running car, which resulted in the fracture of her left foot.[66] Upon release, the film received moderate critical and commercial success.[67] In her next release, the romantic comedy Kyun! Ho Gaya Na..., Rai played Diya Malhotra, a university student who develops a one-sided attraction toward her friend Arjun Khanna (played by Vivek Oberoi). The film received positive to mixed comments from critics, but failed commercially.[68][69]", "Aishwarya Rai. Rai made her acting debut in 1997 with Mani Ratnam's Tamil film Iruvar, a semi-biographical political drama, featuring Mohanlal, Prakash Raj, Tabu and Revathi. The film was a critical success and among other awards, won the Best Film award at the Belgrade International Film Festival[22] Rai featured as Pushpavalli and Kalpana – dual roles; the latter was a fictionalised portrayal of politician and former actress Jayalalithaa.[23] Due to Rai's weak Tamil-speaking skills, her dialogue in the film was dubbed by Tamil actress Rohini.[24] That same year, she was cast as Ashi, a naive teenager in her first Bollywood film – Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya, a romantic comedy opposite Bobby Deol. Both Iruvar and Aur Pyaar Ho Gaya were commercial failures and reviewers were critical of Rai's acting ability in both the films. However, for the latter, she won a Screen Award for Best Female Debut.[16][25]", "Aishwarya Rai. In 2003, Rai featured in two romantic dramas of Bollywood, her brother's production début Dil Ka Rishta, alongside Arjun Rampal, and Rohan Sippy's Kuch Na Kaho, alongside Abhishek Bachchan.[59] Neither of these films fared well critically or commercially.[59][60] She was later noted for her starring role in Rituparno Ghosh's independent Bengali film Chokher Bali, an adaptation of Rabindranath Tagore's novel of the same name.[61] She portrayed the character of Binodini, an emotionally manipulative widow, struggling with her sexual desires in early-20th century Bengal.[62] The film was a major critical success and Rai earned positive notice for her performance; Derek Elley of Variety noted, \"Rai dominates the film with her delicately sensual presence and physical grace\".[63] Commercially, the film was a sleeper hit.[64][65]", "India's Next Superstars. The hosts played Bollywood related games with the judges and entertained the audience and Malhotra impressed everyone with his presence of mind. The last act for the evening brought out the essence of 1987 blockbuster film Mr. India and 2004 super hit film Main Hoon Na. Taluja played the role of Arun (Originally played by Anil Kapoor) and Vyas played the role of the sensuous chemistry teacher Chandni (originally played by Sushmita Sen). This comic act with some great dance moves portrayed the love between the teacher and the student Arun. The iconic song ‘’Kaate Nahin Kat-te yeh din yeh raat’’ got the audience go crazy. Taluja got a score of seven and Vyas scored quite low (six marks). Johar advised Vyas to work on her pitch and other finer aspects of acting.", "Sanaya Irani. Her first major role was in the Indian youth show Miley Jab Hum Tum. She appeared in the lead role as Khushi Kumari Gupta in the highly successful show Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon? opposite Barun Sobti. Afterwards, she appeared in Chhanchhan and the show Rangrasiya.", "Raja Ko Rani Se Pyar Ho Gaya. Producer Mohan encouraged Rajeev to do this film in Hindi as this plot will have a wider market and Rajeev felt this won't work out in Malayalam because of fantasy element in script.[2] Jennifer Winget made her acting debut as child artist with this film.[3]", "Phir Bhi Dil Hai Hindustani. Ajay & Ria are fighting over the matter in their car, unaware that Mohan is hiding in the same car. Mohan accosts them, where Ajay accuses him of being a terrorist. Mohan has an angry outburst & tells him that he is not a terrorist. Mohan goes on to narrate his story. Mohan has an ailing wife (Neena Kulkarni) & a now-dead daughter. Mohan says that his daughter went to an interview for a secretarial job at the victim's office, where the latter raped and beaten her badly and she dies by the trauma & Mohan was left helpless & running from door to door for justice. Hence hopeless, he took the law into his own hands.", "Kishore Kumar. Kumar starred in Bimal Roy's Naukri (1954) and Hrishikesh Mukherjee's directorial debut Musafir (1957). Salil Chowdhury, the music director for Naukri, was initially dismissive of Kumar as a singer when he found that Kumar had no formal training in music.[15] However, after hearing his voice, Chowdhury gave him the song Chhota Sa Ghar Hoga, which was supposed to be sung by Hemant Kumar." ]

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[ "Jeremy (song). \"Jeremy\" is a song by the American rock band Pearl Jam, with lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament. \"Jeremy\" was released in 1992 as the third single from Pearl Jam's debut album Ten (1991). The song was inspired by a newspaper article Vedder read about Jeremy Wade Delle, a high school student who shot himself in front of his English class on January 8, 1991.[2] It reached the number five spot on both the Mainstream and Modern Rock Billboard charts. It did not originally chart on the regular Billboard Hot 100 singles chart since it was not released as a commercial single in the US at the time, but a re-release in July 1995 brought it up to number 79.[3]", "Jeremy (song). Chris True of Allmusic said that \"Jeremy\" \"is where Pearl Jam mania galvanized and propelled the band past the 'Seattle sound' and into rock royalty.\" He described it as a \"classic buildup tune\" and proclaimed it as \"arguably Pearl Jam's most earnest work and one of their most successful singles.\"[13] Stephen M. Deusner of Pitchfork Media said, \"'Jeremy' is the most pat Freudian psychodrama on an album full of them.\"[14]", "Ten (Pearl Jam album). Several of the songs on Ten started as instrumental compositions that Vedder added lyrics to after he joined the band. Regarding the lyrics, Vedder said, \"All I really believe in is this fucking moment, like right now. And that, actually, is what the whole album talks about.\"[13] Vedder's lyrics for Ten deal with subjects like depression, suicide, loneliness, and murder. The album also tackles social concerns such as homelessness (\"Even Flow\")[14] and the use of psychiatric hospitals (\"Why Go\").[15] The song \"Jeremy\" and its accompanying video were inspired by a true story in which a high school student shot himself in front of his classmates.[16][17]", "Jeremy (song). The video premiered on August 1, 1992,[18] and quickly found its way into heavy rotation on MTV. Michele Romero of Entertainment Weekly described the music video as \"an Afterschool Special from hell.\" She stated that \"when Eddie Vedder yowls the lyric 'Jeremy spoke in class today,' a chill frosts your cranium to the point of queasy enjoyment.\"[23] The success of the \"Jeremy\" video helped catapult Pearl Jam to fame. Pellington stated, \"I think that video tapped into something that has always been around and will always be around. You're always going to have peer pressure, you're always going to have adolescent rage, you're always going to have dysfunctional families.\"[24] The video won four MTV Video Music Awards in 1993, including Best Video of the Year, Best Group Video, Best Metal/Hard Rock Video, and Best Direction.[4] Trevor Wilson appeared with Pearl Jam onstage when they won 'Best Video Of The Year.' Vedder introduced him to the crowd: \"This is Trevor. He lives.\"", "Ten (Pearl Jam album). Many listeners interpreted \"Alive\" as an inspirational anthem due to its decidedly uplifting instrumentals and chorus. Vedder has since revealed that the song tells the semi-autobiographical tale of a son discovering that his father is actually his stepfather (his real father having died long ago), while his mother's grief turns her to sexually embrace her son, who strongly resembles the biological father.[5] \"Alive\" and \"Once\" formed part of a song cycle in what Vedder later described as a \"mini-opera\" entitled Momma-Son[18] (the third song, \"Footsteps\", appeared as a B-side on the \"Jeremy\" single). Vedder explained that the lyrics told the story of a young man whose father dies (\"Alive\"), causing him to go on a killing spree (\"Once\") which leads to his capture and execution (\"Footsteps\"). It was later revealed that Vedder's lyrics were inspired by his long-held hurt in discovering at age 17 that the man he thought was his father was not, and that his real father had already died.[2]", "Jeremy (song). By the time Cuffaro finished his music video, Epic had warmed up to the idea of releasing \"Jeremy\" as a single. Music video director Mark Pellington was brought in to handle the project.[18] Pellington said that he \"wasn't a huge fan of the band, but the lyrics intrigued me—I spoke to Eddie, and I really got connected to his passion.\"[19] Pellington and Pearl Jam convened in Kings Cross, London, England in June 1992 to film a new version of the \"Jeremy\" music video.[20]", "Jeremy (song). \"Jeremy\" was first performed live at the band's May 17, 1991 concert in Seattle, Washington at the Off Ramp Café.[30] Pearl Jam performed the song for its appearance on MTV Unplugged in 1992. Pearl Jam also performed \"Jeremy\" at the MTV Video Music Awards in 1992. The band had intended to perform the Dead Boys song \"Sonic Reducer\", but MTV insisted that it play \"Jeremy\" since the song's music video was already in heavy rotation. (It had been released after the deadline for that year's awards.) At the end of the intense performance, Vedder managed to sneak in a reference to the Dead Boys song by singing the first line of \"Sonic Reducer\", \"I don't need no ... I don't need no mom and dad.\"[31] Live performances of \"Jeremy\" can be found on the \"Animal\" single, the \"Dissident\"/Live in Atlanta box set, various official bootlegs, the Live at the Gorge 05/06 box set, and the Drop in the Park LP included in the Super Deluxe edition of the Ten reissue. Performances of the song are also included on the DVD Touring Band 2000 and the MTV Unplugged DVD included in the Ten reissue.", "Jeremy (song). I already had two pieces of music that I wrote on acoustic guitar...with the idea that I would play them on a Hamer 12-string bass I had just ordered. When the bass arrived, one of [the pieces] became \"Jeremy\"....I had an idea for the outro when we were recording it the second time...I overdubbed a twelve-string bass, and we added a cello. That was big-time production, for us....Rick [Parashar]’s a supertalented engineer-musician...Stone [Gossard, Pearl Jam’s rhythm guitarist] was sick one day, and Ed, Rick and I conjured up the art piece that opens and closes the song. That was so fun—I wanted to make a whole record like that.[6]", "Jeremy (song). \"Jeremy\" features lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music written by bassist Jeff Ament. The song's music was written before the band went out on tour in support of Alice in Chains in February 1991.[5]", "Jeremy (song). When asked about the song, Vedder explained:", "Pearl Jam. Released on August 27, 1991, Ten (named after Mookie Blaylock's jersey number)[18] contained eleven tracks dealing with dark subjects like depression, suicide, loneliness, and murder. Ten's musical style, influenced by classic rock, combined an \"expansive harmonic vocabulary\" with an anthemic sound.[22] The album was slow to sell, but by the second half of 1992 it became a breakthrough success, being certified gold and reaching number two on the Billboard charts.[19] Ten produced the hit singles \"Alive\", \"Even Flow\", and \"Jeremy\". Originally interpreted as an anthem by many,[10] Vedder later revealed that \"Alive\" tells the semi-autobiographical tale of a son discovering that his father is actually his stepfather, while his mother’s grief turns her to sexually embrace her son, who strongly resembles the biological father.[10] The song \"Jeremy\" and its accompanying video were inspired by a true story in which a high school student shot himself in front of his classmates.[23] Ten stayed on the Billboard charts for nearly five years, and has gone on to become one of the highest-selling rock records ever, going 13x platinum.[24]", "Jeremy (song). \"Jeremy\" is in the key of A, and intertwines the parallel modes of major and minor frequently. It features prominent usage of Ament's 12-string Hamer bass guitar, which is pivotal to the sound of the introduction and end of the recording. The song starts off with the bassline and quiet harmonic notes also on the 12-string bass, and continues in a sedate vein until after the second chorus, when densely layered guitars and vocals gradually enter. At the end the instruments gradually fade out until all that is audible is a clean guitar and the 12-string bass, like the intro. Both instruments play a descending minor key melody, fading out with one single note.[citation needed]", "Jeremy (song). After the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, MTV and VH1 rarely aired the video, and mention of it was omitted in retro-documentaries such as I Love the '90s. It is still available on the internet, on websites such as YouTube. It can also occasionally be seen playing at Hard Rock Cafe locations. The video occasionally airs on MTV Classic. The video was included in MuchMusic's list of the 12 most controversial videos. The reason was because of the topic of suicide, and recent school shootings. The scene of Jeremy with the gun in his mouth was not shown. It was also included on VH1's countdown of the \"100 Greatest Songs of the '90s\" at number 11,[29] with several clips of the video shown, including part of the ending. The uncensored version of the video was shown as part of the retrospective \"Pearl Jam Ten Revisited\" on VH1 Classic in 2009 prior to the album's re-release, including the shot in which Jeremy puts the gun in his mouth.", "Jeremy (song). After \"Jeremy\", Pearl Jam backed away from making music videos. \"Ten years from now,\" Ament said, \"I don't want people to remember our songs as videos.\"[28] The band did not release another video until 1998's \"Do the Evolution\", which was entirely animated.", "Jeremy (song). I actually knew somebody in junior high school, in San Diego, California, that did the same thing, just about, didn't take his life but ended up shooting up an oceanography room. I remember being in the halls and hearing it and I had actually had altercations with this kid in the past. I was kind of a rebellious fifth-grader and I think we got in fights and stuff. So it's a bit about this kid named Jeremy and it's also a bit about a kid named Brian that I knew and I don't know...the song, I think it says a lot. I think it goes somewhere...and a lot of people interpret it different ways and it's just been recently that I've been talking about the true meaning behind it and I hope no one's offended and believe me, I think of Jeremy when I sing it.[10]", "Jeremy (song). Working with veteran editor Bruce Ashley, Pellington's high-budget video incorporated rapid-fire editing and juxtaposition of sound, still images, graphics and text elements with live action sequences to create a collage effect. The classroom scenes were filmed at Bayonne High School in New Jersey.[21] The video also featured many close-ups of Vedder performing the song, with the other members of Pearl Jam shown only briefly. Some of the stock imagery was similar to the original video, but when it came to the band Pellington focused on Vedder. Vedder thus serves as the video's narrator. Ament said, \"It was mostly Mark and Ed’s vision. In fact, I think it would have been a better video if the rest of the band wasn’t in it. I know some of us were having a hard time with the movie-type video that Mark made, because our two previous videos were made live.\"[6] Jeremy was played by 12-year-old Trevor Wilson, in his only acting role. Wilson died in 2016 at age 36 in a drowning accident in Puerto Rico.[22]", "Jeremy (song). Cuffaro raised the money by taking out a loan and selling all of his furniture and half his guitar collection.[17] He first filmed several scenes of a young actor, Eric Schubert, playing the part of Jeremy. Cuffaro and his crew spent a day filming Schubert playing the part of Jeremy. The scenes with Pearl Jam were filmed in a warehouse on Pico Boulevard in Los Angeles, California on October 4, 1991. A revolving platform was rigged at the center of the set, and the members of the band climbed on it individually to give the illusion of the song being performed as a crew member spun the giant turntable by hand. Vedder appeared with black gaffer's tape around his biceps as a mourning band for the real Jeremy.", "Jeremy (song). \"Jeremy\" is based on two different true stories. The song takes its main inspiration from a newspaper article about a 15-year-old boy named Jeremy Wade Delle from Richardson, Texas who shot himself in front of his teacher and his second period English class of 30 students on the morning of January 8, 1991.[2][7] In a 2009 interview, Vedder said that he felt \"the need to take that small article and make something of it—to give that action, to give it reaction, to give it more importance.\"[8]", "Jeremy (song). It came from a small paragraph in a paper which means you kill yourself and you make a big old sacrifice and try to get your revenge. That all you're gonna end up with is a paragraph in a newspaper. Sixty-four degrees and cloudy in a suburban neighborhood. That's the beginning of the video and that's the same thing in the end; it does nothing … nothing changes. The world goes on and you're gone. The best revenge is to live on and prove yourself. Be stronger than those people. And then you can come back.[9]", "Pearl Jam (album). The music on the record was proclaimed as a return to the band's roots, with an emphasis on up-tempo songs with an aggressive sound. The song lyrics are mostly told from the point of view of characters and deal with the socio-political issues in the United States at the period, such as the War on Terror.", "Jeremy (song). In Pellington's video, Jeremy is shown being alienated and taunted by classmates at school, running through a forest, and screaming at his parents at a dinner table. Only Jeremy is shown moving in the video; every other character in his life is frozen in a series of stationary tableaus. Shots of words depicting others' presumed descriptions of Jeremy — such as \"problem\", \"peer\", \"harmless\", and \"bored\" — frequently appear onscreen. Included are two biblical allusions: \"the unclean spirit entered\", from Mark 5:13,[25] and \"Genesis 3:6\", referencing the creation of sin.[26] As the song becomes more dense and frenetic, Jeremy's behavior becomes increasingly agitated. Strobe lighting adds to the anxious atmosphere. Jeremy is shown standing, arms raised in a V (as described in the lyrics at the beginning of the song), in front of a wall of billowing flames. Jeremy is later shown staring at the camera while wrapped in an American flag, surrounded by fire.", "Ten (Pearl Jam album). Ten produced three hit singles, \"Alive\", \"Even Flow\", and \"Jeremy\", all of which had accompanying music videos (The \"Oceans\" video was released only outside of the U.S.). The singles all placed on the Mainstream Rock and Modern Rock charts. The song \"Black\" reached number three on the Mainstream Rock chart, despite never being released as a single. The video for \"Alive\" was nominated for the MTV Video Music Award for Best Alternative Video in 1992.[82] \"Jeremy\" became one of Pearl Jam's best-known songs, and received nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance at the 1993 Grammy awards.[83] The video for \"Jeremy\", directed by Mark Pellington, was put into heavy rotation by MTV and became a huge hit, receiving five nominations at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards, of which it won four, including Video of the Year and Best Group Video.[84]", "Jeremy (song). We knew it was a good song, but it was tough getting it to feel right—for the chorus to sit back and the outro to push over the top. The tune went from practically not making it on the record to being one of the best takes. I'm not sure if it's the best song on the album but I think it's the best take. On \"Jeremy\" I always heard this other melody in the choruses and the end, and it never sounded good on guitar or bass. So we brought in a cello player which inspired a background vocal, and those things made the song really happen. Most of the time if something doesn't work right away, I just say fuck it—but this was an instance when perseverance paid off.[5]", "Jeremy (song). The second story the song is based on, involved a student that Vedder knew from his junior high school in San Diego, California. He elaborated further in a 1991 interview:", "Yellow Ledbetter. \"Yellow Ledbetter\" is a song by the American alternative rock band Pearl Jam. Featuring lyrics written by vocalist Eddie Vedder and music co-written by bassist Jeff Ament and guitarist Mike McCready, \"Yellow Ledbetter\" was an outtake from the band's debut album, Ten. \"Yellow Ledbetter\" was selected by the band to be on the B-side 1992 single for the song \"Jeremy\", where it was first released.[1] The song eventually found its way onto radio, peaking at number 21 on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks chart. The song was included on the 2003 B-sides rarities album Lost Dogs, and on the 2004 greatest hits album Rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003).", "Pearl Jam (album). Current socio-political issues in the United States are addressed on the album, with Vedder claiming the record \"deals with real content and the moral issues of our time\", and crediting as inspiration both the frustration with George W. Bush being reelected,[18] and the birth of Vedder's daughter - \"Now that I see it as my daughter's planet, I'm even more (angry).\"[2] McCready said, \"We all feel that we're living in tumultuous, frightening times, and that ranges from the Iraq war to Hurricane Katrina to wiretapping to anything that smacks of totalitarianism. And just bad political decisions being made. We feel that as Americans, and we're frustrated. So a lot of those feelings have come out in these songs.\"[10] Vedder also added that among all the dark themes \"the hope was going to be in the guitar solos. It was the guitars and drums going at it that was going to lift you out of the dark abyss that I had painted.\"[7] The Iraq War is addressed in the songs \"World Wide Suicide\", \"Marker in the Sand\", and \"Army Reserve\". The lyrics of \"World Wide Suicide\" depict anger against the war. Other themes addressed on the album include alcohol use (\"Severed Hand\"),[19] religion (\"Marker in the Sand\"), poverty (\"Unemployable\"), leaving everything behind to seek a fresh start (\"Gone\"),[19] and loneliness (\"Come Back\").[19]", "Jeremy (song). In July 1991, Vedder became acquainted with photographer Chris Cuffaro. Vedder suggested Cuffaro film a music video for the band. On Vedder's insistence, Epic gave Cuffaro permission to use any song off Ten. He chose \"Jeremy\", which was not intended to be released as a single at the time.[15] Epic refused to fund the clip, forcing Cuffaro to finance it himself.[16]", "Jeremy (song). The final scene of the video shows Jeremy striding into class, tossing an apple to the teacher, and standing before his classmates. He reaches down and draws back his arm as he takes a gun out of his pocket (The gun only appears onscreen in the unedited version of the video). The edited version cuts to an extreme close-up of Jeremy's face as he puts the barrel of the gun in his mouth, closes his eyes, and pulls the trigger. After a flash of light the screen turns black. The next shot is a pan across the classroom, showing Jeremy's blood-spattered classmates, all completely still, recoiling in horror. The video ends on a shot of a dangling blackboard, on which all the harsh terms and phrases seen earlier had been scrawled.", "Jeremy (song). While the \"Jeremy\" single was released commercially to international markets in 1992, the commercial single was not released in the United States until June 27, 1995 and was only available as a more expensive import version beforehand. \"Jeremy\" was released as a single in 1992 with the previously unreleased B-sides \"Footsteps\" and \"Yellow Ledbetter\", both of which can also be found on the compilation album, Lost Dogs (2003), the former as an alternate version, and the latter of which can also be found on the band's greatest hits compilation, rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003). \"Jeremy\" became the most successful song from Ten on the American rock charts. The song peaked at number five on the Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks and Billboard Modern Rock Tracks charts. The \"Jeremy\" single has been certified gold by the RIAA.[11] At the 1993 Grammy Awards, \"Jeremy\" received nominations for Best Rock Song and Best Hard Rock Performance.[12]", "Vitalogy. Many of the songs on the album seem to be based on the pressures of fame and dealing with the resulting loss of privacy.[15] These include \"Not for You\", \"Pry, To\", \"Corduroy\", \"Bugs\", \"Satan's Bed\", and \"Immortality\". Vedder said, \"I'm just totally vulnerable. I'm way too fucking soft for this whole business, this whole trip. I don't have any shell. There's a contradiction there, because that's probably why I can write songs that mean something to someone and express some of these things that other people can't necessarily express.\"[13] The lyrics of \"Not for You\" express anger at the bureaucracy of the music industry and \"how youth is being sold and exploited,\"[6] while Vedder said \"Corduroy\" is about \"one person's relationship with a million people.\"[6] In \"Pry, To\" the phrase \"P-r-i-v-a-c-y is priceless to me\" is repeated. Many think that the lyrics of \"Immortality\" may be about Nirvana frontman Kurt Cobain's suicide, although Vedder has denied this, suggesting instead that it's about \"the pressures on someone who is on a parallel train.\"[6] The lyrics that appeared in the first live version of \"Immortality\" were altered before the song was released as part of the album. Vedder said regarding \"Nothingman\" that \"if you love someone and they love you, don't fuck up...'cause you are left with less than nothing.\"[6] \"Better Man\" is a song about an abusive relationship.[16] Vedder wrote \"Better Man\" when he was in high school and performed it with his previous band, Bad Radio. Considered a \"blatantly great pop song\" by producer Brendan O'Brien, Pearl Jam was reluctant to record it and had initially rejected it from Vs. due to its accessibility.[8]", "Pearl Jam. Following the short tour for No Code, the band went into the studio in 1997 to record its follow-up. The sessions for the band's fifth album represented more of a team effort between all members of the group, with Ament stating that \"everybody really got a little bit of their say on the record...because of that, everybody feels like they're an integral part of the band.\"[65] On February 3, 1998, Pearl Jam released its fifth album, Yield. The album was cited as a return to the band's early, straightforward rock sound.[66] Tom Sinclair of Entertainment Weekly stated that the band has \"turned in an intermittently affecting album that veers between fiery garage rock and rootsy, acoustic-based ruminations. Perhaps mindful of their position as the last alt-rock ambassadors with any degree of clout, they've come up with their most cohesive album since their 1991 debut, Ten.\"[67] Lyrically, Yield continued with the more contemplative type of writing found on No Code,[68] with Vedder saying, \"What was rage in the past has become reflection.\"[69] Yield debuted at number two on the Billboard charts, but like No Code soon began dropping down the charts.[70] It included the singles \"Given to Fly\" and \"Wishlist\". The band hired comic book artist Todd McFarlane to create an animated video for the song \"Do the Evolution\" from the album, its first music video since 1992.[71] A documentary detailing the making of Yield, Single Video Theory, was released on VHS and DVD later that year.", "Pearl Jam. The band members grew uncomfortable with their success, with much of the burden of Pearl Jam's popularity falling on frontman Vedder.[10] While Pearl Jam received four awards at the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards for its video for \"Jeremy\", including Video of the Year and Best Group Video, the band refused to make a video for \"Black\" in spite of pressure from the label. This action began a trend of the band refusing to make videos for its songs. Vedder felt that the concept of music videos robbed listeners from creating their own interpretations of the song, stating that \"Before music videos first came out, you’d listen to a song with headphones on, sitting in a beanbag chair with your eyes closed, and you’d come up with your own visions, these things that came from within. Then all of a sudden, sometimes even the very first time you heard a song, it was with these visual images attached, and it robbed you of any form of self-expression.\"[33] \"Ten years from now,\" Ament said, \"I don't want people to remember our songs as videos.\"[10]" ]

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[ "Color vision. The perception of \"white\" is formed by the entire spectrum of visible light, or by mixing colours of just a few wavelengths in animals with few types of colour receptors. In humans, white light can be perceived by combining wavelengths such as red, green, and blue, or just a pair of complementary colours such as blue and yellow.[1]", "Light-emitting diode. White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors,[101] and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed]", "Color wheel. The color circle is used for, among other purposes, illustrating additive color mixture. Combining two colored lights from different parts of the spectrum may produce a third color that appears like a light from another part of the spectrum, even though dissimilar wavelengths are involved. This type of color matching is known as metameric matching.[13] Thus a combination of green and red light might produce a color close to yellow in apparent hue. The newly formed color lies between the two original colors on the color circle, but they are usually represented as being joined by a straight line on the circle, the location of the new color closer to the (white) centre of the circle indicating that the resulting hue is less saturated (i.e., paler) than either of the two source colors. The combination of any two colors in this way are always less saturated than the two pure spectral colors individually.", "Color mixing. The additive mixing of colors is unintuitive as it does not correspond to the mixing of physical substances (such as paint) which would correspond to subtractive mixing. For instance, one can additively mix yellow and blue by shining yellow light together with blue light, which will result in not green but a white light. As in this example, one should always have the mixture of light in mind when considering additive color mixing as it is the only situation where it occurs. Despite being unintuitive, it is conceptually simpler than subtractive mixing. Two beams of light that are superimposed correspond to additive mixing.", "Color theory. For the mixing of colored light, Isaac Newton's color wheel is often used to describe complementary colors, which are colors which cancel each other's hue to produce an achromatic (white, gray or black) light mixture. Newton offered as a conjecture that colors exactly opposite one another on the hue circle cancel out each other's hue; this concept was demonstrated more thoroughly in the 19th century.[citation needed]", "Blue. Additive colour mixing. The projection of primary colour lights on a screen shows secondary colours where two overlap; the combination red, green, and blue each in full intensity makes white.", "Yellow. Hunt defines that \"two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.\"[15] That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are complementary. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists Grassmann and Helmholtz did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call violet. Helmholtz says \"Yellow and indigo blue\" are complements.[16] Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says \"This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.\"[17]", "Color. Additive color is light created by mixing together light of two or more different colors. Red, green, and blue are the additive primary colors normally used in additive color systems such as projectors and computer terminals.", "Color theory. Black and white have long been known to combine \"well\" with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.[citation needed]", "Color theory. When mixing colored light (additive color models), the achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. When we mix colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a color is produced which is always darker and lower in chroma, or saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color—a gray or near-black. Lights are made brighter or dimmer by adjusting their brightness, or energy level; in painting, lightness is adjusted through mixture with white, black or a color's complement.", "James Clerk Maxwell. Isaac Newton had demonstrated, using prisms, that white lights, such as sunlight, are composed of a number of monochromatic components which could then be recombined into white light.[103] Newton also showed that an orange paint made of yellow and red could look exactly like a monochromatic orange light, although being composed of two monochromatic yellow and red lights. Hence the paradox that puzzled physicists of the time: two complex lights (composed of more than one monochromatic light) could look alike but be physically different, called metameres. Thomas Young later proposed that this paradox could be explained by colours being perceived through a limited number of channels in the eyes, which he proposed to be threefold,[104] the trichromatic colour theory. Maxwell used the recently developed Linear algebra to prove Young's theory. Any monochromatic light stimulating three receptors should be able to be equally stimulated by a set of three different monochromatic lights (in fact, by any set of three different lights). He demonstrated that to be the case,[105] inventing colour matching experiments and Colourimetry.", "Color scheme. For the mixing of colored light, Newton's color wheel is often used to describe complementary colors, which are colors which cancel each other's hue to produce an achromatic (white, gray or black) light mixture. Newton offered as a conjecture that colors exactly opposite one another on the hue circle cancel out each other's hue; this concept was demonstrated more thoroughly in the 19th century.[citation needed]", "Tints and shades. When mixing colored light (additive color models), the achromatic mixture of spectrally balanced red, green and blue (RGB) is always white, not gray or black. When we mix colorants, such as the pigments in paint mixtures, a color is produced which is always darker and lower in chroma, or saturation, than the parent colors. This moves the mixed color toward a neutral color—a gray or near-black. Lights are made brighter or dimmer by adjusting their brightness, or energy level; in painting, lightness is adjusted through mixture with white, black or a color's complement.", "Holiday lighting technology. White LEDs are similar in most respects such as power and durability, but utilize a two-stage process to create the white (polychromatic, or broad spectrum) light. In the first stage, the LED actually only produces one color of light, similar to any other LED. In the second stage, some of the blue or violet-blue is absorbed by a phosphor, which fluoresces yellow, imitating the broad spectrum of colors which our eyes perceive as \"white\". This is essentially the same process used in fluorescent lamps, except for the use of an LED to create blue light rather than excited gas plasma to create ultraviolet.", "Red. In modern color theory, red, green and blue are the additive primary colors, and together they make white. A combination of red, green and blue light in varying proportions makes all the colors on your computer screen and television screen.", "Light-emitting diode. There are two primary ways of producing white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), LEDs that generate high-intensity white light. One is to use individual LEDs that emit three primary colors[99]—red, green, and blue—and then mix all the colors to form white light. The other is to use a phosphor material to convert monochromatic light from a blue or UV LED to broad-spectrum white light, much in the same way a fluorescent light bulb works. It is important to note that the 'whiteness' of the light produced is essentially engineered to suit the human eye, and depending on the situation it may not always be appropriate to think of it as white light.", "Primary color. In additive color mixing, the total light present is simply the sum of individual light sources. For example, coincident blue and red spotlights on a surface will make a purple, brighter than either of the spotlights alone. Additive mixing of coincident spot lights was applied in the experiments used to derive the CIE 1931 colorspace. The original monochromatic primaries of the (arbitrary) wavelengths of 435.8 nm (violet), 546.1 nm (green) and 700 nm (red) were used in this application due to the convenience they afforded to the experimental work.", "Persistence of vision. Isaac Newton (1642–1726/27) purportedly demonstrated how white light is a combination of different colors with a rotating disc with color segments. When spinning fast the colors seem to blend and appear as white (or rather an off-white light hue). For an explanation he referred to the sparkler's trail effect: a gyrating burning coal could appear as a circle of fire because \"the sensation of the coal in the several places of that circle remains impress'd on the sensorium, until the coal return again to the same place.\"[17]", "Red. In modern color theory, also known as the RGB color model, red, green and blue are additive primary colors. Red, green and blue light combined together makes white light, and these three colors, combined in different mixtures, can produce nearly any other color. This is the principle that is used to make all of the colors on your computer screen and your television. For example, magenta on a computer screen is made by a similar formula to that used by Cennino Cennini in the Renaissance to make violet, but using additive colors and light instead of pigment: it is created by combining red and blue light at equal intensity on a black screen. Violet is made on a computer screen in a similar way, but with a greater amount of blue light and less red light.[16]", "Color vision. Isaac Newton discovered that white light, after being split into its component colours when passed through a dispersive prism, could, by passing them through a different prism, be recombined to make white light.", "Complementary colors. Complementary colors are pairs of colors which, when combined, cancel each other out. This means that when combined, they produce a grayscale color like white or black.[1] When placed next to each other, they create the strongest contrast for those particular two colors. Due to this striking color clash, the term opposite colors is often considered more appropriate than \"complementary colors\".", "Shades of white. White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color.", "Color scheme. Black and white have long been known to combine well with almost any other colors; black decreases the apparent saturation or brightness of colors paired with it, and white shows off all hues to equal effect.[5]", "Complementary colors. At about the same time that Goethe was publishing his theory, a British physicist, doctor and Egyptologist, Thomas Young (1773–1829), showed by experiments that it was not necessary to use all the colors of spectrum to create white light; it could be done by combining the light of just three colors; red, green, and blue. This discovery was the foundation of additive colors, and of the RGB color model.[12] He showed that it was possible to create magenta by combining red and blue light; to create yellow by mixing red and green light; and to create cyan, or blue-green, by mixing green and blue. He also found that it was possible to create virtually any other color by modifying the intensity of these colors. This discovery led to the system used today to create colors on a computer or television display. Young was also the first to propose that the retina of the eye contained nerve fibers which were sensitive to three different colors. This foreshadowed the modern understanding of color vision, in particular the finding that the eye does indeed have three color receptors which are sensitive to different wavelength ranges.[13]", "Blue. In the 19th century the Scottish physicist James Clerk Maxwell found a new way of explaining colours, by the wavelength of their light. He showed that white light could be created by combining red, blue and green light, and that virtually all colours could be made by different combinations of these three colours. His idea, called additive colour or the RGB colour model, is used today to create colours on televisions and computer screens. The screen is covered by tiny pixels, each with three fluorescent elements for creating red, green and blue light. If the red, blue and green elements all glow at once, the pixel looks white. As the screen is scanned from behind with electrons, each pixel creates its own designated colour, composing a complete picture on the screen.", "Shades of gray. White is a color, the perception of which is evoked by light that stimulates all three types of color sensitive cone cells in the human eye in equal amounts and with high brightness compared to the surroundings. A white visual stimulation will be void of hue and grayness. White is the lightest possible color.", "Additive color. Results obtained when mixing additive colors are often counterintuitive for people accustomed to the subtractive color system of pigments, dyes, inks and other substances that present color to the eye by reflection rather than emission. For example, in subtractive color systems, green is a combination of yellow and cyan; in additive color, red plus green makes yellow. Additive color is a result of the way the eye detects color, and is not a property of light. There is a vast difference between a pure spectral yellow light, with a wavelength of approximately 580 nm, and a mixture of red and green light. However, both stimulate our eyes in a similar manner, so we do not detect that difference, and both are yellow light to the human eye. (See eye (cytology), color vision.)", "Color mixing. By convention, the three primary colors in additive mixing are red, green, and blue. In the absence of color or, when no colors are showing, the result is black. If all three primary colors are showing, the result is white. When red and green combine, the result is yellow. When red and blue combine, the result is magenta. When blue and green combine, the result is cyan.", "Neo-impressionism. Charles Blanc's Grammaire des arts du dessin introduced Seurat to the theories of color and vision that would inspire chromo-luminarism. Blanc's work, drawing from the theories of Michel Eugène Chevreul and Eugène Delacroix, stated that optical mixing would produce more vibrant and pure colors than the traditional process of mixing pigments.[13] Mixing pigments physically is a subtractive process with cyan, magenta, and yellow being the primary colors. On the other hand, if colored light is mixed together, an additive mixture results, a process in which the primary colors are red, green and blue. The optical mixture which characterized Divisionism—the process of mixing color by juxtaposing pigments—is different from either additive or subtractive mixture, although combining colors in optical mixture functions the same way as additive mixture, i.e. the primary colors are the same.[10] In reality, Seurat's paintings did not actually achieve true optical mixing; for him, the theory was more useful for causing vibrations of color to the viewer, where contrasting colors placed near each other would intensify the relationship between the colors while preserving their singular separate identity.[13][15]", "Complementary colors. The RGB color model, invented in the 19th century and fully developed in the 20th century, uses combinations of red, green, and blue light against a black background to make the colors seen on a computer monitor or television screen. In the RGB model, the primary colors are red, green, and blue. The complementary primary–secondary combinations are red–cyan, green–magenta, and blue–yellow. In the RGB color model, the light of two complementary colors, such as red and cyan, combined at full intensity, will make white light, since two complementary colors contain light with the full range of the spectrum. If the light is not fully intense, the resulting light will be gray.", "Color. Most light sources are mixtures of various wavelengths of light. Many such sources can still effectively produce a spectral color, as the eye cannot distinguish them from single-wavelength sources. For example, most computer displays reproduce the spectral color orange as a combination of red and green light; it appears orange because the red and green are mixed in the right proportions to allow the eye's cones to respond the way they do to the spectral color orange.", "Color. Two different light spectra that have the same effect on the three color receptors in the human eye will be perceived as the same color. They are metamers of that color. This is exemplified by the white light emitted by fluorescent lamps, which typically has a spectrum of a few narrow bands, while daylight has a continuous spectrum. The human eye cannot tell the difference between such light spectra just by looking into the light source, although reflected colors from objects can look different. (This is often exploited; for example, to make fruit or tomatoes look more intensely red.)" ]

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[ "Money for Nothing (song). In 2000, Knopfler appeared on Parkinson on BBC One and explained again where the lyrics originated. According to Knopfler, he was in New York and stopped by an appliance store. At the back of the store, they had a wall of TVs which were all tuned to MTV. Knopfler said there was a man working there dressed in a baseball cap, work boots, and a checkered shirt delivering boxes who was standing next to him watching. As they were standing there watching MTV, Knopfler remembers the man coming up with lines such as \"what are those, Hawaiian noises?...that ain't workin',\" etc. Knopfler asked for a pen to write some of these lines down and then eventually put those words to music.[citation needed] The first-person narrating character in the lyrics refers to a musician \"banging on the bongos like a chimpanzee\" and a woman \"stickin' in the camera, man we could have some fun\". He describes a singer as \"that little faggot with the earring and the make-up\", and bemoans that these artists get \"money for nothing and chicks for free\".[6]", "The Beverly Hillbillies. The 1989 film UHF featured a \"Weird Al\" Yankovic parody music video, \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\", combining \"The Ballad of Jed Clampett\" and English rock band Dire Straits' 1985 hit song \"Money for Nothing\".", "Money for Nothing (song). \"Money for Nothing\" is a single by British rock band Dire Straits, taken from their 1985 studio album Brothers in Arms. The song's lyrics are written from the point of view of two working-class men watching music videos and commenting on what they see. The song features a guest appearance by Sting singing background vocals, providing both the signature falsetto introduction and backing chorus of \"I want my MTV.\" The groundbreaking video was the first to be aired on MTV Europe when the network launched on 1 August 1987.[1]", "Money for Nothing (song). It was Dire Straits' most commercially successful single, peaking at number 1 for three weeks in the United States, number 1 for three weeks on the US Top Rock Tracks chart and number 4 in the band's native UK. \"Money for Nothing\" won the Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal in 1986 at the 28th Annual Grammy Awards[2] and the video won Video of the Year at the 3rd MTV Video Music Awards.", "Faggot (slang). The Dire Straits 1985 song \"Money for Nothing\" makes notable use of the epithet faggot,[24] although the lines containing it are often excised for radio play, and in live performances by singer/songwriter Mark Knopfler. The song was banned from airplay by the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council in 2011 but the ban was reversed later the same year.[25]", "The Ballad of Jed Clampett. \"Weird Al\" Yankovic merged the first two stanzas of the Ballad with the instrumentals to the Dire Straits song \"Money For Nothing\" in his 1989 single \"Money for Nothing/Beverly Hillbillies*\", which was written for his film UHF.", "Brothers in Arms (album). \"Money for Nothing\" was one of the most played music videos on MTV during the era. It is one of only two Dire Straits songs on a studio album to not be solely credited to Mark Knopfler – Sting was given a co-writing credit.", "Dixie Chicks. In 1990, thanks to the generosity of Penny Cook, daughter of then Senator John Tower, who wrote them a check for $10,000 so that they could record an album, the Dixie Chicks recorded their first studio album, Thank Heavens for Dale Evans, named after the pioneering, multi-talented performer Dale Evans.[7] They paid $5,000 for the 14-track album.[8] The album included two instrumental tunes. In 1987, Maguire (still known then as Martie Erwin) had won second place, and in 1989, third place in the National fiddle championships held at the Walnut Valley Festival in Winfield, Kansas.[9] A Christmas single was released at the end of the year – a 45 RPM vinyl record titled Home on the Radar Range, with \"Christmas Swing\" on one side and the song on the flip side named \"The Flip Side\". The record titles were significant; during that period of time, the bandmates dressed up as \"cowgirls\", and publicity photos reflected this image. However, even with an appearance at the Grand Ole Opry,[10] with few exceptions, such as Garrison Keillor's radio show A Prairie Home Companion,[11] they didn't get much national airplay.", "Dixie Chicks. After the commercial success of their first two albums, the band became involved in a dispute with their record label, Sony, regarding accounting procedures, alleging that in at least 30 cases Sony had used fraudulent accounting practices, underpaying them at least $4 million (£2.7m) in royalties on their albums over the previous three years.[32] Sony held out, and the trio walked away, with Sony suing the group for failure to complete their contract.[33] The Chicks responded with their own $4.1-million lawsuit against Sony Music Entertainment on August 27,[34] which added clout to claims made by singers Courtney Love, Aimee Mann, and LeAnn Rimes against the recording industry.[35] After months of negotiation, the Chicks settled their suit privately, and were awarded their own record label imprint, Open Wide Records, which afforded them more control, a better contract, and an increase in royalty money, with Sony still responsible for marketing and distribution of albums.[24][36]", "Money for Nothing (song). Dire Straits often performed the song in live concerts and when on tour, where the second verse was included but usually altered slightly. For the band's 10 July 1985 concert (televised in the United Kingdom on The Tube on Channel 4 in January 1986[13]), Knopfler replaced the word faggot with Queenie (in this context also a term that implies homosexuality):", "Money for Nothing (song). Mötley Crüe bassist Nikki Sixx claimed that the song was about his band’s outrageous lifestyle. In an interview, he related an apocryphal story that the members of Dire Straits were in a store that sold televisions, and a row of TVs were all playing Mötley Crüe videos.[7][8]", "MTV. The campaign featured popular artists and celebrities, including Pete Townshend, Pat Benatar, Adam Ant, David Bowie, The Police, Kiss, Culture Club, Billy Idol, Hall & Oates, Cyndi Lauper, Madonna, Lionel Richie, Ric Ocasek, John Mellencamp, Peter Wolf, Joe Elliot, Stevie Nicks, Rick Springfield and Mick Jagger, interacting with the MTV logo on-air and encouraging viewers to call their cable or satellite providers and request that MTV be added to their local channel lineups.[122] Eventually, the slogan became so ubiquitous that it made an appearance as a lyric sung by Sting on the Dire Straits song \"Money for Nothing\", whose music video aired in regular rotation on MTV when it was first released in 1985.", "Warner Bros. Records. In 1985, Dire Straits' single \"Money for Nothing\" gained massive exposure on MTV thanks to its innovative computer-animated music video, propelling the single to #1 in the US. They scored two more US Top 20 hits with \"Walk of Life\" and \"So Far Away\" and the album Brothers in Arms was a phenomenal success—it went to #1 in the US, Australia and most European countries and sold in colossal numbers—by 1996 it had been certified at 9× platinum in the US and it is currently ranked at #25 in the list of best-selling albums of all time, with sales of more than 30 million copies worldwide.", "Money for Nothing (song). Two other music videos are also featured within \"Money for Nothing\". The Hungarian pop band Első Emelet[24] and their video \"Állj Vagy Lövök\" (\"Stop or I'll Shoot\") appears as \"Baby, Baby\" by \"First Floor\" during the second verse (The name \"első emelet\" translates to \"first floor,\" and the song is credited as being on \"Magyar Records\": \"Magyar\" means \"Hungarian\" in the Hungarian language.) [25] The other one is fictional, \"Sally\" by the \"Ian Pearson Band\". The fictional album for the first video was listed as \"Turn Left\" and the second was \"Hot Dogs.\" For the second video, the record company appears as \"Rush Records\", and it was filmed on Fisherman's Bastion, Budapest.[25][26]", "Money for Nothing (song). In January 2011, the Canadian Broadcast Standards Council (CBSC) ruled that the unedited version of the song was unacceptable for air play on private Canadian radio stations, as it breached the Canadian Association of Broadcasters' (CAB) Code of Ethics and their Equitable Portrayal Code.[14][15][16] The CBSC concluded that \"like other racially driven words in the English language, 'faggot' is one that, even if entirely or marginally acceptable in earlier days, is no longer so.\"[14] The CBSC's proceedings came in response to a radio listener's Ruling Request stemming from a playing of the song by CHOZ-FM in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, which in turn followed the radio listener's dissatisfaction with the radio station's reply to their complaint about a gay slur in the lyrics.[14][17]", "Money for Nothing (song). \"See the little Queenie got the earring and the make-up\" and \"That little Queenie got his own jet airplane, he's got a helicopter, he's a millionaire.\"", "Money for Nothing (song). Not all stations abided by this ruling; at least two stations, CIRK-FM in Edmonton[18] and CFRQ-FM in Halifax,[19] played the unedited version of \"Money for Nothing\" repeatedly for one hour out of protest. Galaxie, which was owned by the CBC at the time of the controversy, also continues to play the song.[20][21] On 21 January 2011, the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) asked the CBSC for a review on the ban, in response to the public outcry against the CBSC's actions; the CRTC reportedly received over 250 complaints erroneously sent to them, instead of the CBSC. The regulator requested the CBSC to appoint a nationwide panel to review the case, as the decision on the ban was reviewed by a regional panel for the Maritimes and Newfoundland.[22]", "Money for Nothing (song). Ian Pearson and Gavin Blair created the animation, using a Bosch FGS-4000 CGI system[28] and a Quantel Paintbox system.[29] The animators went on to found computer animation studio Mainframe Entertainment (today Rainmaker Entertainment), and referenced the \"Money for Nothing\" video in an episode of their ReBoot series. The video also included stage footage of Dire Straits performing, with partially rotoscoped animation in bright neon colours, as seen on the cover of the compilation album of the same name.", "There'll Be Some Changes Made. Outside of jazz, in western swing, Bob Wills recorded it in 1937 (Vocalion DAL 244-1). In country music, Chet Atkins and Mark Knopfler recorded — on their 1990 Grammy award winning album Neck and Neck — a parody version that references the Dire Straits song \"Money for Nothing\" ...", "Money for Nothing (song). I got an objection from the editor of a gay newspaper in London – he actually said it was below the belt. Apart from the fact that there are stupid gay people as well as stupid other people, it suggests that maybe you can't let it have so many meanings – you have to be direct. In fact, I'm still in two minds as to whether it's a good idea to write songs that aren't in the first person, to take on other characters. The singer in \"Money for Nothing\" is a real ignoramus, hard hat mentality – somebody who sees everything in financial terms. I mean, this guy has a grudging respect for rock stars. He sees it in terms of, well, that's not working and yet the guy's rich: that's a good scam. He isn't sneering.[12]", "Dixie Chicks. Colorado radio station KKCS suspended two of its disc jockeys on May 6 for playing music by the Dixie Chicks.[60] On May 22, at the Academy of Country Music awards ceremony in Las Vegas, there were boos when the band's nomination for Entertainer of the Year award was announced. However, the broadcast's host, Vince Gill, reminded the audience that everyone is entitled to freedom of speech. The academy gave the award to Toby Keith, who had been engaged in a public feud with Maines ever since she had denounced his number one hit \"Courtesy of the Red, White, & Blue (The Angry American)\" as \"ignorant\" the year before.[61] On May 21, 2003, Maines wore a T-shirt with the letters \"FUTK\" on the front at the Academy of Country Music Awards.[62] A spokesperson for the Dixie Chicks said that the acronym stood for \"Friends United in Truth and Kindness\", but many, including awards host Gill, took it to be a shot at Keith (\"Fuck You Toby Keith\"), and some Dixie Chicks critics responded by wearing T-shirts with \"FUDC\" on the front.[63] In an October 2004 appearance on Real Time with Bill Maher, Maines acknowledged disagreements with Keith, and said that when she wore the shirt she \"thought that nobody would get it\".[64]", "Alchemy: Dire Straits Live. Money for Nothing was re-mastered in 1996 as part of the \"Dire Straits Re-Mastered\" series. This album was then deleted to make way for the Sultans of Swing - The Best of Dire Straits CD released shortly after.", "Money for Nothing (song). Luckily, his girlfriend said, \"He's absolutely right. There aren't enough interesting videos on MTV, and that sounds like a brilliant idea.\" Mark didn't say anything but he didn't make the call to get me out of Budapest. We just went ahead and did it.", "MTV. MTV also played classic rock acts from the 1980s and earlier decades, including David Bowie, Dire Straits (whose 1985 song and video \"Money for Nothing\" both referenced MTV and also included the slogan \"I want my MTV\" in its lyrics), Journey, Rush, Linda Ronstadt, Genesis, Billy Squier, Aerosmith, The Rolling Stones, Eric Clapton, The Moody Blues, John Mellencamp, Daryl Hall & John Oates, Billy Joel, Robert Palmer, Rod Stewart, The Who, and ZZ Top; newly solo acts such as Peter Gabriel, Robert Plant, Phil Collins, Paul McCartney, David Lee Roth, and Pete Townshend; supergroup acts such as Asia, The Power Station, Yes, The Firm, and Traveling Wilburys, as well as forgotten acts such as Michael Stanley Band, Shoes, Blotto, Ph.D., Rockpile, Bootcamp, Silicon Teens and Taxxi. The hard rock band Kiss publicly appeared without their trademark makeup for the first time on MTV in 1983. The first country-music video aired on MTV was \"Angel of the Morning\" by Juice Newton, which first aired on MTV in 1981.", "Money for Nothing (song). Knopfler modeled his guitar sound on the recorded track after ZZ Top guitarist Billy Gibbons' trademark guitar tone, as ZZ Top's music videos were already a staple of early MTV. Gibbons later told a Musician magazine interviewer in 1986 that Knopfler had solicited Gibbons' help in replicating the tone, adding, \"He didn't do a half-bad job, considering that I didn't tell him a thing!\" Knopfler duplicated Gibbons' use of a Gibson Les Paul guitar (rather than his usual Fender Stratocaster), which he plugged into a Marshall amplifier. Another factor in trying to recreate the sound was a wah-wah pedal that was turned on, but only rocked to a certain position.[3][not in citation given] The specific guitar sound in the song was made with a Gibson Les Paul going through a Laney amplifier, with the sound coloured by the accidental position of two Shure SM57 microphones without any processing during the mix. Following the initial sessions in Montserrat, at which that particular guitar part was recorded, Neil Dorfsman attempted to recreate the sound during subsequent sessions at the Power Station in New York but was unsuccessful in doing so.[4] (Knopfler also chose to use the Les Paul on a couple of other Brothers in Arms tracks.)", "Money for Nothing (song). The music video for the song featured early computer animation illustrating the lyrics. The video was one of the first uses of computer-animated human characters[citation needed] and was considered ground-breaking at the time of its release.[citation needed]", "Money for Nothing (song). The lead character in \"Money for Nothing\" is a guy who works in the hardware department in a television/​custom kitchen/​refrigerator/​microwave appliance store. He's singing the song. I wrote the song when I was actually in the store. I borrowed a bit of paper and started to write the song down in the store. I wanted to use a lot of the language that the real guy actually used when I heard him, because it was more real....[5]", "Money for Nothing (song). Mark Knopfler described the writing of the song in a 1984 interview with critic Bill Flanagan:", "Bruno Mars. In 2009, he co-founded the production team The Smeezingtons, responsible for the singles \"Nothin' on You\" by B.o.B and \"Billionaire\" by Travie McCoy. He featured on the hooks for both singles, becoming recognized as a solo artist. His debut studio album Doo-Wops & Hooligans (2010) included the international and U.S Billboard Hot 100 number one singles \"Just the Way You Are\" and \"Grenade\", as well as the number-four single \"The Lazy Song\". Mars' second album, Unorthodox Jukebox (2012), was number one in the United States. Its singles \"Locked Out of Heaven\" and \"When I Was Your Man\" reached number one in the US, while \"Treasure\" became a number-five single. In 2014, Mars collaborated with Mark Ronson on \"Uptown Funk\", a single which performed well on many music charts worldwide, including the US, Australia, Canada, New Zealand and UK.", "Big & Rich. Rich co-wrote several of Gretchen Wilson's singles, including her debut release \"Redneck Woman\". He also co-wrote singles for Jason Aldean (\"Hicktown\", \"Amarillo Sky\", \"Johnny Cash\"), Wynonna Judd (\"Attitude\"), Faith Hill (\"Mississippi Girl\", \"Like We Never Loved at All\", \"Sunshine and Summertime\") and Keith Anderson (\"Pickin' Wildflowers\"). Big Kenny wrote Tim McGraw's \"Last Dollar (Fly Away)\", which went to number one in 2007, and co-wrote Wilson's \"Here for the Party\" with Rich. Rich has also produced for Wilson, Cowboy Troy, James Otto, Shannon Brown, Jewel, and the JaneDear girls.", "Money for Nothing (song). Rolling Stone listed the song as the 94th greatest guitar song of all time, noting how Mark Knopfler \"traded his pristine, rootsy tone for a dry, over-processed sound achieved by running a Les Paul through a wah-wah pedal on a track that became one of the [MTV] network's earliest hits.\"[30] The video was awarded \"Video of the Year\" (among many other nominations) at the third annual MTV Video Music Awards in 1986.[28][31]", "Wot Cher! Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road. \"Wot Cher! Knocked 'em in the Old Kent Road\" is a British music hall comedy song written in 1891 by the actor and singer Albert Chevalier. The score was by his brother and manager Charles Ingle.[1] Chevalier developed a stage persona as the archetypal Cockney and was a celebrated variety artist, with the nickname of \"The Singing Costermonger\". When first performed it was known simply as \"Wot Cher!\"[2] The song describes the sudden endowment of apparent wealth on a poor family." ]

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[ "Allotropes of carbon. Graphite, named by Abraham Gottlob Werner in 1789, from the Greek γράφειν (graphein, \"to draw/write\", for its use in pencils) is one of the most common allotropes of carbon. Unlike diamond, graphite is an electrical conductor. Thus, it can be used in, for instance, electrical arc lamp electrodes. Likewise, under standard conditions, graphite is the most stable form of carbon. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.", "Writing implement. However, most modern \"lead pencils\" have a nonpoisonous core of greyish-black graphite mixed with various proportions of clay for consistency, enclosed within an outer wooden casing to protect the fragile graphite from being snapped apart or from leaving marks on the user's hand.", "Pencil. The lead of the pencil is a mix of finely ground graphite and clay powders. Before the two substances are mixed, they are separately cleaned of foreign matter and dried in a manner that creates large square cakes. Once the cakes have fully dried, the graphite and the clay squares are mixed together using water. The amount of clay content added to the graphite depends on the intended pencil hardness (lower proportions of clay makes the core softer),[61] and the amount of time spent on grinding the mixture determines the quality of the lead. The mixture is then shaped into long spaghetti-like strings, straightened, dried, cut, and then tempered in a kiln. The resulting strings are dipped in oil or molten wax, which seeps into the tiny holes of the material and allows for the smooth writing ability of the pencil. A juniper or incense-cedar plank with several long parallel grooves is cut to fashion a \"slat,\" and the graphite/clay strings are inserted into the grooves. Another grooved plank is glued on top, and the whole assembly is then cut into individual pencils, which are then varnished or painted. Many pencils feature an eraser on the top and so the process is usually still considered incomplete at this point. Each pencil has a shoulder cut on one end of the pencil to allow for a metal ferrule to be secured onto the wood. A rubber plug is then inserted into the ferrule for a functioning eraser on the end of the pencil.[62]", "Allotropes of carbon. Under certain conditions, carbon can be found in its atomic form. It is formed by passing large electric currents through carbon under very low pressures. It is extremely unstable, but it is an intermittent product used in the creation of carbenes.[8]", "Carbon group. Carbon has multiple allotropes. The most common is graphite, which is carbon in the form of stacked sheets. Another form of carbon is diamond, but this is relatively rare. Amorphous carbon is a third allotrope of carbon; it is a component of soot. Another allotrope of carbon is a fullerene, which has the form of sheets of carbon atoms folded into a sphere. A fifth allotrope of carbon, discovered in 2003, is called graphene, and is in the form of a layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb-shaped formation.[3][9][10]", "Carbon. The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a molding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors.", "Pencil. As a technique for drawing, the closest predecesor to the pencil was Silverpoint until in 1565 (some sources say as early as 1500), a large deposit of graphite was discovered on the approach to Grey Knotts from the hamlet of Seathwaite in Borrowdale parish, Cumbria, England.[4][5][6][7] This particular deposit of graphite was extremely pure and solid, and it could easily be sawn into sticks. It remains the only large-scale deposit of graphite ever found in this solid form.[8] Chemistry was in its infancy and the substance was thought to be a form of lead. Consequently, it was called plumbago (Latin for \"lead ore\").[9][10] Because the pencil core is still referred to as \"lead\", or a \"lead\", many people have the misconception that the graphite in the pencil is lead,[11] and the black core of pencils is still referred to as lead, even though it never contained the element lead.[12][13][14][15][16][17] The words for pencil in German (bleistift), Irish (peann luaidhe), Arabic (قلم رصاص qalam raṣāṣ), and some other languages literally mean lead pen.", "Allotropes of carbon. Between diamond and graphite:", "Carbon group. Carbon is most commonly used in its amorphous form. In this form, carbon is used for steelmaking, as carbon black, as a filling in tires, in respirators, and as activated charcoal. Carbon is also used in the form of graphite is commonly used as the lead in pencils. Diamond, another form of carbon, is commonly used in jewelery.[13] Carbon fibers are used in numerous applications, such as satellite struts, because the fibers are highly strong yet elastic.[17]", "Lead. Lead's lighter carbon group congeners form stable or metastable allotropes with the tetrahedrally coordinated and covalently bonded diamond cubic structure. The energy levels of their outer s- and p-orbitals are close enough to allow mixing into four hybrid sp3 orbitals. In lead, the inert pair effect increases the separation between its s- and p-orbitals, and the gap cannot be overcome by the energy that would be released by extra bonds following hybridization.[6] Rather than having a diamond cubic structure, lead forms metallic bonds in which only the p-electrons are delocalized and shared between the Pb2+ ions. Lead consequently has a face-centered cubic structure like the similarly sized divalent metals calcium and strontium.[7][b][c]", "Graphite. From the 16th century, all pencils were made with leads of English natural graphite, but modern pencil lead is most commonly a mix of powdered graphite and clay; it was invented by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in 1795.[39][40] It is chemically unrelated to the metal lead, whose ores had a similar appearance, hence the continuation of the name. Plumbago is another older term for natural graphite used for drawing, typically as a lump of the mineral without a wood casing. The term plumbago drawing is normally restricted to 17th and 18th century works, mostly portraits.", "Carbon. The allotropes of carbon include graphite, one of the softest known substances, and diamond, the hardest naturally occurring substance. It bonds readily with other small atoms including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with suitable, multivalent atoms. Carbon is known to form almost ten million different compounds, a large majority of all chemical compounds.[19] Carbon also has the highest sublimation point of all elements. At atmospheric pressure it has no melting point as its triple point is at 10.8 ± 0.2 MPa and 4,600 ± 300 K (~4,330 °C or 7,820 °F),[3][4] so it sublimes at about 3,900 K.[21][22] Graphite is much more reactive than diamond at standard conditions, despite being more thermodynamically stable, as its delocalised pi system is much more vulnerable to attack. For example, graphite can be oxidised by hot concentrated nitric acid at standard conditions to mellitic acid, C6(CO2H)6, which preserves the hexagonal units of graphite while breaking up the larger structure.[23]", "Allotropes of carbon. A one-dimensional carbon polymer with the structure -(C:::C)n-.", "Allotropes of carbon. The system of carbon allotropes spans an astounding range of extremes, considering that they are all merely structural formations of the same element.", "Carbon. The system of carbon allotropes spans a range of extremes:", "Pencil. Graphite pencils are made of a mixture of clay and graphite and their darkness varies from light grey to black: the more clay the harder the pencil.[63][64][65] There is a wide range of grades available, mainly for artists who are interested in creating a full range of tones from light grey to black. Engineers prefer harder pencils which allow for a greater control in the shape of the lead.", "Period 6 element. Lead /ˈlɛd/ is a main-group element in the carbon group with the symbol Pb (from Latin: plumbum) and atomic number 82. Lead is a soft, malleable other metal. It is also counted as one of the heavy metals. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon tarnishes to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid.", "Allotropes of carbon. Chemical activity: it is slightly more reactive than diamond. This is because the reactants are able to penetrate between the hexagonal layers of carbon atoms in graphite. It is unaffected by ordinary solvents, dilute acids, or fused alkalis. However, chromic acid oxidises it to carbon dioxide.", "Lead. Contrary to popular belief, pencil leads in wooden pencils have never been made from lead. When the pencil originated as a wrapped graphite writing tool, the particular type of graphite used was named plumbago (literally, act for lead or lead mockup).[208]", "Graphite. Graphite ( /ˈɡræfaɪt/), archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.[5] Graphite is the most stable form of carbon under standard conditions. Therefore, it is used in thermochemistry as the standard state for defining the heat of formation of carbon compounds.", "Allotropes of carbon. Carbon is capable of forming many allotropes due to its valency. Well-known forms of carbon include diamond and graphite. In recent decades many more allotropes and forms of carbon have been discovered and researched including ball shapes such as buckminsterfullerene and sheets such as graphene. Larger scale structures of carbon include nanotubes, nanobuds and nanoribbons. Other unusual forms of carbon exist at very high temperatures or extreme pressures. Around 500 hypothetical 3-periodic allotropes of carbon are known at the present time according to SACADA[1] database.", "Allotropes of carbon. Natural and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials due to their shear-planes, brittleness and inconsistent mechanical properties.", "Lead–acid battery. Modern-day paste contains carbon black, blanc fixe (barium sulfate) and lignosulfonate. The blanc fixe acts as a seed crystal for the lead–to–lead sulfate reaction. The blanc fixe must be fully dispersed in the paste in order for it to be effective. The lignosulfonate prevents the negative plate from forming a solid mass during the discharge cycle, instead enabling the formation of long needle–like dendrites. The long crystals have more surface area and are easily converted back to the original state on charging. Carbon black counteracts the effect of inhibiting formation caused by the lignosulfonates. Sulfonated naphthalene condensate dispersant is a more effective expander than lignosulfonate and speeds up formation. This dispersant improves dispersion of barium sulfate in the paste, reduces hydroset time, produces a more breakage-resistant plate, reduces fine lead particles and thereby improves handling and pasting characteristics. It extends battery life by increasing end-of-charge voltage. Sulfonated naphthalene requires about one-third to one-half the amount of lignosulfonate and is stable to higher temperatures.[19]", "Allotropes of carbon. Graphenylene[5] is a single layer carbon material with biphenylene-like subunits as basis in its hexagonal lattice structure. It is also known as biphenylene-carbon.", "Metalloid. The diamond allotrope of carbon is clearly nonmetallic, being translucent and having a low electrical conductivity of 10−14 to 10−16 S·cm−1.[519] Graphite has an electrical conductivity of 3 × 104 S·cm−1,[520] a figure more characteristic of a metal. Phosphorus, sulfur, arsenic, selenium, antimony and bismuth also have less stable allotropes that display different behaviours.[521]", "Allotropes of carbon. Each cluster is about 6 nanometers wide and consists of about 4000 carbon atoms linked in graphite-like sheets that are given negative curvature by the inclusion of heptagons among the regular hexagonal pattern. This is the opposite of what happens in the case of buckminsterfullerenes, in which carbon sheets are given positive curvature by the inclusion of pentagons.", "Allotropes of carbon. When a large number of crystallographic defects bind these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic carbon, a useful material in blood-contacting implants such as prosthetic heart valves.", "Allotropes of carbon. Each carbon atom in a diamond is covalently bonded to four other carbons in a tetrahedron. These tetrahedrons together form a 3-dimensional network of six-membered carbon rings (similar to cyclohexane), in the chair conformation, allowing for zero bond angle strain. This stable network of covalent bonds and hexagonal rings is the reason that diamond is so strong. Although graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon under standard laboratory conditions (273 or 298 K, 1 atm), a recent computational study indicated that under idealized conditions (T = 0, p = 0), diamond is the most stable allotrope by 1.1 kJ/mol compared to graphite.[2]", "Allotropes of carbon. Glassy carbon or vitreous carbon is a class of non-graphitizing carbon widely used as an electrode material in electrochemistry, as well as for high-temperature crucibles and as a component of some prosthetic devices.", "Allotropes of carbon. Graphite is the most stable allotrope of carbon. Contrary to popular belief, high-purity graphite does not readily burn, even at elevated temperatures.[3] For this reason, it is used in nuclear reactors and for high-temperature crucibles for melting metals.[4] At very high temperatures and pressures (roughly 2000 °C and 5 GPa), it can be transformed into diamond.[citation needed]", "Lead. Bulk lead exposed to moist air forms a protective layer of varying composition. Lead carbonate is a common constituent;[40][41][42] the sulfate or chloride may also be present in urban or maritime settings.[43] This layer makes bulk lead effectively chemically inert in the air.[43] Finely powdered lead, as with many metals, is pyrophoric,[44] and burns with a bluish-white flame.[45]", "Carbon. The atoms of carbon can bond together in different ways, termed allotropes of carbon. The best known are graphite, diamond, and amorphous carbon.[18] The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. For example, graphite is opaque and black while diamond is highly transparent. Graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper (hence its name, from the Greek verb \"γράφειν\" which means \"to write\"), while diamond is the hardest naturally occurring material known. Graphite is a good electrical conductor while diamond has a low electrical conductivity. Under normal conditions, diamond, carbon nanotubes, and graphene have the highest thermal conductivities of all known materials. All carbon allotropes are solids under normal conditions, with graphite being the most thermodynamically stable form. They are chemically resistant and require high temperature to react even with oxygen." ]

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[ "Columbia River. The Columbia begins its 1,243-mile (2,000 km) journey in the southern Rocky Mountain Trench in British Columbia (BC). Columbia Lake – 2,690 feet (820 m) above sea level – and the adjoining Columbia Wetlands form the river's headwaters. The trench is a broad, deep, and long glacial valley between the Canadian Rockies and the Columbia Mountains in BC. For its first 200 miles (320 km), the Columbia flows northwest along the trench through Windermere Lake and the town of Invermere, a region known in British Columbia as the Columbia Valley, then northwest to Golden and into Kinbasket Lake. Rounding the northern end of the Selkirk Mountains, the river turns sharply south through a region known as the Big Bend Country, passing through Revelstoke Lake and the Arrow Lakes. Revelstoke, the Big Bend, and the Columbia Valley combined are referred to in BC parlance as the Columbia Country. Below the Arrow Lakes, the Columbia passes the cities of Castlegar, located at the Columbia's confluence with the Kootenay River, and Trail, two major population centers of the West Kootenay region. The Pend Oreille River joins the Columbia about 2 miles (3 km) north of the US–Canada border.[10]", "Columbia River. The Columbia River is the largest river in the Pacific Northwest region of North America.[9] The river rises in the Rocky Mountains of British Columbia, Canada. It flows northwest and then south into the US state of Washington, then turns west to form most of the border between Washington and the state of Oregon before emptying into the Pacific Ocean. The river is 1,243 miles (2,000 km) long, and its largest tributary is the Snake River. Its drainage basin is roughly the size of France and extends into seven US states and a Canadian province. The fourth-largest river in the United States by volume, the Columbia has the greatest flow of any North American river entering the Pacific.", "Columbia River. The Columbia enters eastern Washington flowing south and turning to the west at the Spokane River confluence. It marks the southern and eastern borders of the Colville Indian Reservation and the western border of the Spokane Indian Reservation.[11] The river turns south after the Okanogan River confluence, then southeasterly near the confluence with the Wenatchee River in central Washington. This C‑shaped segment of the river is also known as the \"Big Bend\". During the Missoula Floods 10,000 to 15,000 years ago, much of the floodwater took a more direct route south, forming the ancient river bed known as the Grand Coulee. After the floods, the river found its present course, and the Grand Coulee was left dry. The construction of the Grand Coulee Dam in the mid-20th century impounded the river, forming Lake Roosevelt, from which water was pumped into the dry coulee, forming the reservoir of Banks Lake.[12]", "Columbia River. The Columbia receives more than 60 significant tributaries. The four largest that empty directly into the Columbia (measured either by discharge or by size of watershed) are the Snake River (mostly in Idaho), the Willamette River (in northwest Oregon), the Kootenay River (mostly in British Columbia), and the Pend Oreille River (mostly in northern Washington and Idaho, also known as the lower part of the Clark Fork). Each of these four averages more than 20,000 cubic feet per second (570 m3/s) and drains an area of more than 20,000 square miles (52,000 km2).", "Columbia River. The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) divides the waters of the Columbia and its tributaries into three freshwater ecoregions, naming them Columbia Glaciated, Columbia Unglaciated, and Upper Snake. The Columbia Glaciated ecoregion, making up about a third of the total watershed, lies in the north and was covered with ice sheets during the Pleistocene. The ecoregion includes the mainstem Columbia north of the Snake River and tributaries such as the Yakima, Okanagan, Pend Oreille, Clark Fork, and Kootenay rivers. The effects of glaciation include a number of large lakes and a relatively low diversity of freshwater fish. The Upper Snake ecoregion is defined as the Snake River watershed above Shoshone Falls, which totally blocks fish migration. This region has 14 species of fish, many of which are endemic. The Columbia Unglaciated ecoregion makes up the rest of the watershed. It includes the mainstem Columbia below the Snake River and tributaries such as the Salmon, John Day, Deschutes, and lower Snake Rivers. Of the three ecoregions it is the richest in terms of freshwater species diversity. There are 35 species of fish, of which four are endemic. There are also high levels of mollusk endemism.[179][180]", "Columbia River. With an average flow at the mouth of about 265,000 cubic feet per second (7,500 m3/s),[6] the Columbia is the largest river by discharge flowing into the Pacific from North America[20] and is the fourth-largest by volume in the US.[6] The average flow where the river crosses the international border between Canada and the United States is 99,000 cubic feet per second (2,790 m3/s) from a drainage basin of 39,700 square miles (102,800 km2).[2] This amounts to about 15 percent of the entire Columbia watershed. The Columbia's highest recorded flow, measured at The Dalles, was 1,240,000 cubic feet per second (35,000 m3/s) in June 1894, before the river was dammed.[21] The lowest flow recorded at The Dalles was 12,100 cubic feet per second (340 m3/s) on April 16, 1968, and was caused by the initial closure of the John Day Dam, 28 miles (45 km) upstream.[21] The Dalles is about 190 miles (310 km) from the mouth; the river at this point drains about 237,000 square miles (610,000 km2) or about 91 percent of the total watershed.[21] Flow rates on the Columbia are affected by many large upstream reservoirs, many diversions for irrigation, and, on the lower stretches, reverse flow from the tides of the Pacific Ocean. The National Ocean Service observes water levels at six tide gauges and issues tide forecasts for twenty-two additional locations along the river between the entrance at the North Jetty and the base of Bonneville Dam, the head of tide.[22]", "Columbia River. In 1825 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) established Fort Vancouver on the bank of the Columbia, in what is now Vancouver, Washington, as the headquarters of the company's Columbia District, which encompassed everything west of the Rocky Mountains. John McLoughlin, a physician, was appointed Chief Factor of the Columbia District. The HBC reoriented its Columbia District operations toward the Pacific Ocean via the Columbia, which became the region's main trunk route.[84] In the early 1840s Americans began to colonize the Oregon country in large numbers via the Oregon Trail, despite the HBC's efforts to discourage American settlement in the region. For many the final leg of the journey involved travel down the lower Columbia River to Fort Vancouver.[85] This part of the Oregon Trail, from The Dalles to Fort Vancouver, was the trail's most treacherous stretch, which prompted the 1846 construction of the Barlow Road.[86]", "Columbia River. Most of the Columbia's drainage basin (which, at 258,000 square miles or 670,000 square kilometres, is about the size of France)[176] lies roughly between the Rocky Mountains on the east and the Cascade Mountains on the west. In the United States and Canada the term watershed is often used to mean drainage basin. The term Columbia Basin is used to refer not only to the entire drainage basin but also to subsets of the river's full watershed, such as the relatively flat and unforested area in eastern Washington bounded by the Cascades, the Rocky Mountains, and the Blue Mountains.[177] Within the watershed are diverse landforms including mountains, arid plateaus, river valleys, rolling uplands, and deep gorges. Grand Teton National Park lies in the watershed, as well as parts of Yellowstone National Park, Glacier National Park, Mount Rainier National Park, and North Cascades National Park. Canadian National Parks in the watershed include Kootenay National Park, Yoho National Park, Glacier National Park, and Mount Revelstoke National Park. Hells Canyon, the deepest gorge in North America,[176] and the Columbia Gorge are in the watershed. Vegetation varies widely, ranging from western hemlock and western redcedar in the moist regions to sagebrush in the arid regions.[178] The watershed provides habitat for 609 known fish and wildlife species, including the bull trout, bald eagle, gray wolf, grizzly bear, and Canada lynx.[176]", "Columbia River Gorge. Crown Point in the Columbia River Gorge, looking upstream from Chanticleer Point.", "Columbia River. Today the main stem of the Columbia River has 14 dams, of which three are in Canada and 11 in the US. Four mainstem dams and four lower Snake River dams contain navigation locks to allow ship and barge passage from the ocean as far as Lewiston, Idaho. The river system as a whole has more than 400 dams for hydroelectricity and irrigation.[17] The dams address a variety of demands, including flood control, navigation, stream flow regulation, storage and delivery of stored waters, reclamation of public lands and Indian reservations, and the generation of hydroelectric power.[121]", "Columbia River. The river flows past The Gorge Amphitheatre, a prominent concert venue in the Northwest, then through Priest Rapids Dam, and then through the Hanford Nuclear Reservation. Entirely within the reservation is Hanford Reach, the only US stretch of the river that is completely free-flowing, unimpeded by dams and not a tidal estuary. The Snake River and Yakima River join the Columbia in the Tri‑Cities population center. The Columbia makes a sharp bend to the west at the Washington–Oregon border. The river defines that border for the final 309 miles (497 km) of its journey.[13]", "Columbia River. In October 1792, Vancouver sent Lieutenant William Robert Broughton, his second-in-command, up the river. Broughton got as far as the Sandy River at the western end of the Columbia River Gorge, about 100 miles (160 km) upstream, sighting and naming Mount Hood. Broughton formally claimed the river, its drainage basin, and the nearby coast for Britain. In contrast, Gray had not made any formal claims on behalf of the United States.[82][83]", "Columbia River. The Deschutes River joins the Columbia near The Dalles. Between The Dalles and Portland, the river cuts through the Cascade Range, forming the dramatic Columbia River Gorge. No other rivers except for the Klamath and Pit River completely breaches the Cascades—the other rivers that flow through the range also originate in or very near the mountains. The headwaters and upper course of the Pit River are on the Modoc Plateau; downstream the Pit cuts a canyon through the southern reaches of the Cascades. In contrast, the Columbia cuts through the range nearly a thousand miles from its source in the Rocky Mountains. The gorge is known for its strong and steady winds, scenic beauty, and its role as an important transportation link.[14] The river continues west, bending sharply to the north-northwest near Portland and Vancouver, Washington, at the Willamette River confluence. Here the river slows considerably, dropping sediment that might otherwise form a river delta. Near Longview, Washington and the Cowlitz River confluence, the river turns west again. The Columbia empties into the Pacific Ocean just west of Astoria, Oregon, over the Columbia Bar, a shifting sandbar that makes the river's mouth one of the most hazardous stretches of water to navigate in the world.[15] Because of the danger and the many shipwrecks near the mouth, it acquired a reputation as the \"Graveyard of Ships\".[16]", "Columbia River. The Cascades Rapids of the Columbia River Gorge, and Kettle Falls and Priest Rapids in eastern Washington, were also major fishing and trading sites.[62][63]", "Willamette River. The Willamette River (/wɪˈlæmɪt/ ( listen) wil-AM-it) is a major tributary of the Columbia River, accounting for 12 to 15 percent of the Columbia's flow. The Willamette's main stem is 187 miles (301 km) long, lying entirely in northwestern Oregon in the United States. Flowing northward between the Oregon Coast Range and the Cascade Range, the river and its tributaries form the Willamette Valley, a basin that contains two-thirds of Oregon's population, including the state capital, Salem, and the state's largest city, Portland, which surrounds the Willamette's mouth at the Columbia.", "Columbia River. Further north along the Continental Divide, a short portion of the combined Continental and Laurentian divides separate the Columbia watershed from the MacKenzie-Slave-Athabasca watershed, which empties into the Arctic Ocean. The Nelson and Mackenzie watersheds are separated by a divide between streams flowing to the Arctic Ocean and those of the Hudson Bay watershed.[184] This divide meets the Continental Divide at Snow Dome (also known as Dome), near the northernmost bend of the Columbia River.[185]", "Columbia River. The Columbia supports several species of anadromous fish that migrate between the Pacific Ocean and fresh water tributaries of the river. Sockeye salmon, Coho and Chinook (also known as \"king\") salmon, and steelhead, all of the genus Oncorhynchus, are ocean fish that migrate up the rivers at the end of their life cycles to spawn.[144] White sturgeon, which take 15 to 25 years to mature, typically migrate between the ocean and the upstream habitat several times during their lives.[145]", "Columbia River. The Pend Oreille River system (including its main tributaries, the Clark Fork and Flathead rivers) is also similar in size to the Columbia at their confluence. Compared to the Columbia River above the two rivers' confluence, the Pend Oreille-Clark-Flathead is nearly as long (about 86%), its basin about three-fourths as large (76%), and its discharge over a third (37%).[189]", "River source. The furthest stream is also often called the headstream. Headwaters are often small streams with cool waters because of shade and recently melted ice or snow. They may also be glacial headwaters, waters formed by the melting of glacial ice.", "Columbia River. The Snake is by far the largest tributary. Its watershed of 108,000 square miles (280,000 km2) is larger than the state of Idaho. Its discharge is roughly a third of the Columbia's at the rivers' confluence but compared to the Columbia upstream of the confluence the Snake is longer (113%) and has a larger drainage basin (104%).", "Columbia Bar. The Columbia Bar, also frequently called the Columbia River Bar, is a system of bars and shoals at the mouth of the Columbia River spanning the U.S. states of Oregon and Washington. The bar is about 3 miles (5 km) wide and 6 miles (10 km) long.[1]", "Columbia River. The Columbia drains an area of about 258,000 square miles (670,000 km2).[6] Its drainage basin covers nearly all of Idaho, large portions of British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington, ultimately all of Montana west of the Continental Divide, and small portions of Wyoming, Utah, and Nevada; the total area is similar to the size of France. Roughly 745 miles (1,200 km) of the river's length and 85 percent of its drainage basin are in the US.[17] The Columbia is the twelfth-longest river and has the sixth-largest drainage basin in the United States.[6] In Canada, where the Columbia flows for 498 miles (801 km) and drains 39,700 square miles (103,000 km2), the river ranks 23rd in length,[18] and the Canadian part of its basin ranks 13th in size among Canadian basins.[19] The Columbia shares its name with nearby places, such as British Columbia, as well as with landforms and bodies of water.", "Columbia River. To the southeast, in western Wyoming, another divide separates the Columbia watershed from the Colorado–Green watershed, which empties into the Gulf of California. The Columbia, Colorado, and Mississippi watersheds meet at Three Waters Mountain in the Wind River Range of Wyoming.[186] To the south, in Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Idaho, and Wyoming, the Columbia watershed is divided from the Great Basin, whose several watersheds are endorheic, not emptying into any ocean but rather drying up or sinking into sumps.[182] Great Basin watersheds that share a border with the Columbia watershed include Harney Basin, Humboldt River, and Great Salt Lake.[182] The associated triple divide points are Commissary Ridge North, Wyoming,[187] and Sproats Meadow Northwest, Oregon.[188] To the north, mostly in British Columbia, the Columbia watershed borders the Fraser River watershed. To the west and southwest the Columbia watershed borders a number of smaller watersheds that drain to the Pacific Ocean, such as the Klamath River in Oregon and California and the Puget Sound Basin in Washington.[182]", "Willamette River. The upper tributaries of the Willamette originate in the mountains south and southeast of Eugene, Oregon. Formed by the confluence of the Middle Fork Willamette River and the Coast Fork Willamette River near Springfield, the main stem Willamette meanders generally north for 187 miles (301 km) to the Columbia River. The river's two most significant course deviations occur at Newberg, where it turns sharply east, and about 18 miles (29 km) downstream from Newberg, where it turns north again. Near its mouth north of downtown Portland, the river splits into two channels that flow around Sauvie Island. Used for navigation purposes, these channels are managed by the U.S. federal government. The main channel, which is 40 feet (12 m) deep and varies in width from 600 to 1,900 feet (180 to 580 m) (although the river broadens to 2,000 feet (610 m) in some of its lower reaches),[7][8] enters the Columbia about 101 miles (163 km) from the larger river's mouth on the Pacific Ocean. The channel forms the primary navigational conduit for Portland's harbor and riverside industrial areas. The smaller Multnomah Channel, a distributary, is 21 miles (34 km) long, about 600 feet (180 m) wide, and 40 feet (12 m) deep. It ends about 14.5 miles (23.3 km) further downstream on the Columbia, near St. Helens in Columbia County.[7][8][9][10][11]", "Columbia River. Climate varies greatly from place to place within the watershed. Elevation ranges from sea level at the river mouth to more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) in the mountains, and temperatures vary with elevation. The highest peak is Mount Rainier, at 14,411 feet (4,392 m). High elevations have cold winters and short cool summers; interior regions are subject to great temperature variability and severe droughts. Over some of the watershed, especially west of the Cascade Mountains, precipitation maximums occur in winter, when Pacific storms come ashore. Atmospheric conditions block the flow of moisture in summer, which is generally dry except for occasional thunderstorms in the interior.[178] In some of the eastern parts of the watershed, especially shrub-steppe regions with Continental climate patterns, precipitation maximums occur in early summer.[181] Annual precipitation varies from more than 100 inches (250 cm) a year in the Cascades to less than 8 inches (20 cm) in the interior. Much of the watershed gets less than 12 inches (30 cm) a year.[178]", "Columbia River. Several major North American drainage basins and many minor ones share a common border with the Columbia River's drainage basin. To the east, in northern Wyoming and Montana, the Continental Divide separates the Columbia watershed from the Mississippi-Missouri watershed, which empties into the Gulf of Mexico. To the northeast, mostly along the southern border between British Columbia and Alberta, the Continental Divide separates the Columbia watershed from the Nelson-Lake Winnipeg-Saskatchewan watershed, which empties into Hudson Bay. The Mississippi and Nelson watersheds are separated by the Laurentian Divide, which meets the Continental Divide at Triple Divide Peak near the headwaters of the Columbia's Flathead River tributary. This point marks the meeting of three of North America's main drainage patterns, to the Pacific Ocean, to Hudson Bay, and to the Atlantic Ocean via the Gulf of Mexico.[182][183]", "Columbia River. The installation of dams dramatically altered the landscape and ecosystem of the river. At one time, the Columbia was one of the top salmon-producing river systems in the world.[124] Previously active fishing sites, such as Celilo Falls in the eastern Columbia River Gorge, have exhibited a sharp decline in fishing along the Columbia in the last century, and salmon populations have been dramatically reduced.[125] Fish ladders have been installed at some dam sites to help the fish journey to spawning waters. Chief Joseph Dam has no fish ladders and completely blocks fish migration to the upper half of the Columbia River system.[126]", "Columbia River. The floodwaters rushed across eastern Washington, creating the channeled scablands, which are a complex network of dry canyon-like channels, or coulees that are often braided and sharply gouged into the basalt rock underlying the region's deep topsoil. Numerous flat-topped buttes with rich soil stand high above the chaotic scablands.[31] Constrictions at several places caused the floodwaters to pool into large temporary lakes, such as Lake Lewis, in which sediments were deposited. Water depths have been estimated at 1,000 feet (300 m) at Wallula Gap[32] and 400 feet (120 m) over modern Portland, Oregon.[33] Sediments were also deposited when the floodwaters slowed in the broad flats of the Quincy, Othello, and Pasco Basins.[31] The floods' periodic inundation of the lower Columbia River Plateau deposited rich sediments; 21st-century farmers in the Willamette Valley \"plow fields of fertile Montana soil and clays from Washington's Palouse\".[32]", "River source. The source or headwaters of a river or stream is the furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river.", "Columbia River Gorge. Columbia River Gorge, photographed from Crown Point.", "Columbia River Gorge. The Columbia River Gorge is a canyon of the Columbia River in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Up to 4,000 feet (1,200 m) deep, the canyon stretches for over 80 miles (130 km) as the river winds westward through the Cascade Range forming the boundary between the State of Washington to the north and Oregon to the south. Extending roughly from the confluence of the Columbia with the Deschutes River (and the towns of Roosevelt, Washington, and Arlington, Oregon) in the east down to the eastern reaches of the Portland metropolitan area, the water gap furnishes the only navigable route through the Cascades and the only water connection between the Columbia River Plateau and the Pacific Ocean. It is thus the route of Washington State Route 14, Interstate 84, U.S. Route 30, and a railroad.", "Columbia River Gorge. The Columbia River, Klamath River in Northern California, Pit River in Northern California, and Fraser River in Southern British Columbia are the only four rivers connecting the east-side watersheds of the Cascade Mountain Range to the Pacific Ocean. Each river has created a gorge through the Cascade Mountain Range. The Columbia River Gorge marks the state line between Oregon and Washington. The wide range of elevation and precipitation makes the Columbia River Gorge an extremely diverse and dynamic place. Ranging from 4,000 feet (1,200 m) to sea level, and transitioning from 100 inches (2,500 mm) of precipitation to only 10 inches (250 mm) in 80 miles (130 km), the Gorge creates a diverse collection of ecosystems from the temperate rain forest on the western end—with an average annual precipitation of 75 to 100 inches (1,900 to 2,500 mm)—to the eastern grasslands with average annual precipitation between 10 and 15 inches (250 and 380 mm), to a transitional dry woodland between Hood River and The Dalles.[citation needed] Isolated micro-habitats have allowed for many species of endemic plants and animals to prosper, including at least 13 endemic wildflowers." ]

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[ "Ron Kovic. Before the war in Vietnam was declared ended on April 30, 1975, Kovic became one of the best-known peace activists among the Vietnam veterans and was arrested 12 times for political protesting. He attended his first peace demonstration soon after the Kent State shootings in May 1970, and gave his first speech against the war at Levittown Memorial High School in Levittown, Long Island, New York that same spring. Kovic's speech that day was interrupted by a bomb threat and the auditorium cleared.[5]", "Linus Pauling. During the 1960s, President Lyndon Johnson's policy of increasing America's involvement in the Vietnam War caused an anti-war movement that the Paulings joined with enthusiasm. Pauling denounced the war as unnecessary and unconstitutional. He made speeches, signed protest letters and communicated personally with the North Vietnamese leader, Ho Chi Minh, and gave the lengthy written response to President Johnson. His efforts were ignored by the American government.[136]", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. In April and May 1971, the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, chaired by Senator J. William Fulbright, held a series of 22 hearings (referred to as the Fulbright Hearings) on proposals relating to ending the war. On the third day of the hearings, April 22, 1971, future Senator and 2004 presidential candidate John Kerry became the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress in opposition to the war. Speaking on behalf of Vietnam Veterans Against the War, he argued for the immediate, unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. During nearly two hours of discussions with committee members, Kerry related in some detail the findings of the Winter Soldier Investigation, in which veterans had described personally committing or witnessing atrocities and war crimes.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. In addition to [Ron Dellums] (Dem-CA), an additional 19 Congressional representatives took part in the hearings, including: Bella Abzug (Dem-NY), Shirley Chisholm (Dem-NY), Patsy Mink (Dem-HI), Parren Mitchell (Dem-MD), John Conyers (Dem-MI), Herman Badillo (Dem-NY), James Abourezk (Dem-SD), Leo Ryan (Dem-CA), Phil Burton (Dem-CA), Don Edwards (Dem-CA), Pete McCloskey (Rep-CA), Ed Koch (Dem-NY), John Seiberling (Dem-OH), Henry Reuss (Dem-WI), Benjamin Stanley Rosenthal (Dem-NY), Robert Kastenmeier (Dem-WI), and Abner J. Mikva (Dem-IL).[84]", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Along with singer-songwriter Phil Ochs, who attended and organized anti-war events and wrote such songs as \"I Ain't Marching Anymore\" and \"The War Is Over\", another key historical figure of the antiwar movement was Bob Dylan. Folk and Rock were critical aspects of counterculture during the Vietnam War[68] both were genres that Dylan would dabble in. His success in writing protest songs came from his pre-existing popularity, as he did not initially intend on doing so. Tor Egil Førland, in his article \"Bringing It All Back Home or Another Side of Bob Dylan: Midwestern Isolationist\", quotes Todd Gitlin, a leader of a student movement at the time, in saying \"Whether he liked it or not, Dylan sang for us.... We followed his career as if he were singing our songs.\"[69] The anthem \"Blowin' in the Wind\" embodied Dylan's anti-war, pro-civil rights sentiment. To complement \"Blowin' in the Wind\" Dylan's song \"The Times they are A-Changin'\" alludes to a new method of governing that is necessary and warns those who currently participate in government that the change is imminent. Dylan tells the \"senators and congressmen [to] please heed the call.\" Dylan's songs were designed to awaken the public and to cause a reaction. The protestors of the Vietnam War identified their cause so closely with the artistic compositions of Dylan that Joan Baez and Judy Collins performed \"The Times they are A-Changin'\" at a march protesting the Vietnam War (1965) and also for President Johnson.[69] While Dylan renounced the idea of subscribing to the ideals of one individual, his feelings of protest towards Vietnam were appropriated by the general movement and they \"awaited his gnomic yet oracular pronouncements\", which provided a guiding aspect to the movement as a whole.[70]", "Ross Perot. Perot became heavily involved in the Vietnam War POW/MIA issue. He believed that hundreds of American servicemen were left behind in Southeast Asia at the end of the U.S. involvement in the war,[18] and that government officials were covering up POW/MIA investigations to avoid revealing a drug-smuggling operation used to finance a secret war in Laos.[19] Perot engaged in unauthorized back-channel discussions with Vietnamese officials in the late 1980s, which led to fractured relations between Perot and the Reagan and George H. W. Bush administrations.[18][19] In 1990, Perot reached agreement with Vietnam's Foreign Ministry to become its business agent in the event that diplomatic relations were normalized.[20] Perot also launched private investigations of, and attacks upon, U.S. Department of Defense official Richard Armitage.[18][19]", "Ron Kovic. Undeterred, Kovic continued speaking to students from the school's football grandstands. His first arrest was during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration at an Orange County, California draft board in the spring of 1971 when he refused to leave the office of the draft board explaining to a representative that, by sending young men to Vietnam, they were inadvertently \"condemning them to their death,\" or to be wounded and maimed like himself in a war that he had come to believe was, \"immoral and made no sense.\" He was told that, if he did not leave the draft board immediately, he would be arrested. Kovic refused to leave, and was taken away by police.[8]", "Ron Kovic. From 1990 to 1991, Kovic took part in several anti-war demonstrations against the first Gulf War, which occurred not long after the release of his biographical film in 1989.[8] In early May 1999, following the U.S. bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Kovic met with China's ambassador to the United States Li Zhaoxing at the Chinese embassy in Washington D.C. to express his most sincere condolences and present the ambassador and his staff with two dozen red roses. He was an outspoken critic of the Iraq War.[8]", "Martin Luther King Jr.. King long opposed American involvement in the Vietnam War,[124] but at first avoided the topic in public speeches in order to avoid the interference with civil rights goals that criticism of President Johnson's policies might have created.[124] However, at the urging of SCLC's former Director of Direct Action and now the head of the Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam, James Bevel,[125] King eventually agreed to publicly oppose the war as opposition was growing among the American public.[124] During an April 4, 1967, appearance at the New York City Riverside Church—exactly one year before his death—King delivered a speech titled \"Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence.\"[126] He spoke strongly against the U.S.'s role in the war, arguing that the U.S. was in Vietnam \"to occupy it as an American colony\"[127] and calling the U.S. government \"the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today.\"[128] He also connected the war with economic injustice, arguing that the country needed serious moral change:", "Tet Offensive. On 5 May Trường Chinh rose to address a congress of Party members and proceeded to castigate the Party militants and their bid for quick victory. His \"faction-bashing\" tirade sparked a serious debate within the party leadership which lasted for four months. As the leader of the \"main force war\" and \"quick victory\" faction, Lê Duẩn also came under severe criticism. In August, Chinh's report on the situation was accepted in toto, published, and broadcast via Radio Hanoi. He had single-handedly shifted the nation's war strategy and restored himself to prominence as the Party's ideological conscience.[175] Meanwhile, the Viet Cong proclaimed itself the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam, and took part in future peace negotiations under this title. It would be a long seven years until victory.", "Stokely Carmichael. Carmichael joined King in New York on April 15, 1967, to share his views with protesters on race related to the Vietnam War:", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The media established a sphere of public discourse surrounding the Hawk versus Dove debate. The Dove was a liberal and a critic of the war. Doves claimed that the war was well–intentioned but a disastrously wrong mistake in an otherwise benign foreign policy. It is important to note the Doves did not question the U.S. intentions in intervening in Vietnam, nor did they question the morality or legality of the U.S. intervention. Rather, they made pragmatic claims that the war was a mistake. Contrarily, the Hawks argued that the war was legitimate and winnable and a part of the benign U.S. foreign policy. The Hawks claimed that the one-sided criticism of the media contributed to the decline of public support for the war and ultimately helped the U.S. lose the war. Author William F. Buckley repeatedly wrote about his approval for the war and suggested that \"The United States has been timid, if not cowardly, in refusing to seek 'victory' in Vietnam.\"[4] The hawks claimed that the liberal media was responsible for the growing popular disenchantment with the war and blamed the western media for losing the war in Southeast Asia as communism was no longer a threat for them.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. The clergy, often a forgotten group during the opposition to the Vietnam War, played a large role as well. The clergy covered any of the religious leaders and members including individuals such as Martin Luther King Jr. In his speech \"Beyond Vietnam\" King stated, \"the greatest purveyor of violence in the world today: my own government. For the sake of those boys, for the sake of this government, for the sake of the hundreds of thousands trembling under our violence, I cannot be silent.\"[43] King was not looking for racial equality through this speech, but tried to voice for an end to the war instead.", "Abbie Hoffman. In October 1967, David Dellinger of the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam asked Jerry Rubin to help mobilize and direct a march on the Pentagon.[16] The protesters gathered at the Lincoln Memorial as Dellinger and Dr. Benjamin Spock gave speeches to the mass of people.[17] From there, the group marched towards the Pentagon. As the protesters neared the Pentagon, they were met by soldiers of the 82nd Airborne Division[17] who formed a human barricade blocking the Pentagon steps.[16] Not to be dissuaded, Hoffman vowed to levitate the Pentagon[17] claiming he would attempt to use psychic energy to levitate the Pentagon until it would turn orange and begin to vibrate, at which time the war in Vietnam would end.[18] Allen Ginsberg led Tibetan chants to assist Hoffman.[17]", "Merv Griffin. Griffin was not shy about tackling controversial subjects, especially the Vietnam War. The guests on the Westinghouse show were an eclectic mix of entertainers, authors, politicians, and \"personality\" performers like Zsa Zsa Gabor. Griffin also booked controversial guests like George Carlin, Dick Gregory, Richard Pryor, Norman Mailer, and Bertrand Russell. Griffin received critical acclaim for booking such guests, but was also widely criticized for it. When philosopher and anti-war activist Bertrand Russell used Griffin's show to condemn the war in Vietnam, Griffin was criticized for letting Russell have his say. Arnold Schwarzenegger, later the 38th Governor of California, made his talk show debut in the United States on Griffin's talk show in 1974 after moving from Austria.", "Vietnam War. Early opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954. American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the democracy America claimed to support. John F. Kennedy, while Senator, opposed involvement in Vietnam.[167] Nonetheless, it is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement at its peak in the late 1960s and the reasons why. Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture. Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism[231] and, for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement. Others, such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War. Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam, such as Norman Morrison emulating the self-immolation of Thích Quảng Đức.", "Vietnam War. The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro/anti-communist. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded \"I-Feel-Like-I'm-Fixin'-To-Die Rag\" / The \"Fish\" Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems.[44] Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement, including Pete Seeger, Joan Baez, Peggy Seeger, Ewan MacColl, Barbara Dane, The Critics Group, Phil Ochs, John Lennon, Nina Simone, Neil Young, Tom Paxton, Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie.", "United States news media and the Vietnam War. On 3 November 1969 President Richard M. Nixon made a televised speech laying out his policy toward Vietnam. He promised to continue to support the South Vietnamese government (through Vietnamization) and held out a plan for the withdrawal of American combat troops. This \"silent majority\" speech, not the Tet Offensive, marked the real watershed of the American involvement. In it, Nixon permanently altered the nature of the issue. \"No longer was the question whether the United States was going to get out, but rather how and how fast.\"[48] Nixon's policy toward the media was to reduce as far as possible the American public's interest in and knowledge of the war in Vietnam. He began by sharply limiting the press's access to information within Vietnam itself.", "War in Vietnam (1954–59). Elbridge Durbrow became U.S. Ambassador in April, succeeding G. Frederick Reinhardt.", "1954 in the Vietnam War. 15 October\nU.S. Senator Mike Mansfield, who knew Diệm and had visited Vietnam, issued a report stating that the \"alternatives to Diệm\" were \"not promising\" and warning the Vietnamese that if Diệm were overthrown the U.S. should consider an \"immediate suspension of all aid to Vietnam.\"[49]", "United States news media and the Vietnam War. The highly dangerous task of reporting with the NLF and North Vietnamese forces in the South was left to Wilfred Burchett, an Australian who had begun reporting on the war in 1963. He freelanced for the Japanese Mainichi group, the British communist daily The Morning Star, and the American National Guardian. Burchett made no pretense of his communist sympathies, but his reporting of communist schools, arsenals, hospitals, administrative structure, and logistics made what Phillip Knightley called \"intriguing reading.\"[35] Because he reported from the Communist side, Burchett was regarded by many in Australia as a traitor and was persona non grata with the Australian government, but he also possessed extraordinary information.[36] He was later joined by Madeleine Riffaud, of the French communist newspaper L'Humanité.", "Bảo Đại. As a result of these meetings, Bảo Đại publicly spoke out against the presence of American troops on the territory of South Vietnam, and he criticized President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu's regime in South Vietnam. He called for all political factions to create a free, neutral, peace-loving government which would resolve the tense situation that had taken form in the country.", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. John Lennon, former member of the Beatles, did most of his activism in his solo career with wife Yoko Ono. Given his immense fame due to the success of the Beatles, he was a very prominent movement figure with the constant media and press attention. Still being proactive on their honeymoon, the newlyweds controversially held a sit-in, where they sat in bed for a week answering press questions. They held numerous sit-ins, one where they first introduced their song \"Give Peace a Chance\". Lennon and Ono's song overshadowed many previous held anthems, as it became known as the ultimate anthem of peace in the 1970s, with their words \"all we are saying… is give peace a chance\" being sung globally. \"[McCormick, Anita Louise. The Vietnam Antiwar Movement in American History. Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Enslow, 2000. Print.]\"", "1954 in the Vietnam War. 14 November\nU.S. Ambassador Donald R. Heath departed Vietnam, leaving Collins as the senior U.S. official in the country. Heath was considered by Washington to be too accommodating to the French and too disparaging of Prime Minister Diệm.[55]", "John Kerry. After returning to the United States, Kerry joined the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW).[45] Then numbering about 20,000,[46] VVAW was considered by some (including the administration of President Richard Nixon) to be an effective, if controversial, component of the antiwar movement.[47] Kerry participated in the \"Winter Soldier Investigation\" conducted by VVAW of U.S. atrocities in Vietnam, and he appears in a film by that name that documents the investigation.[48] According to Nixon Secretary of Defense Melvin Laird, \"I didn't approve of what he did, but I understood the protesters quite well\", and he declined two requests from the Navy to court martial Reserve Lieutenant Kerry over his antiwar activity.[49]", "United States news media and the Vietnam War. As the war lengthened and the withdrawals continued, the two sides became more and more antagonistic toward one another and they battled constantly over the issues of combat refusals and the drug and morale problems of American troops. Fatigue with the war and each other have been cited for this escalating antagonism.[61] Although MACV officially remained dedicated to providing evenly balanced public affairs information, the situation was exacerbated by the manpower drawdowns at the Public Affairs Office itself.", "Gloria Steinem. A proponent of civil rights and fierce critic of the Vietnam War, Steinem was initially drawn to Senator Eugene McCarthy because of his \"admirable record\" on those issues, but in meeting him and hearing him speak, she found him \"cautious, uninspired, and dry.\"[20]:87 As the campaign progressed, Steinem became baffled at \"personally vicious\" attacks that McCarthy leveled against his primary opponent Robert Kennedy, even as \"his real opponent, Hubert Humphrey, went free.\"[20]:88", "Vietnam War. Beginning in the summer of 1955, Diệm launched the \"Denounce the Communists\" campaign, during which communists and other anti-government elements were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or executed. He instituted the death penalty against any activity deemed communist in August 1956.[120] According to Gabriel Kolko about 12,000 suspected opponents of Diệm were killed between 1955 and 1957 and by the end of 1958 an estimated 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed.[121]", "Raymond Burr. Burr made repeated trips on behalf of the United Service Organizations (USO). He toured both Korea and Vietnam during wartime and once spent six months touring Korea, Japan, and the Philippines. He sometimes organized his own troupe and toured bases both in the U.S. and overseas, often small installations that the USO did not serve, like one tour of Greenland, Baffinland, Newfoundland and Labrador.[7]:53–57 Returning from Vietnam in 1965, he made a speaking tour of the U.S. to advocate an intensified war effort. As the war became more controversial, he modified his tone, called for more attention to the sacrifice of the troops, and said, \"My only position on the war is that I wish it were over.\" In October 1967, NBC aired Raymond Burr Visits Vietnam, a documentary of one of his visits. The reception was mixed. \"The impressions he came up with are neither weighty nor particularly revealing\", wrote the Chicago Tribune; the Los Angeles Times called Burr's questions \"intelligent and elicited some interesting replies\".[7]:160–61", "Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War. Many artists during the 1960s and 1970s opposed the war and used their creativity and careers to visibly oppose the war. Writers and poets opposed to involvement in the war included Allen Ginsberg, Denise Levertov, Robert Duncan, and Robert Bly. Their pieces often incorporated imagery based on the tragic events of the war as well as the disparity between life in Vietnam and life in the United States. Visual artists Ronald Haeberle, Peter Saul, and Nancy Spero, among others, used war equipment, like guns and helicopters, in their works while incorporating important political and war figures, portraying to the nation exactly who was responsible for the violence. Filmmakers such as Lenny Lipton, Jerry Abrams, Peter Gessner, and David Ringo created documentary-style movies featuring actual footage from the antiwar marches to raise awareness about the war and the diverse opposition movement. Playwrights like Frank O'Hara, Sam Shepard, Robert Lowell, Megan Terry, Grant Duay, and Kenneth Bernard used theater as a vehicle for portraying their thoughts about the Vietnam War, often satirizing the role of America in the world and juxtaposing the horrific effects of war with normal scenes of life. Regardless of medium, antiwar artists ranged from pacifists to violent radicals and caused Americans to think more critically about the war. Art as war opposition was quite popular in the early years of the war, but soon faded as political activism became the more common and most visible way of opposing the war.[13]", "Vietnam War. A few months earlier, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support.[203] In a speech before the National Press Club he had said a point in the war had been reached \"where the end comes into view.\"[204] Thus, the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland's predictions were trumped by Tet.[203] The American media, which had until then been largely supportive of U.S. efforts, turned on the Johnson administration for what had become an increasing credibility gap.", "Tet Offensive. During the same period, a counter-attack was launched by a new, third grouping (the centrists) led by President Hồ Chí Minh, Lê Đức Thọ, and Foreign Minister Nguyễn Duy Trinh, who called for negotiations.[38] From October 1966 through April 1967, a very public debate over military strategy took place in print and via radio between Thanh and his rival for military power, Giáp.[39] Giáp had advocated a defensive, primarily guerrilla strategy against the U.S. and South Vietnam.[40] Thanh's position was that Giáp and his adherents were centered on their experiences during the First Indochina War and that they were too \"conservative and captive to old methods and past experience... mechanically repeating the past.\"[41]" ]

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[ "Bank of America. The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17, 1904,[1] when Amadeo Pietro Giannini founded the Bank of Italy in San Francisco. The Bank of Italy served the needs of many immigrants settling in the United States at that time, providing services denied to them by the existing American banks which typically discriminated against them and often denied service to all but the wealthiest.[14] Giannini was raised by his mother and stepfather Lorenzo Scatena, as his father was fatally shot over a pay dispute with an employee.[15] When the 1906 San Francisco earthquake struck, Giannini was able to save all deposits out of the bank building and away from the fires. Because San Francisco's banks were in smoldering ruins and unable to open their vaults, Giannini was able to use the rescued funds to commence lending within a few days of the disaster. From a makeshift desk consisting of a few planks over two barrels, he lent money to those who wished to rebuild.[16][17][18]", "History of banking in the United States. In 1781, an act of the Congress of the Confederation established the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, where it superseded the state-chartered Bank of Pennsylvania founded in 1780 to help fund the war. The Bank of North America was granted a monopoly on the issue of bills of credit as currency at the national level.", "Banking in the United States. In 1781, the Congress of the Confederation established the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, where it superseded the state-chartered Bank of Pennsylvania, founded in 1780, to help fund the American Revolutionary War. The Bank of North America was granted a monopoly on the issue of bills of credit as currency at the national level. Prior to ratification of the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, only the States possessed sovereign power to charter a bank authorized to issue their own bills of credit. Afterwards, Congress also had that power.", "Pennsylvania. The first nationally chartered bank in the United States, the Bank of North America, was founded in 1781 in Philadelphia. After a series of mergers, the Bank of North America is part of Wells Fargo, which uses national charter 1.", "Bank of America. In 1928, Giannini merged his bank with Bank of America, Los Angeles, headed by Orra E. Monnette and consolidated it with other bank holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country. Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3, 1930, to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association, which was the only such designated bank in the United States of America at that time. Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company, serving as co-chairs.[citation needed]", "Bank of America. Branch banking was introduced by Giannini shortly after 1909 legislation in California that allowed for branch banking in the state. Its first branch outside San Francisco was established in 1909 in San Jose. By 1929, the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US$1.4 billion.[20] There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose, and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark. Giannini sought to build a national bank, expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry, under the aegis of his holding company, Transamerica Corporation. In 1953, regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation and Bank of America under the Clayton Antitrust Act.[21] The passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies. Bank of America and Transamerica were separated, with the latter company continuing in the insurance business. However, federal banking regulators prohibited Bank of America's interstate banking activity, and Bank of America's domestic banks outside California were forced into a separate company that eventually became First Interstate Bancorp, later acquired by Wells Fargo and Company in 1996. It was not until the 1980s, with a change in federal banking legislation and regulation, that Bank of America was again able to expand its domestic consumer banking activity outside California.", "The Bank of New York Mellon. The first bank in the U.S. was the Bank of North America in Philadelphia, which was chartered by the Continental Congress in 1781; Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin were among its founding shareholders.[5] In February 1784, The Massachusetts Bank in Boston was chartered.[5]", "Bank of America. In 1922, Giannini established Bank of America and Italy. In 1986, Deutsche Bank AG acquired 100% of Banca d'America e d'Italia, a bank established in Naples in 1917 following the name-change of Banca dell'Italia Meridionale with the latter established in 1918. In 1918 another corporation, Bancitaly Corporation, was organized by A. P. Giannini, the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation. This company acquired the stocks of various banks located in New York City and certain foreign countries.[19]", "Visa Inc.. The original goal of BofA was to offer the BankAmericard product across California, but in 1966, BofA began to sign licensing agreements with a group of banks outside of California, in response to a new competitor, Master Charge (now MasterCard), which had been created by an alliance of several other California banks to compete against BankAmericard. BofA itself (like all other U.S. banks at the time) could not expand directly into other states due to federal restrictions not repealed until 1994. Over the following 11 years, various banks licensed the card system from Bank of America, thus forming a network of banks backing the BankAmericard system across the United States.[22] The \"drops\" of unsolicited credit cards continued unabated, thanks to BofA and its licensees and competitors, until they were outlawed in 1970,[23] but not before over 100 million credit cards had been distributed into the American population.[24]", "Banking in the United States. Robert Morris, the first Superintendent of Finance appointed under the Articles of Confederation, proposed the Bank of North America as a commercial bank that would act as the sole fiscal and monetary agent for the government. He has accordingly been called \"the father of the system of credit, and paper circulation, in the United States.\"[20] He saw a national, for-profit, private monopoly following in the footsteps of the Bank of England as necessary, because previous attempts to finance the Revolutionary War, such as continental currency issued by the Continental Congress, had led to depreciation of such an extent that Alexander Hamilton considered them to be \"public embarrassments.\" After the war, a number of state banks were chartered, including in 1784: the Bank of New York and the Bank of Massachusetts.", "Bank of America. Following the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, BankAmerica Corporation was established for the purpose of owning and operation of Bank of America and its subsidiaries.", "Fresno, California. In September 1958, Bank of America launched a new product called BankAmericard in Fresno. After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the first successful credit card; that is, a financial instrument that was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1976, BankAmericard was renamed and spun off into a separate company known today as Visa Inc.", "History of banking in the United States. Robert Morris, the first Superintendent of Finance appointed under the Articles of Confederation, proposed the Bank of North America as a commercial bank that would act as the sole fiscal and monetary agent for the government. He has accordingly been called \"the father of the system of credit, and paper circulation, in the United States.\"[1] He saw a national, for-profit, private monopoly following in the footsteps of the Bank of England as necessary, because previous attempts to finance the Revolutionary War, such as continental currency emitted by the Continental Congress, had led to depreciation of such an extent that Alexander Hamilton considered them to be \"public embarrassments.\" After the war, a number of state banks were chartered, including in 1784: the Bank of New York and the Bank of Massachusetts.", "Bank of America. Bank of America expanded outside California in 1983, with its acquisition, orchestrated in part by Stephen McLin, of Seafirst Corporation of Seattle, Washington, and its wholly owned banking subsidiary, Seattle-First National Bank. Seafirst was at risk of seizure by the federal government after becoming insolvent due to a series of bad loans to the oil industry. BankAmerica continued to operate its new subsidiary as Seafirst rather than Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank.", "First Bank of the United States. The First Bank of the United States was established in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, while the city served as the national capital, from 1790 to 1800. In the eighteenth century, Philadelphia was one of the largest cities in the English-speaking world. The bank began operations in Carpenters' Hall in 1791, some 200 feet from its permanent home.", "First Bank of the United States. The President, Directors and Company, of the Bank of the United States, commonly known as the First Bank of the United States, was a national bank, chartered for a term of twenty years, by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. It followed the Bank of North America, the nation's first de facto central bank.", "Bank of United States. The Bank of United States, founded by Joseph S. Marcus in 1913 at 77 Delancey Street in New York,[1][2][3] was a New York City bank that failed in 1931. The bank run on its Bronx branch is said to have started the collapse of banking during the Great Depression.[4]", "Visa Inc.. After lengthy negotiations, the committee led by Hock was able to persuade Bank of America that a bright future lay ahead for BankAmericard — outside Bank of America. In June 1970, Bank of America gave up control of the BankAmericard program. The various BankAmericard issuer banks took control of the program, creating National BankAmericard Inc. (NBI), an independent Delaware corporation which would be in charge of managing, promoting and developing the BankAmericard system within the United States. In other words, BankAmericard was transformed from a franchising system into a jointly controlled consortium or alliance, like its competitor Master Charge. Hock became NBI's first president and CEO.[27]", "Federal Reserve Bank. In response to this, the First Bank of the United States was established in 1791, its charter signed by George Washington. The First Bank of the United States was headquartered in Philadelphia, but had branches in other major cities. The Bank performed the basic banking functions of accepting deposits, issuing bank notes, making loans and purchasing securities.", "Bank of United States. The Bank of United States was chartered on June 23, 1913 with a capital of $10 and a surplus of $50,000. The bank was founded by Joseph S. Marcus, a former president of the Public Bank, also of Delancey Street. Marcus, who was responsible for the building up of Public Bank, started the new bank, with the backing of several well-known financiers, because of a disagreement with other members of the management. Though the directors of Public Bank objected to the choice of name, arguing that \"ignorant foreigners would believe that the United States government was interested in this bank and that it was a branch of the United States Treasury in Washington\", the name was approved and the bank came into being.[2] The use of such an appellation was outlawed in 1926 but did not apply retroactively.[4]", "History of banking in the United States. Savings and loan associations sprang up all across the United States because there was low-cost funding available through the Federal Home Loan Bank for the purposes of mortgage lending.", "Bank of America Home Loans. The Banking segment consisted of Countrywide Bank, FSB and Countrywide Warehouse Lending. Formerly, the bank was known as Countrywide Bank, N.A., a nationally chartered bank that was regulated jointly by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the Federal Reserve, but it converted its charter to a federally chartered thrift that is regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision.[7][8] Countrywide Bank is the 3rd largest Savings and Loan institution and is the fastest growing bank in United States history. Assets from deposits are currently approaching $125 billion.", "Bank of America. In 1994, BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago, which had become federally owned as part of the same oil industry debacle emanating from Oklahoma City's Penn Square Bank, that had brought down numerous financial institutions including Seafirst. At the time, no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental, so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade. Illinois at that time regulated branch banking extremely heavily, so Bank of America Illinois was a single-unit bank until the 21st century. BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region.", "The Bank of New York Mellon. The shipping industry in New York City chafed under the lack of a bank, and investors envied the 14% dividends that Bank of North America paid, and months of local discussion culminated in a June 1784 meeting at a coffee house on St. George's Square which led to the formation of the Bank of New York company; it operated without a charter for seven years. The initial plan was to capitalize the company with $750,000, a third in cash and the rest in mortgages, but after this was disputed the first offering was to capitalize it with $500,000 in gold or silver. When the bank opened on June 9, 1784, the full $500,000 had not been raised; 723 shares had been sold, held by 192 people. Aaron Burr had three of them, and Hamilton had one and a half shares. The first president was Alexander McDougall and the Cashier was William Seton.[6][7][8][9]", "Visa Inc.. In mid-September 1958, Bank of America (BofA) launched its BankAmericard credit card program in Fresno, California, with an initial mass mailing (or \"drop\", as they came to be called) of 60,000 unsolicited credit cards.[9] The original idea was the brainchild of BofA's in-house product development think tank, the Customer Services Research Group, and its leader, Joseph P. Williams. Williams convinced senior BofA executives in 1956 to let him pursue what became the world's first successful mass mailing of unsolicited credit cards (actual working cards, not mere applications) to a large population.[10]", "History of banking in the United States. The savings and loan association became a strong force in the early 20th century through assisting people with home ownership, through mortgage lending, and further assisting their members with basic saving and investing outlets, typically through passbook savings accounts and term certificates of deposit.", "Visa Inc.. The 1958 test at first went smoothly, but then BofA panicked when it confirmed rumors that another bank was about to initiate its own drop in San Francisco, BofA's home market.[15] By March 1959, drops began in San Francisco and Sacramento; by June, BofA was dropping cards in Los Angeles; by October, the entire state had been saturated with over 2 million credit cards, and BankAmericard was being accepted by 20,000 merchants.[16] However, the program was riddled with problems, as Williams (who had never worked in a bank's loan department) had been too earnest and trusting in his belief in the basic goodness of the bank's customers, and he resigned in December 1959.[17] 22% of accounts were delinquent, not the 4% expected, and police departments around the state were confronted by numerous incidents of the brand new crime of credit card fraud.[18] Both politicians and journalists joined the general uproar against Bank of America and its newfangled credit card, especially when it was pointed out that the cardholder agreement held customers liable for all charges, even those resulting from fraud.[19] BofA officially lost over $8.8 million on the launch of BankAmericard, but when the full cost of advertising and overhead was included, the bank's actual loss was probably around $20 million.[19]", "First Bank of the United States. Establishment of the Bank of the United States was part of a three-part expansion of federal fiscal and monetary power, along with a federal mint and excise taxes, championed by Alexander Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury. Hamilton believed a national bank was necessary to stabilize and improve the nation's credit, and to improve handling of the financial business of the United States government under the newly enacted Constitution.", "Bank of America. While NationsBank was the nominal survivor, the merged bank took the better-known name of Bank of America. Hence, the holding company was renamed Bank of America Corporation, while NationsBank, N.A. merged with Bank of America NT&SA to form Bank of America, N.A. as the remaining legal bank entity. The combined bank still operates under Federal Charter 13044, which was granted to Giannini's Bank of Italy on March 1, 1927. However, the merged company is headquartered in Charlotte and retains NationsBank's pre-1998 stock price history. Additionally, all U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings before 1998 are listed under NationsBank, not Bank of America. NationsBank president, chairman and CEO Hugh McColl took on the same roles with the merged company.", "History of banking in the United States. The Pujo Committee Report concluded that a community of influential financial leaders had gained control of major manufacturing, transportation, mining, telecommunications and financial markets of the United States. The report revealed that no less than eighteen different major financial corporations were under control of a cartel led by J.P Morgan, George F Baker and James Stillman. These three men, through the resources of seven banks and trust companies (Banker’s Trust Co., Guaranty Trust Co., Astor Trust Co., National Bank of Commerce, Liberty National Bank, Chase National Bank, Farmer’s Loan and Trust Co.) controlled an estimated $2.1 billion. The report revealed that a handful of men held manipulative control of the New York Stock Exchange and attempted to evade interstate trade laws.", "History of banking in the United States. The Glass–Steagall Act of 1933 was passed in reaction to the collapse of a large portion of the American commercial banking system in early 1933. One of its provisions introduced the separation of bank types according to their business (commercial and investment banking). In order to comply with the new regulation, most large banks split into separate entities. For example, JP Morgan split into three entities: JP Morgan continued to operate as a commercial bank, Morgan Stanley was formed to operate as an investment bank, and Morgan Grenfell operated as a British merchant bank.[29]", "Visa Inc.. However, Bank of America retained the right to directly license BankAmericard to banks outside the United States, and continued to issue and support such licenses. By 1972, licenses had been granted in 15 countries. The international licensees soon encountered a variety of problems with their licensing programs, and they hired Hock as a consultant to help them restructure their relationship with BofA as he had done for the domestic licensees. As a result, in 1974, the International Bankcard Company (IBANCO), a multinational member corporation, was founded in order to manage the international BankAmericard program.[28]" ]

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[ "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). Filming on the series took place in Toronto, Mississauga, Hamilton, and Cambridge, Ontario from September 2016 to February 2017.[30][31] The first full trailer of the TV series was released by Hulu on YouTube on March 23, 2017.[32] The series premiered on April 26, 2017.[33]", "The Handmaid's Tale (film). The scene where the hanging occurred was filmed in front of Duke Chapel on the campus of Duke University in Durham, North Carolina.[10]\nSeveral scenes were filmed at Saint Mary's School in Raleigh, N.C.", "The Handmaid's Tale. The Handmaid's Tale is set in the Republic of Gilead, a theonomic military dictatorship formed within the borders of what was formerly the United States of America.[5]", "The Handmaid's Tale. The action takes place in what once was the Harvard Square neighbourhood of Cambridge, Massachusetts;[14][15] Atwood studied at Radcliffe College, located in this area.", "The Handmaid's Tale (film). In the near future, war rages across the Republic of Gilead—formerly the United States of America—and pollution has rendered 99% of the population sterile. Kate is a woman who attempts to emigrate to Canada with her husband and daughter. As they take a dirt road, the Gilead Border Guard orders them to turn back or they will open fire. Kate's husband uses an automatic rifle to draw the fire, telling Kate to run, but he gets shot. Kate gets captured, while their daughter wanders off into the back country, confused and unaccompanied. The authorities take Kate to a training facility with several other women, where she and her companions receive training to become Handmaids—concubines for one of the privileged but barren couples who run the country's religious fundamentalist regime. Although she resists being indoctrinated into the cult of the Handmaids, which mixes Old Testament orthodoxy with scripted group chanting and ritualized violence, Kate is soon assigned to the home of \"the Commander\" (Fred) and of his cold, inflexible wife, Serena Joy. There she is named \"Offred\"—\"of Fred\".", "Still Open All Hours. Production for series one started in August 2014, exterior filming started on 15 September and location recording was completed on 26 September 2014.[10][11] Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience from 10 October until 21 November 2014 at Teddington Studios.[12]", "Big Love. The mall scenes from season one were filmed in the Fox Hills Mall, in Culver City, California. Other exterior shots were filmed in Downtown Salt Lake City, Utah and Sandy, Utah, as well as northeast Los Angeles, California.[19]", "House of Cards (U.S. TV series). Principal photography for the first season began in January 2012[26] in Harford County, Maryland, on the Eastern seaboard of the United States.[27] Filming of exterior scenes in 2013 centered primarily in and around the city of Baltimore, Maryland, which is about 40 miles northeast of Washington, D.C.", "Still Open All Hours. The show later returned for a second series, beginning on 26 December 2015.[13][14] with production starting in September 2015. Exterior scenes were filmed on location from 14[15]-24 September 2015.[16] Interior scenes were recorded in front of a studio audience at Pinewood Studios from 9 October until 20 November 2015.[17]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The Handmaid's Tale has received high acclaim from television critics. On Metacritic, it has a score of 92 out of 100 based on 40 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[44] The season has a 99% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average score of 8.94 out of 10 based on 88 reviews. The site's critical consensus is, \"Haunting and vivid, The Handmaid's Tale is an endlessly engrossing adaptation of Margaret Atwood's dystopian novel that's anchored by a terrific central performance from Elisabeth Moss.\"[45] Daniel Fienberg of The Hollywood Reporter called it \"probably the spring's best new show and certainly its most important\".[46] Jen Chaney of Vulture gave it a highly positive review, and wrote that it is \"A faithful adaptation of the book that also brings new layers to Atwood's totalitarian, sexist world of forced surrogate motherhood\" and that \"this series is meticulously paced, brutal, visually stunning, and so suspenseful from moment to moment that only at the end of each hour will you feel fully at liberty to exhale\".[47]", "Aurora Teagarden. The films in the series have been shot largely in Vancouver, British Columbia.[22]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The Handmaid's Tale is an American television series created by Bruce Miller based on the 1985 novel of the same name by Canadian writer Margaret Atwood. It was ordered by streaming service Hulu with a straight-to-series order of 10 episodes, with the production beginning in late 2016.", "North of 60. The series was filmed in Bragg Creek, Alberta.", "Elisabeth Moss. In 2017, Moss began playing Offred in the Hulu series The Handmaid's Tale, for which she received critical acclaim and a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series.[31] The second season of Top of the Lake, consisting of six episodes, premiered at the Cannes Film Festival in May 2017. Moss reprised her role as Robin Griffin in this season which is set in Sydney, Australia.[32][33]", "Murdoch Mysteries. For seasons one, two and three, filming locations included the Galt district of Cambridge, Ontario. Sidewalks and driveways were covered in earth, and in season one the Dobbie Mansion was used for about a week of indoor filming. Parts of the opening episode of season three were filmed in Bristol in England.", "Set It Up. Principal photography began in June 2017 in New York City.[6]", "Chapter 1 (House of Cards). While Netflix had ventured into original programming by greenlighting foreign shows that were new to United States audiences with shows such as Lilyhammer, House of Cards represented the first show made for Netflix.[3] Filming for the first season began in January 2012[14] in Harford County, Maryland.[15]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). The first three episodes of the series premiered on April 26, 2017, with the subsequent seven episodes added on a weekly basis.[33][38] In Canada, the series is broadcast by Bravo, beginning with the first two episodes premiering on April 30.[39] In Scandinavia, the series is available on HBO Nordic.[40] In the UK and Ireland, the series premiered on May 28, 2017 and airs every Sunday on Channel 4.[41]", "I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue. and continues by providing a little background material, usually derogatory, about the show's location:", "The Handmaid's Tale. Some complaints have included:", "Jessica Jones (season 1). In February 2014, Marvel announced that Jessica Jones would be filmed in New York City.[24] In April, Marvel Comics' editor-in-chief Joe Quesada stated that the show would be filming in areas of Brooklyn and Long Island City that still look like the old Hell's Kitchen, in addition to sound stage work.[34] The season went into production in February 2015 in The Bronx at Lehman College with the working title Violet,[35][36][37] and aimed to film each episode over nine days, on average.[38] Filming concluded in mid-late August.[29][39] Other filming locations in New York City used included: the East Village's Horseshoe Bar for Luke's Bar; the 33rd Street PATH station and a PATH train; the 101st Street area for the exterior of Jessica's apartment (with the interior apartment settings created on a sound stage); Douglaston, Queens for Jessica's childhood home; the Angel Orensanz Center for Jessica and Luke's fight in \"AKA Take a Bloody Number\"; Williamsburgh Savings Bank Tower and Pier 88 for locations in \"AKA Smile\";[40] the Meatpacking District; Nolita; near the 39th Street entrance to the Lincoln Tunnel; Tribeca; Bryant Park; Union Square; Gramercy; Greenpoint, Brooklyn near the Newtown Creek Wastewater Treatment Plant; Long Island City, including the Allied Extruder Factory for the weed growing facility, with exteriors shots taken from near Calvary Cemetery; the Queensboro Bridge on the Queens side; the Manhattan Bridge; the Brooklyn Navy Yard; Bethesda Terrace and Fountain in Central Park; and Industry City.[41]", "Schitt's Creek. The series is filmed on location in Goodwood, Ontario, the Regional Municipality of Durham of the Greater Toronto Area, and Mono, Ontario, where the motel scenes are filmed.[13] The interior scenes for the first two seasons were filmed at Pinewood Toronto Studios in Toronto,[14] while the interior scenes for the third season were shot at Dufferin Gate Studios in Toronto.[15]", "Game of Thrones. The first season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change in location from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets.[4] The city of Mdina was used for King's Landing. Filming was also done at Fort Manoel (representing the Sept of Baelor), at the Azure Window on the island of Gozo (the Dothraki wedding site) and at San Anton Palace, Fort Ricasoli, Fort St. Angelo and St. Dominic monastery (all used for scenes in the Red Keep).[90]", "Home by Spring. Filming took place in Baton Rouge and St. Francisville, Louisiana as well as Los Angeles, California.[1]", "Wisteria Lane. Before the large changes to the set after Season One, 4360 and 4362 Wisteria Lane, as well as the park, situated around the cul-de-sac, were not shown.", "Still Open All Hours. For the 2013 special, the studio shots were recorded at Dock10 studios at MediaCityUK, Salford Quays. For the first series, Teddington Studios were used and the second, third, and fourth series were all recorded at Pinewood Studios.", "Westworld (season 1). Filming for the show's pilot episode took place during a 22-day period[26] in August 2014 in and around Los Angeles[27] as well as Moab, Utah.[28] Filming locations in California included various soundstages, backlots at both Universal Studios and Warner Bros., the Paramount Ranch in Agoura,[29] the Melody Ranch in Santa Clarita,[26][30] the Skirball Cultural Center and the Los Angeles Convention Center in Los Angeles,[31] and the Pacific Design Center in West Hollywood.[32] The Melody Ranch set used for the town of Sweetwater had been used previously for many western films, such as Django Unchained and The Magnificent Seven, but was significantly upgraded for Westworld by production designer Zack Grobler to portray an idealized version of the American frontier.[30] Green screens were placed around the California sets to block modern objects like parking lots, so that the California shots could be later merged digitally with exterior shots from Utah.[30] For scenes showing the arrival of guests, the filmmakers were able to arrange with the Fillmore and Western Railway for the use of a small train originally built for the 2013 film The Lone Ranger. F&W also provided a few hundred feet of track on which to place the train; then a pusher vehicle was used to propel the train into the Sweetwater set. The scenes in the underground laboratory levels of Westworld's operations center were filmed on a soundstage at Melody Ranch. The lab set used glass walls extensively, which meant the crew had to be vigilant to avoid walking through glass on the rather dark set, and they had to keep identifying and suppressing unwanted reflections. Hawthorne Plaza was used for filming the \"cold storage\" level where decommissioned hosts are stored.[31] Production was temporarily halted for a couple of months in early 2016 so that showrunners Nolan and Joy could complete the scripts for the last four episodes of the first season.[33] The climax of the first season's finale was filmed at Paramount Ranch in April 2016, with approximately 300 people on set.[34] The crew spent 10 days in May striking the set, which included having to modify structures installed by the filmmakers, such as the chapel, so that HBO's \"intellectual property\" would not be \"violated.\"[34]", "The Handmaid's Tale (TV series). In New Zealand, the series was released on the subscription video on demand service Lightbox on June 8, 2017.[42] In Australia, the series premiered on the TV channel SBS's video streaming service SBS on Demand on July 6, 2017.[43]", "Rochdale. It was announced by the BBC and Shed Media that filming on the series in Rochdale was to end in late 2011, with production moving to Scotland from early 2012. The final scenes to be shot at the Hilltop Primary site were filmed in November 2011. In April 2012, filming on the eighth series began on location at the new Waterloo Road set, the former Greenock Academy in Greenock, Scotland.", "All Creatures Great and Small (TV series). Other locations used include:", "Succession (TV series). Principal photography for the first season of the series began in October 2017 in New York City at locations including Lexington Avenue and East 75th Street.[30] During the week of November 20, 2017, production took place in the Financial District of Manhattan.[31] In December 2017, the series was reportedly in production on the sixth episode.[32] From mid-January 2018 to the end of the month, the production moved from New York to New Mexico.[33][34][35][30] Filming reportedly took place around the Santa Fe area of the state.[36] On February 22, 2018, filming took place in New Jersey which required the closing of the Atlantic City-Brigantine tunnel.[37][38][39] On February 25, 2018, filming took place at Eastnor Castle near Ledbury in Herefordshire, England.[40]", "Unforgotten. Filming for the first series began in March 2015 and lasted for twelve weeks. Locations included Liverpool, the London suburbs, Kingston upon Thames, the Essex coast, Westminster, and the Fens.[10]" ]

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[ "Staple (fastener). Staples are often described as X/Y (e.g. 24/6 or 26/6), where the first number X is the gauge of the wire, and the second number Y is the length of the shank (leg) in millimeters. Some exceptions to this rule include staple sizes like No. 10.", "Staple (fastener). 24/6 staples are described by the German DIN 7405 standard.", "Staple (fastener). Common sizes for the home and office include: 26/6, 24/6, 24/8, 13/6, 13/8 and No. 10 for mini staplers. Common sizes for heavy duty staplers include: 23/8, 23/12, 23/15, 23/20, 23/24, 13/10, and 13/14.", "Staple (fastener). There are few standards for staple size, length and thickness. This has led to many different incompatible staples and staplers systems, all serving the same purpose or applications.", "Staple (fastener). Some staple sizes are used more commonly than others, depending on the application required. Some companies have unique staples just for their products. Staples from one manufacturer may or may not fit another manufacturers unit even if they look similar and serve the same purpose.", "Staple (fastener). In the United States, the specifications for non-medical industrial staples are described in ASTM F1667-15, Standard Specification for Driven Fasteners: Nails, Spikes, and Staples. A heavy duty office staple might be designated as F1667 STFCC-04: ST indicates staple, FC indicates flat top crown, C indicates cohered (joined into a strip), and 04 is the dash number for a staple with a length of 0.250 inch (6 mm), a leg thickness of 0.020 inch (500 μm), a leg width of 0.030 inch (800 μm), and a crown width of 0.500 inch (13 mm).", "Staple (fastener). There are various types of staples for paper, including heavy-duty staples, designed for use on documents 20, 50, or over 100 pages thick. There are also speedpoint staples, which have slightly sharper teeth so they can go through paper more easily.", "Staple (fastener). A staple is a type of two-pronged fastener, usually metal, used for joining or binding materials together. Large staples might be used with a hammer or staple gun for masonry, roofing, corrugated boxes and other heavy-duty uses. Smaller staples are used with a stapler to attach pieces of paper together; such staples are a more permanent and durable fastener for paper documents than the paper clip.", "Staple (fastener). Staples are commonly considered to be a neat and efficient method of binding paperwork such as letters and documents in all areas of office business. This is predominantly because of the low cost and high availability of the staple, and because its small size does not detract from the content of the document.", "Staple (fastener). Modern staples for paper staplers are made from zinc-plated steel wires glued together and bent to form a long strip of staples. Staple strips are commonly available as \"full strips\" with 210 staples per strip.[citation needed] Both copper plated and more expensive stainless steel staples which do not rust are also available.[vague]", "Staple (fastener). The most common staples are used with paper. They are almost exclusively applied with a mechanical stapler which clinches the legs after they pass through the paper. Staples of this type are used with a desktop stapling machine.", "Shift plan. The '\"6 on, 6 off plan consists of 3 days and 3 nights of work, then 6 days off. These will alternate between other crews, also known as teams, for a full 24/7 operation. The 12-day pattern repeats in a cycle of twelve weeks, i.e. 84 days.", "Staple (fastener). Construction staples are commonly larger,[2] have a more varied use, and are delivered by a staple gun or hammer tacker. Staple guns do not have backing anvils and are exclusively used for tacking. They typically have staples made from thicker metal. Some staple guns use arched staples for fastening small cables, e.g. phone or cable TV, without damaging the cable. Faster and easier devices known as hammer tackers or staple hammers operate without complex mechanics as a simple head loaded with a strip of staples drives them directly; this method requires a measure of skill. Powered electric staplers or pneumatic staplers drive staples easily and accurately; they are the simplest manner of applying staples, but are hindered by a cord or hose.", "Shift plan. The three-shift system is the most common plan for five 24-hour days per week. The \"first shift\" often runs from 06:00 to 14:00, \"second shift\" or \"swing shift\" from 14:00 to 22:00 and a \"third shift\" or \"night shift\" from 22:00 to 06:00, but shifts may also have different length to accommodate for workload, e.g. 7, 8 and 9 or 6, 8 and 10 hours. To provide coverage 24/7, employees have their days off (\"weekends\") on different days.", "£sd. The score of 26 at darts (one dart in each of the top three spaces) was sometimes called \"half-a-crown\" as late as the 1990s, though this did start to confuse the younger players. 26 is also referred to as \"Breakfast\", since 2/6 or half a crown was the standard cost for breakfast pre-decimalisation.", "Staple (fastener). Staples are used in various types of packaging.", "Paper size. Some envelope formats with mixed sides from adjacent sizes (and thus an approximate aspect ratio of 2:1) are also defined in national adaptations of the ISO standard, e.g. DIN C6/C5 is 114 mm × 229 mm where the common side to C5 and C6 is 162 mm.", "Shift plan. In the 12/24/12/48 or 12/24 plan, employees work in shifts of 12 hours; first a \"daily shift\" (e.g. 06:00 to 18:00), followed by 24 hours rest, then a \"nightly shift\" (18:00 to 06:00), finishing with 48 hours rest. This plan needs four teams for full coverage, and makes an average 42-hour workweek. The pattern repeats in a 4-week cycle, i.e. over 28 days, and has 14 shifts per employee therein.", "Shift plan. In the 24*7 plan there are 24 consecutive shifts of 7 hours per week, hence covering 24/7. With 4 groups and 6 shifts per group, the work time is 42 hours per week. Several sub-patterns are possible, but usually each group is responsible for one of four time slots per day. Each of these is 6 hours long and if a shift begins in their time slot, a group has to work it. This way there are 14, 21 or 42 hours of rest between shifts, every group gets one whole day off. Shifts can be swapped to make double-shifts and increase the minimum time of rest.", "Shift plan. The five and two or 3-2-2 plan provides 24/7 coverage using 4 crews and 12-hour shifts over a fortnight. Average hours is 42 per week but contains a 60-hour week which can be challenging.", "Shift plan. Another variation of the 24-hour shift schedule is a 4-platoon system, averaging 42 hours/week. Thus, the schedule is 24 on, 48 off, 24 on, 96 off, on a 4-day rotation.", "Five or Six. Singles and EPs", "Staple (fastener). When stapling with a stapler the papers to be fastened are placed between the main body and the anvil. The papers are pinched between the body and the anvil, then a drive blade pushes on the crown of the staple on the end of the staple strip. The staple breaks from the end of the strip and the legs of the staple are forced through the paper. As the legs hit the grooves in the anvil they are bent to hold the pages together. Many staplers have an anvil in the form of a \"pinning\" or \"stapling\" switch. This allows a choice between bending in or out. The outward bent staples are easier to remove and are for temporary fastening or \"pinning\".", "Shift plan. In businesses where two shifts are necessary to cover the day, earlies and lates may be combined with one double shift per week per worker. Six 7-hour shifts in five days and seven 6-hour shifts in six days both result in 42 hours per week.", "Staple (fastener). The large staples found on corrugated cardboard boxes have folded legs, but they are applied from the outside and do not use an anvil; jaw-like appendages push through the cardboard alongside the legs and bend them from the outside.", "Staple (fastener). Most staplers are capable of stapling without the anvil to drive straight leg staples for tacking.", "Least common multiple. and the multiples of 6 are:", "Paper size. DIN 476 provides for formats larger than A0, denoted by a prefix factor. In particular, it lists the formats 2A0 and 4A0, which are twice and four times the size of A0 respectively.\nHowever, ISO 216:2007 notes 2A0 and 4A0 in the table of Main series of trimmed sizes (ISO A series) as well: \"The rarely used sizes [2A0 and 4A0] which follow also belong to this series.\"", "Mass marketing. Many mass marketed items are considered staples. These are items people are accustomed to buying new when their old ones wear out (or are used up). Cheaper versions of durable goods are often marketed as staples with the understanding that they will wear out sooner than more expensive goods, but they are so cheap that the cost of regular replacement is easily affordable.", "Detection theory. As is shown below, what is important are the differences, \n\n\n\n\nU\n\n11\n\n\n−\n\nU\n\n21\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle U_{11}-U_{21}}\n\n and \n\n\n\n\nU\n\n22\n\n\n−\n\nU\n\n12\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle U_{22}-U_{12}}\n\n.", "Display aspect ratio. It is expressed as two numbers separated by a colon (x:y). Current common aspect ratios for displays are 5:4, 4:3, 16:10 and 16:9.", "Mental calculation. For example: 24 x 11 = 264 because 2 + 4 = 6 and the 6 is placed in between the 2 and the 4." ]

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[ "New Amsterdam. In 1620 the Pilgrims attempted to sail to the Hudson River from England. However, the Mayflower reached Cape Cod (now part of Massachusetts) on November 9, 1620, after a voyage of 64 days.[8] For a variety of reasons, primarily a shortage of supplies, the Mayflower could not proceed to the Hudson River, and the colonists decided to settle near Cape Cod, establishing the Plymouth Colony.", "Mayflower. The Mayflower was an English ship that famously transported the first English Puritans, known today as the Pilgrims, from Plymouth, England to the New World in 1620.[1] There were 102 passengers, and the crew is estimated to have been about 30, but the exact number is unknown.[2] This voyage has become an iconic story in some of the earliest annals of American history, with its story of death and of survival in the harsh New England winter environment. The culmination of the voyage in the signing of the Mayflower Compact was an event which established a rudimentary form of democracy, with each member contributing to the welfare of the community.[3] There was a second ship named Mayflower that made the London to Plymouth, Massachusetts voyage several times.", "Mayflower. Another ship called the Mayflower made a voyage from London to Plymouth Colony in 1629 carrying 35 passengers, many from the Pilgrim congregation in Leiden that organized the first voyage. This was not the same ship that made the original voyage with the first settlers. This voyage began in May and reached Plymouth in August. This ship also made the crossing from England to America in 1630 (as part of the Winthrop Fleet), 1633, 1634, and 1639. It attempted the trip again in 1641, departing London in October of that year under master John Cole, with 140 passengers bound for Virginia. It never arrived. On October 18, 1642, a deposition was made in England regarding the loss.[75]", "Edward Winslow. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and the crew is estimated to be approximately 30 but the exact number is unknown.[11] They lived in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.[12]", "Mayflower. In early September, western gales began to make the North Atlantic a dangerous place for sailing. The Mayflower's provisions were already quite low when departing Southampton, and they became lower still by delays of more than a month. The passengers had been on board the ship for this entire time, and they were quite worn out and in no condition for a very taxing, lengthy Atlantic journey cooped up in cramped spaces in a small ship. But the Mayflower sailed from Plymouth on September 6, 1620 with what Bradford called \"a prosperous wind\".[18]", "Peregrine White. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6/16, 1620. The small, 100-foot ship had 102 passengers and a crew of about 30-40 in extremely cramped conditions. By the second month out, the ship was being buffeted by strong westerly gales, causing the ship‘s timbers to be badly shaken with caulking failing to keep out sea water, and with passengers, even in their berths, lying wet and ill. This, combined with a lack of proper rations and unsanitary conditions for several months, attributed to what would be fatal for many, especially the majority of women and children. On the way there were two deaths, a crew member and a passenger, but the worst was yet to come after arriving at their destination when, in the space of several months, almost half the passengers perished in cold, harsh, unfamiliar New England winter.[9]", "Plymouth Colony. The Mayflower departed Plymouth, England on September 6, 1620 with 102 passengers and about 30 crew members in the small, 106 foot-long ship.[16] The seas were not severe during the first month in the Atlantic but, by the second month, the ship was being hit by strong north-Atlantic winter gales, causing it to be badly shaken with water leaks from structural damage. There were many obstacles throughout the trip, including multiple cases of seasickness and the bending and cracking of a main beam of the ship. One death occurred, that of William Button.[11]", "Plymouth, Massachusetts. The Mayflower first anchored in the harbor of Provincetown, Massachusetts on November 11, 1620. The ship was headed for the mouth of the Hudson River near Manhattan, which was part of the Colony of Virginia at the time, but it did not go beyond Cape Cod.[14] The Pilgrim settlers realized that they did not have a patent to settle in the region, so they signed the Mayflower Compact prior to disembarking.[15] They explored various parts of Cape Cod and eventually sought a suitable location for a permanent settlement to the westward in Cape Cod Bay. They discovered the sheltered waters of Plymouth Harbor on December 17, and the protected bay led to a site for the new settlement after three days of surveying.", "Mayflower. The Mayflower made excellent time on her voyage back to England. The westerly winds that had buffeted her coming out pushed her along going home, and she arrived at the home port of Rotherhithe in London on May 6, 1621,[32] less than half the time that it had taken her to sail to America.\"[33]", "List of Mayflower passengers. This is a list of the passengers on board the Mayflower during its trans-Atlantic voyage of September 6 – November 9, 1620, the majority of them becoming the settlers of Plymouth Colony in what is now Massachusetts. Of the passengers, 37 were members of the separatist Leiden congregation seeking to create a foundation of Christianity according to their own theology in the New World.[1] The Mayflower launched with 102 passengers - 74 male and 28 female - and a crew headed by Master Christopher Jones. About half of these emigrants died in the first winter. Many Americans can trace their ancestry back to one or more of these individuals who, 'Saints' and 'Strangers' together, would become known as the Pilgrims.", "Mayflower. After 1616, there is no further record which specifically relates to Jones's Mayflower until 1624. This is unusual for a ship trading to London, as it would not usually disappear from the records for such a long time. And no Admiralty court document can be found relating to the pilgrim fathers' voyage of 1620, although this might be due to the unusual way in which the transfer of the pilgrims was arranged from Leyden to New England. Or some of the records of the period may have been lost.", "Mayflower. Approximately 65 passengers embarked the Mayflower in the middle of July 1620 at its home port in the Rotherhithe district of London on the Thames river. The ship then proceeded down the Thames into the English Channel and then on to the south coast of England to anchor at Southampton Water. The Mayflower waited there for a rendezvous on July 22 with the Speedwell. Speedwell was coming from Holland with English separatist Puritans, members of the Leiden congregation who had been living in Holland to escape religious persecution in England.", "Mayflower. On November 9, 1620, they sighted present-day Cape Cod. They spent several days trying to sail south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, where they had obtained permission to settle from the Company of Merchant Adventurers. However, strong winter seas forced them to return to the harbor at Cape Cod hook, well north of the intended area, where they anchored on November 11. The settlers wrote and signed the Mayflower Compact after the ship dropped anchor at Cape Cod, in what is now Provincetown Harbor, in order to establish legal order and to quell increasing strife within the ranks.[21][22][23][24]", "Mayflower II. Mayflower II is a replica of the 17th-century ship Mayflower, celebrated for transporting the Pilgrims to the New World.[3] The replica was built in Devon, England during 1955–1956, in a collaboration between Englishman Warwick Charlton and Plimoth Plantation, an American museum. The work drew upon reconstructed ship blueprints held by the American museum, along with hand construction by English shipbuilders' using traditional methods.[3] Mayflower II was sailed from Plymouth, Devon on April 20, 1957, recreating the original voyage across the Atlantic Ocean,[3] under the command of Alan Villiers. According to the ship's log, Mayflower II was towed up the East River into New York City on Monday, July 1, 1957. Afterwards, Villiers and crew received a ticker-tape parade in New York City.", "Plymouth Colony. On April 5, 1621, after being anchored for almost four months in Plymouth Harbor, the Mayflower set sail for England.[42] Nearly half of the original 102 passengers had died during the first winter.[43] As William Bradford wrote, \"of these one hundred persons who came over in this first ship together, the greatest half died in the general mortality, and most of them in two or three months' time\".[44] By November 1621, only 53 pilgrims were alive to celebrate the harvest feast which modern Americans know as \"The First Thanksgiving\".[45] Of the 18 adult women, 13 died the first winter while another died in May. Only four adult women were left alive for the Thanksgiving.[46]", "Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony). Of the 120 combined passengers, 102 were chosen to travel on the Mayflower with the supplies consolidated. Of these, about half had come by way of Leiden, and about 28 of the adults were members of the congregation.[32] The reduced party finally sailed successfully on September 6 (Old Style)/September 16 (New Style), 1620.", "Plymouth Colony. A second ship arrived in November 1621 named the Fortune, sent by the Merchant Adventurers one year after the Pilgrims first set foot in New England. It arrived with 37 new settlers for Plymouth. However, the ship had arrived unexpectedly and also without many supplies, so the additional settlers put a strain on the resources of the colony. Among the passengers of the Fortune were several additional people of the original Leiden congregation, including William Brewster's son Jonathan, Edward Winslow's brother John, and Philip Delano (the family name was earlier \"de la Noye\") whose descendants include President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The Fortune also carried a letter from the Merchant Adventurers chastising the colony for failure to return goods with the Mayflower that had been promised in return for their support. The Fortune began its return to England laden with £500 worth of goods (equivalent to £78 thousand in 2010, or $119 thousand at PPP), more than enough to keep the colonists on schedule for repayment of their debt. However, the Fortune was captured by the French before she could deliver her cargo to England, creating an even larger deficit for the colony.[60]", "Plymouth Colony. Speedwell was re-rigged with larger masts before leaving Holland and setting out to meet Mayflower in Southampton, England, around the end of July 1620.[9][10] The Mayflower was purchased in London. The original captains were Captain Reynolds for Speedwell and Captain Christopher Jones for Mayflower.[11] Other passengers joined the group in Southampton, including William Brewster, who had been in hiding for the better part of a year, and a group of people known to the Leiden congregation as \"The Strangers.\" This group was largely made up of people recruited by the Merchant Adventurers to provide practical assistance to the colony and additional hands to work for the colony's ventures. The term was also used for many of the indentured servants", "New England Colonies. A group of Puritans known as the Pilgrims arrived on the Mayflower from England and the Netherlands to establish Plymouth Colony in modern-day Massachusetts, the second successful English colony in North America, following Jamestown, Virginia. About half of the one hundred-plus passengers on the Mayflower died that first winter, mostly because of diseases contracted on the voyage followed by a harsh winter.[8] In 1621, an Indian named Squanto taught the colonists how to grow corn and where to catch eels and fish. His assistance was invaluable and helped the Pilgrims to survive the early years of the colonization. The Pilgrims lived on the same site where Squanto's Patuxet tribe had established a village before they were wiped out from diseases.[9]", "Mayflower. Jones had originally planned to return to England as soon as the Pilgrims found a settlement site. But his crew members began to be ravaged by the same diseases that were felling the Pilgrims, and he realized that he had to remain in Plymouth Harbor \"till he saw his men began to recover.\"[31] The Mayflower lay in New Plymouth harbor through the winter of 1620–21, then set sail for England on April 5, 1621, her empty hold ballasted with stones from the Plymouth Harbor shore. As with the Pilgrims, her sailors had been decimated by disease. Jones had lost his boatswain, his gunner, three quartermasters, the cook, and more than a dozen sailors.", "Mayflower. The Pilgrim ship Mayflower was square-rigged and beak-bowed with high, castle-like structures fore and aft that served to protect the ship's crew and the main deck from the elements—designs that were typical with English merchant ships of the early 17th century. Her stern carried a 30-foot high, square aft-castle which made the ship extremely difficult to sail against the wind and unable to sail well against the North Atlantic's prevailing westerlies, especially in the fall and winter of 1620, and the voyage from England to America took more than two months as a result. The Mayflower's return trip to London in April–May 1621 took less than half that time, with the same strong winds now blowing in the direction of the voyage.[4][5]", "Mayflower Compact. In November 1620, the Mayflower anchored at what is now Plymouth, named after the major port city in Devon, England from which she sailed. The settlers named their settlement \"New Plimoth\" or \"Plimouth\", the most common spelling used by William Bradford in his journal Of Plimoth Plantation.[7]", "Mayflower Compact. The Mayflower Compact was signed aboard ship on November 11, 1620 by the Pilgrims. They used the Julian Calendar, also known as Old Style dates, which, at that time, was ten days behind the Gregorian Calendar. Signing the covenant were 41 of the ship's 101 passengers,[1][2] while the Mayflower was anchored in what is now Provincetown Harbor within the hook at the northern tip of Cape Cod.[3]", "Mayflower Compact signatories. The Mayflower Compact was the iconic document in the earliest history of America. It was ratified by forty-one men on board the Pilgrim ship Mayflower on November 11, 1620 while anchored at Cape Cod, now Provincetown Harbor in Massachusetts. The Compact was originally drafted as an instrument to maintain unity and discipline in this new land called Plymouth Colony but, over time, it has become one of the most historic documents in American History.", "Colony of Virginia. In 1620, a successor to the Plymouth Company sent colonists to the New World aboard the Mayflower. Known as Pilgrims, they successfully established a settlement in what became Massachusetts. The portion of what had been Virginia north of the 40th parallel became known as New England, according to books written by Captain John Smith, who had made a voyage there.", "Mayflower Steps. The Mayflower Steps are close to the site in the Barbican area of Plymouth, south-west England, from which the Pilgrim Fathers are believed to have finally left England aboard the Mayflower, before crossing the Atlantic Ocean to settle in North America on 6 September 1620. The traditional site of their disembarkation in North America is Plymouth Rock.", "Edward Winslow. On November 9/19, 1620, after about 3 months at sea, including a month of delays in England, they spotted land, which was the Cape Cod Hook. After several days of trying to get south to their planned destination of the Colony of Virginia, strong winter seas forced them to return to the shelter of Cape Cod hook, now called Provincetown Harbor, where they anchored on November 11/21. The Mayflower Compact was signed that day.[12][13]", "Plymouth Colony. Using the financing secured from the Merchant Adventurers, the Colonists bought provisions and obtained passage on two ships: the Mayflower and the Speedwell. They had intended to leave early in 1620, but they were delayed several months due to difficulties in dealing with the Merchant Adventurers, including several changes in plans for the voyage and in financing. The congregation and the other colonists finally boarded the Speedwell in July 1620 in the Dutch port of Delfshaven.[8]", "Mayflower II. Mayflower II was launched on September 22, 1956, a rainy day.[3] The ceremony was based on knowledge about christenings of 17th-century vessels. The ship was toasted from a gold loving cup that was afterward thrown into the water, and then quickly retrieved by an underwater diver, in the traditional manner.[3] The ship slid gracefully down the ways to enter Brixham harbor with a large splash.", "Mayflower II. On April 20, 1957, Mayflower II began the solitary voyage across the Atlantic.[3] For time and to avoid the risk of winter ice, the new ship took a more southerly route than the original Mayflower in September 1620, but otherwise the voyage was an accurate replication of a period ocean crossing. The weather cooperated; Mayflower II first sailed calm seas and then met a violent storm off Bermuda, common weather for a transatlantic crossing.[3] She was commanded on her maiden voyage by Alan Villiers, and among the crew was Peter Padfield, who went on to become a naval historian.[7]", "Mayflower. The two ships set sail for America around August 5, but the Speedwell sprang a leak shortly after, and the two ships were brought into Dartmouth for repairs. They made a new start after the repairs, and they were more than 200 miles (320 km) beyond Land's End at the southwestern tip of England when Speedwell sprang another leak. It was now early September, and they had no choice but to abandon the Speedwell and make a determination on her passengers. This was a dire event, as the ship had wasted vital funds and was considered very important to the future success of their settlement in America. Both ships returned to Plymouth, where some of the Speedwell passengers joined the Mayflower and others returned to Holland. The Mayflower then continued on her voyage to America, and the Speedwell was sold soon afterwards.", "Mayflower Compact signatories. William White - Apparently a prosperous London merchant who came to the Mayflower with a family and two servants, one of whom was Edward Thompson who was one of the earliest to die on December 4, 1620, and William Holbeck who died in early 1621. His wife gave birth to a son named Peregrine sometime in late November while the ship was anchored in Cape Cod Harbor, historically known as the first English child born in New England. White died in February 1621 about the same day as William Mullins. His widow Susanna married Edward Winslow in May 1621 as the first marriage in the colony. Their son Josiah Winslow (or Josias Winslow) was a historic long-term colony governor with an English wife descended from royalty.[33][34]" ]

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[ "Gun laws in Washington. As a general rule, a person may legally open-carry in Washington state in any place it is legal to possess a loaded handgun, as long as it does not manifest \"an intent to intimidate another or [warrant] alarm for the safety of other persons.\" To open-carry a handgun in a vehicle (e.g, car, bus, etc...) a person must have a valid concealed pistol license. The county sheriff or city police chief shall issue a concealed pistol license to any applicant, age 21 or older, who meets certain requirements, including no felony convictions, no misdemeanor domestic violence convictions, and no outstanding warrants.[6][7] Open carrying of firearms is not prohibited by law, although trouble with some law enforcement agencies has been encountered while open carrying in the past, most notably in a case in Ellensburg, Washington.[8]", "Gun laws in Washington. There is a rather long list of places where the possession or storage of firearms or ammunition is prohibited or otherwise restricted. Statutory law prohibits firearms in places such as areas of buildings used for court proceedings, certain areas of public mental health facilities, establishments which serve alcohol and are off-limits to persons under 21 years of age, restricted-access areas of commercial airports, State correctional facilities, and outdoor music festivals. Administrative law prohibits or otherwise restricts the possession or storage of firearms in places such as certain schools, premises of the Office of Administrative Hearings, child care centers, horse races, near certain explosive materials, and certain shelters for respite or youths. See the Washington 'infobox' or one of this section's referenced documents for the complete list as well as where exceptions apply for those who hold concealed pistol licenses.", "Gun laws in Washington. Washington concealed pistol licenses will be recognized in the following states, and concealed weapons licenses issued in the listed states will be recognized in Washington State, so long as the handgun is carried in accordance with Washington law: Idaho (Idaho Enhanced Permit only), Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan (non-resident concealed pistol licenses issued by Washington state are not recognized by Michigan), North Carolina, North Dakota (Class 1 North Dakota permits only), Ohio, Oklahoma, and Utah.[12]", "Gun laws in Washington. There are no age restrictions on the possession of firearms and some people are prohibited from possessing firearms due to certain criminal convictions or who are released on bond or their own recognizance pending trial for certain criminal charges. Since July 1, 1994, machine guns, short-barreled shotguns, and any parts thereof are prohibited. Suppressors[4] and short-barreled rifles may be possessed and used in accordance with federal law. Pistols transferred through an F.F.L. dealer must be registered with Washington State D.O.L.[5]", "Gun laws in Washington. The Constitution of Washington protects an individual's right to bear arms. Washington preempts localities from regulating firearms in any manner more restrictive than State law except as explicitly authorized by the State legislature. Authorized local firearm regulations include:", "Gun laws in Washington. The state of Washington in the United States has laws regulating the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition.", "Gun laws in Washington. Washington state law also carves exemptions into state law regarding Concealed Pistol Licenses. RCW 9.41.060, section 8: \"Any person engaging in a lawful outdoor recreational activity such as hunting, fishing, camping, hiking, or horseback riding, only if, considering all of the attendant circumstances, including but not limited to whether the person has a valid hunting or fishing license, it is reasonable to conclude that the person is participating in lawful outdoor activities or is traveling to or from a legitimate outdoor recreation area;\".[13]", "Gun laws in Washington. Washington is a \"stand your ground\" state, in which there is no duty to retreat in the face of what would be perceived by an ordinary person to be a threat to themselves or others by another person that is likely to cause serious injury or death. It is a gross misdemeanor to aim a firearm \"whether loaded or not, at or towards any human being\". Unless the person is acting in self-defense, they can be charged with \"brandishing\" and threatening someone with a deadly weapon.[14]", "Gun laws in Washington. RCW 09.41.110(9)(a) and (b)", "Gun laws in Washington. RCW 09.41.190 RCW 09.41.220 RCW 09.41.225 RCW 09.41.250(1)(c)", "Gun laws in Washington. RCW 09.41.290 RCW 09.41.300", "Gun laws in Washington. \"The right of the individual citizen to bear arms in defense of himself, or the state, shall not be impaired [...]\"", "Gun laws in Washington. RCW 09.41.050 RCW 09.41.060 18 USC ยง 926A CCW Reciprocity", "Gun laws in the United States by state. RCW 09.41.110(9)(a) and (b)", "Gun laws in Washington. RCW 09.41.050 CCW Reciprocity", "Gun laws in the United States by state. RCW 09.41.190 RCW 09.41.220 RCW 09.41.225 RCW 09.41.250(1)(c)", "Gun laws in the United States by state. RCW 09.41.290 RCW 09.41.300", "Gun laws in Washington. In Washington, the police may temporarily seize guns from people a judge deems a threat to themselves or others. Law enforcement personnel may alert mental health professionals, who can determine if someone is a threat or needs involuntary treatment. The police must notify any family or household members who want to know about a gun being returned to the person from whom it was taken away.[9][10][11]", "Gun laws in the United States by state. *Loaded long gun carry in public is generally illegal, with exceptions for activities such as hunting in approved areas. Unloaded long gun carry is not prohibited.", "Gun laws in Oregon. Oregon is also an open-carry state,[8] but cities and counties are free to limit public possession of loaded firearms by individuals who do not have an Oregon Concealed Handgun License.[9] The cities of Portland, Beaverton, Tigard, Oregon City, Salem, and Independence, as well as Multnomah County[10] have banned loaded firearms in all public places for those without a license.[11]", "Gun laws in the United States by state. RCW 09.41.050 RCW 09.41.060 18 USC ยง 926A CCW Reciprocity", "Gun laws in the District of Columbia. In Washington, D.C., all firearms must be registered with the police, by the terms of the Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975.", "Gun laws in the United States by state. For open carry in a vehicle, the firearm must be \"properly secured in a container or compartment within the vehicle\" (ie glove box, center console, trunk, etc). The container/compartment does not have to be locked, the firearm may be within the reach of the driver or a passenger, and the firearm may be loaded. This does not preempt an employer from prohibiting firearms \"at a place of employment if there is a company policy or signage prohibiting firearms on the premises.\"[105] Furthermore, a \"county or city may by ordinance make it unlawful for any person to transport, possess or carry a loaded shotgun or loaded rifle in any vehicle on any public street, road, or highway within such locality.\" However, this does not \"apply to duly authorized law-enforcement officers or military personnel in the performance of their lawful duties, nor to any person who reasonably believes that a loaded rifle or shotgun is necessary for his personal safety in the course of his employment or business.\"", "Gun laws in the United States by state. Concealed carry without a permit is generally allowed outside city, town, or logging camp limits.", "Gun laws in Wisconsin. As of January 2013, anyone who is legal to possess a firearm may openly carry a pistol in a state park without a license. (The law used to say that to possess in a state park, one must be a licensee. That law was removed.) The restriction still applies to fish hatcheries & long guns, and in order to enter a taxpayer-owned building anywhere (including a park) one must be a licensee.", "Gun laws in the United States by state. RCW 09.41.050 CCW Reciprocity", "Gun violence in the United States. Some local jurisdictions in the U.S. have more restrictive laws, such as Washington, D.C.'s Firearms Control Regulations Act of 1975, which banned residents from owning handguns, and required permitted firearms be disassembled and locked with a trigger lock. On March 9, 2007, a U.S. Appeals Court ruled the Washington, D.C. handgun ban unconstitutional.[208] The appeal of that case later led to the Supreme Court's ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller that D.C.'s ban was unconstitutional under the Second Amendment.", "Gun laws in the United States by state. Gun laws in the United States regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition. State laws (and the laws of Washington, D.C. and the U.S. territories) vary considerably, and are independent of existing federal firearms laws, although they are sometimes broader or more limited in scope than the federal laws.", "Gun laws in Idaho. Idaho has state preemption of firearms laws, local units of government cannot regulate the ownership, possession, use, transportation, or carry of firearms, firearm components or ammunition. The state constitution states that \"No law shall impose licensure, registration or special taxation on the ownership or possession of firearms or ammunition. Nor shall any law permit the confiscation of firearms, except those actually used in the commission of a felony.\"[11][12]", "Gun laws in West Virginia. There are no firearms known to be prohibited by State law. Prohibited places include correctional facilities, primary and secondary school property (excluding firearms within a vehicle);[12] buses; and events, courthouses, the State Capitol Complex and grounds, private property where posted, certain areas in Charleston, Dunbar, and South Charleston.[13] There are age restrictions on the possession of firearms and some people are prohibited from possessing firearms due to certain criminal convictions or naturalization status. Private sales of firearms, including handguns, are legal and do not require the seller to perform a background check; however, it is unlawful to sell a firearm to a prohibited person.[1][2]", "Gun laws in the United States by state. No laws against open carrying long guns.", "Gun laws in Wisconsin. Statute 29.091[22] and 29.089[23] used to require firearms to be encased and unloaded in state wildlife refuges and fish hatcheries. \nThose who have a concealed carry permit were not subject to these restrictions on handguns." ]

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[ "Subnautica. Subnautica was released on Steam Early Access on December 16, 2014,[6] and was in early access development until January 23, 2018. It was released on Xbox One Preview on May 17, 2016.[7]", "Subnautica. The complete version of Subnautica was released on January 23, 2018 for Steam.", "Subnautica. Subnautica is a survival adventure game developed and published by Unknown Worlds Entertainment. It allows the player to freely explore the ocean on an alien planet, known as planet 4546B, collecting resources to survive.[3][4] Subnautica was first released in early access for Microsoft Windows in December 2014, Mac OS X in June 2015, and for Xbox One in May 2016.[5][6][7][8] The full release out of early access was in January 2018 Exclusive for PC on Steam, with a version for the PlayStation 4 also planned for a later date.[9][10]", "Subnautica. Subnautica was announced by Unknown Worlds Entertainment on December 17, 2013,[3] with Charlie Cleveland as the game director and lead gameplay programmer, and Hugh Jeremy as the producer.[1]", "Xbox One. During its E3 2017 press conference, Microsoft unveiled Xbox One X, a high-end version of Xbox One with upgraded hardware and a further-streamlined form factor.[240] First teased at E3 2016 under the codename \"Project Scorpio\", Xbox One X was released on November 7, 2017, with a 1 TB model priced at US$499,[241] and a limited, pre-order exclusive \"Project Scorpio Edition\", with a dark gradient finish, vertical stand brace and green \"Project Scorpio\" inscriptions on the console and bundled controller.[242][243]", "Xbox One. With Perreault's success, Microsoft announced the Xbox backwards compatibility on the Xbox One in June 2017.[177] Thirteen titles were initially released on October 24, 2017, with more to come.[178] However, Microsoft does not anticipate that there will be as many Xbox titles brought to the program as with the Xbox 360, primarily due to legal issues related to intellectual property, contracts, and companies that have since gone defunct.[166]", "Subnautica. Subnautica takes place in the late 22nd century, when humanity begins to colonize planets in space. A vessel constructed by the trans-gov Alterra known as the \"Aurora\" has been sent to the outer reaches of controlled space on its maiden voyage with the main goal of constructing a form of high speed space travel known as a Phasegate. The Aurora also had a secondary mission which was to scan the Planet 4546B, which they would pass by on their journey, for signs of a ship that had gone missing around a decade prior, known as the \"Degasi\". The Aurora was chosen for this mission due to its new, advanced scanners. Upon coming close to the planet a strange signature is picked up by the scanner and the Aurora is struck by an energy pulse of unknown origin shortly after, crash landing onto the planet. While the player crashing is still part of the plot, the Aurora's nature has changed several times throughout the game's development. For a period of time, it was instead a terraforming ship sent to harvest resources from the planet when it got shot down, while in the launch version of the game, the Aurora has been built for the sole purpose of constructing a Phasegate in 4546B's system.", "Xbox. The Xbox One was released on November 22, 2013 in North America, as the successor of the Xbox 360. The Xbox One competes with Sony's PlayStation 4 and Nintendo's Wii U and Switch as part of the eighth generation of video game consoles.", "Subnautica. Subnautica is a survival, adventure game set in an open world environment and played from a first-person perspective. The player controls the lone survivor of a crashed space ship, called the Aurora, on the fictional ocean planet 4546B. The ship's wreckage explodes shortly after starting the game, from which point onward it can be explored. Upon entry, the PDA warns that creatures around the Aurora contain traces of human tissue inside their digestive systems, and continues to advise you against exploration. [11] The main objective of the player is to explore the game's world and survive the dangers of the planet while at the same time following the story of the game. Subnautica allows the player to collect resources, construct tools, bases, and submersibles, and interact with the planet's wildlife.[12] In the basic difficulty \"Survival\", the player will have to maintain nutrition, hydration, and oxygen. The game includes a day and night cycle which affects the gameplay and surroundings. The game includes three other modes: \"Freedom mode\", in which hunger and thirst are disabled; \"Hardcore mode\", which is the same as Survival, except that if the player dies, the player will no longer be able to respawn; and \"Creative Mode\", in which the hunger, thirst, health, and oxygen features are all disabled, all the crafting blueprints are acquired, where no resources are needed to craft and the submersibles do not need energy and cannot be damaged. The game is mainly set underwater, with two explorable islands.", "Xbox One. Microsoft released its Xbox Game Preview program in 2015. Similar to Steam Early Access, it lets developers launch unfinished games for consumers to purchase and beta test before its official launch.[161]", "Xbox One. In August 2016, Microsoft released a refreshed Xbox One model, Xbox One S, which has a streamlined design, support for 4K video playback (including Ultra HD Blu-ray), upscaling of games from 1080p to 4K resolution, as well as HDR10 high-dynamic-range color. It was praised for its smaller size, its on-screen visual improvements, and its lack of an external power supply, but its regressions such as the lack of a native Kinect port were noted. A high-end model, Xbox One X, was unveiled in June 2017 and released in November; it features upgraded hardware specifications, and support for rendering games at 4K resolution.", "Subnautica. At launch, the game received generally positive reviews. Metacritic calculated an average score of 87 out of 100 based on 27 reviews for the Windows version.[15]", "Xbox. On June 13, 2016, Microsoft announced the Xbox One S, a slimmer version of the Xbox One, at E3 2016.[28]", "Xbox. Additional information on the Xbox One Kinect was released on June 6, 2013, including information on how to turn off the \"always on\" feature.[75]", "Subnautica. The game received a positive pre-release reception. Ian Birnbaum of PC Gamer described Subnautica as an \"underwater Minecraft\", remarking that \"with an experienced developer at the helm and a limitless variety of the oceans to play with, it's going to take a lot for Subnautica to go badly wrong. As the toolbox gets deeper and the shape of the end-game gets set, Subnautica will be a unique example of the ways survival can be tense, rewarding, and fun.\"[4] Marsh Davies of Rock, Paper, Shotgun praised the rewarding nature of exploring the world of Subnautica, but criticized the \"arbitrariness\" and lack of intuition in some of the in-game recipes.[16]", "Xbox Game Pass. On January 23, 2018, Microsoft announced an expansion of Game Pass that would see first-party titles arrive on the catalog day-and-date with the retail release of the game.[5] Sea of Thieves will be the first new title to appear on Game Pass on its retail launch date, March 20, 2018.[5] Crackdown 3 and State of Decay 2 will also be added upon launch, although their launch dates were not announced at the time, and future releases in existing Microsoft franchises, such as Halo and Gears of War, will also be added upon their release.[5]", "The Long Dark. An alpha version was released through Steam Early Access in September 2014.[3] The alpha version was later launched on the Xbox One as one of the first two launch titles associated with Microsoft's Game Preview Program in June 2015. Early reviews of the alpha release were generally positive, and the game went on to sell around 750,000 copies by April 2016.[4] It was officially released on all aforementioned platforms on August 1, 2017, as well as for PlayStation 4.[5] A film adaptation has been confirmed to be in the works.", "Microsoft Edge. Second public release and initial release on Xbox One", "Xbox One system software. On March 29, 2017, an update was released to the public. Known as the Creators Update to coincide with the PC version, released a few weeks later on April 6, 2017. It was released to Xbox Insiders in late February 2017 for testing and evaluation. The Creators Update featured a number of updates, including a refreshed homepage design, new guide design, new video and screenshot capture controls as well as a new game streaming service called Beam. Accessibility was also improved by a new feature called Microsoft Co-Pilot that allows users with physical impairments to 'hook' up a second controller to allow a friend to assist them with controls.[61] Tapping the Xbox Guide button no longer takes the user back to their home screen, but instead opens the guide. This represents a significant design paradigm shift compared to older releases.", "Eighth generation of video game consoles. The Xbox One was released in North America, Europe, and Australia on November 22, 2013, at a launch price of US$499.99, €499 and A$599 respectively with Japan, and was later released in 26 other markets in 2014.", "Xbox One. Xbox One S is available in 500 GB, 1 TB, and \"special edition\" 2 TB models, which originally retailed at US$299, $349, and $399 respectively. The 2 TB model was released on August 2, 2016,[224][233] and 1 TB and 500 GB models were released on August 23, 2016.[234] and a Gears of War 4 special edition was also released.[235] On June 11, 2017, Microsoft lowered the prices of the 500 GB Battlefield 1 and 1 TB Forza Horizon 3 Xbox One S console bundles by US$50.[236] At Gamescom 2017, Microsoft unveiled a 1 TB Minecraft limited edition, with a grass block-themed hardware and a Creeper-themed controller.[237]", "Xbox. Phil Spencer, head of Xbox, announced Project Scorpio at E3 2016 on June 13, 2016, an addition to the Xbox One family, saying it would release in Holiday 2017.[29] At E3 2017, Microsoft revealed the final name of the console to be Xbox One X, and that it would start shipping worldwide on November 7, 2017 for a final retail price of $499.[30]", "Jurassic World Evolution. The game is scheduled for a digital release for PC, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on 12 June 2018,[19] coinciding with the theatrical release of the film's sequel, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom.[14] Physical copies of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One version are scheduled for release on 3 July 2018.[19]", "God of War: Ascension. At Sony's 2012 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) press conference, the North American release date was confirmed as March 12, 2013. A single-player demo was shown, revealing new gameplay mechanics and combat systems.[52] An encounter with the sea monster Charybdis was included in the demo, but this sequence was cut from the final game. Charybdis was recast as the creature that Alecto transforms into during the final fight of the game.[53] The same day, Papy confirmed on PlayStation.Blog that a collector's edition of the game would be released. He said Ascension was being developed to feature stereoscopic 3D,[2] but it was ultimately cut.[49] At gamescom 2012, new multiplayer footage was shown, followed by the announcement of a multiplayer beta.[20]", "List of Xbox games compatible with Xbox One. On June 11, 2017, backward compatibility with supported Xbox games was announced to be in the works for Xbox One. The following is a list of all Xbox games compatible with the Xbox One under this functionality.", "Kinect. A standalone Kinect for Xbox One, bundled with a digital copy of Dance Central Spotlight, was released on October 7, 2014.[88]", "Xbox Live. As of December 16, 2017, Xbox Live is currently available in 42 countries/territories:[97]", "Xbox One. The console was publicly unveiled under the name Xbox One on May 21, 2013 in a press conference designed to cover the unit's broad multimedia and social capabilities.[23][24][25] A second press event for the console was held during E3 2013, focusing on its video game-oriented functionality.[26] At that time, Microsoft announced that the console would be released in 21 different markets on November 22, 2013, but this was later amended down to 13.[27][28] The change, which pushed the release date for the other eight markets to 2014, was attributed to unforeseen complexity in localizing the device's voice recognition capabilities.[29] Later, in September 2014, the Xbox One was released in 26 markets, including remaining markets in Europe, the Japanese market, and Middle Eastern markets.[27][28][30][31][32]", "Xbox. Announced on May 21, 2013,[17] the Xbox One now has a large emphasis on internet-based features; including the ability to record and stream gameplay, and the ability to integrate with a set-top box to watch cable or satellite TV through the console with an enhanced guide interface and Kinect-based voice control.[18][19][20][21]", "Ark: Survival Evolved. The game was initially released through Steam Early Access for Microsoft Windows on June 2, 2015,[7] shortly before the theatrical release of Jurassic World later that month. Rapczak said that the game's release was scheduled to take advantage of the \"dino fever\" that was present with the film's imminent release.[14] The game subsequently received an Early Access release for Linux and OS X on July 1, 2015,[11] and through the Xbox Game Preview Program for Xbox One on December 16, 2015;[15] a PlayStation 4 version was released on December 6, 2016.[16] The final game launched in August 2017;[16] it was originally intended for release in June 2016,[11] but was delayed in April.[17] The game launched with support for Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR,[7] and the Xbox One version was released via the ID@Xbox program.[11] Android and iOS versions were released on June 14, 2018,[18] and a Nintendo Switch version is due in late 2018.[19]", "PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds. Titled \"Game Preview Edition\", the early access version for the Xbox One was released on December 12, 2017 in both digital and physical formats.[64][65][66] To promote it, Microsoft performed real-life supply crate drops in Australia in the week prior, with the crates containing Xbox hardware, Battlegrounds merchandise, and other goods, using passcodes published alongside the drop locations on social media.[67] The Xbox version also includes Xbox-specific in-game cosmetic items, some which could be purchased directly rather than through in-game crates.[68]", "7 Days to Die. In April 2016, the game was announced for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was published by Telltale Publishing and released in June and July 2016.[23]" ]

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[ "Photo booth. The modern concept of photo booth with (later) a curtain originated with Anatol Josepho (previously Josephewitz), who had arrived in the U.S. from Russia in 1923.[1] with the first photo booth appearing 1925 on Broadway in New York City. For 25 cents, the booth took, developed and printed 8 photos, a process taking roughly 10 minutes. In the first six months after the booth was erected, it was used by 280,000 people. The Photomaton Company was created to place booths nationwide. On March 27, 1927, Josepho was paid $1 million and guaranteed future royalties for his invention.[2]", "Photo booth. Photo sticker booths or photo sticker machines originated from Japan, are a special type of photo booth that produce photo stickers. Still maintaining huge popularity in Japan, they have spread throughout Asia to Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, China, Vietnam, and Thailand. They have also been imported to Australia. Some have also begun appearing in the United States and Canada although they failed to make any impression in Europe when introduced in the mid 1990s.[citation needed]", "Storyboard. Photomatix was also the trademarked name of many of the booths found in public places which took photographs by coin operation. The Photomatic brand of the booths was manufactured by the International Mutoscope Reel Company of New York City. Earlier versions took only one photo per coin, and later versions of the booths took a series of photos. Many of the booths would produce a strip of four photos in exchange for a coin.", "Photophone. The Photophone Centenary commemoration had first been proposed by electronics researcher and writer Forrest M. Mims, who suggested it to Dr. Melville Bell Grosvenor, the inventor's grandson, during a visit to his office at the National Geographic Society. The historic grouping later observed the centennial of the photophone's first successful laboratory transmission by using Mims hand-made demonstration photophone, which functioned similar to Bell and Tainter's model.[19][Note 1]", "Photo booth. In Japan, purikura (プリクラ) refers to a photo sticker booth or the product of such a photo booth. The name is a shortened form of the registered trademark Purinto Kurabu (プリント倶楽部). The term derives from the English print club. Jointly developed by Atlus and Sega, the first purikura machines were sold in July 1995.[3] The purikura machines were developed in response to young women's interest in both photography and stickers.[4]", "Photo booth. As digital cameras, compact photo printers, and flat screen computer monitors became widely available in the early 2000s, people connected these together using a personal computer and software and created their own photo booths. Entrepreneurs began renting machines built along these lines at weddings and parties and the idea spread.[8] From 2005 to 2012, interest in the United States for photo booth rentals grew significantly. By 2016 more people were searching for photo booth rentals than DJ rentals in 15 of North America's largest cities.[9] Photo booth rentals have also become popular in other countries such as Canada, Australia, and the UK.[8] So far in 2016 there is an average of 226,000 monthly searches for a photo booth globally, this has risen by 48.9% since 2015 (In the UK alone this is nearly 20,000 searches a month) [10]", "Photo booth. The patent for the first automated photography machine was filed in 1888 by William Pope and Edward Poole of Baltimore. The first known really working photographic machine was a product of the French inventor T. E. Enjalbert (March 1889). It was shown at the 1889 World's Fair in Paris. The German-born photographer Mathew Steffens from Chicago filed a patent for such a machine in May 1889. These early machines were not reliable enough to be self-sufficient. The first commercially successful automatic photographic apparatus was the \"Bosco\" from inventor Conrad Bernitt of Hamburg (patented July 16, 1890). All of these early machines produced ferrotypes. The first photographic automate with negative and positive process was invented by Carl Sasse (1896) of Germany.", "Vending machine. A photo booth is a vending machine or modern kiosk that contains an automated, usually coin-operated, camera and film processor.[16][17] Today, the vast majority of photo booths are digital.[17] Traditionally, photo booths contain a seat or bench designed to seat the one or two patrons being photographed. The seat is typically surrounded by a curtain of some sort to allow for some privacy and help avoid outside interference during the photo session. Once the payment is made, the photo booth will take a series of photographs and the customer is then provided with prints. Older photo booth vending machines used film and involved the process of developing the film using liquid chemicals.", "Photo booth. A photo booth is a vending machine or modern kiosk that contains an automated, usually coin-operated, camera and film processor. Today, the vast majority of photo booths are digital.", "Photo identification. Photo identification cards appear to have been first used at the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The Scottish-born Canadian photographer William Notman, through his affiliated business, Centennial Photographic Co., which had exclusive photographic concession at the exhibition, introduced a photo identification system that was required for all exhibitors and employees of the exhibition. The innovation was known as a \"photographic ticket\".[3]", "Photophone. The photophone is a telecommunications device that allows transmission of speech on a beam of light. It was invented jointly by Alexander Graham Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter on February 19, 1880, at Bell's laboratory at 1325 L Street in Washington, D.C.[1][2] Both were later to become full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association, created and financed by Bell.", "Georges Méliès. In September 1896, Méliès, Lucien Korsten, and Lucien Reulos patented the Kinètographe Robert-Houdin, a cast iron camera-projector, which Méliès referred to as his \"coffee grinder\" and \"machine gun\" because of the noise that it made. By 1897 technology had caught up and better cameras were put on sale in Paris, leading Méliès to discard his own camera and purchase several better cameras made by Gaumont, the Lumières, and Pathé.[7]", "Photophone. Because the device used radiant energy, the French scientist Ernest Mercadier suggested that the invention should not be named 'photophone', but 'radiophone', as its mirrors reflected the Sun's radiant energy in multiple bands including the invisible infrared band.[14] Bell used the name for a while but it should not be confused with the later invention \"radiophone\" which used radio waves.[15]", "Alexander Graham Bell. Bell and his assistant Charles Sumner Tainter jointly invented a wireless telephone, named a photophone, which allowed for the transmission of both sounds and normal human conversations on a beam of light.[136][137] Both men later became full associates in the Volta Laboratory Association.", "Photophone. On February 19, 1880 the pair had managed to make a functional photophone in their new laboratory by attaching a set of metallic gratings to a diaphragm, with a beam of light being interrupted by the gratings movement in response to spoken sounds. When the modulated light beam fell upon their selenium receiver Bell, on his headphones, was able to clearly hear Tainter singing Auld Lang Syne.[18]", "Photophone. Bell believed the photophone was his most important invention. Of the 18 patents granted in Bell's name alone, and the 12 he shared with his collaborators, four were for the photophone, which Bell referred to as his \"greatest achievement\", telling a reporter shortly before his death that the photophone was \"the greatest invention [I have] ever made, greater than the telephone\".[7][8]", "Photo booth. Traditionally, photo booths contain a seat or bench designed to seat the one or two patrons being photographed. The seat is typically surrounded by a curtain of some sort to allow for some privacy and help avoid outside interference during the photo session. Once the payment is made, the photo booth will take a series of photographs, although most modern booths may only take a single photograph and print out a series of identical pictures.[citation needed] Before each photograph, there will be an indication, such as a light or a buzzer, that will signal the patron to prepare their pose. After the last photograph in the series (typically between 3 and 8) has been taken, the photo booth begins developing the film — a process that used to take several minutes in the old \"wet chemistry\" booths, but is now typically accomplished in about 30 seconds with digital technology. The prints are then delivered to the customer. Typical dimensions of these prints vary. The classic and most familiar arrangement from the old style photo booths is four pictures on a strip about 40 mm wide by 205 mm long; digital prints tend to have a square arrangement of two images above two images.", "Photo booth. Apart from traditional photo printing, modern photo booths may also include the following new functions:[7]", "Punch and Judy. The mobile puppet booth of the late 18th- and early 19th-century Punch and Judy glove-puppet show was originally covered in checked bed ticking or whatever inexpensive cloth might come to hand. Later Victorian booths were gaudier affairs, particularly those used for Christmas parties and other indoor performances. In the 20th century, however, red-and-white-striped puppet booths became iconic features on the beaches of many English seaside and summer holiday resorts. Such striped cloth is the most common covering today, wherever the show might be performed.", "History of film technology. Another, more successful apparatus was invented by the Scottish inventor and employee of Thomas Alva Edison, W. K. L. Dickson. His camera, called the Kinetograph, was patented in 1891 and took a series of instantaneous photographs on standard Eastman Kodak photographic emulsion coated on to a transparent celluloid strip 35 mm wide. The celluloid blocks were thinly sliced, then removed with heated pressure plates. After this, they were coated with a photosensitive gelatin emulsion.[citation needed]", "Photophone. However at the time of their February 1880 breakthrough, Bell was immensely proud of the achievement, to the point that he wanted to name his new second daughter \"Photophone\", which was subtly discouraged by his wife Mabel Bell (they instead chose \"Marian\", with \"Daisy\" as her nickname).[22] He wrote somewhat enthusiastically:[4][23]", "Magic lantern. The magic lantern can be seen as a further development of the Camera Obscura. This is a natural phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (or for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. It was known at least since the 5th century BCE and experimented with in darkened rooms at least since circa 1000 CE. The use of a lens in the hole has been traced back to circa 1550. The portable camera obscura box with a lens was developed in the 17th century. Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel is thought to have sold one to Dutch poet, composer and diplomat Constantijn Huygens in 1622,[10] while the oldest known clear description of a box-type camera is in German Jesuit scientist Gaspar Schott's 1657 book Magia universalis naturæ et artis.", "Photo booth. Photo booth rental companies allow a person to rent a photo booth for a short period of time (usually in hours) for a fee. Photo booth rentals have become popular in the United States primarily for wedding receptions, sweet sixteen parties, Bar and Bat Mitzvah parties, along with a growing number of other public and private events. In addition to the photo booth and the printing of unlimited photo strips, rental companies usually include a photo booth attendant to service the photo booth and to help guests construct the guest book of photo strips. Online image hosting, compact disks containing the images and related merchandise are readily available. Celebrities are frequent users of photo booths in parties,[5][6]", "The Smallest Show on Earth. The New York Times called it \"a little package of nonsense...populated by wonderfully wacky characters...Margaret Rutherford's cashier, Peter Sellers' projectionist and Bernard Miles' doorman are gems\";[8] Leonard Maltin noted a \"Charming, often hilarious comedy\";[3] and the Radio Times wrote, \"In praise of fleapits everywhere, this charming comedy will bring back happy memories for anyone who pines for the days when going to the pictures meant something more than being conveyor-belted in and out of a soulless multiplex...The cast alone makes the movie a must-see, and the sequence in which projectionist Peter Sellers, pianist Margaret Rutherford and doorman Bernard Miles relive the glories of the silent era is adorable.\"[9]", "History of photography. French balloonist/professor/inventor Jacques Charles is believed to have captured fleeting negative photograms of silhouettes on light sensitive paper at the start of the 19th century, prior to Westwood. Charles died in 1823 without documenting the process, but purportedly demonstrated it in his lectures at the Louvre. It was not publicized until François Arago mentioned it at his introduction of the details of the Daguerreotupe to the world in 1839. He later wrote that the first idea of fixing the images of the camera obscura or the solar microscope with chemical substances belonged to Charles. Later historians probably only built on Arago's information and much later the unsupported year 1780 was attached to it.[19] Since Arago indicated the first years of the 19th century and a date prior to Wedgwood's process published in 1802, this would mean that Charles' demonstrations took place in 1800 or 1801 - assuming Arago was this accurate almost 40 years later.", "Selfie. The debut of the portable Kodak Brownie box camera in 1900 led to photographic self-portraiture becoming a more widespread technique. The method was usually by mirror and stabilizing the camera either on a nearby object or on a tripod while framing via a viewfinder at the top of the box.[6] Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, at the age of 13, was one of the first teenagers to take her own picture using a mirror to send to a friend in 1914. In the letter that accompanied the photograph, she wrote, \"I took this picture of myself looking at the mirror. It was very hard as my hands were trembling.\"[7]", "Photophone. Although Bell Telephone researchers made several modest incremental improvements on Bell and Tainter's design, Marconi's radio transmissions started to far surpass the maximum range of the photophone as early as 1897[8] and further development of the photophone was largely arrested until German-Austrian experiments began at the turn of the 20th century.", "Photophone. On March 3, 1947, the centenary of Alexander Graham Bell's birth, the Telephone Pioneers of America dedicated a historical marker on the side of one of the buildings, the Franklin School, which Bell and Sumner Tainter used for their first formal trial involving a considerable distance. Tainter had originally stood on the roof of the school building and transmitted to Bell at the window of his laboratory. The marker did not acknowledge Tainter's scientific and engineering contributions.[original research?]", "Punch and Judy. The show is performed by a single puppeteer inside the booth, known since Victorian times as a \"professor\" or \"punchman\", and assisted sometimes by a \"bottler\" who corrals the audience outside the booth, introduces the performance, and collects the money (\"the bottle\"). The bottler might also play accompanying music or sound effects on a drum or guitar, and engage in back chat with the puppets, sometimes repeating lines that may have been difficult for the audience to understand. In Victorian times, the drum and pan pipes were the instruments of choice. Today, the audience is also encouraged to participate, calling out to the characters on the stage to warn them of danger or clue them in to what is going on behind their backs. Also nowadays, most professors work solo, since the need for a bottler became less important when busking with the show gave way to paid engagements at private parties or public events.", "P. T. Barnum. Phineas Taylor Barnum (July 5, 1810 – April 7, 1891) was an American showman, politician and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus (1871–2017).[1] Although Barnum was also an author, publisher, philanthropist, and for some time a politician, he said of himself, \"I am a showman by profession...and all the gilding shall make nothing else of me,\"[2] and his personal aim was \"to put money in his own coffers.\"[2] Barnum is widely, but erroneously, credited with coining the phrase \"There's a sucker born every minute.\"[3]", "Punch and Judy. Punch was extremely popular in Paris and, by the end of the 18th century, he was also playing in Britain's American colonies, where even George Washington bought tickets for a show. However, marionette productions were expensive and cumbersome to mount and transport, presented in empty halls, the back rooms of taverns, or within large tents at England's yearly agricultural events at Bartholomew Fair and Mayfair. In the latter half of the 18th century, marionette companies began to give way to glove-puppet shows, performed from within a narrow, lightweight booth by one puppeteer, usually with an assistant, or \"bottler,\" to gather a crowd and collect money. These shows might travel through country towns or move from corner to corner along busy London streets, giving many performances in a single day. The character of Punch adapted to the new format, going from a stringed comedian who might say outrageous things to a more aggressive glove-puppet who could do outrageous—and often violent—things to the other characters. About this time, Punch's wife's name changed from \"Joan\" to \"Judy.\"", "Camera obscura. At the end of the 13th century, Arnaldus de Villa Nova is credited with using a camera obscura to project live performances for entertainment.[31][32]" ]

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[ "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). While original scores are used throughout episodes, another important aspect of the series' music is the use of classic rock, over which creator Eric Kripke threatened to quit when the network would not allow its inclusion. Most of the songs are from Kripke's private collection, although one of his favorite bands—Led Zeppelin—is too expensive to use. Some episode titles are references to Led Zeppelin songs.[42] The series has featured such bands as Blue Öyster Cult, Bad Company, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Rush, Boston, Triumph and AC/DC on more than one occasion. Multiple songs are usually used throughout each episode, and accompany \"The Road So Far\" sequences before select episodes that highlight a montage of past events. Although Kripke prefers to keep a fine line between the score and songs used, sometimes Lennertz and Gruska are required to write short sections of rock-like music to fill 15-to-20-second gaps, as it would be too costly to acquire song rights. On the last episode of every season except the first, the song \"Carry On Wayward Son\" by Kansas is played at the beginning.[43]", "Kansas (band). \"Carry On Wayward Son\" has been covered by many artists. It was included on soundtracks for the following movies and television shows: Anchorman: The Legend of Ron Burgundy, Family Guy, Gentlemen Broncos, Happy Gilmore, Heroes (1977), Scrubs, South Park (\"Guitar Queer-o\" episode), King of the Hill (\"My Own Private Rodeo\"), Strangers with Candy (\"Yes You Can't\"), Supernatural (during the intro for each season finale), and Supernatural: The Anime Series (as the ending for each episode). It was also featured in the video games Grand Theft Auto V, Guitar Hero II, Guitar Hero Smash Hits, Rock Band 2, and Rock Band Unplugged.", "Carry On Wayward Son. The 7-inch single has been certified gold by the RIAA. This version was a much shorter version of the song, edited down to 3:26, a version that was also the band's only single to chart in the UK, reaching No. 51 there.[5] All initial releases of the single had a B-side of \"Questions of My Childhood\". The song was later re-released on all Kansas compilation albums (except for Works in Progress) and all Kansas live albums.", "Carry On Wayward Son. \"Carry On Wayward Son\" is a single recorded by Kansas and written by Kerry Livgren for their 1976 album Leftoverture. In 1977, the song peaked at No. 11 on the US Billboard Hot 100, becoming their first top 20 entry in the nation.[3] The song was certified Gold by the RIAA on December 18, 1990,[4] and has also sold over 2 million downloads in the digital era.[not verified in body]", "Carry On Wayward Son. This song is 96th on VH1's 100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs.[6]", "Supernatural (season 1). In addition to the score, the series makes use of rock songs, with most being selected from Kripke's private collection.[82] Among the many bands featured in the first season are AC/DC, Blue Öyster Cult, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Lynyrd Skynyrd, and Bad Company. Rock songs are also usually featured in \"The Road So Far\" montages at the beginning of select episodes that recap previous events. This was first done with the episode \"Salvation\", in which the entire season was recapped to Kansas' \"Carry On Wayward Son\", with the subsequent episode—the season finale—using Triumph's \"Fight the Good Fight\".", "Night Moves (album). \"Night Moves\" was used in an episode of Supernatural in which Sam and Dean sing along to the radio.", "Steve Walsh (musician). Steve Walsh (born June 15, 1951) is an American musician, singer and songwriter best known for his work as a member of the progressive rock band Kansas. He retired from the band in 2014[1] He sings lead on four of Kansas' best-known hits: \"Carry On Wayward Son,\" \"Dust in the Wind\", \"Point of Know Return\", and \"All I Wanted\", the last two of which he also co-wrote.", "Greg Reeves. In consultation with other band members, Stephen Stills fired Reeves from the group in April 1970 \"because [he] suddenly decided he was an Apache witch doctor.\"[9] Stills further opined that Reeves \"freaked too much on the bass and no one could keep up because [he] did not play one rhythm the same… he could play bass imaginatively, but he has to be predictable as well\", while Reeves also wanted to sing some of his songs during CSN&Y shows, which Stills thought \"was ludicrous, only because the songs weren't great. We'll sing any song if it's great, but not just because it happens to be written by our bass player.\"[2][9] Dallas Taylor (who seldom fraternized with Reeves and was dismissed from the group a month later at the instigation of Neil Young) later noted that while the bassist and Stills did not get along, Reeves and Young were good friends. Following Reeves' termination, Young defied his bandmates and continued to collaborate with Reeves.[1][2] Reeves has alleged that the \"bass hook\" of one of his songs was appropriated by Stills for the main riff of \"Carry On\"; heeding the advice of James, he demurred from pursuing the issue after receiving a profit point on Déjà Vu.[2] Although he has conceded that \"[the band] thought I was trying to put spells on them\" due to his trenchant interest in Native American shamanism, Reeves ultimately ascribed his termination to \"Stills [having] a problem with himself, just dealing with himself.\"[2]", "Handbags and Gladrags. Both vocal versions feature the vocal performance of Waysted vocalist Fin Muir.", "Carry On Screaming!. Carry On Screaming was the second film in the series to have a sung main title theme - and the last until Carry On Emmanuelle in 1978. The theme song \"Carry On Screaming\" (film version only) was credited as \"Anon\" and was thought to have been sung by Jim Dale who appears in the film. The singer is actually Ray Pilgrim, a session singer who sang for the Embassy label. A vinyl 45 rpm version of the song was also released in 1966 (Columbia DB 7972) by vocalist Boz Burrell, before he became bassist for the bands King Crimson and Bad Company.", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). On June 20, 2017, it was announced that Wayward Sisters, a spin-off series starring Kim Rhodes as Sheriff Jody Mills, was being developed by Supernatural writer-producers Andrew Dabb and Robert Berens, along with Robert Singer and Phil Sgriccia. The spin-off debuted as a backdoor pilot during the thirteenth season of Supernatural.[181] In May 2018, it was confirmed that the series was not picked up.[182]", "Waylon Payne. Waylon Malloy Payne (born April 5, 1972) is an American country singer, songwriter, musician and actor. He is the son of the country singer Sammi Smith.", "Andraé Crouch. Andraé Edward Crouch (July 1, 1942 – January 8, 2015) was an American gospel singer, songwriter, arranger, record producer and pastor. Referred to as \"the father of modern gospel music\" by contemporary Christian and gospel music professionals,[1] Crouch was known for his compositions \"The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power\", \"My Tribute (To God Be the Glory)\" and \"Soon and Very Soon\". In secular music, he was known for his collaborative work during the 1980s and 1990s with Stevie Wonder, Elton John and Quincy Jones as well as conducting choirs that sang on the Michael Jackson hit \"Man in the Mirror\" and Madonna's \"Like a Prayer\".[2] Crouch was noted for his talent of incorporating contemporary secular music styles into the gospel music he grew up with. His efforts in this area helped pave the way for early American contemporary Christian music during the 1960s and 1970s.[3]", "Kansas (band). Kansas is an American rock band that became popular in the 1970s initially on album-oriented rock charts and later with hit singles such as \"Carry On Wayward Son\" and \"Dust in the Wind\".[3] The band has produced eight gold albums, three multi-platinum albums (Leftoverture, Point of Know Return, The Best of Kansas), one platinum live album (Two for the Show) and a million-selling single, \"Dust in the Wind\". Kansas appeared on the Billboard charts for over 200 weeks throughout the 1970s and 1980s and played to sold-out arenas and stadiums throughout North America, Europe and Japan. \"Carry On Wayward Son\" was the second-most-played track on US classic rock radio in 1995 and No. 1 in 1997.[4]", "Supernatural (U.S. TV series). The writers eventually wanted to flesh out the concept of hunters, resulting in the introduction of many new characters.[113] Actor Jim Beaver makes his first appearance as Bobby Singer, an old family friend of the Winchesters, at the end of the first season. Becoming a sort of surrogate father to Sam and Dean after their father's death,[31] the character acts as their mentor and foremost point of contact before his departure in the seventh season. Other hunters appear in the second season with the introduction of Harvelle's Roadhouse, a saloon frequented by hunters. It is owned by Ellen Harvelle (played by Samantha Ferris), whose late husband was a friend of John Winchester. Working alongside her mother is Jo Harvelle (played by Alona Tal). Also present is the computer guy Ash (played by Chad Lindberg), who uses his vast computer skills to track the paranormal. Tal was eventually written out of the series, and believes the reason to be that the producers felt she looked like Sam and Dean's \"14-year-old sister\".[114] Kripke claims the character was incorrectly conceived, and also cites poor fan reaction for her removal.[115] Also, the character of Ash is killed off in the second-season finale with the destruction of the Roadhouse. Ellen was meant to return in the third season, but the episode had to be scrapped due to the writer's strike.[116] The writers intended for her to be featured in the third-season finale,[117] but Ferris declined because the deal offered to her was not acceptable, as \"It could cost [her] money and work\".[118] However, both actresses returned as Jo and Ellen in the fifth season.", "Supernatural (season 8). Ty Olsson was cast as Benny, a dark and dangerous vampire who helps Ackles' character Dean Winchester escape from Purgatory,[11] where he ended up at the end of the seventh season. Olsson previously appeared in Supernatural as the vampire Eli in the second season episode \"Bloodlust\". Liane Balaban was cast as Amelia, a love interest to Jared Padalecki's character Sam Winchester.[49] Amanda Tapping appears in seven episodes as the angel Naomi, described as being different from any other angel to have appeared in the series so far.[12] Even though Khaira Ledeyo played the role of Kevin's mother in the seventh season, Lauren Tom was cast in the role for season eight.[17] DJ Qualls returned as the hunter Garth in \"Southern Comfort\".[8] Felicia Day returned as hacker Charlie Bradbury in \"LARP and the Real Girl\" and \"Pac-Man Fever\".[16] Jon Gries returned as Martin Creaser, a hunter and old friend of the Winchesters, in \"Citizen Fang\", he previously appeared in the fifth season episode \"Sam, Interrupted\".[18] Jim Beaver reprised his role as Bobby Singer in \"Taxi Driver\".", "Can't Fight This Feeling. It was referred to in The CW show Supernatural, in season 2 episode 5, \"Simon Said\". Jo Harvelle turns this song on for Dean Winchester in Harvelle's Roadhouse. Later, he sings it in the car (claiming the song had stuck in his head to a very confused Sam Winchester).[8]\nIt was also featured in the South Park episode \"Miss Teacher Bangs a Boy\", and the musical Rock of Ages.", "Voyage of the Damned (Doctor Who). Composer Murray Gold, arranger Ben Foster, and singer Yamit Mamo make cameo appearances as part of the ship's band.[11][16] Mamo, primarily a soul singer, was approached by Gold after his friends saw her performing, and she unconditionally accepted his offer.[2] She performed the songs \"My Angel Put the Devil in Me\" and \"The Stowaway\" on the third series soundtrack.[2][11] The latter was specifically composed for this episode and was recorded in September 2007 at AIR Studios in London. The song features everyone who was present in the studios during recording as backing vocals. \"The Stowaway\" continues the tradition of a Christmas song from \"The Christmas Invasion\" (\"Song for Ten\") and \"The Runaway Bride\" (\"Love Don't Roam\"). The song was influenced by Irish folk music, and contrasts the upbeat \"under deck\" feeling with melancholy lyrics about unrequited love. The episode features a new version of the theme tune during its credits, comparable to Peter Howell's version from the 1980s, which contains a new bass line, drums, and piano.[11]", "Andraé Crouch. Crouch's first group musical effort was formed in 1960 as the Church of God in Christ Singers. The group included future recording artist and session musician Billy Preston on keyboards[5] and was the first to record Crouch's song \"The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power\". The song's popularity grew following the initial 1969 recording, becoming a standard in churches and hymnals worldwide.[3] While attending Valley Junior College in the San Fernando Valley to become a teacher, he formed gospel music group \"The Disciples\" in 1965 with fellow musicians Perry Morgan, Reuben Fernandez, and Bili Thedford.[10] The group became a frequent attraction at \"Monday Night Sing\" concerts in southern California put on by Audrey Mieir, a Christian minister and music composer who frequently sponsored new Christian music groups.[9] Following Mieir's introduction of Crouch to Manna Music Publishing's founders Tim and Hal Spencer, Manna published Crouch's song \"The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power\", written when he was 15 years old. The Spencers helped launch Crouch's recording career by introducing them to Light Records founder and prolific Christian songwriter Ralph Carmichael. After the addition of Sherman Andrus to The Disciples, Light Records recorded and released the group's first album, Take the Message Everywhere, in 1968.[11] Following the group's first album release, Crouch's twin sister, Sandra, joined The Disciples in 1970 after Fernandez' departure. Two more albums would follow, Keep On Singin' and Soulfully, before a major change in the group's lineup in 1972.[citation needed]", "DC Talk. Supernatural, released in 1998, was their last all-new studio album. Upon release, the album overtook Jesus Freak to set a new record for the highest first week sales for a Christian release.[6] It debuted at No. 4 on the Billboard 200 charts, a feat for a Christian rock album.[7] Supernatural abandoned the hip hop/rap style found on the group's earlier releases to settle for the pop/rock sound.[7] The group has stated in The Supernatural Experience video that this album was different; it was a collaborative effort of all three members.[7] The songs \"Consume Me\", \"Into Jesus\", \"Red Letters\", and \"My Friend (So Long)\" received their fair share of radio play on Modern Rock, Contemporary Christian, and Alternative outlets. The group then embarked on a 60-city tour across the United States titled, The Supernatural Experience. Footage from the tour was combined with interviews and released as The Supernatural Experience video and was certified gold for long form video.[1]", "Kansas (band). Kansas released its fourth album, Leftoverture, in October 1976, which produced a hit single, \"Carry On Wayward Son\", in 1977. The follow-up, Point of Know Return, recorded at Studio in the Country and Woodland Sound in Nashville and released in October 1977, featured the title track and \"Dust in the Wind\", both hit singles. Leftoverture was a breakthrough for the band, hitting No. 5 on Billboard's pop album chart. Point of Know Return peaked even higher, at No. 4. Leftoverture and Point each sold over four million copies in the U.S. Both \"Carry On Wayward Son\" and \"Dust in the Wind\" were certified gold singles, selling over one million units each. \"Dust in the Wind\" was certified gold as a digital download by the RIAA in 2005, almost 30 years after selling one million copies as a single. Leftoverture was eventually certified five-times platinum by the RIAA in 2001.", "Carry On up the Charts. Released at a time when the group's album sales had been waning, it proved to be a surprise success.[2] The album reached no. 1 on the UK Albums Chart on 3 December 1994 and went on to become the second biggest selling album of 1994. By the summer of 1995 it was certified as 5x platinum in the UK.[2] Such was the album's popularity, it was claimed that one in seven British households owned a copy.[3]", "Bobby Singer. Although he initially helps the Winchesters in Season 7 in their struggle against the Leviathans—God's original creations, trapped for millennia in Purgatory until they were unintentionally released by Castiel—despite the destruction of his house, even determining their new foes' vulnerability to the chemical Borax, Bobby is eventually shot in the head by Dick Roman in \"How to Win Friends and Influence Monsters\". He spends the next episode, \"Death's Door\", in a coma, trying to reawaken to reveal the Leviathan's plot. Despite efforts to save him, Bobby flatlines from his injuries; his last word being \"idjits\" (sic, idiots) to Sam and Dean after passing on a sequence of numbers. The episode ends with a reaper asking Bobby if he is going to become a ghost or move on to the afterlife. It's indicated that he stayed as a ghost to help the boys as there have been times since his death when the information they need inexplicably makes itself known to them, but they were initially unable to confirm or deny Bobby's possible presence. During \"Party On, Garth,\" Sam reveals that he tried to use a talking board to contact him if he is still around, but received no response. However, Garth registers high readings on an EMF detector around Bobby's old flask, and when Dean needed a sword to slay a shojo, it inexplicably slid across the ground to him, leading him to believe that Bobby had helped him. At the end of the episode, Bobby's spirit can be seen in the brother's motel room, and he is annoyed when Dean comes in, looks right at him, and does not see him, instead grabbing his flask.", "Gary Holton. The show was revived in 2002 with the original writers and all of the surviving cast members. The gap in the line-up left by Holton was filled by Wyman, Wayne's illegitimate son, played by Noel Clarke.", "On My Way (Glee). The only song that was given a strongly enthusiastic reception was \"Cough Syrup\", which was sung by Blaine (Darren Criss) and used to soundtrack the Karofsky suicide sequence. The other songs, all performances for the Regionals competition, received a mixture of reviews. Five of the six singles released from this episode charted on both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Billboard Canadian Hot 100; the mash-up of \"Fly\" and \"I Believe I Can Fly\" performed by New Directions charted the highest in the US, while \"What Doesn't Kill You (Stronger)\" performed by the Troubletones as part of the New Directions set charted the best of the five in Canada.", "Miracles (Jefferson Starship song). In 2011, in the TV series Supernatural (S06E19: \"Mommy Dearest\").", "Andraé Crouch. When Andrus left The Disciples to join The Imperials he was replaced by singer Danniebelle Hall. More musicians were being added and the group's membership by the early 70s included Fletch Wiley on trumpet, Harlan Rogers on keyboards, Hadley Hockensmith on guitar, and Bill Maxwell on drums.[9] The group appeared on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson in 1972[9] and to sold out crowds at Carnegie Hall in 1975 and 1979.[12] By 1985 they had also performed at the Hollywood Bowl and toured 68 countries.[citation needed] Crouch's most popular songs from this period include \"The Blood Will Never Lose Its Power\", \"Through It All\", \"Bless His Holy Name\", \"Soon and Very Soon\", \"Jesus is the Answer\", and \"My Tribute\".", "Everybody Plays the Fool. The song was also played during an episode of Supernatural, episode 10 of season 5, \"Abandon All Hope\".", "List of Supernatural characters. In Keep Calm and Carry On, a weakened Lucifer searches for a suitable new vessel chased by Crowley, but keeps burning out the people he's possessing. In Mamma Mia, Lucifer settles on aging rock star Vince Vincente (Rick Springfield) and gains permission by posing as Vince's dead lover. With a new permanent vessel, Lucifer meets with Crowley who works with Rowena in an attempt to force Lucifer from Vince and back into the Cage. However, the effort fails and Crowley flees while Lucifer captures Rowena. In The Foundry, Lucifer attempts to have Rowena make Vince a permanent vessel for him, but she betrays Lucifer and casts a spell that speeds up Vince's decay and banishes Lucifer to the bottom of the ocean. In Rock Never Dies, a pair of amateur Satanists attempt to summon Lucifer who appears in the decaying body of Vince. Lucifer was actually summoned by one of his feathers they had and kills the Satanists then uses the feather to repair his vessel temporarily. Posing as Vince, Lucifer organizes a concert to murder a lot of people and is confronted by the Winchesters, Crowley and Castiel who are unable to defeat him. Lucifer explains to them that he feels that God only made up with him to defeat the Darkness and has abandoned him once more. Lucifer no longer has a plan except to destroy everything he wants and vacates Vince as his body burns out. In LOTUS, Lucifer begins possessing people of influence, ultimately possessing President of the United States Jefferson Rooney. As the President, Lucifer sends the Secret Service after the Winchesters and engages in sex with Rooney's mistress Kelly, resulting in her becoming pregnant with his child. Crowley kidnaps Kelly who tricks Lucifer to a motel where the Winchesters, Castiel, Crowley and Rowena are waiting for him. After using a sigil to weaken Lucifer, Sam activates a device created by the British Men of Letters that can exorcise any angel or demon from their vessel. Despite Lucifer's attempts to resist, he is exorcised from Rooney and Rowena casts a spell that returns Lucifer to his cage.", "List of Supernatural characters. Frank Devereaux, portrayed by Kevin R. McNally, is an expert in counterfeit documents and in avoiding government intelligence. He was first introduced in the sixth episode of the seventh season, \"Slash Fiction\". It's revealed in the eleventh episode, \"Adventures In Babysitting\", that when he was 26, his wife and two children were killed. Sometime after that, he met Bobby Singer, who once saved his life in Port Huron. Frank lives in a run-down, electronics filled house on a little traveled street. He describes himself as 'bi-polar with delusional ideation'.", "Bobby Singer. Robert Steven \"Bobby\" Singer is a fictional character in The CW Television Network's drama/horror television series Supernatural portrayed by Jim Beaver. Named after the show's executive producer, Bobby first appears in the first season finale \"Devil's Trap\". Although Beaver believed his role would merely be a \"one-shot deal\", Bobby has become a recurring character on the series, and is one of the characters who has appeared in every season of the show. The character, a \"rough but warmhearted\" working-class man who hunts supernatural creatures, has evolved over time into a father figure for series protagonists Sam and Dean Winchester. Critics have responded favorably to the character." ]

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[ "Isabella Toscano. Isabella Toscano is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives. The character first appeared on a recurring basis on October 16, 1989, and was portrayed by actress Staci Greason. Greason was put on contract in December 1989.[1] Greason left the show in October 1992, after Isabella died from pancreatic cancer. Greason reappeared later on as Isabella's ghost in 1995, 2000, 2002–03, and most recently in November 2010.", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Isabella Toscano Black (deceased)", "Isabella Toscano. Isabella was born on July 27, 1960, to Loretta Toscano and Ernesto Toscano. She had an older sister, Marina Theresa Toscano.[2] In 1989, Isabella is introduced as an inmate at an asylum. Isabella's sister, Marina (Hunter Tylo) is keeping her locked up against her will. She escapes with the help of Jack Deveraux and she hides away in his loft. Together, Jack and Isabella discover the Toscano family treasure and her mother, Loretta's diary—which Marina has been looking for.", "Isabella Toscano. Returning to Salem, Isabella began a private investigation agency with her new-found brother, Bo Brady, and her relationship with Roman deepened. The couple become engaged and made plans to move in together when Roman's presumed-dead wife, Marlena, returned to Salem. A devastated Isabella assured Roman that she would not stand in the way of rebuilding his marriage with Marlena. However, she began to truly despair when she discovered that she was pregnant with Roman's baby.", "Isabella (The Sopranos). Isabella is the Italian exchange student Tony hallucinates.", "Isabella Toscano. In 1993, Marlena and Roman Brady named their newborn daughter Isabella, nicknamed Belle for short. In a not-unusual daytime plot twist, Marlena discovered that John was the father of Belle, not Roman. Isabella's ghost made several guest appearances: in 1995, as part of Satan's plot, and in 2000, while attempting to save Eric Brady. Later that year, Isabella appeared to John as her former husband prayed for guidance, unsure as how he could best help their angry, now college-age son, Brady. In 2002 and 2003, a ghostly Isabella again appeared to a now calmer Brady, who was struggling with his feelings for Chloe Lane. She also appeared to Brady on several occasions in 2010 while Brady had Vivian Alamain buried alive inside a sarcophagus.", "Isabella Toscano. In the summer of 1990, Isabella became a key figure in the infamous Cruise of Deception storyline when Ernesto Toscano, also seeking his late wife Loretta's diary, invited Salem's most prominent members aboard his yacht. Jack returned some of the diary's pages that he had stolen, and Isabella discovered that her biological father was not Ernesto but Victor Kiriakis. A furious Ernesto then kidnapped Isabella, taking her to a nearby island. Just before Ernesto succeeded in poisoning Isabella as he had her mother after he discovered Loretta's affair with Victor, Roman rescued Isabella. In the mayhem, Ernesto and Hope Brady were killed.", "Kirsten Storms. On August 5, 1999, Storms signed on to play Isabella \"Belle\" Black on the NBC daytime drama Days of Our Lives. Although she initially faced viewers upset at the sudden SORAS aging her casting brought to the character, Storms soon was popular with the audience.[2][3] Her five years on the soap opera would feature her in many high-profile storylines, such as the popular relationship with Shawn Brady, played by Jason Cook,[4] as Storms' character was promoted heavily as a major character within the show.", "Isabella (The Sopranos). \"Isabella\" is the 12th episode of the HBO original series The Sopranos. Written by Robin Green and Mitchell Burgess, and directed by Allen Coulter, it originally aired on March 28, 1999.", "Isabella Toscano. When Marina's dead body was discovered, Steve's wife, Kayla Brady was convicted in her murder. Unwilling to believe that Kayla was guilty, Isabella teamed up with Kayla's brother, Roman Brady. In a surprising turn of events, Isabella and Roman discovered that Isabella killed Marina, then blocked the deed from her memory. With this new evidence, Kayla was released and Isabella cleared on the grounds of self-defense.", "Isabella Linton. 'I'm not envious: I never feel hurt at the brightness of Isabella's yellow hair, and the whiteness of her skin, at her dainty elegance, and the fondness all the family exhibit for her.'", "Catalina Sandino Moreno. On October 20, 2014, it was announced that she would be joining the final season of Falling Skies in a recurring role as Isabella.[2]", "The Dead and the Gone. Isabella Morales (Mami)- Alex, Bri, and Julie's mother. A kind, nurturing, and caring woman, Isabella is an effectual mother. She was most likely in the subways when the floods hit and is presumed dead.", "Isabella Toscano. Things came to a head when Roman and Marlena were confronted by a man claiming to be the \"real\" Roman Brady. Roman's mother, Caroline Brady, confirmed the latter's claim. Salemites were stunned to learn that the man that they called Roman for five years was an impostor. Devastated, the false Roman reverted to using his old name, John Black, and began a desperate search into his real identity. He also reunited with Isabella after she told him that she was having their child. On May 19, 1992, during the couple's marriage ceremony, Isabella went into labor; she quickly gave birth to Brady Victor Black and named him in honor of the Brady family and Isabella's father.", "Isabella Linton. Isabella inherits the blonde hair, blue eyes, and pale skin of the Linton family. Her son, Linton Heathcliff, also inherits these features. She is witty, sensitive, temperamental, and shallow. In the words of Nelly, Isabella \"has a capacity for strong attachments\", as shown in her falling hopelessly in love with Heathcliff, who in turn takes advantage of her blind affections, leading them both into their tormenting marriage.", "Bella Swan. Meyer's original characters were unnamed; she took to calling the characters, who would later become Edward Cullen and Bella, 'he' and 'she' for the purpose of convenience as she, \"didn't want to lose the dream.\" The name 'Isabella' was decided upon, Meyer explains, because \"after spending so much time with [the character], I loved her like a daughter. ... Inspired by that love, I gave her the name I was saving for my daughter,... Isabella.\"[1]", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Lavinia \"Peachy\" Peach", "Days of Our Lives characters (1990s). Ms. Faversham, played by Millicent Martin from 1998–2001, was an eccentric older woman from Lugano, Switzerland. Ms Faversham had lost a great deal of art treasures due to theft and was close friends with Princess Gina Von Amberg. Ms. Faversham recognized Hope as one of her European high society friends, Princess Gina von Amberg and believed that the resemblance meant that Hope was Gina. At one point, Ms. Faversham insisted that Hope accompany her on the Empress Express. Stefano was one of the honored guests of the gathering, and is using the name Rudolfo Meradi. The train derailed with them all aboard but there were no serious injuries. Ms. Faversham learned the truth about the real Princess Gina but befriended Hope and Greta anyway. She moved briefly to Salem where she recognized Vivian Alamain. Lili was the one to finally recognize that the real Princess Gina was posing as Hope in Salem because of a scar that only Gina could have had. She returned to Switzerland and has not been seen since.", "Vivian Alamain. Vivian Alamain is a fictional character from the American NBC soap opera Days of Our Lives, played by Louise Sorel.", "Paul Williams (The Young and the Restless). In 2001 Paul cheated on his wife Christine with the mentally unstable Isabella Braña (Eva Longoria), impregnating her.[31][32] The writers had introduced Isabella as a love interest (and eventual spouse) for him when the pregnant Lauralee Bell was written out of the show.[32][33] During her two years as a character Isabella developed an obsession with Paul, faked her death (framing Christine) and tried to kill Christine. She was committed to a mental institution, where she remains.[32] Michael Logan of TV Guide called Isabella a \"nutjob\" who made Christine's life a \"living hell\",[34] and the National Post called Isabella \"evil\".[35] Of the show not reintroducing Paul and Isabella's son Ricky, Davidson said at the time: \"It’s hard to bring something like that up without delving deeper. I always make the assumption that I am communicating with him offscreen.\"[36]", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Ava Vitali (deceased)", "Isabella (The Sopranos). Alan Sepinwall has lauded \"Isabella\" as one of the greatest episodes of The Sopranos.[1] Todd VanDerWerff found the subplot with the titular character to be outlandish, but still described the episode as featuring \"classic scene after classic scene\".[2]", "Isabella (The Sopranos). Upon the Cusamanos' return home, Tony is surprised to learn that there was never a foreign exchange student, and nobody else ever saw Isabella in the neighborhood. Tony calls Melfi in alarm to report that he had hallucinated the whole thing, which she identifies as a side-effect of his lithium medication. Melfi theorizes that Isabella was an idealized maternal figure that Tony's subconscious produced because of his anger over his mother's actions, and asks if Tony has anything else worrying him right now. Tony responds that he is fine, and that he'll be even better when he finds out who organized the hit.", "Isabella Giovinazzo. Giovinazzo was in a relationship with her Home and Away co-star James Stewart.[5]", "Michael Baldwin. One night, Isabella called her only friend, Diane Jenkins (Susan Walters) who was with Michael, telling them someone was breaking in then screamed. When Michael arrived he found what appeared to be a bloody murder scene and Isabella missing. Christine woke up unconscious in her car in the woods and told Michael and Paul of her only memory - Isabella screaming not to hurt her, of blood, and a boat. Michael tracked down the boat, which was covered in blood, and destroyed the evidence against Chris. The night before Chris was to be arrested for Isabella's murder, she was attacked in her bathtub by a very much alive Isabella, who had drugged Christine's wine, telling her how she had set her up, while wielding a butcher knife. Paul arrived in the nick of time, slugged Isabella and knocked her out. As he was reviving the nearly drowned Christine, Michael arrived and saved them both from the crazed Isabella. The cops arrived and hauled Isabella away. She was committed to a mental institution, and Paul and Christine were free to be together once again. Michael apologized to Chris for all the misery he had caused her, she forgave him and they are still close friends.", "Days of Our Lives characters (2010s). Summer Townsend is a fictional character from the American NBC Daytime soap opera Days of Our Lives, portrayed by former Port Charles and As the World Turns actress Marie Wilson. Wilson previously played the recurring role of Bree Tjaden on the soap from October 31, 2014 until February 9, 2015.[24][25] In October 2015, Wilson was announced to return on Days of Our Lives in a newly created role. Wilson made her first appearance as Summer on February 2, 2016.[26][27] One month after her debuted aired, it was revealed that Wilson was among four actors let go from the show, following the departures of head writers Josh Griffith and Beth Milstein.[28][29][30] Wilson last aired on July 29, 2016.[31][32]", "Isabella Linton. After informing Nelly of how she pursued her escape, and paying one last visit to Thrushcross Grange, her childhood home, Isabella removes somewhere \"south of London\", where she gives birth to Heathcliff's son, Linton, who resembles Isabella in every aspect. The two lead a peaceful life for thirteen years, although no detail is given as to their activities. Edgar visits Isabella in her final illness, where she asks him to take charge of Linton, and raise him away from his father.", "Lauren Koslow. Presently, she remains a cast member of Days of Our Lives.", "List of Days of Our Lives characters. Amanda Howard Peters", "Liz Chandler. Liz Chandler (formerly Courtney, DiMera, Craig, and Curtis) is a fictional character on the soap opera, Days of Our Lives, and was played by actress Gloria Loring from 1980 to 1986.", "Gabi Hernandez. In January 2012, the romance was re-visited in a storyline which Deidrick felt that the writers dropped their brief past, and \"You'd never know that happened if you were tuning into Days for the first time now.\"[17] Gabi and Chad became \"superstar models\" as the new faces of Countess Wilhelmina Cosmetics. This included a \"steamy ad campaign\", which Banus described as them having \"no clothes and they're dripping wet. It's pretty intense.\"[17][18] However, Chad was in a committed relationship with Melanie Jonas (Molly Burnett) at the time.[18] On-Air On-Soaps wrote: \"So will this be a case of fatal attraction? If so, Melanie better watch out, given that we have seen Banus play man-crazy when she went off the rails as One Life to Live's Lola Montez.\"[18] Banus felt that it wasn't love, but an infatuation, \"[Gabi] is obsessed with having the ideal boyfriend because she has never had an ideal boyfriend. The person she thought was the ideal boyfriend turned out to be gay.\"[13] She also noted during an interview with TV Guide that \"Gabi is attracted to Chad and she sees this modeling thing as a way to be near him.\" Everyone at the photoshoot felt that they made a good couple, while Deidrick said \"Meanwhile, Chad's like, \"Huh? What?\" He's clueless.\"[17] Banus called her attraction to Chad a \"rebound\" from Will; Deidrick said \"He's oblivious to her feelings, which is hard because Camila is such a beautiful woman.\"[17] Gabi was shocked to find out that Chad was dating Melanie when she showed up to the photoshoot and shared a kiss with Chad.[17]", "Isabella II of Spain. Isabella was born in Madrid in 1830, the eldest daughter of King Ferdinand VII of Spain, and of his fourth wife and niece, Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies. Queen Maria Christina became regent on 29 September 1833, when her three-year-old daughter Isabella was proclaimed sovereign on the death of the king." ]

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[ "Battle of Shiloh. The Battle of Shiloh (also known as the Battle of Pittsburg Landing) was a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought April 6–7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. A Union force known as the Army of the Tennessee under Major General Ulysses S. Grant had moved via the Tennessee River deep into Tennessee and was encamped principally at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee on the west bank of the Tennessee River, where the Confederate Army of Mississippi, under General Albert Sidney Johnston and second-in-command P. G. T. Beauregard, launched a surprise attack on Grant's army from its base in Corinth, Mississippi. Johnston was mortally wounded during the fighting; Beauregard, who thus succeeded to command of the army, decided against pressing the attack late in the evening. Overnight Grant was reinforced by one of his own divisions stationed further north and was joined by three divisions from another Union army under Maj. Gen. Don Carlos Buell. This allowed them to launch an unexpected counterattack the next morning which completely reversed the Confederate gains of the previous day.", "Battle of Shiloh. After the losses of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in February 1862, Confederate General Albert Sidney Johnston withdrew his forces into western Tennessee, northern Mississippi, and Alabama to reorganize. Johnston established his base at Corinth, Mississippi, the site of a major railroad junction and strategic transportation link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Mississippi River, but left the Union troops with access into southern Tennessee and points farther south via the Tennessee River.[17]", "Battle of Shiloh. Tired but unfought and well-organized men from Buell's army and a division of Grant's army arrived in the evening of April 6 and helped turn the tide the next morning, when the Union commanders launched a counterattack along the entire line. Confederate forces were forced to retreat from the area, ending their hopes of blocking the Union advance into northern Mississippi. The Battle of Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in American history up to that time. It was eventually superseded that coming September by the Battle of Antietam (an overall bloodier battle, and still the bloodiest single-day in American military history), then the next year by the Battle of Chancellorsville, and, soon after, the three-day Battle of Gettysburg, which would prove to be the bloodiest overall battle of the war.", "Battle of Shiloh. Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Army of the Tennessee of 44,895[9][24] men consisted of six divisions:", "Battle of Shiloh. The United States Postal Service released a commemorative stamp on the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Shiloh, first issued through the Shiloh, Tennessee, Post Office on April 7, 1962. It was the second in a series of five stamps marking the Civil War Centennial.[128]", "Battle of Shiloh. Shiloh's importance as a Civil War battle, coupled with the lack of widespread agricultural or industrial development in the battle area after the war, led to its development as one of the first five battlefields restored by the federal government in the 1890s. Government involvement eventually proved insufficient to preserve the land on which the battle took place. (The federal government had saved just over 2,000 acres at Shiloh by 1897, and consolidated those gains by adding another 1,700 acres by 1954.) Preservation eventually slowed. Since 1954, only 300 additional acres of the saved land had been preserved.[125] Private preservation organizations stepped in to fill the void. The Civil War Trust became the primary agent of these efforts, preserving 1,158 acres at Shiloh since its inception.[126] The land preserved by the Trust at Shiloh included tracts over which Confederate divisions passed as they fought Grant's men on the battle's first day and their retreat during the Union counteroffensive on day two. A 2012 campaign focused in particular on a section of land which was part of the Confederate right flank on day one and on several tracts which were part of the Battle of Fallen Timbers.[127]", "Battle of Shiloh. Meanwhile, Halleck's command was enlarged through consolidation of Grant's and Buell's armies and renamed the Department of the Mississippi. With Buell's Army of the Ohio under his command, Halleck ordered Buell to concentrate with Grant at Savannah.[22] Buell began a march with much of his army from Nashville, Tennessee, and headed southwest toward Savannah. Halleck intended to take the field in person and lead both armies in an advance south to seize Corinth, Mississippi, where the Mobile and Ohio Railroad linking Mobile, Alabama, to the Ohio River intersected the Memphis and Charleston Railroad. The railroad was a vital supply line connecting the Mississippi River at Memphis, Tennessee to Richmond, Virginia.[23]", "Battle of Shiloh. On April 6, the first day of the battle, the Confederates struck with the intention of driving the Union defenders away from the river and into the swamps of Owl Creek to the west. Johnston hoped to defeat Grant's army before the anticipated arrival of General Buell's Army of the Ohio. The Confederate battle lines became confused during the fierce fighting, and Grant's men instead fell back to the northeast, in the direction of Pittsburg Landing. A Union position on a slightly sunken road, nicknamed the \"Hornet's Nest,\" defended by the men of Brig. Gens. Benjamin Prentiss's and William H. L. Wallace's divisions, provided critical time for the remainder of the Union line to stabilize under the protection of numerous artillery batteries. Wallace was mortally wounded when the position collapsed, while several regiments from the two divisions were eventually surrounded and surrendered. General Johnston was shot in the leg and bled to death while personally leading an attack. Beauregard, his second in command, acknowledged how tired the army was from the day's exertions and decided against assaulting the final Union position that night.", "Battle of Shiloh. The Battle of Shiloh was depicted in the wargame Bloody April: The Battle of Shiloh, 1862, published in 1979 by Simulation Publications Inc. (SPI).", "Battle of Shiloh. Of the six divisions encamped on the western side of the Tennessee River in early April, only Lew Wallace's 3rd Division was at Crump's Landing; the remainder were farther south (upriver) at Pittsburg Landing. Grant developed a reputation during the war for being more concerned with his own plans than with those of the enemy.[25] His encampment at Pittsburg Landing displayed his most consequential lack of such concern—his army was spread out in bivouac style, with many of his men surrounding a small, log meetinghouse named Shiloh Church (Shiloh was a biblical city that served as the capital of the Kingdom of Israel), passing the time waiting for Buell's army with drills for his many raw troops without establishing entrenchments or other significant defensive measures.", "Battle of Shiloh. Maj. Gen.\nUlysses S. Grant, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. The two-day battle of Shiloh, the costliest in American history up to that time,[120] resulted in the defeat of the Confederate army and frustration of Johnston's plans to prevent the two Union armies in Tennessee from joining together. Union casualties were 13,047 (1,754 killed, 8,408 wounded, and 2,885 missing); Grant's army bore the brunt of the fighting over the two days, with casualties of 1,513 killed, 6,601 wounded, and 2,830 missing or captured. Confederate casualties were 10,699 (1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 missing or captured).[121] The dead included the Confederate army's commander, Albert Sidney Johnston, as well as Brigadier General Adley H. Gladden. The highest ranking Union general killed was W. H. L. Wallace. Union Colonel Everett Peabody, whose decision to send out a patrol the morning of the battle may have saved the Union from disaster, was also among the dead. Both sides were shocked at the carnage, which resulted in more than four times as many casualties as the Battle of Bull Run that had horrified the nation 10 months earlier.", "Battle of Shiloh. In early March, Union Maj. Gen. Henry W. Halleck, then commander of the Department of the Missouri, ordered Grant to remain at Fort Henry, and on March 4 turned field command of the expedition over to a subordinate, Brig. Gen. C. F. Smith, who had recently been nominated as a major general.[18] (Various writers assert that Halleck took this step because of professional and personal animosity toward Grant; however, Halleck shortly restored Grant to full command, perhaps influenced by an inquiry from President Abraham Lincoln.)[19] Smith's orders were to lead raids intended to capture or damage the railroads in southwestern Tennessee. Brig. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman's troops arrived from Paducah, Kentucky, to conduct a similar mission to break the railroads near Eastport, Mississippi.[20] Halleck also ordered Grant to advance his Army of West Tennessee (soon to be known by its more famous name, the Army of the Tennessee) on an invasion up the Tennessee River. Grant left Fort Henry and headed upriver (south), arriving at Savannah, Tennessee, on March 14, and established his headquarters on the east bank of the river. Grant's troops set up camp farther upriver: five divisions at Pittsburg Landing, Tennessee, and a sixth at Crump's Landing, four miles from Grant's headquarters.[21]", "Battle of Shiloh. Around 3 a.m., Col. Everett Peabody, commanding Brig. Gen. Benjamin Prentiss's 1st Brigade, sent a patrol of 250 infantry men from the 25th Missouri and the 12th Michigan out on reconnaissance patrol, convinced that the constant reports of Confederate contacts over the last few days meant there was a strong possibility of a large confederate force in the area. The patrol, under the command of Maj. James E. Powell, met fire from Confederates who then fled into the woods. A short time later, 5:15 a.m., they encountered Confederate outposts manned by the 3rd Mississippi Battalion, and a spirited fight lasted about an hour. Arriving messengers and sounds of gunfire from the skirmish alerted the nearest Union troops, who formed battle line positions before the Confederates were able to reach them;[44] however, the Union army command had not adequately prepared for an attack on their camps.[45] When Prentiss learned that Peabody had sent out a patrol without his authorization he was outraged and accused the Colonel of provoking a major engagement in violation of Grant's orders, but he soon realized he was facing an assault by an entire Confederate army and rushed to prepare his men for defense.[46] By 9 a.m. Union forces at Pittsburg Landing were either engaged or moving toward the front line.[47] Both Peabody and Powell were soon killed in the subsequent fighting.", "Battle of Shiloh. Union General Lew Wallace was heavily criticized for failing to get his division into the battle until 1830 hours, near the end of combat on the first day. He was removed from the Army of the Tennessee and would never again get a front line command or take part in a major offensive operation, though his backwater assignments would still place him in important battles. Shortly after Shiloh, he was sent to the War Department in Ohio where he led the successful Defense of Cincinnati during Bragg's invasion of Kentucky. In 1864, at the Battle of Monocacy, Wallace commanded a 5,800 man force tasked with opposing Jubal Early's 14,000 man invasion of Maryland. Faced against an army more than twice his size, Wallace was eventually forced to retreat to Baltimore, but his men delayed Early's advance for a full day, enabling Union re-enforcement to be brought up to secure Washington D. C. from Early's further incursion. Despite this success, and later fame for writing the book Ben Hur, criticism of Wallace's conduct at Shiloh would haunt him for the rest of his life and he would spend much of it trying to defend his actions there.", "Battle of Shiloh. Brig. Gen.\nBenjamin Prentiss, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. The evening of April 6 was a dispiriting end to the first day of one of the bloodiest battles in American history. The cries of wounded and dying men on the fields between the armies could be heard in the Union and Confederate camps throughout the night. Exhausted Confederate soldiers bedded down in the abandoned Union camps. The Union troops were pushed back to the river and the junction of the River (Hamburg–Savannah Road) and the Corinth-Pittsburg Landing Roads.[94] Around 10 p.m. a thunderstorm passed through the area. Coupled with the continuous shelling from the Union gunboats Lexington and Tyler, it made the night a miserable experience for both sides.[69]", "Battle of Shiloh. Grant was about 10 miles (16 km) downriver at Savannah, Tennessee, when he heard the sound of artillery fire. (On April 4, he had been injured when his horse fell and pinned him underneath. He was convalescing and unable to move without crutches.)[59] Before leaving Savannah, Grant ordered Bull Nelson's division to march along the east side of the river, to a point opposite Pittsburg Landing, where it could be ferried over to the battlefield. Grant then took his steamboat, Tigress, to Crump's Landing, where he gave Lew Wallace his first orders, which were to wait in reserve and be ready to move.[60] Grant proceeded to Pittsburg Landing, arriving about 8:30 a.m.; most of the day went by before the first of these reinforcements arrived. (Nelson's division arrived around 5 p.m.; Wallace's appeared about 7 p.m.[61]) Wallace's slow movement to the battlefield would become particularly controversial.[62]", "Battle of Shiloh. Maj. Gen.\nJohn A. McClernand, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. On Monday morning, April 7, the combined Union armies numbered 45,000 men; the Confederates suffered as many as 8,500 casualties the first day and their commanders reported no more than 20,000 effectives due to stragglers and deserters. (Buell disputed that figure after the war, stating that there were 28,000). The Confederates had withdrawn south into Prentiss's and Sherman's former camps, while Polk's corps retired to the Confederate bivouac established on April 5, which was 4 miles (6.4 km) southwest of Pittsburg Landing. No line of battle was formed, and few if any commands were resupplied with ammunition. The soldiers were consumed by the need to locate food, water, and shelter for a much-needed night's rest.[103]", "Battle of Shiloh. On April 8, Grant sent Sherman south along the Corinth Road on a reconnaissance in force to confirm that the Confederates had retreated, or if they were regrouping to resume their attacks. Grant's army lacked the large organized cavalry units that would have been better suited for reconnaissance and vigorous pursuit of a retreating enemy. Sherman marched with two infantry brigades from his division, along with two battalions of cavalry, and met Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood's division of Buell's army. Six miles (10 km) southwest of Pittsburg Landing, Sherman's men came upon a clear field in which an extensive camp was erected, including a Confederate field hospital. The camp was protected by 300 troopers of Confederate cavalry, commanded by Col. Nathan Bedford Forrest. The road approaching the field was covered by fallen trees for more than 200 yards (180 m).[111]", "Battle of Shiloh. On the morning of April 6, around 8:00 or 8:30 a.m., Grant's flagship stopped alongside Wallace's boat moored at Crump's Landing and gave orders for the 3rd Division to be held ready to move in any direction. Wallace concentrated his troops at Stoney Lonesome, although his westernmost brigade remained at Adamsville. He then waited for further orders, which arrived between 11 and 11:30 a.m.[63] Grant ordered Wallace to move his unit up to join the Union right, a move that would have been in support of Sherman's 5th Division, which was encamped around Shiloh Church when the battle began. The written orders, transcribed from verbal orders that Grant gave to an aide, were lost during the battle and controversy remains over their wording.[64] Wallace maintained that he was not ordered to Pittsburg Landing, which was to the left rear of the army, or told which road to use. Grant later claimed that he ordered Wallace to Pittsburg Landing by way of the River Road (also called the Hamburg–Savannah Road).[65]", "Battle of Shiloh. Brig. Gen.\nThomas L. Crittenden, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. The battle of Shiloh, or Pittsburg landing, has been perhaps less understood, or, to state the case more accurately, more persistently misunderstood, than any other engagement between National and Confederate troops during the entire rebellion. Correct reports of the battle have been published, notably by Sherman, Badeau and, in a speech before a meeting of veterans, by General Prentiss; but all of these appeared long subsequent to the close of the rebellion and after public opinion had been most erroneously formed", "Battle of Shiloh. Maj. Gen.\nLew Wallace, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. Before 6 a.m. on Sunday, April 6, Johnston's army was deployed for battle, straddling the Corinth Road. The army had spent the entire night bivouacking in order of battle within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the Union camp near Sherman's headquarters at Shiloh Church.[41] Despite several contacts, a few minor skirmishes with Union forces, and the failure of the army to maintain proper noise discipline in the days leading up to the 6th, their approach and dawn assault achieved a strategic and tactical surprise. Grant wanted to avoid provoking any major battles until the linkup with Buell's Army of the Ohio was complete. Thus the Union army had sent out no scouts or regular patrols and did not have any vedettes in place for early warning, concerned that scouts and patrols might provoke a major battle before the Army of the Ohio finished crossing the river.[42] Grant telegraphed a message to Halleck on the night of April 5, \"I have scarcely the faintest idea of an attack (general one) being made upon us, but will be prepared should such a thing take place.\"[43] Grant's declaration proved to be overstated. Sherman, the informal camp commander at Pittsburg Landing, did not believe the Confederates had a major assault force nearby; he discounted the possibility of an attack from the south. Sherman expected that Johnston would eventually attack from the direction of Purdy, Tennessee, to the west. When Col. Jesse Appler, 53rd Ohio Infantry, warned Sherman that an attack was imminent, the general angrily replied, \"Take your damned regiment back to Ohio. There are no Confederates closer than Corinth.\"[43]", "Battle of Shiloh. Davis was outraged at Beauregard for withdrawing from Corinth without a fight, even though he faced an army nearly twice his size and his water supplies in the city had become contaminated. Shortly after the fall of Corinth, Beauregard took medical leave without receiving authorization from Davis. This was the final straw for Davis, who quickly reassigned him to oversee the coastal defenses in South Carolina. Command of the Army of Mississippi fell to Braxton Bragg, who was promoted to full general on April 6, and during the fall of 1862, he led it on an unsuccessful invasion of Kentucky, culminating in his retreat from the Battle of Perryville.[119]", "Battle of Shiloh. On the Confederate side, Albert S. Johnston named his newly assembled force the Army of Mississippi.[6] The 59-year old Johnston was one of the most experienced officers on either side at this point in the war, having participated in five different wars for three different nations during a military career that covered 34 years. Jefferson Davis once said \"If Johnston is not a general, then we have no general.\"[30] He concentrated almost 55,000 men around Corinth, Mississippi, about 20 miles (32 km) southwest of Grant's troops at Pittsburg Landing. Of these men, 40,335[11][12] departed from Corinth on April 3, hoping to surprise Grant before Buell arrived to join forces. They were organized into four large corps, commanded by:", "Forty acres and a mule. The Battle of Shiloh began a period of turmoil (1862–1863), at Davis Bend, although its black residents continued farming. The plantation was occupied by two companies of black Union troops in December 1863. Under the command of Colonel Samuel Thomas, these soldiers began to fortify the area. General Ulysses S. Grant had expressed a desire to make of the Davis plantations \"a negro paradise.\" Thomas began to lease the land to black tenants for the 1864 crop season.[101][102] Black refugees who had gathered in Vicksburg moved en masse to Davis Bend under the auspices of the Freedman's Department (an agency created by the military prior to Congressional authorization of the \"Freedmen's Bureau\", discussed below).[103]", "Battle of Shiloh. Brig. Gen.\nW. H. L. Wallace, USA", "Battle of Shiloh. In early afternoon, Beauregard launched a series of counterattacks from the Shiloh Church area, aiming to control the Corinth Road. The Union right was temporarily driven back by these assaults at Water Oaks Pond. Crittenden, reinforced by Tuttle, seized the junction of the Hamburg-Purdy and East Corinth roads, driving the Confederates into Prentiss's old camps. Nelson resumed his attack and seized the heights overlooking Locust Grove Branch by late afternoon. Beauregard's final counterattack was flanked and repulsed when Grant moved Col. James C. Veatch's brigade forward.[108]", "Battle of Shiloh. Brig. Gen.\nWilliam T. Sherman, USA" ]

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[ "For Whom the Bell Tolls. For Whom the Bell Tolls is a novel by Ernest Hemingway published in 1940. It tells the story of Robert Jordan, a young American in the International Brigades attached to a republican guerrilla unit during the Spanish Civil War. As a dynamiter, he is assigned to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The novel graphically describes the brutality of the civil war in Spain during this time. It is told primarily through the thoughts and experiences of the protagonist, Robert Jordan. It draws on Hemingway's own experiences in the Spanish Civil War as a reporter for the North American Newspaper Alliance.[citation needed]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The book's title is taken from the metaphysical poet John Donne's series of meditations and prayers on health, pain, and sickness (written while Donne was convalescing from a nearly fatal illness) published in 1624 as Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, specifically Meditation XVII. Hemingway quotes part of the meditation (using Donne's original spelling) in the book's epigraph, which in turn refers to the practice of funeral tolling:", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The point made by the choice of this title and epigraph is that the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939, a major topic of debate in Western intellectual and political circles, is not of importance only to Spaniards; it matters to everyone. Furthermore, the title and epigraph can be interpreted as a reference to the themes of death within the novel, particularly between the characters of Robert Jordan and Anselmo.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Ernest Hemingway wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Havana, Cuba; Key West, Florida; and Sun Valley, Idaho in 1939.[2][3] In Cuba, he lived in the Hotel Ambos-Mundos where he worked on the manuscript.[4][5] The novel was finished in July 1940 at the InterContinental New York Barclay Hotel in New York City[6] and published in October.[7][8] It is based on Hemingway's experiences during the Spanish Civil War and features an American protagonist, named Robert Jordan, who fights with Spanish soldiers for the Republicans.[9] The characters in the novel include those who are purely fictional, those based on real people but fictionalized, and those who were actual figures in the war. Set in the Sierra de Guadarrama mountain range between Madrid and Segovia, the action takes place during four days and three nights. For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book of the Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and became a literary triumph for Hemingway.[9] Published on 21 October 1940, the first edition print run was 75,000 copies priced at $2.75.[10]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The novel is regarded as one of Hemingway's best works, along with The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, and The Old Man and the Sea.[1]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The novel takes place in late May 1937 during the second year of the Spanish Civil War.[26] References made to Valladolid, Segovia, El Escorial and Madrid suggest the novel takes place within the build-up to the Republican attempt to relieve the siege of Madrid.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Death is a primary preoccupation of the novel. When Robert Jordan is assigned to blow up the bridge, he knows that he will not survive it. Pablo and El Sordo, leaders of the Republican guerrilla bands, see that inevitability also. Almost all of the main characters in the book contemplate their own deaths. Before the operation, Pilar reads Robert Jordan's palm, and after seeing it, refuses to comment on what she saw, foreshadowing his untimely demise.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The book is written in the third person limited omniscient narrative mode. The action and dialogue are punctuated by extensive thought sequences told from the viewpoint of Robert Jordan. The novel also contains thought sequences of other characters, including Pilar and Anselmo. The thought sequences are more extensive than in Hemingway's earlier fiction, notably A Farewell to Arms, and are an important narrative device to explore the principal themes of the novel.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The novel explores political ideology and the nature of bigotry. After noticing how he so easily employed the convenient catch-phrase \"enemy of the people,\" Jordan moves swiftly into the subjects and opines, \"To be bigoted you have to be absolutely sure that you are right and nothing makes that surety and righteousness like continence. Continence is the foe of heresy.\"[12] Later in the book, Robert Jordan explains the threat of fascism in his own country. \"Robert Jordan, wiping out the stew bowl with bread, explained how the income tax and inheritance tax worked. 'But the big estates remain. Also, there are taxes on the land,' he said. 'But surely the big proprietors and the rich will make a revolution against such taxes. Such taxes appear to me to be revolutionary. They will revolt against the government when they see that they are threatened, exactly as the fascists have done here,' Primitivo said. 'It is possible.' 'Then you will have to fight in your country as we fight here.' 'Yes, we will have to fight.' 'But are there not many fascists in your country?' 'There are many who do not know they are fascists but will find it out when the time comes.'\"[13] In the same conversation Robert Jordan is having with the others, he also realizes how there are populist policies right in America, namely homesteading which was widely used by American settlers to settle the West from 1863 onward:[14] \"Robert Jordan explained the process of homesteading. He had never thought of it before as an agrarian reform. 'That is magnificent,' Primitivo said. 'Then you have a Communism in your country?' 'No. That is done under the Republic.'\"[15]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. A number of actual figures that played a role in the Spanish Civil War are also referenced in the book, including:", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. In the camp, Jordan encounters María, a young Spanish woman whose life had been shattered by her parents' execution and her rape at the hands of the Falangists (part of the fascist coalition) at the outbreak of the war. His strong sense of duty clashes with both the unwillingness of the guerrilla leader Pablo to commit to an operation that would endanger himself and his band, and Jordan's own new-found lust for life which arises from his love for María. Pablo's wife, Pilar, usurps Pablo's leadership and pledges the allegiance of the guerrillas to Jordan's mission. However, when another band of anti-fascist guerrillas, led by El Sordo, is surrounded and killed, Pablo steals the dynamite detonators and exploder, hoping to prevent the demolition and thereby avoid fascist reprisals. Although he disposes of the detonators and exploder by throwing them down a gorge into the river, Pablo regrets abandoning his comrades and returns to assist in the operation.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The famous and pivotal scene described in Chapter 10, in which Pilar describes the execution of various fascist figures in her village is drawn from events that took place in Ronda in 1936. Although Hemingway later claimed (in a 1954 letter to Bernard Berenson) to have completely fabricated the scene, he in fact drew upon the events at Ronda, embellishing the event by imagining an execution line leading up to the cliff face.[27] In Ronda, some 500 people, allegedly fascist sympathisers, were thrown into the surrounding gorge by a mob from a house that faced onto the cliffside.[citation needed]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The earlier battle of Guadalajara and the general chaos and disorder (and, more generally, the doomed cause of Republican Spain) serve as a backdrop to the novel: Robert Jordan notes, for instance, that he follows the Communists because of their superior discipline, an allusion to the split and infighting between anarchist and communist factions on the Republican side.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. In 1941 the Pulitzer Prize committee for letters unanimously recommended For Whom the Bell Tolls be awarded the prize for that year. The Pulitzer Board agreed. However, Nicholas Murray Butler, president of Columbia University at that time, overrode both because he found the book offensive, and instead no award was given for letters that year.[25]", "Ernest Hemingway. Gellhorn inspired him to write his most famous novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls, which he started in March 1939 and finished in July 1940. It was published in October 1940.[98] Consistent with his pattern of moving around while working on a manuscript, he wrote For Whom the Bell Tolls in Cuba, Wyoming, and Sun Valley.[94] For Whom the Bell Tolls became a Book-of-the-Month Club choice, sold half a million copies within months, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize, and as Meyers describes it, \"triumphantly re-established Hemingway's literary reputation\".[99]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Camaraderie and sacrifice in the face of death abound throughout the novel. Robert Jordan, Anselmo and others are ready to do \"as all good men should\" – that is, to make the ultimate sacrifice. The oft-repeated embracing gesture reinforces this sense of close companionship in the face of death. An incident involving the death of the character Joaquín's family serves as an example of this theme; having learned of this tragedy, Joaquín's comrades embrace and comfort him, saying they now are his family. Surrounding this love for one's comrades is the love for the Spanish soil. A love of place, of the senses, and of life itself is represented by the pine needle forest floor—both at the beginning and, poignantly, at the end of the novel—when Robert Jordan awaits his death feeling \"his heart beating against the pine needle floor of the forest.\"", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Jordan is an American who has lived in Spain during the pre-war period, and fights in the International Brigades for the Republic against Francisco Franco's fascist forces. An experienced dynamiter, he is ordered by a Soviet general to travel behind enemy lines and destroy a bridge with the aid of a band of local anti-fascist guerrillas, in order to prevent enemy troops from responding to an upcoming offensive. On his mission, Jordan meets the rebel Anselmo who brings him to the hidden guerrilla camp and initially acts as an intermediary between Jordan and the other guerrilla fighters.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Hemingway frequently used images to produce the dense atmosphere of violence and death his books are renowned for; the main image of For Whom the Bell Tolls is the automatic weapon. As he had done in \"A Farewell to Arms\", Hemingway employs the fear of modern armament to destroy romantic conceptions of the ancient art of war: combat, sportsmanlike competition and the aspect of hunting. Heroism becomes butchery: the most powerful picture employed here is the shooting of María's parents against the wall of a slaughterhouse. Glory exists in the official dispatches only; here, the \"disillusionment\" theme of A Farewell to Arms is adapted.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Since its publication, the prose style and dialogue in Hemingway's novel have been the source of controversy and some negative critical reaction. For example, Edmund Wilson, in a tepid review, noted the encumbrance of \"a strange atmosphere of literary medievalism\" in the relationship between Robert Jordan and Maria.[22] This stems in part from a distinctive feature of the novel, namely Hemingway's extensive use of archaisms, implied literal translations and false friends to convey the foreign (Spanish) tongue spoken by his characters. Thus, Hemingway uses the archaic \"thou\" (particularly in its oblique and possessive form) to highlight the differences in Spanish between the more formal and archaic, but popular \"vos\" (singular) and \"vosotros\" (plural) forms from the pronominal \"tú\" (familiar) and \"Usted\" (formal). Additionally, much of the dialogue in the novel is an implied direct translation from Spanish, producing an often strained English equivalent. For example, Hemingway uses the construction \"what passes that\",[23] which is an implied translation of the Spanish construction lo que pasa. This translation extends to the use of linguistic \"false friends\", such as \"rare\" (from raro) instead of \"strange\" and \"syndicate\" (from sindicato) instead of trade union.[24] In another odd stylistic variance, Hemingway referenced foul language (used with some frequency by different characters in the novel) with \"unprintable\" and \"obscenity\" and substitutes \"muck\" for fuck in the dialogue and thoughts of the characters, although foul language is used freely in Spanish even when its equivalent is censored in English (e.g. joder, me cago). The Spanish expression of exasperation me cago en la leche repeatedly recurs throughout the novel, translated by Hemingway as \"I obscenity in the milk.\"", "John Donne. The increasing gloominess of Donne's tone may also be observed in the religious works that he began writing during the same period. His early belief in the value of scepticism now gave way to a firm faith in the traditional teachings of the Bible. Having converted to the Anglican Church, Donne focused his literary career on religious literature. He quickly became noted for his sermons and religious poems. The lines of these sermons and devotional works would come to influence future works of English literature, such as Ernest Hemingway's For Whom the Bell Tolls, which took its title from a passage in Meditation XVII of Devotions upon Emergent Occasions, and Thomas Merton's No Man is an Island, which took its title from the same source.", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Suicide always looms as an alternative to suffering. Many of the characters, including Robert Jordan, would prefer death over capture and are prepared to kill themselves, be killed, or kill to avoid it. As the book ends, Robert Jordan, wounded and unable to travel with his companions, awaits a final ambush that will end his life. He prepares himself against the cruel outcomes of suicide to avoid capture, or inevitable torture for the extraction of information and death at the hands of the enemy. Still, he hopes to avoid suicide partly because his father, whom he views as a coward, committed suicide. Robert Jordan understands suicide but doesn't approve of it, and thinks that \"you have to be awfully occupied with yourself to do a thing like that.\"[11]", "Ride the Lightning. \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" begins with a bell tolling, followed by a marching riff and high-register bass melody. The chromatic introduction, which Burton wrote before he joined Metallica, is often mistaken for an electric guitar but is actually Burton's bass guitar augmented with distortion and a wah-wah pedal. The lyrics were inspired by Ernest Hemingway's 1940 novel of the same name, which explores the horror and dishonor of modern warfare.[25] \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\" was released as a promotional single in two versions, an edit on side A and the album version on side B. \"Fade to Black\" is a power ballad whose lyrics contemplate suicide. Hetfield wrote the words because he felt powerless after the band's equipment was stolen before the January 1984 show in Boston.[5] Musically, the song begins with an acoustic guitar introduction overlaid with electric soloing. The song becomes progressively heavier and faster, ending with multi-layered guitar solos.[26] The ballad's arpeggiated chords and reserved singing was inconvenient for thrash metal bands at the time and disappointed some of Metallica's fans. The song's structure foreshadows later Metallica ballads, \"Welcome Home (Sanitarium)\", \"One\" and \"The Day That Never Comes.[27] \"Fade to Black\" was released as a promotional single in 1984, in glow in the dark green.[28]", "Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. This statement, or title, is then expanded on. Donne first concludes that he may not be aware that the bell is tolling, saying \"hee for whom this Bell tolls may be so ill, as that he knowes not it tolls for him; And perchance I may thinke my selfe so much better than I am, as that they who are about mee, and see my state, may have caused it to toll for mee, and I know not that\". This is then expanded with the realisation that, even if the bell is tolling for others, it is a matter of concern for Donne, as:[20]", "John Donne. ... any mans death diminishes me, because I am involved in Mankinde; And therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; It tolls for thee..", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The novel also contains imagery of soil and earth.[19] This imagery appears rather famously at the start of chapter thirteen. Jordan and María have sex in a meadow in the forest. He feels \"the earth move out and away from under them.\" Then afterwards he asks María, \"Did thee feel the earth move?\", to which she responds affirmatively. Variants of this phrase have become a cultural cliché,[20] often used humorously.[21]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. Divination emerges as an alternative means of perception. Pilar, \"Pablo's woman,\" is a reader of palms and more. When Robert Jordan questions her true abilities, she replies, \"Because thou art a miracle of deafness.... It is not that thou art stupid. Thou art simply deaf. One who is deaf cannot hear music. Neither can he hear the radio. So he might say, never having heard them, that such things do not exist.\"[16]", "The Bells (poem). This poem can be interpreted in many different ways, the most basic of which is simply a reflection of the sounds that bells can make, and the emotions evoked from that sound. For example, \"From the bells bells bells bells/Bells bells bells!\" brings to mind the clamoring of myriad church bells. Several deeper interpretations exist as well. One is that the poem is a representation of life from the nimbleness of youth to the pain of age. Growing despair is emphasized alongside the growing frenzy in the tone of the poem.[1] Another is the passing of the seasons, from spring to winter. The passing of the seasons is often used as a metaphor for life itself. The poem also suggests a Poe theme of mourning over a lost wife, courted in sledge, married and then killed in a fire as the husband looks on. The tolling of the iron bells reflects the final madness of the grief-stricken husband.[citation needed]", "Devotions upon Emergent Occasions. The death of an individual – signified by the tolling of the bell – is thus a treasure buried at the bottom of a mine: only of value if it is given to someone who makes good use of it. In this he refers to the work of Augustine of Hippo, specifically On Christian Doctrine, in which Augustine describes the knowledge of pagans as gold and silver: something that can be involved in Christian purposes if appropriated properly. Donne, twisting this idea, is arguing that the death of any individual is something others can learn from, should they understand it properly.[24]", "Robert Capa. Capa accompanied then journalist and author Ernest Hemingway to photograph the war, which Hemingway would later describe in his novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940).[15] Life magazine published an article about Hemingway and his time in Spain, along with numerous photos by Capa.[16]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. The fascist planes are especially dreaded, and when they approach, all hope is lost. The efforts of the partisans seem to vanish and their commitment and their abilities become meaningless, especially the trench mortars that already wounded Lt. Henry (\"he knew that they would die as soon as a mortar came up\").[17] No longer would the best soldier win, but the one with the biggest gun. The soldiers using those weapons are simple brutes, they lack \"all conception of dignity\"[18] as Fernando remarked. Anselmo insisted, \"We must teach them. We must take away their planes, their automatic weapons, their tanks, their artillery and teach them dignity.\"[18]", "For Whom the Bell Tolls. However, the enemy, apprised of the coming offensive, has prepared to ambush it in force and it seems unlikely that the blown bridge will do much to prevent a rout. Regardless of this, Jordan understands that he must still demolish the bridge in an attempt to prevent Fascist reinforcements from overwhelming his allies. Lacking the detonation equipment stolen by Pablo, Jordan plans an alternative method to explode the dynamite by using hand grenades with wires attached so that their pins can be pulled from a distance. This improvised plan is considerably more dangerous because the men must increase their proximity to the explosion. While Pablo, Pilar, and other guerrilla members attack the posts at the two ends of the bridge, Jordan and Anselmo plant and detonate the dynamite, costing Anselmo his life when he is hit by a piece of shrapnel. While escaping, Jordan is maimed when a tank shoots his horse out from under him. Knowing he would only slow his comrades down, he bids goodbye to María and ensures that she escapes to safety with the surviving guerrillas. He refuses an offer from Agustín to shoot him and lies in agony, hoping to kill an enemy officer and delay their pursuit of his comrades before dying. The narrative ends right before Jordan launches his ambush." ]

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[ "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Lucas Grabeel, Toby Christopher Kennish is the older brother of Bay and the biological brother of Daphne. Toby plays guitar in a band called Guitar Face with his best friend Wilkie and Daphne's best friend, Emmett, who joins the band in \"Dance Amongst Daggers.\"", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Austin Butler, Wilkie is the best friend of Toby Kennish and the ex-boyfriend of Daphne Vasquez. He had scoliosis when he was 10 (as said in the episode 15) and had spinal fusion surgery, afterwards he wore a brace. He used to be in a relationship with Simone, but she was too controlling. Wilkie and Daphne begin their relationship after much pursuing on his part and were together until Wilkie was sent away to boarding school at the end of the first season.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Toby soon begins to consider starting a new band after another hanging out with Nikki, a girl he meets while performing gospel music, at his mother's request. As a result of his time with Nikki, he has a change of heart about Emmett and rekindles their friendship. Nikki eventually becomes his girlfriend. Their relationship is rocky as Nikki refuses to have sex with Toby because of a pledge she took. Emmett shows Toby a picture of Nikki at a party topless. Toby questions her about it and she explains that she is a changed person and owes him no explanation. Toby later realizes that he was wrong and surprises her at her youth group to apologize.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Toby is an avid poker player, and it has gotten him into some trouble in the past. He tells his parents that he's playing miniature golf with his friends when, in reality, he is gambling. He has Daphne and Emmett help him win several poker games to help him get out of debt with Wilkie, but after Daphne misreads Wilkie's intentions, he loses a lot of money and is furious with Daphne. He subsequently sells his band equipment to help pay off the debt.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. He begins dating Simone, an ex-friend of Bay's with a known reputation. She ultimately ends up cheating on him with Bay's boyfriend, Emmett. Toby breaks up with Simone upon learning about the affair.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played By Nyle DiMarco, Garrett is a deaf friend of Travis in season 4. He is a few years older than Travis and the other guys; in fact, he is in his early or mid twenties. It is said that he attended Carlton School. In 'Borrowing Your Enemy's Arrows', he first meets Bay and instantly finds her attractive. They start dating, even though Travis does not like the idea.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). Daphne and Travis get their admission results from Gallaudet University. Bay tries being Tank's friend and supports him when he meets his dad for dinner. Toby and Lily get into a conflict regarding Sharee's make-up exam.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Annie Ilonzeh, Lana is the mother of Angelo's baby. She becomes friends with Toby when he gives her a ride home from the mechanic and she tells him that her family lives in Boston and they aren't aware that she's pregnant. After giving birth to her daughter, she puts the baby up for adoption and leaves for the airport.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Cassi Thomson, Nikki was married to Toby Kennish. She is a Christian musician and begins a new band with Toby and Emmett, soon after which she and Toby begin dating, however she quickly realizes that she doesn't think it would work out to be dating someone who does not believe in God.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Sean Berdy, Emmett is Bay's ex-boyfriend, and the longtime best friend of Daphne. He is deaf and rarely speaks verbally, preferring to communicate through American Sign Language. He rides a motorcycle and drives Daphne to their school, much to the dismay of the Kennishes. Despite their concerns and his being deaf, Emmett is proven to be a good driver. He is very protective of Daphne and has had a long-time crush on her, but doesn't make his feelings known to her. He is the only child in an all-deaf family, and for this reason has grown up having trouble relating to people who hear.", "Switched at Birth (season 1). Kathryn meets with Angelo's lawyer, who claims that Angelo has secret resources that have information on the hospital. Bay's worrying about Ty in Afghanistan brings out Emmett's jealous side, which causes another rift in their relationship. Daphne helps a new high school friend, Travis, get a job at the Kennish car wash after unintentionally getting him fired from his job at Carlton, but he soon causes some problems. She also tries to get Wilke to start signing. Meanwhile, Toby is torn between playing a gig with Guitar Face or going solo to play at a show Simone scored for him, but when Guitar Face's gig is suddenly canceled, he suspects that Simone had something to do with it.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. In the third-season premiere, Bay starts her senior year and her first day at a new college art class. She makes a new friend named Tank. During a class assignment in which they have to draw a partner, Bay, in search of Tank, finds herself going to a frat party. In an effort to forget about Ty, she winds up heavily intoxicated. In her drunk state, she and Tank have a heart to heart regarding her broken heart and about why Ty cheated on her. Later on, Toby and Daphne pick up Bay from the party. After noticing the hockey sticks in the back seat, Toby informs Bay that she will be joining the Carlton field hockey team.", "Switched at Birth (season 1). Bay's old friend and Wilke's ex-girlfriend Simone (Maiara Walsh) flirts with Toby. Daphne follows Emmett to a music festival, hoping to get some private time with him; Bay crashes the festival because she hears that Daphne is there. Daphne opens up and lets out some much needed steam. Emmett doesn't want a girlfriend who uses deafness as a shield to protect him or one who does things for him because she does not think he can. Elsewhere, John requests that Regina be present when Bay sees Angelo again; and Kathryn secretly talks to a nurse who could assist in the lawsuit against the hospital. Regina and Bay meet up with Angelo and it does not go as planned.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by B.K. Cannon, is a friend of Bay and Ty and ex-girlfriend of Travis. Mary Beth works a summer job alongside Bay and Ty. She lost her brother, a former soldier, by way of suicide. As a result, she and Ty, who was stationed with her brother overseas, have a close relationship. In season two she also grows close to Ty's then-girlfriend, Bay. In the second season finale, Ty makes her promise not to tell Bay that he did not really cheat on her. However, this information is revealed early in the following season. At the end of the second season she begins dating Travis. She then breaks up with him in season 4.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Maiara Walsh, Simone Sinclair is a classmate of Toby, Bay, and Wilkie at Buckner Hall. She used to be in a relationship with Wilkie Wilkerson and used to be best friends with Bay Kennish. They broke off their friendship when Bay figured out Simone's mean streak. She is described as the \"school slut.\" She later starts a relationship with Toby, despite warnings given to him by Bay and Wilkie. During Daphne's time at Buckner, she becomes friends with Simone, but their friendship ends when Simone insults a Latina girl from Daphne's old neighborhood. At a basketball tournament, Simone had sex with Emmett. Despite constantly apologizing, Bay and Daphne have both refused to forgive her, thus dissolving both their friendships. When she is trying to have a conversation with Toby, he ignores her as well. She is last seen picking up an AA pamphlet, before bumping into Regina and quickly storming out of the room. Regina then finds Simone asking someone to buy her alcohol. Regina then goes up to Simone and talks to her in her car about why she was trying to buy alcohol. Simone told her that Bay and Daphne did not tell her what happened. Regina assures her that she knows what happened and Simone is frustrated that everyone hates her. Later on she lends Bay money to replace the money Bay got from her dad's safe to try to make amends.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Blair Redford, Tyler \"Ty\" Mendoza is the older ex-boyfriend of Bay Kennish. He is an old friend of Regina and Daphne. Daphne considers him her older brother. In the episode \"Dogs Playing Poker,\" Ty admits he has enlisted in the army. He calls Bay later and she tells him she is dating Emmett. In \"Mother and Daughter Divide\" Ty returns home and hopes that he and Bay will start back up where they left off, but struggles to readjust to life after war. When he's scheduled to return to combat, Bay tries to get him to stay in Mission Hills. Later, at Toby and Nikki's wedding rehearsal dinner, Bay tells Ty about her plans to graduate early and go to art school in Berlin so they might still be together. Ty appears less than excited about Bay's plan and tells her no one knows what will happen.", "Switched at Birth (season 1). John catches Bay sneaking in after a night out with Ty and invites him to chili night, when Ty reveals that he has enlisted in the army and is leaving in three days. Daphne and Emmett play poker with Toby against Toby's friends, but Toby explodes on Daphne when she makes a wrong move. Regina and Bruce bond, and Bay tells Ty goodbye.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). Daphne and Toby try to convince Bay to join the newly-formed field hockey team so that they'll have enough players. Bay's confidence in her artistic abilities goes down when her teacher says that her piece on Tank lacks depth. Tank narrowly escapes being kicked out of the class after he fails to complete his portrait of Bay from the night of the party. John finds out that Kathryn has been hanging out with other people and sneaking off to dance classes, so Kathryn invites her dance friend, Renzo, over for dinner. At the clinic, Daphne and Campbell have to track down a patient after Daphne let him go before properly checking out. She also tries to recruit Sharee to join field hockey after Toby finds out that Sharee is a star athlete. Meanwhile, after Emmett catches the Carlton vandal on camera, he suspects that the one who has been targeting the deaf students is one of his deaf friends.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Samuel Page, Craig Tebbe is the newly appointed lawyer for the Kennishes' case against the hospital for the switch of Bay and Daphne. He is shown to have an affinity for redheads and tries to kiss Kathryn before she pulls away.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Over the course of the second season, Emmett and Toby reconnect, with Toby even forgiving Emmett for sleeping with Simone. The two renew their friendship and form another band. Emmett even stands as best man at Toby's wedding. At which he makes a toast (appearing to subtly be directed at Bay) saying that He and Bay are meant to be together saying that she is the one he found. In the final episode of season 2, Emmett comforts a crying Bay after finding out about the end of her relationship with Ty.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. During season three Toby begins to date a Carlton teacher named Lily. The two date for the first half of season four, but break up after Lily develops a crush on a teacher at UMKC. It was revealed during the mid-season premiere of season four that Lily is expecting Toby's baby. After Lily finds out she is having a baby, she discovers the baby has Down Syndrome. After many bumps in the road they decide to keep the baby. Lily gives birth in the last episode and the child is named Carlton after the school at which Toby and Lily met.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Lea Thompson, Kathryn is the mother of Bay and Toby Kennish and the biological mother of Daphne Vasquez. At first, she wasn't too excited about telling her friends that Bay and Daphne were switched at birth for the sake of maintaining her reputation, but after some pressing from Regina, she finally comes clean at a fundraiser.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). John temporarily moves in with Toby, who is unhappy about the situation. Toby and Bay try to get their parents to reconnect at a family outing, but Kathryn is adamant about finding her own independence. Melody preps Travis for an important college interview that he ends up skipping. Regina is in hot water with her boss after Adriana speaks out at a meeting against renovating East Riverside. Daphne tries to convince Sharee to get her mother some help with her mental issues. Bay comes across serious problems with her injured hand that could affect her future art career.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by D. W. Moffett, John is the biological father of Toby Kennish and Daphne Vasquez, and the adopted father of Bay Kennish. He used to play professional baseball, and he and Daphne share a love for athletics. John later becomes friends with Daphne's basketball coach, Melody Bledsoe. Toward the end of the first season, John announces his intention to run for office.", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Bay and Daphne meet a girl named Ally who has Angelo's heart through heart surgery, but they find out she's not who she seems she is. Regina refuses to see her because it will bring up memories about Angelo's death. Toby is deciding whether or not to baptize Carlton. Emmett and Travis try to make amends during Melody's birthday.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). After the blackmailing incident, Daphne is ordered to do community service at a free clinic. She meets Campbell (RJ Mitte), a former snowboarder who sustained serious injuries after an accident. Her relationship with John continues to be tense. The deaf students at Carlton are unhappy about the new students that were forced to relocate to the school due to district budget cuts. Daphne starts off on bad terms with a troubled girl named Sharee. Meanwhile, Bay is taking a college art class and is partnered up with a fraternity pledge, Tank (Max Adler). Toby finds his life as a newlywed at a standstill while Nikki is off doing missionary work in Peru. When her boss decides to sell the business, Regina hopes to buy the place with Angelo's help. Kathryn has started seeing a psychiatrist after going through a bout of depression and finds light in taking dance classes, which she hides from John.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Throughout his relationship with Bay, Emmett faces difficulties at home. He learns that his parents are getting a divorce and that his father has moved in with another woman. Bay, concerned for Emmett's well-being, goes behind his back to confide in his mother about her fears regarding Emmett living with her father. Emmett learns about their discussion and a fight ensues, resulting in Emmett sleeping with Simone, Bay's former friend and Toby's girlfriend. He does not reveal his actions to Bay until the night of prom, after which she promptly breaks up with him and leaves in tears. Emmett, however, is determined to win her back.", "Switched at Birth (season 2). Toby and Nikki's relationship is strained by work and wedding planning so Bay tries to help Toby by booking a gig for Toby's band for the carnival to give him a temporary reprieve from the demands of adult life. Regina and Bay's messiness frustrates Angelo when he comes back from searching for his baby. Kathryn is unnerved by Adriana's frequent visits, and Jace introduces Daphne to a new adventure.", "Switched at Birth (season 2). Daphne takes on more than she can handle while venturing into new territory. Toby goes to his grandfather hoping for a college recommendation. Kathryn volunteers to direct a play at Carlton.", "Switched at Birth (season 3). As Bay and Daphne rebel against their mothers' Christmas traditions, a \"Christmas miracle\" grants them their wish of alternate lives in which they were not switched. Daphne wakes up as Bay Kennish (\"Bay-Daphne\") with her hearing intact, who is a skilled soccer player in training for the Olympics; while Bay wakes up as Daphne Sorrento (\"Daphne-Bay\"), deaf but a recognized artist, with a brother, Angelo Junior (AJ). However, these benefits come at a price: workaholic cosmetics entrepreneur Kathryn and depressed, stay-at-home has-been John are on the verge of divorce; Toby is an angst-ridden Emo; Emmett is only Daphne-Bay's platonic friend; and Regina has never conquered her alcoholism. When the girls decide this is worse, they fail at trying to reverse it at a disastrous Christmas-eve dinner party at the Kennishes, and succeed at waking up back to normal only after embracing the mothers' traditions which they once hated.", "List of Switched at Birth characters. Played by Ryan Lane, Travis is a deaf student who attends Carlton with Daphne and Emmett. His hearing parents do not sign and are said to be uninterested in his progress at school.", "Switched at Birth (season 5). Toby and Lily come for a visit with the baby. They are fighting because Lily misses work, while Toby is working too much and not helping with the baby. Toby reveals his gambling problem has returned. They decide to move back to the States. Lily gets her job back at the university, and Kathryn will help with the baby. When Bay tries to rekindle her friendship with Mary Beth, she is upset to learn Mary Beth is now dating Tank. Regina decides to go public about her relationship with Luca. John teases her about the age difference, but relents after she scolds him for applying a sexist double standard. Kathryn and Daphne are both supportive and happy for Regina. Daphne is having nightmares about Bay's illness in China. Luca recognizes it as PTSD. Luca accidentally spills the secret about Bay's illness to Regina and Bay and Daphne have to tell everyone about it." ]

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[ "Lovebug. Localized lovebug flights can number in the hundreds of thousands. The slow, drifting movement of the insects is almost reminiscent of snow fall except that the flies also rise in the air. Two major flights occur each year, first in late spring, then again in late summer. In south Florida, a third (but smaller) flight can occur in December.[2] The spring flight occurs during late April and May, and in the summer during late August and September. Flights extend over periods of four to five weeks.[5] Mating takes place almost immediately after emergence of the females. Adult females live only three to four days, while males live a little longer. They have to stick to each other at all times.[2]", "Lovebug. The lovebug (Plecia nearctica) is a species of march fly found in parts of Central America and the southeastern United States, especially along the Gulf Coast.[2] It is also known as the honeymoon fly or double-headed bug. During and after mating, adult pairs remain coupled, even in flight, for up to several days.[3]", "Lovebug. The species was first described in 1940 by D. E. Hardy, but was seen in Louisiana as early as 1911.[4] At that time, he reported the incidence of lovebugs to be widespread, but most common in Texas, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana.[2] However, by the end of the 20th century the species had spread heavily to all areas bordering the Gulf of Mexico, as well as Georgia and South Carolina. L. A. Hetrick, writing in 1970, found the bug was also widespread in central and northern Florida and described its flights as reaching altitudes of 300 to 450 metres (980 to 1,480 ft) and extending several kilometers over the Gulf.[5] In 2006, it was reported as far north as Topsail Beach, North Carolina.[6]", "Lovebug. Research by L.L. Buschman showed that migration explained the introduction of the lovebug into Florida and other southeastern states, contrary to the urban myth that the University of Florida created them by manipulating DNA to control mosquito populations.[3]", "Lovebug. The lovebug has been recorded to have two flights that occur each year in which the lovebug will have a total lifespan of about 4–9 months depending on flight season. The first flight occurs during the months of April and May and the second flight occurs in August and September.[8] The flights generally last about 4–5 weeks each time.[9] Female lovebugs can lay as many as 100-350 eggs and will regularly lay these eggs around decaying material on the top layer of ground soil.[10] Lovebug eggs generally hatch after 2–4 days depending flight season. Once the eggs have hatched, the larvae will start feeding on the decaying material around them such as decaying plants on the soil and other decaying organic material and will live and remain in the soil until they develop to the pupa stage.[10] During the warmer months the lovebug larva will remain in the larvae phase for approximately 120 days and approximately 240 days during the cooler months.[11] Lovebugs typically stay in the pupa stage about 7–9 days before reaching the adult phase in which they can start reproducing.[12] Once adults, lovebugs are ready to mate and will start copulating to begin reproducing. Adult male love bugs will emerge first from the pupal stage and will hover around until female lovebugs emerge.[13] Mating between love bugs takes place immediately after emergence of the adult females.[14] Male lovebugs will copulate with a female and will remain paired up until the female has been fully fertilized. Copulation takes place for 2–3 days before the female detaches and lays her eggs and dies. Adult females have been recorded to live up to seven days while adult males may live up to two to five days but on average lovebugs will live three to four days.[15] However, Thornhill (1976c) recorded recapture data that showed males lived longer in the field than females.[2]", "Lovebug. Lovebugs are subject to some significant natural controls, such as various parasitic fungi,[2] and dry weather—which dries out the thatch resulting in a higher mortality rate for the immatures. As the lovebug migrated around the Gulf Coast, first to Texas, then Louisiana, then further eastward, the linitial populations for many years were so excessive that they caused public concern and initiated rumors of their origin. However, as pest populations migrate naturally, their natural controls are usually not far behind. While it often took decades, lovebug flights are no longer present in the huge numbers that once existed simply because their natural controls (mostly fungi) caught up with established populations. In many areas, local lovebug flights may only be present in excessively large numbers due to occasional local conditions that may not be repeated in successive years.", "Lovebug. Urban legend holds that lovebugs are synthetic—the result of a University of Florida genetics experiment gone wrong.[3]", "Bed bug. In November 2016 a media report noted that tropical bed bugs, Cimex hemipterus, which had been extirpated from the state during World War II, were discovered in Brevard County, Florida and were expected to spread in distribution within the United States.[79][80]\nIn the hot summer of 2018 it was reported that bedbug infestations had been increasing year-on-year in UK cities since 2006, with no sign of levelling off. This was considered likely to be due to increased temperatures. Bedbugs were commonly found in seats on London buses and Tube trains,[60]", "Yellow-bellied slider. Mating can occur in spring, summer, and autumn. Yellow-bellied sliders are capable of interbreeding with other T. scripta subspecies, such as red-eared sliders, which are commonly sold as pets. The release of non-native red-eared sliders into local environments caused the state of Florida to ban the sale of red-eared sliders in order to protect the native population of yellow-bellied sliders.[8]", "Florida woods cockroach. Males can mate about 18 days after maturation, and females produce oothecae approximately every 8 days, beginning about 55 days after maturation.[3] The oothecae are buried in soil or decaying logs, and hatch in 50 days at 30–36 °C (86–97 °F).[3] Parthenogenesis (asexual reproduction) can occur, but the nymphal clones do not develop to adulthood.[3]", "Lovebug. This species' reputation as a public nuisance is due not to any bite or sting (it is incapable of either), but to its slightly acidic body chemistry. Because airborne lovebugs can exist in enormous numbers near highways, they die in large numbers on automobile windshields, hoods, and radiator grills when the vehicles travel at high speeds. If left for more than an hour or two, the remains become extremely difficult to remove. Their body chemistry has a nearly neutral 6.5 pH but may become acidic at 4.25 pH if left on the car for a day.[2] In the past, the acidity of the dead adult body, especially the female's egg masses, often resulted in pits and etches in automotive paint and chrome if not quickly removed.[7] However, advances in automotive paints and protective coatings have reduced this threat significantly. Now the greatest concern is excessive clogging of vehicle radiator air passages with the bodies of the adults, with the reduction of the cooling effect on engines, and the obstruction of windshields when the remains of the adults and egg masses are smeared on the glass.[2]", "Lovebug. Lovebug adults are attracted to light-colored surfaces, especially if they are freshly painted, but adults congregate almost anywhere apparently reacting to the effects of sunlight on automobile fumes, asphalt, and other products affected by environmental factors still not completely understood.[2]", "Florida scrub jay. After about 2 to 3 years, fledglings leave the group to form mating pairs of their own. Mating season ranges from March to June. Clutches usually contain about 3 to 4 eggs which are incubated in about 17 days. Fledging occurs in about 16 to 19 days. Fledglings can be distinguished from the adult birds due to the coloration of the feathers on their head, which are brown instead of blue, The brown feathers on the juvenile's head are slowly replaced by blue feathers as the bird matures into adulthood.", "Lovebug. While lovebugs are not a favored food of most insectivores due to their acidic taste, lovebug larvae—and some adults—are food for birds such as quail and robins. Arthropod predators include spiders, some predatory insects such as earwigs, at least two species of beetle larvae, and centipedes.[7]", "Lovebug. Much speculation about the lovebug still thrives. This is partly because the larval form of this insect is seldom seen, as it lives and feeds in the thatch of grasses for most of the year. While various fungi are suspected of being natural controls for this species,[2] biological control of these non-pest flies is not a priority for funding.", "Lovebug. Lovebugs' larvae feed on partially decayed vegetation in the landscape and, in this respect, are beneficial to humans. Adults primarily feed on nectar from various plants, particularly sweet clover, goldenrod, and Brazilian pepper.[2]", "Herbie. Herbie the Love Bug is a sentient anthropomorphic 1963 Volkswagen Beetle, a character that is featured in several Walt Disney motion pictures starting with the 1968 feature film The Love Bug. He has a mind of his own and is capable of driving himself, and is also a serious contender in auto racing competitions. Throughout most of the franchise, Herbie is distinguished by red, white and blue racing stripes from front to back bumper, a racing-style number 53 on the front luggage compartment lid, doors, and engine lid, and a yellow-on-black '63 California license plate with the registration OFP 857.", "Mosquito. Adult mosquitoes usually mate within a few days after emerging from the pupal stage. In most species, the males form large swarms, usually around dusk, and the females fly into the swarms to mate.", "Beat Bugs. A 48-minute special entitled Beat Bugs: All Together Now, premiered on Netflix on November 21, 2017.[61]", "Florida. Invertebrates: carpenter ants, termites, American cockroach, Africanized bees, the Miami blue butterfly, and the grizzled mantis.", "Lovebird. Sprouts should be offered at least weekly) to juveniles, adults, pets & breeder specimens in the breeding season. And on a daily or at least weekly basis to breeders in breeding-season rearing their chicks.", "Zika virus outbreak timeline. Florida, United States 19 September 2016 The CDC lifts official travel guidelines for Miami, Florida.[81][82]", "Kane Brown. Brown opened for Florida Georgia Line on their summer 2016 Dig Your Roots Tour.[25] Kane collaborated with Chandler Stephens on a song they wrote together, \"Can't Stop Love\", which was released on February 12, 2016.[26]", "American green tree frog. Most American green tree frog females breed once per year, but some have multiple clutches in a single mating season.[1] In a Florida population, \"advertisement calls of males were documented between March and September and pairs in amplexus were observed between April and August.\" In the Florida population, the average number of offspring in a single clutch was observed to be about 400 eggs.[1] Eggs take between four and 14 days to hatch, with an average of five days.[1] According to the Animal Diversity Web at the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology, \"Female size was positively correlated with clutch size, but after the initial clutch, the number of eggs nearly always decreased.\"[1]", "Monarch butterfly migration. There is a northward migration in the spring.[50] Female monarchs lay eggs for the next generation during these migrations.[2] Northward migration from Florida normally occurs from mid-March to mid-May and the initial wave of the migration may be the offspring of monarchs that have overwintered in Florida and along the northern Gulf Coast, not in central Mexico. Tagged monarchs from Tallahassee were recovered in Virginia and Georgia.[51]", "List of invasive species in the Everglades. About 12,500 species of insects are native to Florida, most of which naturally flew into the region from the Caribbean or Southeastern United States. An additional 1,000 have been identified as exotic.[44] Insects create about $1 billion of damage to structures and agriculture in Florida each year. The tide of arriving insects is nearly impossible to control with the volume of goods and shipments coming into South Florida. Imported citrus is a major avenue for damaging insects. Twenty-one species have been imported and released to act as biological control agents: to impede the growth of invasive plants or counter the effects of other insects. Others, such as the Madagascan hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa) and European cricket (Acheta domesticus) are sold as pets or fishing bait, and are then released into backyards.[45] Similarly, aquatic invertebrates such as mussels, clams, snails, and melania find their ways into local waters from the bottoms of ships or in bilge holds. The aquarium trade also supplies enthusiasts with exotic species which are dumped or escape into waterways.[46]", "It's Tough to Be a Bug!. The attraction opened in Disney's Animal Kingdom at the Walt Disney World Resort on April 22, 1998, a full seven months before the actual feature debuted in theaters.[2] A second version of the attraction debuted at the opening of Disney California Adventure on February 8, 2001.[3] The version at California Adventure closed permanently on March 19, 2018, as A Bug's Land will be replaced by a Marvel-themed land.[1]", "Love, Simon. Love, Simon premiered at the Mardi Gras Film Festival on February 27, 2018, and also screened at the Glasgow Film Festival and the Melbourne Queer Film Festival.[15][16] The film was released by 20th Century Fox in the United States and Canada on March 16, 2018, in Australia and New Zealand on March 29, 2018, in Brazil on April 5, 2018, in the United Kingdom and Ireland on April 6, 2018, in Colombia on April 12, 2018, Mexico on April 13, 2018, and is scheduled to be released in other countries on various dates throughout 2018.[17]", "Florida woods cockroach. Another wasp species, Anastatus floridanus, is also an ootheca parasite of Eurycotis floridana, laying eggs in an ootheca carried by the female, or into a deposited ootheca as many as 36 days old.[3] Several A. floridanus wasps may lay eggs in the same ootheca. As many as 306 adult wasps may develop from one cockroach ootheca.[3]", "Florida woods cockroach. The Florida woods cockroach (Eurycotis floridana), palmetto bug,[2] is a large species of cockroach which typically grows to a length of 30–40 mm (1.2–1.6 in).[3] When alarmed, adults can eject an extremely foul smelling directional spray up to one meter,[4] which inspired several of its other common names: Florida skunk roach, Florida stinkroach, skunk cockroach, skunk roach, stinking cockroach, and stinkroach.[5] Two other naming variations include Florida cockroach and Florida woods roach.[5]", "Zika virus outbreak timeline. Florida, United States 1 August 2016 In response to confirmed cases of localized mosquito transmission of Zika in Miami's Wynwood neighborhood, the CDC issued an official travel warning for Miami, Florida.[71]", "Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp. On August 4, 2017, Disney Channel announced that production was underway for a relaunch of Bug Juice, a docuseries that aired from February 28, 1998 to October 15, 2001.[1] Production took place at Camp Waziyatah in Waterford, Maine, the location of the first season of the original series, with an expected series premiere in early 2018. On April 19, 2018, it was announced that the relaunched series would be titled Bug Juice: My Adventures at Camp, and would premiere in summer 2018.[2] The series premiered on July 16, 2018.[3] Douglas Ross, Alex Baskin, Tina Gazzero Clapp, and Toni Gallagher serve as executive producers. The series is produced by Evolution Media.[1] The first season consists of 16 episodes.[4] On July 12, 2018, Disney Channel released the theme song for the series on YouTube.[5]" ]

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[ "Head of government. In addition to prime minister, titles used for the democratic model, where there is an elected legislative body checking the Head of government, include the following. Some of these titles relate to governments below the national level (e.g., states or provinces).", "Democracy. Parliamentary democracy is a representative democracy where government is appointed by, or can be dismissed by, representatives as opposed to a \"presidential rule\" wherein the president is both head of state and the head of government and is elected by the voters. Under a parliamentary democracy, government is exercised by delegation to an executive ministry and subject to ongoing review, checks and balances by the legislative parliament elected by the people.[108][109][110][111]", "Democracy. Presidential Democracy is a system where the public elects the president through free and fair elections. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government controlling most of the executive powers. The president serves for a specific term and cannot exceed that amount of time. Elections typically have a fixed date and aren't easily changed. The president has direct control over the cabinet, specifically appointing the cabinet members.[112]", "Government. In a general sense, in a democracy, all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A \"majority\" may be defined in different ways. There are many \"power-sharing\" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or \"electoral-college\" or \"constituency\" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.[citation needed]", "Forms of government. In a general sense, in a democracy, all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A \"majority\" may be defined in different ways. There are many \"power-sharing\" (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or \"electoral-college\" or \"constituency\" systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount.[citation needed]", "Democratic socialism. Heads of state/heads of government", "Democracy. Representative democracy involves the election of government officials by the people being represented. If the head of state is also democratically elected then it is called a democratic republic.[103] The most common mechanisms involve election of the candidate with a majority or a plurality of the votes. Most western countries have representative systems.[101]", "Parliamentary system. A parliamentary system is a system of democratic governance of a state where the executive branch derives its democratic legitimacy from its ability to command the confidence of the legislative branch, typically a parliament, and is also held accountable to that parliament. In a parliamentary system, the head of state is usually a different person from the head of government. This is in contrast to a presidential system, where the head of state often is also the head of government and, most importantly, the executive branch does not derive its democratic legitimacy from the legislature.", "Presidential system. A presidential system is a democratic and republican system of government where a head of government leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch. This head of government is in most cases also the head of state, which is called president.", "Ruling party. The ruling party or governing party in a democratic parliamentary system is the incumbent political party or coalition of the majority in parliament, that administers the affairs of state. Within a parliamentary system, the majority in the legislature also controls the executive branch of government, thus leaving no possibility of opposing parties concurrently occupying the executive and legislative branches of government, such as in an American style presidential system where the party of the president does not necessarily also have a legislative majority.", "Head of government. In many countries, the Head of government is commissioned by the Head of state to form a government, on the basis of the strength of party support in the lower house, in some other states directly elected by parliament. Many parliamentary systems require ministers to serve in parliament, while others ban ministers from sitting in parliament; they must resign on becoming ministers.", "Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is the second institution in the central executive branch of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the first institution being the President, who has the title of head of state.", "Government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The cabinet is headed by the Prime Minister, also known as the head of government, appointed by the President, from the political party, the group or the coalition that holds the majority of seats in the National Assembly.", "Democracy. Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία dēmokratía, literally \"rule of the people\"), in modern usage, is a system of government in which the citizens exercise power directly or elect representatives from among themselves to form a governing body, such as a parliament.[1] Democracy is sometimes referred to as \"rule of the majority\".[2] Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes.", "Liberal democracy. The liberal democratic constitution defines the democratic character of the state. The purpose of a constitution is often seen as a limit on the authority of the government. Liberal democracy emphasises the separation of powers, an independent judiciary and a system of checks and balances between branches of government. Liberal democracies are likely to emphasise the importance of the state being a Rechtsstaat, i.e. a state that follows the principle of rule of law. Governmental authority is legitimately exercised only in accordance with written, publicly disclosed laws adopted and enforced in accordance with established procedure. Many democracies use federalism—also known as vertical separation of powers—in order to prevent abuse and increase public input by dividing governing powers between municipal, provincial and national governments (e.g., Germany where the federal government assumes the main legislative responsibilities and the federated Länder assume many executive tasks).[citation needed]", "Head of government. In presidential republics or in absolute monarchies, the head of state is also usually the head of government. The relationship between that leader and the government, however, can vary greatly, ranging from separation of powers to autocracy, according to the constitution (or other basic laws) of the particular state.", "Executive (government). In a presidential system, the leader of the executive is both the head of state and head of government.[1] In a parliamentary system, a cabinet minister responsible to the legislature is the head of government, while the head of state is usually a largely ceremonial monarch or president.[2]", "Leadership style. The boundaries of democratic participation tend to be circumscribed by the organization or the group needs and the instrumental value of people's attributes (skills, attitudes, etc.). The democratic style encompasses the notion that everyone, by virtue of their human status, should play a part in the group's decisions. However, the democratic style of leadership still requires guidance and control by a specific leader. The democratic style demands the leader to make decisions on who should be called upon within the group and who is given the right to participate in, make and vote on decisions.[6]", "Government of Pakistan. In the parliamentary democracy, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The cabinet and its ministers are expected to lay down the policy guidelines, and the civil servants are responsible for implementing and enforcing it.", "Head of government. In some cases, the head of state is a figurehead whilst the head of the government leads the ruling party. In some cases a head of government may even pass on the title in hereditary fashion. Such titles include the following:", "Government of India. In the parliamentary democracy of India, the ultimate responsibility for running the administration rests with the elected representatives of the people which are the ministers. These ministers are accountable to the legislatures which are also elected by the people on the basis of universal adult suffrage. The ministers are indirectly responsible to the people themselves. But the handful of ministers are not expected to deal personally with the various problems of modern administration. Thus the ministers lay down the policy and it is for the civil servants to enforce it.", "Parliamentary system. Countries with parliamentary democracies may be constitutional monarchies, where a monarch is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a member of parliament (such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Sweden and Japan), or parliamentary republics, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is regularly from the legislature (such as Ireland, Germany, India and Italy). In a few parliamentary republics, such as Botswana, South Africa, and Suriname, among some others, the head of government is also head of state, but is elected by and is answerable to parliament. In bicameral parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the lower house.", "Democratic republic. A democratic republic is a form of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy. Rather than being a cross between two entirely separate systems, democratic republics may function on principles shared by both republics and democracies.", "Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Although Rousseau argues that sovereignty (or the power to make the laws) should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between the sovereign and the government. The government is composed of magistrates, charged with implementing and enforcing the general will. The \"sovereign\" is the rule of law, ideally decided on by direct democracy in an assembly.", "Democracy. A semi-presidential system is a system of democracy in which the government includes both a prime minister and a president. The particular powers held by the prime minister and president vary by country.[112]", "Politics of the Dominican Republic. Government of the Dominican Republic takes place in a framework of a representative democracy, whereby the President of the Dominican Republic is both head of state, head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in the bicameral National Congress. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.", "Head of government. In parliamentary systems, including constitutional monarchies, the head of government is the de facto political leader of the government, and is answerable to one chamber or the entire legislature. Although there is often a formal reporting relationship to a head of state, the latter usually acts as a figurehead who may take the role of chief executive on limited occasions, either when receiving constitutional advice from the head of government or under specific provisions in a constitution. For example, in the United Kingdom, the prime minister \"advises\" the Queen on the appointment of the cabinet, advice she is required to accept.[citation needed] On the other hand, the Queen's long service as the head of state enables her to provide the prime minister with information and insight into many matters to better run the government. However, because the United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, the Prime Minister uses his or her own discretion regarding whether or not to follow the Queen's advice. The Queen also is entitled to appoint a new Prime Minister.", "Head of state. A head of state may seize power by force or revolution. This is not the same as the use of force to maintain power, as is practiced by authoritarian or totalitarian rulers. Dictators often use democratic titles, though some proclaim themselves monarchs. Examples of the latter include Emperor Napoleon III of France and King Zog of Albania. In Spain, general Francisco Franco adopted the formal title Jefe del Estado, or Chief of State, and established himself as regent for a vacant monarchy. Uganda's Idi Amin was one of several who named themselves President for Life.", "Law. The executive in a legal system serves as the centre of political authority of the State. In a parliamentary system, as with Britain, Italy, Germany, India, and Japan, the executive is known as the cabinet, and composed of members of the legislature. The executive is led by the head of government, whose office holds power under the confidence of the legislature. Because popular elections appoint political parties to govern, the leader of a party can change in between elections.[106]", "Head of state. In parliamentary systems the head of state may be merely the nominal chief executive officer, heading the executive branch of the state, and possessing limited executive power. In reality, however, following a process of constitutional evolution, powers are usually only exercised by direction of a cabinet, presided over by a head of government who is answerable to the legislature. This accountability and legitimacy requires that someone be chosen who has a majority support in the legislature (or, at least, not a majority opposition – a subtle but important difference). It also gives the legislature the right to vote down the head of government and their cabinet, forcing it either to resign or seek a parliamentary dissolution. The executive branch is thus said to be responsible (or answerable) to the legislature, with the head of government and cabinet in turn accepting constitutional responsibility for offering constitutional advice to the head of state.", "Management. In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor.", "Government. An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).[20]" ]

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[ "1900 Galveston hurricane. The Galveston city government was reorganized into a commission government, a newly devised structure wherein the government is made of a small group of commissioners, each responsible for one aspect of governance. This was prompted by fears that the existing city council would be unable to handle the problem of rebuilding the city.", "American urban history. One of the most dramatic changes came in Galveston, Texas were a devastating hurricane and flood overwhelmed the resources of local government. Reformers abolished political parties in municipal elections, and set up a five-man commission of experts to rebuild the city. The Galveston idea was simple, efficient, and much less conducive to corruption. If lessened the Democratic influences of the average voter, but multiplied the influence of the reform minded middle-class.[97] The Galveston plan was quickly copied by many other cities, especially in the West. By 1914 over 400 cities had nonpartisan elected commissions.[98] Dayton, Ohio Had its great flood in 1913, and responded with the innovation of a paid, non-political city manager, hired by the commissioners to run the bureaucracy; mechanical engineers were especially preferred.[99][100]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Since its formal founding in 1839, the city of Galveston had weathered numerous storms, all of which the city survived with ease. Residents believed any future storms would be no worse than previous events.[18] In order to provide an official meteorological statement on the threat of hurricanes, Galveston Weather Bureau section director Isaac Cline wrote an 1891 article in the Galveston Daily News in which he argued not only that a seawall was not needed to protect the city, but also that it would be impossible for a hurricane of significant strength to strike the island.[19] The seawall was not built, and development activities on the island actively increased its vulnerability to storms. Sand dunes along the shore were cut down to fill low areas in the city, removing what little barrier there was to the Gulf of Mexico.[20]", "History of Texas. Galveston, the fourth-largest city in Texas and then the major port, was destroyed by a hurricane with 100 mph (160 km/h) winds on September 8, 1900. The storm created a 20 ft (6.1 m) storm surge when it hit the island, 6–9 ft (1.8–2.7 m) higher than any previously recorded flood. Water covered the entire island, killing between 6,000 and 8,000 people, destroying 3,500 homes as well as the railroad causeway and wagon bridge that connected the island to the mainland.[149] To help rebuild their city, citizens implemented a reformed government featuring a five-man city commission. Galveston was the first city to implement a city commission government, and its plan was adopted by 500 other small cities across the United States.[150]", "Hurricane Ike. A commission was established by Rick Perry, the Texas Governor, following the hurricane to investigate preparing for and mitigating future disasters. A proposal has been put forth to build an \"Ike Dike\", a massive levee system which would protect the Galveston Bay, and the important industrial facilities which line the coast and the ship channel, from a future, potentially more destructive storm. The proposal has gained widespread support from a variety of business interests. As of 2009[update], it is currently only at the conceptual stage.[149]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Today, Galveston is home to a cruise port, two universities, and a major insurance corporation. Homes and other buildings that survived the hurricane have been preserved, and give much of the city a Victorian look. The seawall, since extended to 10 miles (16 km), is now an attraction itself, as hotels and tourist attractions have been built along its length in seeming defiance of future storms.", "Spanish Texas. Another revolutionary, José Manuel Herrera, created a government on Galveston Island in September 1816 which he proclaimed part of a Mexican Republic.[168] A group of French exiles in the United States attempted to create their own colony on the Trinity River, known as Le Champ d'Asile. The exiles planned to use the colony as a base to liberate New Spain and then free Napoleon from St. Helena. They abandoned the colony shortly and returned to Galveston.[169]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. In historiography, the hurricane and the rebuilding afterward divide what is known as the Golden Era (1875–1900) from the Open Era (1920–1957) of Galveston. The most important long-term impact of the hurricane was to confirm fears that Galveston was a dangerous place to make major investments in shipping and manufacturing operations; the economy of the Golden Era was no longer possible as investors fled. In 1920, Prohibition and tax law enforcement opened up new opportunities for criminal enterprises related to gambling and bootlegging in the city. Galveston rapidly became a prime resort destination enabled by the open vice businesses on the island. This new entertainment-based economy brought decades-long prosperity to the island.[citation needed]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. A quarter of a century earlier, the nearby town of Indianola on Matagorda Bay was undergoing its own boom and was second to Galveston among Texas port cities. Then in 1875, a powerful hurricane blew through, nearly destroying the town. Indianola was rebuilt, though a second hurricane in 1886 caused residents to simply give up and move elsewhere.[16] Many Galveston residents took the destruction of Indianola as an object lesson on the threat posed by hurricanes. Galveston is built on a low, flat island, little more than a large sandbar along the Gulf Coast. These residents proposed a seawall be constructed to protect the city, but their concerns were dismissed by the majority of the population and the city's government.[17]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Survivors set up temporary shelters in surplus U.S. Army tents along the shore. They were so numerous that observers began referring to Galveston as the \"White City on the Beach\". Others constructed so-called \"storm lumber\" homes, using salvageable material from the debris to build shelter.[50]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Before the Hurricane of 1900, Galveston was considered to be a beautiful and prestigious city and was known as the \"Ellis Island of the West\" and the \"Wall Street of the Southwest\".[52] However, after the storm, development shifted north to Houston, which was enjoying the benefits of the oil boom. The dredging of the Houston Ship Channel in 1909 and 1914 ended Galveston's hopes of regaining its former status as a major commercial center.[53]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. To prevent future storms from causing destruction like that of the 1900 hurricane, many improvements to the island were made. The first 3 miles (4.8 km) of the Galveston Seawall, 17-foot (5 m) high, were built beginning in 1902 under the direction of Henry Martyn Robert. An all-weather bridge was constructed to the mainland to replace the ones destroyed in the storm.", "1900 Galveston hurricane. On September 4, the Galveston office of the National Weather Bureau (as it was then called) began receiving warnings from the Bureau's central office in Washington, D.C., that a tropical storm had moved northward over Cuba.[6] At the time, they discouraged the use of terms such as tornado or hurricane to avoid panicking residents in the path of any storm event. The Weather Bureau forecasters had no way of knowing the storm's trajectory, as Weather Bureau director Willis Moore implemented a policy to block telegraph reports from Cuban meteorologists at the Belen Observatory in Havana – considered one of the most advanced meteorological institutions in the world at the time – due to tensions remaining in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War. Moore also changed protocol to force local Weather Bureau offices to seek authorization from the central office before issuing storm warnings.[21]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. As severe as the damage to the city's buildings was, the death toll was even greater. Because of the destruction of the bridges to the mainland and the telegraph lines, no word of the city's destruction was able to reach the mainland.[37] At 11 a.m. on September 9, one of the few ships at the Galveston wharfs to survive the storm, the Pherabe, arrived in Texas City on the western side of Galveston Bay. It carried six messengers from the city. When they reached the telegraph office in Houston at 3 a.m. on September 10, a short message was sent to Texas Governor Joseph D. Sayers and U.S. President William McKinley: \"I have been deputized by the mayor and Citizen's Committee of Galveston to inform you that the city of Galveston is in ruins.\" The messengers reported an estimated five hundred dead; this was considered to be an exaggeration at the time.[38]", "City commission government. This form of government originated in Galveston, Texas as a response to the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, mainly for the reason that extra support was needed in certain areas. After its constitutionality was tested and confirmed, this form of government quickly became popular across the state of Texas and spread to other parts of the United States.", "Jean Lafitte. Lafitte essentially developed Galveston Island as another smuggling base. Like Barataria, Galveston was a seaward island that protected a large inland bay. As part of Mexico, it was outside the authority of the United States, and was largely uninhabited, except by Native American Karankawa.[70] Texas itself had little population at this time, and the base had no significant populations nearby, so it (at least initially) was relatively free of scrutiny from any of the governments in the region.", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Weather Bureau forecasters believed the storm would travel northeast and affect the mid-Atlantic coast. \"To them, the storm appeared to have begun a long turn or 'recurve' that would take it first into Florida, then drive it northeast toward an eventual exit into the Atlantic.\"[22] Cuban forecasters adamantly disagreed, saying the hurricane would continue west. One Cuban forecaster predicted the hurricane would continue into central Texas near San Antonio. Early the next morning, the swells continued despite only partly cloudy skies. Largely because of the unremarkable weather, few residents heeded the warning. Few people evacuated across Galveston's bridges to the mainland, and the majority of the population was unconcerned by the rain clouds that began rolling in by midmorning.", "1900 Galveston hurricane. The citizens of Houston knew a powerful storm had blown through and had made ready to provide assistance. Workers set out by rail and ship for the island almost immediately. Rescuers arrived to find the city completely destroyed. It is believed 8,000 people—20% of the island's population—had lost their lives.[39] Estimates range from 6,000 to 12,000.[26] Most had drowned or been crushed as the waves pounded the debris that had been their homes hours earlier. Many survived the storm itself but died after several days being trapped under the wreckage of the city, with rescuers unable to reach them. The rescuers could hear the screams of the survivors as they walked on the debris trying to rescue those they could. A further 30,000 were left homeless.[40]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. In 1915, a storm similar in strength and track to the 1900 hurricane struck Galveston. The 1915 storm brought a 12-ft (4-m) storm surge that tested the new seawall. Although 53 people on Galveston Island lost their lives in the 1915 storm, this was a great reduction from the thousands who died in 1900.[54]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. The Great Galveston Hurricane,[1] known regionally as the Great Storm of 1900,[2][3][4] was the deadliest natural disaster in United States history, and one of the deadliest hurricanes to affect Canada. The hurricane left between 6,000 and 12,000 fatalities in the United States; the number most cited in official reports is 8,000. Most of these deaths occurred in the vicinity of Galveston after storm surge inundated the entire island with 8 to 12 feet (2.4 to 3.7 m) of water. In addition to the number killed, every house in the city sustained damage, with at least 3,636 destroyed. Approximately 30,000 people in the city were left homeless, out of a total population of nearly 38,000. The disaster ended the Golden Era of Galveston, as the hurricane alarmed potential investors, who turned to Houston instead. The Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Galveston island was subsequently raised by 17 ft (5.2 m) and a 10 mi (16 km) seawall erected.[5]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. On September 8, the hurricane weakened slightly and recurved to the northwest while approaching the coast of Texas.[10] By 22:00 UTC, the Weather Bureau office in Galveston was observing sustained hurricane-force winds.[6] The cyclone made landfall around 02:00 UTC on September 9 near modern-day Jamaica Beach with sustained winds of 140 mph (220 km/h).[10] Upon making landfall, it was estimated that the hurricane had a atmospheric pressure of 936 mbar (27.6 inHg), the lowest pressure associated with the system.[11] While crossing Galveston Island and West Bay, the eye passed just west of the city of Galveston.[6] The hurricane quickly weakened after moving inland, weakening to a Category 2 around 06:00 UTC on September 9 and then to a Category 1 hurricane about 12 hours later. Later that day, it curved northward and weakened to a tropical storm at 18:00 UTC. About 24 hours later, the cyclone weakened to a tropical depression over Kansas on September 10. The storm lost tropical characteristics and transitioned into an extratropical cyclone over Iowa by 12:00 UTC on the following day. Moving rapidly east-northeastward, the extratropical system re-intensified, becoming the equivalent of a Category 1 hurricane over Ontario on September 13. After crossing Newfoundland and entering the far northern Atlantic, the remnants of the hurricane weakened and were last noted near Iceland on September 15.[10]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. In 1900, the city of Galveston, Texas, was a booming town.[9] According to the 1900 Census, the population of Galveston was 37,788, an increase from 29,084 people recorded in the 1890 Census.[12] The city was fourth largest municipality in the state of Texas in 1900 and among the highest per capita income rates in the United States.[13] Galveston had many ornate business buildings in a downtown section called The Strand, which was considered the \"Wall Street of the Southwest.\"[14] The city's position on the natural harbor of Galveston Bay along the Gulf of Mexico made it the center of trade in Texas, and one of the busiest ports in the nation.[15] With this prosperity came a sense of complacency.[9]", "Storm. Numerous other accounts of the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 have been made in print and in film. Larson cites many of them in Isaac's Storm, which centrally features that storm, as well as chronicles the creation of the Weather Bureau (which came to known as the National Weather Service) and that agency's fateful rivalry with the weather service in Cuba, and a number of other major storms, such as those which ravaged Indianola, Texas in 1875 and 1886.[56]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. In less than 24 hours the city of Galveston was effectively obliterated. The final death toll is not known with certainty but the most conservative estimate is around 6,000. Most historians believe the loss of life to be in the area of 8,000 with some suggesting as many as 12,000 perished. With the city in ruins and rail lines to the mainland destroyed, the survivors had little to live on until relief arrived.[49]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. Three days later, Antigua reported a severe thunderstorm passing over, followed by the hot, humid calmness that often occurs after the passage of a tropical cyclone. By September 1, U.S. Weather Bureau observers were reporting on a \"storm of moderate intensity (not a hurricane)\" southeast of Cuba. Continuing westward, the storm made landfall on southwest Cuba on September 3, dropping heavy rains. On September 5, it emerged into the Florida Straits as a tropical storm or a weak hurricane. Conditions in the Gulf of Mexico were favorable for further strengthening of the storm. The Gulf had seen little cloud cover for several weeks, and the seas were \"as warm as bathwater\", according to one report.[6] The Weather Bureau ignored reports from Cuban meteorologists because they expected the storm to curve northeast along the coast of North America: \"Assumption became fact as the official government reports stated, wrongly, that the storm was traveling northeast in the Atlantic.\" However, a region of high pressure had pushed the storm to the west into the Gulf of Mexico.[7]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. The most dramatic effort to protect the city was its raising. Dredged sand was used to raise the city of Galveston by as much as 17 feet (5.2 m) above its previous elevation. Over 2,100 buildings were raised in the process by the process of pumping sand underneath,[23] including the 3,000-ton St. Patrick's Church. The seawall and raising of the island were jointly named a National Historical Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 2001.", "Hurricane Ike. On September 11, forecasting models began to show Ike making landfall just south of Galveston. City Manager Steven LeBlanc late Wednesday issued a mandatory evacuation order for the low-lying west end of Galveston Island.[42] Later, the mandatory evacuation order was extended to the entire island of Galveston, as well as low-lying areas around Houston, Texas.[43] Mandatory evacuations were also ordered for Jefferson, Orange, and Chambers counties located east of Houston. Voluntary evacuations were in effect for Hardin and Tyler as well as Newton and Jasper counties.[44] Residents evacuating ahead of Ike were received by emergency workers in the Dallas/Fort Worth(DFW) Metroplex where they were provided a place of refuge, medical treatment, and provisions. In addition to the orders of local and state officials, federal officials were thoroughly involved in evacuation decisions. On September 10, U.S. President George W. Bush made an emergency declaration for Texas, making more federal help available for preparations and evacuations.[45] More than one million people evacuated in advance of Hurricane Ike, but more than 100,000 people did not.[46]", "City commission government. As a form, commission government once was common, but has largely been supplanted as many cities that once used it have since switched to the council-manager form of government. Proponents of the council-manager form typically consider the city commission form to be the predecessor of, not the alternative to, the council-manager form of government.[1] The council-manager form of government developed, at least in part, as a response to some perceived limitations of the commission form. In the council-manager form, the elected council exercises the legislative power of the city and appoints a manager, who possesses the executive power. Thus the executive powers, divided among the commissioners in a commission form, are instead concentrated in the manager, who then delegates responsibility to department heads and other staff members. The council-manager form became the preferred alternative for progressive reform, and after World War I, very few cities adopted the commission form and many cities using the commission plan switched to the council-manager form. Galveston itself changed forms in 1960.[1]", "Texas oil boom. In 1900 a massive hurricane struck Galveston, destroying much of the city.[14] That and another storm in 1915 shifted much of the focus from investors away from Galveston and toward nearby Houston, which was seen as a safer location for commercial operations. Because of these events, the coming oil boom became heavily centered on the city of Houston both as a port and a commercial center.[15]", "Manila. Under American control, a new, civilian-oriented Insular Government headed by Governor-General William Howard Taft invited city planner Daniel Burnham to adapt Manila to modern needs.[41] The Burnham Plan included the development of a road system, the use of waterways for transportation, and the beautification of Manila with waterfront improvements and construction of parks, parkways and buildings.[42][43]", "1900 Galveston hurricane. The storm was reported to be north of Key West on September 6,[8] Late on September 6, the ship Louisiana encountered the hurricane after departing New Orleans. Captain Halsey estimated wind speeds of 100 mph (160 km/h), which corresponds to Category 2 intensity on the modern-day Saffir–Simpson Hurricane Scale. In the early morning hours of Friday, September 7, the Weather Bureau office in New Orleans, Louisiana, issued a report of heavy damage along the Louisiana and Mississippi coasts. Details of the storm were not widespread; damage to telegraph lines limited communication.[9] The Weather Bureau's central office in Washington, D.C., ordered storm warnings raised from Pensacola, Florida, to Galveston. The hurricane continued to strengthen significantly while heading west-northwestward across the Gulf of Mexico, becoming a Category 3 hurricane at 06:00 UTC on September 7 and reaching Category 4 intensity about 12 hours later. Upon becoming a Category 4 hurricane, the cyclone reached its maximum sustained wind speed of 145 mph (230 km/h).[10] By the afternoon of September 7, large swells from the southeast were observed on the Gulf, and clouds at all altitudes began moving in from the northeast. Both of these observations are consistent with a hurricane approaching from the east. The Galveston Weather Bureau office raised its double square flags; a hurricane warning was in effect.[6]", "Storm surge. The Galveston Hurricane of 1900, a Category 4 hurricane that struck Galveston, Texas, drove a devastating surge ashore; between 6,000 and 12,000 lives were lost, making it the deadliest natural disaster ever to strike the United States.[6]" ]

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[ "Halloween (2018 film). On December 20, 2017, it was announced that Nick Castle, who had portrayed Michael Myers in the original film, would reprise his role, with actor and stuntman James Jude Courtney set to portray Myers as well.[44][45][46] Courtney was suggested to Malek Akkad and David Gordon Green by stunt coordinator Rawn Hutchinson for his ability to do both physical stunts and genuine acting, auditioning afterwards and receiving a phone call in December 2017 affirming that he had landed the role. Green explained to him his vision for Myers's mannerisms, an amalgamation of Castle's original performance and the addition of an efficient cat-eque style of movement. Courtney tailored his portrayal to those specifications from observing an actual cat, \"I think cats are the most perfect hunting machines on the planet. And the beauty of it is we don't judge a cat for what a cat does. So I sort of carried that movement and the non-judgmental approach to the way I moved as The Shape, which I learned from my cat Parcival.\" He referred to collaborating with Castle as an \"honor\", while Castle described it as a \"passing of the torch\". Courtney used John Carpenter and Castle's work on the original film to determine how the forty years that transpired between the events of the films would inform the character over time.[47]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). A new version of Michael Myers appears in Rob Zombie's Halloween (2007), a reboot of the franchise.[11] The film follows the basic premise of the original film, with an increased focus on Michael's childhood: ten-year-old Michael (Daeg Faerch) is shown killing animals and suffering verbal abuse from Judith (Hanna R. Hall) and his mother's boyfriend Ronnie (William Forsythe), both of whom he later murders. During his time in Smith's Grove, Michael takes up the hobby of creating papier-mâché masks and receives unsuccessful therapy from Dr. Sam Loomis (Malcolm McDowell). As an adult, Michael (Tyler Mane) returns to Haddonfield to reunite with his beloved younger sister Laurie (Scout Taylor-Compton). Laurie, however, is terrified of him and ends up shooting him in self-defense.[12] Zombie's story is continued in the sequel, Halloween II (2009), which picks up right where the remake leaves off and then jumps ahead one year. Here, Michael (Mane) is presumed dead, but resurfaces after a vision of his deceased mother Deborah (Sheri Moon Zombie) informs him that he must track Laurie (Taylor-Compton) down so that they can \"come home\". In the film, Michael and Laurie have a mental link, with the two sharing visions of their mother. During the film's climax, Laurie apparently kills Michael by stabbing him repeatedly in the chest and face with his own knife.[13]", "Halloween (2007 film). Halloween is a 2007 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a remake/reimagining of the 1978 horror film of the same name; the first in the rebooted Halloween film series and the ninth installment of the Halloween franchise. The film stars Tyler Mane as the adult Michael Myers, Malcolm McDowell as Dr. Sam Loomis, and Scout Taylor-Compton as Laurie Strode; Daeg Faerch portrays a ten-year-old Michael Myers. Rob Zombie's \"reimagining\" follows the premise of John Carpenter's original, with Michael Myers stalking Laurie Strode and her friends on Halloween night. Zombie's film goes deeper into the character's psyche, trying to answer the question of what drove him to kill people, whereas in Carpenter's original film Michael did not have an explicit reason for killing.", "Halloween (2018 film). Halloween is a 2018 American slasher film directed by David Gordon Green and written by Green, Jeff Fradley, and Danny McBride. It is the eleventh installment in the Halloween film series, and a direct sequel to the 1978 film of the same name, while effecting a retcon of all previous sequels.[4] Set 40 years after the original film, the plot follows Laurie Strode as she prepares to face Michael Myers when he returns to Haddonfield, Illinois, after his killing spree on Halloween night in 1978. Jamie Lee Curtis and Nick Castle reprise their roles as Strode and Myers, respectively, with stuntman James Jude Courtney also portraying Myers. The film also stars Judy Greer, Andi Matichak, Will Patton, and Virginia Gardner.", "Halloween (2018 film). Courtney had a week of rehearsal before filming began. Nelson used a life cast of his face to construct the Michael Myers mask and other prosthetics worn by the actor.[47] The mask was weathered and aged to reflect the character's \"authentic evolution\" since the original.[33] Courtney was involved in every scene featuring Myers, including those of Nick Castle, who was only involved for a minimal amount of filming, which Castle described to the journalists on set as a cameo appearance: \"Jim is our Michael Myers now.\" Castle expressed that it was the filmmakers' intention to maintain the atmosphere of the original and that, like the 1978 film, \"it's very neighborhood-centric... There are a lot of things coinciding (in the new film) that feel like clever ways to introduce a kind of déjà vu of the first one, without feeling like it's being copied. It was the first thing out of their mouths really: 'We want to do it like John [Carpenter] did it.'\"[50]", "Tyler Mane. In 2007, he played the iconic starring role of Michael Myers in Rob Zombie's remake of Halloween. After winning the role, he noted that he consecutively watched seven of the eight Halloween films (excluding the third because Michael Myers does not appear) to better understand his character.[4] He is the tallest actor (6' 9\") to portray the character.[5][inconsistent] In 2009, he reprised the role again in Rob Zombie's H2, becoming only the second actor to play Michael Myers more than once, and the only actor to play the role in consecutive films.", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. For the role of Dr. Terence Wynn, Mitchell Ryan was cast, based on his performance in Lethal Weapon (1987); Farrands originally urged the producers to cast Christopher Lee, having had the veteran horror actor in mind when writing the character. This is a reference on Carpenter's initial choice for role of Dr. Loomis during film making of Halloween from 1978 where he was offered that role, but declined due to low pay, only later to regret in later years.[35] Denise Richards also auditioned for the part of Beth, but the studio passed on her, giving the role to Mariah O'Brien.[36] Stunt performer George P. Wilbur, who portrayed Michael in the fourth installment, reprised his role as Michael Myers. However, once reshoots took place, Wilbur was replaced by A. Michael Lerner as director Joe Chapelle found Wilbur to be \"too bulky.\"[37]", "Halloween (2007 film). Peter Hartlaub, of the San Francisco Chronicle, felt Zombie was successful in both \"[putting] his own spin on Halloween, while at the same time paying tribute to Carpenter's film\"; he thought Zombie managed to make Michael Myers almost \"sympathetic\" as a child, but that the last third of the film felt more like a montage of scenes with Halloween slipping into \"slasher-film logic\".[47] Nathan Lee of The Village Voice disagreed in part with Harlaub, feeling that Halloween may have placed too much emphasis on providing sympathy for Michael Myers, but that it succeeded in \"[deepening] Carpenter's vision without rooting out its fear\".[48] The film critic Matthew Turner believed the first half of the film, which featured the prequel elements of Michael as a child, were better played than the remake elements of the second half. In short, Turner stated that performances from the cast were \"superb\", with Malcolm McDowell being perfectly cast as Dr. Loomis, but that the film lacked the scare value of Carpenter’s original.[49] Jamie Russell from the BBC agreed that the first half of the film worked better than the last half; she stated that Zombie’s expanded backstory on Michael was \"surprisingly effective\"—also agreeing that McDowell was perfectly cast as Loomis—but that Zombie failed to deliver the \"supernatural dread\" that Carpenter created for Michael in his 1978 original.[50]", "Halloween (2007 film). On December 19, 2006, Zombie announced to Bloody-Disgusting that Daeg Faerch would play the part of ten-year-old Michael Myers.[12] On December 22, 2006, Malcolm McDowell was officially announced to be playing Dr. Loomis.[13] McDowell stated that he wanted a tremendous ego in Loomis, who is out to get a new book from the ordeal.[9] On December 24, 2006, Zombie announced that Tyler Mane, who had previously worked with Zombie on The Devil's Rejects, would portray the adult Michael Myers.[14] Mane stated that it was very difficult to act only with his eyes.[15] Scout Taylor-Compton endured a long audition process, but as director Zombie explains, \"Scout was my first choice. There was just something about her; she had a genuine quality. She didn't seem actor-y.\"[16] She was one of the final people to be cast for a lead role after Faerch, Mane, McDowell, Forsythe, and Harris.[17] A contest was held for a walk-on role in the film, at the time called Halloween 9; it was won by Heather Bowen.[18] She played a news reporter who covered Michael's arrest, but her scene was cut from the film and does not appear in the deleted scenes.[19]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). In Robot Chicken's nineteenth episode, \"That Hurts Me\", Michael Myers (voiced by Seth Green) appears as a housemate of \"Horror Movie Big Brother\", alongside fellow horror movie killers Jason Voorhees, Ghostface, Freddy Krueger, Pinhead, and Leatherface. Myers is evicted from the house, and takes off his mask to reveal himself to be the comedian Mike Myers, and utters his Austin Powers catchphrase, \"I feel randy, baby, yeah!\" He then proceeds to kill the host.[34] Michael appeared on 25 April 2008 episode of Ghost Whisperer, starring Jennifer Love Hewitt, titled \"Horror Show\". Here, a spirit communicates with Hewitt's character by placing her in scenes from the deceased's favorite horror movies, and one of the scenes involved Michael Myers.[35] The Cold Case episode \"Bad Night\" has the main characters reopening a 1978 murder case after new evidence indicates the victim was not killed by a mentally disturbed man who, after seeing Halloween in theatres, went on a killing spree dressed as Michael.[36] Michael Myers makes a cameo appearance in Rob Zombie's The Haunted World of El Superbeasto, released on 22 September 2009.[37] Michael Myers also makes an appearance in the DLC pack for the video game Call of Duty: Ghosts, Onslaught, as a playable character.[38] Myers also makes an appearance in the video game Dead by Daylight as his own playable character.[39]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers is a fictional character from the Halloween series of slasher films. He first appears in John Carpenter's Halloween (1978) as a young boy who murders his sister and then, fifteen years later, returns home to murder more teenagers. In the original Halloween, the adult Michael Myers, referred to as The Shape in the closing credits, was portrayed by Nick Castle for most of the film, with Tony Moran and Tommy Lee Wallace substituting in during the final scenes. The character was created by Debra Hill and John Carpenter and has appeared in nine films, as well as novels, multiple video games, and several comic books.", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Ignoring the events of the previous three films, Halloween H20: 20 Years Later (1998) establishes that Michael Myers (Chris Durand) has been missing since the explosion in 1978. Laurie Strode (Curtis) has faked her death to escape her brother, and is now living in California under an assumed name with her teenage son John (Josh Hartnett). On the twentieth anniversary of their last meeting, Michael tracks Laurie and her son to the private boarding school where she is headmistress, and murders John's friends. Getting her son to safety, Laurie willingly goes back to face Michael, and succeeds in decapitating him.[9] Halloween: Resurrection (2002), which picks up three years after H20, retcons Michael's death, establishing that the man Laurie decapitated was a paramedic whom Michael had attacked and swapped clothes with. Michael (Brad Loree) tracks down an institutionalized Laurie (Curtis) and kills her. Returning to Haddonfield, he finds and kills a group of college students filming an internet reality show inside his childhood home. Contestant Sara Moyer (Bianca Kajlich) and show producer Freddie Harris (Busta Rhymes) escape by trapping Michael in a burning garage.[10]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers is a 1988 American slasher film and the fourth installment in the Halloween film series. Directed by Dwight H. Little and written by Alan B. McElroy, it focuses on Michael Myers returning home to kill his niece Jamie Lloyd (Danielle Harris), the daughter of Laurie Strode, with Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence) once more pursuing him.", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. On October 30, 1988, Michael Myers (George P. Wilbur), who has been in a comatose state for ten years since the explosion at Haddonfield Memorial Hospital, is transferred to Smith's Grove Sanitarium by ambulance. En route, Michael awakens, kills the ambulance personnel, and makes his way to Haddonfield. Michael's former psychiatrist, Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence), learns of Michael's escape and gives chase. He follows Michael to a gas station, where he has killed a mechanic for his clothes, along with a clerk and disabled the phones. Michael then escapes in a tow truck and causes an explosion, destroying Loomis's car in the process. Loomis is then forced to catch a ride to Haddonfield.", "Halloween (franchise). On February 9, 2017, John Carpenter announced that a new Halloween film was going to be written by David Gordon Green and Danny McBride and will be directed by Green.[27] The film will be a direct sequel to the original Halloween and will ignore all of the franchise's previous sequels.[28] In September 2017, Jamie Lee Curtis confirmed that she would reprise her role as Laurie Strode. In October 2017, Judy Greer entered negotiations to play Laurie's daughter Karen Strode.[29] In December 2017, it was announced Andi Matichak had signed on to play Karen Strode's daughter and Laurie's granddaughter.[30] The film will be distributed by Universal Pictures, their first involvement in the franchise since distributing 1982's Halloween III: Season of the Witch. On October 17, 2017, Carpenter announced that he would be returning to score the upcoming film, saying, \"I'll be consulting with the director to see what he feels. I could create a new score, we could update the old score and amplify it, or we could combine those two things. I'll have to see the movie to see what it requires.\"[31] On December 20, 2017, it was announced that Nick Castle would be reprising his role as Michael Myers.[32] Filming began on January 13, 2018,[33] concluding on February 19, 2018.[34] The film would be released on October 19, 2018.", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers is a 1995 American slasher film directed by Joe Chappelle, written by Daniel Farrands, and starring Paul Rudd, Marianne Hagan, and Donald Pleasence. The sixth installment in the Halloween film series, it follows a young woman living with her family in Michael Myers's childhood home who finds herself stalked by Myers on Halloween. At her aid is Tommy Doyle, a returning character from the original Halloween film, and Dr. Sam Loomis. The plot of the film formally introduced the \"Curse of Thorn\", a mystical symbol first referenced in The Revenge of Michael Myers (1989) and revealed in the film to be the source of Michael Myers's immortality and drive to kill.[4]", "Halloween II (2009 film). For the sequel, Mane, McDowell, Taylor-Compton, Harris, Moon Zombie, and Dourif returned to the roles of Michael Myers, Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode, Annie Brackett, Deborah Myers, and Sheriff Brackett, respectively. Daeg Faerch, who portrayed a young Michael Myers in the 2007 remake, was set to reprise his role for Halloween II. By the time production was getting started for the sequel Faerch had grown too big for the part. Zombie had to recast the role, much to his own dismay, because Faerch's physical maturity did not fit what was in the script. Although Faerch is not in the sequel, the first trailer for Halloween II contained images of Faerch. Zombie pointed out that those images were test shots done and were not intended to be in either the trailer or the film.[9]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. McElroy told Fangoria:", "Batman Returns. Janet Maslin in The New York Times thought that \"Mr. Burton creates a wicked world of misfits, all of them rendered with the mixture of horror, sympathy and playfulness that has become this director's hallmark.\" She described Michael Keaton as showing \"appropriate earnestness\", Danny DeVito as \"conveying verve\", Christopher Walken as \"wonderfully debonair\", Michelle Pfeiffer as \"captivating... fierce, seductive\", Bo Welch's production design as \"dazzling\", Stefan Czapsky's cinematography as \"crisp\", and Daniel Waters's screenplay as \"sharp.\"[47]", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. George P. Wilbur, who was cast as Michael Myers for this film, wore hockey pads under the costume to make himself look more physically imposing. During filming, the cast and crew made it a point to take it easy on Danielle Harris, as she was only a young child at the time, and made sure that she was not scared too badly and knew that none of it was real; to this end, Wilbur regularly removed the mask in front of her in order to remind her that it was just a movie and he was not going to hurt her.[12]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Fred Walton (director of When a Stranger Calls and April Fool's Day) was originally attached to direct the film but dropped out.[26][38] Special effects artist John Carl Buechler created the mask for the film, which was based heavily on the mask featured in the poster for Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers.[37] Buechler hand-crafted the mask over actor George P. Wilbur's face.[37]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers is the primary antagonist in all of the Halloween films except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which does not feature any of the characters from the preceding two films and had nothing to do with Michael Myers. Michael returned following Halloween III, in the aptly titled Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. The silver screen is not the only place Michael Myers has appeared: there have been literary sources that have created an expanded universe for Michael Myers.", "Malcolm McDowell. McDowell appeared as Dr. Samuel Loomis in Rob Zombie's remakes of Halloween and Halloween II (in 2007 and 2009, respectively).[17] Although the films were not well received critically, they performed better at the box office and McDowell was widely praised for his performances and for being perfectly cast.[18][19] He also played Desmond LaRochette in Robert Whitlow's The List (2007), and Irish patriarch Enda Doyle in Red Roses and Petrol (2003).[20] His next film is the Canadian vampire comedy rock and roll film Suck (2009) with actor/director Rob Stefaniuk and the upcoming Alex Wright film Two Wolves.[21] In December 2009, he made an appearance in the music video \"Snuff\" by the heavy metal band Slipknot.[22] He appears, uncredited, as the curator Lombardi, in the film The Book of Eli (2010). McDowell portrayed Satan in the Christian comedy thriller film Suing the Devil (2011).[23]", "Halloween (2018 film). Displeased with Rob Zombie's re-imagining and added backstory of murderer Michael Myers, Carpenter wanted to take the character back to his more mysterious roots, describing him as \"a force of nature. He's supposed to be almost supernatural.\"[28] McBride detailed his approach as humanizing the character, \"I think we're just trying to take it back to what was so good about the original. It was just very simple and just achieved that level of horror that wasn't turning Michael Myers into some being that couldn't be killed. I want to be scared by something that I really think could happen. I think it's much more horrifying to be scared by someone standing in the shadows while you're taking the trash out.\"[29]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). The character is the primary antagonist in the Halloween film series, except Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which is not connected in continuity to the rest of the films. Since Castle, Moran, and Wallace put on the mask in the original film, six people have stepped into the same role. Tyler Mane is the only actor to have portrayed Michael Myers in consecutive films, and one of only two actors to portray the character more than once. Michael Myers is characterized as pure evil, both directly in the films, by the filmmakers who created and developed the character over nine films, as well as by random participants in a survey.[2][3]", "Halloween (franchise). After Halloween III was released, Michael Myers was brought back into the franchise with 1988's The Return of Michael Myers, where he has stayed for the remainder of the series. Four more sequels would follow, between 1988 and 2002, before the series would take a break for five years. On June 4, 2006, Dimension Films announced that Rob Zombie, director of House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects, would be creating the next installment in the Halloween franchise. Bob Weinstein approached Rob Zombie about making the film, and Zombie, who was a fan of the original Halloween and friend of John Carpenter, jumped at the chance to make a Halloween film for Dimension Films.[17] Before Dimension went public with the news, Zombie felt obligated to inform John Carpenter, out of respect, of the plans to remake his film.[18] Carpenter's request was for Zombie to \"make it his own [film]\".[19] Zombie's film would combine the elements of prequel and remake with the original concept, with considerable original content in the new film.[20] Zombie also wanted to reinvent the character, as he felt Michael, along with Freddy Krueger, Jason Voorhees, and Pinhead, had become too familiar to audiences, and as a result, less scary.[21] Zombie delved deeper into Michael Myers's mythology. Michael's mask was even given its own story to provide an explanation as to why he wears it, instead of having the character simply steal a random mask from a hardware store, as in the original film.[22] Zombie wanted to bring Michael closer to what a psychopath really is, and wanted the mask to be a way for Michael to hide.[18]", "Halloween II (2009 film). Halloween II is a 2009 American slasher film written, directed, and produced by Rob Zombie. The film is a sequel to Zombie's 2007 remake of 1978's Halloween, and the tenth installment of the franchise. Picking up where the 2007 film ended and then jumping ahead two years, Halloween II follows Laurie Strode as she deals with the aftermath of the previous film's events, Dr. Loomis who is trying to capitalize on those events by publishing a new book that chronicles everything that happened, and Michael Myers as he continues his search for Laurie so that he can reunite with his sister. The film sees the return of lead cast members from the 2007 film Malcolm McDowell, Scout Taylor-Compton, and Tyler Mane, who portray Dr. Loomis, Laurie Strode, and Michael Myers, respectively.", "Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. When I first saw the original, I was dating a girl and took her to a theater in Boston to see it. We were the only ones in the place, but she was climbing all over me. When Halloween II came out, I got completely blitzed and saw it, and I had the best time. So when the director, Dwight Little, asked me to write the script, I jumped at the chance. Here I was going to bring the Shape — Michael Myers — back to life. It's a piece of film history. He's truly an icon.[10]", "Laurie Strode. Curtis will reprise her role as Laurie Strode in 2018's Halloween. The film will ignore all of the previous sequels in the franchise and will serve as a direct sequel to the 1978 film taking place 40 years later. The plot twist from the 1981 sequel of Strode being the sister of Michael Myers also will be ignored. In the trailer for the film, Strode's granddaughter, played by Andi Matichak, explains how her life has been impacted by Michael's reign of terror 40 years earlier. When a friend hints that they heard Michael was Laurie's brother, Matichak's character replies, \"No, it was not her brother, that was something people made up.\"[11]", "Michael Myers (Halloween). Michael Myers made his first appearance in the original 1978 film, Halloween, although the masked character is credited as \"The Shape\" in the first two films. In the beginning of Halloween, a 9-year-old Michael (Will Sandin) murders his teenage sister Judith (Sandy Johnson) on Halloween, 1963. Fifteen years later, Michael (Nick Castle) escapes Smith's Grove Sanitarium and returns to his hometown of Haddonfield, Illinois. He stalks teenage babysitter Laurie Strode (Jamie Lee Curtis) on Halloween, while his psychiatrist Dr. Sam Loomis (Donald Pleasence) attempts to track him down. Murdering her friends, Michael finally attacks Laurie, but she manages to fend him off long enough for Loomis to save her. Loomis shoots Michael six times, before Michael falls over the house's second-story balcony ledge; when Loomis goes to check Michael's body, he finds it missing.[4] Michael returns in the sequel, Halloween II (1981). The film picks up directly where the original ends, with Dr. Loomis still looking for Michael. Michael (Dick Warlock) follows Laurie Strode (Curtis) to the local hospital, where he wanders the halls in search of her, killing security guards, doctors, and nurses that get in his way. Loomis learns that Laurie Strode is Michael's younger sister, and rushes to the hospital to find them. He causes an explosion in the operating theater, allowing Laurie to escape as he and Michael are engulfed by the flames.[5]", "Halloween: The Curse of Michael Myers. Anchor Bay Entertainment and Shout! Factory once again released the film on Blu-ray on September 23, 2014 as a part of their 14-disc box set containing the entire series. This release also contained extensive bonus features, such as a commentary from writer Daniel Farrands and composer Alan Howarth, interviews with producers Malek Akkad and Paul Freeman, actresses Marian O'Brien, J. C. Brandy, and Danielle Harris, George P. Wilbur, makeup artists John Carl Buechler and Brad Hardin, as well as Howarth, in addition to deleted scenes and archival behind-the-scenes footage and interviews, and a tribute to Donald Pleasence.[61][62] Lionsgate released yet another standalone Blu-ray on September 15, 2015 containing The Producer's Cut, but without any of the bonus features featured on the 14-disc release.[63]", "Halloween (2018 film). In February 2015, Patrick Melton and Marcus Dunstan were reported as writing a new Halloween film, described as a \"recalibration\" rather than a reboot, which Malek Akkad and Matt Stein were producing.[9] On June 15, 2015, The Weinstein Company was reported to be moving ahead with another Halloween sequel, tentatively titled Halloween Returns, with Dunstan directing. It would have been a standalone film set to reintroduce audiences to Michael Myers years after his initial rampage from Halloween and 1981's Halloween II, as he was confronted by a new generation of victims while on death row.[10][11] On October 22, 2015, producer Malek Akkad revealed that the production of Halloween Returns had been postponed, stating that the extra time would result in a better film.[12] Malek said on the matter, \"Although, I have to say, and this is somewhat new news, but unfortunately things happen in Hollywood where you have issues with studios and different variables. We've had to take a step back and now we're trying to re-figure this beast that is the new Halloween. So there is a bit of a delay, but this new Halloween isn't going to be quite what has been announced and what people are expecting, so we're making some changes there as well.\"[13] In December 2015, it was announced that Dimension Films no longer had the filming rights to Halloween, after Halloween Returns failed to go into production on schedule.[14] The film's cancellation was confirmed at the same time.[15] The rights then reverted back to Miramax.[16]" ]

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[ "Member state of the European Union. The year 1990 saw the Cold War drawing to a close, and East Germany was welcomed into the Community as part of a reunited Germany. Shortly after, the previously neutral countries of Austria, Finland and Sweden acceded to the new European Union,[20] though Switzerland, which applied in 1992, froze its application due to opposition from voters[23] while Norway, which had applied once more, had its voters reject membership again.[24] Meanwhile, the members of the former Eastern Bloc and Yugoslavia were all starting to move towards EU membership. Ten of these joined in a major enlargement on 1 May 2004 symbolising the unification of East and Western Europe in the EU.[25] Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007.", "European integration. Thus, 12 states are founding members, namely, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, and the United Kingdom. In 1995, Austria, Finland and Sweden entered the EU. Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined in 2004. Bulgaria and Romania joined in 2007. Croatia acceded in 2013. Official candidate states include Albania, Macedonia,[16] Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey. Morocco's application was rejected by the EEC, Iceland's application is withdrawn by government and Switzerland's is frozen. Norway rejected membership in two referendums.", "Enlargement of the European Union. The EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community,[1] was founded with the Inner Six member states in 1958, when the Treaty of Rome came into force. Since then, the EU's membership has grown to twenty-eight, with the latest member state being Croatia, which joined in July 2013. The most recent territorial enlargement of the EU was the incorporation of Mayotte in 2014. The most notable territorial reductions of the EU, and its predecessors, were the exit of Algeria upon independence in 1962 and the exit of Greenland in 1985.", "European integration. The United Kingdom and Denmark left in 1973, when they joined the European Community (EC). Portugal left EFTA in 1986, when it also joined the EC. Austria, Finland and Sweden ceased to be EFTA members in 1995 by joining the European Union, which superseded the EC in 1993.", "History of the European Union. A further enlargement took place in 1981 with Greece joining on 1 January, six years after applying. In 1982, Greenland voted to leave the Community after gaining home rule from Denmark (See also: Special member state territories and the European Union). Spain and Portugal joined (having applied in 1977) on 1 January 1986 in the third enlargement.[21]", "European integration. It was established in 1992 by Czechoslovakia, Hungary and Poland, but came into force only in 1994. Czechoslovakia had in the meantime split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Slovenia joined in 1996, while Romania did the same in 1997, Bulgaria in 1999, and Croatia in 2003. In 2004, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovenia left the CEFTA to join the EU. Romania and Bulgaria left it in 2007 for the same reason. Subsequently, Macedonia joined it in 2006, and Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia and UNMIK (on behalf of Kosovo) in 2007. In 2013, Croatia left the CEFTA to join the EU.", "Balkans. Greece has been the member of the European Union since 1981 while Slovenia is a member since 2004, Bulgaria and Romania are members since 2007, and Croatia is a member since 2013. In 2005, the European Union decided to start accession negotiations with candidate countries; Turkey, and Macedonia were accepted as candidates for EU membership. In 2012, Montenegro started accession negotiations with the EU. In 2014, Albania is an official candidate for accession to the EU. In 2015, Serbia is expected to start accession negotiations with the EU.", "Member state of the European Union. The year 2013 saw the latest member, Croatia, accede to the Union, and the EU has prioritised membership for the rest of the Balkans – namely Western Balkans. Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, and Turkey are all formally acknowledged as candidates.[26] Turkish membership, pending since the 1980s, is a more contentious issue but it entered negotiations in 2005.[27] Relations between the EU and Turkey are strained after several incidents, mostly concerning the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt and the Turkish referendum, both of which resulting in the 2016–17 purges in Turkey[28], resulting in the European Parliament asking for suspending membership talks.[29] The still ongoing Cyprus dispute is the other major hurdle concerning Turkish membership.[30][31]", "Member state of the European Union. Applying in 1969 were the United Kingdom, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway. Norway, however, declined to accept the invitation to become a member when the electorate voted against it,[18][19] leaving just the UK, Ireland and Denmark to join.[20] But despite the setbacks, and the withdrawal of Greenland from Denmark's membership in 1985,[21] three more countries joined the Communities before the end of the Cold War.[20] In 1987, the geographical extent of the project was tested when Morocco applied, and was rejected as it was not considered a European country.[22]", "Revolutions of 1989. The 2004 enlargement of the European Union included the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. The 2007 enlargement of the European Union included Romania and Bulgaria, and Croatia joined the EU in 2013. The same countries have also become NATO members.", "Citizenship of the European Union. Following the 2007 enlargement, all pre-2004 member states except Finland and Sweden imposed restrictions on Bulgarian and Romanian citizens, as did two member states that joined in 2004: Malta and Hungary. As of November 2012, all but 8 EU countries have dropped restrictions entirely. These restrictions too expired on 1 January 2014. Norway opened its labour market in June 2012, while Switzerland kept restrictions in place until 2016.[36]", "History of the European Union. In 1987 Turkey formally applied to join the Community and began the longest application process for any country. In Central Europe, after 1988 Polish strikes and Polish Round Table Agreement in 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, along with the Iron Curtain. Germany reunified and the door to enlargement to the former Eastern Bloc was opened (See also: Copenhagen Criteria).[23]", "Transition economy. The eight first-wave accession countries, which joined the European Union on 1 May 2004 (Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia) and the two second-wave accession countries that joined on 1 January 2007 (Romania and Bulgaria) have completed the transition process.[39] According to the World Bank, \"the transition is over\" for the 10 countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007.[40] It can be also understood as all countries of the Eastern Bloc.[41]", "Member state of the European Union. In 1957, six core states founded the EU's predecessor, the European Economic Community (Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany). The remaining states have acceded in subsequent enlargements. On 1 July 2013, Croatia became the newest member state of the EU. In order to accede, a state must fulfill the economic and political requirements known as the Copenhagen criteria, which require a candidate to have a democratic, free market government together with the corresponding freedoms and institutions, and respect for the rule of law. Enlargement of the Union is also contingent upon the consent of all existing members and the candidate's adoption of the existing body of EU law, known as the acquis communautaire.", "History of the Balkans. Greece has been a member of the European Union since 1981. Greece is also an official member of the Eurozone, and the Western European Union. Slovenia and Cyprus have been EU members since 2004, and Bulgaria and Romania joined the EU in 2007. Croatia joined the EU in 2013. Macedonia also received candidate status in 2005, while the other Balkan countries have expressed a desire to join the EU but at some date in the future.", "Citizenship of the European Union. Following the 2004 enlargement, three \"old\" member states—Ireland, Sweden and the United Kingdom—decided to allow unrestricted access to their labour markets. By December 2009, all but two member states—Austria and Germany—had completely dropped controls. These restrictions too expired on 1 May 2011.[36]", "Enlargement of the European Union. Not all enlargement negotiations have ended with the accession of a new member state. Norway completed membership negotiations twice, in 1972 and 1994, but both times membership was rejected in a referendum. Switzerland applied for membership in May 1992 but subsequently froze its application,[70][71] and formally withdrew it in 2016.[72][73] Iceland lodged its application following an economic collapse in 2008, but froze accession negotiations in 2013. In 2017 however, Iceland's newly elected government announced that it may seek to begin talks with the EU on possible future membership once again.[74]", "Comecon. After the fall of the Soviet Union and communist rule in Eastern Europe, East Germany (now unified with Germany) automatically joined the European Union (then the European Community) in 1990. The Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania), Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia joined the EU in 2004, followed by Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 and Croatia in 2013. To date, Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany (former GDR), Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia are now members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. All four Central European states are now members of the Visegrad Group.", "Inner Six. The events of the Suez Crisis showed the United Kingdom that it could no longer operate alone, instead turning to the United States and the European Community. Britain, along with Denmark, Ireland and Norway, applied for membership in 1960. However, then–French President Charles de Gaulle saw British membership of the Community as a Trojan horse for US interests, and hence stated he would veto British membership.[2] The four countries resubmitted their applications on 11 May 1967 and with Georges Pompidou succeeding Charles de Gaulle as French President, the veto was lifted. Negotiations began in 1970 and two years later the accession treaties were signed with all but Norway acceding to the Community (Norway rejected membership in a referendum). In 1981 Greece joined the European Community, bringing the number to ten. After its democratic revolution, Portugal would also leave EFTA to join the Communities in 1986, along with Spain. The twelve were joined by Sweden, Austria and Finland (which had joined EFTA in 1986) in 1995, leaving only Norway and Switzerland as the remaining members of the original outer seven, although EFTA had gained two new members (Iceland and Liechtenstein) in the intervening time. On the other hand, membership of the Communities, now the European Union (EU), has reached 28.", "Enlargement of the European Union. Greece joined the EU in 1981 followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986.", "Economy of Europe. The EFTA member states as of 1992 were Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland. In 2014 only four ountries, Iceland, Norway, Switzerland and Liechtenstein, remained members of EFTA, as the other members have gradually left to join the EU.", "European Union. In 1990, after the fall of the Eastern Bloc, the former East Germany became part of the Communities as part of a reunified Germany.[56] A close fiscal integration with the introduction of the euro was not matched by institutional oversight making things more troubling. Attempts to solve the problems and to make the EU more efficient and coherent had limited success.[57] With further enlargement planned to include the former communist states of Central and Eastern Europe, as well as Cyprus and Malta, the Copenhagen criteria for candidate members to join the EU were agreed upon in June 1993. The expansion of the EU introduced a new level of complexity and discord.[57]", "2013 enlargement of the European Union. The 2013 enlargement of the European Union saw Croatia join the European Union as its 28th member state on 1 July 2013.", "Enlargement of the European Union. Croatia joined on 1 July 2013, following ratification of the 2011 Accession Treaty by all other EU countries. Albania and the several successor states of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have all adopted EU integration as an aim of foreign policy.", "European Union. In 2007, Bulgaria and Romania became EU members. The same year, Slovenia adopted the euro,[59] followed in 2008 by Cyprus and Malta, by Slovakia in 2009, by Estonia in 2011, by Latvia in 2014, and by Lithuania in 2015.", "Enlargement of the European Union. In the end, eight Central and Eastern European countries (the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia), plus two Mediterranean countries (Malta and Cyprus) were able to join on 1 May 2004. This was the largest single enlargement in terms of people, and number of countries, though not in terms of GDP.[43] The less developed nature of these countries was of concern to some of the older member states. Some countries, such as the UK, immediately opened their job market to the accession states, whereas most others placed temporary restrictions on the rights of work of the citizens of these states to their countries. The movement westward of some of the labour force of the newly acceded countries that occurred in the aftermath of the enlargement initially spawned clichés among the public opinion and media of some western countries (such as the \"Polish plumber\"), despite the generally conceded benefit to the economies concerned.[44] The official EU media (the speeches of the European Commission) frequently referred to the enlargement to the CEE region as \"an historical opportunity\" and \"morally imperative\", which reflected the desire of the EU to admit these countries as members, even though they were less developed than the Western European countries.[45] Following this Romania and Bulgaria, though were deemed initially as not fully ready by the Commission to join in 2004, acceded nevertheless on 1 January 2007. These, like the countries joining in 2004, faced a series of restrictions as to their citizens not fully enjoying working rights on the territory of some of the older EU members. Bulgaria and Romania are not yet members of the Schengen area, however their citizens can travel visa-free to the other EU countries.", "European Economic Area. By the time the EEA was established, however, several developments hampered its credibility. First of all, Switzerland rejected the EEA agreement in a national referendum on 6 December 1992 obstructing full EU-EFTA integration within the EEA. Furthermore, Austria had applied for full EEC membership in 1989, and was followed by Finland, Norway, Sweden, and Switzerland between 1991 and 1992 (Norway's EU accession was rejected in a referendum, Switzerland froze its EU application after the EEA agreement was rejected in a referendum). The fall of the Iron Curtain made the EU less hesitant to accept these highly developed countries as member states, since that would relieve the pressure on the EU's budget when the former socialist countries of Central Europe were to join.[8]", "European Union. In 1973, the Communities were enlarged to include Denmark (including Greenland, which later left the Communities in 1985, following a dispute over fishing rights), Ireland, and the United Kingdom.[51] Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum. In 1979, the first direct elections to the European Parliament were held.[52]", "Croatia. The majority of Croatian voters voted in favour of country's EU membership at the 2012 referendum.[96] Croatia completed EU accession negotiations in 2011 and joined the European Union on 1 July 2013.[97] Croatia was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015 when Hungary's closure of its borders with Serbia forced over 700,000 migrants to use Croatia as a transit country on their way to Western Europe.[98]", "Future enlargement of the European Union. It was previously the norm for enlargements to see multiple entrants join the Union at once. The only previous enlargements of a single state were the 1981 admission of Greece and the 2013 admission of Croatia.", "History of the European Union. On 1 July 2013, Croatia joined the EU, and on 1 January 2014 the French Indian Ocean territory of Mayotte was added as an outermost region.[49]", "OECD. In the 1990s, a number of European countries, now members of the European Union, expressed their willingness to join the organisation. In 1995, Cyprus applied for membership, but, according to the Cypriot government, it was vetoed by Turkey.[18] In 1996, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania signed a Joint Declaration expressing willingness to become full members of the OECD.[19] Slovenia also applied for membership that same year.[20] In 2005, Malta applied to join the organisation.[21] The EU is lobbying for admission of all EU member states.[22] Romania reaffirmed in 2012 its intention to become a member of the organisation through the letter addressed by the Romanian Prime Minister Victor Ponta to OECD Secretary-General José Ángel Gurría.[23] In September 2012, the government of Bulgaria confirmed it will apply for full membership before the OECD Secretariat.[24]" ]

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[ "Groundhog. In the wild, groundhogs can live up to six years with two or three being average. In captivity, groundhogs reportedly live up to 14 years. Humans, dogs, coyotes, and foxes are about the only predators that can kill adult groundhogs although young may also be taken by owls and hawks.[23] The red fox is the major predator of Marmota monax.[24][25] Occasionally woodchucks may suffer from parasitism and a woodchuck may die from infestation or from bacteria transmitted by vectors.[26] In areas of intensive agriculture and dairying regions of the state of Wisconsin, particularly the southern parts, the woodchuck by 1950 had been almost extirpated.[27]:124 Jackson (1961) suggested the amount of damage done by the woodchuck had been exaggerated and that excessive persecution by people substantially reduced its numbers in Wisconsin. In some areas marmots are important game animals and are killed regularly for sport, food, or fur. In Kentucky an estimated 267,500 M. monax were taken annually from 1964 to 1971 (Barbour and Davis 1974)[28] Woodchucks had protected status in the state of Wisconsin[29] until 2017. [30] Woodchuck numbers appear to have decreased in Illinois.[31]", "Punxsutawney Phil. The practices and lore of Punxsutawney Phil's predictions are predicated on a light-hearted suspension of disbelief by those involved. According to the lore, there is only one Phil, and all other groundhogs are impostors.[4] It is claimed that this one groundhog has lived to make weather prognostications since 1886, sustained by drinks of \"groundhog punch\" or \"elixir of life\" administered at the annual Groundhog Picnic in the fall.[4] In this respect, Punxsutawney Phil is unique; the lifespan of a groundhog in the wild is roughly six years.[5]", "Groundhog Day. Groundhogs are creatures within the rodent family that weigh between 12 and 15 pounds and can live up to 8 years.[64] These animals are omnivores, but commonly feast on grass, vegetables, and fruit. Groundhogs have the ability to climb trees and, much like beavers, swim. Each fall, groundhogs go into hibernation until March. When the animals emerge from hibernation, their initial purpose is to find a mate.", "Wiarton Willie. Wiarton Willie's keepers groom understudies, nicknamed \"Wee Willie\" during the elder groundhog's lifetime, to eventually replace the reigning Wiarton Willie when they die. Wiarton Willies have typically had lifespans longer than the 4–9 years of a typical groundhog,[5] and thus other groundhogs may have served in the role unreported. Wiarton Willie II was reported as deceased on July 11, 2006 after fighting an infection for the previous month.", "Groundhog. Groundhogs are excellent burrowers, using burrows for sleeping, rearing young, and hibernating. W. J. Schoonmaker excavated 11 dens finding the earth removed from these averaged six cubic feet or four and eight-tenths bushels per den. The longest burrow was 24 feet plus 2 short side galleries. The amount of soil taken from this den was eight bushels and it weighed 640 pounds. The average weight of the earth taken from all eleven dens was 384 pounds.[47] Though groundhogs are the most solitary of the marmots, several individuals may occupy the same burrow. Groundhog burrows usually have two to five entrances, providing groundhogs their primary means of escape from predators. Burrows are particularly large, with up to 14 metres (46 ft) of tunnels buried up to 1.5 metres (5 ft) underground, and can pose a serious threat to agricultural and residential development by damaging farm machinery and even undermining building foundations.[36] In a June 7, 2009 Humane Society of the United States article, \"How to Humanely Chuck a Woodchuck Out of Your Yard\", John Griffin, director of Humane Wildlife Services, stated you would have to have a lot of woodchucks working over a lot of years to create tunnel systems that would pose any risk to a structure.", "Groundhog Day. Punxsutawney Phil's statistics are kept by the Pennsylvania’s Groundhog Club which cares for the animal. Phil has predicted 103 forecasts for winter and just 17 for an early spring.[54] Most assessments of Phil's accuracy have given accuracy lower than would be expected with random chance, with Stormfax Almanac giving an estimate of 39%,[55] and meteorologist Tim Roche of Weather Underground giving a 36% accuracy rate between 1969 and 2016 (a range chosen because local weather data was most reliable from 1969 onward) and a 47% record in that time span when predicting early spring.[54] Other poor results from analysis are reported by the Farmer's Almanac (which itself has been known for forecasts of questionable accuracy) as \"exactly 50 percent\" accuracy,[56] and The National Geographic Society reporting only 28% success.[57] But a Middlebury College team found that a long-term analysis of temperature high/low predictions were 70% accurate, although when the groundhog predicted early spring it was usually wrong.[58] Canadian meteorologist Cindy Day has estimated that Nova Scotia's \"Shubenacadie Sam\" has an accuracy rate of about 45% compared to 25% for Wiarton Willy in Ontario.[59]", "Hedgehog. Hedgehogs have a relatively long lifespan for their size. Larger species of hedgehogs live 4–7 years in the wild (some have been recorded up to 16 years), and smaller species live 2–4 years (4–7 in captivity), compared to a mouse at 2 years and a large rat at 3–5 years. Lack of predators and controlled diet contribute to a longer lifespan in captivity (8–10 years depending on size).", "Groundhog. Groundhogs are one of the few species that enter into true hibernation, and often build a separate \"winter burrow\" for this purpose. This burrow is usually in a wooded or brushy area and is dug below the frost line and remains at a stable temperature well above freezing during the winter months. In most areas, groundhogs hibernate from October to March or April, but in more temperate areas, they may hibernate as little as three months.[53] Groundhogs hibernate longer in northern latitudes than southern latitudes.[54][55] To survive the winter, they are at their maximum weight shortly before entering hibernation.[56] When the groundhog enters hibernation, there is a drop in body temperature to as low as 35 degrees fahrenheit, heart rate falls to 4-10 beats per minute and breathing rate falls to one breath every six minutes.[57] During hibernation, they experience periods of torpor and arousal.[58] They emerge from hibernation with some remaining body fat to live on until the warmer spring weather produces abundant plant materials for food.[56] Males emerge from hibernation before females.[59][60] Groundhogs are mostly diurnal, and are often active early in the morning or late afternoon.[61]", "Groundhog Day (film). In relationship to the spiritual interpretations of the films, many have tried to estimate how long Phil supposedly remains trapped in the loop, in real time, with a wide variance in estimated values. During filming, Ramis, who was a Buddhist, observed that according to Buddhist doctrine, it takes 10,000 years for a soul to evolve to its next level. Therefore, he said, in a spiritual sense, the entire arc of Groundhog Day spans 10,000 years.[18] Deezen noted that the second draft of the screenplay called for Phil to be cursed to live the time loop for 10,000 years.[9] In the DVD commentary, Ramis estimated a real-time duration of 10 years. Later, Ramis told a reporter, \"I think the 10-year estimate is too short. It takes at least 10 years to get good at anything, and allotting for the down time and misguided years he spent, it had to be more like 30 or 40 years.\"[47]", "Wiarton Willie. Using traditional lore as the basis, Wiarton Willie is among the least accurate groundhogs whose accuracy has been measured to any extent, with an estimated 25% accuracy rate.[8] As other groundhogs tend to have accuracy ratings between 35-45% and random chance would produce an expected value of 50%, Wiarton Willie has one of the strongest negative correlations between prediction and reality of any known groundhog.", "Groundhog. The groundhog is the largest sciurid in its geographical range. Adults are 16 to 20 inches long, including a six inch tail.[11] A large woodchuck thought to weigh twenty pounds when carried was exactly half that weight when weighed by scale.[12] Woodchuck weight ranges from five to twelve pounds.[13] Extremely large individuals may weigh up to 15 pounds.[14] Seasonal weight changes indicate circannual deposition and use of fat. Progressive higher weights are attained each year for the first 2–3 years after which weights plateau.[15] Groundhogs have four incisor teeth which grow 1/16\" per week. Constant usage wears them down again by about that much each week.[16] Unlike the incisors of other rodents, the incisors of groundhogs are white to ivory white.[17][18] Groundhogs are well adapted for digging, with short, powerful limbs and curved, thick claws. Unlike other sciurids, the groundhog's spine is curved, more like that of a mole,[citation needed] and the tail is comparably shorter as well — only about one-fourth of body length. Suited to their temperate habitat, groundhogs are covered with two coats of fur: a dense grey undercoat and a longer coat of banded guard hairs that gives the groundhog its distinctive \"frosted\" appearance.[citation needed]", "Groundhog. The burrow is used for safety, retreat in bad weather, hibernating, sleeping, love nest, and nursery. In addition to the nest, there is an excrement chamber. The nest chamber may be about twenty inches to three feet below ground surface. It is about sixteen inches wide and fourteen inches high. There are typically two burrow openings or holes. One is the main entrance, the other a spy hole. Description of the length of the burrow often includes the side galleries of the burrow. Excluding the side galleries, Schoonmaker reports the longest was twenty-four feet, with the average length of eleven dens dug out to be fourteen feet.[48] W. H. Fisher investigated nine burrows, finding the deepest point to be forty-nine inches down. The longest, including side galleries, was forty-seven feet eleven and one half inches.[49] Numbers of burrows per individual groundhog decreases with urbanization.[50][51]", "Aging in dogs. Life expectancy usually varies within a range. For example, a Beagle (average life expectancy 13.3 years) usually lives to around 12–15 years, and a Scottish Terrier (average life expectancy 12 years) usually lives to around 10–16 years.", "Wiarton Willie. The original Wiarton Willie lived to the advanced age of 22, and was found dead only two days before Groundhog Day in 1999. The organizers were unable to find a replacement, and instead marked Groundhog Day by revealing \"Willie\" in a coffin. He had been dressed in a tuxedo, had coins over his eyes, and a carrot between his paws. The real Willie had in fact decomposed, and the body in the coffin was that of an older, stuffed groundhog. The Associated Press was obliged to issue a retraction on its wires.[4]", "Punxsutawney Phil. Most estimates of the groundhog's accuracy have given results somewhere between 35% and 40%.[17]", "Groundhog Day. Part of the problem with pinning down an accuracy rate for the groundhog is that what constitutes an early spring is not clearly defined. Other groundhogs such as Staten Island Chuck do use an objective formula (in Chuck's case, a majority of days that reach 40 °F (4 °C) in New York City between Groundhog Day and the March equinox) to assess accuracy.[60]", "Gopher. Average lifespans are one to three years.[7] The maximum lifespan for the pocket gopher is about five years.[8] Some gophers, such as those in the genus Geomys, have lifespans that have been documented as up to seven years in the wild.[7]", "American robin. Bird banders have found that only 25% of young robins survive the first year.[12] The longest known lifespan in the wild of an American robin is 14 years; the average lifespan is about 2 years.[12]", "Groundhog. Usually groundhogs breed in their second year, but a small proportion may breed in their first. The breeding season extends from early March to mid- or late April, after hibernation. A mated pair remains in the same den throughout the 31- to 32-day[62] gestation period. As birth of the young approaches in April or May, the male leaves the den. One litter is produced annually, usually containing two to six blind, hairless and helpless young. Groundhog mothers introduce their young to the wild once their fur is grown in and they can see. At this time, if at all, the father groundhog comes back to the family.[63]:316 They encourage their young to copy their behaviors and during this time may differ from usual routines.[citation needed] By the end of August, the family breaks up; or at least, the larger number scatter, to burrow on their own.[64]", "Groundhog. The woodchuck, despite its deformities both of mind and body, possess some of the amenities of a higher civilization. It cleans its face after the manner of the squirrels, and licks its fur after the manner of a cat. Your committee is too wise, however, to be deceived by this purely superficial observation of better habits. Contemporaneous with the ark, the woodchuck has not made any material progress in social science, and it is now too late to reform the wayward sinner. The average age of the woodchuck is too long to please your committee.... The woodchuck is not only a nuisance, but also a bore. It burrows beneath the soil, and then chuckles to see a mowing machine, man and all, slump into one of these holes and disappear....", "North American porcupine. North American porcupines have a relatively long life expectancy. Some individuals have been found to live up to 30 years of age.[38] Common causes of mortality include predation and starvation. Porcupines can also die from falling out of a tree. They are also killed by motor vehicles.[39]", "Aging in dogs. A random-bred dog (also known as a mongrel or a mutt) has an average life expectancy of 13.2 years in the Western world.", "Punxsutawney Phil. The Groundhog Day celebration is rooted in a Celtic and Germanic tradition that says that if a hibernating animal casts a shadow on February 2, the Pagan holiday of Imbolc (known among Christians as Candlemas), winter and cold weather will last another six weeks. If no shadow is seen, legend says, spring will come early. In Germany, the tradition evolved into a myth that if the sun came out on Candlemas, a hedgehog would cast its shadow, predicting snow all the way into May.[6] When German immigrants settled in Pennsylvania, they transferred the tradition onto local fauna, replacing hedgehogs with groundhogs.", "Groundhog. Groundhogs will occasionally eat snails, insects and baby birds they come upon by accident.[40] An adult groundhog will eat more than a pound of vegetation daily.[41] In early June, woodchucks' metabolism slows, food intake decreases, their weight increases by as much as 100% and fat deposits are produced upon which they will live during hibernation and late winter.[42] Instead of storing food, groundhogs stuff themselves to survive the winter without eating.[43] Thought not to drink water, groundhogs are reported to obtain needed liquids from the juices of food-plants, aided by their sprinkling with rain or dew.[44][45][46]", "Hedgehog. Depending on the species, the gestation period is 35–58 days. The average litter is 3–4 newborns for larger species and 5–6 for smaller ones. As with many animals, it is not unusual for an adult male hedgehog to kill newborn males.", "Groundhog Day (film). In 2005, Rubin said, \"Ultimately it became this weird political issue because if you asked the studio, 'How long was the repetition?', they'd say, 'Two weeks'. But the point of the movie to me was that you had to feel you were enduring something that was going on for a long time ... For me it had to be—I don't know. A hundred years. A lifetime.\"[48] In 2014, the website WhatCulture combined various time duration assumptions and estimated that Phil spent a total of 12,395 days—just under 34 years—reliving Groundhog Day.[49][50]", "Wiarton Willie. Other towns throughout North America are known to have winter-predicting groundhogs. The most famous is Punxsutawney Phil of Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania (which appeared in the movie Groundhog Day). There is also \"Staten Island Chuck\" in New York, \"Balzac Billy\" in Alberta, \"General Beauregard Lee\" in Jackson, Georgia, \"Shubenacadie Sam\" in Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia, Two Rivers Tunnel in Cape Breton and \"Gary the Groundhog\" in Kleinburg, Ontario, among many others. In 2014, a new prognosticator entered the mix: Toronto's \"Dundas Donna.\" There is also la marmotte de Québec, Fred. He is celebrated in Québec, and is more recent than others.", "Punxsutawney Phil. Punxsutawney Phil is the name of a groundhog in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania. On February 2 (Groundhog Day) each year, the town of Punxsutawney celebrates the legendary groundhog with a festive atmosphere of music and food. During the ceremony, which begins well before the winter sunrise, Phil emerges from his temporary home on Gobbler's Knob (a town twinned with Bishop Auckland Co Durham UK), located in a rural area about 2 miles (3 km) south-east of town. According to the tradition, if Phil sees his shadow and returns to his hole, he has predicted six more weeks of winter-like weather. If Phil does not see his shadow, he has predicted an \"early spring.\"[1] The date of Phil's prognostication is known as Groundhog Day in the United States and Canada, and has been celebrated since 1887. Punxsutawney Phil became an international celebrity thanks to the 1993 movie Groundhog Day.", "Groundhog Day. Groundhog Day, (Pennsylvania German: Grund'sau dÃ¥k, Grundsaudaag, Grundsow Dawg, Murmeltiertag; Nova Scotia: Daks Day[1]) is a popular tradition celebrated in the United States and Canada on February 2. It derives from the Pennsylvania Dutch superstition that if a groundhog (Deitsch: Grundsau, Grunddax, Dax) emerging from its burrow on this day sees a shadow due to clear weather, it will retreat to its den and winter will persist for six more weeks, and if it does not see its shadow because of cloudiness, spring will arrive early. While the tradition remains popular in modern times, studies have found no consistent correlation between a groundhog seeing its shadow or not and the subsequent arrival time of spring-like weather.[2]", "Weather lore. One case where weather lore has been studied for reliablility against actual weather observations is the Groundhog Day lore. It predicts that if the groundhog sees its shadow on this day (February 2), six weeks of winter remain. One analysis concluded the creature demonstrated no ability to predict.[14] Other studies gave accuracy percentages, but differing figures.[a] and some of the numbers were slightly better than hasarded guess (33% accurate), according to one source.[17] In other words, there is no appreciable correlation between cloud cover on that day, and the imminence of springlike weather.", "Groundhog. The time spent observing groundhogs by field biologists represents only a small fraction of time devoted to the field research.[32] W.J. Schoonmaker reports that groundhogs may hide when they see, smell or hear the observer.[9]:41–43 Ken Armitage, marmot researcher, states that the social biology of the groundhog is well understudied.[33] Despite their heavy-bodied appearance, groundhogs are accomplished swimmers and occasionally climb trees when escaping predators or when they want to survey their surroundings.[34] They prefer to retreat to their burrows when threatened; if the burrow is invaded, the groundhog tenaciously defends itself with its two large incisors and front claws. Groundhogs are generally agonistic and territorial among their own species, and may skirmish to establish dominance.[35] Outside their burrow, individuals are alert when not actively feeding. It is common to see one or more nearly-motionless individuals standing erect on their hind feet watching for danger. When alarmed, they use a high-pitched whistle to warn the rest of the colony, hence the name \"whistle-pig\".[36][37] Groundhogs may squeal when fighting, seriously injured, or caught by a predator.[37] Other sounds groundhogs may make are low barks and a sound produced by grinding their teeth.[37] When groundhogs are frightened, the hairs of the tail stand straight up, giving the tail the appearance of a hair brush.[citation needed] David P. Barash wrote he witnessed only two occasions of upright play-fighting among woodchucks and that the upright posture of play-fighting involves sustained physical contact between individuals and may require a degree of social tolerance virtually unknown in M. monax. He said it was possible to conclude, alternatively, that upright play-fighting is part of the woodchuck's behavioral repertory but rarely shown because of physical spacing and/or low social tolerance.[38]", "Dog. The typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years.[86][87][88][89] Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed." ]

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[ "Bobby Sands. Sands died on 5 May 1981 in the Maze's prison hospital after 66 days on hunger strike, aged 27.[31] The original pathologist's report recorded the hunger strikers' causes of death as \"self-imposed starvation\", later amended to simply \"starvation\" after protests from the dead strikers' families.[32] The coroner recorded verdicts of \"starvation, self-imposed\".[32]", "Cellular Jail. Hunger strikes by the inmates in May 1933 called attention to the Jail Authorities. 33 prisoners protested the inhuman treatment meted to the prisoners and sat in hunger strike. Among them were Mahavir Singh, an associate of Bhagat Singh (Lahore conspiracy case), Mohan Kishore Namadas (convicted in Arms Act Case) and Mohit Moitra (also convicted in Arms Act Case). These three freedom fighters died due to force-feeding.[14][15] Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore intervened. The government decided to repatriate the political prisoners from the Cellular Jail in 1937-38.[1]", "Jatindra Nath Das. Das's hunger strike started on 13 July 1929 and lasted 63 days. The jail authority took measures to forcibly feed him and the other independence activist. Eventually, the jail committee recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail.", "Bobby Sands. The significance of the hunger strike was the prisoners' aim of being considered political prisoners as opposed to criminals. Shortly before Sands's death, The Washington Post reported that the primary aim of the hunger strike was to generate international publicity.[30]", "Jatindra Nath Das. After his death, the Viceroy informed London that \"Mr Das of the Conspiracy Case, who was on hunger strike, died this afternoon at 1 p.m. Last night, five of the hunger strikers gave up their hunger strike. So there are only Bhagat Singh and Dutt who are on strike.\"\n[4]", "Jatindra Nath Das. Jatindra Nath Das (Bengali: যতীন্দ্রনাথ দাস) (27 October 1904 – 13 September 1929), also known as Jatin Das, was an Indian independence activist and revolutionary. He died in Lahore jail after a 63-day hunger strike.", "Solitary confinement. The CDCR's failure to meet the demands of the Pelican State Bay Prison hunger strikers in 2011 resulted in the aforementioned 2013 California prisoner hunger strike. Similar to the Pelican Bay State Prison hunger strike is the organizing of January 2011 in the supermax Ohio State Penitentiary, where prisoners Bomani Shakur, Siddique Abdullah Hasan, Jason Robb, and Namir Abdul Mateen began a hunger strike “to protest what they call their harsh mistreatment under solitary confinement”.[86] These prisoners decided to start rejecting their meals until they could be relocated from solitary confinement to death row where their treatment as prisoners would improve. Another example took place in Fall of 2010, when prisoners throughout Georgia’s prison system organized a strike in opposition to violations of the US Constitution 8th amendment protection against cruel and unusual punishment for minute infractions of rules.[87] Inmates throughout the state, in facilities like Rogers State Prison and Hays State Prison engaged in a “self-imposed lockdown” to incite action from the Georgia Department of Corrections in meeting their demands.[87] Similar to other prison strikes demanding systemic change in the policing and policies of prisons like the Pelican State Bay hunger strike, this self-imposed lockdown strike has reached “across multiple facilities and across racial and factional lines”.[87]", "The Troubles. In the 1981 Irish hunger strike, ten republican prisoners (seven from the Provisional IRA and three from the INLA) died of starvation. The first hunger striker to die, Bobby Sands, was elected to Parliament on an Anti-H-Block ticket, as was his election agent Owen Carron following Sands' death. The hunger strikes resonated among many nationalists; over 100,000 people[118] attended Sands' funeral mass in West Belfast and thousands attended those of the other hunger strikers. From an Irish republican perspective, the significance of these events was to demonstrate potential for a political and electoral strategy.[119]", "Bobby Sands. Robert Gerard Sands (Irish: Roibeárd Gearóid Ó Seachnasaigh;[2] 9 March 1954 – 5 May 1981), commonly known as Bobby Sands, was an Irish member of the Provisional Irish Republican Army who died on hunger strike while imprisoned at HM Prison Maze.", "Provisional Irish Republican Army. IRA prisoners convicted after March 1976 did not have Special Category Status applied in prison. In response, more than 500 prisoners refused to wear prison clothes. This activity culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike, when seven IRA and three Irish National Liberation Army members starved themselves to death in pursuit of political status. The hunger strike leader Bobby Sands and Anti H-Block activist Owen Carron were elected to the British Parliament, and two other protesting prisoners were elected to the Dáil. In addition, there were work stoppages and large demonstrations all over Ireland in sympathy with the hunger strikers. More than 100,000 people attended the funeral of Sands, the first hunger striker to die.[88]", "Pelican Bay State Prison. Another hunger strike was reported to have begun on July 1, 2011. The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) reported that \"less than two dozen\" were refusing food.[7] The Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity Coalition reported close to 100% participation in the SHU on the first day, with the strike spreading to the Pelican Bay general population on the second day. The Coalition also reported that the strike had spread to Corcoran and Folsom prisons, with over 100 prisoners participating.[8] The CDCR subsequently stated that 6,600 inmates had refused food in the first days of the strike, and that after five days, more than 2,000 remained on strike. Most inmates reportedly consumed food purchased from the canteen; however, others were refusing all food with the stated intention to strike indefinitely.[9] SHU prisoner Mutop DuGuya stated, \"No one wants to die. Yet under this current system of what amounts to intense torture, what choice do we have? If one is to die, it will be on our own terms.\"[10]", "Emily Davison. In November 1912 Davison was arrested for a final time, for attacking a Baptist minister with a horsewhip; she had mistaken the man for Lloyd George. She was sentenced to ten days' imprisonment and released early following a four-day hunger strike.[23][60] It was the seventh time she had been on hunger strike, and the forty-ninth time she had been force-fed.[61]", "Jatindra Nath Das. Jatin died on 13 September 1929.[2] Durga Bhabhi led the funeral procession, which went from Lahore to Calcutta by train. Thousands of people rushed to the railway stations to pay homage to Das. A two-mile long procession in Calcutta carried the coffin to the cremation ground. It was Subhas Chandra Bose, who received the coffin of Das at Howrah Railway Station and led the funeral procession to the cremation ground. The hunger strike of Jatin Das in prison was one crucial moment in the resistance against illegal detentions.[3]", "Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present). In Diyarbakır Prison, PKK member Mazlum Doğan burned himself to death on 21 March 1982 in protest at the treatment in prison. Ferhat Kurtay, Necmi Önen, Mahmut Zengin and Eşref Anyık followed his example on 17 May 1982. On 14 July 1982, PKK members Kemal Pir, M. Hayri Durmuş, Ali Çiçek and Akif Yılmaz started a hunger strike in Diyarbakır Prison.[119] Kemal Pir died on 7 September 1982, M. Hayri Durmuş on 12 September 1982, Akif Yılmaz on 15 September 1982, and Ali Çiçek on 17 September 1982. On 13 April 1984, a 75-day hunger-strike started in Istanbul. As a result, four prisoners—Abdullah Meral, Haydar Başbağ, Fatih Ökütülmüş, and Hasan Telci—died.[120]", "Solitary confinement. The 2013 California prisoner hunger strike saw approximately 29,000 prisoners protesting conditions.[84] This statewide hunger strike reaching 2/3 of California’s prisons began with the organizing of inmates at Pelican Bay State Prison. On 11 July 2011, prisoners at Pelican Bay State Prison began a hunger strike to “protest torturous conditions in the Security Housing Unit (SHU) there”…and to advocate for procedural and policy changes like the termination of the “debriefing process” which forces prisoners “to name themselves or others as gang members as a condition of access to food or release from isolation”.[85] Nearly 7,000 inmates throughout the California prison system stood in solidarity with these Pelican State Bay prisoners in 2011 by also refusing their food.[85] Also in solidarity with the 2011 Pelican Bay prisoners on strike is the Bay Area coalition of grassroots organizations known as the Prisoner Hunger Strike Solidarity coalition. This coalition has aided the prisoners in their strike by providing a legal support force for their negotiations with the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) and by creating and running a media based platform to raise support and awareness for the strikers and their demands among the general public.[85]", "Jatindra Nath Das. In Lahore jail, Das began a hunger strike along with other revolutionary fighters, demanding equality for Indian political prisoners with those from Europe. The conditions of Indian inhabitants of the jails was deplorable. The uniforms that Indian prisoners were required to wear in jail with were not washed for several days, and rats and cockroaches roamed the kitchen area making the food unsafe to eat. Indian prisoners were not provided with any reading material such as newspapers, nor paper to write on. The condition of the British prisoners in the same jail was strikingly different.", "Suffragette. In September 1909, the Home Office became unwilling to release hunger-striking suffragettes before their sentence was served.[32] Suffragettes became a liability because if they were to die in custody, the prison would be responsible for their death. Prisons began the practice of force-feeding the hunger strikers through a tube, most commonly via a nostril or stomach tube or a stomach pump.[31] Force-feeding had previously been practised in Britain but its use had been exclusively for patients in hospitals who were too unwell to eat or swallow food. Despite the practice being deemed safe by medical practitioners for sick patients, it posed health issues for the healthy suffragettes.[30]", "Bobby Sands. The 1981 Irish hunger strike started with Sands refusing food on 1 March 1981. Sands decided that other prisoners should join the strike at staggered intervals to maximise publicity, with prisoners steadily deteriorating successively over several months. The hunger strike centred on five demands:", "Strike action. A hunger strike is a deliberate refusal to eat. Hunger strikes are often used in prisons as a form of political protest. Like student strikes, a hunger strike aims to worsen the public image of the target.", "Wangari Maathai. On 28 February 1992, while released on bail, Maathai and others took part in a hunger strike in a corner of Uhuru Park, which they labeled Freedom Corner, to pressure the government to release political prisoners. After four days of hunger strike, on 3 March 1992, the police forcibly removed the protesters. Maathai and three others were knocked unconscious by police and hospitalized.[45] President Daniel arap Moi called her \"a mad woman\" and \"a threat to the order and security of the country\".[46] The attack drew international criticism. The US State Department said it was \"deeply concerned\" by the violence and by the forcible removal of the hunger strikers.[47] When the prisoners were not released, the protesters – mostly mothers of those in prison – moved their protest to All Saints Cathedral, the seat of the Anglican Archbishop in Kenya, across from Uhuru Park. The protest there continued, with Maathai contributing frequently, until early 1993, when the prisoners were finally released.[48]", "Lokpal. Anna Hazare, a Gandhian rights activist, had started a fast unto death at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi demanding the passing of the bill. Hazare called off his hunger strike on 9 April 2011, bringing to an end his 98-hour protest after the government issued a gazette notification constituting a 10-member Joint Committee of government ministers and civil society activists, including him, to draft a bill for the creation of an effective Lokpal. Thousands of people from all over India, especially youth, supported Anna Hazare's cause by attending candle lit marches and conducting online campaigns through social media.", "Bobby Sands. He was the leader of the 1981 hunger strike in which Irish republican prisoners protested the removal of Special Category Status. During Sands's strike, he was elected to the British Parliament as an Anti H-Block candidate.[3][4] His death and those of nine other hunger strikers was followed by a new surge of Provisional IRA recruitment and activity. International media coverage brought attention to the hunger strikers, and the Republican movement in general, attracting both praise and criticism.[5]", "Irish Civil War. In October 1923, around 8,000 of the 12,000 Republican prisoners in Free State gaols went on a hunger strike. The strike lasted for 41 days and met little success (among those who died were Denny Barry and Andy O'Sullivan).[72] However, most of the women prisoners were released shortly thereafter and the hunger strike helped concentrate the Republican movement on the prisoners and their associated organisations. In July, de Valera had recognised the Republican political interests lay with the prisoners and went so far as to say:", "Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti. In old age her activism was overshadowed by that of her three sons, who provided effective opposition to various Nigerian military juntas.\nIn 1978 Ransome-Kuti was thrown from a third-floor window of her son Fela's compound, a commune known as the Kalakuta Republic, when it was stormed by one thousand armed military personnel.[15] She lapsed into a coma in February of that year, and died on 13 April 1978, as a result of her injuries.[15].", "One Rank, One Pension. On 70 day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), called Satyagraha by some ex-servicemen, 25 Ex-servicemen, from 14 Indian States, were on RHS at Jantar Mantar. The fast unto death by Col Pushpender Singh(Grenadiers), and Havaldar Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry) entered the eighth day, and by Hav Ashok Kumar Chauhan (Signals) the sixth day.[106]", "Irom Chanu Sharmila. Sharmila has been regularly released and re-arrested every year since her hunger strike began.[18]", "Silent Sentinels. In response to the hunger strike the prison doctors force fed the women by putting tubes down their throats.[10] They force fed them substances that would have as much protein as possible, like raw eggs mixed with milk. Many of the women ended up vomiting because their stomachs could not handle the protein. One physician reported that Alice Paul had \"a spirit like Joan of Arc, and it is useless to try to change it. She will die but she will never give up.\"[12]", "Irom Chanu Sharmila. Three days after she began her strike, she was arrested by the police and charged with an \"attempt to commit suicide\",[4] which was unlawful under the Indian Penal Code (IPC) at that time, and was later transferred to judicial custody. Her health deteriorated rapidly, and nasogastric intubation was forced on her from 21 November in order to keep her alive while under arrest.[5][19]", "Pelican Bay State Prison. On July 8, 2013, inmates resumed the July 2011 hunger strike, due to alleged broken promises and \"cruel\" conditions, with upwards of 29,000 prisoners across California joining in the hunger strike.[11] These conditions were to end group punishment and administrative abuse, abolish the debriefing policy, and modify active/inactive gang status criteria, comply with the US Commission on Safety and Abuse in America's Prisons 2006 Recommendations Regarding an End to Long-Term Solitary Confinement, Provide Adequate and Nutritious Food, Expand and Provide Constructive Programing and Privileges for Indefinite SHU Status Inmates.[12] End Group Punishment and Administrative Abuse demand was as a result of individual inmates rule violations.", "Irom Chanu Sharmila. On 26 July 2016, Irom Sharmila, who had been on a hunger strike since 2000, announced that she would end her fast on 9 August 2016. She also announced that she would contest state elections in Manipur.[33][34]", "One Rank, One Pension. On 72 day of the Relay Hunger Strike (RHS), 37 Ex-servicemen were on RHS at Jantar Mantar.[109] Col Pushpender Singh(Grenadiers), was in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), Army Research and Referral Hospital ( R&R), Havaldar ( Hav) Major Singh (Sikh Light Infantry), on 10th day of his fast unto death refused to be evacuated; and Hav Ashok Kumar Chauhan (Signals) on the 8th day, was vacuated to R&R due to muscle atrophy. The other hunger strikers, who were all fit, were: Major Piar Chand, 2 Grenadiers; Hav Sahib Singh, 2 Rajputana Rifles; and Naik Uday Singh Rawat of 12 Garhwal Rifles.[109]", "Suffragette. In April 1913, Reginald McKenna of the Home Office passed the Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913, or the Cat and Mouse Act as it was commonly known. The act made the hunger strikes legal, in that a suffragette would be temporarily released from prison when their health began to diminish, only to be readmitted when she regained her health to finish her sentence.[35] The act enabled the British Government to be absolved of any blame resulting from death or harm due to the self-starvation of the striker and ensured that the suffragettes would be too ill and too weak to participate in demonstrative activities while not in custody.[31] Most women continued hunger striking when they were readmitted to prison following their leave.[38] After the Act was introduced, force-feeding on a large scale was stopped and only women convicted of more serious crimes and considered likely to repeat their offences if released were force-fed.[39]" ]

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[ "Popeye. Popeye the Sailor is a cartoon fictional character created by Elzie Crisler Segar.[3][4][5] The character first appeared in the daily King Features comic strip, Thimble Theatre, on January 17, 1929, and Popeye became the strip's title in later years; Popeye has also appeared in theatrical and television animated cartoons.[4]", "Popeye. The 1988 Disney/Touchstone film Who Framed Roger Rabbit featured many classic cartoon characters, and the absence of Popeye was noted by some critics. Popeye (along with Bluto and Olive Oyl) actually had a role planned for the film. However, since the Popeye cartoons were based on a comic strip, Disney found they had to pay licensing fees to both King Features Syndicate and MGM/UA. MGM/UA's pre-May 1986 library (which included Popeye) was being purchased by Turner Entertainment at the time, which created legal complications; thus, the rights could not be obtained and Popeye's cameo was dropped from the film.[76]", "Popeye. In November 1932, King Features signed an agreement with Fleischer Studios to have Popeye and the other Thimble Theatre characters begin appearing in a series of animated cartoons. The first cartoon in the series was released in 1933, and Popeye cartoons, released by Paramount Pictures, would remain a staple of Paramount's release schedule for nearly 25 years. William Costello was the original voice of Popeye, a voice that would be replicated by later performers, such as Jack Mercer and even Mae Questel. Many of the Thimble Theatre characters, including Wimpy, Poopdeck Pappy, and Eugene the Jeep, eventually made appearances in the Paramount cartoons, though appearances by Olive Oyl's extended family and Ham Gravy were notably absent. Thanks to the animated-short series, Popeye became even more of a sensation than he had been in comic strips, and by 1938, polls showed that the sailor was Hollywood's most popular cartoon character.[23][24]", "Spinach. The comics and cartoon character Popeye the Sailor Man has been portrayed since 1931 as having a strong affinity for spinach, becoming physically stronger after consuming it.[22]", "Popeye. After Segar's death in 1938, many different artists were hired to draw the strip. Tom Sims, the son of a Coosa River channel-boat captain, continued writing Thimble Theatre strips and established the Popeye the Sailorman spin-off. Doc Winner and Bela Zaboly,[11] successively, handled the artwork during Sims's run. Eventually, Ralph Stein stepped in to write the strip until the series was taken over by Bud Sagendorf in 1959.", "Popeye. Popeye was adapted to radio in several series broadcast over three different networks by two sponsors from 1935 to 1938. Popeye and most of the major supporting characters were first featured in a thrice-weekly 15-minute radio program, Popeye the Sailor, which starred Detmar Poppen as Popeye along with most of the major supporting characters—Olive Oyl (Olive Lamoy), Wimpy (Charles Lawrence), Bluto (Jackson Beck) and Swee'Pea (Mae Questel). In the first episode, Popeye adopted Sonny (Jimmy Donnelly), a character later known as Matey the Newsboy. This program was broadcast Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday nights at 7:15pm. September 10, 1935 through March 28, 1936 on the NBC Red Network (87 episodes), initially sponsored by Wheatena, a whole-wheat breakfast cereal, which would routinely replace the spinach references. Music was provided by Victor Irwin's Cartoonland Band. Announcer Kelvin Keech sang (to composer Lerner's \"Popeye\" theme) \"Wheatena is his diet / He asks you to try it / With Popeye the sailor man.\" Wheatena paid King Features Syndicate $1,200 per week.", "Popeye. In 1960, King Features Syndicate commissioned a new series of cartoons entitled Popeye the Sailor, but this time for television syndication. Al Brodax served as executive producer of the cartoons for King Features. Jack Mercer, Mae Questel, and Jackson Beck returned for this series, which was produced by a number of companies, including Jack Kinney Productions, Rembrandt Films (William L. Snyder and Gene Deitch), Larry Harmon Productions, Halas and Batchelor, Paramount Cartoon Studios (formerly Famous Studios), and Southern Star Entertainment (formerly Southern Star Productions). The artwork was streamlined and simplified for the television budgets, and 220 cartoons were produced in only two years, with the first set of them premiering in the autumn of 1960, and the last of them debuting during the 1961–1962 television season. Since King Features had exclusive rights to these Popeye cartoons, 85 of them were released on DVD as a 75th anniversary Popeye boxed set in 2004.", "Popeye. In 2004, Lions Gate Entertainment produced a computer-animated television special, Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy, which was made to coincide with the 75th anniversary of Popeye. Billy West performed the voice of Popeye, describing the production as \"the hardest job I ever did, ever\" and the voice of Popeye as \"like a buzzsaw on your throat\".[26] The uncut version was released on DVD on November 9, 2004; and was aired in a re-edited version on Fox on December 17, 2004 and again on December 30, 2005. Its style was influenced by the 1930s Fleischer cartoons, and featured Swee'Pea, Wimpy, Bluto (who is Popeye's friend in this version), Olive Oyl, Poopdeck Pappy and the Sea Hag as its characters. On November 6, 2007, Lions Gate Entertainment re-released Popeye's Voyage on DVD with redesigned cover art.", "Popeye. In 1933, Max Fleischer adapted the Thimble Theatre characters into a series of Popeye the Sailor theatrical cartoon shorts for Paramount Pictures. These cartoons proved to be among the most popular of the 1930s, and Fleischer—and later Paramount's own Famous Studios—continued production through 1957. These cartoon shorts are now owned by Turner Entertainment and distributed by its sister company Warner Bros..[6]", "Popeye. The Popeye character became so popular that he was given a larger role, and the strip was taken up by many more newspapers as a result. Initial strips presented Olive as being less than impressed with Popeye, but she eventually left Ham Gravy to become Popeye's girlfriend and Ham Gravy left the strip as a regular. Over the years, however, she has often displayed a fickle attitude towards the sailor. Castor Oyl continued to come up with get-rich-quick schemes and enlisted Popeye in his misadventures. Eventually, he settled down as a detective and later on bought a ranch out West. Castor has seldom appeared in recent years.", "Popeye. Director Robert Altman used the character in Popeye, a 1980 live-action musical feature film, starring Robin Williams as Popeye (his first starring movie role), Shelley Duvall as Olive Oyl, and Paul L. Smith as Bluto, with songs by Harry Nilsson and Van Dyke Parks. The script was by Jules Feiffer, who adapted the 1971 Nostalgia Press book of 1936 strips for his screenplay, thus retaining many of the characters created by Segar. A co-production of Paramount Pictures and Walt Disney Productions, the movie was filmed almost entirely on Malta, in the village of Mellieħa on the northwest coast of the island. The set is now a tourist attraction called Popeye Village. The US box office earnings were double the film's budget, making it a success.", "Popeye. Popeye’s theme song, titled \"I'm Popeye The Sailor Man\", composed by Sammy Lerner in 1933 for Fleischer’s first Popeye the Sailor cartoon,[27] has become forever associated with the sailor. \"The Sailor's Hornpipe\" has often been used as an introduction to Popeye's theme song.", "Popeyes. The name is spelled \"Popeyes\" without the apostrophe used by other restaurant chains such as McDonald's and Hardee's. Copeland claimed facetiously that he was \"too poor\" to afford an apostrophe.[12] The chain later acquired rights to use Popeye the Sailor for marketing. The company's early brand became deeply tied to the cartoon star with its sponsorship of the Popeye & Pals children's show in New Orleans, and the character appeared on items from packaging to racing boats. In late November 2006, AFC announced the mutual termination of their licensing contract with King Features Syndicate, effectively ending their association with the Popeye characters.[14]", "Golden age of American animation. In 1934 Max Fleischer became interested in producing an animated feature film shortly after Disney's announcement of Snow White, however Paramount vetoed the idea. In 1936, Fleischer Studios produced the first of three two-reel Popeye Technicolor features: Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor in 1936, Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves in 1937, and Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp in 1939.", "Popeye. The success of Popeye as a comic-strip and animated character has led to appearances in many other forms. For more than 20 years, Stephen DeStefano has been the artist drawing Popeye for King Features licensing.[37]", "Popeye. In every Popeye cartoon, the sailor is invariably put into what seems like a hopeless situation, upon which (usually after a beating), a can of spinach becomes available, and Popeye quickly opens the can and consumes its contents. Upon swallowing the spinach, Popeye's physical strength immediately becomes superhuman, and he is easily able to save the day (and very often rescue Olive Oyl from a dire situation). It did not stop there, as spinach could also give Popeye the skills and powers he needed, as in The Man on the Flying Trapeze, where it gave him acrobatic skills. (When the antagonist is the Sea Hag, it is Olive who eats the spinach; Popeye can't hit a lady.)", "Popeye. Popeye first appeared in the strip on January 17, 1929 as a minor character. He was initially hired by Castor Oyl and Ham to crew a ship for a voyage to Dice Island, the location of a casino owned by the crooked gambler Fadewell. Castor intended to break the bank at the casino using the unbeatable good luck conferred by stroking the hairs on the head of Bernice the Whiffle Hen. Weeks later, on the trip back, Popeye was shot many times by Jack Snork, a stooge of Fadewell's, but survived by rubbing Bernice's head. After the adventure, Popeye left the strip but, due to reader reaction, he was quickly brought back.[4][10]", "Popeye. Thimble Theatre became one of King Features' most popular strips during the 1930s. A poll of adult comic strip readers in the April 1937 issue of Fortune magazine voted Popeye their second favourite comic strip (after Little Orphan Annie).[5] By 1938, Thimble Theatre was running in 500 newspapers, and over 600 licensed \"Popeye\" products were on sale.[5] Following an eventual name change to Popeye in the 1970s, the comic remains one of the longest running strips in syndication today. After Mussolini came to power in Italy, he banned all American comic strips, but Popeye was so popular the Italians made him bring it back. The strip carried on after Segar's death in 1938, at which point he was replaced by a series of artists. In the 1950s, a spinoff strip was established, called Popeye the Sailorman.", "Popeye. The show was next broadcast Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays from 7:15 to 7:30pm on WABC and ran from August 31, 1936 to February 26, 1937 (78 episodes). Floyd Buckley played Popeye, and Miriam Wolfe portrayed both Olive Oyl and the Sea Hag. Once again, reference to spinach was conspicuously absent. Instead, Popeye sang, \"Wheatena's me diet / I ax ya to try it / I'm Popeye the Sailor Man\".[38]", "Popeye. In 2015, businessman Greg Morena refuted the claim that Popeye originated in Chester, Illinois. Instead, he stated that Santa Monica, California was the birthplace of the character and that a Norwegian sailor by the name of Olaf “cap” Olsen served as the impetus for the character.[68]\nResearch presented in Jim Harris’ 2009 “Santa Monica Pier: A Century of the Last Great Pleasure Pier” raised the idea that while living in Santa Monica, Segar based the physical attributes on Olsen; even though Harris never made a definitive claim.[69]", "Popeye. In an interview, Charles Schulz said \"Popeye was a great favorite of mine...I think Popeye was a perfect comic strip, consistent in drawing and humor\".[7] In 2002, TV Guide ranked Popeye #20 on its \"50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time\" list.[8]", "Popeye. In 1933, Popeye received a foundling baby in the mail, whom he adopted and named \"Swee'Pea.\" Other regular characters in the strip were J. Wellington Wimpy, a hamburger-loving moocher who would \"gladly pay you Tuesday for a hamburger today\" (he was also soft-spoken and cowardly; Vickers Wellington bombers were nicknamed \"Wimpys\" after the character); George W. Geezil, a local cobbler who spoke in a heavily affected accent and habitually attempted to murder or wish death upon Wimpy; and Eugene the Jeep, a yellow, vaguely dog-like animal from Africa with magical powers. In addition, the strip featured the Sea Hag, a terrible pirate, as well as the last witch on earth (her even more terrible sister excepted); Alice the Goon, a monstrous creature who entered the strip as the Sea Hag's henchwoman and continued as Swee'Pea's babysitter; and Toar, a caveman.", "Popeye. On January 1, 2009, 70 years since the death of his creator, Segar's character of Popeye (though not the various films, TV shows, theme music and other media based on him) became public domain[13] in most countries, but remains under copyright in the United States. Because Segar was an employee of King Features Syndicate when he created the Popeye character for the company's Thimble Theatre strip, Popeye is treated as a work for hire under U.S. copyright law. Works for hire are protected for 95 years from publication or 120 years from creation, whichever is shorter. Since Popeye made his first appearance in January 1929, and all U.S. copyrights expire on December 31 of the year that the term ends, Popeye will enter the public domain in the U.S. on January 1, 2025, assuming no amendments to U.S. copyright law before that date.[14]", "Popeyes. Alvin C. Copeland claimed he named the stores after the fictional detective Jimmy \"Popeye\" Doyle in the movie The French Connection[12][13] and not the comic strip and cartoon character Popeye the Sailor.", "Golden age of American animation. One of Disney's main competitors was Max Fleischer, the head of Fleischer Studios, which produced cartoons for Paramount Pictures. Fleischer Studios was a family-owned business, operated by Max Fleischer and his younger brother Dave Fleischer, who supervised the production of the cartoons. The Fleischers scored successful hits with the Betty Boop cartoons and the Popeye the Sailor series. Popeye's popularity during the 1930s rivaled Mickey Mouse at times, and Popeye fan clubs sprang up across the country in imitation of Mickey's fan clubs; in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse.[45] However, during the early 1930s, stricter censorship rules enforced by the new Production Code in 1934 required animation producers to remove risqué humor. The Fleischers in particular had to tone down the content of their Betty Boop cartoons, which waned in popularity afterwards.[46] The Fleischers also had produced a number of Color Classics cartoons during the 1930s which attempted to emulate Walt Disney's use of color, but the series was not a success.[47]", "Popeye. Popeye's story and characterization vary depending on the medium. Originally, Popeye got \"luck\" from rubbing the head of the Whiffle Hen; by 1932, he was instead getting \"strength\" from eating spinach.[9] Swee'Pea is definitively Popeye's ward in the comic strips, but he is often depicted as belonging to Olive Oyl in cartoons. The cartoons also occasionally feature members of Popeye's family who have never appeared in the strip, notably his lookalike nephews Peepeye, Pupeye, Pipeye, and Poopeye.", "Coosa River. For a time, the Popeye the Sailorman cartoons were inspired by Tom Sims, a Coosa River resident in Rome, Georgia who was familiar with riverboat life and characters of the early 1900s .[6]", "Popeye. Popeye has made brief parody appearances in modern animated productions, including:", "Billy West. Perhaps West's most notable film work came in the 1996 film Space Jam, where he provided the voice of both Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd. West reprised the roles of Bugs and Fudd in subsequent Looney Tunes feature-length films and returned as Fudd in the theatrically released Looney Tunes: Back in Action. In 1998, West starred in the direct-to-video film Scooby-Doo on Zombie Island as Shaggy Rogers, becoming the second person to portray the character (the first being Casey Kasem). He was one of the top contenders to replace Kasem after his retirement in 2009 but lost the role to Matthew Lillard. In 2000, he provided additional voices in Disney's Dinosaur. In 2004, West voiced the classic character Popeye in the 75th-anniversary film Popeye's Voyage: The Quest for Pappy, and made his live-action film debut in Mark Hamill's Comic Book: The Movie. He also appeared in a cameo in Garfield: The Movie. Other films featuring West's vocal talents include Joe's Apartment, Cats & Dogs, Olive, the Other Reindeer, TMNT, The Proud Family Movie, and three Tom and Jerry direct-to-video movies.", "Popeye. The strip is also responsible for popularizing, although not inventing, the word \"goon\" (meaning a thug or lackey); goons in Popeye's world were large humanoids with indistinctly drawn faces that were particularly known for being used as muscle and slave labor by Popeye's nemesis, the Sea Hag. One particular goon, the aforementioned female named Alice, was an occasional recurring character in the animated shorts, but she was usually a fairly nice character.", "Popeye. Over the years, Popeye has also appeared in comic books, television cartoons, arcade and video games, hundreds of advertisements,[4] and peripheral products (ranging from spinach to candy cigarettes), and the 1980 live-action film directed by Robert Altman, starring comedian Robin Williams as Popeye.", "Popeye. Segar's Thimble Theatre strip was in its 10th year when Popeye made his debut, but the one-eyed (left) sailor quickly became the main focus of the strip, and Thimble Theatre became one of King Features' most popular properties during the 1930s. After Segar's death in 1938, Thimble Theatre was continued by several writers and artists, most notably Segar's assistant Bud Sagendorf. The strip continues to appear in first-run installments in its Sunday edition, written and drawn by Hy Eisman. The daily strips are reprints of old Sagendorf stories.[4]" ]

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[ "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014 (H.R. 3230; Pub.L. 113–146), also known as the Veterans Choice Act, is a United States public law that is intended to address the ongoing Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014. The law will expand the number of options veterans have for receiving care and grant the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs more power to fire senior executives.[1] The Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014 began with the discovery that there was on-going systematic lying by the Veterans Health Administration about the wait times veterans experienced waiting to be seen by doctors.[2][3] By June 5, 2014, Veterans Affairs internal investigations had identified a total of 35 veterans who had died while waiting for care in the Phoenix VHA system.[4] Another audit determined that \"more than 57,000 veterans waited at least 90 days to see a doctor, while another 63,000 over the last decade never received an initial appointment.\"[5]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) has prepared a preliminary analysis of Title III of S. 2450, the Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014, as introduced in the Senate on June 10, 2014. That title would authorize and fund enhancements to several programs of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA). In particular, VA would receive expansive authority for the next few years to contract with health care providers who are not employed by the VA, and VA would be required to use that authority to ensure that all eligible veterans would receive requested health care in a timely fashion. The effects of providing such broad new authority to VA are highly uncertain, and CBO has been able to make only a preliminary and partial assessment of the legislation. Based on that preliminary assessment, CBO estimates that enacting Title III of S. 2450 would increase direct spending by roughly $35 billion over the 2014-2024 period. CBO has not yet estimated the budgetary effects of the other titles of S. 2450.[25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. This summary is based largely on the summary provided by the Congressional Budget Office, as introduced in the Senate on June 10, 2014. This is a public domain source. Title III of S. 2450 was incorporated completely into H.R. 3230. This relationship was identified by the Congressional Research Service.[24][25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The law includes access to healthcare at non-VA hospitals for rural veterans, as well as vast increases in staffing and facilities at existing VA medical centers.", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The House and Senate established a conference committee to agree on amendments to the bill. The committee met on June 24, 2014. The House voted to agree to the conference report on July 30, 2014 with a vote of 420-5 in Roll Call Vote 467.[6] The Senate voted to agree to the conference report on July 31, 2014 with a vote of 91-3 in Roll Call Vote 254.[6] President Barack Obama signed the bill into law on August 7, 2014.[6]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. Chairman of the House Committee on Veterans Affairs Jeff Miller said that \"many of the provisions included in today's Senate-passed bill are based on ideas that have already cleared the House, so I'm hopeful both chambers of Congress can soon agree on a final package to send to the president's desk.\"[1] Miller was referring to the Veteran Access to Care Act of 2014 (H.R. 4810; 113th Congress) which contained similar provisions and passed the House on June 10, 2014.[26]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. Only three senators voted against the bill, Jeff Sessions (R-AL), Bob Corker (R-TN), and Ron Johnson (R-WI).[19]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The bill H.R. 3230 was introduced into the United States House of Representatives on October 2, 2013 by Rep. Hal Rogers (R-KY) as the \"Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act\".[6] The bill was referred to the United States House Committee on Appropriations. The bill was one of the October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions passed by the House during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013. On October 3, 2013 the House voted in Roll Call Vote 516 to pass the bill 265-160.[6] On June 11, 2014, the United States Senate changed the name of the bill to the \"Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014\" and voted to pass the bill 93-3 in Roll Call Vote 187.[6]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The bill was introduced into the United States House of Representatives during the 113th United States Congress under the name \"Pay Our Guard and Reserve Act\" as one of the October 2013 mini-continuing resolutions passed by the House during the United States federal government shutdown of 2013.[6] It became law on August 7, 2014.", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. Senators John McCain (R-AZ) and Bernie Sanders (I-VT) were the two main senators who negotiated the bill.[1] McCain said \"is this a final solution to these problems? No, but it is a beginning.\"[1] McCain also called the situation an \"emergency\" and said \"if it's not an emergency that we've neglected these brave men and women who have protected our country, then I don't know what is.\"[19]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. CBO estimates that, under Title III, enrolled veterans would ultimately seek to increase the amount of care they receive from VA by about 60 percent. In addition, CBO expects that some of the people who are eligible to enroll but not yet enrolled would choose to enroll because of the improvement in access to health care through VA. Most of the costs incurred to provide that care would be for care financed by other payers, including Medicare; a portion of those costs would thus be offset by savings to the Medicare program. All told, CBO expects that veterans would ultimately seek additional care that would cost the federal government about $50 billion a year, on net.[25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. The magnitude of those budgetary effects is highly uncertain. A significant number of veterans could receive new and expanded health care benefits under S. 2450. How many would ultimately receive those benefits and the resulting costs will depend on a number of factors that are very difficult to predict. Further, the specific parameters of the new program would depend on regulations that would need to be developed. Because the behavioral changes that would result from enacting those provisions are so uncertain, this estimate should be viewed as falling in the middle of a wide range of possible outcomes.[25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. On April 19, 2017, President Donald Trump signed a bill into law extending the act (Pub.L. 115–26, 131 Stat. 129).[27]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. Failures with the VA Choice program emerged in a 2017 whistleblower case concerning the Manchester VA Medical Center, in which one of the administrators of the VA Choice program, Health Net Federal Services, failed to schedule appointments for New Hampshire veterans, leaving some veterans with life-threatening conditions waiting for over six months just to see a doctor.[28] On April 27, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Executive Order 13793 (Improving Accountability and Whistleblower Protection at the Department of Veterans Affairs) to help whistleblowers and increase accountability at the Department of Veterans Affairs.[29][30][31][32][33][34]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. However, CBO expects that VA would have difficulty in quickly setting up a program to contract for health care nationwide and in establishing administrative processes to approve care by private health care providers. Moreover, the amount of care that veterans sought through VA might increase gradually over time. Thus, CBO expects that, of the amount of additional care sought by veterans, VA would provide only about 20 percent in 2015 and about 50 percent in 2016. VA would also spend a comparatively small amount in 2014 on administration and new hiring. Thus, CBO estimates that implementing title III would cost roughly $500 million in 2014, $10 billion in 2015, and $25 billion in 2016.[25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. VA currently has about 8.4 million veterans enrolled in its health care program. Of the remaining roughly 13 million living veterans, CBO estimates that about 8 million qualify to enroll in VA's health care program but have not enrolled. VA currently spends about $44 billion providing health care services to veterans, or about $5,200 per enrollee. (That amount does not include spending on programs that CBO expects would not be increased under this legislation, such as long-term care, caregivers, and ending veterans' homelessness.) Based on information from VA on veterans' reliance on VA, CBO estimates that this cost represents about 30 percent of the total amount of health care received by those veterans.[25]", "Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act of 2014. CNN reported on April 27, 2014 that at least 40 United States Armed Forces veterans died while waiting for care at the Phoenix, Arizona, Veterans Health Administration facilities.[7] By June 5, 2014, Veterans Affairs internal investigations had identified a total of 35 veterans who had died while waiting for care in the Phoenix VHA system.[4] An investigation of delays in treatment throughout the Veterans Health Administration system is being conducted by the Veterans Affairs Office of the Inspector General,[2][3][8] and the House has passed legislation to fund a $1 million criminal investigation by the Justice Department.[9] On May 16, 2014, the Veterans Health Administration's top health official, Dr. Robert Petzel, retired early at the request of Secretary of Veterans Affairs Eric Shinseki.[10][11] On May 30, 2014, Secretary Shinseki, himself, resigned from office amid the fallout from the controversy.[12][13] As of early June 2014, several other VA medical centers around the nation have been identified with the same problems as the Phoenix facility, and the investigations by the VA Inspector General, the Congress and others are widening.[2][13][14][15][16][17][18]", "First 100 days of Donald Trump's presidency. On April 19, Trump signed a bill that extended the VA's Choice beyond August. The 2014 Veterans' Access to Care through Choice, Accountability, and Transparency Act was enacted in by the Obama administration in response to the Veterans Health Administration scandal of 2014.[264]", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. Prior to passage, the bill received support from many Nationwide Organizations such as The American Legion, AMVETS, Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW), Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans of America (IAVA), the Disabled American Veterans (DAV), the Paralyzed Veterans of America (PVA), and the Student Veterans of America (SVA).", "United States Department of Veterans Affairs. The United States Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) is a federal Cabinet-level agency that provides near-comprehensive healthcare services to eligible military veterans at VA medical centers and outpatient clinics located throughout the country; several non-healthcare benefits including disability compensation, vocational rehabilitation, education assistance, home loans, and life insurance; and provides burial and memorial benefits to eligible veterans and family members at 135 national cemeteries.", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. On June 19, 2008 the veteran education assistance benefits, along with 13-week unemployment benefit extension, passed as an amendment with a vote of 416-12.[15] On June 26, the Senate voted 92-6 in favor of the final version of the bill.[16] President George W. Bush signed H.R. 2642 into law on June 30, 2008.[1]", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. On February 3, 2014, the United States House of Representatives passed the GI Bill Tuition Fairness Act of 2013 (H.R. 357; 113th Congress).[10] If enacted, the bill would require states to offer veterans the in-state tuition price instead of the out-of-state tuition price regardless of whether the veteran met the residency requirement. The bill would also make other changes to veterans' benefits.[11]", "United States Department of Veterans Affairs. The VA's primary function is to support veterans in their time after service by providing benefits and support. A current initiative in the Department is to prevent and end veterans' homelessness.[18] The VA works with the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness to address these issues. The USICH identified ending veterans' homelessness by 2015 as a primary goal in its proposal Opening Doors: Federal Strategic Plan to Prevent and End Homelessness, released in 2010; amendments to the 2010 version made in 2015 include a preface written by U.S. Secretary of Labor Thomas E. Perez that cites a 33% reduction in veteran homelessness since the creation of the Opening Doors initiative.[19]", "Veterans Benefits Administration. The mission of the Veterans Benefits Administration, in partnership with the Veterans Health Administration and the National Cemetery Administration, is to provide benefits and services to the veterans and their families in a responsive, timely and compassionate manner in recognition of their service to the Nation.", "United States Department of Veterans Affairs. There are Assistant Secretaries of Veteran Affairs for: Congressional and Legislative Affairs; Policy and Planning; Human Resources and Administration; and Operations, Security and Preparedness. Other Senate-approved presidential nominees at the VA include: Chief Financial Officer; Chairman of the Board of Veterans' Appeals; General Counsel; and Inspector General.[21]", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. The main benefits include:", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. The eligibility requirements include:", "Veterans Benefits Administration. The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is \"an organizational element of the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs\". The Veterans Benefits Administration (VBA) is responsible for administering the Department’s programs that provide financial and other forms of assistance to Veterans, their dependents, and survivors. Major benefits include Veterans’ compensation, Veterans’ pension, survivors’ benefits, rehabilitation and employment assistance, education assistance, home loan guaranties, and life insurance coverage.", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. Beginning in August 2011. the Department of Veterans affairs would only cover up to $17,500 a year at private schools, and would only pay \"the actual net cost for in-State tuition and fees assessed\" by public schools. Due to the differing residency rules from state to state, this has caused some veterans who utilize the Post 9/11 GI Bill, to pay the difference.[8] Due to this discrepancy a bipartisan bill, the GI Bill Tuition Fairness Act, has been introduced in the 113th Congress.[9]", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. The law is an effort to pay for veterans' college expenses to a similar extent that the original G.I. Bill did after World War II. The main provisions of the act include funding 100% of a public four-year undergraduate education to a veteran who has served three years on active duty since September 11, 2001. The act also provides the ability for the veteran to transfer benefits to a spouse or children after serving (or agreeing to serve) ten years.", "Veterans Health Administration. On June 24, 2014, Senator Tom Coburn, Republican from Oklahoma, and a medical doctor, released a report called Friendly Fire: Death, Delay, and Dismay at the VA which detailed the actions and misconduct of employees of the Department of Veteran Affairs. The report is based on yearlong investigations conducted by Senator Coburn's office on Veterans Health Administration facilities across the nation. The report details the many veterans who have died waiting for health care as a result of the VA misconduct. Secret waiting lists, poor patient care, the millions of dollars that are intended for health care that has gone unspent every year and reports of bonuses paid out to employees who have lied and covered up statistics are also detailed in the report.[21]", "Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008. The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 improves educational benefits for certain individuals serving on active duty in the Armed Forces on or after September 11, 2001." ]

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[ "United States Secretary of Education. The United States Secretary of Education is the head of the U.S. Department of Education. The Secretary advises the President on federal policies, programs, and activities related to education in the United States. As a member of the President's Executive Cabinet, this Secretary is fifteenth in the line of succession to the presidency.", "United States Secretary of Education. The current Education Secretary is Betsy DeVos, who was nominated by President Donald Trump and approved by the Senate on February 7, 2017.", "United States Secretary of Education. The United States Secretary of Education is a member of the President's Cabinet and is the fifteenth in the United States presidential line of succession.[2] This Secretary deals with federal influence over education policy, and heads the U.S. Department of Education.[3]", "United States Department of Education. The United States Department of Education (ED or DoED), also referred to as the ED for (the) Education Department, is a Cabinet-level department of the United States government. Recreated by the Department of Education Organization Act (Public Law 96-88) and signed into law by President Jimmy Carter on October 17, 1979, it began operating on May 4, 1980.[2]", "Georgia Department of Education. The Georgia Department of Education (GaDOE)[1] is an American agency that governs public education in the state of Georgia. The department manages funding and testing for local educational agencies accountable for student achievement. The Department is managed by the State Superintendent of Schools, a publicly elected position currently held by Richard Woods (since 2015). Former Superintendents of the department have included Linda Schrenko, Kathy Cox, William Bradley Bryant, and John Barge. The department is headquartered in the 2054 Twin Towers East building at 205 Jesse Hill Jr. Drive SE at Martin Luther King Jr. Drive in Downtown Atlanta.[1][2]", "United States Department of Education. The Department of Education Organization Act divided the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare into the Department of Education and the Department of Health and Human Services. The Department of Education is administered by the United States Secretary of Education. It has approximately 4,400 employees and an annual budget of $68 billion (2016).[1]", "Department of Education (Philippines). At present, the Department is headed by the Secretary of Education, with the following undersecretaries and assistant secretaries:", "Department of Education (Philippines). The department is currently led by the Secretary of Education, nominated by the President of the Philippines and confirmed by the Commission on Appointments. The Secretary is a member of the Cabinet. The current Secretary of Education is Leonor Briones. Presently, its mission is to provide quality basic education that is equitably accessible to all and lay the foundation for lifelong learning and service for the common good. It has changed its vision statement, removing a phrase that some groups deem to be \"too secretarian\" for a government institution.", "United States Department of Education. Office of the Deputy Secretary (ODS) / Chief Operating Officer", "Lyndon B. Johnson. On March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed legislation naming the United States Department of Education headquarters after President Johnson.[264]", "Jimmy Carter. Early into his term, Carter collaborated with Congress to assist in fulfilling a campaign promise to create a cabinet level education department. In a February 28, 1978 address at the White House, Carter argued, \"Education is far too important a matter to be scattered piecemeal among various Government departments and agencies, which are often busy with sometimes dominant concerns.\"[157] On February 8, 1979, the Carter administration released an outline of its plan to establish an education department and asserted enough support for the enactment to occur by June.[158] On October 17, 1979, Carter signed the Department of Education Organization Act into law,[159] establishing the United States Department of Education.[160]", "United States Department of Education. Office of the Secretary (OS)", "United States Department of Education. Office of the Under Secretary (OUS)", "United States Department of Education. The Department's mission is: to promote student achievement and preparation for global competitiveness by fostering educational excellence and ensuring equal access.[5] Aligned with this mission of ensuring equal access to education, the Department of Education is a member of the United States Interagency Council on Homelessness,[6] and works with federal partners to ensure proper education for homeless and runaway youth in the United States.", "Department for Education. The department is led by the Secretary of State for Education. The Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships, and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, DfE had reduced its workforce to the equivalent of 2,301 staff.[3] In 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58.2bn, which includes £53.6bn resource spending and £4.6bn of capital investments.", "United States Department of Education. On February 7, 2017, Representative Thomas Massie (R-KY) introduced H.R. 899, a bill to abolish the department. Massie's bill, which is one sentence long, states, \"The Department of Education shall terminate on December 31, 2018.\"[25]", "United States Department of Education. After the Newt Gingrich-led \"revolution\" in 1994 had taken control of both Houses of Congress, federal control of and spending on education soared. That trend continued unabated despite the fact that the Republican Party made abolition of the Department a cornerstone of 1996 platform and campaign promises, calling it an inappropriate federal intrusion into local, state, and family affairs.[19] The GOP platform read: \"The Federal government has no constitutional authority to be involved in school curricula or to control jobs in the market place. This is why we will abolish the Department of Education, end federal meddling in our schools, and promote family choice at all levels of learning.\"[19][20] During his 1996 presidential run, Senator Bob Dole promised, \"We're going to cut out the Department of Education.\"[20]", "United States Secretary of Education. The Secretary is advised by the National Advisory Committee on Institutional Quality and Integrity, an advisory committee, on \"matters related to accreditation and to the eligibility and certification process for institutions of higher education.\"[4]", "United States Department of Education. Under President George W. Bush, the Department primarily focused on elementary and secondary education, expanding its reach through the No Child Left Behind Act. The Department's budget increased by $14 billion between 2002 and 2004, from $46 billion to $60 billion.[19]", "Education in South Africa. The department of Basic Education is headed by the director-general Bobby Soobrayan, and its policy is made by the minister Angie Motshekga and the deputy minister Enver Surty. The department of Higher Education and Training is headed by the director-general Mary Metcalfe, and its policy is made by the minister Blade Nzimande and the deputy minister Comfort Manana.", "Department for Education. The Department for Education's ministers are as follows:[4]", "Title IX. The Education Department headed by Betsy DeVos announced on 12 February 2018 that Title IX did not allow transgender students to use the bathroom of their gender identities.[62]", "United States Department of Education. The Republican Party platform of 1980 called for the elimination of the Department of Education created under Carter and President Ronald Reagan promised during the 1980 presidential election to eliminate it as a cabinet post,[18] but he was not able to do so with a Democratic House of Representatives.[19] In the 1982 State of the Union Address, he pledged: \"The budget plan I submit to you on Feb. 8 will realize major savings by dismantling the Department of Education.\"[19]", "Secretary of Education (Philippines). The Secretary of Education (Filipino: Kalihim ng Edukasyon) is the member of the Cabinet of the Philippines in charge of the Department of Education.", "Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet. Upon the announcement of Duncan's stepping down, President Obama announced his intention to nominate Deputy Secretary of Education John B. King, Jr. as the new Secretary of Education.[178] On March 14, 2016, King was approved to be Secretary of Education by the United States Senate after a 49–40 vote.[179]", "United States Department of Education. Unlike the systems of most other countries, education in the United States is highly decentralized, and the federal government and Department of Education are not heavily involved in determining curricula or educational standards (with the recent exception of the No Child Left Behind Act). This has been left to state and local school districts. The quality of educational institutions and their degrees is maintained through an informal private process known as accreditation, over which the Department of Education has no direct public jurisdictional control.", "United States Department of Education. In 2000, the Republican Liberty Caucus passed a resolution to abolish the Department of Education.[21] Abolition of the organization was not pursued under the George W. Bush administration, which made reform of federal education a key priority of the President's first term. In 2008 and 2012, presidential candidate Ron Paul campaigned in part on an opposition to the Department.[22]", "United States Secretary of Education. Prior to the creation of the Department of Education in 1979, Education was part of the ambit of the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.", "Education reform. President Donald Trump relegated concerns in education to state governments. This began with the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA)[13] which limits the role of the federal government in school liability. Giving states more authority can help prevent considerable discrepancies in educational performance across different states.[14] ESSA was approved by former President Obama in 2015 which amended and empowered the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.[15] The Department of Education has the choice to carry out measures in drawing attention to said differences by pinpointing lowest-performing state governments and supplying information on the condition and progress of each state on different educational parameters. It can also provide reasonable funding along with technical aid to help states with similar demographics collaborate in improving their public education programs.[16]", "United States Secretary of Education. As of December 2017, there are eight living former Secretaries of Education, the oldest being Lauro Cavazos (served 1988–1990, born 1927).[citation needed] The most recent Secretary of Education to die was Shirley Hufstedler (served 1979–1981, born 1925) on March 30, 2016.[citation needed] The most recently serving Secretary to die was Terrel Bell (served 1981–1985, born 1921) on June 22, 1996.", "United States Department of Education. On March 23, 2007, President George W. Bush signed into law H.R. 584, which designates the ED Headquarters building as the Lyndon B. Johnson Department of Education Building.[24]", "Chancellor (education). The title chancellor is sometimes used in K-12 education in a sense similar to superintendent of schools, particularly in urban school districts. The New York City Schools Chancellor is the chief executive officer of the New York City Department of Education, which manages the city's public school system (the largest in the United States). The leader of the District of Columbia Public Schools system is also referred to as the chancellor." ]

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[ "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying. \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying\" is a song written and originally performed by British beat group Gerry and the Pacemakers. The songwriting is credited to Gerry Marsden and the other band members, Freddie Marsden, Les Chadwick and Les Maguire. It was first recorded by Louise Cordet, and then recorded by the group themselves in early 1964.", "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying. The song has been recorded by many other singers, including Steve Lawrence (1964), José Feliciano (1968), Rickie Lee Jones (1989), Gloria Estefan (1994), Jeff Buckley (1998), Paul Carrack (2010), and Nellie McKay (2015).[1]", "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying. The song was given first to Louise Cordet, a singer who had previously toured with the group as well as with The Beatles. Her version was produced by Tony Meehan and released on Decca Records in February 1964.[1] The group then decided to issue their own version.[2] The record, like the group's earlier releases, was produced by George Martin.[1]", "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying. It was released in April 1964 as Gerry and the Pacemakers' fifth single in Britain, and spent 11 weeks on the United Kingdom's Record Retailer chart, reaching No. 6.[3] In the US, it was the breakthrough single for the group, spending 12 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100, reaching No. 4.[4] The song debuted at No. 4 in the first issue of Canada's RPM \"Top Forty-5s\" chart,[5] while reaching No. 5 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade,[6] and No. 6 on New Zealand's \"Lever Hit Parade\".[7]", "Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying. Gerry and the Pacemakers performed the song on their first US television show, The Ed Sullivan Show on 3 May 1964.[8] The group's earlier UK hit singles - \"How Do You Do It?\", \"I Like It\", \"You'll Never Walk Alone\" and \"I'm the One\" - were then reissued in the US to follow up its success, but \"Don't Let the Sun Catch You Crying\" remained their biggest hit in the United States.[4]", "Don't Cry. \"Don't Cry\" features Shannon Hoon of Blind Melon as a co-lead vocalist. Along with \"Estranged\" and \"November Rain,\" it forms a narrative inspired in part by the short story \"Without You\" by Del James.[1] The song peaked at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100, becoming the band's fifth Top 10 hit there.", "Crying in the Rain. In 1989, the Norwegian pop band a-ha covered the song. It was the first single taken from their 1990 \"East of the Sun, West of the Moon\" album. Following its success, a-ha became closer to the Everly Brothers, who had originally recorded the song. The band members were presented a set of guitars by the Everly Brothers that a-ha continues to use.", "We'll Sing in the Sunshine (album). Personnel on \"All I Ever Need\", \"Catch My Breath\", \"I'd Rather Be Alone\", \"If I Ever Had to Say Goodbye to You\", \"Poor Little Fool\", \"We'll Sing in the Sunshine\"", "Stop Crying Your Heart Out. \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" is a song by the English rock band Oasis. The song was written by Noel Gallagher and produced by Oasis. It was released on 17 June 2002 as the second single from the band's fifth studio album, Heathen Chemistry (2002). Liam Gallagher is the lead vocalist on the track, with Noel on backing vocals. The ballad was heavily compared to the band's past single \"Slide Away\". While some praised Noel's ability to lighten the mood of his target audience, others felt that the song was disappointing and forgettable.", "Jakaranda. Jakaranda was a pop group consisting of Kenny Wong, Allison DiNonno, and Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Siebert which performed from 1997 to 1998.[1][2] In the summer of 1998 Kenny Wong was replaced by Ronnie Davidson. The group was a part of Crave Records, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment (Japan), which ceased operations in 1998. The group had moderate attention upon the release of the Disney remake The Parent Trap, where their single \"Never Let You Go\" was featured. A similar version of \"Never Let You Go\" was made by Dario G, an English dance music group in 1997 titled \"Sunchyme.\" It reached No. 2 in the UK singles chart in 1997. The original theme for both these songs was taken from the 1985 song \"Life in a Northern Town\" by The Dream Academy.", "The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine (Anymore). Other notable artists who recorded this song include Jules Shear, Long John Baldry, Clarence Clemons, The Ides of March, The Lettermen (for their 1970 album Reflections), and Robson and Jerome. Alfie Boe and G4 have both released classical versions.", "Chicane (musician). On 27 March 2000, Bracegirdle released his second studio album Behind the Sun. It was certified gold by the BPI, while \"Don't Give Up\" was certified silver.[14] Two other singles were released from the album—the double A-side \"No Ordinary Morning / Halcyon\", and \"Autumn Tactics\"—but neither were as successful as the preceding releases.", "Harlan Howard. Howard also wrote the classic Kingston Trio song \"Everglades\", and the song \"Busted\", originally a hit for both Ray Charles and Johnny Cash and later a hit for John Conlee who used the song to create awareness for Feed the Children. The song \"The Wall\", also became a hit for Johnny Cash on his studio album, Orange Blossom Special, as well as his Live at Folsom Prison album.", "List of songs recorded by Elvis Presley on the Sun label. The current (as of mid-2006) version of the Sun recordings. Contains the five singles (\"That's All Right\"/\"Blue Moon of Kentucky\";\"Good Rockin' Tonight\"/\"I Don't Care If the Sun Don't Shine\";\"Milkcow Blues Boogie\"/\"You're a Heartbreaker;\"Baby Let's Play House\"/\"I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone\";\"I Forgot to Remember to Forget\"/\"Mystery Train\") plus \"Harbor Lights,\" \"I Love You Because\" (alternate take 2), \"Tomorrow Night,\" \"I'll Never Let You Go (Little Darlin'),\" \"Just Because,\" \"I'm Left, You're Right, She's Gone\" (slow version), \"Trying to Get to You\" and \"When It Rains It Really Pours.\"\nMissing:", "Open Up Your Heart (And Let the Sunshine In). The biggest hit version in the United States was a recording by the Cowboy Church Sunday School (peaking at #8 on the Billboard charts); in the United Kingdom, by Joan Regan and her son Rusty. Another US recording was made by the McGuire Sisters.", "Tom Paxton. Paxton, his wife and their two daughters lived in Holland Park, London, for about four years in the early 1970s. After a stay in England due to professional success and love of the country, Paxton and Midge went on a tour of New Zealand and China and even appeared on a Chinese talk show. Paxton released How Come the Sun in 1971. The album gave him his highest chart ranking in the U.S. but it only reached number 120 and his next album, Peace Will Come (1972), barely even reached the charts. He soon returned to New York City and the Long Island town of East Hampton before moving to the Washington, D.C. area around 1977. After recording three albums for Reprise Records and a few for \"an English label that didn't pan out well\",[20] Paxton signed with Vanguard Records, with whom he recorded a live album with Steve Goodman, New Songs From the Briarpatch (1977), which contained some of Paxton's topical songs of the 1970s, including \"Talking Watergate\" and \"White Bones of Allende\" as well as a song dedicated to Mississippi John Hurt entitled \"Did You Hear John Hurt?\" In 1978, Paxton released his album Heroes, which contained a song, \"Phil\", about his friend Phil Ochs, who had taken his own life in 1976. The album also includes the song \"The Death of Stephen Biko\", which details the brutal killing of anti-apartheid activist Stephen Biko in South Africa. Paxton's 1979 album, Up and Up, contains the song \"Let the Sunshine\", which addresses issues concerning environmentalism and solar energy. Paxton has also performed at the Clearwater Festival, an annual event, started by Pete Seeger, dedicated to environmentalism and cleaning up the Hudson River. His 1983 album Bulletin includes a song about Woody Guthrie entitled \"They Couldn't Take the Music.\"[21]", "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. The chorus of the song is supported with a horn arrangement by Del Newman, and features backing vocals by Carl Wilson and Bruce Johnston of the Beach Boys and Toni Tennille. Also on the song are percussion accents provided by Ray Cooper and a mellotron played by Dave Hentschel.", "We'll Sing in the Sunshine (album). Additional personnel on \"All I Ever Need\", \"Catch My Breath\", \"If I Ever Had to Say Goodbye to You\", \"Poor Little Fool\"", "Don't Let Go (Love). \"Don't Let Go (Love)\" was written by Andrea Martin, Ivan Matias, Marqueze Ethridge, and Organized Noize members Sleepy Brown, Rico Wade, and Ray Murray, while production was by Organized Noize.[2] Vocal production was overseen by Matias.[2] Martin Terry and Tommy Martin played the guitars on the song, while drums were played by Lil' John.[2] Marvin \"Chanz\" Parkman played the grand piano.[2]", "Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. \"Don't Let the Sun Go Down on Me\" has been a popular song for other artists to perform or record including:", "Sun Comes Up. \"Sun Comes Up\" is a song by English drum and bass band Rudimental, featuring British singer-songwriter James Arthur. It was written and produced by Kesi Dryden, Leon Rolle, Piers Aggett, Amir Amor and Cass Lowe. The song was released on 30 June 2017, through Asylum Records and East West Records, as the lead single from the band's forthcoming third studio album.", "Jason Bonham. In 1989, Bonham appeared as a special guest at the Moscow Music Peace Festival, performing the song \"Rock and Roll\" with many major rock stars of the day. That same year, he formed his own band, Bonham, whose Zeppelin-inflected first release The Disregard of Timekeeping had a hit single, \"Wait for You\" and the music video for the subsequent single \"Guilty\" did get some play; however, after a lukewarm reception for their 1992 release, Mad Hatter, the band was dissolved, and Bonham concentrated on session work and guest appearances.", "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. 12\" Single (MCA NIKT 4)", "The House of the Rising Sun. Recorded by Brian Johnson's band 'Geordie' for their 1974 album \"Don't Be Fooled By The Name\", Johnson went on to become vocalist for AC/DC.", "The Doors. The band began to branch out from their initial form for this third LP. Because they had exhausted their original repertoire, they began writing new material. Waiting for the Sun became their first and only US No. 1 LP, and the single \"Hello, I Love You\" (one of the six songs performed by the band on their 1965 Aura Records demo) was their second US #1 single. Following the 1968 release of \"Hello, I Love You\", the publisher of the Kinks' 1964 hit \"All Day and All of the Night\" announced they were planning legal action against the Doors for copyright infringement; however, songwriter Ray Davies ultimately chose not to sue.[43] Kinks guitarist Dave Davies was particularly irritated by the similarity.[44] In concert, Morrison was occasionally dismissive of the song, leaving the vocals to Manzarek, as can be seen in the documentary The Doors Are Open.[45]", "I Won't Let the Sun Go Down on Me. 16 September 1983\n7\" Single (MCA 816)[6]", "Crying in the Rain. This is one of the few commercially available songs that a-ha have covered, the only others being \"Velvet\", first released by Savoy, and \"Dragonfly\", first released by Magne Furuholmen.", "You Don't Have to Be a Baby to Cry. It was also recorded and released by Ceil Clayton in 1964 and re-released in 1968. Her version appeared on her debut album, Ceil Clayton, and also on her second album, I meet the Nicest People, on the Norman Records label.", "Don't Cry. A version of Don’t Cry was recorded by Murder By Death and released on their 2011 “Skeletons in the Closet” album.", "Boys Don't Cry (band). Boys Don't Cry are a British pop/rock band known for the hit single \"I Wanna Be a Cowboy\", which peaked at No. 12 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1986 and charted around the world. They are considered a one-hit wonder, though they released an EP, two albums and several singles.", "Sun Comes Up. The band said in a statement that the song is about overcoming adversity. \"We're so excited to announce our new single Sun Comes Up, a song we wrote about overcoming adversity. We spent a long time looking for the right singer for it, and were close to giving up until we met James Arthur, he sang it and we were blown away. We aren't afraid of taking new directions, and our new material has stepped up to another level. We've travelled the world far and wide and finally we feel like we've returned home on this album.\"[1][2][3] \"We wanted to work with him [James Arthur] from the first time we saw him on TV. We didn't care where he came from. We thought his voice was amazing, unique,\" Rudimental told London Evening Standard.[4] Kesi Dryden of Rudimental said that the song is about \"a relationship breakup and how there is a new day when the sun comes up\". \"But when James heard the song he said the message he got from it was there has been a lot of negative times in the past but when the sun comes up it is a new day, you have a new chance. There was a new lease of life he got from it.\"[5][6]", "Stop Crying Your Heart Out. \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" was written solely by Noel Gallagher, and was produced by Oasis. Noel and his brother Liam are the lead vocalists on the track. The song was recorded at Wheeler End Studios and Olympic Studios in England, and was mixed by Mark Stent. It was engineered by David Treahearn, Jan \"Stan\" Kybert and Paul \"P-Dub\" Walton. Several instrumentalists were used for the song's melody, including Andy Bell as the bass player, Oasis drummer Alan White, Noel Gallagher and Gem Archer on guitar, and Mike Rowe on piano.[2] \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" is a motivational ballad which lasts for a duration of five minutes and five seconds.[3][4][5] Its melodic structure bears strong resemblances to \"Slide Away\", one of their songs from their debut studio album Definitely Maybe (1994), while its hook is reminiscent of the chorus of their 1996 song \"Don't Look Back in Anger\".[6] Liam Gallagher \"croons\" the lines \"All of the stars/ Are fading away/ Just try not to worry/ You'll see them some day\"[A] as an orchestra plays in the background.[7] \"Stop Crying Your Heart Out\" was composed in the key of B minor using common time at 76 beats per minute.[8]" ]

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[ "Crayon. The Munsell colors were produced in specially-marked Crayola boxes until 1944, when wartime shortages made many of the pigments required for crayon production unavailable. When Binney & Smith resumed full production of Crayola crayons in 1949, the Munsell line was discontinued. A few of the colors were incorporated into the No. 48 box; Middle Yellow-Red became Medium Orange, and Maximum Blue became Blue-Green, while Middle Grey had been incorporated into the Crayola line as Neutral Gray, and later simply Gray. Medium Orange was discontinued in 1958, but Blue-Green and Gray remain part of the Crayola line.[56]", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1994, Crayola produced a 16-pack of crayons that released fragrances when used. In 1995, Crayola changed some of the scents because of complaints received from parents that some of the crayons smelled good enough to eat, like the Cherry, Chocolate, & Blueberry scented crayons.[18] Crayons with food scents were retired in favor of non-food scents. The thirty crayons all consisted of regular Crayola colors.[2]", "Crayola. Further expansion took place in 1958 with the introduction of the 64-color pack that included the company's first crayon sharpener built into the box.[22] The 64-color box was called \"a watershed\" moment in the history of the Crayola crayon by Smithsonian National Museum of American History curator David Shayt.[23] [24]", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1976, Crayola released a pack of 8 Fabric crayons.[2] Each crayon is named after a standard color. In 1980, \"Light Blue\" is discontinued and replaced by Black. The colors' hexadecimal values are currently unknown. The names of the colors are listed below:", "List of Crayola colored pencil colors. Crayola's erasable colors are available in 8-packs,[citation needed] 12-packs,[18] 24-packs,[19] or 36-packs[20] of standard sharpenable pencils. There is also a 12-pack[16] of \"Erasable Twistables\" pencils, which lists the same twelve colors as the standard \"Twistables\" pencils. These pencils are formulated to be easily erasable with the eraser provided at the end of each pencil, as they do not contain wax which would normally smear and thin out the markings instead of being fully erased. The 36-pack has the following colors: Mahogany, Maroon, Red, Red Orange, Orange, Yellow Orange, Golden Yellow, Yellow, Lime Green, Yellow Green, Jade Green, Green, Teal, Aqua Green, Turquoise, Sky Blue, Cerulean, Blue, Navy Blue, Light Blue, Violet, Orchid, Magenta, Pink, Salmon, Mauve, Peach, Harvest Gold, Tan, Taupe, Light Brown, Brown, White, Slate, Gray, and Black.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 2001, Crayola produced the Gel FX crayons. However, it didn't contain any color names. Four of the colors are randomly included in the 96-count crayon box alongside four Metallic FX colors and is not included in the 152-count Ultimate Crayon Collection set. The hex triplets below are representative of the colors produced by the named crayons.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1972, Binney & Smith introduced eight Crayola fluorescent crayons, designed to fluoresce under black light. The following year, they were added to the 72-count box, in place of the duplicate colors. These crayons remained steady until 1990, when all eight were renamed, and eight more were added, for a total of sixteen fluorescent crayons. One of the new colors, Hot Magenta, shared a name with one of the original colors, now Razzle Dazzle Rose. For some reason, two of the original eight fluorescent crayons have the same color as two of the newer crayons. In 1992, the fluorescent colors were added to the new No. 96 box, becoming part of the standard lineup. When four new crayons were added to the No. 96 assortment in 2003, four existing colors were discontinued, including two of the fluorescents. Also beginning in 1993, packs of fluorescent crayons were regularly labeled \"neon\" or \"neons\".[2]", "List of Crayola crayon colors. The Crayola Changeables crayons were introduced in 1995. The chart[19] includes the color changer, an off-white crayon that goes on clear and initiates the color changes in the other crayons from the \"From color\" to the \"To color\".", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 2001, Crayola produced the Metallic FX crayons, a set of 16 metallic crayons whose names were chosen through a contest open to residents of the U.S. and Canada.[24] The hex triplets below are representative of the colors produced by the named crayons.[7] All colors are included in the special 152-count Ultimate Crayon Collection pack alongside 120 standard and 16 glitter crayons. Four of the colors are included in the regular 96-count crayon box.", "Crayola. According to Crayola, they currently manufacture 120 standard crayon colors[35] being included in the regular 120-count box. This does not include specialty crayons like the Metallic FX, Gel FX and the glitter crayons.", "Crayola. The colors in the box below come in the packs of 8, 16, and 24:", "List of Crayola colored pencil colors. The newest 100 pack has 100 different colors, except for the 50 and 60 pack colors of Gold, Silver, Metallic Blue, Metallic Bronze, and Metallic Copper. Boxes with 100 unique colors are labeled \"Crayola Colored Pencils 100 Different Colors!\".", "Crayola. In 1949, Crayola introduced the \"Crayola No. 48\" containing 48 color crayons in a non-peggable floor box.", "Crayola. Crayola crayon packs vary in package counts of just a few crayons sold to establishments such as hotels and restaurants, to hand out to their young guests[27] to 832-crayon \"Classpack\" bulk boxes marketed to schools.[28] The colors contained in a package have ranged from two to 200 (although a 200-color package includes \"special effect\" crayons such as glitters, neons, etc.). The most common retail packages are multiples of eight, with 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 64, 96, and 120 packs being marketed today.[29][30][31] A 150-crayon pack featuring a plastic telescope-like case was introduced in 2006, and includes 118 regular color crayons, 16 glitter crayons, and 16 \"Metallic FX\" crayons, as well as a built-in sharpener at the apex of the tower.[32] This was succeeded by a 152-crayon set in a plastic yellow carrying case in 2013, with all the colors from the 150-crayon set plus the standard colors Piggy Pink and Blue Bell.", "List of Crayola colored pencil colors. The 30 pack contains 11 of the colors in the standard 12 pack; sky-blue is not included. It also contains all of colors of the 18 pack (vibrant set) with the exception of the three fluorescent colors (the 18 set has four colors from the 12 pack). The remaining eight colors (there are six colors that are in both sets) are unique to the 30 pack.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1997, Crayola released Crayons with Glitter as part of a Special Effects crayons package. Starting as late as 1999, their crayon names don't appear on the crayon wrappers. In the below list, the background represents crayon color, and the highlighted \"square of glitter\" around text represents glitter color.[22]", "Crayola. In April 1904 at the St. Louis World's Fair, Binney & Smith won the Gold Medal for their An-Du-Septic dustless chalk.[18] Subsequently, Crayola used the opportunity to develop a new packaging strategy by emphasizing their gold medal on the front of many of their products and crayon boxes. This strategy turned out to be so successful and recognizable to their brand that they phased out nearly all of their other Crayola line box designs to adapt to the gold medal format, which appeared on their packaging for the next 50-plus years.", "List of Crayola colored pencil colors. 100 packs produced prior to summer 2017 had the 60 pack colors with 40 colors doubled. These boxes are labeled \"Crayola Colored Pencils The Big 100 Sharpened\"[8][citation needed]", "Crayola. As the size of Crayola crayon packs increased from the original 1903 crayon packs, the variety of colors available has also increased—reaching 120 colors by 1998. Since 1998, new colors have been added, but always replacing existing colors. In all, 50 colors have been retired, bringing the total number of regular colors produced to 170. On March 31, 2017, Crayola announced that Dandelion would be retired. On September 14, 2017, the replacement color \"Bluetiful\" was announced.[33] The colour is reportedly a new hue realized after experiments done at Oregon State University. It was discovered while scientists were experimenting with electronics.[34]", "List of Crayola colored pencil colors. Underlined colors are NOT in the 30 pack.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1997, Crayola released a 16-pack of Pearl Brite crayons:[21] These were designed to give soft pearlescent colors. These had a new wrapper design, black with a white oval Crayola logo and white text.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1987, Crayola released a pack of 16 metallic crayons in Canada.[2] 4 of the colors are named after 4 of the standard colors. Also, one of the colors is named before a Metallic FX color. The colors' hexadecimal values are currently unknown. The names of the colors are listed below:", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1994, Crayola released the Glow in the Dark crayons, a pack of eight crayons. However, it didn't contain any color names in North America. Only four of the colors were available in the UK.", "Crayola. In 2000, Crayola held the \"Crayola Color Census 2000\" promotion in which Americans were asked to vote for their favorite Crayola crayon color. Celebrity entrants George W. Bush chose \"Blue Bell\", Tiger Woods chose \"Wild Strawberry\", and Courteney Cox chose \"Red\".[40] Overall, \"Blue\" came in first, with \"Cerulean\" second and \"Purple Heart\" third.[41]", "Crayola. In 1939, Crayola, by combining its existing crayon colors with the Munsell colors, introduced its largest color assortment product to date; a \"No. 52 Drawing Crayon 52 Color Assortment\", which was retired by the 1944 price list.", "Shades of white. The Crayola crayon color baby powder was introduced in 1994 as part of its specialty Magic Scent crayon collection.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1992, Crayola released a set of eight multicultural crayons which \"come in an assortment of skin hues that give a child a realistic palette for coloring their world.\"[16] The eight colors used came from their standard list of colors (none of these colors are exclusive to this set), and the set was, for the most part, well received, though there has also been some criticism.[17]", "Crayon. By far the most recognizable brand was their Crayola \"Gold Medal\" line in the familiar yellow boxes. The Gold Medal referred to a Gold Medal the company earned with their An-du-Septic dustless chalk during the March 1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Over 39,000 awards were given out using the medals designed by Adolph A. Weinman. Receiving a medal at an Exposition was and still is something of importance with many companies featuring their medal on their products. Two companies to use the 1904 medal were Jack Daniel's whiskey (which still use it on their bottles to this day) and Binney & Smith. They used the award to design an entirely new line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box.[16] Initially, they developed and introduced the No. 8 box of eight assorted colors (this famous box is usually depicted on most historical material associated with Crayola; it was even featured on a postage stamp) in early 1905[17] using the side of the medal depicting an Eagle but quickly changed to the other side showing the 1904 date their medal was won.[18] From there they began to transition and phase out other Crayola crayon boxes used earlier until eventually their entire line of Crayola crayons featured the Gold Medal design. They would use this design to identify their brand for over 50 years, permanently infusing their crayons into the consciousness of consumers and catapulting the Crayola brand into the world's leading crayon brand. The Crayola brand is currently owned by Hallmark Cards of Kansas City, Missouri.", "List of Crayola crayon colors. In 1990, Crayola released the Silver Swirls, a pack of 24 silvery colors. The colors' hexadecimal values are approximated below.[15]", "Crayola. In 1902, Binney & Smith developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon. Then Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, developed his own famous product line of wax crayons beginning on 10 June 1903,[8] which it sold under the brand name Crayola. The Crayola name was coined by Alice Binney who was a former schoolteacher. It comes from craie (French for \"chalk\") and ola for \"oleaginous\" or \"oily.\"[7][9] The suffix \"-ola\" was also popular in commercial use at the time, lending itself to products such as granola (1886),[10] pianola (1901),[11] Victrola (1905),[12] Shinola (1907) [13] and Mazola (1911).[14] Crayola introduced its crayons not with one box, but with a full product line. By 1905, the line had expanded to offering 18 different-sized crayon boxes[15] with five different-sized crayons, only two of which survive today—the \"standard size\" (a standard sized Crayola crayon is 3 5⁄8\" × 5/16\") and the \"large size\" (large sized Crayola crayons are 4\" × 7/16\"). The product line offered crayon boxes containing 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18, 24, 28, or 30 different color crayons. Some of these boxes were targeted for artists and contained crayons with no wrappers, while others had a color number printed on the wrapper that corresponded to a number on a list of color names printed inside the box lid, but some boxes contained crayons with their color names printed on their wrappers.", "Crayola. Binney & Smith purchased the Munsell Color Company crayon product line in 1926, and inherited 22 new colors, 11 in the maximum and 11 in the middle hue ranges.[19][20] They retained the Munsell name on products such as “Munsell-Crayola” and “Munsell-Perma” until 1934, and then incorporated their colors into their own Crayola Gold Medal line of boxes.[21]", "List of Crayola crayon colors. Following previous issues with scented crayons in 1994 and 1995, Binney & Smith released a new line, known as \"Magic Scent\" crayons in 1997. None of the crayons were named after or given the scent of foods. The sixteen crayons all consisted of regular Crayola colors.[2]" ]

[ 3.40625, -0.39013671875, -0.037322998046875, 3.109375, 1.240234375, -0.50146484375, 2.37109375, -2.587890625, -1.8525390625, -0.39208984375, -2.16796875, 1.4384765625, -1.837890625, 0.4873046875, 0.1724853515625, -1.322265625, -3.3046875, -2.439453125, 3.16015625, -4.44921875, 0.408935546875, -2.947265625, -1.0869140625, -0.390625, -0.196044921875, -1.0908203125, -3.6875, -1.2783203125, 0.032684326171875, -2.201171875, -1.689453125, -2.998046875 ]

[ "Eight Below. After being left behind, the eight sled dogs – lead dog Maya, Old Jack, Shorty, Dewey, Truman, Shadow, Buck, and the young Max, wait in the freezing conditions for Shepard to return. After two weeks without eating, they free themselves to forage for food, except Old Jack who remains attached to the chain. Some time later, Dewey slips and falls down an incline, where he is fatally injured. The team stays with him until morning, but have to leave as he has already died. In the blizzard, Max becomes separated from the group. Maya manages to lead the team to the Russian base, which is unsecured and full of food, while Max finds his way back to the American base, which is still locked and abandoned. Setting back out into the wilderness, Max finds the carcass of a dead Orca, but is driven off by a leopard seal. Maya and the team are nearby, and Max lures the seal away so the team can eat. It doubles back and attacks Maya, who is badly injured when it claps its reptile-like maw onto her paw. The team, now reunited, continue traveling. They are starving, freezing and exhausted, and eventually the injured Maya collapses into the snow. The dogs lie down beside their leader as the snow piles up around them. They have been on their own for nearly six months.", "Eight Below. Shepard and McClaren make it to Mount Melbourne, but are called back to base camp due to an approaching heavy storm. McClaren begs for more time, and Shepard gives him half a day, which is enough time to find a fragment of the meteorite. En route back to base, McClaren slips down an embankment, breaking his leg and falling into freezing water. Shepard uses the lead dog Maya to carry a rope to McClaren and pulls him out. The two battle hypothermia, frostbite and near whiteout conditions as the dogs lead them home. Once there, the entire human crew is immediately evacuated, while the dogs are left behind. Certain that their pilot will return within days for the dogs, Shepard tightens their collars to ensure they cannot get loose and run away. But because of the harsh weather conditions, no rescue can be attempted until the next spring - and by then the dogs will be dead.", "Eight Below. Shepard makes it back to base with the others and is dismayed to find the body of Old Jack, still attached to the chain, and no sign of the other dogs. He hears the sound of barking and sees Max, Shorty, Truman, Shadow and Buck come over the horizon. After a joyous reunion, Shepard attempts to load the dogs into the snowmobile, but Max runs off, with Shepard in hot pursuit. Max leads him to Maya, lying in the snow – weak, but alive. With six of his eight sled dogs in tow, Shepard and his crew head back to civilization, with the last scene showing a grave for the two fallen dogs, Old Jack and Dewey.", "Eight Below. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 72%, based on 146 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, \"Featuring a stellar cast of marooned mutts, who deftly display emotion, tenderness, loyalty and resolve, Eight Below is a heartwarming and exhilarating adventure film.\"[6] Roger Ebert from Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, and said \"Eight Below succeeds as an effective story.\"[7] BBC liked the movie as well, but did not like its long length (2 hours).[8] Reel.com liked it, saying \"the movie succeeds at drawing you into their incredible adventure\".[9] However, the San Francisco Chronicle disliked the film, saying: \"The movie is overly long and much too intense for small children, yet it's filled with dialogue and plot turns that are too juvenile to thrill adult audiences.\"[10] William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer reacted favorably (\"the dog actors will melt your heart\"), but pointed out, as did other reviewers, that \"Antarctica buffs\" will be critical of errors, such as portraying midwinter events occurring in \"balmy, blazing daylight at a time Antarctica is locked in round-the-clock darkness and temperatures of 140 degrees below.\"[11]", "Eight Below. In Eight Below there are two Alaskan Malamutes (Buck and Shadow) and six Siberian Huskies (Max, Maya, Truman, Dewey, Shorty, and Old Jack). Each actor-dog had help from other dogs that performed stunts and pulled sleds. In all, over 30 dogs were used to portray the film's eight canine characters. Max, Maya, Dewey, and Buck (Old Jack's stunt double) were played by dogs seen in Disney's Snow Dogs.[4] The animal filming was supervised by the American Humane Association, and the film carries the standard \"No animals were harmed...\" disclaimer, despite an on-set incident in which a trainer used significant force to break up an animal fight.[5]", "Eight Below. The 1958 ill-fated Japanese expedition to Antarctica inspired the 1983 hit film Antarctica, of which Eight Below is a remake.[1][2] Eight Below adapts the events of the 1958 incident, moved forward to 1993.[3] In the 1958 event, fifteen Sakhalin Husky sled dogs were abandoned when the expedition team was unable to return to the base. When the team returned a year later, two dogs were still alive. Another seven were still chained up and dead, five were unaccounted for, and one died just outside Showa Station.", "Eight Below. Back at home, Shepard tries to secure a plane to return and save the dogs, but no one is willing to finance the risky expedition. Five months later, Shepard makes one last attempt to get back. McClaren realizes the magnitude of his ingratitude and uses the remaining balance of his grant money to finance a rescue mission. Shepard acknowledges that there is almost no chance that any of the dogs have survived this long, but he owes it to his team to go back for them.", "Eight Below. Eight Below is a 2006 American survival drama film based on Antarctica by Toshirô Ishidô, Koreyoshi Kurahara, Tatsuo Nogami and Susumu Saji. It was produced by Patrick Crowley and David Hoberman, directed by Frank Marshall with music by Mark Isham and written by David DiGilio. It stars Paul Walker, Bruce Greenwood, Moon Bloodgood, and Jason Biggs. It was released theatrically on February 17, 2006, by Walt Disney Pictures in the United States. The film is set in Antarctica, but was filmed in Svalbard, Norway, Greenland, and British Columbia, Canada. The film received positive reviews from critics and it earned $120.4 million on a $40 million budget.", "Snow Dogs. The film's budget was US$33 million. Canmore, Alberta, Canada was used to film the fictional city of Tolketna, Alaska. The dogs D.J., Koda, Floyd and Buck also starred in the adventure film, Eight Below. Many of the dogs and mushers used in the film were locals. Two of the hero team doubles and all of Olivier's team were supplied by Nakitsilik Siberians of Bridge Lake, British Columbia. Mountain Mushers' from Golden BC supplied the Thunder Jack team. Old Ernie's team was supplied by Russ Gregory from Calgary, Alberta. Arcticsun Siberian Husky Kennel from Edmonton, Alberta was one of many kennels — including Czyz, Snowy Owl, Gatt racing — from the area that supplied background for the film. Two of the dogs came from Kortar Kennels, in Ontario. The animatronic effects were designed and built by Jim Henson's Creature Shop. The special effects were provided by The Secret Lab, the special effects division of Disney.", "Eight Below. In 1993, Jerry Shepard is a guide at an Antarctica research base under contract with the National Science Foundation. UCLA professor, Dr. Davis McClaren, arrives at the base. He presses Shepard to take him to Mount Melbourne to find a rare meteorite from Mercury. Shepard decides that the only way to get to Mount Melbourne is by dog sled.", "Sled dog. Eight Below (2006)", "As Above, So Below (film). Passing through, they find a reflection of the room they left behind. There, they discover La Taupe, who kills Souxie before disappearing. The remaining members of the group realize that they must continue deeper into the catacombs in order to escape, and they climb down a hole. However, Benji is pushed to his death by the lead female cultist. Leaving his body behind, the rest encounter a man sitting in a burning car, which recalls an incident in which Papillon was forced to leave someone to die in a car crash; the man pulls Papillon into the burning car before it disappears and Papillon is left buried upside down. The rest of the group are unable to pull Papillon from the ground, and they decide to continue into the catacombs. Visions of demons follow the group through dark tunnels, and one attacks George. After the philosopher's stone fails to heal his injuries, George murmurs, \"Vitriol.\" Remembering the word from a riddle, Scarlett realizes that the stone itself is yet another trap. Only by returning it will she find the real philosopher's stone.", "102 Dalmatians. Dipstick's mate, Dottie, has recently given birth to three puppies: Domino, Little Dipper and Oddball (who lacks spots). To mend her reputation, Cruella buys the Second Chance Dog shelter, owned by Kevin Shepherd, to resolve its financial insolvency that is on the verge of eviction. Meanwhile, Dr. Pavlov discovers that when his therapy's subjects are subjected to loud noises, they revert to their original states but conceals this discovery. When Big Ben rings in her presence, Cruella reverts to her former personality and enlists the help of French furrier Jean-Pierre LePelt to steal 102 Dalmatian puppies for a new fur coat with a hood.", "102 Dalmatians. After three years in prison, Cruella de Vil has been cured of her desire for fur coats by Dr. Pavlov and is released into the custody of the probation office on the provision that she will be forced to pay the remainder of her fortune (eight million pounds) to all the dog shelters in the borough of Westminster should she repeat her crime. Cruella therefore mends her working relationship with her valet Alonzo and has him lock away all her fur coats. Cruella's probation officer, Chloe Simon, nevertheless suspects her, partly because Chloe is the owner of the now-adult Dipstick (one of the original 15 puppies from the previous film).", "Eight Below. The film was dedicated to the memory of Koreyoshi Kurahara, the director of Antarctica, who died four years before it was released.", "Dominion (TV series). God vanishes and in his absence the archangel Gabriel and his army of lower angels wage war against mankind, believing them to be the cause of God's absence. Although most higher angels remain neutral, Gabriel has convinced the lower angels, the \"dogs of Heaven,\" called \"eight-balls\" by humans for their black eyes, to fight alongside him. Twenty-five years later, mankind survives in a few fortified cities. The archangel Michael has chosen to side with humanity against Gabriel, living among humans in the fortified city of Vega (once Las Vegas) until the time a prophesied savior appears to save mankind.[6]", "102 Dalmatians. Upon finding a ticket for the Orient Express to Paris dropped by LePelt, Kevin and Chloe attempt and fail to stop Cruella and LePelt, but Oddball and Waddlesworth pursue their enemies secretly. In Paris, Kevin and Chloe save some of the captive puppies, but they are seen and locked in the cellar just as the puppies flee. Cruella goes after the puppies alone. Alonzo, when scolded beyond his patience and had enough of being abused, defeats LePelt and frees Kevin and Chloe and they give chase to a bakery, where the puppies and Kevin's dogs imprison Cruella in an immense cake. She and LePelt are thereupon arrested.", "A Dog's Purpose. The narrator first starts out as a feral puppy. A few weeks later, after being nursed by their mother, a feral as well, the dog and his siblings Fast, Sister, and Hungry go outside of their den to explore the woods around them. Soon after, men come and capture them. The dogs arrive at a place called the Yard, where dozens of abandoned dogs reside under the guidance of a gentle old woman whom the narrator calls Señora. The narrator, who is soon named Toby by Señora, adjusts to his new lifestyle. One day, many of the newer dogs at the Yard are whisked off to a building (a veterinarian office). A new dog arrives, named Spike, who is very aggressive towards the other dogs. When Spike attacks Sister, Toby joins in and Spike bites his front leg. Not long after, animal control agents arrive with orders to shut down the place due to poor sanitation and welfare conditions. Many dogs, including Toby, are subsequently euthanized.", "The Hateful Eight. Hours earlier, Bob, Mobray, Gage, and a fourth man, Jody, arrive at Minnie's Haberdashery. They murder Minnie and five other bystanders, leaving only Smithers. Jody, Daisy's brother, tells Smithers they plan to ambush Ruth to rescue Daisy; his gang will spare Smithers if he keeps quiet, as they deduce that an extra lodger makes the setup more believable. The bandits dispose of the bodies, hide the evidence, and conceal guns around the lodge. As Ruth's stagecoach arrives, Jody hides in the cellar.", "By the Shores of Silver Lake. The story begins in Plum Creek, shortly after the Ingalls have recovered from the scarlet fever which caused Mary to become blind. Aunt Docia comes to visit, and suggests that Pa work as the bookkeeper in Uncle Henry’s railroad camp for fifty dollars a month. Since Mary is too weak to travel, he goes ahead with the wagon and team, and the rest of the family follows later by train. The morning Pa is to leave, their beloved old bulldog, Jack, dies in his sleep, saddening Laura greatly. (The dog upon whom he was based was no longer with the Ingalls at that point, but Laura inserted his death here to serve as a transition between her childhood and her adolescence.)", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians. After a happy reunion with their own puppies, Pongo and Perdita realize there are dozens of others with them, 99 altogether including their own. Shocked at Cruella's plans, they decide to adopt all of them, certain that Roger and Anita would never reject them. They begin making their way back to London through deep snow; all open water is frozen solid. Other animals help them along the way. Cruella, Jasper, and Horace chase them. In one town, they cover themselves with soot so they appear to be labrador retrievers, then pile inside a moving van bound for London. As it is leaving, melting snow clears off the soot and Cruella sees them. In a rage, she follows the van in her car and rams it, but Jasper and Horace, who try to cut it off from above, end up crashing into her. Both vehicles are smashed to smithereens and fall into a deep ravine; and battered, bruised and stranded, Cruella and her henchmen are defeated at last. Cruella yells in frustration as the van drives away but Jasper finally gets the courage to tell her to shut up.", "102 Dalmatians. When Kevin tells Chloe that if Cruella violates her parole, her entire fortune will go to him, since his dog shelter is the only one in the borough of Westminster, Cruella has Kevin framed for the theft of the puppies and invites Chloe and Dipstick to dinner while LePelt steals Dottie and her three puppies. Dipstick hurries back to the apartment and hides in LePelt's truck but is later captured at the train station. Chloe rushes home to save her pets but arrives too late. She is joined by Kevin, who has escaped from prison with help from his dogs and talking parrot, Waddlesworth.", "Siberian Husky. The animated show Road Rovers features Exile who is a Siberian Husky. The show Krypto the Superdog features Tusky Husky. The film Eight Below features six Siberian Huskies whose names are Max, Maya, Truman, Old Jack, Dewey and Shorty. In the horror television series Z Nation, a character adopts a Siberian Husky after its owner freezes to death outside his base, and the other dog turned into a zombie. Everest in the animated series PAW Patrol is a Siberian Husky.", "All Dogs Go to Heaven. Charlie and Itchy use their winnings to build a successful casino in the junkyard where they live. Anne-Marie, upon discovering that she had been used, threatens to leave. To persuade her to stay, Charlie brings pizza to a family of poor puppies and their mother, Flo, at the old abandoned church. While there, Anne-Marie becomes upset at Charlie for stealing the wallet. She goes to the attic and wishes to live with the couple in the future. After a nightmare in which he is sent to Hell for eternity, Charlie wakes up in the room, only to find Anne-Marie gone. The couple, Kate and Harold, welcome Anne-Marie into their home, serving waffles. While they privately discuss adopting her, Charlie arrives and tricks her into leaving with him. Walking home, Charlie is shot by Carface and Killer, but finds that he is unable to be harmed as long as he is wearing the watch, rendering him immortal until it stops running. Anne-Marie and Charlie hide in an abandoned building, but the ground breaks and they fall into the lair of King Gator, an effeminate oversized alligator. He and Charlie strike a chord as kindred spirits and he lets them go, but Anne-Marie starts falling ill with pneumonia.", "8 Heads in a Duffel Bag. Meanwhile, Tommy, Ernie, and Steve start to look for replacement heads, after Charlie tells Tommy he lost one. They start to look in a cryonics lab, where they store bodies and severed heads, much to Tommy's approval. After getting the replacement heads, Tommy and the others get on a plane and head to Mexico. Tommy threatens Charlie that if he loses more heads, he'll replace them with Charlie's friends and family. After hearing of the airport incident, Benny and Rico decide to collect the heads for themselves.", "The Hateful Eight. In the present, Mannix and Warren, both seriously wounded, hold Daisy, Gage, and the dying Mobray at gunpoint. They force Jody out of the cellar by threatening to kill Daisy. Jody surrenders and Warren executes him. Daisy claims fifteen of her brother's men are waiting in Red Rock to kill Mannix and ransack the town; if Mannix kills Warren and allows her to escape, the gang will spare him and let him claim the bounties of the deceased except her brother.", "Uncle Buck. Bob and Cindy Russell and their three kids, 15-year-old Tia, 8-year-old Miles, and 6-year-old Maizy, have recently moved from Indianapolis to the Chicago suburbs because of Bob's promotion. Late one night, they receive a phone call from Indianapolis informing them that Cindy's father has suffered a heart attack. They make plans to leave immediately to be with him. After hearing the news, Tia, bitter about having been forced to move, accuses Cindy of abandoning her father.", "All Dogs Go to Heaven. After beating up Itchy, Carface and his thugs destroy Charlie and Itchy's casino. Itchy berates Charlie, who seems to care more about Anne-Marie than him. Charlie angrily declares that he is using her and will eventually \"dump her in an orphanage\". Anne-Marie overhears the conversation and tearfully runs away before she is kidnapped by Carface, and Charlie follows them. Flo, hearing Anne-Marie's scream, sends Itchy to get help from Kate and Harold, and he rouses the dogs of the city by his side. Charlie returns to Carface's casino, where he is ambushed by Carface and his thugs. They attack Charlie, inadvertently setting an oil fire that soon engulfs the whole structure. Charlie's pained howls from their attacks summon King Gator, who arrives and chases Carface off. Charlie drops his watch into the water, however, he pushes Anne-Marie to safety onto some debris, and dives into the water to retrieve it, but it stops before he can get to it. Anne-Marie and a redeemed Killer are discovered by Itchy, Flo, Kate, Harold, and the authorities, as the boat sinks into the water.", "Nine Lives (2016 film). Tom and Rebecca return to Purrkins where Tom asks if he has any dogs. Perkins says he does not, but presents Mr. Fuzzypants who has one life left.", "28 Weeks Later. After the infected begin to die of starvation, NATO forces take control of Great Britain. Twenty-eight weeks after the outbreak, an American-led force, under the command of Brigadier General Stone, brings in settlers. Among the new arrivals are Don and Alice's children, Tammy and Andy, who were out of the country during the outbreak. They are admitted to District One, a safe zone on the Isle of Dogs guarded by the U.S. Army. Sergeant Doyle, a U.S. Delta Force sniper and his friend, Chief Flynn, a helicopter pilot, are amongst the military presence in charge of guarding the district. Tammy and Andy are reunited with their father, who was found by the U.S. Army and has become the district's caretaker. In their new flat, Don fabricates a lie about the circumstances surrounding their mother's death.", "As Above, So Below (film). After venturing deeper into the catacombs, the group encounter La Taupe, a friend of Papillon who disappeared into the catacombs years earlier. He agrees to guide them out, explaining that the only way out is down. They eventually find a tomb filled with treasure, as well as the philosopher's stone. Removing the stone, Scarlett realizes that the treasure is a trap, and the chamber collapses. With the philosopher's stone, Scarlett is able to heal injuries that Souxie sustained in the fall. La Taupe is lost under the rubble, and the group decide to leave him behind.", "102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue. Two Dalmatian puppies, Oddball and Domino, are out in the backyard looking for treasure. They find a toy buried in a park that was made at one of Cruella de Vil's toy factories; this alludes to the fact that Cruella's toy sales are down. Facing financial ruin from lack of sales, Cruella sets an evil plan in motion: to reprogram her toys to capture any pets in sight so she can freeze them in \"Super-Gloop\" and sell them as a new line of realistic animal toys. Oddball and Domino are the only puppies in their family who have not been captured when they return from the park. Their parents, Dottie and Dipstick, set out to rescue their puppies, commanding Oddball and Domino to stay home. Instead the puppies set out to save their siblings, and their parents, who are captured along the way." ]

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[ "Laurie Metcalf. Metcalf is perhaps best known for her role as \"Jackie\", the multiple-careered, low self-esteemed, amiable sister of the title character in the hit series Roseanne. Her performance garnered her three consecutive Emmy Awards. Roseanne ran from 1988 to 1997, and Metcalf appeared as Jackie over the show's entire run.[42]", "List of Roseanne characters. Marjorie Jacqueline \"Jackie\" Harris is played by Laurie Metcalf, Jackie is Roseanne's younger sister by three years, neurotic but a loving, devoted aunt to her nieces and nephews.[16][17]", "Roseanne. Roseanne (Roseanne Barr) is a line worker at Wellman Plastics, along with her sister Jackie (Laurie Metcalf) and friend Crystal (Natalie West). Jackie has a brief relationship with Booker (George Clooney), the foreman at Wellman. Dan (John Goodman) finds sporadic work as a construction contractor and faces a strained relationship with his irresponsible and womanizing father (Ned Beatty). Roseanne's parents, Beverly (Estelle Parsons) and Al (John Randolph), consider moving to Lanford, but eventually decide against it.", "List of Roseanne characters. Roseanne Conner is played by Roseanne Barr.[1][2] Roseanne, in a takeoff of her stand-up comedic and presumed real-life persona, is a bossy, loud, caustic, overweight, and dominant woman.[3] She constantly tries to control the lives of her sister, husband, children, co-workers, and friends. Despite her dominating nature, Roseanne is a loving mother who works hard and makes as much time for her kids as possible.[4] She and her younger sister Jackie are the daughters of Beverly and Al Harris. Roseanne is married to Dan Conner and, when the series begins, they have three children: Becky, Darlene and David Jacob (\"D.J.\"); a fourth child, Jerry Garcia, is born late in the series.", "List of Roseanne characters. Jackie is an intelligent, warm, highly sensitive underachiever with chronic low self-esteem. Roseanne seems to be in charge of Jackie's life, which is a frequent cause of conflict between the two; however, Jackie sometimes enjoys having Roseanne mother her, especially when she feels vulnerable. Jackie's character becomes more animated and colorful as the series progresses.[18] Jackie holds numerous jobs: working in the Wellman Plastics factory for several years until the walkout, then becoming a police officer until she is injured on the job, then becoming a truck driver, then opening The Lanford Lunch Box with Roseanne and Nancy, with her mother as a silent partner.[19][20] Jackie often comes up with off-the-wall ideas, but many of her unconventional ideas actually work. Her romantic relationships are frequently unstable, including one with a domestic abuser. She eventually marries Dan's co-worker Fred, who impregnated her during a one-night stand. Jackie gives birth to their son Andy two months before she marries Fred.", "List of Roseanne characters. In Season 6, whilst Jackie is in labor, her mother Bev reveals to Jackie that her birth name is actually Marjorie and that the family began calling her Jackie because Roseanne couldn't pronounce Marjorie and instead called her \"my Jackie.\"[21] However, in Season 10, Jackie introduces herself to Andrea, the woman looking to hire Becky as her surrogate, as Jacqueline. Despite Jackie's apparent flightiness in the early episodes, Jackie is actually the backbone of the Conner/Harris family in many ways, as Roseanne admits in the last episode of Season 9. It is also revealed in that same episode that the character of Jackie had come out as a lesbian during the final season, and that Roseanne knew but had simply always pictured Jackie with a man.[22] However, as most of Season 9 (and the final episode in particular) has been since ret-conned out of existence, this revelation may no longer be applicable.", "Laurie Metcalf. In 1988, Metcalf was cast as Jackie Harris on the ABC sitcom Roseanne, a role she played until 1997. She won three Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series (1992-1994), and well as was nominated for two Golden Globe Awards. A ten-time Emmy Award nominee, Metcalf' television credits include 3rd Rock from the Sun, The Norm Show, Desperate Housewives, and The Big Bang Theory. From 2013 to 2015 she played a leading role of Dr. Jenna James in the HBO comedy series Getting On, for which she received critical acclaim and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Comedy Series nomination.[2]", "List of Roseanne characters. Beverly Lorraine \"Bev\" Harris is played by Estelle Parsons. Beverly is the mother of Roseanne and Jackie, the wife of Al, and the daughter of Nana Mary. She has a half-sister named Sonya. Overbearing and shrill, she's avoided by all of her family members. She nags them with her shockingly whiny voice, often with good intentions but presenting them in the wrong way. The family (especially Jackie) tries to avoid spending any time with Bev, as she is quick to inadvertently criticize how people live their lives. After going back and forth playing tricks on each other in one Halloween episode, Roseanne ultimately gets the upper hand by having a fake phone conversation with Bev in front of Dan where she agrees to let her mother stay for three weeks. She is very traditional and conservative, as opposed to her daughters' more liberal and feminist philosophies. She proves herself generous with the wealth she receives from her husband's alimony, constantly giving financial gifts to the family to bail them out. She even provides the seed money for the Lanford Lunch Box and insists on staying on as a partner, but is later forced out because Roseanne and Jackie do not want to work with her. As revenge, she sells her share of the restaurant to Roseanne's ex-boss and rival, Leon Carp, effectively making him their new partner. During the show's final season, she comes out as a lesbian (according to one of Roseanne's fictional twists on her family, along with winning the lottery), this is revealed in the finale in which Roseanne states that her mother is not a lesbian but that her sister is; she just thought it'd be interesting to put a radical twist on the character of her mother, who lived her life according to her husband's rules, and because she wished her mother had a better sense of herself as a woman. Bev's relationship with her own mother is very similar to the one her daughters have with her.", "Roseanne. Notable guest stars during the season include Michael O'Keefe as Fred, the father of Jackie's baby; Sandra Bernhard as Nancy, Roseanne and Jackie's co-worker; Mariel Hemingway as Sharon, Nancy's girlfriend; Vicki Lawrence as Phyllis, Dan's old flame; Florence Henderson as Flo, a woman with whom Roseanne networks at a women's business club meeting; Genie Francis and Anthony Geary as General Hospital's Luke and Laura Spencer; Ahmet Zappa as Roy, Mark's handsome laconic roommate; and Fabio as himself.", "List of Roseanne characters. At one point Jackie, unhappy with the self-absorbed couch potato Fred, starts going out with another couple, which then becomes one man. Dan sees her, warns her about Fred's possible reaction, but later accidentally blurts it out to Fred, who returns home upset, accuses Jackie of adultery and refuses to speak to her. With Bev's help, Roseanne has Fred realize that his accusations against Jackie are unjustified, and he returns to her. But at this point Jackie has realized that she's happier being single. The marriage is short-lived because Jackie finds Fred boring, petty, and self-centered and they fall out of love. Jackie is crushed by the divorce at first, but moves on to become a successful single mom to Andy.", "Debra Jo Rupp. In 1990, Rupp returned to New York City to perform in a Broadway stage production of Cat on a Hot Tin Roof with Kathleen Turner at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre. In it, Rupp portrayed Mae (Sister Woman).[11] Her television work during the early 1990s included recurring roles as Ms. Higgins on the television Davis Rules with Randy Quaid, and as Sister Mary Incarnata on Phenom with Judith Light, as well as guest roles on Blossom, Family Matters, L.A. Law, and ER.[1]", "List of Roseanne characters. Played by Lecy Goranson and Sarah Chalke.", "Nancy McKeon. Following The Facts of Life, McKeon was courted by NBC executives for the title role in the TV sitcom adaptation of the 1988 film Working Girl; the role, played by Melanie Griffith in the movie, instead went to then-unknown Sandra Bullock for the TV series. In 1994, both McKeon and Courteney Cox auditioned for the role of Monica Geller on Friends. The role went to the latter. When asked in interviews about the auditions, McKeon said, \"I have no hard feelings. The role went to the right person. Courteney was brilliant. Now, I can't see anybody playing the role, not even myself.\"[citation needed] In 1995, she starred in her own series, Can't Hurry Love, which lasted one season. In 1998, she starred in a sitcom with Jean Smart titled Style & Substance. McKeon portrayed Inspector Jinny Exstead on the Lifetime police drama The Division from 2001 to 2004, with her pregnancy incorporated into the storyline of the last year of the series. From 2009 to 2010, McKeon appeared in a recurring role in the Disney Channel Original Series Sonny with a Chance, as Connie Munroe, the mother of Demi Lovato's title character.[citation needed]", "List of Roseanne characters. Arnold Shep \"Arnie\" Thomas is played by Tom Arnold. Arnie is the overweight, hot-tempered but jovial friend of Dan. Originally, he was written as a relative stranger to both Roseanne and Jackie, although this was later retconned, and he was subsequently written as having gone to high school with them. He frequently cheats on the women he dates and is very ill-mannered. However, Arnie always tries to be a good friend to Dan. He marries Nancy but leaves her, claiming to be abducted by aliens (later played upon in the fourth-season finale's end-credit sketch, where he is seen conversing with aliens on a spaceship). Before he and Nancy are engaged, he has a one-night stand with a drunk Jackie. Arnie is often seen wearing a yellow University of Iowa sweatshirt (Tom Arnold attended the University of Iowa in real life). He is last seen in season 5, where he unsuccessfully tries to win Nancy back, even after finding out that she is a lesbian. Tom Arnold appears in the ending credits of a later episode, but is now playing Jackie Thomas (in his role on The Jackie Thomas Show), and none of the characters seem to recognize him.", "Roseanne Roseannadanna. The character also appeared in Radner's 1979 one-woman-show, Gilda Live.", "List of Roseanne characters. Nana Mary is played by Shelley Winters. Nana Mary is Beverly's mother and Roseanne and Jackie's grandmother, and first appears at a family barbecue in season three. She has another daughter named Sonya. She makes several appearances from season three onward, mostly during family occasions. She is a brash but caring, free-spirited, outspoken, lovable retiree who gambles with her grandchildren and great-grandchildren. Unlike Bev, she is popular with the family. She also disagrees with Bev on certain situations, such as siding with Jackie when Bev tries to get her to marry Fred, and revealing that she had two abortions, upsetting Bev who is against the idea. She outsmarts Bev and drives her crazy, much to the amusement of Roseanne and Jackie, who usually endure the same torment from Bev. Her character is often a comic relief for the family, as well as offering a balance between Roseanne and Jackie's relationship with their mother, and Bev's relationship with Nana Mary. She was promiscuous in her younger days and claims to have dated Pablo Picasso and Louis Armstrong. Mary had Bev with another man before marrying her deceased husband Marvin. She tells Bev she was very young when she was born, and doesn't know who the father is, avoiding the subject whenever Bev brings it up. She is a big fan of a local radio call-in show that revolves around sex: \"If I don't call, they worry,\" she claims. Nana Mary's last appearance is midway through season nine, in which she finally has a heart-to-heart with Bev, thus closing the story on their relationship. Despite her absence, Mary appears at other family occasions, including the birth of her great-great-granddaughter.", "Khandi Alexander. During the 1990s, Alexander appeared in a number of films, include CB4 (1993), What's Love Got to Do with It (1993), Sugar Hill (1994), and There's Something About Mary (1998). She starred as Catherine Duke in the NBC sitcom NewsRadio from 1995 to 1998. She also had a major recurring role in the NBC medical drama ER (1995-2001) as Jackie Robbins, sister to Dr. Peter Benton. Alexander also received critical acclaim for her leading performance in the HBO miniseries The Corner in 2000.", "List of Roseanne characters. Crystal Anderson is played by Natalie West. Crystal is a close friend of Roseanne, having gone to high school with her and Jackie and later working together with them at Wellman Plastics. A mild-mannered and good-hearted woman, Crystal's kindness is often taken advantage of, even by Roseanne at times. Though Crystal is not oblivious to others using her, with few exceptions, she never asserts herself, fearing she might lose others' favor or be perceived as unladylike.", "Rondi Reed. She appeared in the Seinfeld episode \"The Kiss Hello\" (originally aired on February 16, 1995). She starred on the CBS sitcom Mike & Molly, as Peggy Biggs, Mike's mother. She also appeared on Roseanne as Jackie's therapist.", "Nurse Jackie. Other characters included the officious hospital administrator Mrs. Gloria Akalitus (Anna Deavere Smith),[4] Jackie's bar owner husband Kevin (Dominic Fumusa),[17] their daughters Grace (Ruby Jerins) and Fiona (Daisy Tahan season 1 — Mackenzie Aladjem seasons 2 through 7), and Thor (Stephen Wallem), Jackie's kindhearted confidant and the real-life brother of show creator/executive producer Linda Wallem.[19]", "Roseanne. Notable guest stars during the season include Wings Hauser as Ty Tilden, Danielle Harris as Molly Tilden, Mara Hobel as Charlotte Tilden, Loretta Lynn as herself, Morgan Fairchild as Nancy's girlfriend Marla, Bill Maher as Bob, Ed Begley, Jr. as Principal Alexander, Blake Clark as Vic, Red Buttons as Bev's lover Jake, Sally Kirkland as Mark and David's mother Barbara, Tim Curry as Nancy's lover Roger, Joseph Gordon-Levitt as DJ's annoying wannabe friend George, Joan Collins as Roseanne and Jackie's cousin Ronnie, Matt Roth as Jackie's boyfriend Fisher, Steve Jones as a threatening diner patron, and in a very brief cameo, Chris Farley as a customer trying on a too-small leather jacket.", "Roseanne. Now that they've quit Wellman Plastics, Roseanne and Jackie must find new jobs. Jackie decides to become a police officer. Roseanne cycles through a variety of menial jobs including telemarketer, secretary for Dan's boss, bartender, cashier at a fast-food restaurant, and, finally, sweeping floors at a beauty parlor. At home, Dan's poker buddy Arnie (Tom Arnold) makes a startling debut when he plants a passionate kiss on Roseanne. The Conners celebrate an outrageous Halloween that becomes an annual feature of the series. Roseanne wants 10 minutes to herself in the bathroom; this turns into a bizarre dream sequence which has the entire cast singing parodies of songs from musical comedies. Later, at Thanksgiving dinner, Dan takes wary notice of a growing romance between his father and Crystal. Jackie gets serious with new boyfriend Gary (Brian Kerwin). Becky repeatedly rebels against Roseanne and Dan's parental authority such as staying out late and breaking into the liquor cabinet with her friend Dana and getting drunk when Dan and Roseanne are out of town for the day. The reappearance of old biker buddy Ziggy (Jay O. Sanders) reminds Roseanne and Dan of their own rebellious past. Darlene first proves her talent for writing when she wins recognition for her poetry. Roseanne's own writing talents are given a boost when her family fixes up a basement room to serve as a writer's den. This is the first season where we hear Roseanne thinking out loud.[41]", "Roseanne. Guest stars during the season include Edward Asner as Lou Grant, Heather Matarazzo as D.J.’s girlfriend, Dann Florek as Doctor Rudmen, Jim Varney as Jackie's boyfriend Prince Carlos, Tammy Faye Bakker as Roseanne's makeup consultant, Dina Merrill as Doris, Joanna Lumley as Patsy Stone and Jennifer Saunders as Edina Monsoon (reprising their roles from Absolutely Fabulous), Arianna Huffington as Estree, Marlo Thomas as Tina, James Brolin as Roseanne's business partner/love interest Edgar Wellman, Jr., and Ann Wedgeworth and Debbie Reynolds as Dan's mother Audrey, as well as Hugh Hefner, Milton Berle, Robin Leach, Todd Oldham, Moon Unit and Ahmet Zappa, Tony Robbins, Kathleen Sullivan, Steven Seagal, and Jerry Springer as themselves.", "Roseanne. Notable guest stars during the season include Bob Hope as himself, Jena Malone as little girl on Santa's lap, Wayne Newton as himself, David Crosby as Duke, Bonnie Sheridan as Roseanne's coworker Bonnie, Neil Patrick Harris as Dr. Doogie Howser, and Rick Dees as Ken.", "List of Roseanne characters. Andy Harris is Jackie and Fred's son, born in 1994 on the episode \"Labor Day\". Jackie breastfeeds Andy at the altar while marrying Fred (\"Altar Egos\"). Andy was the ringbearer in Darlene and David's wedding (\"The Wedding\"). Jackie likes to dress him up in outfits Fred deems to be feminine. DJ makes it a point to spend time with Andy because DJ didn't have any male siblings at the time, not until his brother Jerry came along a year later. Andy and Jerry are cousins and take naps together in the same crib.", "List of Roseanne characters. Roseanne eventually co-owns a successful restaurant called the Lanford Lunch Box with Jackie, her mother Bev, Nancy, and later her former boss from the luncheonette, Leon, after Bev sells her share in the restaurant to him.", "Roseanne. Tough Roseanne, who could always take the worst life could throw at her with a laugh, could not handle Dan's death. Also, Jackie is a lesbian and Beverly is straight. Scott is a probate lawyer whom Roseanne befriended, and set up with Leon—who she claims isn't very hip the way she had written him to be; this seems a tad tongue in cheek.[48] Becky is dating David and Darlene is with Mark.", "Roseanne. After the bike shop closes, Mark decides to move to Minnesota. Becky decides to go with him, and they elope. Jackie and Roseanne each get a check for $10,000 from their mother after she and their father divorce. They, along with Nancy, decide to open a diner but can only get the money they need after Bev agrees to become a partner as well. Nancy comes out as a lesbian. The Tildens, a single father and his two daughters around Becky and Darlene's ages (Wings Hauser, Mara Hobel, Danielle Harris), move in next door. Jackie dates Fisher (Matt Roth), a much younger man. When Roseanne discovers he is physically abusive, Dan confronts him and beats him up (never shown onscreen), and is arrested. Roseanne and Jackie's father dies, and Roseanne confronts his longtime secret mistress only to find her father blamed his daughters for his abuse towards them. Roseanne's rich, estranged cousin Ronnie (Joan Collins) visits and persuades Darlene to get her GED and apply to art school. David applies as well. Darlene asks her parents if David can move in, because his mother is moving away and they want to stay together. Roseanne and Dan initially refuse, but when Roseanne sees David's mother being verbally and emotionally abusive, she decides to let him stay because it reminded her of her own troubled childhood with her equally abusive father. Roger (Tim Curry) offers Dan a deal to renovate and sell a small fixer-upper house, then runs off before the deal is complete; Jackie decides to buy the house, saving Dan from financial ruin. David gets a rejection letter from art school, while Darlene gets an acceptance. At the end of the season, Roseanne fears Darlene will run away to school, although Darlene has already decided not to go. Realizing she was wrong, Roseanne persuades Darlene to not give up on her goals just to stay with David.[44] During this season, there is a running gag in which each of the Conners (save Becky) appears in a different scene in the same long-sleeved, egg-printed shirt with a large chicken on the front.[citation needed]", "Danielle Harris. During the next few years, Harris mostly participated in television projects rather than feature films. She had a part in the pilot for the potential CBS series 1775, although it was not picked up. Starting in 1992, Harris had the recurring role of Molly Tilden on the sitcom Roseanne, then joined Roseanne Barr again for the made-for-television film The Woman Who Loved Elvis, this time as daughter Priscilla. She appeared in an episode of Jack's Place the same year, portraying a teenage runaway.[37] A notable theatrical film role was that of Gwenie in 1993's Free Willy, which had a US gross of $7,868,829 in its opening weekend[38] and went on to make $77,698,625 in the US and $153,698,625 worldwide.[38] In 1994, she appeared on the drama series The Commish, playing the role of Sheri Fisher for one episode. The same year, Harris portrayed the main character's daughter Jessica in the television film Roseanne: An Unauthorized Biography, based upon her former co-star Roseanne Barr. Also in 1994, Harris guest starred in the sitcom Boy Meets World.", "Roseanne. The season starts with Becky surprising Roseanne by asking for birth-control pills. Dan and Roseanne begin their new motorcycle repair shop business, Lanford Custom Cycle, while Roseanne continues to work at Rodbell's Department Store. Darlene meets David Healy (Johnny Galecki), brother of Mark (in his first appearance, the character was known as Kevin). After a brief stint working at a perfume counter, Jackie decides to become a truck driver. Nancy (Sandra Bernhard) is introduced as Arnie's fiancee. After a night of heavy drinking, Jackie discovers she slept with the newly engaged Arnie. Darlene undergoes a personality shift into a sullen goth teen. Booker makes a surprise appearance at a Halloween party. Roseanne's neighbor Kathy moves back to Chicago. Roseanne gets breast reduction surgery. Crystal gives birth to Dan's new half-brother, \"Little Ed\". Roseanne and Dan accompany Arnie and Nancy to their wedding in Las Vegas. At the end of the season, Lanford Custom Cycle fails, and Rodbell's Luncheonette closes. Nancy is left alone after Arnie is \"abducted by aliens\".[43]", "Julie Kavner. In 1973, Kavner auditioned for a role as one of Rhoda Morgenstern's sisters in The Mary Tyler Moore Show. David Davis, producer of the show, had convinced her to audition for the part, but decided to cast another actress instead.[3] A year later, Rhoda Morgenstern became the leading character in a spin-off called Rhoda. Kavner was cast in her first professional acting role as Brenda Morgenstern, sister of the eponymous character.[1] Rhoda ran on CBS from September 9, 1974, to December 1978. She received four Primetime Emmy Award nominations for Outstanding Continuing Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series for playing Brenda, winning in 1978.[4] She also received four Golden Globe Award nominations.[5] In 1975, she received Daytime Emmy Award nomination for her starring role in the daytime special The Girl Who Couldn't Lose.[6]", "List of Roseanne characters. Sara Gilbert was almost rejected from the role for not being cute enough.[24]" ]

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[ "Sensory nerve. Afferent nerve fibers link the sensory neurons throughout the body, in pathways to the relevant processing circuits in the central nervous system.[1]", "Afferent nerve fiber. In the peripheral nervous system (PNS), an afferent nerve fiber is the axon of a sensory neuron. It is a long process extending far from the nerve cell body that carries an action potential from the sensory neuron toward the central nervous system (CNS). Bundles of these axons form a nerve known as an afferent nerve, or sensory nerve.", "Nerve supply to the skin. The sensory modality that is detected by the afferent fibers is an important factor to consider because it determines the pathway that the dorsal root ganglion neurons will take within the central nervous system. The sensory neurons coming from the body synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, bringing in information about touch sensations (epicritic), or modalities of pain (protopathic). While both types of sensory neurons must first synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the area of the dorsal horn where they synapse is different. Their pathway to the thalamus is also different.", "Sensory nerve. Afferent nerve fibers are often paired with efferent nerve fibers from the motor neurons (that travel from the CNS to the PNS), in mixed nerves. Stimuli cause nerve impulses in the receptors and alter the potentials, which is known as sensory transduction.[2]", "Sensory nerve. A sensory nerve, also called an afferent nerve, is a nerve that carries sensory information toward the central nervous system (CNS). It is a cable-like bundle of the afferent nerve fibers coming from sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). A motor nerve carries information from the CNS to the PNS, and both types of nerve are called peripheral nerves.", "Sensory neuron. This sensory information travels along afferent nerve fibers in an afferent or sensory nerve, to the brain via the spinal cord. The stimulus can come from extoreceptors outside the body, for example light and sound, or from interoreceptors inside the body, for example blood pressure or the sense of body position.", "Afferent nerve fiber. A touch or painful stimulus, for example, creates a sensation in the brain only after information about the stimulus travels there via afferent nerve pathways. Afferent neurons are pseudounipolar neurons that have a single long axon with a short central and a long peripheral branch. These cells do not have dendrites.[4] They have a smooth and rounded cell body. Just outside the spinal cord, thousands of afferent neuronal cell bodies are aggregated in a swelling in the dorsal root known as the dorsal root ganglion.[5][4]", "Sensory nerve. Afferent nerve fibers leave the sensory neuron from the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord, and motor commands carried by the efferent fibers leave the cord at the ventral roots. The dorsal and some of the ventral fibers join as spinal nerves or mixed nerves.", "Sensory neuron. Sensory neurons also known as afferent neurons are neurons that convert a specific type of stimulus, via their receptors, into action potentials or graded potentials.[citation needed] This process is called sensory transduction. The cell bodies of the sensory neurons are located in the dorsal ganglia of the spinal cord.[1]", "Nerve. Nerves can be categorized into two groups based on function: An afferent nerve fiber conducts sensory information from a sensory neuron to the central nervous system, where the information is then processed. Bundles of fibres or axons, in the peripheral nervous system are called nerves, and bundles of afferent fibers are known as sensory nerves.[1][2] An efferent nerve fiber conducts signals from a motor neuron in the central nervous system to muscles. Bundles of these fibres are known as efferent nerves.", "Afferent nerve fiber. Afferent neurons' somas are located in the ganglia of the peripheral nervous system, and the axons of these cells travel from ganglion to ganglion and lead back to the spinal cord. The majority of these are unipolar neurons in that they have a single axon leaving the cell body and is sent towards the sensory organ.[5] All of the axons in the dorsal root, which contains afferent nerve fibers, are used in the transduction of somatosensory information. Somatosensory receptors include senses such as pain, touch, temperature, itch, and stretch. For example, a specific muscle fiber called an intrafusal muscle fiber is a type of afferent neuron that lies parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers thus functions as a stretch receptor by detecting muscle length.[5] All of these sensations travel along the same general pathway towards the brain, from the dorsal root ganglion they travel to the spinal cord.[5] From the spinal cord to the medulla, which then leads to the medial lemniscus of the midbrain. From here it travels to the primary somatosensory cortex of the parietal lobe.", "Olfactory nerve. The afferent nerve fibers of the olfactory receptor neurons, transmit nerve impulses about odors to the central nervous system, where they are perceived by the sense of smell (olfaction).", "Cutaneous receptor. In sensory transduction, the afferent nerves transmit through a series of synapses in the central nervous system, first in the spinal cord or trigeminal nucleus, depending on the dermatomic area concerned. One pathway then proceeds to the ventrobasal portion of the thalamus, and then on to the somatosensory cortex.[2]", "Afferent nerve fiber. In the nervous system there is a \"closed loop\" system of sensation, decision, and reactions. This process is carried out through the activity of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons.", "Multisensory integration. In contrast, the dorsal auditory pathway, projecting from the temporal lobe is largely concerned with processing spatial information, and contains receptive fields that are topographically organized. Fibers from this region project directly to neurons governing corresponding receptive fields in V1.[60] The perceptual consequences of this have not yet been empirically acknowledged. However, it can be hypothesized that these projections may be the precursors of increased acuity and emphasis of visual stimuli in relevant areas of perceptual space. Consequently, this finding rejects Jones and Powell's (1970) hypothesis[65] and thus is in conflict with Sadato et al.'s (2004) findings.[63] A resolution to this discrepancy includes the possibility that primary sensory areas can not be classified as a single group, and thus may be far more different from what was previously thought.", "Efferent nerve fiber. The opposite direction of neural activity is afferent conduction,[1][2][3] which carries impulses by way of the afferent nerve fibers of sensory neurons.", "Sympathetic nervous system. The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system (or CNS), are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[14] Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.", "Dorsal root ganglion. The axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons are known as afferents. In the peripheral nervous system, afferents refer to the axons that relay sensory information into the central nervous system (i.e. the brain and the spinal cord). These neurons are of the pseudo-unipolar type, meaning they have an axon with two branches that act as a single axon, often referred to as a distal process and a proximal process.", "Afferent nerve fiber. Another mnemonic device used for remembering afferent and efferent (in terms of the spinal cord, with its dorsal/ventral organization) is SAME DAVE. Sensory Afferent Motor Efferent, Dorsal Afferent Ventral Efferent.", "Afferent nerve fiber. Afferent is derived from Latin participle afferentem (af- = ad- : to + ferre : bear, carry), meaning carrying into. Ad and ex give an easy mnemonic device for remembering the relationship between afferent and efferent : afferent connection arrives and an efferent connection exits.[7]", "Afferent nerve fiber. Afferent and efferent are connected to affect and effect through their common Latin roots: Afferent nerves affect the subject, whereas efferent nerves allow the subject to effect change.", "Afferent nerve fiber. The opposite direction of neural activity is efferent conduction.[1][2][3] The efferent nerve fiber is the axon of a motor neuron. Bundles of these axons form a motor nerve, or efferent nerve.", "Perception. A sensory system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory receptors, neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, somatic sensation (touch), taste and olfaction (smell). It has been suggested that the immune system is an overlooked sensory modality.[48] In short, senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind.", "Parasympathetic nervous system. The afferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, which transmit sensory information from the internal organs of the body back to the central nervous system, are not divided into parasympathetic and sympathetic fibers as the efferent fibers are.[8]:34–35 Instead, autonomic sensory information is conducted by general visceral afferent fibers.", "Sensory nervous system. The sensory nervous system is a part of the nervous system responsible for processing sensory information. A sensory system consists of sensory neurons (including the sensory receptor cells), neural pathways, and parts of the brain involved in sensory perception. Commonly recognized sensory systems are those for vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell, and balance. In short, senses are transducers from the physical world to the realm of the mind where we interpret the information, creating our perception of the world around us.[1]", "Spinal nerve. The sacral nerves have both afferent and efferent fibers, thus they are responsible for part of the sensory perception and the movements of the lower extremities of the human body. From the S2, S3 and S4 arise the pudendal nerve and parasympathetic fibers whose electrical potential supply the descending colon and rectum, urinary bladder and genital organs. These pathways have both afferent and efferent fibers and, this way, they are responsible for conduction of sensory information from these pelvic organs to the central nervous system (CNS) and motor impulses from the CNS to the pelvis that control the movements of these pelvic organs.[7]", "Posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway. Posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway (PCML) (also known as the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway (DCML)) is a sensory pathway of the central nervous system that conveys localized sensations of fine touch, vibration, two-point discrimination, and proprioception (position sense) from the skin and joints. It transmits information from the body to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex.[1][2]", "Nociceptor. Afferent nociceptive fibers (those that send information to, rather than from the brain) travel back to the spinal cord where they form synapses in its dorsal horn. This nociceptive fiber (located in the periphery) is a first order neuron. The cells in the dorsal horn are divided into physiologically distinct layers called laminae. Different fiber types form synapses in different layers, and use either glutamate or substance P as the neurotransmitter. Aδ fibers form synapses in laminae I and V, C fibers connect with neurons in lamina II, Aβ fibers connect with lamina I, III, & V.[6] After reaching the specific lamina within the spinal cord, the first order nociceptive project to second order neurons that cross the midline at the anterior white commissure. The second order neurons then send their information via two pathways to the thalamus: the dorsal column medial-lemniscal system and the anterolateral system. The first is reserved more for regular non-painful sensation, while the lateral is reserved for pain sensation. Upon reaching the thalamus, the information is processed in the ventral posterior nucleus and sent to the cerebral cortex in the brain via fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. As there is an ascending pathway to the brain that initiates the conscious realization of pain, there also is a descending pathway which modulates pain sensation. The brain can request the release of specific hormones or chemicals that can have analgesic effects which can reduce or inhibit pain sensation. The area of the brain that stimulates the release of these hormones is the hypothalamus.[12]", "Two-streams hypothesis. The function of the dorsal pathway is to map auditory sensory representations onto articulatory motor representations. Hickok & Poeppel claim that the dorsal pathway is necessary because, \"learning to speak is essentially a motor learning task. The primary input to this is sensory, speech in particular. So, there must be a neural mechanism that both codes and maintains instances of speech sounds, and can use these sensory traces to guide the tuning of speech gestures so that the sounds are accurately reproduced.\" [17]", "Somatosensory system. All afferent touch/vibration info ascends the spinal cord via the posterior (dorsal) column-medial lemniscus pathway via gracilis (T7 and below) or cuneatus (T6 and above).", "Transduction (physiology). In physiology, sensory transduction is the conversion of a sensory stimulus from one form to another.", "Sympathetic nervous system. General visceral afferent sensations are mostly unconscious visceral motor reflex sensations from hollow organs and glands that are transmitted to the CNS. While the unconscious reflex arcs normally are undetectable, in certain instances they may send pain sensations to the CNS masked as referred pain. If the peritoneal cavity becomes inflamed or if the bowel is suddenly distended, the body will interpret the afferent pain stimulus as somatic in origin. This pain is usually non-localized. The pain is also usually referred to dermatomes that are at the same spinal nerve level as the visceral afferent synapse.[citation needed]" ]

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[ "Sailor. Etymologically, the name \"sailor\" preserves the memory of the time when ships were commonly powered by sails, but it applies to the personnel of all vessels, whatever their mode of propulsion, and includes military (naval) and security (coast guard) maritime personnel and members of the merchant marine, as well as recreational sailors. The term \"seaman\" is frequently used in the particular sense of a sailor who is not an officer.", "Sailor. A sailor, seaman, mariner, or seafarer is a person who navigates waterborne vessels or assists as a crewmember in their operation and maintenance. The term bluejacket may be used for British or US Navy enlisted sailors, the latter especially when deployed ashore as infantry.[1] The Bluejacket's Manual is the basic handbook for United States Navy personnel. 700,000 of the world's mariners come from the Philippines, being the world's largest origin of seafarers.[2]", "Seaman. The term \"seaman\" is also a general-purpose for a man or a woman who works anywhere on board a modern ship, including in the engine spaces, which is the very opposite of sailing. This is untrue in the US Navy where a sailor might be a seaman but not all US Navy sailors are a 'Seaman' as they might be an Airman, Fireman, Constructionman, or Hospital Corpsman. Furthermore, \"seaman\" is a short form for the status of an \"able-bodied seaman,\" either in the navies or in the merchant marines. An able-bodied seaman is one who is fully trained and qualified to work on the decks and superstructure of modern ships, even during foul weather,[2] whereas less-qualified sailors are restricted to remaining within the ship during times of foul weather — lest they be swept overboard by the stormy seas or by the high winds.", "Sailor. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores.", "Sailor. One’s service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. In rare cases, veteran mariners choose never to go ashore when in port.", "Sailor. An ancient term, the word \"sailor\" has come to mean many things. Sailor may refer to:", "United States Navy. Enlisted sailors complete basic military training at boot camp and then are sent to complete training for their individual careers.[52]", "Shift plan. The US Navy uses a three shift system with an 18-hour day instead of a 24-hour day. The 24-hour period is divided into four shifts: 00:00-06:00, 06:00-12:00, 12:00-18:00, and 18:00-00:00. A sailor stands watch on their shift. During the off shift there is time to perform maintenance, study for qualifications and handle collateral duties. During off time the sailor has time to sleep, relax, and perform personal tasks, such as laundry.", "Sailor. At sea, on larger vessels members of the deck department usually stand watch for 4 hours and are off for 8 hours, 7 days a week.[a]", "United States Navy. U.S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U.S. Armed Forces is \"to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest. \"As part of that establishment, the U.S. Navy's functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to \"sealift\" duties.[14]", "United States Navy. Sailors prove they have mastered skills and deserve responsibilities by completing Personnel Qualification Standards (PQS) tasks and examinations. Among the most important is the \"warfare qualification\", which denotes a journeyman level of capability in Surface Warfare, Aviation Warfare, Information Dominance Warfare, Naval Aircrew, Special Warfare, Seabee Warfare, Submarine Warfare or Expeditionary Warfare. Many qualifications are denoted on a sailor's uniform with U.S. Navy badges and insignia.", "Machinist's mate. According to the Bureau of Naval Personnel (BUPERS), the job of a Machinist's Mate is to \"operate, maintain, and repair (organizational and intermediate level) ship propulsion machinery, auxiliary equipment, and outside machinery, such as: steering engine, hoisting machinery, food preparation equipment, refrigeration and air conditioning equipment, windlasses, elevators, and laundry equipment. Operate and maintain (organizational and Intermediate level) marine boilers, pumps, forced draft blowers, and heat exchangers; perform tests, transfers, and inventory of lubricating oils, fuels, and water. Maintain records and reports, and may perform duties in the generation and stowage of industrial gases.\" Enlistees are taught the fundamentals of this rating through on-the-job training or formal Navy schooling. Advanced technical and operational training is available in this rating during later stages of career development.[1]", "United States Navy. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression and maintaining freedom of the seas.", "Navy diver (United States Navy). A United States Navy diver refers to a member of the community of restricted line (Engineering Duty) officers, civil engineer corps (CEC) officers, Medical Corps officers, and enlisted Navy diver (ND rating) personnel in the United States Navy who are qualified in underwater diving and salvage. Navy divers serve with fleet diving detachments and in research and development. Some of the mission areas of the Navy diver include marine salvage, harbor clearance, underwater ship husbandry and repair, submarine rescue, saturation diving, experimental diving, underwater construction and welding, as well as serving as diving technical experts at Navy SEAL, Marine Corps, and Navy EOD diving commands.", "Quartermaster. The quartermaster is the enlisted member in charge of the watch-to-watch navigation and the maintenance, correction, and preparation of nautical charts and navigation publications. He or she is also responsible for navigational instruments and clocks and the training of ship's lookouts and helmsmen. He or she performs these duties under the control of the ship's navigator or other officer if there was no officer navigator. In the modern navy, a quartermaster is a petty officer who specializes in navigation. The rating abbreviation is QM. The symbol used for the rating and worn on uniforms is a ship's wheel.[1]", "Maritime pilot. A maritime pilot, also known as a marine pilot, harbor pilot or bar pilot and sometimes simply called a pilot, is a sailor who maneuvers ships through dangerous or congested waters, such as harbors or river mouths. They are highly experienced shiphandlers possessing detailed knowledge of the particular waterway, e.g. actual depth, direction and strength of the wind, current and tide at any time of the day. The pilot is a navigational expert for the port of call.", "Yeoman. In the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Coast Guard, the enlisted rating of yeoman describes an enlisted service member who performs administrative and clerical work ashore and embarked aboard vessels at sea. They deal with protocol, naval instructions, enlisted evaluations, commissioned officer fitness reports, naval messages, visitors, telephone calls and mail (both conventional and electronic). They organize files and operate office equipment and order and distribute office supplies. They write and type business and social letters, notices, directives, forms and reports.", "Navy diver (United States Navy). Navy divers work in extreme conditions, performing various underwater tasks ranging from underwater ship repair, underwater salvage and special operations/special warfare type diving. Because their area of operations are so varied, they can be required to utilize any type of diving equipment for use in any depth or temperature in any part of the world. Certain diving qualification allows NDs to live and work at extreme depths for days or weeks at a time, a discipline known as saturation diving.", "United States Navy. The U.S. Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navy's three primary areas of responsibility:[13]", "Sailor. A common deck crew for a ship includes:", "Operations specialist (United States Navy). The duties performed by Navy operations specialists include:[1]", "United States Secretary of the Navy. The Office of the Secretary of the Navy, also known within DoD as the Navy Secretariat or simply just as the Secretariat in a DoN setting, is the immediate headquarters staff that supports the Secretary in discharging his duties. The principal officials of the Secretariat include the Under Secretary of the Navy (the Secretary's principal civilian deputy), the Assistant Secretaries of the Navy (ASN), the General Counsel of the Department of the Navy, the Judge Advocate General of the Navy (JAG), the Naval Inspector General (NIG), the Chief of Legislative Affairs, and the Chief of Naval Research. The Office of the Secretary of the Navy has sole responsibility within the Department of the Navy for acquisition, auditing, financial and information management, legislative affairs, public affairs, research, and development.[6]", "Sailor. Seafarers hold a variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's department, and others.", "Navy diver (United States Navy). A Navy diver gets specialized training in demolition and mixed-gas diving.[3]", "Navy diver (United States Navy). After completing Second Class Dive School, the member will be assigned to one of the Navy Diver Units to hone the undersea diving and salvage skills required by the United States Navy. A Navy diver can perform underwater ship repair, salvage, and construction, using either SCUBA equipment or a surface-supplied diving system. Training for Diving Medical Officers and diving medical technicians is also part of Fleet training.", "United States Navy Reserve. Reflecting the importance of Reservists in the naval history of the United States, the first citizen Sailors put to sea even before the Continental Congress created the Continental Navy, forerunner of today’s U.S. Navy. On 12 June 1775,[4] inspired to act after hearing the news of Minutemen and British regulars battling on the fields of Lexington and Concord, citizens of the seaside town of Machias, Maine, commandeered the schooner Unity and engaged the British warship HMS Margaretta, boarding her and forcing her surrender after bitter close quarters combat. In the ensuing years of the American Revolution, the small size of the Continental Navy necessitated the service of citizen sailors, who put to sea manning privateers, their far-flung raids against the British merchant fleet as important as the sea battles of John Paul Jones in establishing the American naval tradition.", "List of United States Navy enlisted rates. The Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy (MCPON) is the senior enlisted person in the Navy, appointed by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) to serve as a spokesperson to address the issues of enlisted personnel to the highest positions in the Navy. The MCPON is the senior enlisted advisor to the Chief of Naval Operations and Chief of Naval Personnel.[21] Exact duties vary, depending on the CNO, though the duties generally include traveling throughout the Navy, observing training and talking to sailors and their families. The MCPON serves on several boards concerned with enlisted members, represents the Department of the Navy at special events, and may be called upon to testify before Congress regarding enlisted personnel issues.[22]", "Master-at-arms (United States Navy). Master-at-Arms perform a variety of duties that require specialize training, or \"C\" Schools, that are completed immediately after \"A\" School and throughout their career. Upon completion of the applicable \"C\" School(s), a Master-at-Arms receives a Navy Enlisted Classification (NEC) Code which is entered into their Electronic Training Jacket (ETJ). NECs are sometimes used in the detailing process for an enlisted Sailor when selecting orders to a new command.", "Navy diver (United States Navy). The U. S. Navy is the lead agency in military diving technology and training within the U.S. Department of Defense. The foundation of the Navy diving program consists of the Navy Diver (ND) rating for enlisted personnel who perform diving as their occupational specialty in the Navy.[1]", "Seafarer's professions and ranks. The \"Sailing Master\" was a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to a professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a military commander and was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants and was eventually renamed to \"navigating lieutenant\" in 1867.", "Indian Navy. In the Indian Navy, the sailors are initially listed as, Seaman 2nd class. As they grow through the ranks they attain the highest rank of enlisted personnel, Master Chief Petty Officer Ist Class. Sailors who possess leadership qualities and fulfill requisite conditions in terms of education, age etc. may be commissioned through Commission worthy and Special Duties (CW & SD) scheme.[116]", "Sailor. A common engineering crew for a ship includes:" ]

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[ "NBA Finals. A total of 19 franchises have won the NBA Finals, with the Golden State Warriors the current champion. The Boston Celtics hold the record for the most victories, having won the competition 17 times, as well as winning the competition the most times in a row, winning it eight times from 1959 to 1966. The Los Angeles Lakers have contested the NBA Finals the most times, with 31 appearances. The Eastern Conference has provided the most champions, with 38 wins from ten franchises; the Western Conference has 32, from nine franchises.", "50 Greatest Players in NBA History. Also included in the NBA's 50th-anniversary celebration was the selection of the Top 10 Teams in NBA History. The list was compiled based upon unranked selection undertaken exclusively by members of the print and broadcast media who regularly cover the NBA. Teams were chosen from among all single-season individual teams. Each team won the NBA championship, and they combined to average 66 wins per season. The 1995–96 Chicago Bulls had, at the moment, the best single-season record in NBA history with 72 wins.", "List of winless seasons. The 2011–12 Charlotte Bobcats hold the record for the lowest winning percentage of any team in an NBA season, winning only 7 out of 66 games in a lockout-shortened season, for a winning percentage of .106. This broke the record held by the 1972–73 Philadelphia 76ers, who had a winning percentage of .110 in a full 82-game season. The 1947–48 Providence Steamrollers won an all-time NBA low of six games out of 48 (.125 winning percentage).", "NBA Finals. Two seasons after losing in the Finals, the Lakers got a measure of revenge by winning 33 straight games, the longest such streak in NBA history. By season's end, they broke the record for most wins in a season with 69, one more than the 1966–67 Philadelphia 76ers, before taking home the championship for the first time since relocating to Los Angeles. The Knicks returned to win the championship again a season later to record their second ever victorious season.", "List of all-time NBA win-loss records. The following is a listing of all 30 current National Basketball Association (NBA) teams ranked by win-loss record percentage, accurate as of the end of the 2017–18 NBA season. The records include wins and losses recorded by a team's playing time in the Basketball Association of America (BAA).[a] Defunct BAA/NBA franchises are also listed, provided they played at least one season, beginning with the 1949–50 NBA season, which was the first season following the merger between the BAA and the National Basketball League (NBL).[b] Additionally, the records do not count wins and losses recorded by a team's playing time in the American Basketball Association (ABA), despite the 1976 NBA-ABA merger.[2]", "List of all-time NBA win-loss records. The following is a listing of the all-time win-loss records of defunct NBA franchises.[3] Amongst defunct franchises, the Chicago Stags have the highest win-loss record percentage, with .612. The Denver Nuggets have the lowest win-loss record percentage, with .177. The Baltimore Bullets have the most games played (450), wins (158), and losses (292) for a defunct NBA franchise. The Denver Nuggets, Sheboygan Red Skins, and Waterloo Hawks are tied for the fewest games played, with 62.", "Golden State Warriors. The Warriors began the season by winning their first 24 games, eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history, set by the 1993–94 Houston Rockets and the 1948–49 Washington Capitols at 15–0.[53][54] The Warriors surpassed the 1969–70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14–0, which is also the joint-third longest road win streak.[55] Their record-setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12, 2015.[56] The Warriors broke a 131-year-old record of 20–0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team, to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America. Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular-season games dating back to the 2014–15 season, eclipsing the 2012–13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history.[54] The team set an NBA record 54-straight regular season home game winning streak, which spanned from January 31, 2015 to March 29, 2016. The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan.[57]", "Los Angeles Lakers. The Lakers hold several NBA records as a team including most consecutive games won overall (33) and most consecutive road games won (16) both of which came during the 1971–72 season.[301] Highest field-goal percentage for a season at 54.5% (1984–85),[302] and highest road winning percentage at 0.816 (1971–72).[56] They also hold records for having (into the 2009–10 season) the most wins (3,027), the highest winning percentage (61.9%), and the most NBA Finals appearances (31).[27][303] The 2000–01 team set the NBA record for best playoff record at 15–1, which was later broken by the Golden State Warriors in 2017.[168] The 1971–72 team holds franchise records in wins (69), most points scored, and largest margin of victory; both of the latter came in the team's 63 point win versus Golden State (162–99).[304] They also used to hold the record for most wins at home in the regular season (going 36–5 in 1971–72, then 37–4 in both 1976–77 and 1979–80) before the Boston Celtics set the current record of 40–1 in the 1985–86 season.", "Chicago Bulls. The Bulls won 72 games during the 1995–96 NBA season, setting an NBA record that stood until the Golden State Warriors won 73 games during the 2015–16 NBA season. The Bulls were the first team in NBA history to win 70 games or more in a single season, and the only NBA franchise to do so until the 2015–16 Warriors.[6] Many experts and analysts consider the 1996 Bulls to be one of the greatest teams in NBA history.", "Milwaukee Bucks. The following season, the Bucks got an unexpected gift when they acquired Oscar Robertson, known as the \"Big O\", in a trade with the Cincinnati Royals. Subsequently, in only their third season, the Bucks finished 66–16 – the second-most wins in NBA history at the time, and still the most in franchise history. During the regular season, the Bucks recorded a then-NBA record 20-game win streak. They then steamrolled through the playoffs with a dominating 12–2 record, winning the NBA Championship on April 30, 1971, by sweeping the Baltimore Bullets in four games. By winning it all in only their third season, the Bucks became the fastest expansion team in the history of North American sports to win a championship. It remains, as of 2017, the only title in team history.", "List of all-time NBA win-loss records. The San Antonio Spurs have the highest win-loss record percentage, with .622.[3] The Minnesota Timberwolves have the lowest win-loss record percentage, with .397.[3] The Boston Celtics have recorded the most wins, with 3,329, while the Sacramento Kings have recorded the most losses at 3,010.[3] The Boston Celtics lead the association with the most played games, with 5,642.[3] Conversely, the Pelicans have played the least overall games, with 1,296.[3]", "Los Angeles Lakers. The Lakers hold the record for NBA's longest winning streak, 33 straight games, set during the 1971–72 season.[13] 21 Hall of Famers have played for Los Angeles, while four have coached the team. Four Lakers—Abdul-Jabbar, Johnson, O'Neal, and Bryant—have won the NBA MVP Award for a total of eight awards.[14]", "National Basketball Association. The Boston Celtics have won the most championships with 17 NBA Finals wins. The second most successful franchise is the Los Angeles Lakers, who have 16 overall championships (11 in Los Angeles, 5 in Minneapolis). Following the Lakers, are the Chicago Bulls with six championships, all won over an 8-year span during the 1990s. The San Antonio Spurs have five championships, all since 1999, and the Golden State Warriors also have five championships overall (2 in Philadelphia, 3 in Oakland).", "NBA Finals. Following the success of the Lakers, the 1970s were characterized by a major breakthrough of the league's western franchises. In 1975, after compiling a 48–34 regular-season record, the Golden State Warriors swept the heavily favored Washington Bullets 4–0 in the 1975 NBA Finals. In 1976, the Phoenix Suns, who only enjoyed eight years of existence as a franchise, overcame a losing record early in the season to build a remarkable win streak to finish 42–40. The events culminated in upset victories over the Seattle SuperSonics and the Warriors, before facing Boston in the Finals. The teams split the first four games, before Game 5 went into three overtimes before Boston won 128–126. The Celtics managed to secure their 13th championship quickly after, defeating the Suns 87–80 in Game 6.", "List of National Basketball Association longest winning streaks. This is a list of the longest winning streaks in National Basketball Association (NBA) history. The list includes streaks that started at the end of one season and carried over into the following season. There are two lists, streaks that consist entirely of regular-season games and streaks made up of playoff games only. The Los Angeles Lakers hold the record for the longest winning streak in NBA history. They won 33 straight games in the 1971–72 season, compiling a season-best 69–13 record and went on to win the NBA Finals. In the 2016–17 season, the Golden State Warriors posted a season-best 67–15 regular-season record and began the 2017 playoffs with a 15 game win-streak, the most consecutive wins in NBA playoff history. They went on to win the NBA Championship with a 16–1 (.941 winning percentage) record, the best playoff record in NBA history.[1]", "Chicago Bulls. In addition, the 1995–96 team holds several other records, including the best road record in a standard 41-road-game season (33–8), the all-time best start by a team (41–3), and the best start at home (37–0). The Bulls also posted the second-best home record in history (39–2), behind only the 1985–86 Celtics 40–1 home mark. The team triumphed over the Miami Heat in the first round, the New York Knicks in the second round, the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals and finally Gary Payton, Shawn Kemp and the Seattle SuperSonics for their fourth title. The 1995–96 Chicago Bulls are widely regarded as one of the greatest teams in the history of basketball.[13]", "NBA Finals. During the 2015–16 season, the Warriors broke the record for most wins in a season with a record of 73–9 and Curry won his second straight MVP award, as well as becoming the first unanimous MVP in history and shattering his own record for three-pointers made in a single season by over one hundred in the process. The Warriors fell to a 3-1 deficit in the Western Conference Finals against a Kevin Durant-led Oklahoma City Thunder team, but won three straight elimination games to take the series and advance to a second straight Finals. The Cavaliers finished the season as the top-seed in the Eastern Conference and won their first 10 straight playoff games, ultimately defeating the Toronto Raptors 4–2 in the Eastern Conference Finals to ensure the rematch of last year's Finals. In the 2016 NBA Finals, the Warriors got out to a 3-1 lead, but James and Irving led the Cavs to two straight victories to force a deciding Game 7. In a key sequence with two minutes remaining in Game 7, LeBron James made a memorable chase-down block on Iguodala to keep the game tied, while Irving hit a 3-point shot a minute later to take the lead. Cleveland managed to hold on to the lead to win the title and end the city's 52-year championship drought, with James earning his third Finals MVP honor.[9]", "Golden State Warriors. Led by early scoring sensation Joe Fulks, the team won the championship in the league's inaugural 1946–47 season by defeating the Chicago Stags, four games to one. The NBA, which was created by a 1949 merger, officially recognizes that as its own first championship.[b] Gottlieb bought the team in 1951.", "Philadelphia 76ers. Led by head coach Alex Hannum, the 76ers had a dream season as they started 46–4,[17] en route to a record of 68–13, the best record in league history at the time.[18] Chamberlain, Billy Cunningham, and Hal Greer, along with all-stars Chet Walker, Lucious Jackson and Wali Jones led the team to the semifinals. This time the 76ers beat the Celtics in five games. In Game Five of that series, as the 76ers went to victory and the NBA Finals, Philadelphia fans chanted \"Boston is dead!\"—a symbol that the Celts' eight-year reign as NBA champion had ended. The Finals were almost anticlimactic, with the Sixers ousting the Warriors in six games to give them their second NBA Championship. The 1966–67 Sixers were voted the best team in league history during the NBA's 35th anniversary celebration.", "2008 NBA Finals. Going into the series, the Celtics had won the most championships of all-time with 16, and the Lakers were second with 14. The two clubs, the most successful teams in NBA history, looked to renew a longstanding rivalry 21 years after their last Finals meeting in 1987. They narrowly missed meeting each other in 2002, when the Lakers advanced to the Finals, but the Celtics, who led 2–1 in the Conference Finals, eventually fell to the favored New Jersey Nets 4–2. This was the 11th time the teams met in the championship round; the Celtics won eight of their previous ten Finals meetings against the Lakers, winning in 1959, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1966, 1968, 1969 and 1984—the Lakers won in 1985 and 1987.", "List of NBA teams by single season win percentage. This is a list of the all-time best regular season winning percentages in the NBA.", "Phoenix Suns. The Suns began play as an expansion team in 1968. The franchise owns the NBA's fourth-best all-time winning percentage, winning 55 percent of its games, as of the end of the 2014–15 season.[7] In 47 years of play, they have made the playoffs 29 times, posted 19 seasons of 50 or more wins, made nine trips to the Western Conference Finals, and advanced to the NBA Finals twice, in 1976 and 1993. As a result, the Suns are the team with the highest all-time win-loss percentage to have never won an NBA championship.[8]", "List of all-time NBA win-loss records. The following playoff listing is accurate through the end of the 2018 NBA Playoffs. The Los Angeles Lakers have the most post-season wins (438), most post-season games played (734), and highest post-season winning percentage (.597) out of any NBA team. The Minnesota Timberwolves have the fewest post-season wins (18) and the lowest post-season winning percentage (.346). The New Orleans Pelicans have the fewest post-season games played (49).", "List of San Antonio Spurs seasons. Among active franchises, the Spurs currently own the NBA's all-time best win percentage, winning 62.37 percent of their games since joining the Association, as of the end of the 2016–17 season. Among the top five, they rank ahead of the Minneapolis/Los Angeles Lakers (.598), Boston Celtics (.589), Phoenix Suns (.541) and Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder (.539).", "History of the Los Angeles Lakers. Founded in 1947, the Lakers are one of the NBA's most famous and successful franchises. As of summer 2012, the Lakers hold the all-time records for wins (3,125), winning percentage (.620), and NBA Finals appearances (31). They are second in NBA championships only to the Boston Celtics, winning 16 championships to the Celtics 17 NBA titles. Their rosters have included some of the game's greatest players, including George Mikan, Jim Pollard, Elgin Baylor, Jerry West, Wilt Chamberlain, Gail Goodrich, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, James Worthy, Magic Johnson, Jamaal Wilkes, Shaquille O'Neal, Pau Gasol and Kobe Bryant.[1]", "NBA Finals. Between 1980 and 1990, the Celtics, 76ers, Lakers, or the Detroit Pistons won every NBA Finals.[citation needed] From 1980 to 1990, the Lakers won five titles (1980, 1982, 1985, 1987, and 1988); the Celtics won three (1981, 1984, and 1986); the Pistons won twice (1989 and 1990); and the 76ers won once (1983).", "Golden State Warriors. The Warriors made the playoffs from 1971 to 1977 except in 1974, and won their first NBA championship on the West Coast in 1974–75. In what many consider the biggest upset in NBA history, Golden State not only defeated the heavily favored Washington Bullets but humiliated them in a four-game sweep. That team was coached by former Warrior Al Attles, and led on the court by Rick Barry and Jamaal Wilkes. Barry was named MVP of the finals.[14]", "Michael Jordan. During the 2011–12 NBA season that was shortened to 66 games by the lockout, the Bobcats posted a 7–59 record. Their .106 winning percentage was the worst in NBA history.[137] \"I'm not real happy about the record book scenario last year. It's very, very frustrating\", Jordan said later that year.[138]", "History of the Golden State Warriors. The Warriors began the 2015–16 season by winning their first 24 games, eclipsing the previous best start in NBA history, set by the 1993–94 Houston Rockets and the 1948–49 Washington Capitols at 15–0. The Warriors surpassed the 1969–70 New York Knicks for the best road start in NBA history at 14–0, which is also the joint-third longest road win streak. Their record-setting start ended when they were defeated by the Milwaukee Bucks on December 12, 2015. The Warriors broke a 131-year-old record of 20–0 set by the 1884 St. Louis Maroons baseball team, to claim the best start to a season in all of the major professional sports in America. Golden State also won 28 consecutive regular-season games dating back to the 2014–15 season, eclipsing the 2012–13 Miami Heat for the second longest winning streak in NBA history. The team set an NBA record 54-straight regular season home game winning streak, which spanned from January 31, 2015 to March 29, 2016. The previous record of 44 was held by the 1995–96 Chicago Bulls team led by Michael Jordan.", "History of the Los Angeles Lakers. It had become clear that the Lakers needed to counter the great Celtics center, Bill Russell, and thus Cooke obtained Wilt Chamberlain from the Philadelphia 76ers, hoping to supplement the aging and ailing Baylor. The move seemed at first to have worked, as the 1969 Lakers proceeded to compile a better record than the Celtics behind Chamberlain's league leading 21.1 rebounds per game. The two clubs met once again in the NBA Finals, but for the first time the Lakers had the advantage as they were clearly considered the better team entering the series by most observers. However, they once again failed to top their rivals and the Celtics emerged from the series as victorious yet again, winning their 11th NBA Championship in 13 seasons. That 1969 championship series is also notable in that Jerry West was[citation needed]named the first-ever Finals MVP; this remains the only time that a member of the losing team has won the award.", "Philadelphia 76ers. However, the 76ers backed up Malone's boast. They made a mockery of the Eastern Conference playoffs, first sweeping the New York Knicks and then beating the Milwaukee Bucks in five games. The 76ers went on to win their third NBA championship (and second in Philadelphia) with a four-game sweep of the Los Angeles Lakers, who had defeated them the season before. Malone was named the playoffs' MVP. The 76ers did not quite fulfill Malone's prediction, as their run was actually \"fo', fi', fo\" (\"four, five, four\") – a loss to the Bucks in game four of the Eastern finals being the only blemish on their playoff run. Nonetheless, their 12–1 playoff record is tied for the least number of losses in league history with the 2000–01 Lakers, who went 15–1 en route to the NBA Title, coincidentally beating the 76ers in the Finals (after suffering their only defeat that postseason in Game 1), and also with the 2016-2017 Golden State Warriors, who won the title with a 16-1 playoff record. The Philadelphia-based group Pieces Of A Dream had a minor hit in 1983 with the R&B song \"Fo-Fi-Fo\", which title was prompted by Malone's quip. This also marked the last championship in Philadelphia until the Phillies won the 2008 World Series.[21]", "Los Angeles Lakers. The following season, the Lakers won 11 fewer regular season games than the prior year,[164] but swept the first three rounds of the playoffs, defeating the Portland, Sacramento, and San Antonio.[165] They met Allen Iverson and the Philadelphia 76ers in the NBA Finals. Although the Sixers took game one in overtime,[166] the Lakers won the next four games to win their second straight title. Their 15–1 postseason record was the best in NBA history[167] until the Golden State Warriors broke it in 2017.[168]" ]

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[ "Yoga mat. Yoga mats are normally around 72\" / 182 cm long and have a width of 24\" / 60 cm. Some practitioners prefer extra-wide mats (30\" / 78 cm) for positions such as Surya Namaskar or hand-balances.[6] Yoga mats range in thicknesses from 2 mm (lightweight) to 4–5 mm (standard or \"classic\") and up to 7 mm for either high performance mats reserved for professional daily practices while guaranteeing little wear-out, or soft mats providing extra cushioning during yoga therapy.", "Yoga mat. Yoga mats are specially fabricated mats used as an aid during the practice of hatha yoga to prevent hands and feet slipping during asana practice. They are also commonly known as non-slip mats, non-skid mats or sticky mats.", "Yoga mat. The first commercially produced yoga mats were made from PVC. The first ‘eco-conscious’-labelled mats were made from natural jute and rubber. Higher-priced PVC mats are tested as Oeko-Tex certification AZO[7] and 'DOP' free, and are certified as latex-free. The Swiss Oeko-Tex Institute[8] has also tested some yoga mats as \"free of harmful substances\" and provides Oeko-Tex[9] for some products. Alternatively, yoga mats are made from Thermoplastic elastomer, TPE, which is deemed more environmentally friendly than PVC.[10] Some yoga mats marketed as \"eco-conscious\" are made of jute intermixed with a thin rubber layer for floor grip. Some outdoor mats are made of bamboo.", "Yoga mat. Yoga mats are available in many colors and patterns. \"Alignment mats\" are printed with guides to proper alignment. Some companies print custom images on mats. Other items used to complement yoga mats are belts, blocks and bricks,", "Yoga mat. The first purpose-made yoga mat was manufactured and sold by Hugger Mugger Yoga Products in the 1990s.[5] In 2002, the first ‘eco-conscious’ mat was manufactured by EcoYoga and sold through Yogamatters in Britain.", "Yoga mat. In 1982, while teaching yoga in Germany, Angela Farmer used carpet underlay cut to towel size during yoga classes; later she returned home to London with the material. Angela's father, Richard Farmer, contacted the German padding manufacturer and became the first retailer of \"sticky mats\".[4]", "Yoga mat. With yoga's introduction in the West, many practitioners used towels or cotton mats on wooden floors. Rubber mats were introduced as an intermediate material to prevent cotton mats from slipping on wooden floors. Slipping of hands and feet was avoided by squirting a mist of water on the mats on the respective places of positions.[3]", "IdeaPad. The Yoga 3 comes in versions with 11.6-inch and 14-inch screens, both with 1080p resolution. The screens can rotate 360 degrees for use as a laptop or tablet. The Yoga 3 can also be placed in \"tent mode\" where it acts as a stand for itself while hiding its keyboard for activities like watching movies. It uses an Intel Core M processor. The 14-inch model is offered with Core i5 and Core i7 versions. Both models can accommodate up to 8 gigabytes of memory. Configurations with up to 500 gigabytes of SSD capacity are available.[18]", "Yoga mat. General care instructions[11] include advice on how to machine wash mats, or alternatively to wipe down the mat with a warm wet cloth and allow to air dry.", "IdeaPad. The Yoga 300 is a basic convertible Ultrabook-class device. In some countries, it is renamed as Flex 3. The yoga 300 is budget version for Yoga class. It become the most affordable Yoga Series. With only 11.6 inch display, it is also known as the smallest Yoga laptop but it is quiet heavy with 1.39 kilograms of weight. It uses Intel Celeron processors, integrated graphics, 500-gigabyte or 1-terabyte hard disk drives, and up to 8 gigabytes of RAM. It uses a 30 watt-hour battery which can stand until 5 hours. For connectivity, it has one USB 3.0 port, two USB 2.0 ports, one full-sized HDMI port. This device has High Definition display with 1366 x 768 pixel.", "Yoga mat. Yoga mats increasingly fulfill the purpose of reducing risk of injury and some insurance companies require yoga practice to be executed with a non-slip mat in order to be eligible for coverage.", "IdeaPad. Like other Yoga laptops, the Yoga 900 is a fully convertible Ultrabook-class device. The Yoga 900 is the replacement for the Yoga 3 Pro. It was designed to improve upon problems with overheating and battery life. It uses Core i5 and i7 Skylake-class processors from Intel, integrated graphics, 256-gigabyte or 512-gigabyte solid state drives, and up to 16 gigabytes of RAM. It runs on a 66 watt-hour battery. It is somewhat heavier and thicker than the Yoga 3 Pro at 1.29 kilograms of weight and 14.9 millimeters in thickness. One USB 3.0 Type-C port and a USB 2.0 port are included.[14] This device has 3,200 x 1,800 pixel display.", "Dakimakura. A dakimakura is available in two main sizes, 160 cm or 150 cm in length with a 50 cm width (100 cm circumference).", "Lenovo Yoga. The Yoga 13 makes use of a 13.3-inch display with a resolution of 1600 × 900. The display uses an IPS panel in order to provide wide viewing angles and maintain the thin profile of the Yoga 13.[3] The Yoga 13 has 720p front-facing webcam. It has one USB 3.0 port and one USB 2.0 port, an HDMI output, a memory card reader, and a combo jack for audio input and output.[2]", "IdeaPad. Like other models in the IdeaPad Yoga line, the Yoga 11S has a convertible form factor. Its screen can flip into a range of positions that allow it to serve as a regular laptop and tablet device as well as being able to function in \"tent mode\" and \"stand mode.\" [29] Like the Yoga 11, the 11S will be available in silver and clementine orange.[30] The Yoga 11S can be configured with processors as powerful as Intel's \"Ivy Bridge\" Core i7 processor, will support up to a 256 GB solid-state drive, and can hold as much as 8 GB of RAM. The Yoga 11S has an 11.6\" display. Displays will be available with options for resolutions of 1366x768 pixels and 1600x900 pixels.[29]", "Bed size. 180/190/200 cm long", "IdeaPad. The Yoga 11 is powered by a quad-core Nvidia Tegra 3 that runs at a maximum clockspeed of 1.3 GHz and features an integrated graphics processor. The Tegra 3 is also found in numerous Android-based tablets. 2 GB of RAM comes standard. This relatively small amount of RAM is sufficient due to the reduced memory requirements of Windows RT applications. The Yoga 11 is sold with solid-state drives in 32 GB and 64 GB capacities. The Yoga 11 runs the Windows RT operating system. Microsoft Office 2013 ships pre-installed.[27] Like all Windows RT devices, the Yoga 11 cannot run software designed for earlier versions of Windows, only apps designed for the new Metro interface are compatible.[28] The Yoga 11 has an 11.6-inch glossy screen that makes use of in-plane switching technology and runs at a resolution of 1366 x 768. The screen has a maximum brightness of only 344 nits, but has a measured contrast ratio of 1,146:1. There two USB 2.0 ports, an SD card reader, a 3.5 mm headphone jack, and a standard HDMI output. There is a built-in 720P webcam.", "Hindu calendar. The Sanskrit word Yoga means \"union, joining, attachment\", but in astronomical context, this word means latitudinal and longitudinal information. The longitude of the sun and the longitude of the moon are added, and normalised to a value ranging between 0° to 360° (if greater than 360, one subtracts 360). This sum is divided into 27 parts. Each part will now equal 800' (where ' is the symbol of the arcminute which means 1/60 of a degree). These parts are called the yogas. They are labelled:", "Bedding. 90 cm × 200 cm (35 in × 79 in)", "IdeaPad. The IdeaPad Yoga Tablet is an Android tablet with a multi-mode device with a rear kickstand designed to allow it to be placed upright for viewing videos and other media or tilted for easier text entry. The Yoga Tablet has a round battery that can last as long as 18 hours. It comes in models with 10-inch and 8-inch screens. Internal storage varies from 16 gigabytes to 32 gigabytes.[15]\nAn upgraded version was added in February 2014, called Lenovo Yoga Tablet 10 HD+, which featured a Full HD display and a Qualcomm Snapdragon processor.", "Bedding. 180 cm × 200 cm (71 in × 79 in)", "Bedding. 160 cm × 200 cm (63 in × 79 in)", "Bed size. Single size beds are usually 90 centimetres (35 in) wide by 190 centimetres (75 in) long.", "Bedding. 90 cm × 190 cm (35 in × 75 in)", "Bed size. In practice, bed sizes are usually categorized by the width. The length is typically two metres, but may vary. The most common sizes are:", "Lenovo Yoga. Lenovo announced the Yoga 710 at the Mobile World Congress in 2016. The Yoga 710[18] comes in versions with 11-inch and 14-inch displays. The 11-inch version uses Intel Core M low-power processors,weighing just 2.35 lbs and 0.58 inches thin,[19] has 8 gigabytes of memory, and includes a solid-state drive with a capacity up to 256 gigabytes. The same processor is used in Apple's 12-inch MacBook. The 14-inch version uses standard Intel Core i5 and Core i7 processors and optional Nvidia GeForce 940M or 940MX graphics processors. Both versions use 1080p IPS screens.[20]", "Bedding. 180 cm × 190 cm (71 in × 75 in)", "Bedding. 200 × 220 cm", "Bedding. 200 × 220 cm", "Bed size. 80/90/105/120/135/150 cm wide, the most common:", "Bedding. 160 cm × 190 cm (63 in × 75 in)", "Lenovo Yoga. The Yoga 2 Pro is an Ultrabook-class device. It weighs 3.1 pounds, is 0.61 inch thick and has tapered edges, giving it an appearance more like a conventional ultrabook laptop vs the earlier model's \"book-like\" symmetrical design. The Yoga 2 Pro features a 360-Degree Flip-and-Fold design that encompasses four modes—laptop, stand, tablet, and tent mode and has a subtle rubber trim around the edge of its top half in order to prevent slipping on hard surfaces when in tent mode. It comes with an backlit AccuType keyboard and features stereo speakers with Dolby Home Theater. Unlike earlier Yoga products, the home button has a touch-key on the bottom center of the display. Lenovo moved the power button away from the front and to the side in order to prevent accidental key presses.[8][9]" ]

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[ "List of Game of Thrones episodes. The series was renewed for a seventh season in April 2016,[10] which premiered on July 16, 2017 and consisted of seven episodes.[11] The series will conclude with its eighth season, which will consist of six episodes.[12][13] As of August 27, 2017,[update] 67 episodes of Game of Thrones have aired, concluding the seventh season. The show's episodes have won numerous awards including two Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series.[3]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on July 16, 2017, and concluded on August 27, 2017.[1][2][3] Unlike previous seasons that consisted of ten episodes each, the seventh season consisted of only seven.[4] Like the previous season, it largely consisted of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, while also incorporating material Martin revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series.[5][better source needed] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On April 21, 2016, HBO officially ordered the seventh season of Game of Thrones, just three days prior to the premiere of the show's sixth season.[57] In a June 2016 interview with Variety, co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss revealed the seventh season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating at the time of the interview that they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[58][59] Director Jack Bender, who worked on the show's sixth season, said that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes.[60] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[58] HBO confirmed on July 18, 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[4] Later it was confirmed that the season would debut on July 16.[61] The seventh season of the series includes its longest episode, with the finale running for 81 minutes.[62] The penultimate episode also runs for 71 minutes – around 16 minutes longer than an average Game of Thrones episode. The first five episodes mostly run longer than average (55 minutes), at 59, 59, 63, 50, and 59 minutes respectively.[63] The previous longest episode in the series was the sixth-season finale, \"The Winds of Winter\", which ran for 69 minutes.[62]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season was simulcast around the world by HBO and its broadcast partners in 186 countries. In some countries, it aired the day after its first release.[67]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The series premiere surpassed 30 million viewers across all of the network's domestic platforms weeks after its release. The show's numbers continued to climb in other countries as well. In the UK, the premiere got up to 4.7 million viewers after seven days, setting a new record for Sky Atlantic. Compared to the previous season, HBO Asia saw an increases of between 24 percent to 50 percent. HBO Latin America saw a record viewership in the region, with a 29 percent climb. In Germany, the show went up 210 percent, in Russia it climbed 40 percent and in Italy it saw a 61 percent increase.[67] In the United States, the finale was watched by 12.1 million viewers on its first airing on television, and 16.5 million when viewings on HBO Now and HBO Go apps are included. Over the season, the viewer numbers averaged at over 30 million per episode across all platforms.[68]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On Metacritic, the season (based on the first episode) has a score of 77 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating \"generally favorable reviews\".[65] On Rotten Tomatoes, the seventh season has a 95% approval rating from 42 critics with an average rating of 8.31 out of 10, and a 92% average episode score, with the site's consensus reading \"After a year-long wait, Game of Thrones roars back with powerful storytelling and a focused interest in its central characters -- particularly the female ones.\"[66]", "Game of Thrones (season 8). Co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have said that the seventh and eighth season would likely consist of fewer episodes, stating that after season six, they were \"down to our final 13 episodes after this season. We're heading into the final lap.\"[28][29] Benioff and Weiss stated that they were unable to produce 10 episodes in the show's usual 12 to 14 month time frame, as Weiss said, \"It's crossing out of a television schedule into more of a mid-range movie schedule.\"[28] HBO confirmed in July 2016, that the seventh season would consist of seven episodes, and would premiere later than usual in mid-2017 because of the later filming schedule.[30] Benioff and Weiss later confirmed that the eighth season will consist of six episodes, and is expected to premiere later than usual for the same reason.[31]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Data from piracy monitoring firm MUSO indicates that season seven was pirated more than one billion times mostly by unauthorized streaming, with torrent and direct downloads accounting for about 15 percent of this piracy. On average, each episode is estimated to have been pirated 140 million times,[130] making Game of Thrones the most-pirated television series in 2017.[131]", "George R. R. Martin. By the end of 2016, all seasons up to season 6 (which premiered on April 24, 2016) had been aired on HBO and all seasons had been released on DVD and/or Blu-Ray[56] for home viewing (see List of Game of Thrones episodes). The company confirmed on July 18, 2016 that season 7 would consist of seven episodes instead of the usual ten, and would premiere later than usual, in mid-2017, because of the later filming schedule. This was necessary in order to be shooting during the winter season in Europe.[57] Season 7 was expected to air in mid 2017. The first footage from the season was revealed in a new promotional video that featured clips from its new and returning original shows for the coming year on November 28, 2016, showcasing Jon Snow, Sansa Stark and Arya Stark.[58][59] Like the previous season, it would largely consist of original content currently not found in Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, but also adapts material from the upcoming sixth and seventh novels: The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[60]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The penultimate season focuses primarily on the convergence of the show's main plotlines, featuring major events such as Daenerys Targaryen arriving in Westeros with her army and three dragons and waging war against the Lannisters, Jon Snow forging an alliance with Daenerys in an attempt to unite their forces against the White Walker army, Arya and Bran returning to Winterfell and reuniting with their sister Sansa, and the army of the dead breaching the Wall (with the help of a reanimated wight dragon) and entering the Seven Kingdoms.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). ^1 Live +7 ratings were not available, so Live +3 ratings have been used instead.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season premiere was pirated 90 million times in the first three days after it aired.[125] On August 4, 2017, it was reported that, two days before its original broadcast, the fourth episode of the season was leaked online from Star India, one of HBO's international network partners.[126] The leaked copy has the \"for internal viewing only\" watermark. On July 31, 2017, due to a security breach, HBO was the victim of 1.5 terabytes of stolen data.[127] However, \"this was not related to this episode leak\", according to The Verge.[128] On August 16, 2017, four days before its intended release, it was reported that HBO Spain and HBO Nordic accidentally allowed the sixth episode of the series on-demand viewing for one hour before being removed.[129]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The seventh season contains original material not found in the A Song of Ice and Fire series.[35][needs update] Some of the show's sixth season also consists of material revealed to the writers of the television series during discussions with Martin.[36]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Game of Thrones features a large ensemble cast, including Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington. The season introduces several new cast members, including Jim Broadbent and Tom Hopper.", "Game of Thrones (2014 video game). The game is separated into six episodes, released in intervals.[1]", "Beyond the Wall (Game of Thrones). \"Beyond the Wall\" is the sixth episode of the seventh season of HBO's fantasy television series Game of Thrones, and the 66th overall. It was written by series co-creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, and directed by Alan Taylor. At 70 minutes, it was the series' longest episode until the airing of the season's finale.", "Game of Thrones (season 5). The gross viewing figure per episode for the show, which include streaming, DVR recordings and repeat showings, averaged at 20 million this season.[67][68]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Deadline reported on June 21, 2016, that the five main cast members, Peter Dinklage, Nikolaj Coster-Waldau, Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, and Kit Harington had been in contract negotiations for the final two seasons. It was reported that the cast members have increased their salary to $500,000 per episode for the seventh and eighth season.[51][52] It was later reported that the actors had gone through a renegotiation, for which they had increased their salary to $1.1 million per episode for the last two seasons.[53]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The sixth season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones premiered on HBO on April 24, 2016, and concluded on June 26, 2016. It consists of ten episodes, each of approximately 50–60 minutes long, largely of original content not found in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series. Some story elements were derived from the novels and from information Martin revealed to the show-runners.[1] The series was adapted for television by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. HBO ordered the season on April 8, 2014, together with the fifth season, which began filming in July 2015[2][3] primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia, Iceland and Canada. Each episode cost over $10 million.", "Game of Thrones (season 8). The eighth and final season of the fantasy drama television series Game of Thrones was announced by HBO in July 2016.[1][2] Unlike the first six seasons that each had ten episodes and the seventh that had seven episodes, the eighth season will have only six episodes. Like the previous season, it will largely consist of original content not found currently in George R. R. Martin's A Song of Ice and Fire series, and will instead adapt material Martin has revealed to showrunners about the upcoming novels in the series, The Winds of Winter and A Dream of Spring.[3]", "Game of Thrones. Benioff and Weiss originally intended to adapt the entire, still-incomplete A Song of Ice and Fire series of novels for television.[citation needed] After Game of Thrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season, the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels provided by Martin[63] and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' plan was to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodes in the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth.[64] Later that month, the series was renewed for a seventh season with a seven-episode order.[65][66] As of 2017[update], seven seasons have been ordered and filmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per page for the first three seasons.[67]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). HBO ordered the seventh season on April 21, 2016, three days before the premiere of the show's sixth season, and began filming on August 31, 2016. The season was filmed primarily in Northern Ireland, Spain, Croatia and Iceland.", "Game of Thrones (season 7). Series creators and executive producers David Benioff and D. B. Weiss serve as showrunners for the seventh season. The directors for the seventh season are Jeremy Podeswa (episodes 1 and 7), Mark Mylod (episodes 2 and 3), Matt Shakman (episodes 4 and 5) and Alan Taylor (episode 6). This marks Taylor's return to the series after an absence since the second season. Shakman is a first-time Game of Thrones director, with the rest each having directed multiple episodes in previous seasons.[34] Michele Clapton returned to the show as costume designer, after spending some time away from the show in the sixth season. She previously worked on the show for the first five seasons, as well as the end of the sixth season.[34]", "List of Game of Thrones episodes. Game of Thrones is an American fantasy drama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. The series is based on the A Song of Ice and Fire novels by author George R. R. Martin. The series takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. The series starts when House Stark, led by Lord Eddard \"Ned\" Stark (Sean Bean) is drawn into schemes against King Robert Baratheon (Mark Addy) when the Hand of the King Jon Arryn (Robert's chief advisor) dies mysteriously.[1]", "Game of Thrones (season 3). The ten episodes of the third season are longer than the previous seasons', about 54 or 57 minutes as opposed to about 52.[20] The season's budget was reported to be around 50 million U.S. dollars.[21]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). On March 9, 2017, HBO hosted a live stream on the Game of Thrones Facebook page that revealed the premiere date for the seventh season as being July 16, 2017. It was accompanied by a teaser trailer.[2] On March 30, 2017, the first official promo for the show was released, highlighting the thrones of Daenerys Targaryen, Jon Snow, and Cersei Lannister.[117] On April 20, 2017, HBO released 15 official photos shot during the season.[118] On May 22, 2017, HBO released several new photos from the new season.[119] On May 23, 2017, HBO released the official posters featuring the Night King.[120] The first official trailer for season 7 was released on May 24, 2017.[25] The trailer set a world record for being the most viewed show trailer ever, being viewed 61 million times across digital platforms, in the first 24 hours.[121] The second official trailer was released on June 21, 2017.[24] The season premiere was screened at the Walt Disney Concert Hall in Los Angeles on July 12, 2017.[122]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The season was released on Blu-ray and DVD in region 1 on December 12, 2017.[123][124]", "Game of Thrones. Filming of the seven episodes of season 7 began on August 31, 2016, at Titanic Studios in Belfast, with other filming in Iceland, Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain.[101] Spain filming locations included Seville, Cáceres, Almodovar del Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo.[102] The series also filmed in Dubrovnik, which is used for location of King's Landing.[103] Filming continued until the end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather in some of the European locations.[104]", "Game of Thrones (season 6). The season finale had 8.89 million viewers on its initial airing on HBO, up ten percent from the previous season's finale, which was the most-watched episode prior to this episode.[102] The average gross viewing figure per episode for the show, which include streaming, DVR recordings and repeat showings, reached over 25 million this season,[103] and it was described as the last consensus show on television.[104] The figure went up by 25% compared to previous year,[105] and viewing figures of the show this season on its on demand services HBO Now and HBO Go went up by over 90%, which were new records for HBO. Almost 40% of viewers of the show watched this season on HBO digital platforms.[103] The show also broke records on pay television channels in 2016 in the United Kingdom with an average audience of more than five million across all platforms,[106] and in Australia with a cumulative average audience of 1.2 million viewers.[107]", "Game of Thrones (season 4). On April 2, 2013, HBO announced it had renewed the series for a fourth season, to consist of 10 episodes.[13]", "Game of Thrones (season 7). The recurring actors listed here are those who appeared in season 7. They are listed by the region in which they first appear.", "Game of Thrones. Each season's individual Blu-ray and DVD set contains several short animated sequences narrated by the show's cast as their characters as they detail various different events in the history of Westeros.[299] For the seventh season release, it will include the animated prequel series Game of Thrones: Conquest & Rebellion, which is illustrated in a different animation style than previous videos. The series focuses on Aegon Targaryen's conquest of the Seven Kingdoms of Westeros.[300]" ]

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[ "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers (French: Les Trois Mousquetaires [le tʁwa muskətɛʁ]) is a historical novel written in 1844 by French author Alexandre Dumas.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). In Venice, the musketeers Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, with the help of Milady de Winter, steal airship blueprints made by Leonardo da Vinci. However, they are betrayed by Milady, who incapacitates them and sells the blueprints to the Duke of Buckingham.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). A year later, d'Artagnan leaves his village in Gascony for Paris in hopes of becoming a musketeer as his father was, only to learn that they were disbanded. At a rural bar, he challenges Captain Rochefort, leader of Cardinal Richelieu's guard, to a duel after being offended by him, but Rochefort merely shoots him while he's distracted. Once in Paris, d'Artagnan separately encounters Athos, Porthos and Aramis and, accidentally offending all three, schedules separate duels with each. Athos brings Porthos and Aramis to the duel as his seconds, causing d'Artagnan to realize their true identities. Richelieu's guards arrive to apprehend them, but, inspired by d'Artagnan, the musketeers fight together and win. All four are summoned before the young King Louis XIII and Richelieu urges him to execute them, but Queen Anne is impressed by their bravery and the king condecorates them instead.", "The Three Musketeers. In the very first sentences of his preface, Alexandre Dumas indicated as his source Mémoires de Monsieur d'Artagnan (1700), a historical novel by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras, which Dumas discovered during his research for his history of Louis XIV, printed by Pierre Rouge in Amsterdam.[1] It was in this book, he said, that d'Artagnan relates his first visit to M. de Tréville, captain of the Musketeers, where in the antechamber, he met three young Béarnese with the names Athos, Porthos, and Aramis. This information struck the imagination of Dumas so much—he tells us—that he continued his investigation and finally encountered once more the names of the three musketeers in a manuscript with the title Mémoire de M. le comte de la Fère, etc.. Excited, Dumas requested permission to reprint the manuscript–a permission which was granted:", "The Three Musketeers. In Paris, d'Artagnan visits M. de Tréville at the headquarters of the Musketeers, but without the letter, Tréville politely refuses his application. He does, however, write a letter of introduction to an academy for young gentlemen which may prepare him for recruitment at a later time. From Tréville's window, d'Artagnan sees Rochefort passing in the street below and rushes out of the building to confront him, but in doing so he offends three Musketeers, Athos, Porthos, and Aramis, who each demand satisfaction; d'Artagnan must fight a duel with all of them that afternoon. As d'Artagnan prepares himself for the first duel, he realizes that Athos' seconds are Porthos and Aramis, who are astonished that the young Gascon intends to duel them all. As d'Artagnan and Athos begin, Cardinal Richelieu's guards appear and try to arrest d'Artagnan and the three Musketeers for illegal dueling. Although outnumbered, the four men win the battle. D'Artagnan seriously wounds Jussac, one of the Cardinal's officers and a renowned fighter. After learning of this, King Louis XIII appoints d'Artagnan to Des Essart's company of the King's Guards and gives him forty pistoles.", "The Three Musketeers. Following Dumas's lead in his preface, Eugène d'Auriac (de la Bibliothèque Royale) in 1847 was able to write the biography of d'Artagnan: d'Artagnan, Capitaine-Lieutenant des Mousquetaires– Sa vie aventureuse– Ses duels– etc. based on Courtilz de Sandras.[3]", "The Three Musketeers. Musketeers' servants", "The Three Musketeers. Set in 1625–1628, it recounts the adventures of a young man named d'Artagnan (based on Charles de Batz-Castelmore d'Artagnan) after he leaves home to travel to Paris, to join the Musketeers of the Guard. Although d'Artagnan is not able to join this elite corps immediately, he befriends the three most formidable musketeers of the age—Athos, Porthos and Aramis—and gets involved in affairs of the state and court.", "3 Musketeers (chocolate bar). In Europe, the 3 Musketeers brand name was used for the French version of the Curly Wurly candy bar in the 1970s and 1980s.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The musketeers depart back to Paris, only to be intercepted by Rochefort in a much larger airship, for Milady had given Richelieu copies of da Vinci's blueprints. Rochefort offers to exchange Constance for the necklace, but captures d'Artagnan and mounts an assault as soon as he retrieves the jewels. His superior airship has the upper hand and severely damages the opposing vessel, but the musketeers use the clouds to rally and counterattack. The fight ends when both ships ram each other, crashing onto Notre Dame. On the roof, d'Artagnan duels and ultimately kills Rochefort. Constance is sent ahead to quietly return the necklace to Queen Anne. The musketeers arrive at the ball and, for the sake of King Louis and his people, lie by claiming that Rochefort tried to sabotage an airship that Richelieu built for them, and that they executed him for his treason on Richelieu's permission. To convince the king, Athos presents Milady's authorization, which the former accepts. Richelieu, satisfied, offers the musketeers a place in his guards, but they refuse, and Richelieu vows revenge.", "3 Musketeers (chocolate bar). 3 Musketeers is a candy bar made in the United States and Canada by Mars, Incorporated. It is a chocolate-covered fluffy whipped chocolate bar. The 3 Musketeers Bar was the third brand produced and manufactured by M&M/Mars, introduced in 1932. Originally, it had three pieces in one package, flavored chocolate, strawberry and vanilla; hence the name, which was derived from the novel The Three Musketeers. Rising costs and wartime restrictions on sugar saw the phasing out of the vanilla and strawberry pieces to leave only the more popular chocolate.[1] Costing five cents when it was introduced, it was marketed as one of the largest chocolate bars available, one that could be shared by friends.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). In London, Milady tells Buckingham the musketeers have arrived to take revenge on him and teaches him all their tendencies in battle. D'Artagnan is captured, but turns out to be a decoy following the plan Milady would have expected the Musketeers to follow, allowing his associates to steal Buckingham's airship and rescue him. Milady's getaway coachman reveals himself as the musketeers' manservant Planchet and delivers her to his masters, who retrieve the necklace from her. Athos prepares to execute Milady for her treachery, but she leaps off the airship, apparently dying on her own terms.", "The Three Musketeers. In 1625 France, d'Artagnan (a poor young nobleman) leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris to join the Musketeers of the Guard. At an inn in Meung-sur-Loire, an older man derides d'Artagnan's horse. Insulted, d'Artagnan demands a duel. The older man's companions beat d'Artagnan unconscious with a cooking pot and a metal tong that breaks his sword. His letter of introduction to Monsieur de Tréville, the commander of the Musketeers, is also stolen. D'Artagnan resolves to avenge himself upon the man (who is later revealed to be the Comte de Rochefort, an agent of Cardinal Richelieu, who is passing orders from the Cardinal to his spy Lady de Winter, usually called Milady de Winter or simply Milady).", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers was first published in serial form in the newspaper Le Siècle between March and July 1844.", "The Three Musketeers. In 1939, American author Tiffany Thayer published a book titled Three Musketeers (Thayer, 1939). This is a re-telling of the story in Thayer's words, true to the original plot but told in a different order and with different points of view and emphasis from the original. The Khaavren Romances by Steven Brust are fantasy (or science-fiction) novels heavily influenced by The Three Musketeers and its sequels; the characters and social background are closer to Dumas's than the plots.", "The Three Musketeers. In 2010, Anuman Interactive launched The Three Musketeers, a hidden object game on PC and MAC. Players follow d'Artagnan in his quest to become a king's musketeer.[14]", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The Three Musketeers is a 2011 romantic action adventure film directed by Paul W. S. Anderson and starring Matthew Macfadyen, Logan Lerman, Ray Stevenson, Milla Jovovich, Luke Evans, Mads Mikkelsen, Orlando Bloom, and Christoph Waltz. It is based on Alexandre Dumas’s 1844 novel of the same title with clock-punk elements.[3]", "The Three Musketeers. Sarah Hoyt wrote a series of Historical Murder mysteries with the Musketeers as the protagonists. (Hoyt wrote the novels under the name Sarah D'Almeida.)", "The Three Musketeers. Publisher Albert Lewis Kanter (1897–1973), created Classic Comics for Elliot Publishing Company in 1941 with its debut issues being The Three Musketeers. The Three Mouseketeers was the title of two separate series produced by DC Comics; the first series was a loose parody of The Three Musketeers.", "The Three Musketeers. He is informed that the Queen has rescued Constance from prison. In an inn, the musketeers overhear the Cardinal asking Milady to murder the Duke of Buckingham, a supporter of the Protestant rebels at La Rochelle who has sent troops to assist them. Richelieu gives her a letter that excuses her actions as under orders from the Cardinal himself, but Athos takes it. The next morning, Athos bets that he, d'Artagnan, Porthos, and Aramis, and their servants can hold the recaptured St. Gervais bastion against the rebels for an hour, for the purpose of discussing their next course of action. They resist for an hour and a half before retreating, killing 22 Rochellese in total. They warn Lord de Winter and the Duke of Buckingham. Milady is imprisoned on arrival in England but seduces her guard, Felton (a fictionalization of the real John Felton), and persuades him to allow her escape and to kill Buckingham himself. On her return to France, Milady hides in a convent where Constance is also staying. The naive Constance clings to Milady, who sees a chance for revenge on d'Artagnan, and fatally poisons Constance before d'Artagnan can rescue her. The Musketeers arrest Milady before she reaches Cardinal Richelieu. They bring an official executioner, put her on trial and sentence her to death. After her execution, the four friends return to the siege of La Rochelle. The Comte de Rochefort arrests d'Artagnan and takes him to the Cardinal. When questioned about Milady's execution, d'Artagnan presents her letter of pardon as his own. Impressed with d'Artagnan's willfulness and secretly glad to be rid of Milady, the Cardinal destroys the letter and writes a new order, giving the bearer a promotion to lieutenant in the Tréville company of musketeers, leaving the name blank. D'Artagnan offers the letter to Athos, Porthos, and Aramis in turn but each refuses it; Athos because it is below him, Porthos because he is retiring to marry his wealthy mistress and Aramis because he is joining the priesthood. D'Artagnan, though heartbroken and full of regrets, gets the promotion he coveted.", "The Three Musketeers. The first stage production was in Dumas' own lifetime as the opera Les Trois Mousquetaires with a libretto by Dumas himself and music by Albert Visetti.", "The Three Musketeers. This being understood, let us proceed with our story.[2]", "The Musketeers. In 1630s Paris, Athos, Aramis and Porthos are a group of highly trained musketeers commanded by Captain Treville who meet d'Artagnan, a skillful farm boy with hopes of becoming a musketeer. The series follows them as they fight to protect King and country.", "The Three Musketeers (2011 film). The false letters are found and given to King Louis, who is advised by Richelieu to set up a ball at which Queen Anne would be forced to wear the necklace. If she doesn't, then her affair is real, and there will be war. Queen Anne's lady-in-waiting Constance Bonacieux discovers Richelieu's plan and pleads with the musketeers to stop him. They follow Milady and Buckingham to London, while Constance is captured by Rochefort for helping the musketeers to escape from him.", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers is a musical with a book by William Anthony McGuire, lyrics by Clifford Grey and P. G. Wodehouse, and music by Rudolf Friml. The original 1928 production ran on Broadway for 318 performances. A 1984 revival ran for 15 previews and 9 performances.", "The Three Musketeers. The Three Musketeers was written in collaboration with Auguste Maquet, who also worked with Dumas on its sequels (Twenty Years After and The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten Years Later), as well as The Count of Monte Cristo. Maquet would suggest plot outlines after doing historical research; Dumas then expanded the plot, removing some characters, including new ones, and imbuing the story with his unmistakable style.", "The Three Musketeers. The book he referred to was Mémoires de M. d'Artagnan, capitaine lieutenant de la première compagnie des Mousquetaires du Roi (Memoirs of Sir d'Artagnan, Lieutenant Captain of the first company of the King's Musketeers) by Gatien de Courtilz de Sandras (Cologne, 1700). The book was borrowed from the Marseille public library, and the card-index remains to this day; Dumas kept the book when he went back to Paris.[citation needed]", "The Three Musketeers. 1995 saw the release by publisher U.S. Gold of Touché: The Adventures of the Fifth Musketeer by video game developers Clipper Software, a classic point-and-click adventure game.[6] In 2005, Swedish developer Legendo Entertainment published the side-scrolling platform game The Three Musketeers for Windows XP and Windows Vista. In July 2009, a version of the game was released for WiiWare in North America and Europe under the title The Three Musketeers: One for All!.[7] In 2009, Canadian developer Dingo Games self-published The Three Musketeers: The Game for Windows and Mac OS X. It is the first game to be truly based on the novel (in that it closely follows the novel's story).[8] 2009 also saw the publication of the asymmetric team board game The Three Musketeers \"The Queen's Pendants\" (Настольная игра \"Три мушкетера\") from French designer Pascal Bernard[9] by the Russian publisher Zvezda.[10] In 2010 a co-operative game called \"Mousquetaires du Roy\" was released by Ystari and Rio Grande[11]. The alternative spelling of \"Roy\" was taken from the old French and is rumoured to be preferred over the regular spelling because the publisher's desire to have a letter \"Y\" in the name of the games they publish. [12] Designed by François Combe and Gilles Lehmann for 1-5 players, the medium heavy game depicts the quest to retrieve the Queen's diamonds, while at the same time fending off disasters back in Paris. A sixth player expansion, called \"Treville\" was also made available in 2010.[13]", "The Three Musketeers. Now, this is the first part of this precious manuscript which we offer to our readers, restoring it to the title which belongs to it, and entering into an engagement that if (of which we have no doubt) this first part should obtain the success it merits, we will publish the second immediately.", "New Model Army. The musketeers wore no armour, at least by the end of the Civil War,[17] although it is not certain that none had iron helmets at the beginning. They wore a bandolier from which were suspended twelve wooden containers, each with a ball and measured charge of powder for their matchlock muskets. These containers are sometimes referred to as the \"Twelve Apostles\".[18] According to one source, they carried 1 lb of fine powder, for priming, to 2 lbs of lead and 2 lbs of ordinary powder, the actual charging powder, for 3 lbs of lead.[19] They were normally deployed six ranks deep, and were supposed to keep up a constant fire by means of the countermarch—either by introduction whereby the rear rank filed to the front to fire a volley, or by retroduction where the front rank fired a volley then filed to the rear. By the time that they reached the front rank again, they should have reloaded and been prepared to fire. At close quarters, there was often no time for musketeers to reload, and they used their musket butts as clubs. They carried swords, but these were often of inferior quality, and ruined by use for cutting firewood.[20] Bayonets were not introduced into European armies until the 1660s and so were not part of a musketeer's equipment.", "The Musketeers. The Musketeers is a BBC period action drama programme based on the characters from Alexandre Dumas's novel The Three Musketeers[1] and co-produced by BBC America and BBC Worldwide.[1] The first episode was shown on BBC One on 19 January 2014.[2] It stars Tom Burke as Athos, Santiago Cabrera as Aramis, Howard Charles as Porthos, Luke Pasqualino as d'Artagnan, with Tamla Kari as Constance, Maimie McCoy as Milady de Winter, Ryan Gage as King Louis XIII and Alexandra Dowling as Queen Anne. It also features Peter Capaldi as Cardinal Richelieu in the first series and Marc Warren as Comte de Rochefort in the second series,[3] with Rupert Everett as the Marquis de Feron for the final series.", "The Three Musketeers. In genre, The Three Musketeers is primarily a historical and adventure novel. However, Dumas also frequently works into the plot various injustices, abuses, and absurdities of the old regime, giving the novel an additional political aspect at a time when the debate in France between republicans and monarchists was still fierce. The story was first serialised from March to July 1844, during the July Monarchy, four years before the French Revolution of 1848 violently established the Second Republic. The author's father, Thomas-Alexandre Dumas, had been a well-known General in France's Republican army during the French Revolutionary Wars." ]

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[ "Damian Lewis. Damian Watcyn Lewis, OBE (born 11 February 1971) is an English actor and producer. He played U.S. Army Major Richard Winters in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers, which earned him a Golden Globe nomination, and also portrayed U.S. Marine Sergeant Nicholas Brody in the Showtime series Homeland (which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award and a Golden Globe Award).[1] His performance as Henry VIII in Wolf Hall earned him his third Primetime Emmy nomination and fourth Golden Globe nomination.", "Richard Winters. Winters was featured in a number of books and was portrayed by English actor Damian Lewis in the 2001 HBO mini-series Band of Brothers.", "Richard Winters. Richard Davis \"Dick\" Winters (January 21, 1918 – January 2, 2011)[1] was an officer of the United States Army and a decorated war veteran. He is best known for commanding Easy Company of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, part of the 101st Airborne Division, during World War II. He was eventually promoted to major and put in command of the 2nd Battalion.", "Richard Winters. During the 1990s, Winters was featured in a number of books and television series about his experiences and those of the men in Easy Company. In 1992, Stephen Ambrose wrote the book Band of Brothers: Easy Company, 506th Regiment, 101st Airborne from Normandy to Hitler's Eagle's Nest, which was subsequently turned into an HBO mini-series Band of Brothers with Damian Lewis portraying Winters.[3] When the miniseries won Primetime Emmy awards, Winters attended the ceremony to accept on behalf of Easy Company while other surviving members of the company watched from the St. Regis Hotel in Los Angeles.[7]", "Richard Winters. Winters was also the subject of the 2005 book Biggest Brother: The Life of Major Dick Winters, The Man Who Led the Band of Brothers, written by Larry Alexander. His own memoir, Beyond Band of Brothers: The War Memoirs of Major Dick Winters, co-written by military historian and retired U.S. Army Colonel Cole C. Kingseed, was published in early 2006. He also gave a number of lectures on leadership to cadets at the United States Military Academy at West Point.[4]", "Band of Brothers (miniseries). The production team consulted with Dale Dye, a retired Marine Captain and consultant on Saving Private Ryan, as well as with most of the surviving Company veterans, including Richard Winters, Bill Guarnere, Frank Perconte, Ed Heffron, and Amos Taylor.[8][21] Dye (who plays the role of Colonel Robert Sink) instructed the actors in a ten-day boot camp.[21]", "Edward Shames. Shames was portrayed in the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers by Joseph May.", "Richard Winters. At Franklin and Marshall, Winters was a member of the Upsilon Chapter of Delta Sigma Phi Fraternity and participated in intramural football and basketball. He had to give up wrestling, his favorite sport, and most of his social activities for his studies and the part-time jobs that paid his way through college. He graduated in 1941 with the highest academic standing in the business college. Following graduation, he enlisted in the Army to fulfill a one-year requirement of service,[4] although he later wrote in his memoirs that at the time he \"...had no desire to get into the war...\" and that he had volunteered so that he would not be drafted later.[2]:6", "Dean Winters. Dean Gerard Winters (born July 20, 1964)[1] is an American actor.", "James McAvoy. He starred in Privates on Parade in the Donmar Warehouse, this time catching Sam Mendes' attention.[7] In 2001, the actor appeared as Private James W. Miller in Band of Brothers, an eleven-hour World War II miniseries by executive producers Steven Spielberg and Tom Hanks.[17][18] He gained the attention of critics in 2002's White Teeth, a four-part television drama miniseries adaption based on the novel of the same name by Zadie Smith.[19]", "Richard Winters. In June 1951, Winters was recalled to active duty in the Army during the Korean War.[2]:256 He was ordered to join the 11th Airborne Division at Fort Campbell, Kentucky, but he was given six months to report and in this time he traveled to Washington, D.C. to speak to General Anthony McAuliffe, in the hope that he could convince the Army not to send him to Korea.[2]:256 He explained to McAuliffe that he had seen enough of war and apparently McAuliffe understood his position, but explained that he was needed because of his command experience. Winters then reported to Fort Dix, New Jersey, where he was assigned as a regimental planning and training officer.[2]:257", "Richard Winters. Winters enlisted in the United States Army on August 25, 1941.[2]:6 In September, he underwent basic training at Camp Croft, South Carolina.[2]:7 He remained at Camp Croft to help train draftees and other volunteers, while the rest of his battalion was deployed to Panama. In April 1942, four months after the United States entered World War II, he was selected to attend Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Benning, Georgia.[2]:8–9 There he became friends with Lewis Nixon, with whom he served throughout the war.[2]:13 He was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the infantry after graduated from OCS on July 2, 1942.[2]:13", "Richard Winters. As first lieutenant, Winters parachuted into Normandy in the early hours of D-Day, June 6, 1944, and later fought across France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and eventually Germany. After the German surrender in May 1945, he left the 506th and was stationed in France, where senior officers were needed to oversee the return home. In 1951, during the Korean War, Winters was recalled to the Army from the inactive list and briefly served as a regimental planning and training officer on staff at Fort Dix, New Jersey. Winters was issued orders for deployment and was preparing to depart for Korea, but instead left the Army under a provision that allowed officers who had served in World War II but had been inactive since to resign their commission.", "Edward Winter (actor). His other notable television roles were in Project U.F.O. (1978–1979), Hollywood Beat (1985), 9 to 5 (1986–1988), and Herman's Head (1991–1994).", "Lee Majors. Lee Majors (born Harvey Lee Yeary; April 23, 1939) is an American film, television and voice actor. Majors is best known for portraying the characters of Heath Barkley in the American television Western series The Big Valley (1965–1969), Colonel Steve Austin in the American television science fiction action series The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978), and Colt Seavers in American television action series The Fall Guy (1981–1986).", "Richard Winters. After being relieved, the 2nd Battalion attacked Foy on January 9, 1945.[5]:205 On March 8, 1945, the 2nd Battalion was moved to Haguenau in Alsace, after which Winters was promoted to major.[2]:200 Shortly afterwards, Robert Strayer, now a lieutenant colonel, was elevated to the regimental staff and Winters took over as acting commander of the 2nd Battalion.[5]:221[2]:202", "Richard Winters. During his officer training, Winters decided to join the parachute infantry, part of the U.S. Army's new airborne forces.[2]:12 Upon completing training, he returned to Camp Croft to train another class of draftees as there were no positions available in the paratroopers at that time. After five weeks, he received orders to join the 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment (506th PIR) at Camp Toccoa (formerly Camp Toombs) in Georgia.[2]:14 The 506th was commanded by Colonel Robert Sink.", "Dale Dye. Dye appeared in Outbreak portraying Lieutenant Colonel Briggs, a U.S. Army officer. He played Theodore Roosevelt's superior officer, Colonel Leonard Wood, in the TNT miniseries Rough Riders. He appeared in Saving Private Ryan as an aide to General George Marshall; in Under Siege and Under Siege 2: Dark Territory as Captain Garza, an admiral's aide; in Spy Game as Commander Wiley during the rescue sequence; in Mission Impossible as Frank Barnes of the CIA; in JFK as General Y; and in Starship Troopers as a high-ranking officer in the aftermath of the Brain Bug capture. Dye played himself in Entourage, teaching Vince to scuba-dive in preparation for his role in Aquaman. He appeared in the 2011 Tom Hanks film Larry Crowne. He was the technical adviser for the 1994 Oliver Stone movie Natural Born Killers.[1] Dye played Col. Porter in the TNT science fiction series Falling Skies from 2011 to 2013. As of 2015[update] he was preparing to direct two films, No Better Place to Die, which he wrote, and Citizen Soldiers.[1][4]", "Edward Winter (actor). Winter received two Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical nominations for his performances in the original productions of Cabaret (1966) and Promises, Promises (1968). He also appeared in films such as A Change of Seasons (1980), Porky's II: The Next Day (1983), and The Buddy System (1984).", "Richard Winters. Following the end of the war in the European theater, Winters worked for his close wartime friend Captain Lewis Nixon at Nixon's family business, Nixon Nitration Works of Edison, New Jersey, rising to become general manager in 1950.[5]:306 On May 16, 1948, Winters married Ethel Estoppey[3][2]:256 and continued to pursue his education through the GI Bill, attending a number of business and personnel management courses at Rutgers University.[2]:256", "Shane Taylor. Shane Taylor is an English actor, known for appearing in the miniseries Band of Brothers and the serial Strike Back: Vengeance.", "Richard Winters. On October 9, Winters became the battalion executive officer (XO), following the death of the battalion's former XO, Major Oliver Horton.[2]:147 Although this position was normally held by a major, Winters filled it as a captain. The 101st Airborne Division was withdrawn to France soon afterwards. On December 16, 1944, German forces launched a counter-offensive against the Western Allies in Belgium, commencing the Battle of the Bulge. The 101st Airborne Division was trucked to the Bastogne area two days later. Still serving as XO of the 2nd Battalion, Winters helped defend the line northeast of Bastogne near the town of Foy.[5]:179–212 The entire 101st Airborne and elements of the 10th Armored Division battled about 15 German divisions, supported by heavy artillery and armor, for nearly a week before General George Patton's U.S. Third Army broke through the German lines surrounding Bastogne, reopening ground supply lines.[5]:179–212", "Richard Winters. Winters was recommended for the Medal of Honor for his leadership at Brécourt Manor, but received the U.S. Army's second highest award for combat valor, the Distinguished Service Cross, instead.[5]:85 After the release of the Band of Brothers television miniseries, Representative Tim Holden (D-PA) introduced a bill asking the President to grant the Medal, but the bill was referred to the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Military Personnel and died there in 2007.[6]", "Edward Winter (actor). Edward Dean Winter (June 3, 1937 – March 8, 2001) was an American actor.[1] He is best known for playing Colonel Flagg in the iconic television series M*A*S*H from 1973 to 1979.", "Richard Winters. In November and December 1943, while Easy Company was at Aldbourne, the tension that had been brewing between Winters and Sobel came to a head.[5]:47–52 For some time, Winters had privately held concerns over Sobel's ability to lead the company in combat. Many of the enlisted men in the company had come to respect Winters for his competence and had also developed their own concerns about Sobel's leadership.[5]:48 Winters later said that he never wanted to compete with Sobel for command of Easy Company; still, Sobel attempted to bring Winters up on trumped-up charges for \"failure to carry out a lawful order\".[5]:51 Feeling that his punishment was unjust and sensing Sobel's tacticality of the matter, Winters requested that the charge be reviewed by court-martial. After Winters' punishment was set aside by the battalion commander, Major Robert L. Strayer, Sobel brought Winters up on another charge the following day. During the investigation, Winters was transferred to the Headquarters Company and appointed as the battalion mess officer.[5]:52", "101st Airborne Division. Two other noteworthy actions took place near Sainte Marie-du-Mont by units of the 506th PIR, both of which involved the seizure and destruction of batteries of 105mm guns of the German III Battalion-191st Artillery Regiment. During the morning, a small patrol of troopers from Company E 506th PIR under (then) 1st Lt. Richard D. Winters overwhelmed a force 3–4 times its size and destroyed four guns at a farm called Brécourt Manor, for which Winters was later awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and the assault troops given Silver and Bronze Stars. This was later documented in the book Band of Brothers and the acclaimed miniseries of the same name.", "Edward Winter (actor). Winter starred in the 1979 NBC primetime drama Project UFO and was featured in the 1980 film A Change of Seasons. He appeared as the corrupt county commissioner Bob Gebhardt in the 1983 movie Porky's II: The Next Day, the romantic comedy The Buddy System (1984), and in From the Hip (1987), also directed by Porky's director Bob Clark. In 1980 he played Clark Gable in the TV movie The Scarlett O'Hara War. In 1982, he appeared in the Magnum, P.I. episode \"Heal Thyself\".[citation needed]", "Damian Lewis. Lewis once worked as a telemarketer selling car alarms, a job he detested.[12] He appeared in Robinson Crusoe (1997) as Patrick Conner. He appeared in Jonathan Kent's production of Hamlet, playing Laertes. This production was seen by Steven Spielberg, who later cast Lewis as Richard Winters in Band of Brothers, the first role of several that required him to have a credible American accent.[9]", "Frank Middlemass. Francis George “Frank” Middlemass (28 May 1919 – 8 September 2006) was an English actor, who even in his early career played older roles. He is best remembered for his television roles as Rocky Hardcastle in As Time Goes By, Algy Herries in To Serve Them All My Days and Dr. Alex Ferrenby in Heartbeat. Middlemass was also active in the Royal Shakespeare Company and was the fourth and final actor to play Dan Archer in The Archers.", "Band of Brothers (miniseries). Band of Brothers is a dramatized account of \"Easy Company\" (part of the 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment), assigned to the United States Army's 101st Airborne Division during World War II. Over ten episodes the series details the company's exploits during the war. Starting with jump training at Camp Toccoa, Georgia, Band of Brothers follows the unit through the American airborne landings in Normandy, Operation Market Garden, the Siege of Bastogne, and on to the war's end. It includes the taking of the Eagle's Nest at Obersalzberg in Berchtesgaden and refers to the surrender of Japan. Major Richard Winters (1918–2011) is the central character, shown working to accomplish the company's missions and keep his men together and safe. While the series features a large ensemble cast, each episode generally focuses on a single character, following his action.[3]", "Dale Dye. Captain Dale Adam Dye Jr., USMC (Ret.) (born October 8, 1944) is an American actor, technical advisor, radio personality and writer. A decorated Marine veteran of the Vietnam War, Dye is the founder and head of Warriors, Inc., a technical advisory company specializing in portraying realistic military action in Hollywood films. Dye has also offered his expertise to television, such as the HBO miniseries Band of Brothers and The Pacific, and video games, including the Medal of Honor series.", "Richard Winters. Winters arrived at Toccoa in mid-August 1942 and was assigned to Company E, 2nd Battalion, 506th PIR,[2]:16–17 later to become better known as \"Easy Company\" per the contemporaneous Joint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. Serving under First Lieutenant Herbert Sobel, Winters was made platoon leader of 2nd Platoon, earning a promotion to first lieutenant in October 1942.[5]:25[2]:39 and made acting company executive officer,[3] although this was not made official until May 1943.[2]:39 The 506th PIR was an experimental unit, the first regiment to undertake airborne training as a formed unit.[5]:18 The training at Toccoa was very tough. Of the 500 officers who had volunteered, only 148 completed the course; of 5,000 enlisted volunteers, only 1,800 were ultimately selected for duty as paratroopers.[5]:18[2]:18" ]

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[ "Due process. Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person. Due process balances the power of law of the land and protects the individual person from it. When a government harms a person without following the exact course of the law, this constitutes a due process violation, which offends the rule of law.", "Due Process Clause. Procedural due process has also been an important factor in the development of the law of personal jurisdiction, in the sense that it is inherently unfair for the judicial machinery of a state to take away the property of a person who has no connection to it whatsoever. A significant portion of U.S. constitutional law is therefore directed to what kinds of connections to a state are enough for that state's assertion of jurisdiction over a nonresident to comport with procedural due process.", "Due process. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a Due Process Clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the Due Process Clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law.[17] The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses as providing four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.", "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without legislative authorization. This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy. The Equal Protection Clause requires each state to provide equal protection under the law to all people, including all non-citizens, within its jurisdiction. This clause has been the basis for many decisions rejecting irrational or unnecessary discrimination against people belonging to various groups.", "Due Process Clause. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause. Due process deals with the administration of justice and thus the due process clause acts as a safeguard from arbitrary denial of life, liberty, or property by the government outside the sanction of law.[1] The Supreme Court of the United States interprets the clauses more broadly, concluding that these clauses provide four protections: procedural due process (in civil and criminal proceedings), substantive due process, a prohibition against vague laws, and as the vehicle for the incorporation of the Bill of Rights.", "Due Process Clause. Due process of law in the [Fourteenth Amendment] refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state, exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions, and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws, and alter them at their pleasure.", "Reconstruction Amendments. The Due Process Clause prohibits state and local government officials from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without legislative authorization. This clause has also been used by the federal judiciary to make most of the Bill of Rights applicable to the states, as well as to recognize substantive and procedural requirements that state laws must satisfy.", "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. When the government seeks to burden a person's protected liberty interest or property interest, the Supreme Court has held that procedural due process requires that, at a minimum, the government provide the person notice, an opportunity to be heard at an oral hearing, and a decision by a neutral decision maker. For example, such process is due when a government agency seeks to terminate civil service employees, expel a student from public school, or cut off a welfare recipient's benefits.[107][108] The Court has also ruled that the Due Process Clause requires judges to recuse themselves in cases where the judge has a conflict of interest. For example, in Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co. (2009),[109] the Court ruled that a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia had to recuse himself from a case involving a major contributor to his campaign for election to that court.[110]", "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Due process of law in the [Fourteenth Amendment] refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state, exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions, and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws, and alter them at their pleasure.", "Due Process Clause. Procedural due process is essentially based on the concept of \"fundamental fairness\". For example, in 1934, the United States Supreme Court held that due process is violated \"if a practice or rule offends some principle of justice so rooted in the traditions and conscience of our people as to be ranked as fundamental\".[24] As construed by the courts, it includes an individual's right to be adequately notified of charges or proceedings, the opportunity to be heard at these proceedings, and that the person or panel making the final decision over the proceedings be impartial in regards to the matter before them.[25]", "Due Process Clause. The due process clauses apply to both natural persons as well as to \"legal persons\" (that is, corporate personhood) as well as to individuals, including both citizens and non-citizens. The Fifth Amendment due process was first applied to corporations in 1893 by the Supreme Court in Noble v. Union River Logging.[14] Noble was preceded by Santa Clara County v. Southern Pacific Railroad in 1886. The due process clauses also apply to non-citizens who are within the United States, although the U.S. Supreme Court has recognized that non-citizens can be stopped, detained, and denied past immigration officials at points of entry (e.g. at a port or airport) without the protection of the Due Process Clause because, while technically on U.S. soil, they are not considered to have entered the United States.[15][16]", "Due Process Clause. Procedural due process requires government officials to follow fair procedures before depriving a person of life, liberty, or property.[22]:657 When the government seeks to deprive a person of one of those interests, procedural due process requires the government to afford the person, at minimum, notice, an opportunity to be heard, and a decision made by a neutral decisionmaker.", "Human rights in the United States. The Fourth, Fifth, Sixth and Eighteenth Amendments of the Bill of Rights, along with the Fourteenth Amendment, ensure that criminal defendants have significant procedural rights.[131] The Fourteenth Amendment's incorporation of due process rights adds these constitutional protections to the state and local levels of law enforcement.[131] The United States also possesses a system of judicial review over government action.[132]", "Due Process Clause. When a law or other act of government is challenged as a violation of individual liberty under the due process clause, courts nowadays primarily use two forms of scrutiny, or judicial review, which is used by the Judicial Branch. This inquiry balances the importance of the governmental interest being served and the appropriateness of the government's method of implementation against the resulting infringement of individual rights. If the governmental action infringes upon a fundamental right, the highest level of review—strict scrutiny—is used.[46] To pass strict scrutiny review, the law or act must be narrowly tailored to further a compelling government interest.", "Lochner v. New York. Lochner's appeal was based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the US Constitution: \"... nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" In a series of cases starting with Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857), the Supreme Court established that the Due Process Clause (found in both the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments) is not only a procedural guarantee, but also a substantive limitation on the type of control that the government may exercise over individuals. Although that interpretation of the due process clause is a controversial one (see substantive due process), it had become firmly embedded in American jurisprudence by the end of the 19th century. Lochner argued that the right to contract freely was one of the rights encompassed by substantive due process.", "Gitlow v. New York. The Supreme Court relied on the \"due process clause\" of the Fourteenth Amendment, which prohibits a state from depriving \"any person of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.\" The Court stated that \"For present purposes we may and do assume that\" the rights of freedom of speech and freedom of the press were \"among the fundamental personal rights and 'liberties' protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the states\".", "Due Process Clause. To put it more simply, where an individual is facing a deprivation of life, liberty, or property, procedural due process mandates that he or she is entitled to adequate notice, a hearing, and a neutral judge.", "Due Process Clause. The Court usually looks first to see if there is a fundamental right, by examining if the right can be found deeply rooted in American history and traditions. Where the right is not a fundamental right, the court applies a rational basis test: if the violation of the right can be rationally related to a legitimate government purpose, then the law is held valid. If the court establishes that the right being violated is a fundamental right, it applies strict scrutiny. This test inquires into whether there is a compelling state interest being furthered by the violation of the right, and whether the law in question is narrowly tailored to address the state interest.", "Due Process Clause. This protection extends to all government proceedings that can result in an individual's deprivation, whether civil or criminal in nature, from parole violation hearings to administrative hearings regarding government benefits and entitlements to full-blown criminal trials. The article \"Some Kind of Hearing\" written by Judge Henry Friendly created a list of basic due process rights \"that remains highly influential, as to both content and relative priority\".[23] These rights, which apply equally to civil due process and criminal due process, are:[23]", "Due Process Clause. Due process also applies to the creation of taxing districts, as taxation is a deprivation of property. Due process typically requires public hearings prior to the creation of a taxing district.[12]", "Due process. In 1977, an English political science professor explained the present situation in England for the benefit of American lawyers:", "Service of process. In the past[when?] in many countries,[which?] people did not have the right to know that there were legal proceedings against them. In some cases, they would only find out when magistrates showed up with the sheriff and seized their property, sometimes throwing them into debtor's prison until their debts were paid. The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution prohibit the federal and state governments from depriving any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law. Therefore, the process server is \"serving\" the recipient with notice of their constitutional right to due process of the law.", "Due process. Various countries recognize some form of due process under customary international law. Although the specifics are often unclear, most nations agree that they should guarantee foreign visitors a basic minimum level of justice and fairness. Some nations have argued that they are bound to grant no more rights to aliens than they do to their own citizens, the doctrine of national treatment, which also means that both would be vulnerable to the same deprivations by the government. With the growth of international human rights law and the frequent use of treaties to govern treatment of foreign nationals abroad, the distinction, in practice, between these two perspectives may be disappearing.", "Due process. Due process developed from clause 39 of Magna Carta in England. Reference to due process first appeared in a statutory rendition of clause 39 in 1354 thus: \"No man of what state or condition he be, shall be put out of his lands or tenements nor taken, nor disinherited, nor put to death, without he be brought to answer by due process of law.\"[3] When English and American law gradually diverged, due process was not upheld in England but became incorporated in the US Constitution.", "Due Process Clause. In criminal cases, many of these due process protections overlap with procedural protections provided by the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which guarantees reliable procedures that protect innocent people from being executed, which would be an obvious example of cruel and unusual punishment.[28]", "Law of the land. Due process of law in the [Fourteenth Amendment] refers to that law of the land in each state which derives its authority from the inherent and reserved powers of the state, exerted within the limits of those fundamental principles of liberty and justice which lie at the base of all our civil and political institutions, and the greatest security for which resides in the right of the people to make their own laws, and alter them at their pleasure.", "United States Constitution. The Due Process Clause of the Constitution was partly based on common law and on Magna Carta (1215), which had become a foundation of English liberty against arbitrary power wielded by a ruler.", "Breed-specific legislation. It is true that under the Fourteenth Amendment, no state can deprive a person of his life, liberty, or property without due process of law, but in determining what is due process of law, we are bound to consider the nature of the property, the necessity for its sacrifice, and the extent to which it has heretofore been regarded as within the police power. So far as property is inoffensive or harmless, it can only be condemned or destroyed by legal proceedings, with due notice to the owner; but, so far as it is dangerous to the safety or health of the community, due process of law may authorize its summary destruction....", "Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment applies only against the states, but it is otherwise textually identical to the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which applies against the federal government; both clauses have been interpreted to encompass identical doctrines of procedural due process and substantive due process.[81] Procedural due process is the guarantee of a fair legal process when the government tries to interfere with a person's protected interests in life, liberty, or property, and substantive due process is the guarantee that the fundamental rights of citizens will not be encroached on by government.[82] The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment also incorporates most of the provisions in the Bill of Rights, which were originally applied against only the federal government, and applies them against the states.[83]", "Due Process Clause. In Bolling v. Sharpe 347 U.S. 497 (1954), the Supreme Court held that \"the concepts of equal protection and due process, both stemming from our American ideal of fairness, are not mutually exclusive.\" The Court thus interpreted the Fifth Amendment's due process clause to include an equal protection element. In Lawrence v. Texas the Supreme Court added: \"Equality of treatment and the due process right to demand respect for conduct protected by the substantive guarantee of liberty are linked in important respects, and a decision on the latter point advances both interests.\"[45]", "Due Process Clause. The courts have generally determined that laws which are too vague for the average citizen to understand deprive citizens of their rights to due process. If an average person cannot determine who is regulated, what conduct is prohibited, or what punishment may be imposed by a law, courts may find that law to be void for vagueness. See Coates v. Cincinnati, where the word \"annoying\" was deemed to lack due process insertion of fair warning.", "Due Process Clause. The role of the incorporation doctrine in applying the guarantees of the Bill of Rights to the states is just as notable as the use of due process to define new fundamental rights that are not explicitly guaranteed by the Constitution's text. In both cases, the question has been whether the right asserted is \"fundamental\", so that, just as not all proposed \"new\" constitutional rights are afforded judicial recognition, not all provisions of the Bill of Rights have been deemed sufficiently fundamental to warrant enforcement against the states." ]

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[ "Diminishing returns. The law of diminishing returns states that in all productive processes, adding more of one factor of production, while holding all others constant (\"ceteris paribus\"), will at some point yield lower incremental per-unit returns.[1] The law of diminishing returns does not imply that adding more of a factor will decrease the total production, a condition known as negative returns, though in fact this is common.", "Diminishing returns. The law of diminishing returns is a fundamental principle of economics.[1] It plays a central role in production theory.[3]", "Diminishing returns. In economics, diminishing returns is the decrease in the marginal (incremental) output of a production process as the amount of a single factor of production is incrementally increased, while the amounts of all other factors of production stay constant.", "Supply (economics). The Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns (LDMR) shapes the SRMC curve. The LDMR states that as production increases eventually a point (the point of diminishing marginal returns) will be reached after which additional units of output resulting from fixed increments of the labor input will be successively smaller. That is, beyond the point of diminishing marginal returns the marginal product of labor will continually decrease and hence a continually higher selling price would be necessary to induce the firm to produce more and more output.", "Diminishing returns. The concept of diminishing returns can be traced back to the concerns of early economists such as Johann Heinrich von Thünen, Jacques Turgot, Adam Smith,[4] James Steuart, Thomas Robert Malthus, and David Ricardo. However, classical economists such as Malthus and Ricardo attributed the successive diminishment of output to the decreasing quality of the inputs. Neoclassical economists assume that each \"unit\" of labor is identical. Diminishing returns are due to the disruption of the entire productive process as additional units of labor are added to a fixed amount of capital. The law of diminishing returns remains an important consideration in farming.", "Marginal utility. The law of diminishing marginal utility is similar to the law of diminishing returns which states that as the amount of one factor of production increases as all other factors of production are held the same, the marginal return (extra output gained by adding an extra unit) decreases.", "Diminishing returns. The defining feature of diminishing marginal returns is that as total investment increases, the total return on investment as a proportion of the total investment (the average product or return) decreases. Suppose, for example, that 1 kilogram of seed applied to a certain plot of land produces one ton of crop, that 2 kg of seed produces 1.5 tons, and that 3 kg of seed produces 1.75 tons. In formulaic terms, the \n\n\n\n\ni\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {i}}\n\nth kg of seeds produces \n\n\n\n\n\n1\n\n2\n\ni\n−\n1\n\n\n\n\n\n\n{\\displaystyle {\\frac {1}{2^{i-1}}}}\n\n additional tons of crop. The return from investing the first kilogram is 1 t/kg. When 2 kg of seed is invested, the return is 1.5/2 = 0.75 t/kg, and when 3 kg is invested, the return is 1.75/3 = 0.58 t/kg.", "Marginal product of labor. Diminishing marginal returns differs from diminishing returns. Diminishing marginal returns means that the marginal product of the variable input is falling. Diminishing returns occur when the marginal product of the variable input is negative. That is when a unit increase in the variable input causes total product to fall. At the point that diminishing returns begin the MPL is zero.[12]", "Diminishing returns. In formulaic terms, for this example, the diminished marginal return is:", "Marginal product of labor. The falling MPL is due to the law of diminishing marginal returns. The law states, \"as units of one input are added (with all other inputs held constant) a point will be reached where the resulting additions to output will begin to decrease; that is marginal product will decline.\"[10] The law of diminishing marginal returns applies regardless of whether the production function exhibits increasing, decreasing or constant returns to scale. The key factor is that the variable input is being changed while all other factors of production are being held constant. Under such circumstances diminishing marginal returns are inevitable at some level of production.[11]", "Marginal utility. The concept in cardinal utility theory that marginal utilities diminish across the ranges relevant to decision-making is called the \"law of diminishing marginal utility\" (and is also known as Gossen's First Law). This refers to the increase in utility an individual gains from increasing their consumption of a particular good. \"The law of diminishing marginal utility is at the heart of the explanation of numerous economic phenomena, including time preference and the value of goods (...) The law says, first, that the marginal utility of each homogenous unit decreases as the supply of units increases (and vice versa); second, that the marginal utility of a larger-sized unit is greater than the marginal utility of a smaller-sized unit (and vice versa). The first law denotes the law of diminishing marginal utility, the second law denotes the law of increasing total utility.\"[14]", "Returns to scale. The laws of returns to scale are a set of three interrelated and sequential laws: Law of Increasing Returns to Scale, Law of Constant Returns to Scale, and Law of Diminishing returns to Scale. If output increases by that same proportional change as all inputs change then there are constant returns to scale (CRS). If output increases by less than that proportional change in inputs, there are decreasing returns to scale (DRS). If output increases by more than the proportional change in inputs, there are increasing returns to scale (IRS). A firm's production function could exhibit different types of returns to scale in different ranges of output. Typically, there could be increasing returns at relatively low output levels, decreasing returns at relatively high output levels, and constant returns at one output level between those ranges.[citation needed]", "Rumble strip. \"Safety improvements are usually subject to the law of diminishing marginal returns. This means that for every improvement of a fixed amount, the safety benefit gained decreases a little each time. For example, increasing the width of the median from 50m to 60m will decrease the number of collisions less than increasing it from 10m to 20m. Eventually, a width will be reached at which widening the median further cannot be justified because the improvement in safety is too small.\"[31]", "Marginal utility. In the context of cardinal utility, economists sometimes speak of a law of diminishing marginal utility, meaning that the first unit of consumption of a good or service yields more utility than the second and subsequent units, with a continuing reduction for greater amounts. Therefore, the fall in marginal utility as consumption increases is known as diminishing marginal utility. Mathematically:", "Diminishing returns. There is an inverse relationship between returns of inputs and the cost of production. Suppose that a kilogram of seed costs one dollar, and this price does not change. Although there are other costs, assume they do not vary with the amount of output and are therefore fixed costs. One kilogram of seeds yields one ton of crop, so the first ton of the crop costs one dollar to produce. That is, for the first ton of output, the marginal cost of the output is $1 per ton. If there are no other changes, then if the second kilogram of seeds applied to land produces only half the output of the first, the marginal cost would equal $1 per half ton of output, or $2 per ton. Similarly, if the third kilogram of seeds yields only a quarter ton, then the marginal cost equals $1 per quarter ton or $4 per ton. Thus, diminishing marginal returns imply increasing marginal costs and rising average costs.", "Marginal product of capital. One of the key assumptions in economics is diminishing returns, that is the marginal product of capital is positive but decreasing in the level of capital stock, or mathematically", "Marginal rate of substitution. As one moves down a (standardly convex) indifference curve, the marginal rate of substitution decreases (as measured by the absolute value of the slope of the indifference curve, which decreases). This is known as the law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution.", "Labour economics. According to neoclassical theory, over the relevant range of outputs, the marginal physical product of labour is declining (law of diminishing returns). That is, as more and more units of labour are employed, their additional output begins to decline.", "Law of large numbers. Interpreting this result, the weak law states that for any nonzero margin specified, no matter how small, with a sufficiently large sample there will be a very high probability that the average of the observations will be close to the expected value; that is, within the margin.", "Rate of return. Under an assumption of reinvestment, the relationship between a logarithmic return \n\n\n\nR\n\n\n{\\displaystyle R}\n\n and a logarithmic rate of return \n\n\n\nr\n\n\n{\\displaystyle r}\n\n over a period of time of length \n\n\n\nt\n\n\n{\\displaystyle t}\n\n is:", "Marginal product. In the \"law\" of diminishing marginal returns, the marginal product initially increases when more of an input (say labor) is employed, keeping the other input (say capital) constant. Here, labor is the variable input and capital is the fixed input (in a hypothetical two-inputs model). As more and more of variable input (labor) is employed, marginal product starts to fall. Finally, after a certain point, the marginal product becomes negative, implying that the additional unit of labor has decreased the output, rather than increasing it. The reason behind this is the diminishing marginal productivity of labor.", "Rate of return. A loss instead of a profit is described as a negative return.", "Marginal utility. Accordingly, diminishing marginal utility corresponds to the condition", "Law of large numbers. The weak law of large numbers (also called Khinchin's law) states that the sample average converges in probability towards the expected value[9]", "Rate of return. Rate of return is a profit on an investment over a period of time, expressed as a proportion of the original investment.[2] The time period is typically a year, in which case the rate of return is referred to as annual return.", "Rate of return. In finance, return is a profit on an investment.[1] It comprises any change in value of the investment, and/or cash flows which the investor receives from the investment, such as interest payments or dividends. It may be measured either in absolute terms (e.g., dollars) or as a percentage of the amount invested. The latter is also called the holding period return.", "Economics. The Rev. Thomas Robert Malthus (1798) used the concept of diminishing returns to explain low living standards. Human population, he argued, tended to increase geometrically, outstripping the production of food, which increased arithmetically. The force of a rapidly growing population against a limited amount of land meant diminishing returns to labour. The result, he claimed, was chronically low wages, which prevented the standard of living for most of the population from rising above the subsistence level.[122] Economist Julian Lincoln Simon has criticized Malthus's conclusions.[123]", "Brooks's law. Brooks' law is an observation about software project management according to which \"adding human resources to a late software project makes it later\".[1][2] It was coined by Fred Brooks in his 1975 book The Mythical Man-Month. According to Brooks, there is an incremental person who, when added to a project, makes it take more, not less time. This is similar to the general law of diminishing returns in economics.", "Diminishing returns. Cost can also be measured in terms of opportunity cost. In this case the law also applies to societies – the opportunity cost of producing a single unit of a good generally increases as a society attempts to produce more of that good. This explains the bowed-out shape of the production possibilities frontier.", "Production (economics). The production is on the part of “diminishing returns” on the production function, when", "Rate of return. Logarithmic returns are useful for mathematical finance. One of the advantages is that the logarithmic returns are symmetric, while ordinary returns are not: positive and negative percent ordinary returns of equal magnitude do not cancel each other out and result in a net change, but logarithmic returns of equal magnitude but opposite signs will cancel each other out. This means that an investment of $100 that yields an arithmetic return of 50% followed by an arithmetic return of -50% will result in $75, while an investment of $100 that yields a logarithmic return of 50% followed by a logarithmic return of -50% will come back to $100.", "South African law of sale. When the actio quanti minoris is used, the buyer, if successful, is entitled to the return of a portion of the purchase price.[157] The actual amount is calculated on the basis of the difference between the purchase price and the actual value of the thing sold." ]

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[ "Seth MacFarlane. Seth Woodbury MacFarlane (/məkˈfɑːrlɪn/; born October 26, 1973)[1] is an American actor, filmmaker, comedian, and singer, working primarily in animation and comedy, as well as live-action and other genres. MacFarlane is the creator of the TV series Family Guy (1999–2003, 2005–present) and The Orville (2017–present), and co-creator of the TV series American Dad! (2005–present) and The Cleveland Show (2009–2013). He also wrote, directed, and starred in the films Ted (2012), its sequel Ted 2 (2015), and A Million Ways to Die in the West (2014).", "Family Guy. Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[83] Since MacFarlane had a strong vision for these characters, he chose to voice them himself, believing it would be easier than for someone else to attempt it.[17] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[84] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[85] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[86] MacFarlane uses his regular speaking voice when playing Brian.[17] MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time-only characters, most prominently those of the Griffins' neighbor Glenn Quagmire, news anchor Tom Tucker, and Lois' father, Carter Pewterschmidt.[87]", "Seth MacFarlane. Other than Family Guy and American Dad!, MacFarlane voices characters in other cartoon shows and films. He voiced Wayne \"The Brain\" McClain in an episode of Aqua Teen Hunger Force.[129] He has also voiced various characters on Adult Swim's Robot Chicken, including a parody of Lion-O and Emperor Palpatine as well as Peter Griffin in the Season 2 premiere – he even parodied himself in the Season 4 premiere, in which he renewed the show simply by mentioning it in a Family Guy-like cutaway after its fictitious cancellation at the end of Season 3. He also played the villain \"The Manotaur\" in Bob Boyle's animated kids series Yin Yang Yo!.[130] In addition, MacFarlane voiced Johann Kraus in the 2008 film Hellboy II: The Golden Army.[131] He also had a guest appearance in the animated film Futurama: Into the Wild Green Yonder where he sings \"That Was Then (And This is Too)\", the opening theme.[132] He had also starred in a commercial for Hulu in which he plays an alien presenting Hulu as an \"evil plot to destroy the world\", progressively as his famous Family Guy and American Dad! characters. He also lent his voice to the series finale movie of the Comedy Central series, Drawn Together.", "Brian Griffin. The voice of Brian is provided by series creator Seth MacFarlane, who also provides the voices of many other characters including Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire.[16] Brian's voice is MacFarlane's normal speaking voice. William H. Macy auditioned unsuccessfully for the role.[17]", "List of Family Guy cast members. Seth MacFarlane voices three of the show's main characters: Peter Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Stewie Griffin.[1] MacFarlane chose to voice these characters himself, believing it would be easier to portray the voices he had already envisioned than for someone else to attempt it.[2] MacFarlane drew inspiration for the voice of Peter from a security guard he overheard talking while attending the Rhode Island School of Design.[3] Stewie's voice was based on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[4] especially his performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[5] MacFarlane uses his own voice while portraying Brian.[2]", "Alexandra Breckenridge. Breckenridge has had numerous voice roles on the animated television series Family Guy. During an interview with FHM, she stated, \"When I first went for Family Guy, I auditioned for a guest voice. I don't know why, but [creator] Seth MacFarlane really likes the sound of my voice. I'll never understand that. He just liked me and they call me back all the time to do different things.\"[3] Breckenridge often does celebrity impressions on the show, such as Sarah Jessica Parker and Renée Zellweger. She also had roles on MacFarlane's web series Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. She guest starred in the episode \"With Friends Like Steve's\" of American Dad!, also created by MacFarlane.[4]", "Seth MacFarlane. He has received numerous awards from other organizations, including the Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production and the Saturn Award for Best Television Presentation for the Family Guy episode titled \"Blue Harvest\", the MTV Movie Award for Best On-Screen Duo and the Empire Award for Best Comedy for Ted.[201][202][203]", "List of Family Guy cast members. MacFarlane also provides the voices for various other recurring and one-time only characters, most prominently those of news anchor Tom Tucker, Lois' father Carter Pewterschmidt and Dr. Hartman.[6] He is the only voice to be in every episode.", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane has won four Primetime Emmy Awards for his work on Family Guy and has been nominated twenty times, winning in 2000, 2002 and 2016.[198] He has been nominated for four Grammy Awards for his work in Family Guy: Live in Vegas, Music Is Better Than Words, Family Guy and No One Ever Tells You. He was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Original Song for co-writing the opening song, \"Everybody Needs a Best Friend\", from his film Ted with the film's composer Walter Murphy.[77][199][200]", "Seth MacFarlane. Seth MacFarlane provides the voices of Stan and Roger, basing Roger's voice on Paul Lynde (who played Uncle Arthur in Bewitched).[6] His sister Rachael MacFarlane provides the voice of Hayley.[55]", "List of Family Guy cast members. Family Guy is an American animated sitcom that features five main voice actors, and numerous regular cast and recurring guest stars. The principal voice cast consists of show creator Seth MacFarlane, Alex Borstein, Mila Kunis (who replaced Lacey Chabert after the first season [her last episode is \"Holy Crap,\" now marketed as the second episode of season two]), Seth Green, and Mike Henry. Recurring voice actors include Patrick Warburton, Adam West, John G. Brennan, Nicole Sullivan and Jennifer Tilly, and repeat guest stars include Phyllis Diller, Charles Durning, Rush Limbaugh, and Phil LaMarr.", "Seth MacFarlane. Family Guy first aired January 31, 1999.[23] MacFarlane's work in animating Family Guy has been influenced by Jackie Gleason and Hanna-Barbera along with examples from The Simpsons and All in the Family.[24] In addition to writing three episodes, \"Death Has a Shadow\", \"Family Guy Viewer Mail 1\" and \"North by North Quahog\", MacFarlane voices Family Guy's main male characters – Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin, Brian Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire as well as Tom Tucker, his son Jake Tucker, and additional characters. Bolstered by high DVD sales and established fan loyalty, Family Guy developed into a US$1-billion franchise.[20] On May 4, 2008, after approximately two and a half years of negotiations, MacFarlane reached a US$100-million agreement with Fox to keep Family Guy and American Dad! until 2012. The agreement makes him the world's highest paid television writer.[25]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane appeared on the November 11, 2006 episode of Fox's comedy show MADtv and performed a live action re-enactment of a scene from the Family Guy episode \"Fast Times at Buddy Cianci Jr. High\". In the scene, Peter and Lois suspect Chris of murdering his teacher's husband. As a reaction, a terrified Meg jumps out the window. For the live-action sequence, besides MacFarlane, Nicole Parker played Lois, Ike Barinholtz played Chris, Nicole Randall Johnson played Meg, and Keegan-Michael Key played Stewie. According to MacFarlane, the live-action thing didn't work at all and to make matters somewhat worse, when Johnson jumped out the window, her face was believed to be covered with fake blood. After that clip, MacFarlane showed the same scene, but with celebrities who didn't pay attention to the script. Kathy Griffin, Dane Cook, Queen Latifah, and Snoop Dogg voiced Lois, Chris, Meg, and Stewie, respectively. They messed up their lines so badly that MacFarlane, in his Peter voice, screamed \"The script, guys! Come on!\"[120] MacFarlane served as a host to the Canadian Awards for the Electronic & Animated Arts's Second Annual Elan Awards on February 15, 2008.[121]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane is a graduate of the Rhode Island School of Design, where he studied animation.[2] Recruited to Hollywood, he was an animator and writer for Hanna-Barbera for several television series, including Johnny Bravo, Cow and Chicken, Dexter's Laboratory, I Am Weasel, and Larry & Steve. As an actor, he has made guest appearances on series, such as Gilmore Girls, The War at Home and FlashForward. In 2008, he created his own YouTube series titled Seth MacFarlane's Cavalcade of Cartoon Comedy. He won several awards for his work on Family Guy, including four Primetime Emmy Awards and an Annie Award. In 2009, he won the Webby Award for Film & Video Person of the Year. He occasionally speaks at universities and colleges throughout the United States, and is an active supporter of gay rights.", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane's success with Family Guy has opened doors to other ventures relating to the show. On April 26, 2005, he and composer Walter Murphy created Family Guy: Live in Vegas. The soundtrack features a Broadway show tune theme, and MacFarlane voiced Stewie in the track \"Stewie's Sexy Party\".[26] A fan of Broadway musicals,[19] MacFarlane comments on using musicals as a component to Family Guy:", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane was born and raised in Kent, Connecticut.[2] His parents, Ronald Milton MacFarlane (born 1946) and Ann Perry (née Sager; 1947–2010), were born in Newburyport, Massachusetts.[4] His sister is voice actress Rachael Ann MacFarlane (born 1976). He has roots in New England going back to the 1600s, and is a descendant of Mayflower passenger William Brewster.[1] MacFarlane's parents met in 1970, when they both lived and worked in Boston, Massachusetts, and married later that year.[4] The couple moved to Kent in 1972, where Ann began working in the Admissions Office at South Kent School. She later worked in the College Guidance and Admissions Offices at the Kent School, a selective college preparatory school, where Ronald was a teacher.[4][5]", "Stewie Griffin. Stewie's voice is provided by Family Guy creator Seth MacFarlane, who also provides the voices of Brian Griffin, Peter Griffin, and Glenn Quagmire as well as numerous other characters.[12] MacFarlane based Stewie's accent on the voice of English actor Rex Harrison,[13][14] particularly on Harrison's performance in the 1964 musical drama film My Fair Lady.[15] MacFarlane has also linked Stewie with David Hyde Pierce on more than one occasion, saying he wants Pierce to play Stewie if a live action version of the show would ever be created.[16][17]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane has a baritone voice.[149] He is a pianist and singer who, in his early years, trained with Lee and Sally Sweetland, the vocal coaches of Barbra Streisand and Frank Sinatra. In an interview with NPR, MacFarlane commented on their vocal training, to which he said \"They really drill you,\" he said. \"They teach you the old-style way of singing, back when you had no electronic help. ... [They teach you to] show your teeth. If you look at old photos of Sinatra while he's singing, there's a lot of very exposed teeth. That was something that Lee Sweetland hit on day in and day out, and correctly so, because it just brightens the whole performance.\"[150] His comedy influences include people like Woody Allen, Jackie Gleason, Mel Brooks, and the creators of Monty Python.[151] While his musical influences include people like Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Vic Damone, Johnny Mercer, Bing Crosby, Bobby Darin, Gordon MacRae, and the Rat Pack.[152][153]", "Rachael MacFarlane. In addition to voice acting, Rachael has also been involved in other aspects of animation, such as being a production manager for The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy and Welcome to Eltingville, and wrote an episode of The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy, titled \"Educating Grim\" - [4] where she also met her husband. Seth MacFarlane asked her to help him with his new pilot for the Fox Broadcasting Company, which would become Family Guy. Rachael MacFarlane worked on the show providing incidental voices, and her brother told her she was good at it and asked her to stay, prompting her to move from New York City to Los Angeles. This launched her career as a voice actress; she remained an incidental cast member on Family Guy for several years and began getting other voice-over work on her own, working for both The Walt Disney Company and Cartoon Network. In 2005, her brother Seth cast her in his second major prime time animated show, American Dad!.", "Seth MacFarlane. In addition, a Family Guy video game was released in 2006.[28] Two years later, in August 2007, he closed a digital content production deal with AdSense.[29] MacFarlane takes cast members on the road to voice characters in front of live audiences. Family Guy Live provides fans with the opportunity to hear future scripts. In mid-2007, Chicago fans had the opportunity to hear the then upcoming sixth-season premiere \"Blue Harvest\". Shows have been played in Montreal, New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles.[30]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane is a frequent speaking guest on college campuses.[164] On April 16, 2006, he was invited by Stanford University's ASSU Speakers' Bureau to address an audience of over 1,000 at Memorial Auditorium.[165] MacFarlane was invited by Harvard University's class of 2006 to deliver the \"class day\" address on June 7, 2006. He spoke as himself, and also as Peter Griffin, Stewie Griffin and Glenn Quagmire.[166] He also has delivered speeches at George Washington University,[164] Washington University in St. Louis,[16] the University of Texas,[167] the University of Missouri,[168] University of Toledo, Bowling Green State University,[169] and Loyola Marymount University.[170]", "Pilling Them Softly. Series creator Seth MacFarlane won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for his work on this episode.[4][5]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane was recruited during the senior film festival by development executive Ellen Cockrill and President Fred Seibert.[15] He went to work at Hanna-Barbera (then Hanna-Barbera Cartoons) based on the writing content of The Life of Larry, rather than on cartooning ability. He was one of only a few people hired by the company solely based on writing talent.[2] He worked as an animator and writer for Cartoon Network's Cartoon Cartoons series.[2] He described the atmosphere at Hanna-Barbera as resembling an \"old-fashioned Hollywood structure, where you move from one show to another or you jump from a writing job on one show to a storyboard job on another\". MacFarlane worked on four television series during his tenure at the studio: Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, I Am Weasel, and Johnny Bravo.[16][17] Working as both a writer and storyboard artist, MacFarlane spent the most time on Johnny Bravo. He found it easier to develop his own style at Johnny Bravo through the show's process of scriptwriting, which Dexter's Laboratory, Cow and Chicken, and I Am Weasel did not use.[2] As a part of the Johnny Bravo crew, MacFarlane met actors and voiceover artists such as Adam West and Jack Sheldon of Schoolhouse Rock! fame. Meeting these individuals later became significant to the production and success of his Family Guy series.", "Stewie Griffin. MacFarlane has been nominated for two awards for voicing Stewie Griffin. In 1999, he won a Primetime Emmy Award in the category Outstanding Voice-Over Performance.[22] In 2006, he received an Annie Award in the Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television, Production category, for his voice work in the episode \"Brian the Bachelor\".[23] In addition, Wizard magazine rated Stewie the 95th greatest villain of all time.[24] Stewie was also named the best Family Guy character on a list of \"Top 25 Family Guy Characters\" compiled by IGN.[25] In 2010, Entertainment Weekly placed him 45th on its list of the \"Top 100 Characters of the Past Twenty Years.\" [26] Gay.com ranked Stewie as the fifteenth gayest cartoon character.[27] Hal Boedeker, a critic for The Orlando Sentinel, called Stewie \"a brilliant creation\".[28] Stewie (and Brian) usually form the center-plot for the show's highest rated and most critically acclaimed episodes, these being the Road to... episodes. In a list of Stewie and Brian's greatest adventures, five of the Road to... episodes occupied the top five places.[29]", "Seth MacFarlane. MacFarlane has also appeared on news shows and late night television shows such as Jimmy Kimmel Live![122] and Late Show with David Letterman.[123] On January 19, 2007, MacFarlane appeared on Countdown with Keith Olbermann on MSNBC to discuss Stephen Colbert's appearance on The O'Reilly Factor and Bill O'Reilly's return appearance on The Colbert Report. MacFarlane introduced the segment by saying in Stewie's voice \"Oh, wait Bill. Hold still, allow me to soil myself on you. Victory is mine!\"[124] Three months later on March 24, 2007, MacFarlane was interviewed on Fox's Talkshow with Spike Feresten,[125] and closed the show by singing the Frank Sinatra song \"You Make Me Feel So Young\".[126] He also provided Stewie's voice when he appeared as a brain tumor-induced hallucination to Seeley Booth in an episode of Bones, writing his own dialogue for the episode.[127] On May 8, 2009, MacFarlane was a guest on Real Time with Bill Maher.[128]", "List of Family Guy cast members. Kunis was nominated for an Annie Award for voicing Meg Griffin in the season 5 episode \"Barely Legal\" and MacFarlane has also won an Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance and an Annie Award for Best Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production, though no other cast member has won an award for their work on the series.", "Stewie Goes for a Drive. In addition to the regular cast, actor and musician Adam Alexi-Malle, actor Ralph Garman, voice actor Joe Lomonaco, voice actress Rachael MacFarlane, actor Ryan Reynolds,[2][9] and voice actress Tara Strong guest starred in the episode. Recurring guest voice actors Alec Sulkin, writer John Viener and writer Wellesley Wild made minor appearances throughout the episode.[4]", "Family Guy. In 2009, a special televised performance show aired entitled Family Guy Presents Seth & Alex's Almost Live Comedy Show, in which voice actors Alex Borstein and MacFarlane performed songs from the show, as well as a parody of Lady Gaga's song \"Poker Face\" in the voice of Marlee Matlin, who appeared on stage as a guest during the performance. Some new animated gags also appeared in the show.[223]", "List of Family Guy cast members. Mike Henry is the voice of Cleveland Brown, John Herbert The Pervert and various other characters. A Family Guy writer and producer, he began acting on the show as part of the recurring cast repertory (see below) but was promoted to main cast member in 2005. Since the cancellation of The Cleveland Show, he also voices Cleveland's step-son Rallo Tubbs on Family Guy.", "List of Family Guy cast members. Seth Green primarily plays Chris Griffin and Neil Goldman.[6][11] Green stated that he did an impression of the \"Buffalo Bill\" character from the thriller film The Silence of the Lambs during his audition.[12] His main inspiration for Chris' voice came from envisioning how \"Buffalo Bill\" would sound if he were speaking through a public address system at a McDonald's.[13]", "I Dream of Jesus. Seth MacFarlane was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Voice-Over Performance for his role as Peter Griffin in this episode,[14] MacFarlane was also nominated for the Annie Award for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production or Short Form for his work in I Dream of Jesus, but lost to Ahmed Best for his role as Jar Jar Binks in Robot Chicken: Star Wars Episode II.[15] According to Seth MacFarlane, \"I Dream of Jesus\" was one of three episodes (along with \"Road to Germany\" and \"Family Gay\") submitted for consideration for \"Outstanding Comedy Series\" in the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards in 2009. He explained, \"We picked three of our edgier shows as a choice. We figured if we are going to be damned, let's be damned for what we really are.\" The series was ultimately nominated for the award, the first time an animated series was nominated for the same category since the ABC sitcom The Flintstones in 1961.[16]", "List of Family Guy characters. Brian Griffin (voiced by Seth MacFarlane) is the family's anthropomorphic talking white Labrador Retriever and the best friend of both Peter and Stewie. He and Stewie are often at the center of the show's most critically acclaimed episodes, most notably the \"Road to...\" episodes, where he and Stewie go on road-trips together. Brian is portrayed as an intellectual—a Brown University attendee—who often serves as the family's voice of reason, pointing out how ridiculous Peter's ideas are. He is not-so-secretly in love with Lois and is an unsuccessful, unemployed writer." ]

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[ "Harold Godwinson. Harold Godwinson (c. 1022 – 14 October 1066), often called Harold II, was the last Anglo-Saxon king of England. Harold reigned from 6 January 1066[1] until his death at the Battle of Hastings on 14 October, fighting the Norman invaders led by William the Conqueror during the Norman conquest of England. His death marked the end of Anglo-Saxon rule over England.", "William IV of the United Kingdom. William IV (William Henry; 21 August 1765 – 20 June 1837) was King of the United Kingdom and King of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until his death. The third son of George III, William succeeded his elder brother George IV, as the last king and penultimate monarch of Britain's House of Hanover.", "Succession to the British throne. In 1485, Henry Tudor, a female-line descendant of a legitimated branch of the royal house of Lancaster, the House of Beaufort, assumed the English crown as Henry VII, after defeating Richard III, who was killed at the battle of Bosworth when leading a charge against Henry's standard. Richard was the last king of the House of York, and the last of the Plantagenet dynasty. Henry declared himself king retroactively from 21 August 1485, the day before his victory over Richard at Bosworth Field,[6] and caused Richard's Titulus Regius to be repealed and expunged from the Rolls of Parliament.[7] After Henry's coronation in London in October that year, his first parliament, summoned to meet at Westminster in November, enacted that \"the inheritance of the crown should be, rest, remain and abide in the most royal person of the then sovereign lord, King Henry VII, and the heirs of his body lawfully coming.\"[8]", "George VI. George VI (Albert Frederick Arthur George; 14 December 1895 – 6 February 1952) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Commonwealth from 11 December 1936 until his death. He was the last Emperor of India and the first Head of the Commonwealth.", "James II of England. James II and VII (14 October 1633O.S. – 16 September 1701[1]) was King of England and Ireland as James II and King of Scotland as James VII,[3] from 6 February 1685 until he was deposed in the Glorious Revolution of 1688. He was the last Roman Catholic monarch of England, Scotland and Ireland.", "House of Knýtlinga. Edward the Confessor ruled until 1066. His brother in law, Harold Godwinson—the son of Alfred's betrayer—became king, provoking the Norman conquest of England in the same year. Harold II was the last Anglo-Saxon king to rule over England.", "George III of the United Kingdom. George was succeeded by two of his sons George IV and William IV, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to the only legitimate child of the Duke of Kent, Victoria, the last monarch of the House of Hanover.", "Henry VIII of England. Henry VIII (28 June 1491 – 28 January 1547) was King of England from 1509 until his death. Henry was the second Tudor monarch, succeeding his father, Henry VII.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his belligerent consort, Margaret of Anjou, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was Richard, Duke of York. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, Edward IV, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461. The Wars of the Roses, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field.[36]", "Charles II of England. Charles II (29 May 1630 – 6 February 1685)[c] was king of England, Scotland and Ireland. He was king of Scotland from 1649 until his deposition in 1651, and king of England, Scotland and Ireland from the restoration of the monarchy in 1660 until his death.", "Edward III of England. Edward III (13 November 1312 – 21 June 1377) was King of England and Lord of Ireland from 25 January 1327 until his death; he is noted for his military success and for restoring royal authority after the disastrous and unorthodox reign of his father, Edward II. Edward III transformed the Kingdom of England into one of the most formidable military powers in Europe. His long reign of 50 years was the second longest in medieval England and saw vital developments in legislation and government—in particular the evolution of the English parliament—as well as the ravages of the Black Death.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. After an individual ascends the throne, he or she reigns until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of Edward VIII, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II, who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.", "Edward VIII. Edward duly signed the instruments[N 2] of abdication at Fort Belvedere on 10 December 1936 in the presence of his younger brothers: Prince Albert, Duke of York, next in line for the throne; Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester; and Prince George, Duke of Kent.[70] The next day, the last act of his reign was the royal assent to His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. As required by the Statute of Westminster, all the Dominions consented to the abdication.[71]", "Charter of Liberties. The drowning of his son, William, in the loss of the White Ship in 1120, led to the end of the Norman dynasty. Stephen of England claimed the throne in 1135. He was the last Norman king. His conflict with Henry's daughter Matilda led to The Anarchy.[14]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses. In 1377, Edward III died, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson Richard II. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.[34]", "Edward VIII. Edward VIII (Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David; 23 June 1894 – 28 May 1972) was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year, after which he became the Duke of Windsor.", "List of English monarchs. This list of kings and queens of the Kingdom of England begins with Alfred the Great, King of Wessex, one of the petty kingdoms to rule a portion of modern England. Alfred styled himself King of the Anglo-Saxons and while he was not the first king to lay claim to rule all of the English, his rule represents the first unbroken line of Kings to rule the whole of England, the House of Wessex.[1] The last monarch of a distinct kingdom of England was Queen Anne, who became Queen of Great Britain when England merged with Scotland to form a union in 1707. For monarchs after Queen Anne, see List of British monarchs.", "William IV of the United Kingdom. When King George IV died on 26 June 1830 without surviving legitimate issue, William succeeded him as King William IV. Aged 64, he was the oldest person yet to assume the British throne.[64] Unlike his extravagant brother, William was unassuming, discouraging pomp and ceremony. In contrast to George IV, who tended to spend most of his time in Windsor Castle, William was known, especially early in his reign, to walk, unaccompanied, through London or Brighton. Until the Reform Crisis eroded his standing, he was very popular among the people, who saw him as more approachable and down-to-earth than his brother.[65]", "George V. George V (George Frederick Ernest Albert; 3 June 1865 – 20 January 1936) was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936.", "History of England. With Henry VII's accession to the throne in 1485, the Wars of the Roses came to an end, and Tudors would continue to rule England for 118 years. Traditionally, the Battle of Bosworth Field is considered to mark the end of the Middle Ages in England, although Henry did not introduce any new concept of monarchy, and for most of his reign his hold on power was tenuous. He claimed the throne by conquest and God's judgement in battle. Parliament quickly recognized him as king, but the Yorkists were far from defeated. Nonetheless, he married Edward IV's eldest daughter Elizabeth in January 1486, thereby uniting the houses of York and Lancaster.", "List of English monarchs. Louis VIII of France briefly ruled about half of England from 1216 to 1217 at the conclusion of the First Barons' War against King John. On marching into London he was openly received by the rebel barons and citizens of London and proclaimed (though not crowned) king at St Paul's cathedral. Many nobles, including Alexander II of Scotland for his English possessions, gathered to give homage to him. However, in signing the Treaty of Lambeth in 1217, Louis conceded that he had never been the legitimate king of England.", "Charles I of England. Charles I (19 November 1600 – 30 January 1649[a]) was monarch of the three kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 27 March 1625 until his execution in 1649.", "George II of Great Britain. As king from 1727, George exercised little control over British domestic policy, which was largely controlled by the Parliament of Great Britain. As elector, he spent twelve summers in Hanover, where he had more direct control over government policy. He had a difficult relationship with his eldest son, Frederick, who supported the parliamentary opposition. During the War of the Austrian Succession, George participated at the Battle of Dettingen in 1743, and thus became the last British monarch to lead an army in battle. In 1745, supporters of the Catholic claimant to the British throne, James Francis Edward Stuart (\"The Old Pretender\"), led by James's son Charles Edward Stuart (\"The Young Pretender\" or \"Bonnie Prince Charlie\"), attempted and failed to depose George in the last of the Jacobite rebellions. Frederick died unexpectedly in 1751, nine years before his father, and so George II was ultimately succeeded by his grandson, George III.", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, Robert III, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, regents had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son James I, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. James II continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: James IV.[49]", "John, King of England. John (24 December 1166 – 19 October 1216), also known as John Lackland (Norman French: Johan sanz Terre),[1] was King of England from 1199 until his death in 1216. John lost the Duchy of Normandy to King Philip II of France, resulting in the collapse of most of the Angevin Empire and contributing to the subsequent growth in power of the Capetian dynasty during the 13th century. The baronial revolt at the end of John's reign led to the sealing of Magna Carta, a document sometimes considered an early step in the evolution of the constitution of the United Kingdom.", "List of English monarchs. Following the decisive Battle of Assandun on 18 October 1016, King Edmund signed a treaty with Cnut in which all of England except for Wessex would be controlled by Cnut.[38] Upon Edmund's death on 30 November, Cnut ruled the whole kingdom as its sole king.", "Wars of the Roses. The final victory went to a claimant of the Lancastrian party, Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, who defeated the last Yorkist king, Richard III, at the Battle of Bosworth Field. After assuming the throne as Henry VII, he married Elizabeth of York, the eldest daughter and heir of Edward IV, thereby uniting the two claims. The House of Tudor ruled the Kingdom of England until 1603, with the death of Elizabeth I, granddaughter of Henry VII and Elizabeth of York.", "Harold Godwinson. When in 1051 Earl Godwin was sent into exile, Harold accompanied his father and helped him to regain his position a year later. Then Godwin died in 1053, and Harold succeeded him as Earl of Wessex (the southern third of England). This arguably made him the most powerful figure in England after the king.[17]", "Monarchy of the United Kingdom. With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son, David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV, and then by William the Lion, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns.[44] William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades.[45] William died in 1214, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II. Alexander II, as well as his successor Alexander III, attempted to take over the Western Isles, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.[46]", "Edward VI of England. Edward VI (12 October 1537 – 6 July 1553) was King of England and Ireland from 28 January 1547 until his death. He was crowned on 20 February at the age of nine.[1] Edward was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, and England's first monarch to be raised as a Protestant. During his reign, the realm was governed by a regency council because he never reached his majority. The council was first led by his uncle Edward Seymour, 1st Duke of Somerset (1547–1549), and then by John Dudley, 1st Earl of Warwick (1550–1553), from 1551 Duke of Northumberland.", "List of British monarchy records. The longest-lived king was George III, who died at the age of 81 years, 239 days in 1820.", "Edward III of England. Edward did not have much to do with any of this; after around 1375 he played a limited role in the government of the realm. Around 29 September 1376 he fell ill with a large abscess. After a brief period of recovery in February 1377, the king died of a stroke at Sheen on 21 June.[74] He was succeeded by his ten-year-old grandson, King Richard II, son of the Black Prince, since the Black Prince himself had died on 8 June 1376.[75]" ]

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[ "Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean, also known as the Antarctic Ocean[1] or the Austral Ocean,[2][note 4] comprises the southernmost waters of the World Ocean, generally taken to be south of 60° S latitude and encircling Antarctica.[6] As such, it is regarded as the fourth-largest of the five principal oceanic divisions: smaller than the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans but larger than the Arctic Ocean.[7] This ocean zone is where cold, northward flowing waters from the Antarctic mix with warmer subantarctic waters.", "Southern Ocean. The Antarctic or Southern Ocean has been omitted from this publication as the majority of opinions received since the issue of the 2nd Edition in 1937 are to the effect that there exists no real justification for applying the term Ocean to this body of water, the northern limits of which are difficult to lay down owing to their seasonal change. The limits of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans have therefore been extended South to the Antarctic Continent.", "Southern Ocean. One reason for considering it as a separate ocean stems from the fact that much of the water of the Southern Ocean differs from the water in the other oceans. Water gets transported around the Southern Ocean fairly rapidly because of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current which circulates around Antarctica. Water in the Southern Ocean south of, for example, New Zealand, resembles the water in the Southern Ocean south of South America more closely than it resembles the water in the Pacific Ocean.", "Polar ecology. The Southern Ocean is 28,000,000 km2 (11,000,000 sq mi). This ocean contains the Weddell Sea and Ross Sea. The ocean contains large packs of ice that surrounds Antarctica.", "Borders of the oceans. The Southern Ocean contains the waters that surround Antarctica and sometimes is considered an extension of Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.[8]", "Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean, geologically the youngest of the oceans, was formed when Antarctica and South America moved apart, opening the Drake Passage, roughly 30 million years ago. The separation of the continents allowed the formation of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.", "Southern Ocean. The new delineation of seas being subdivisions of oceans has avoided the need to interrupt the northern boundary of the Southern Ocean where intersected by Drake Passage which includes all of the waters from South America to the Antarctic coast, nor interrupt it for the Scotia Sea, which also extends below the 60th parallel south. The new delineation of seas has also meant that the long-time named seas around Antarctica, excluded from the 1953 edition (the 1953 map did not even extend that far south), are 'automatically' part of the Southern Ocean.", "Southern Ocean. Several processes operate along the coast of Antarctica to produce, in the Southern Ocean, types of water masses not produced elsewhere in the oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. One of these is the Antarctic Bottom Water, a very cold, highly saline, dense water that forms under sea ice.", "Ocean fisheries. The Southern Ocean is the fourth-largest ocean, covering 20,327,000 square kilometers. It is typically between 4,000 and 5,000 meters deep with only limited areas of shallow water. The Antarctic continental shelf is narrow and unusually deep, its edge lying at up to 800 meters, compared to a global mean of 133 meters.", "Southern Ocean. In the 1928 first edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, the Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits: Antarctica to the south, and South America, Africa, Australia, and Broughton Island, New Zealand to the north.", "Southern Ocean. Other sources, such as the National Geographic Society, show the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans as extending to Antarctica on its maps, although articles on the National Geographic web site have begun to reference the Southern Ocean.[14]", "Southern Ocean. The Antarctic Convergence is considered to be the best natural definition of the northern extent of the Southern Ocean.[6]", "Southern Ocean. The Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources applies to the area south of 60° South latitude as well as the areas further north up to the limit of the Antarctic Convergence.[94]", "Southern Ocean. In Australia, cartographical authorities define the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand, and up to 60°s elsewhere.[34] Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean,[35] while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.[36]", "Southern Ocean. Despite this, the 4th edition definition has partial de facto usage by many nations, scientists and organisations such as the U.S. (the Central Intelligence Agency World Factbook uses \"Southern Ocean\" but none of the other new sea names within the \"Southern Ocean\" such as \"Cosmonauts Sea\") and Merriam-Webster,[7][10][14] scientists and nations – and even by some within the IHO.[32] Some nations' hydrographic offices have defined their own boundaries; the United Kingdom used the 55°S parallel for example.[27] Other organisations favour more northerly limits for the Southern Ocean. For example, the Encyclopædia Britannica describes the Southern Ocean as extending as far north as South America, and confers great significance on the Antarctic Convergence, yet its description of the Indian Ocean contradicts this, describing the Indian Ocean as extending south to Antarctica.[12][33]", "Southern Ocean. The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at 60°S (with no land interruptions at this latitude), with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly 50°S, but a few for as far north as 35°S.", "Borders of the oceans. In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Atlantic Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name \"Southern Ocean\" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's \"Southern Ocean\", omitted from the 3rd edition.", "Southern Ocean. Associated with the Circumpolar Current is the Antarctic Convergence encircling Antarctica, where cold northward-flowing Antarctic waters meet the relatively warmer waters of the subantarctic, Antarctic waters predominantly sink beneath subantarctic waters, while associated zones of mixing and upwelling create a zone very high in nutrients. These nurture high levels of phytoplankton with associated copepods and Antarctic krill, and resultant foodchains supporting fish, whales, seals, penguins, albatrosses and a wealth of other species.[65]", "Southern Ocean. Many nations prohibit the exploration for and the exploitation of mineral resources south of the fluctuating Antarctic Convergence,[91] which lies in the middle of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and serves as the dividing line between the very cold polar surface waters to the south and the warmer waters to the north. The Antarctic Treaty covers the portion of the globe south of sixty degrees south,[92] it prohibits new claims to Antarctica.[93]", "Southern Ocean. Sub-divisions of oceans are geographical features such as \"seas\", \"straits\", \"bays\", \"channels\", and \"gulfs\". There are many sub-divisions of the Southern Ocean defined in the never-approved 2002 draft fourth edition of the IHO publication Limits of Oceans and Seas. In clockwise order these include (with IHO sub-division chartlet numbers in parenthesis) the Weddell Sea (10.1), the Lazarev Sea (10.2), the Riiser-Larsen Sea (10.3), the Cosmonauts Sea (10.4), the Cooperation Sea (10.5), the Davis Sea (10.6), Tryoshnikova Gulf (10.6.1), the Mawson Sea (10.7), the Dumont D'Urville Sea (10.8), the Somov Sea (10.9), the Ross Sea (10.10), McMurdo Sound (10.10.1), the Amundsen Sea (10.11), the Bellingshausen Sea (10.12), part of the Drake Passage (10.13), Bransfield Strait (10.14) and part of the Scotia Sea (4.2).[29][note 7][note 8] A number of these such as the 2002 Russian-proposed \"Consmonauts Sea\", \"Cooperation Sea\", and \"Somov (mid-1950s Russian polar explorer) Sea\" are not included in the 1953 IHO document which remains currently in force,[27] because they received their names largely originated from 1962 onward. Leading geographic authorities and atlases do not use these latter three names, including the 2014 10th edition World Atlas from the United States' National Geographic Society and the 2014 12th edition of the British Times Atlas of the World, but Soviet and Russian-issued maps do.[62][63]", "Southern Ocean. Authors using \"Southern Ocean\" to name the waters encircling the unknown southern polar regions used varying limits. James Cook's account of his second voyage implies New Caledonia borders it.[19] Peacock's 1795 Geographical Dictionary said it lay \"to the southward of America and Africa\";[20] John Payne in 1796 used 40 degrees as the northern limit;[21] the 1827 Edinburgh Gazetteer used 50 degrees.[22] The Family Magazine in 1835 divided the \"Great Southern Ocean\" into the \"Southern Ocean\" and the \"Antarctick [sic] Ocean\" along the Antarctic Circle, with the northern limit of the Southern Ocean being lines joining Cape Horn, the Cape of Good Hope, Van Diemen's Land and the south of New Zealand.[23]", "Borders of the oceans. The IHO readdressed the question of the Southern Ocean in a survey in 2000. Of its 68 member nations, 28 responded, and all responding members except Argentina agreed to redefine the ocean, reflecting the importance placed by oceanographers on ocean currents. The proposal for the name Southern Ocean won 18 votes, beating the alternative Antarctic Ocean. Half of the votes supported a definition of the ocean's northern limit at 60°S (with no land interruptions at this latitude), with the other 14 votes cast for other definitions, mostly 50°S, but a few for as far north as 35°S.", "Southern Ocean. Borders and names for oceans and seas were internationally agreed when the International Hydrographic Bureau (IHB), the precursor to the IHO, convened the First International Conference on 24 July 1919. The IHO then published these in its Limits of Oceans and Seas, the first edition being 1928. Since the first edition, the limits of the Southern Ocean have moved progressively southwards; since 1953, it has been omitted from the official publication and left to local hydrographic offices to determine their own limits. The IHO included the ocean and its definition as the waters south of 60°S in its year 2000 revisions, but this has not been formally adopted, due to continuing impasses over other areas of the text, such as the naming dispute over the Sea of Japan. The 2000 IHO definition, however, was circulated in a draft edition in 2002 and is used by some within the IHO and by some other organizations such as the US Central Intelligence Agency[7] and Merriam-Webster.[note 5][10] Australian authorities regard the Southern Ocean as lying immediately south of Australia.[11][12] The National Geographic Society does not recognize the ocean,[2] depicting it (if at all) in a typeface different from the other world oceans; instead, it shows the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans extending to Antarctica on both its print and on line maps.[13][note 6] Map publishers using the term Southern Ocean on their maps include Hema Maps[15] and GeoNova.[16]", "Southern Ocean. Exploration of the Southern Ocean was inspired by a belief in the existence of a Terra Australis—a vast continent in the far south of the globe to \"balance\" the northern lands of Eurasia and North Africa—which had existed since the times of Ptolemy. The doubling of the Cape of Good Hope in 1487 by Bartolomeu Dias first brought explorers within touch of the Antarctic cold, and proved that there was an ocean separating Africa from any Antarctic land that might exist. Ferdinand Magellan, who passed through the Strait of Magellan in 1520, assumed that the islands of Tierra del Fuego to the south were an extension of this unknown southern land. In 1564, Abraham Ortelius published his first map, Typus Orbis Terrarum, an eight-leaved wall map of the world, on which he identified the Regio Patalis with Locach as a northward extension of the Terra Australis, reaching as far as New Guinea.[37][38]", "Antarctic bottom water. The Antarctic bottom water (AABW) is a type of water mass in the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica with temperatures ranging from −0.8 to 2 °C (35 °F), salinities from 34.6 to 34.7 psu. Being the densest water mass of the oceans, AABW is found to occupy the depth range below 4000 m of all ocean basins that have a connection to the Southern Ocean at that level.[1] The major significance of Antarctic bottom water is that it is the coldest bottom water, giving it a significant influence on the movement of the world's oceans. Antarctic bottom water also has a high oxygen content relative to the rest of the oceans' deep waters. This is due to the oxidation of deteriorating organic content in the rest of the deep oceans. Antarctic bottom water has thus been considered the ventilation of the deep ocean.[citation needed]", "Borders of the oceans. In Australia, cartographic authorities defined the Southern Ocean as including the entire body of water between Antarctica and the south coasts of Australia and New Zealand. This delineation is basically the same as the original (first) edition of the IHO publication and effectively the same as the second edition. In the second edition, the Great Australian Bight was defined as the only geographical entity between the Australian coast and the Southern Ocean. Coastal maps of Tasmania and South Australia label the sea areas as Southern Ocean,[20] while Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia is described as the point where the Indian and Southern Oceans meet.[21]", "Borders of the oceans. In its 2002 draft, the IHO redefined the Pacific Ocean, moving its southern limit to 60°S, with the waters south of that line identified as the Southern Ocean. This new definition has not yet been ratified (and, in addition, a reservation was lodged in 2003 by Australia.)[10] While the name \"Southern Ocean\" is frequently used, some geographic authorities such as the 10th edition of the World Atlas from the U.S. National Geographic Society generally show the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific Oceans continuing to Antarctica. If and when adopted, the 2002 definition would be published in the 4th edition of Limits of Oceans and Seas, re-instituting the 2nd edition's \"Southern Ocean\", omitted from the 3rd edition.", "Southern Ocean. The Southern Ocean did not appear in the 1953 third edition and a note in the publication read:", "Southern Ocean. As is discussed in more detail below (see section on '2002 delineation'), prior to the 2002 (draft) edition the limits of oceans explicitly excluded the seas lying within each of them. The Great Australian Bight was unnamed in the 1928 edition, and delineated as shown in the figure above in the 1937 edition. It therefore encompassed former Southern Ocean waters (as designated in 1928) but was technically not inside any of the three adjacent oceans by 1937. In the 2002 draft edition, the IHO have designated 'seas' as being subdivisions within 'oceans', so the Bight would have still been within the Southern Ocean in 1937 if the 2002 convention were in place then. To perform direct comparisons of current and former limits of oceans (for example to compare surface areas) it is necessary to consider, or at least be aware of, how the 2002 change in IHO terminology for 'seas' can affect the comparison.", "Borders of the oceans. In 1928, the first edition of the International Hydrographic Organization's (IHO) Limits of Oceans and Seas publication included the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. The Southern Ocean was delineated by land-based limits - the continent of Antarctica to the south, and the continents of South America, Africa, and Australia plus Broughton Island, New Zealand in the north. The detailed land-limits used were Cape Horn in South America, Cape Agulhas in Africa, the southern coast of Australia from Cape Leeuwin, Western Australia, to South East Cape, Tasmania, via the western edge of the water body of Bass Strait, and then Broughton Island before returning to Cape Horn.[14]", "Southern Ocean. In the second edition, the Southern Ocean then extended from Antarctica northwards to latitude 40°S between Cape Agulhas in Africa (long. 20°E) and Cape Leeuwin in Western Australia (long. 115°E), and extended to latitude 55°S between Auckland Island of New Zealand (165 or 166°E east) and Cape Horn in South America (67°W).[26]", "Southern Ocean. By way of his voyages in the 1770s, Captain James Cook proved that waters encompassed the southern latitudes of the globe. Since then, geographers have disagreed on the Southern Ocean's northern boundary or even existence, considering the waters as various parts of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, instead. However, according to Commodore John Leech of the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), recent oceanographic research has discovered the importance of Southern Circulation, and the term Southern Ocean has been used to define the body of water which lies south of the northern limit of that circulation.[8] This remains the current official policy of the IHO, since a 2000 revision of its definitions including the Southern Ocean as the waters south of the 60th parallel has not yet been adopted. Others regard the seasonally-fluctuating Antarctic Convergence as the natural boundary.[9]" ]

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[ "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Regiment was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare.[3] The 4,000 men who initially made up the unit in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2 times. In total, about 14,000 men served, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations (five earned in one month).[4]:201 Twenty-one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor.[2] Its motto was \"Go for Broke\".", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Regimental Combat Team was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in the history of American warfare.[3] The 4,000 men who initially came in April 1943 had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times. In total, about 14,000 men served, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations (5 earned in one month).[4]:201 Twenty-one of its members were awarded Medals of Honor.[2] Members of the 442nd received 18,143 awards, including:", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). One of the most decorated soldiers in World War II. The 100th had the dubious distinction of being called the \"Purple Heart Battalion\" because almost everyone who served in the 100th had at least one Purple Heart. Like the Tuskeegee Airmen, the 100th Battalion/ 442nd Regimental Combat Team had to fight two wars, one in Europe and one at home. At full strength the 442nd only numbered 4,500 men, but this unit earned over 3,900 individual decorations. -For more detail read the book \"Americans: The Story of the 442nd Combat Team\"", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In 2012, the surviving members of the 442nd RCT were made chevaliers of the French Légion d'Honneur for their actions contributing to the liberation of France during World War II and their heroic rescue of the Lost Battalion outside of Biffontaine.[38][39][40]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The record of the Japanese Americans serving in the 442nd and in the Military Intelligence Service (U.S. Pacific Theater forces in World War II) helped change the minds of anti-Japanese American critics in the U.S. and resulted in easing of restrictions and the eventual release of the 120,000 strong community well before the end of World War II.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Regimental Combat Team is an infantry regiment of the United States Army, part of the Army Reserve. The regiment was a fighting unit composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry who fought in World War II. Most of the families of mainland Japanese Americans were confined to internment camps in the United States interior. Beginning in 1944, the regiment fought primarily in Europe during World War II,[2] in particular Italy, southern France, and Germany.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd made a continuous push against the German Army and objectives began to fall: Ohio 1, 2, and 3, Mount Belvedere on 6 April by 2nd Battalion, Montignoso 8 April by 3rd Battalion, Mount Brugiana on 11 April by 2nd Battalion, Carrara by 3rd Battalion on 11 April, and Ortonovo by the 100th on 15 April. The 442 turned a surprise diversionary attack into an all-out offensive. The advance came so quickly that supply units had a hard time keeping up.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In front of the 442nd lay mountains code-named Georgia, Florida, Ohio 1, Ohio 2, Ohio 3, Monte Cerreta, Monte Folgorito, Monte Belvedere, Monte Carchio, and Monte Altissimo. These objectives hinged on surprising the Germans. The 100th went after Georgia Hill and the 3rd Battalion attacked Mount Folgorita. On 3 April the 442nd moved into position under the cover of nightfall to hide from the Germans who had good sight lines from their location on the mountains. The next day the 442nd waited. At 0500 the following morning they were ready to strike. A little over 30 minutes later objectives Georgia and Mount Folgorita were taken, cracking the Gothic Line. They achieved surprise and forced the enemy to retreat. After counterattacking, the Germans were defeated. During this time, 2nd Battalion was moving into position at Mount Belvedere, which overlooked Massa and the Frigido River.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). For the first three weeks of July the 442nd and its 1st Battalion, the 100th, were constantly attacking German forces, leading to 1,100 enemy killed and 331 captured.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). After leaving Naples, the 442nd landed in Marseille on 30 September and for the next few weeks they traveled 500 miles (800 km) through the Rhone Valley, by walking and by boxcar, until 13 October. On 14 October 1944 the 442nd began moving into position in the late afternoon preparing the assault on Hills A, B, C, and D of Bruyères. Each hill was heavily guarded, as each hill was key in order to take and secure the city. Hill A was located Northwest of Bruyères, Hill B to the North, Hill C Northeast, and Hill D to the East. The 442nd had experienced mainly prairie in Italy, but the Vosges Mountains provided a very different terrain. The unit faced dense fog, mud, heavy rain, large trees, hills, and heavy enemy gunfire and artillery while moving through the Vosges. Hitler had ordered the German frontline to fight at all costs as this was the last barrier between the Allied forces and Germany. On 15 October 1944 the 442nd began its attack on Bruyères. The 100th Battalion moved on Hill A, which was held by the SS Polizei Regiment 19, as 2nd Battalion moved in on Hill B. Third Battalion was left to take Bruyères.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). One notable effect of 442nd's service was to help convince Congress to end its opposition towards Hawaii's statehood petition. Twice before 1959, residents of Hawaii asked to be admitted to the U.S. as the 49th state.[citation needed] The exemplary record of the Japanese-Americans serving in the 442nd and the loyalty showed by the rest of Hawaii's population during World War II allowed Hawaii to be admitted as the 50th state (Alaska was granted statehood just prior).", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On 23 March 1945 the 100/442 shipped out from Marseille and traveled to Leghorn, Italy, attached to the 92nd Division. The Fifth Army had been stalemated at the Gothic Line for the prior five months. The 442nd faced extremely tough terrain, where the saw-toothed Apennines rose up from the Ligurian Sea. Starting from the northeast, the peaks hugged the east coast of Italy and stretched diagonally southward across the Italian boot. To the west, on the other side of the mountains, was the wide flat Po River Valley that led to the Austrian Alps—the last barrier to Germany. For nine months German Field Marshal Albert Kesselring directed the construction of the Gothic Line along the top of the Apennines. The Todt Organization (known for its fortifications at Monte Cassino) used 15,000 Italian slave laborers. They drilled into solid rock to make gun pits and trenches, which they reinforced with concrete. They built 2,376 machine gun nests with interlocking fire.[14]:105–7", "Internment of Japanese Americans. The 442nd Regimental Combat Team, which fought in Europe, was formed from those Japanese Americans who agreed to serve. This unit was the most highly decorated U.S. military unit of its size and duration.[140] The 442nd's Nisei segregated field artillery battalion, then on detached service within the U.S. Army in Bavaria, liberated at least one of the satellite labor camps of the Nazis' original concentration camp at Dachau on April 29, 1945,[141] and only days later, on May 2, halted a death march in southern Bavaria.[142][143]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Following the tough battle through the Vosges Mountains, the 442nd was sent to the Maritime Alps and the French Riviera. It was a walk in the park compared to what they had experienced in October. Little to no action occurred in the next four months as they rested.[citation needed] The 442nd guarded and patrolled a twelve to fourteen-mile front line segment of the French-Italian border. This part of the 442nd's journey gained the name \"Champagne Campaign\" because of the available wine, women, and merry times.[citation needed] The 442nd experienced additional losses as patrols sometimes ran into enemy patrols, or sometimes soldiers stepped on enemy and allied land mines. Occasionally, soldiers of the 442nd captured spies and saboteurs.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On the Italian front, the 442nd had contact with the only segregated African-American active combat unit of the U.S. Army in Europe, the 92nd Infantry Division, as well as troops of the British and French colonial empires (West and East Africans, Moroccans, Algerians, Indians, Gurkhas, Jews from the Palestine mandate)[32] and the non-segregated Brazilian Expeditionary Force[33] which had in its ranks ethnic Japanese.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). From 20 to 22 March, the 442 and the 232 shipped off to Italy from France but the 522nd Field Artillery Battalion was sent to another part of Europe. They traveled northwards some 600 miles (970 km) through the Rhone Valley and stopped at Kleinblittersdorf on the east bank of the Saar River. The 522nd aided the 63rd Division on the Siegfried Line defenses south of St. Ingbert from 12–21 March.[9]:99 The 522nd became a roving battalion, supporting nearly two dozen army units along the front traveling a total of 1,100 miles (1,800 km) across Germany and accomplishing every objective of their fifty-two assignments.[11]:239 The 522nd was the only Nisei unit to fight in Germany. On 29 April scouts of the 522nd located a satellite camp of the infamous Dachau concentration camp next to the small Bavarian town of Lager Lechfeld, adjacent to Hurlach. Scouts from the 522nd were among the first Allied troops to release prisoners from the Kaufering IV Hurlach satellite camp, one of nearly 170 such camps, where more than 3,000 prisoners were held.[22]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). According to author and historian Tom Coffman, men of the 442nd dreaded returning home as second-class citizens. In Hawaii these men became involved in a peaceful movement. It has been described as the 442nd returning from the battles in Europe to the battle at home. The non-violent revolution was successful and put veterans in public office in what became known as the Revolution of 1954.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). A nationwide campaign to urge the U.S. Postal Service to issue a commemorative postage stamp to honor the contributions of the Japanese American soldiers of World War II was begun in 2006 in California.[45]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). On 5 October 2010, the Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, the 100th Infantry Battalion, and Nisei serving in the Military Intelligence Service.[37]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). During and after the war, the 442nd was repeatedly commemorated for their efforts in the Vosges Mountains. A commissioned painting now hangs in The Pentagon depicting their fight to reach the \"Lost Battalion.\"[14]:89 A memorial was erected in Biffontaine by Gerard Henry, later the town's mayor. A monument was established in Bruyeres to mark the liberation of that city. At first a narrow road led to the monument, but the road was later widened to accommodate four tour buses and is now named \"The Avenue of the 442nd Infantry Regiment\" in honor of those brave soldiers.[11]:201", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). All three companies went into action boldly facing murderous fire from all types of weapons and tanks and at times fighting without artillery support... The stubborn desire of the men to close with a numerically superior enemy and the rapidity with which they fought enabled the 100th Infantry Battalion to destroy completely the right flank positions of a German Army... The fortitude and intrepidity displayed by the officers and men of the 100th Infantry Battalion reflects the finest traditions of the Army of the United States.[11]:149 Presidential Unit Citation Review", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd, along with its first battalion, the 100th, kept driving the enemy north, engaging in multiple skirmishes until they had passed Sassetta. The battle of Belvedere showed that the 442nd could hold their own and showed them the kind of fighting the 100th Battalion had gone through in the prior months. After only a few days of rest, the united 442nd again entered into combat on 1 July, taking Cecina and moving towards the Arno River. On 2 July, as the 442nd approached the Arno, 5th Battalion engaged in a hard-fought battle to take Hill 140, while on 7 July the 100th fought for the town of Castellina Marittima.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd Combat Team, less its 1st Battalion, which had remained in the U.S. to train Nisei replacements after many of its members were levied as replacements for the 100th, sailed from Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 1 May 1944 and landed at Anzio on 28 May. The 442nd would join the 100th Battalion in Civitavecchia north of Rome on 11 June 1944, attached to the 34th Infantry Division. The 100th was placed under the command of the 442nd on 15 June 1944 but on 14 August 1944, the 100th Battalion was officially assigned to the 442nd as its 1st battalion, but was allowed to keep its unit designation in recognition of its distinguished fighting record. The 1st Battalion, 442nd Infantry at Camp Shelby was then redesignated the 171st Infantry Battalion (Separate) on 5 September 1944. The 100th Battalion's high casualty rate at Anzio and Monte Cassino earned it the unofficial nickname \"Purple Heart Battalion.\"[8]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). While the Varsity Victory Volunteers proved their dedication to the United States, the 100th performed so well in training that, on 1 February 1943, the U.S. government reversed its decision on Japanese Americans serving in the armed forces. It approved the formation of a Japanese-American combat unit. A few days later, the government required that all internees answer a loyalty questionnaire, which was used to register the Nisei for the draft. Question 27 of the questionnaire asked eligible males, \"Are you willing to serve in the armed forces of the United States on combat duty, wherever ordered?\" and question 28 asked, \"Will you swear unqualified allegiance to the United States of America and faithfully defend the United States from any or all attack by foreign or domestic forces, and forswear any form of allegiance or obedience to the Japanese emperor, or any other foreign government, power or organization?\"", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The 442nd is commonly reported[34] to have suffered a casualty rate of 314 percent, informally derived from 9,486 Purple Hearts divided by some 3,000 original in-theater personnel. The official casualty rate, combining KIA (killed) with MIA (missing) and WIA (wounded and removed from action) totals, as a fraction of all who served, is 93%, still uncommonly high.[citation needed] Many Purple Hearts were awarded during the Vosges Mountains campaign and some of the wounded were victims of trenchfoot. But many trenchfoot victims were forced—or willingly chose—to return to their unit even while classified as \"wounded in action\". Wounded soldiers often escaped from hospitals to return to the fight.[citation needed]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). After heavy fighting dealing with enemy machine guns and snipers and a continuous artillery barrage placed onto the Germans, the 100th Battalion was eventually able to take Hill A by 3 a.m. on 18 October. 2nd Battalion took Hill B in a similar fashion only hours later. Once Hill A and B were secured, 3rd Battalion along with the 36th Infantry's 142nd Regiment began its assault from the south. After the 232nd broke through the concrete barriers around town hall of Bruyères, the 442nd captured 134 Wehrmacht members including Poles, Yugoslavs, Somalis, East Indians of the Regiment \"Freies Indien\", 2nd and 3rd Company of Fusilier Battalion 198, Grenadier Regiment 736, and Panzer Grenadier Regiment 192.[17]:43 After three days of fighting Bruyères fell but was not yet secured. Germans on Hill C and D used that high-ground to launch artillery barrages on the town; Hills C and D needed to be taken to secure Bruyères.[14]:60", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). The newly formed Nisei unit went into battle together on 26 June 1944 at the village of Belvedere in Suvereto, Tuscany. Although the 100th was attached to the 442nd, their actions earned them a separate Presidential Unit Citation. Second and Third Battalions were the first to engage the enemy, in a fierce firefight. F Company bore the worst fighting. A, B, and C Companies of the 100th were called into combat and advanced east using a covered route to reach the high ground northeast of Belvedere.[9]:34 The enemy did not know that the 100th was flanking the German exit, trapping them in Belvedere. C Company blocked the town's entrance while A Company blocked the exit. As this was occurring the 442nd's 2nd Battalion was receiving a heavy barrage by the Germans from inside Belvedere, and the Germans remained unaware of their situation. B Company stayed on the high ground and conducted a surprise attack on the German battalion's exposed east flank, forcing the Germans to flee and run into C Company, which then drove the Germans to A Company.[10]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). At 4 a.m. on Friday 27 October, General John E. Dahlquist ordered the 442nd to move out and rescue the cut-off battalion. The 442nd had the support of the 522nd and 133rd Field Artillery units but at first made little headway against German General Richter's infantry and artillery front line.[17]:66 For the next few days the 442nd engaged in the heaviest fighting it had seen in the war, as the elements combined with the Germans to slow their advance. Dense fog and very dark nights prevented the men from seeing even twenty feet. Many men had to hang onto the man in front of him just to know where to go. Rainfall, snow, cold, mud, fatigue, trench foot, and even exploding trees plagued them as they moved deeper into the Vosges and closer to the German frontlines.[11]:185,187 The 141st continued fighting—in all directions.", "History of Hawaii. Many Hawaiians served in the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, a U.S. Army infantry regiment . The regiment was composed almost entirely of American soldiers of Japanese ancestry. The regiment fought primarily in Italy, southern France and Germany. The 442nd Regiment was the most decorated unit for its size and length of service in American history. Its 4,000 members had to be replaced nearly 2.5 times due to casualties. In total, about 14,000 men served, earning 9,486 Purple Hearts. The unit was awarded eight Presidential Unit Citations (five in one month). Twenty-one of its members, including Hawaii U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye were awarded Medals of Honor. Its motto was \"Go for Broke\".[141]", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Hill 140 was the main line of enemy resistance. A single German battalion held the hill and, along with the help of artillery, had completely wiped out a machine-gun squad of L Company of the 3rd Battalion and G Company of 2nd Battalion except for its commander.[9]:36 A constant barrage of artillery shells were launched against the 2nd and 3rd Battalions as they dug in at the hill's base. The 442nd gained very little ground in the coming days only improving their position slightly. The 232nd Engineers aided the 442nd by defusing landmines that lay in the 442nd's path. The entire 34th Division front encountered heavy resistance. \"All along the 34th Infantry Division Front the Germans held more doggedly than at any time since the breakthrough at Cassino and Anzio.\"[9]:37 Hill 140 had been dubbed \"Little Cassino\" as the resistance by the Germans was so fierce. \"Hill 140, when the medics were just overrun with all the casualties; casualties you couldn't think to talk about.\"[12] The 2nd Battalion moved to the eastern front of Hill 140 and 3rd Battalion moved to the western front, both converging on the German flanks. It wasn't until 7 July when the last German resistance was taken down that the hill came under the 34th Division's control.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). In August 2004, the battalion was mobilized for duty in Iraq, stationed at Logistics Support Area Anaconda in the city of Balad, which is located about 50 miles northwest of Baghdad. Lt. Colonel Colbert Low assumed command of the battalion only a few weeks after the battalion arrived at Logistical Support Area Anaconda. As of January 2006, the 100th had returned home with the exception of some 100 artillery personnel. One soldier was killed by an improvised explosive device attack. Four members of the battalion were killed in action before the battalion returned home in January 2006. During the year-long deployment, one of Charlie Company's attached platoons, call sign COBRA BLACK 1 discovered over 50 weapons caches.[citation needed] Their techniques in plotting the enemy's likely caches sites allowed Cobra Black 1 to systematically detect and destroy some of the largest stores of mortars, rockets, IEDs and ammunition in the area of operation in and around LSA Anaconda. Their success led to a dramatic decrease in IED attacks and indirect fire into LSA Anaconda.[citation needed] Unlike the soldiers of World War II who were predominantly Japanese Americans, these soldiers came from as far away as Miami, Florida, Tennessee, Alaska and included soldiers from Hawaii, Philippines, Samoa and Palau.", "442nd Infantry Regiment (United States). Although the order did not refer specifically to people of Japanese ancestry, it was targeted largely for the internment of people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast. In March 1942, Lieutenant General John L. DeWitt, head of the Western Defense Command and Fourth Army, issued the first of 108 military proclamations that resulted in the forced relocation from their residences to guarded relocation camps of more than 110,000 people of Japanese ancestry from the West Coast, the great majority of the ethnic community. Two thirds were born in the United States." ]

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[ "Special Period. The dissolution of the Soviet Union hit the Cuban economy severely. The country lost approximately 80% of its imports, 80% of its exports and its Gross Domestic Product dropped by 34%. Food and medicine imports stopped or severely slowed. The largest immediate impact was the loss of nearly all of the petroleum imports from the USSR;[2] Cuba's oil imports dropped to 10% of pre-1990 amounts.[3] Before this, Cuba had been re-exporting any Soviet petroleum it did not consume to other nations for profit, meaning that petroleum had been Cuba's second largest export product before 1990. Once the restored Russian Federation emerged from the former Soviet Union, its administration immediately made clear that it had no intention of delivering petroleum that had been guaranteed the island by the USSR; this resulted in a decrease in Cuban consumption by 20% of its previous level within two years.[2][4] The effect was felt immediately. Entirely dependent on fossil fuels to operate, the major underpinnings of Cuban society—its transport, industrial and agricultural systems—were paralyzed. There were extensive losses of productivity in both Cuban agriculture—which was dominated by modern industrial tractors, combines, and harvesters, all of which required petroleum to run—and in Cuban industrial capacity.", "Cuba. After the Cuban revolution and before the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba depended on Moscow for substantial aid and sheltered markets for its exports. The loss of these subsidies sent the Cuban economy into a rapid depression known in Cuba as the Special Period. Cuba took limited free market-oriented measures to alleviate severe shortages of food, consumer goods, and services. These steps included allowing some self-employment in certain retail and light manufacturing sectors, the legalization of the use of the US dollar in business, and the encouragement of tourism. Cuba has developed a unique urban farm system called organopónicos to compensate for the end of food imports from the Soviet Union. The U.S. embargo against Cuba was instituted in response to nationalization of U.S.-citizen-held property and was maintained at the premise of perceived human rights violations. It is widely viewed that the embargo hurt the Cuban economy. In 2009, the Cuban Government estimated this loss at $685 million annually.[196]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had an immediate and devastating effect on Cuba. Cuba lost valuable aid and trading privileges after the fall of the Soviet Union, soon after entering a fiscal crisis.[24] While throughout the 1990s and into the present, Cuba maintained and built up relationships with other Latin American neighbors and non-aligned countries, as the only Marxist nation within the Western Hemisphere, Cuba was no longer able to maintain their political status.[25] After the shift to world market prices under the 1991 trade agreement and the dissolution of CMEA, which had once accounted for almost 85 percent of Cuban trade, trade with the Soviet Union declined by more than 90 percent. The Soviet Union alone imported 80% of all Cuban sugar and 40% of all Cuban citrus. Oil imports dropped from 13 million tons in 1989 to about 3 million tons in 1993 from Russia.[26] The end of communism in Europe resulted in the end of Cuban-Soviet relations and great isolation and economic hardship in Cuba.", "United States embargo against Cuba. By 1989, with the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Cuba witnessed its most devastating economic crises. Cuba's GDP plummeted 34% and trade with the nations apart of the Council of Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA) declined by 56%.[37] Between 1989 and 1992 the termination of traditional trade partnerships with the Soviet bloc caused the total value of Cuba's exports to fall by 61% and imports to drop by approximately 72%. This period is known as the Special Period.[38] Supporters of the embargo and many international economists believed that the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the resultant economic crisis would lead to the downfall of Fidel Castro’s government. Cuba's government however instituted a campaign of macroeconomic adjustment and liberalization which helped significant economic recovery.[37]", "Economy of Cuba. The country achieved a more even distribution of income since the Cuban Revolution, which was followed by an economic embargo by the United States. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union, Cuba's GDP declined by 33% between 1990 and 1993, partially due to loss of Soviet subsidies[11] and to a crash in sugar prices in the early 1990s. Cuba retains high levels of healthcare and education.[12]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The Soviet Union faced a varying array of problems when Gorbachev took power after the death of former General Secretary, Konstantin Chernenko, in 1985. However, Gorbachev’s attempts at reforms not only provoked the strengthening of a vocal opposition frustrated over the pace of reforms, but it also placed the Soviets at odds with Cuba. The transition during perestroika towards market reforms weakened Soviet currency, resulting in a reduction of basic subsidies and widespread shortages of basic goods, a loss of jobs, and decreased productivity.[12] These economic difficulties spread to other areas of Eastern Europe and other Soviet satellites, such as Cuba. In essence, perestroika progressively undermined the Soviet Union’s ability to live up to its economic commitments to Cuba.[13]", "Economy of Cuba. The Cuban economy has yet to recover from a decline in gross domestic product of at least 35% between 1989 and 1993 due to the loss of 80% of its trading partners[clarification needed] and Soviet subsidies.[34] This loss of subsidies coincided with a collapse in world sugar prices. Sugar had done well from 1985–90 and crashed precipitously in 1990–91 and did not recover for five years. Cuba had been insulated from world sugar prices by Soviet price guarantees.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. After the establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union after the Cuban Revolution of 1959, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military aid, becoming an ally of the Soviet Union during the Cold War. In 1972 Cuba joined the COMECON, an economic organization of states designed to create cooperation among the socialist planned economies dominated by the large economy of the Soviet Union. Moscow kept in regular contact with Havana, sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1991. After the demise of the Soviet Union, Cuba entered an era of economic hardship known as the Special Period in Time of Peace.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. More fundamental change in Soviet-Cuba economic relations came with a new one-year trade agreement (as opposed to five-year) signed in late 1990.[18] The agreement set sugar at world market prices with the intent to end some of Cuba’s dependence on the Soviet Union. Then, in June 1991, the Soviets disbanded the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), a huge basis for their alliance in the past, further straining the economic situation in Cuba.[18]", "Havana. A severe economic downturn occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991. Soviet subsidies ended, representing billions of dollars which the Soviet Union had given the Cuban government. Many believed that Havana's Soviet-backed régime would soon vanish, as happened to the Soviet satellite states of Eastern Europe. However, contrary to events in Europe, Havana's communist régime continued during the 1990s.", "Economy of Cuba. This era was referred to as the \"Special Period in Peacetime\" later shortened to \"Special Period\". A Canadian Medical Association Journal paper claimed that \"The famine in Cuba during the Special Period was caused by political and economic factors similar to the ones that caused a famine in North Korea in the mid-1990s, on the grounds that both countries were run by authoritarian regimes that denied ordinary people the food to which they were entitled to when the public food distribution collapsed and priority was given to the elite classes and the military.\"[35] Other reports painted an equally dismal picture, describing Cubans having to resort to eating anything they could find, from Havana Zoo animals to domestic cats.[36] But although the collapse of centrally planned economies in the Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern bloc subjected Cuba to severe economic difficulties, which led to a drop in calories per day from 3052 in 1989 to 2600 in 2006, mortality rates were not strongly affected thanks to the priority given on maintaining a social safety net.[37]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. By 1990, Moscow found it increasingly difficult to meet their economic responsibilities to Cuba. While in 1985 they had paid over 11 times the world price for Cuban sugar, in 1989 they only paid three times the price.[18] As the economy continued to decline, members of the Soviet elite grew more critical of the unequal terms of trade. For many, “it seemed contrary to the nature of perestroika to continue to prop up an inefficient Cuban economy while struggling to reform the Soviet economy.”[18] This forced the Cuban government to search elsewhere for foreign investment and trade. In what was called a “zero option approach,” the Cuban government in 1990 and 1991 established tariff-free trading agreements to boost imports and exports, gave foreign entities more autonomy and generous tax incentives, and began to diversify the economy, focusing more on the pharmaceutical industry and tourism.[19]", "History of Cuba. Starting from the mid-1980s,[146] Cuba experienced a crisis referred to as the \"Special Period\". When the Soviet Union, the country's primary source of trade, was dissolved in late 1991, a major supporter of Cuba's economy was lost, leaving it essentially paralyzed because of the economy's narrow basis, focused on just a few products with just a few buyers. National oil supplies, which were mostly imported, were severely reduced. Over 80% of Cuba's trade was lost and living conditions declined. A \"Special Period in Peacetime\" was declared, which included cutbacks on transport and electricity and even food rationing. In response, the United States tightened up its trade embargo, hoping it would lead to Castro's downfall. But the government tapped into a pre-revolutionary source of income and opened the country to tourism, entering into several joint ventures with foreign companies for hotel, agricultural and industrial projects. As a result, the use of U.S. dollars was legalized in 1994, with special stores being opened which only sold in dollars. There were two separate economies, dollar-economy and the peso-economy, creating a social split in the island because those in the dollar-economy made much more money (as in the tourist-industry). However, in October 2004, the Cuban government announced an end to this policy: from November U.S. dollars would no longer be legal tender in Cuba, but would instead be exchanged for convertible pesos (since April 2005 at the exchange rate of $1.08) with a 10% tax payable to the state on the exchange of U.S. dollars cash – though not on other forms of exchange.", "Cuba. Castro's rule was severely tested in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse in 1991 (known in Cuba as the Special Period). The country faced a severe economic downturn following the withdrawal of Soviet subsidies worth $4 billion to $6 billion annually, resulting in effects such as food and fuel shortages.[113][114] The government did not accept American donations of food, medicines, and cash until 1993.[113] On 5 August 1994, state security dispersed protesters in a spontaneous protest in Havana.[115]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. When Gorbachev came to power in March 1985, Cuba remained an important Cold War propaganda tool for the Soviet Union. Economic investment and trade in Cuba was at its highest; in 1985 trade between the two nations accounted for over 70 percent of Cuba’s entire trade.[11] The two nations continued to collaborate on projects in the sciences, technology, sports, and education.[9] However, throughout the Gorbachev era diplomatic relations cooled until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the termination of Soviet-Cuban relations.", "Economy of Cuba. Cuba has a planned economy dominated by state-run enterprises. Most industries are owned and operated by the government and most of the labor force is employed by the state. Following the fall of the Soviet Union, the Communist Party encouraged the formation of worker co-operatives and self-employment.", "Economy of Cuba. Although the Soviet Union offered subsidies to Cuba beginning shortly after the Revolution, comparative economic data from 1989 showed that the amount of Soviet aid was in line with the amount of Western aid to other Latin American countries.[33]", "Cuban Revolution. Following the American embargo, the Soviet Union became Cuba's main ally.[11] The two Communist countries quickly developed close military and intelligence ties, culminating in the stationing of Soviet nuclear weapons in Cuba in 1962, an act which triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis. Cuba maintained close links to the Soviets until the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991. The end of Soviet economic aid led to an economic crisis and famine known as the Special Period in Cuba.[76]", "Economy of Cuba. Government efforts to lower subsidies to unprofitable enterprises and to shrink the money supply caused the semi-official exchange rate for the Cuban peso to move from a peak of 120 to the dollar in the summer of 1994 to 21 to the dollar by year-end 1999. The drop in GDP apparently halted in 1994, when Cuba reported 0.7% growth, followed by increases of 2.5% in 1995 and 7.8% in 1996. Growth slowed again in 1997 and 1998 to 2.5% and 1.2% respectively. One of the key reasons given was the failure to notice that sugar production had become uneconomic. Reflecting on the Special period Cuban president Fidel Castro later admitted that many mistakes had been made, \"The country had many economists and it is not my intention to criticize them, but I would like to ask why we hadn’t discovered earlier that maintaining our levels of sugar production would be impossible. The Soviet Union had collapsed, oil was costing $40 a barrel, sugar prices were at basement levels, so why did we not rationalize the industry?\"[38] Living conditions in 1999 remained well below the 1989 level.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. After the failed coup attempt on August 1991, Cuban leaders, feeling they had less to lose, began to openly criticize the reforms in the U.S.S.R. An editorial in Granma several days after the coup wrote, “in the Soviet Union, politicians favor the process of privatization and the acceleration to the market economy. These positions have resulted in the development of these events.”[23]", "History of Cuba. Cuba's labour regulations ultimately caused economic stagnation. Hugh Thomas asserts that \"militant unions succeeded in maintaining the position of unionized workers and, consequently, made it difficult for capital to improve efficiency.\"[106] Between 1933 and 1958, Cuba increased economic regulation enormously.[92] The regulation led to declining investment.[92] The World Bank also complained that the Batista administration raised the tax burden without assessing its impact. Unemployment was high; many university graduates could not find jobs.[92] After its earlier meteoric rise, the Cuban gross domestic product grew at only 1% annually on average between 1950 and 1958.[98]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. With Cuba’s proximity to the United States, Castro and his regime became an important Cold War ally for the Soviets. The relationship was for the most part an economic one, with the Soviet Union providing military, economic and political assistance to Cuba. In 1972, Cuba gained membership into the Council of Mutual Economic Aid (CMEA), which enhanced strong cooperation in the realm of national economic planning and gave Moscow increasingly more economic control over Cuba.[9] From 1976 to 1980, the Soviets invested $1.7 billion (USD) on the construction and remodeling of Cuban factories and industry. Additionally, between 1981 and 1984 Cuba received approximately $750 million (USD) a year in Soviet military assistance.[10]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. During the period from 1985-1991, Soviet-Cuban relations continued, as Moscow wanted the relationship reformed, not terminated and the Cubans relied on continued Soviet investment and trade. Perestroika and Gorbachev’s other reforms quickly eroded the economic and political alliance between the Cubans and Soviets as it became increasingly difficult for the Soviets to maintain their trade commitments to Cuba. After 1989 Castro publicly criticized Soviet reformism, yet he hoped Soviet communism would survive perestroika.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. Even in the 1980s the Soviet aid wasn't very important, but rather a regular trade with Cuba of more than $8.5 billion in 1989 was reached. But already in 1990 the trade was reduced to $4.5 billion.[17]", "Economy of Cuba. After the USSR and Cuba reestablished their diplomatic relations in May 1960, the USSR began to buy Cuban sugar in exchange for oil. When oil refineries like, Shell, Texaco, and Esso refused to refine Soviet oil, Castro nationalized that industry as well, taking over the refineries on the island.[28] Days later in response, the United States cut the Cuban Sugar Quota completely, Eisenhower was quoted saying \"This action amounts to economic sanctions against, Cuba. Now we must look ahead to other moves - economic, diplomatic, and strategic\".[28]", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. Washington's increasing economic embargo led Cuba to hurriedly seek new markets to avert economic disaster. Castro asked for help from the Soviets and in response Khrushchev approved the temporary purchase of Cuban sugar in exchange for Soviet fuel. This deal was to play a part in sustaining the Cuban economy for many years to come. Following the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of 1961, Fidel Castro announced publicly that Cuba was to become a socialist republic. Khrushchev sent congratulations to Castro for repelling the invasion, but privately believed the Americans would soon bring the weight of their regular army to bear. The defense of Cuba became a matter of prestige for the Soviet Union, and Khruschev believed that the U.S. would block all access to the island whether by sea or air.", "Cuba–Soviet Union relations. The effects of glasnost on political criticism and discussion in the U.S.S.R. further strained the Cuban-Soviet relationship. While Cuba took a cautious approach in reacting to Gorbachev’s reforms, post-1987 the Soviet elite grew more critical of Soviet foreign policy towards Cuba. Critical articles in Soviet newspapers soon emerged, focusing on the lack of efficiency of the Cuban economy and the illogical nature of the terms of trade.[14] Although Havana could not afford to upset the Soviets due to economic dependence on their ally, in November 1989 Castro banned the sale of Soviet publications on the island. He stated, “we could not hesitate to prevent the circulation of certain Soviet publications which have been against the policies of… socialism. They are for the ideas of imperialism, change and the counter-revolution.”[15]", "Foreign relations of Cuba. When Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev visited Cuba in 1989, the comradely relationship between Havana and Moscow was strained by Gorbachev's implementation of economic and political reforms in the USSR. \"We are witnessing sad things in other socialist countries, very sad things\", lamented Castro in November 1989, in reference to the changes that were sweeping such communist allies as the Soviet Union, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland.[17] The subsequent dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 had an immediate and devastating effect on Cuba.", "Havana. After the revolution of 1959, the new régime under Fidel Castro promised to improve social services, public housing, and official buildings. Nevertheless, after Castro's abrupt expropriation of all private property and industry (May 1959 onwards) under a strong communist model backed by the Soviet Union followed by the U.S. embargo, shortages that affected Cuba in general hit Havana especially hard. By 1966–68, the Cuban government had nationalized all privately owned business entities in Cuba, down to \"certain kinds of small retail forms of commerce\" (law No. 1076[25]).", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Following the establishment of diplomatic ties, and after the Cuban missile crisis in 1962, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Cuba was able to build a large military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The Soviets also kept in close touch with Havana, sharing varying close relations until the collapse of the bloc in 1990.", "Foreign relations of Cuba. Following the establishment of diplomatic ties to the Soviet Union, and after the Cuban Missile Crisis, Cuba became increasingly dependent on Soviet markets and military and economic aid. Castro was able to build a formidable military force with the help of Soviet equipment and military advisors. The KGB kept in close touch with Havana, and Castro tightened Communist Party control over all levels of government, the media, and the educational system, while developing a Soviet-style internal police force.", "Agriculture in Cuba. Before the revolution 1959, the agricultural sector in Cuba was largely oriented towards and dominated by the US economy. After the Cuban Revolution, the revolutionary government nationalised farmland, and the Soviet Union supported Cuban agriculture by paying premium prices for Cuba's main agricultural product, sugarcane, and by delivering fertilizers. Sugar was bought by the Soviets at more than five times the market price. 95% of its citrus crop was exported to the COMECON. On the other hand, the Soviets provided Cuba with 63% of its food imports and 90% of its petrol.[6]" ]

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[ "Euridice (Peri). The opera was first performed in Florence on 6 October 1600 at the Palazzo Pitti with Peri himself singing the role of Orfeo.[2]", "Italian opera. The staging in 1600 of Peri's opera Euridice as part of the celebrations for a Medici wedding, the occasions for the most spectacular and internationally famous intermedi of the previous century, was probably a crucial development for the new form, putting it in the mainstream of lavish courtly entertainment.", "Euridice (Peri). Euridice (also Erudice or Eurydice) is an opera by Jacopo Peri, with additional music by Giulio Caccini. It is the earliest surviving opera, Peri's earlier Dafne being lost. (Caccini wrote his own \"Euridice\" even as he supplied music to Peri's opera, published this version before Peri's was performed, in 1600, and got it staged two years later.) The libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini is based on books X and XI of Ovid's Metamorphoses[1]\nwhich recount the story of the legendary musician Orpheus and his wife Euridice.", "Euridice (Peri). Euridice was created for the marriage of King Henry IV of France and Maria de Medici. The composition is typically considered to be the second work of modern opera, and the first such musical drama to survive to the present day. (The first, Dafne, was written by the same authors in 1597.)", "Italian opera. The music of Dafne is now lost. The first opera for which music has survived was performed in 1600 at the wedding of Henry IV of France and Marie de Medici at the Pitti Palace in Florence. The opera, Euridice, with a libretto by Rinuccini, set to music by Peri and Giulio Caccini, recounted the story of Orpheus and Eurydice. The style of singing favored by Peri and Caccini was a heightened form of natural speech, dramatic recitative supported by instrumental string music. Recitative thus preceded the development of arias, though it soon became the custom to include separate songs and instrumental interludes during periods when voices were silent. Both Dafne and Euridice also included choruses commenting on the action at the end of each act in the manner of Greek tragedy. The theme of Orpheus, the demi-god of music, was understandably popular and attracted Claudio Monteverdi (1567–1643) who wrote his first opera, La Favola d'Orfeo (The Fable of Orpheus), in 1607 for the court of Mantua.", "Claudio Monteverdi. In 1606 Vincenzo's heir Francesco commissioned from Monteverdi the opera L'Orfeo, to a libretto by Alessandro Striggio, for the Carnival season of 1607. It was given two performances in February and March 1607; the singers included, in the title role, Rasi, who had sung in the first performance of Euridice witnessed by Vincenzo in 1600. This was followed in 1608 by the opera L'Arianna (libretto by Ottavio Rinuccini), intended for the celebration of the marriage of Francesco to Margherita of Savoy. All the music for this opera is lost apart from Ariadne's Lament, which became extremely popular.[n 3] To this period also belongs the ballet entertainment Il ballo delle ingrate.[16][26][27]", "Euridice (Peri). At the premiere, many of the other roles were filled by members of Caccini's entourage, including his daughter Francesca Caccini. Peri composed all of the music for the first production, but owing to the integral involvement of Caccini and his performers, some of Peri's music was finally replaced by that of Caccini. When Caccini discovered that Peri intended to publish the opera with the added Caccini pieces, he rushed to finish his own version of Euridice using the same libretto, and managed to have his published before Peri's. In his preface, Peri notes that all of the music was completed by the date of the first performance earning his efforts the designation Prima Euridice.", "Euridice (Peri). It opens with a simple melody by a singer representing the Tragic Muse, La Tragedia, and a short ritornello. Shepherds nearby and the Tragic Muse sing a conversation in recitatives and choruses, Daphne enters to notify everyone that Euridice has been fatally bitten by a serpent.", "Pagliacci. Pagliacci received mixed critical reviews upon its world premiere, but was instantly successful with the public[6] and has remained so ever since. The UK premiere of Pagliacci took place at the Royal Opera House, Covent Garden in London on 19 May 1893. The US premiere followed a month later at Grand Opera House in New York on 15 June, with American born tenor, Agostino Montegriffo, as Canio. The Metropolitan Opera first staged the work on 11 December as a double-bill with Orfeo ed Euridice, with Nellie Melba in the role of Nedda.", "Florence. Opera was invented in Florence in the late 16th century when Jacobo Peri's Dafne an opera in the style of monody, was premiered.[74] Opera spread from Florence throughout Italy and eventually Europe. Vocal Music in the choir setting was also taking new identity at this time. At the beginning of the 17th century, two practices for writing music were devised, one the first practice or Stile Antico/Prima Prattica the other the Stile Moderno/Secondo Prattica. The Stile Antico was more prevalent in Northern Europe and Stile Moderno was practiced more by the Italian Composers of the time.[75]", "French opera. On 2 August 1774, the French version of Orfeo ed Euridice was performed, with the title role transposed from the castrato to the haute-contre, according to the French preference for high tenor voices which had ruled since the days of Lully.[37] This time Gluck's work was better received by the Parisian public. Gluck went on to write a revised French version of his Alceste, as well as the new works Armide (1777), Iphigénie en Tauride (1779) and Echo et Narcisse for Paris. After the failure of the last named opera, Gluck left Paris and retired from composing.[36] But he left behind an immense influence on French music and several other foreign composers followed his example and came to Paris to write Gluckian operas, including Salieri (Les Danaïdes, 1784) and Sacchini (Oedipe à Colone, 1786).[38]", "Baroque. The baroque was a period of musical experimentation and innovation. New forms were invented, including the concerto and sinfonia. Opera was born in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's mostly lost Dafne, produced in Florence in 1598) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Louis XIV created the first Royal Academy of Music, In 1669, the poet Pierre Perrin opened an academy of opera in Paris, the first opera theater in France open to the public, and premiered Pomone, the first grand opera in French, with music by Robert Cambert, with five acts, elaborate stage macheriny, and a ballet.[38] Heinrich Schütz in Germany, Jean-Baptiste Lully in France, and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century.", "Opera. Dafne by Jacopo Peri was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today. It was written around 1597, largely under the inspiration of an elite circle of literate Florentine humanists who gathered as the \"Camerata de' Bardi\". Significantly, Dafne was an attempt to revive the classical Greek drama, part of the wider revival of antiquity characteristic of the Renaissance. The members of the Camerata considered that the \"chorus\" parts of Greek dramas were originally sung, and possibly even the entire text of all roles; opera was thus conceived as a way of \"restoring\" this situation. Dafne, however, is lost. A later work by Peri, Euridice, dating from 1600, is the first opera score to have survived to the present day. The honour of being the first opera still to be regularly performed, however, goes to Claudio Monteverdi's L'Orfeo, composed for the court of Mantua in 1607.[7] The Mantua court of the Gonzagas, employers of Monteverdi, played a significant role in the origin of opera employing not only court singers of the concerto delle donne (till 1598), but also one of the first actual \"opera singers\"; Madama Europa.[8]", "Euridice (Peri). Peri's Euridice [4][page needed]tells the story of the musician Orpheus and Euridice from Greek Mythology. According to myth, Orpheus was a great musician who journeyed to the underworld to plead with the gods to revive his wife Euridice after she had been fatally injured.", "Euridice (Peri). This opens with Orpheus pleading with Venere, Plutone, Prosperina, Caronte, and Radamanto in the underworld for the return of his beloved wife Euridice. Nearly the entire scene is carried in recitative. When the act closes, Orpheus is back with Tirsi and the other shepherds.", "Overture. The idea of an instrumental opening to opera existed during the 17th century. Peri's Euridice opens with a brief instrumental ritornello, and Monteverdi's L'Orfeo (1607) opens with a toccata, in this case a fanfare for muted trumpets. More important, however, was the prologue, which comprised sung dialogue between allegorical characters which introduced the overarching themes of the stories depicted.[citation needed]", "The Barber of Seville. The opera was first performed in England on 10 March 1818 at the King's Theatre in London in Italian, soon followed on 13 October at the Covent Garden Theatre by an English version translated by John Fawcett and Daniel Terry. It was first performed in America on 3 May 1819 in English (probably the Covent Garden version) at the Park Theatre in New York.[11] It was given in French at the Théâtre d'Orléans in New Orleans on 4 March 1823,[12] and became the first opera ever to be performed in Italian in New York, when Manuel Garcia (who played Almaviva) and his Italian troupe opened their first season there with Il barbiere on 29 November 1825 at the Park Theatre. The cast of eight had three other members of his family, including the 17-year-old Maria-Felicia, later known as Maria Malibran.[13]", "Claudio Monteverdi. The opening of the opera house of San Cassiano in 1637, the first public opera house in Europe, stimulated the city's musical life[47] and coincided with a new burst of the composer's activity. 1638 saw the publication of Monteverdi's eighth book of madrigals and a revision of the Ballo delle ingrate. The eighth book contains a ballo, \"Volgendi il ciel\", which may have been composed for the Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III, to whom the book is dedicated. The years 1640–1641 saw the publication of the extensive collection of church music, Selva morale e spirituale. Among other commissions, Monteverdi wrote music in 1637 and 1638 for Strozzi's \"Accademia degli Unisoni\" in Venice, and in 1641 a ballet, La vittoria d'Amore, for the court of Piacenza.[48][49]", "Paris in the 17th century. The first performance of an Italian opera in Paris, La Finta Pazza by Marco Marazzoli, took place at the theater of the Palais-Royal on February 28, 1645, followed in 1647 by the more famous Orfeo of Luigi Rossi at the Petit-Bourbon theater next to the Louvre. The first French opera, Le Triomphe de l'Amour by Beys and Laguerre, was performed at the theater du Marais. In 1669 Pierre Perrin, an opera composer, was chartered by the King to produce operas \"in music and in French verse comparable to that of Italy.\" The first opera house was built by Perrin in the Marais, on the site of the old tennis court on the modern rue Jacques-Callot. It opened in 1670. Perrin's rival, the court composer Lully, wanted his own opera house; in 1672 he used a tennis court on the rue de Vaugirard for his first opera; then, taking advantage of Moliere's death in 1673, he was able to expel Moliere's actors from the theater of the Palais-Royal and take it over for himself. It served as the main Paris opera house until it burned on April 6, 1763.[73]", "La rondine. In Europe since the 1990s stagings have included the première of the third version at Teatro Regio di Torino (1994), as well as performances at La Scala (1994), Leeds Opera North (1994, 2001), Oper Bonn and Ludwigshaven State Opera House (1995), Teatro del Giglio in Lucca (1998), Teatro Filarmonico di Verona (2002), Kansallisooppera, Helsinki (2002, 2003, 2007), Royal Opera House, Covent Garden, London (2002, 2005, 2013), Théâtre du Châtelet, Paris (2005), Opéra de Monte-Carlo (2007), La Fenice in Venice (2008), 2012 Teatro Nacional de Sao Carlos (2012), and Portuguese Symphony Orchestra.", "Euridice (Peri). All qualitative judgments aside, even his greater detractors admit that with Euridice Peri managed to establish sound principles for operatic composition.[3]The work establishes in opera the dual resource of aria and recitative, and it explores the use of solo, ensemble and choral singing.", "French opera. While opéra comique flourished in the 1760s, serious French opera was in the doldrums. Rameau had died in 1764, leaving his last great tragédie en musique, Les Boréades unperformed.[29] No French composer seemed capable of assuming his mantle. The answer was to import a leading figure from abroad. Christoph Willibald von Gluck, a German, was already famous for his reforms of Italian opera, which had replaced the old opera seria with a much more dramatic and direct style of music theatre, beginning with Orfeo ed Euridice in 1762. Gluck admired French opera and had absorbed the lessons of both Rameau and Rousseau.[30] In 1765, Melchior Grimm published \"Poème lyrique\", an influential article for the Encyclopédie on lyric and opera librettos.[31][32][33][34][35] Under the patronage of his former music pupil, Marie Antoinette, who had married the future French king Louis XVI in 1770, Gluck signed a contract for six stage works with the management of the Paris Opéra. He began with Iphigénie en Aulide (19 April 1774). The premiere sparked a huge controversy, almost a war, such as had not been seen in the city since the Querelle des Bouffons. Gluck's opponents brought the leading Italian composer, Niccolò Piccinni, to Paris to demonstrate the superiority of Neapolitan opera and the \"whole town\" engaged in an argument between \"Gluckists\" and \"Piccinnists\".[36]", "Euridice (Peri). Since both the libretto and score were dedicated to the new Queen of France, Marie de' Medici, some scholars have recognized a possible parallel between Euridice and Orfeo and the Queen and King of France. While the comparison is readily made, some scholars argue that the traits of King Henry IV are different from Orfeo, especially with respect to Orfeo's most famous deed. Orfeo loved Euridice so much that he journeyed to Hell and back, quite literally, to unite once more with his beloved wife while King Henry IV wouldn't travel as far as Florence to retrieve Medici.[1]", "Italian opera. Dafne by Jacopo Peri was the earliest composition considered opera, as understood today.[1] Peri's works, however, did not arise out of a creative vacuum in the area of sung drama. An underlying prerequisite for the creation of opera proper was the practice of monody. Monody is the solo singing/setting of a dramatically conceived melody, designed to express the emotional content of the text it carries, which is accompanied by a relatively simple sequence of chords rather than other polyphonic parts. Italian composers began composing in this style late in the 16th century, and it grew in part from the long-standing practise of performing polyphonic madrigals with one singer accompanied by an instrumental rendition of the other parts, as well as the rising popularity of more popular, more homophonic vocal genres such as the frottola and the villanella. In these latter two genres, the increasing tendency was toward a more homophonic texture, with the top part featuring an elaborate, active melody, and the lower ones (usually these were three-part compositions, as opposed to the four-or-more-part madrigal) a less active supporting structure. From this, it was only a small step to fully-fledged monody. All such works tended to set humanist poetry of a type that attempted to imitate Petrarch and his Trecento followers, another element of the period's tendency toward a desire for restoration of principles it associated with a mixed-up notion of antiquity.", "Euridice (Peri). Orfeo and Euridice return from the underworld and rejoice.", "Opera. Opera originated in Italy at the end of the 16th century (with Jacopo Peri's mostly lost Dafne, produced in Florence in 1598) and soon spread through the rest of Europe: Heinrich Schütz in Germany, Jean-Baptiste Lully in France, and Henry Purcell in England all helped to establish their national traditions in the 17th century. In the 18th century, Italian opera continued to dominate most of Europe (except France), attracting foreign composers such as George Frideric Handel. Opera seria was the most prestigious form of Italian opera, until Christoph Willibald Gluck reacted against its artificiality with his \"reform\" operas in the 1760s. The most renowned figure of late 18th-century opera is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who began with opera seria but is most famous for his Italian comic operas, especially The Marriage of Figaro (Le nozze di Figaro), Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte, as well as Die Entführung aus dem Serail (The Abduction from the Seraglio), and The Magic Flute (Die Zauberflöte), landmarks in the German tradition.", "Paris in the 17th century. The first permanent theatre in Paris was created by Cardinal Richelieu in 1635, within his Palais-Cardinal. It was located at the corner of rue Saint-Honoré and rue de Valois. The first performance, of Mirame by Jean Desmarets de Saint-Sorlin, co-authored by Cardinal Richelieu, was given in 1641 with Louis XIII, Queen Anne of Austria, and Richelieu in the audience.[69]", "Italian opera. Cavalli's operas were performed throughout Italy by touring companies with tremendous success. In fact, his Giasone was the most popular opera of the 17th century, though some critics were appalled at its mixture of tragedy and farce. Cavalli's fame spread throughout Europe. One of his specialties was giving his heroines \"ground bass laments\". These were mournful arias sung over a descending bass line and they had a great influence on Henry Purcell, whose \"When I am laid in earth\" from Dido and Aeneas is probably the most celebrated example of the form. Cavalli's reputation caused Cardinal Mazarin to invite him to France in 1660 to compose an opera for King Louis XIV's wedding to Maria Teresa of Spain. Italian opera had already been performed in France in the 1640s to a mixed reception and Cavalli's foreign expedition ended in disaster. French audiences did not respond well to the revival of Xerse (1660) and the specially composed Ercole amante (1662), preferring the ballets that had been inserted between the acts by a Florentine composer, Jean-Baptiste Lully, and Cavalli swore never to compose another opera.", "Italian opera. In Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth a tradition of operatic production began in Warsaw in 1628, with a performance of Galatea (composer uncertain), the first Italian opera produced outside Italy. Shortly after this performance, the court produced Francesca Caccini's opera La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d’Alcina, which she had written for Prince Władysław Vasa three years earlier when he was in Italy. Another first, this is the earliest surviving opera written by a woman. Gli amori di Aci e Galatea by Santi Orlandi was also performed in 1628. When Władysław was king (as Władysław IV) he oversaw the production of at least ten operas during the late 1630s and 1640s, making Warsaw a center of the art. The composers of these operas are not known: they may have been Poles working under Marco Scacchi in the royal chapel, or they may have been among the Italians imported by Władysław. A dramma per musica (as serious Italian opera was known at the time) entitled Giuditta, based on the Biblical story of Judith, was performed in 1635. The composer was probably Virgilio Puccitelli.", "Claudio Monteverdi. The opera opens with a brief trumpet toccata. The prologue of La musica (a figure representing music) is introduced with a ritornello by the strings, repeated often to represent the \"power of music\" – one of the earliest examples of an operatic leitmotif.[77] Act 1 presents a pastoral idyll, the buoyant mood of which continues into Act 2. The confusion and grief which follow the news of Euridice's death are musically reflected by harsh dissonances and the juxtaposition of keys. The music remains in this vein until the act ends with the consoling sounds of the ritornello.[78]", "Milan. Milan is a major national and international centre of the performing arts, most notably opera. The city hosts La Scala operahouse, considered one of the world's most prestigious,[133] having throughout history witnessed the premieres of numerous operas, such as Nabucco by Giuseppe Verdi in 1842, La Gioconda by Amilcare Ponchielli, Madama Butterfly by Giacomo Puccini in 1904, Turandot by Giacomo Puccini in 1926, and more recently Teneke, by Fabio Vacchi in 2007. Other major theatres in Milan include the Teatro degli Arcimboldi, Teatro Dal Verme, Teatro Lirico and formerly the Teatro Regio Ducal. The city is also the seat of a renowned symphony orchestra and musical conservatory, and has been, throughout history, a major centre for musical composition: numerous famous composers and musicians such as Gioseppe Caimo, Simon Boyleau, Hoste da Reggio, Verdi, Giulio Gatti-Casazza, Paolo Cherici and Alice Edun lived and worked in Milan. The city is also the birthplace of many modern ensembles and bands, including Camaleonti, Camerata Mediolanense, Gli Spioni, Dynamis Ensemble, Elio e le Storie Tese, Krisma, Premiata Forneria Marconi, Quartetto Cetra, Stormy Six and Le Vibrazioni.", "Opera in German. German-language opera appeared remarkably quickly after the birth of opera itself in Italy. The first Italian opera was Jacopo Peri's Dafne of 1598. In 1627, Heinrich Schütz provided the music for a German translation of the same libretto. Yet during much of the 17th and 18th centuries German-language opera would struggle to emerge from the shadow of its Italian-language rival, with leading German-born composers such as Handel and Gluck opting to work in foreign traditions such as opera seria." ]

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[ "Damon Salvatore. Damon and Elena spend the next few months together, having the summer of their lives. When Elena has to leave for college, Damon stays behind in Mystic Falls and they have a functional long distance relationship. However, in the episode \"Original Sin\", Tessa, who is revealed to be Qetsiyah, tells Damon that the doppelgangers are fated to fall in love and that he is only a bump in the road that makes their story interesting. Damon refuses to believe in this and assures Elena that he will fight for her and their future together as she is his life. It is later revealed that there is nothing fated about Stefan and Elena, but that they were merely drawn together by a spell. After a tumultuous, back and forth relationship, Damon and Elena get back together at the end of the season, and they choose to sacrifice themselves together to save Stefan and Alaric and their other friends on the Other Side. When Elena makes it back but Damon is trapped on the collapsing Other Side, Elena is devastated. Damon says his last goodbye to Elena, telling her that she is by far the best thing that has ever happened to him, and that being loved by her is \"the epitome of a fulfilled life\", as Elena sobs inconsolably. In season 6, Elena is unable to move on from Damon's death months later. She pretends to be happy, but she is secretly taking witch herbs to hallucinate Damon. When the herbs make her dangerous to humans, Elena decides to have Alaric compel away her memories of Damon, because she will never be able to move on otherwise. When Damon returns, he attempts to help her remember their love story, but the compulsion will not break. Not remembering any of the good things about Damon, Elena still decides to give him another chance. She slowly falls in love with him again, ultimately declaring that no matter whether she has memories of him or not, she always finds her way back to him. When Bonnie returns from the prison world, she gifts Damon with the cure for vampirism, knowing that he wanted to give it to Elena. However, Damon is afraid that this will mean losing Elena. They discuss what a human life together would be like. Elena initially rejects the cure, but Damon decides to take it with her so that they can have a human life together, including children. Damon always wanted Elena to have the human life she always dreamed of. Elena takes the cure, which breaks the compulsion, and her memories of Damon return to her. She recalls a memory from season 4, where Damon declares that there would be nothing more miserable than becoming human again. Elena is afraid that Damon would regret taking the cure, so she challenges him to think it through carefully. Stefan attempts to convince Damon that becoming human would be a bad decision, but Damon ultimately realizes that one lifetime with Elena is infinitely better than an immortal one without her, and confidently believes her to be his soulmate. Damon and Elena excitedly anticipate the beginning of their human future together, until Kai puts Elena under a sleeping spell, tied to Bonnie's life.", "Damon Salvatore. At the beginning of season 6, Damon is still trapped in the 1994 snapshot with Bonnie, forced to relive the same day over and over again. As the season progresses, the duo meet Kai Parker who's provides them with clues on how to get back home. In a truly selfless act, Bonnie manages to send Damon back while she remains in 1994 with Kai. Back home, things aren't as Damon expected them to be. Elena has compelled her memories of their time together and moved on. After a few initial set backs, Damon sets his mind to wooing her back.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Elena and Damon get at the borders, the last place where she and Damon were together. Damon tells her about the last day before he dies, when they blew up the Grill to save the town from the Travelers but Elena still cannot remember anything. Elena decides to cross the borders in order for the compulsion to wear off. Her memories start to come back but Damon runs and gets her before she dies. Later on, Liam visits Elena at her dorm to inform her about more mysterious things going on with the girl that should die at the corn maze and he tells her that if she will not tell him on her own her secrets he will find out on his own.", "Damon Salvatore. In season two, Katherine tells Damon that she never loved him and that it was always Stefan. Elena says something similar later, leaving Damon heartbroken. As an expression of his anger, pain, and hopelessness, he snaps Jeremy Gilbert's neck, not realizing he is wearing a ring which reverses damage done by supernatural creatures or forces. Jeremy survives because of the ring, but Damon's action incurs Elena's wrath and pain. When Bonnie also discovers it was his blood that enabled Caroline Forbes to become a vampire, the two declare their hatred for him, leaving angrier than ever.[7] After saving Elena with Stefan in episode 8 of season 2, Damon shows up in Elena's room with the vervain necklace that was ripped from her neck earlier in the episode. Before he gives it back, he tells Elena that he is in love with her, and because he is in love with her, he cannot be selfish with her. He also states that he doesn't deserve her, but that his brother does. He kisses her forehead and says he wishes she could remember this, but she can't. As the camera shows a close up of Damon's eye as he is compelling Elena to forget, a tear slips. Elena blinks and her vervain necklace is back around her neck, Damon is gone and her window is open with the curtains blowing. She had no recollection as to how the necklace was returned to her. In one episode, Damon joins Rose to find out why the originals are after Elena; after some time and clever banter, the two have sex, stating that they could rid themselves of emotion. However, when Rose, Damon's old friend who turned Katerina, suffers from a werewolf bite, he gives her the memory of her life prior to becoming a vampire, and helps her remember how good it felt to be able to wall and feel the sunlight, without it burning her. During this meaningful moment, Damon mercifully kills her, leaving him to mourn the death of his one of very few friends. Elena and Damon then begin to mend fences, and Elena gives him an affectionate hug to help comfort him after Rose's death. Damon begins showing another side of himself in small acts that help build what once was an impossible friendship between Elena and himself, after she clearly stated that he has lost her forever. After he spares Caroline's mother, Elena says how that was the person she was once friends with. And it's hard for Damon to accept that he has to change to have her in his life, which he explains to Andy Star, his compelled girlfriend a few more episodes in. Damon is bitten by Tyler the werewolf at the end of the season. Elena takes care of him, and right before he is cured by the blood of Klaus, the original hybrid, she gives him a \"goodbye\" kiss, because she was sure he was going to die. She even forgives him, telling him that she cares for him through grief-stricken tears.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Damon (Ian Somerhalder) and Elena (Nina Dobrev) meet for the first time since he came back but Damon's hope that Elena will remember their love when she sees him gets lost when she says she does not remember or feel anything about him. Damon visits Alaric (Matt Davis) at the hospital trying to find a way to uncompel Elena but there is no way since Alaric is now a human. Jo (Jodi Lyn O'Keefe) joins them and invites Alaric as her date to the hospital fundraiser, where Elena will also be with Liam (Marco James).", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Damon decides to go to the fundraiser so he can see Elena but he is surprise seeing her there with Liam. He introduces himself as Elena's ex and Liam is confused since Elena told him that Damon was dead. Damon compels Liam to leave them alone and Damon asks Elena to dance. While dancing, Damon tries to make Elena remember by telling her some of their moments together but it does not work. Elena admits that she wants to remember and asks Damon to keep telling her about their memories together.", "Damon Salvatore. In 'Pictures of You' Damon, along with Stefan, decide they're going to try making Elena turn her emotions back on. The Salvatore brothers decide to take Elena to the prom, where Damon asks Elena why she told him she was in love with him and it's the most real thing she ever felt. Elena tells Damon that she only said it because of the sire bond and she feels nothing for him. However, later when Bonnie nearly kills Elena, she cries out for Damon to help her and he locks her up in the Salvatore basement. Damon then manipulates Elena's dreams in an attempt to remind how much she loves her friends in family, however when it doesn't work the Salvatore brothers (per Stefan's advice) try torturing Elena to get her to feel emotion. Elena however calls their bluff and attempts to kill herself, knowing Damon would never really hurt her and let her die. Damon realizes that Elena is smart and that torture will not work. After Katherine frees Elena Damon comes up with a plan, killing Matt in front of her (while he wore the Gilbert ring) and it works to get Elena's emotions back on. When Elena focuses her hate on Katherine Damon tells Elena where Katherine is, but tells her she shouldn't try and kill her. Damon admits he hates Katherine, however he knows once Elena kills her all her other emotions (grief & guilt) will all come flooding back in. Elena stakes Damon in the stomach when he attempts to stop her.", "The Cell (The Vampire Diaries). As Elena wakes up, she asks Damon what is going on and he informs her that he has been there before. Damon starts narrating her about what happened to him and what Augustine members did to him. Via flashbacks we see the story.", "Elena Gilbert. In season three, Elena does everything in her power to make Stefan get his humanity back, which was turned off by Klaus as payment for saving Damon from a werewolf bite in the latter part of season two. Meanwhile, she grows closer to Damon while working together on saving Stefan and trying to defeat Klaus, eventually even sharing a kiss. She later admits to Stefan that she has feelings for Damon as well but that she never stopped loving Stefan. While in Denver together, Elena kisses Damon, later telling him that she doesn't know how she feels about him. It is eventually revealed that Elena met Damon the night of her parent's death, though he compelled her to forget. She eventually chooses Stefan in the season finale but before she can tell him, Elena drowns while having vampire blood in her system. During the last moments of season three, she awakens as a vampire in transition.", "Elena Gilbert. In season six, Elena starts back at Whitmore, and is unable to set foot in her hometown. She is also unable to recover from Damon's death and starts lurking the borders of Mystic Falls in order to grab civilians, drink their blood, then compel them to forget, but as spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, any of her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk when one of her victims, Sarah, comes to town. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, which Alaric is able to do, due to him being an Enhanced Original, with the ability to compel other vampires. She eventually wears him down and asks her friends to never remind her once the compulsion had been done. After a number of failed attempts, Alaric successfully compels her to forget her love for Damon. She however leaves Alaric with some of her reminders of Damon, should she ever need them again. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but decides to stay the way she is, as she doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again. She starts to date her classmate, Liam. Once Damon comes back to life, Alaric tries to convince Elena to allow him to undo the compulsion, a decision she is reluctant to make. She eventually decides to have him undo it, but Alaric goes back to being human again after crossing into Mystic Falls, causing him to lose his vampire status (he only stayed alive because his once fatal human injuries were healed), meaning he will not be able to do so. She is then left to finally come face-to-face with Damon and see if she'll still feel the same way about him. They eventually rekindle their relationship,Elena takes the cure that Bonnie gave Damon. At Alaric's wedding Kai ruins their wedding and casts a sleeping spell on Elena, linking her life to Bonnie's. She makes a sacrifice to let Bonnie live out her life until it is her turn. She bids goodbye to her friends and loved ones before parting ways but knows that she will see Damon, Stefan and Caroline again one day.", "Damon Salvatore. After learning of Katherine's deceit, Damon starts to fall for, Elena. In general, Damon is fiercely protective of Elena and always puts her safety ahead of all else. Damon comes to Elena's rescue at the Miss Mystic Falls pageant when Elena is left stranded without a partner, and the two dance. In the episode \"Rose\", Damon confesses his love for her only to compel her to forget about it because he doesn't believe he is worthy of her. Throughout the third season his relationship with Elena grows; she learns to fully trust him, and they begin to rely on each other as a team. They share two passionate kisses, but Elena remains in denial about her feelings for him. After a long struggle, Elena still chooses Stefan much to Damon's dismay. In the following season, however, Elena realizes that her feelings for Damon cannot be denied any longer. She and Stefan break up, and in the following episode Damon and Elena finally get together and have sex. Damon and Elena then both individually discover that Elena is sired to Damon, making Elena's feelings unfortunately known; however, Elena insists that her love for Damon is the most real thing that she's ever felt in her entire life. Damon remains doubtful, so in \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\" he sets her \"free\". In an interview before the season finale, Julie Plec stated that \"This year, she's had a very traumatic roller coaster of life experience and it's changed her irrevocably—and at the center of it all was the diehard belief that she loved Damon, that she loved him more than she'd ever loved anyone.\" [14] In \"Graduation\", after the sire bond is broken and there remains no doubt about Elena's feelings, she reveals that she is in love with Damon.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season six, Damon and Bonnie are trapped in a 1994 Prison World, which Damon initially believes is his own personal hell, as they continually relive a painful day from his past. While working with Bonnie to find a way back to Mystic Falls, and to take down Kai, Damon becomes friends with Bonnie. Eventually, Bonnie sends Damon back, leaving herself trapped with Kai. Damon tried to win Elena back, though she lost all her memories of their relationship. Damon is devastated when Liz dies. He reunites with Bonnie when she escapes the prison world with the cure for vampirism. Damon gave the cure to Elena – which undoes Alaric's compulsion – intending to take the cure himself so they can be together as humans. However, Kai casts a spell which puts Elena into a magical sleep until the time of Bonnie's death.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Ashley Dominique from Geeked Out Nation rated the episode with 7.9/10 saying that the episode \"forced Damon and Elena to explore the new status of their relationship in another slow drawn out episode. However, it was made interesting by not relying on flashbacks, but let them be in the moment.\"[5]", "Damon Salvatore. In the following episode \"My Brother's Keeper\", Elena tells Damon he is the reason she and Stefan broke up and at the end of the episode Damon and Elena finally have sex. After that it turns out Elena is sired with Damon, first they think it is the reason why Elena loves Damon, but in episode \"We'll Always Have Bourbon Street\" they found out that it only affects how you act, not how you feel. The sire-bond can only be broken when Damon leaves Elena and tells her to stop caring about him according to a witch in New Orleans named Nandi. In the following episode Damon goes with Elena to her family's lake house to help with Jeremy's Hunter instincts. In the episode Elena tries to act like a couple with Damon, but he refuses to even kiss her out of his guilt about the sire bond and worry that he's taking advantage of her. In the end of the episode Damon invokes the sire bond telling Elena to return to Mystic Falls while he trains Jeremy \"O Come, All Ye Faithful\". Elena kisses him goodbye.", "Elena Gilbert. After Elena became a vampire, she became sired to Damon and they slept together. According to Plec during an interview with TVLine, Elena \"really believes what she feels is 100 percent genuine and real\", and the couple \"wants to be together and realizes that they shouldn’t, yet really wants to. So what do they do?\"[14] Stefan became heartbroken, feeling angry and betrayed, and lashed out at Damon and Elena.[15] In the season 4 finale, an unsired Elena confirms that she is in love with Damon, and the two kiss passionately. At the end of season 6, the two plan to become human, get married, and have children together, but their dream is abruptly compromised by Kai, who puts Elena into a magical coma. Damon remains entirely devoted to Elena throughout the remaining two seasons as Elena sleeps peacefully. In the season 8 finale, she is revealed to be happily married to Damon. Elena considers Damon to be the love of her life and her soulmate.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon spends the next two seasons devoted to Elena, waiting for her to wake up. He repeatedly states that he is miserable without her, and will spend the next 60 or so years unhappily until Bonnie dies. However, Damon is committed to staying true to Elena, and doing right by her. Elena is shown to be Damon's moral compass, and his guiding force throughout the two seasons. When Damon is in the Phoenix Stone's version of hell, a vision of Stefan asks Damon \"What would Elena do?\" and this prompts Damon to forgive his mother, freeing him from hell. The phoenix stone's influence remains, and Damon accidentally lights Elena's coffin on fire (or so he thinks). Believing that he has unwittingly killed the love of his life, Damon becomes suicidal. When confronted with the hunter Rayna, Damon commands her to kill him because he is already in hell in a world without Elena. Enzo then reveals to Damon that Elena is still alive, renewing Damon's hope. When Damon realizes that he is a potential danger to his friends and family because he does not believe he is good without Elena, he decides to desiccate himself next to her. He write to Alaric that before Elena, he didn't know what it was like to be happy, fulfilled or complete, and that he doesn't want to continue living without that feeling. After Stefan wakes Damon from his desiccation, Damon continues to be devoted to his future with Elena. At the end of season 7, he is lured into a trap by a siren, hearing Elena's voice calling out to him. When the siren takes control of Damon's mind in season 8, Damon spends a significant amount of time sleeping, seeking refuge in dreams of his memories of Elena. When Sybil erases Elena from Damon's consciousness only to insert herself into their memories, Damon fights back, instinctively drawn back to Elena. His love for her prevails, and he breaks the siren's mind control, regaining his memories of Elena. Julie Plec stated that \"I think the only hope that he's holding on to is the idea of the two of them living in Tribeca in their brownstone and raising kids and having a life together as humans when this is all said and done.\" [15] After Stefan gives Damon the cure to vampirism, turning him into a human, and Bonnie unbreaks the spell on Elena, Damon and Elena finally reunite. They begin their life together, getting married while Elena goes to medical school and becomes a doctor. Eventually they return to Mystic Falls to grow old together, where they died together of old age. We last see them walking hand in hand in the afterlife before reuniting with their respective families.", "Elena Gilbert. In the final episode, Elena makes an appearance. When a weakened Bonnie dies from the sounding bell, she meets Elena in a dream-like forest. Elena hugs her and wonders if she really has died. Enzo appears and says it isn't her time and takes Bonnie back to the world of the living. When Bonnie wakes up, it was Stefan who resuscitated her. Elena, asleep, is then taken to the Mystic Falls High School by Katherine and places her in the boiler room. Stefan tries to rescue Elena, but Katherine had Kai spell the boiler room, so that Elena can't be taken out of the room. After Bonnie had deflected the hellfire back into the bell, Bonnie passes out. Elena wakes up and wanders the school. Stefan meets up with her. It looks like Bonnie has died, but in fact Elena is still sleeping and Stefan's ghost came to visit her in her dream. He had taken the place of killing Katherine instead of Damon, since Damon is human after Stefan gave him the cure. He came to say goodbye. After a tearful hug and saying goodbye, Stefan goes into afterlife. Elena finally wakes up because Bonnie has broken the spell over her. Elena reunites with Damon and the rest of the gang. Elena gives Caroline the message Stefan whispered into her ear, saying he did hear her voice message and will love her forever. In the epilogue, Elena continued to studying medical school. After finishing her education, she went back to Mystic Falls and lived together with Damon, happily married for a long time. After living out her life, she crosses over to the afterlife where she finally reunites with her parents, Aunt Jenna and Uncle John.", "Damon Salvatore. Elena takes the cure and, unexpectedly, her memories return and she remembers when she'd traveled to Nova Scotia with Damon in search of the cure the first time, he'd told her that he used to miss being human, but, now, he couldn't imagine anything more miserable. She tells him he needs to think about it before making that decision and enlists Stefan to try to make sure Damon is certain of his choice to become human. Damon almost decides he'd rather stay a vampire until he witnesses an interaction between an older couple. Before Jo and Ric's wedding, he tells Elena he'd made his choice to live one lifetime with her. During the wedding, Kai shows up and stabs Jo before causing an explosion. The second to last episode ends with Elena lying unconscious on the ground.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season six, Elena begins medical school, unable to set foot in her hometown. She is unable to recover from Damon's death and lurks at the edges of Mystic Falls – preying on people, drinking their blood, and compelling them to forget. As spirit magic no longer works in Mystic Falls, her victims who cross into the town remember the ordeal, putting her identity as a vampire at risk. Elena begs Alaric to compel her to forget that she ever loved Damon, and he eventually succeeds. She is told of her former feelings for Damon soon afterwards, but doesn't want to go back to being unhappy again, and starts dating classmate Liam. After Damon comes back to life, Elena eventually decides to have the compulsion undone, but Alaric crosses into Mystic Falls and becomes human again. Elena is then left to face Damon and see if her feelings will return. Bonnie returns from the prison world with the cure to immortality which Elena takes, hoping to have family with Damon. However, in the season finale, Kai links Bonnie's life to Elena's, putting her in a magical sleep until Bonnie's dies.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Lindsay Sperling from We Got This Covered gave a mixed review to the episode saying that this episode was the first filler one for season six. \"This season of The Vampire Diaries is arguably already better than the last two combined, but there’s a limit to the amount of Elena and Damon drama that fans should have to endure. Either let them be together, or let them move on. [...] There were a few notable plot twists in [the episode] despite the overwhelming feeling that nothing really happened to move the story along.\"[9]", "Elena Gilbert. In season four, Elena is faced with the tough decision of whether to die or to feed on human blood so she can fully transition into a vampire. Elena, after realizing Stefan's desperation to keep her alive, decides to complete her transition. Her relationship with Stefan ends, allowing her to begin a proper romance with Damon. Although, it is later revealed there is a sire bond between them. Sometime later whilst searching for the cure for vampirism, Jeremy is fed to the immortal Silas by Katherine. As a result, Damon used the sire bond to convince her to turn off her humanity, due to her incredible grief over losing her brother and the last remaining member of her family. Elena became ruthless without her emotions, going on killing sprees and being very hateful towards her friends. Towards the end of season four, Damon kills Matt in front of Elena to trigger her grief. After revealing that Matt had the Gilbert Ring on, Elena's humanity was switched on and her emotions were focused on hate towards Katherine for killing Jeremy. Season four ended with Bonnie as a ghost after bringing Jeremy back to life and Elena fed Katherine the cure for vampirism in a moment of desperation as she was about to be killed. Elena had chosen Damon as the Salvatore that she loved.", "Damon Salvatore. After Katherine kills Jeremy in 'Down the Rabbit Hole' Damon stays behind determined to find the missing Bonnie, telling Stefan he can't come home without her. Eventually he finds Bonnie, hugging her in relief, but when the two arrive back in Mystic Falls in informs Stefan Bonnie has lost her mind. Elena, who had been in denial about Jeremy's death, comes into reality and demands Damon bring Jeremy's body downstairs. When Elena starts breaking down Stefan urges Damon to help her, indicating he should invoke the sire bond to take away her pain, however instead Damon tells Elena to shut off her emotions. In the next episode Damon begins trying to track Katherine in order to find the cure while Rebekah attempts to tag along. He finds an old friend from his past, Will, dying from a werewolf bite and kills him out of mercy. He arrives back home just in time to stop Elena from killing Caroline and takes her with to New York. While in NY Damon begins investigating Katherine's whereabouts and tries to keep that he's looking for the cure from Elena. Elena finds out and attempts to play him all the while Damon tells her and Rebekah about his time here in the 1970s. He admits that he had his emotions off and Lexi had come to help him on Stefan's behalf, however he tricks her into believing he fell in love with her only to leave her trapped on the roof during the day as revenge. He reveals that the reason he killed Lexi in season one was out of the guilt she stirred in him. Elena kisses Damon and attempts to steal Katherine's address out of his pocket, however Damon was aware she was trying to play him the entire time, and attempts to convince her to turn her emotions back on. Rebekah shows up and snaps his neck. He then calls Stefan and the brothers attempt to track down Elena. The decide to give up on the cure after Elena kills a waitress and threatens to kill people.", "Elena Gilbert. Elena, still empty after losing her parents, begins to fit back into school. She meets a mysterious new student named Stefan Salvatore. They connect instantly, and begin dating. She meets his older and malevolent brother, Damon. After researching, Elena realizes Stefan was alive in 1953. It is later revealed that he is a 162-year-old vampire. Damon also begins falling for Elena. After she and Stefan slept together, Elena finds a picture of a woman named Katherine Pierce who looks exactly like her. Stefan reveals that it is the woman who made him and Damon feud 145 years ago, and the person who turned them into vampires. He also told her that he is the person that saved her the night of her parents death. At the end of season one, Elena discovers that Grayson and Miranda weren't her biological parents, and that a woman named Isobel and her uncle John, who she grew up hating, were.", "Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries). Elena and Damon are back to Mystic Falls and Elena finally talks to Stefan asking him the truth and if he was with her because of her resemblance to Katherine. Stefan explains that she is nothing like Katherine and he noticed that before they even met. He reveals to her that he was there the night she had the accident with her parents and that he was the one who saved her. He tried to save her parents as well but it was too late. Since then he began watching her to be sure that she was not Katherine and he figured out how different she was from her.", "Damon Salvatore. Damon is disturbed to learn when he gets to Lily that she has been trapped with other vampires and they allowed her to drink their portions of blood to stay alive. She is reluctant to leave without them, but Damon threatens to leave her behind if she doesn't go. Bonnie, Damon, and Elena leave with Lily, leaving Kai behind. When they return, Bonnie gives Damon a gift she'd gotten for him during her trip to Nova Scotia in the 1994 Prison World: the cure to vampirism. He struggles with whether or not to give it to Elena and provide her with the life she'd been robbed of.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Caroline Preece of Den of Geek gave a good review to the episode saying that the show has improved greatly since it stopped paying attention only to Damon and Elena's relationship. \"The Damon/Elena storyline is still a frustrating mess, but it’s also not the only thing on the show anymore – and that gives viewers no longer interested in Elena’s love life a reason to come back. Just that simple thing is what fans have been asking for and, now that we have it, it’s glorious.\"[8]", "Damon Salvatore. As the season progresses, Elena falls for Damon all over again as they search for a way to free Bonnie and she becomes a large part of his support as his good friend Liz Forbes becomes more and more ill with cancer. Kai, who escaped the Prison World without Bonnie and merged with Luke, has absorbed some of Luke's qualities and is now moved by guilt to help free Bonnie. With his help, he, along with Damon, Elena, and Jeremy, are able to visit the Prison World and remind Bonnie that there is still magic residing in Qetsiyah's headstone in Nova Scotia.", "Damon Salvatore. Bonnie first saw Damon in Friday Night Bites when he dropped Caroline off at cheerleading practice. They first interacted in Haunted, when Damon learned that Bonnie had come into possession of the Bennett Talisman. He needed this to open the tomb which Katherine was locked in (for 145 years or so he believed). At first, Bonnie didn't want to have anything to do with Damon, saving his life only for Elena's sake and soon blaming him for Caroline's transition into a vampire. However, as time went on, Bonnie was put into situations where she had to work with Damon to achieve what they both wanted (albeit reluctantly at first). Their teamwork has often proved to be beneficial for the both of them. Their relationship has even come to a point where Damon is visibly worried for Bonnie's well-being and was devastated when he found out about her death. The improvement of their relationship is seen in Damon's efforts to help bring Bonnie back from the dead. However, their unique friendship hit a speed bump when Damon reverted to his old ways. Finally, they stood side by side with each other as The Other Side collapsed, holding each other's hand and at peace with what is to come for the both of them. They later discover that they are trapped in a 1994 Prison World. During that time, they start to bond and form a close alliance to take down Kai. Before sending Damon back home, she mentions that he's not exactly the last person she would wanna be stuck with. When Damon returns home, he does everything he can to find a way to bring Bonnie back, including a long road trip to Oregon to seek the Gemini Coven, and also compelling Alaric to steal the Ascendant from Jo. They finally reunite at the Salvatore Boarding House with a hug after Sheriff Forbes's funeral. It's shown that Damon and Bonnie genuinely care about each other and have made sacrifices for each other.", "Damon Salvatore. In the episode 'We All Go a Little Mad Sometimes', Damon helps Elena in dealing with her hallucinations and saves her from committing suicide. He also helps uncover the mystery about the hunter's curse with the help of Bonnie and Professor Shane. At the end of the episode, he reveals the truth about the cure to Elena and explains how Stefan has been lying to her only to find this possible cure for vampirism. However, Elena breaks up with Stefan at the end of the episode after confessing her gradually growing feelings for Damon.", "List of The Vampire Diaries characters. In season eight, Elena appears in the final episode, appearing to Bonnie when her heart stops. However, Bonnie is brought back to life and Elena's body is then taken over by Katherine and trapped in the boiler room to die with the Hellfire. Stefan sacrifices his life to save Elena. They are briefly reunited so he can say goodbye. Bonnie eventually breaks Kai's spell on Elena and reunites her with Damon and her friends. Elena goes to medical school and marries Damon while continuing to write in her diary, thanking Stefan for saving her life in the pilot. She and Damon live long and happy human lives together before they die. In the afterlife, Elena finds peace by reuniting with Jenna, John and her parents.", "Elena Gilbert. Much of Elena's story revolves around her relationships with vampires Stefan Salvatore and his older brother, Damon. It is revealed that Elena is a Petrova Doppelgänger, which is thus responsible for her being identical to her ancestor, Katherine Pierce (née Katerina Petrova). This also has the implication of making her a supernatural creature. Dobrev portrayed the \"conniving\" Katherine as well, who is opposite of Elena. The actress stated that it has been a challenge distinguishing the two, and enjoys playing them both. In the television series's fourth season, Elena becomes a vampire and deals with the struggles that come with her change. She took the cure and became human again towards the end of the sixth season. In the finale of the sixth season, Kai linked Elena to Bonnie's life by magic. Elena will only wake up when Bonnie dies in around 60 years. She was locked inside the Salvatore tomb, which was changed in the seventh season, and was relocated in Brooklyn, New York. In late 2016, when it was announced that the eighth season would be the final season, Dobrev was in talks about returning to the television series to reprise her role in the final episode. After much speculation. Dobrev's return was confirmed on January 26, 2017, via an Instagram post. Dobrev appeared in the final episode of the show as both Elena and her evil doppelgänger Katherine Pierce.", "Do You Remember the First Time? (The Vampire Diaries). Stephanie Flasher from TV After Dark gave a B+ rating to the episode saying that it was a nice one, especially for the fans of Damon and Elena. \"Bittersweet trip down the couple's history and an epic rain kiss. Finally, Caroline and Stefan have the feelings conversation and Alaric gets his groove back now that he's a human again. And the music was good.\"[3]" ]

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[ "Rock You Like a Hurricane. \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" is a song by German rock band Scorpions. The song was released as the lead single from their ninth studio album, Love at First Sting (1984). It was written by Klaus Meine and Herman Rarebell, and composed by Rudolf Schenker. The lyrics of \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" also reference the title of the album on which it originally appeared – Love at First Sting.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" is commonly played at sporting events, becoming an unofficial anthem for numerous teams, such as the Tulsa Golden Hurricane, Miami Hurricanes, Carolina Hurricanes, Buffalo Sabres (who use the 2000 orchestral version), and JYP. In 2006, the song caused a controversy when used by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers cheerleaders in their halftime routine during a game against the New Orleans Saints. Some attending the game saw the song as being played in poor taste, given the extensive damage caused to New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. Nick Evans of the New York Mets uses the song as his at-bat music, and it was formerly played when Patrick Kane of the Chicago Blackhawks scored a goal during home games.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" is regularly played at home matches of the German football team Hannover 96, as Scorpions originated from the same city. The team formerly used the song as entrance music.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. A new version was recorded in 2000 as \"Hurricane 2000\" on the album Moment of Glory, featuring Berlin Philharmonic Orchestra backing the track. In the same way, it was titled \"Hurricane 2001\" when played on the follow-up Acoustica. A third re-recording by the band features on their album Comeblack, released in 2011. The 2011 Comeblack re-recording was featured in 2014 in a commercial for Fiber One cookies and the 2015 horror comedy film Scouts Guide to the Zombie Apocalypse.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. The song has been used in numerous shows and films, including The Good Guys, Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Simpsons, Hope & Faith, Trailer Park Boys, Jawbreaker, Knocked Up, Little Nicky, The Cleveland Show, Role Models,[7] and Scorpion. It is also frequently used in television commercials and other promos, including for Blades of Glory, The Iron Giant, Human Weapon, and Monsters vs. Aliens. It has been featured in commercials for the EA Sports video game NHL 99 featuring Eric Lindros, T.G.I. Friday's commercial for the sizzling steak and chicken fajitas, and NASCAR driver Kasey Kahne dances to the song in a promotional spot for Allstate. The guitar riff introduction was featured in an ad for Windows 7 from Microsoft. It featured in a 2014 Fiber One commercial.[8]", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" reached number 25 in the USA Billboard Hot 100, greatly contributing to the album's success, and MTV put the video in heavy rotation.", "Like a Hurricane (Neil Young song). Young wrote the song in July 1975 with the help of his friend and La Honda neighbor Taylor Phelps in the back of his DeSoto Suburban, during a time when Young was unable to sing because of an operation on his vocal cords. Driven by Young's trademark fierce guitars, the song became a landmark of the 'electric side' of his concerts. The song's guitar riff is one of the most famous in rock history. The song has been played on nearly every tour Young has done since its release. It has also appeared on the compilations Decade and Greatest Hits and on the live albums Live Rust, Weld and Unplugged (this last rendition is played almost entirely on a pump organ).", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. In 2006, VH1 named \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" number 31 on their 40 Greatest Metal Songs[4] and in 2009 it was named the 18th greatest hard rock song of all time also by VH1.[5] On 15 November 2010 it was named the number 4 best riff of the '80s.[6] The racetrack depicted on the single's sleeve corresponds to the Circuito Permanente de Jerez, located in Spain.", "Like a Hurricane (Neil Young song). \"Like a Hurricane\" is a song written by Neil Young in 1975 and first released on the album American Stars 'n Bars in 1977.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. The song is referenced in Dave Eggers' 2002 novel You Shall Know Our Velocity, in which the main characters attempt to anonymously distribute money on a round the world trip by taping parcels containing cash and bearing the line \"Here I am Rock You Like a Hurricane\" onto houses, animals and other objects.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. The song was featured at the end of the Scorpion episode, \"A Cyclone\". It was also used in The Simpsons Game at some points in the end of the game along with the credits. The song has been used in other video games including Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories on the radio station V-Rock, Guitar Hero III: Legends of Rock, Portal: Prelude, and NHL 10.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. The song was also used in The Big Bang Theory's season 10's episode 15. The song was featured in the second season of Stranger Things.", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). Jerry Sharpe of The Pittsburgh Press wrote that the song \"defeats the standard old formulas for successful country music lyrics — no love story, no sex, no booze, no tragedy.\"[3] An uncredited review in Billboard said that \"Everette's distinctive vocals are the perfect vehicle for this tale of man's struggle against the elements.\"[4] Dave Marsh was less favorable in The New Rolling Stone Record Guide, calling Everette a \"poor man's Johnny Lee\" and said the song was \"almost an interesting ballad\".[5]", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). \"Hurricane\" is a song co-written by Thom Schuyler, Keith Stegall and Stewart Harris. Levon Helm recorded it for his 1980 album American Son.", "Rock You Like a Hurricane. In a Premium Crackers commercial, this song alternates with \"Mr. Lonely\" by Bobby Vinton. The song was featured in the trailer for the 2011 action-thriller, Killer Elite starring Jason Statham, Robert De Niro, and Clive Owen. The re-recorded version was featured in the soundtrack of The Angry Birds Movie.", "Like a Hurricane (Neil Young song). Recorded for music release:", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). The song has been covered by Ani DiFranco, Furthur, Middle Class Rut, the Milltown Brothers.", "Like a Hurricane (Neil Young song). An edited version of \"Like a Hurricane\" was released as a single on August 8, 1977, with \"Hold Back the Tears\" as B-side.[1]", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). \"Hurricane\" is a protest song by Bob Dylan co-written with Jacques Levy, about the imprisonment of Rubin \"Hurricane\" Carter. It compiles alleged acts of racism and profiling against Carter,[1] which Dylan describes as leading to a false trial and conviction.", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). After meeting with Carter in prison and later with a group of his supporters, Dylan began to write \"Hurricane\". The song was one of his few \"protest songs\" during the 1970s and proved to be his fourth most successful single of the decade, reaching #33 on the Billboard Hot 100.[4]", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). Dylan first recorded the song in late July 1975; it featured Scarlet Rivera on violin and Vinnie Bell on Danelectro Bellzouki 12-string guitar. Dylan was forced to re-record the song, with altered lyrics, in October 1975 after concerns were raised by Columbia's lawyers that references to Alfred Bello and Arthur Dexter Bradley (the two star witnesses of the case) as having \"robbed the bodies\" could result in a lawsuit. Bello and Bradley had never been accused of such acts. Because there was too much leakage on the multitracks to make a vocal \"punch in,\" Dylan decided to re-record the entire song. At this time, he was already rehearsing for his upcoming tour, and the musicians from the Rolling Thunder Revue were still at his disposal. Dylan took violinist Rivera, guitarist Steven Soles, bassist Rob Rothstein, drummer Howie Wyeth, and percussionist Luther Rix back into the studio, and a new, faster version of \"Hurricane\" was recorded with Don DeVito again producing, and Ronee Blakley providing a harmony vocal. (There is a noticeable mistake in the 8-minute recording at 4:02 where the backing singer (Blakley) gets her line wrong. She sings: \"Remember you saw (said) you saw the getaway car.\") The final version of the song, which runs over eight minutes, was spliced together from two separate takes completed on October 24, 1975.[5]", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). It was later recorded by American singer Leon Everette. It was released in July 1981 as the lead single from Everette's RCA Records album Hurricane. It is Everette's highest-charting single, peaking at No. 4 on the Billboard Hot Country Singles chart in September 1981.", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). The song was released on the album Desire in January 1976, making the Carter case known to a broader public. \"Hurricane\" is credited with harnessing popular support to Carter's defense.", "Hurricane (Leon Everette song). The song is about an old man who lives in the famed New Orleans French Quarter. The man is unfazed when told that a hurricane was about to hit the city; even when \"a man from Chicago\" claims that the levees need to be raised, he claims that the levees will hold and the man will be \"on his way to Illinois\".[3]", "Hurricane (Bob Dylan song). \"Dylan had written topical ballads such as 'The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll' and Bob wasn't sure that he could write a song [about Carter]... He was just filled with all these feelings about Hurricane. He couldn't make the first step. I think the first step was putting the song in a total storytelling mode. I don't remember whose idea it was to do that. But really, the beginning of the song is like stage directions, like what you would read in a script: 'Pistol shots ring out in a barroom night.... Here comes the story of the Hurricane.' Boom! Titles. You know, Bob loves movies, and he can write these movies that take place in eight to ten minutes, yet seem as full or fuller than regular movies\".[3]", "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny. Tensely, people watch for the hurricane's arrival. The men sing a hymn-like admonition not to be afraid. Jim meditatively compares Nature's savagery to the far greater destructiveness of Man. Why do we build, he asks, if not for the pleasure of destroying? Since Man can outdo any hurricane, fear makes no sense. For the sake of human satisfaction, nothing should be forbidden: If you want another man's money, his house or his wife, knock him down and take it; do what you please. As Begbick and the men ponder Jimmy's philosophy, Fatty and Moses rush in with news: The hurricane has unexpectedly struck Pensacola, destroying Begbick’s enemies, the federal agents. Begbick and her cohorts take it as a sign that Jimmy is right; they join him, Jenny, and his three friends in singing a new, defiant song: If someone walks on, then it's me, and if someone gets walked on, then it's you. In the background, the men continue to chant their hymn as the hurricane draws nearer.", "Rock of Ages (2012 film). This extended cut includes 13 additional minutes of footage, including \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" edited back into the film, more risque humor from Russell Brand, and a few additional verses on \"Waiting for a Girl/Boy Like You\".", "Love at First Sting. It became the group's most successful album in the US, where it peaked at number 6 on the Billboard 200 chart in 1984,[7] and went double-platinum by the end of the year, reaching triple-platinum status in 1995.[8] The song \"Rock You Like a Hurricane\" reached number 25 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in the same year,[7] \"Still Loving You\" reached number 64 on the same chart,[7] number 14 in Germany,[9] number 3 in the French[10] and Swiss[11] single charts.", "Bob Seger. Seger was no longer as prolific and several years elapsed before his next studio album, Like a Rock emerged in the spring of 1986. The fast-paced \"American Storm\" was another Top 20 single aided by a popular music video featuring actress Lesley Ann Warren, and \"Like a Rock\" followed, reaching #12 on Billboard's Hot 100. Later, it would become familiar to many Americans through its association with a long-running Chevrolet ad campaign (something Seger explicitly chose to do to support struggling American automobile workers in Detroit).[22] Seger's 1986–1987 American Storm Tour was his self-stated last major tour, playing 105 shows over 9 months and selling almost 1.5 million tickets. Like a Rock reached #3 and eventually sold over 3 million copies although it has never been certified above platinum.", "Grace Jones. The album was released on Wall of Sound on 3 November 2008 in the United Kingdom. PIAS, the umbrella company of Wall of Sound, distributed Hurricane worldwide excluding North America.[79] The album scored 72 out of 100 on review aggregator Metacritic.[80] Prior to the album's release, Jones performed at Massive Attack's Meltdown festival in London on 19 June 2008, Jones performed four new songs from the album and premiered the music video which Jones and artist Nick Hooker collaborated on, which resulted in \"Corporate Cannibal\".[81][82][83] Jones promoted the album even further by appearing on talk show Friday Night with Jonathan Ross, performed at several awards galas, and embarked on The Hurricane Tour. The same year, Jones was honoured with Q Idol Award. In 2009, Chris Cunningham produced a fashion shoot for Dazed & Confused using Jones as a model to create \"Nubian versions\" of Rubber Johnny.[84] In an interview for BBC's The Culture Show, it was suggested that the collaboration may expand into a video project. Jones also worked with the avant-garde poet Brigitte Fontaine on a duet named \"Soufi\" from Fontaine's album Prohibition released in 2009, and produced by Ivor Guest. In March 2010 Jones performed for guests at the 18th annual Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Viewing Party. The Elton John AIDS Foundation is one of the world's leading nonprofit organisations supporting HIV prevention programs, and works to eliminate the stigma and discrimination associated with HIV/AIDS. That evening, US$3.7 million was raised.[85][86] The same year, a budget DVD version of A One Man Show was released, as Grace Jones – Live in Concert. It included three bonus video clips (\"Slave to the Rhythm\", \"Love Is the Drug\" and \"Crush\". 2011 saw Jones again collaborating with Brigitte Fontaine on two tracks from her 2011 release entitled L'un n'empêche pas l'autre and performed at the opening ceremony of the 61st FIFA Congress.[87] Jones released a dub version of the album, Hurricane – Dub, which came out on 5 September 2011. The dub versions were made by Ivor Guest, with contributions from Adam Green, Frank Byng, Robert Logan and Ben Cowan. In April 2012, Jones joined Deborah Harry, Bebel Gilberto, and Sharon Stone at the Inspiration Gala in São Paulo, Brazil, raising $1.3 million for amfAR (the Foundation for AIDS Research). Jones closed the evening with a performance of \"La Vie en Rose\" and \"Pull Up to the Bumper\".[88]", "Bon Jovi. The song began to get airplay in the New York area, then other sister stations in major markets picked up the song. In March 1983, Bon Jovi called David Bryan, who in turn called bassist Alec John Such and an experienced drummer named Tico Torres, both formerly of the band Phantom's Opera. Tapped to play lead guitar was Bon Jovi's neighbor, Dave Sabo (\"The Snake\"), though he never officially joined the band. He and Jon promised each other that whoever made it first, would help out the other. Sabo later went on to form the group Skid Row. Jon saw and was impressed with hometown guitarist Richie Sambora who was recommended by fellow bassist Alec John Such and drummer Tico Torres. Sambora had toured with Joe Cocker, played with a group called Mercy and had been called up to audition for Kiss. He also played on the album Lessons (originally intended for release in 1982;[20] re-released on CD through Long Island Records in 1995) with the band Message, for which Alec John Such was the bassist. Message was originally signed to Led Zeppelin's Swan Song Records label, although the album was never officially released at the time.[17] Meanwhile, WAPP, the station that had first played \"Runaway\" worked with WOR-TV (now WWOR-TV) in nearby Secaucus, NJ on a music video show, Rock 9 Videos, for a short time in 1984.[21]", "The Storm (American band). The Storm was an American supergroup rock band, formed in the Bay Area of San Francisco during the early 1990s. The band's released their first single, a power ballad, \"I've Got a Lot to Learn About Love\" - for which they are perhaps most widely known. The song peaked at #6 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and at #26 on the Billboard Hot 100." ]

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[ "Cold War. The Cold War split the temporary wartime alliance against Nazi Germany, leaving the Soviet Union and the United States as two superpowers with profound economic and political differences. The USSR was a Marxist–Leninist state led by its Communist Party, which in turn was dominated by a leader with different titles over time, and a small committee called the Politburo. The Party controlled the press, the military, the economy and many organizations. It also controlled the other states in the Eastern Bloc, and funded Communist parties around the world, sometimes in competition with Communist China, particularly following the Sino-Soviet split of the 1960s. In opposition stood the capitalist West, led by the United States, a federal republic with a two-party presidential system. The First World nations of the Western Bloc were generally liberal democratic with a free press and independent organizations, but were economically and politically entwined with a network of banana republics and other authoritarian regimes throughout the Third World, most of which were the Western Bloc's former colonies.[1][2] Some major Cold War frontlines such as Vietnam, Indonesia, and the Congo were still Western colonies in 1947.", "Cold War. The Cold War was a state of geopolitical tension after World War II between powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union and its satellite states) and powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others). Historians do not fully agree on the dates, but a common timeframe is the period between 1947, the year the Truman Doctrine, a U.S. foreign policy pledging to aid nations threatened by Soviet expansionism, was announced, and either 1989, when communism fell in Eastern Europe, or 1991, when the Soviet Union collapsed. The term \"cold\" is used because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, but they each supported major regional wars known as proxy wars.", "History of socialism. Immediately after the Second World War, a period known as the Cold War began. It represented a period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective allies. Throughout the period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in multiple arenas: military coalitions; ideology, psychology, and espionage; military, industrial, and technological developments, including the space race; costly defense spending; a massive conventional and nuclear arms race; and many proxy wars.", "United States in the 1950s. The Cold War (1945–1991) was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, and economic competition between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, led by the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never officially clashed directly, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, a nuclear arms race, espionage, proxy wars, propaganda, and technological competition, e.g., the space race.[1] The first use of the term to describe the specific post-war geopolitical confrontation between the USSR and the United States came in a speech by Bernard Baruch, an influential advisor to Democratic presidents,[1] The speech, written by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope,[2] proclaimed, \"Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war.\"[3] Newspaper columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency with his book The Cold War; when asked in 1947 about the source of the term, Lippmann traced it to a French term from the 1930s, la guerre froide.[4]", "Cold War. As soon as the term \"Cold War\" was popularized to refer to post-war tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict has been a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists, and journalists.[324] In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet–US relations after the Second World War; and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable, or could have been avoided.[325] Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were, and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides.[236]", "Competition. Finally, competition also exists between governments. Each country or nationality struggles for world dominance, power, or military strength. For example, the United States competed against the Soviet Union in the Cold War for world power, and the two also struggled over the different types of government (in these cases representative democracy and communism). The result of this type of competition often leads to worldwide tensions, and may sometimes erupt into warfare.", "Modern history. The Cold War began in the mid-1940s and lasted into the early 1990s. Throughout this period, the conflict was expressed through military coalitions, espionage, weapons development, invasions, propaganda, and competitive technological development. The conflict included costly defense spending, a massive conventional and nuclear arms race, and numerous proxy wars; the two superpowers never fought one another directly.", "Cold war (general term). Cold War II,[9][10] also called Second Cold War,[11][12][13] Cold War 2.0,[14][15] or the New Cold War[16][17] refers to a renewed state of political and military tension between opposing geopolitical power-blocs, with one bloc typically reported as being led by Russia or China,[18] and the other led by the United States or NATO. This is akin to the original Cold War that saw a global confrontation between the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union, Russia's predecessor.", "Cold War (1947–1953). Some conflicts between the West and the USSR appeared earlier. In 1945–46 the US and UK strongly protested Soviet political takeover efforts in Eastern Europe, while the hunt for Soviet spies made the tensions more visible. However historians emphasize the decisive break between the US–UK and the USSR came in 1947–48 over such issues as the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan and the Berlin Blockade, followed by the formation of NATO in 1949.[dubious – discuss]The Cold War took place worldwide, but it had a partially different timing outside Europe.[1]", "Space Race. The Cold War (1947–1991) developed between two former allies, the Soviet Union and the United States, soon after the end of the Second World War. It involved a continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition, primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states (often referred to as the Eastern Bloc), and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States.[24] The primary participants' military forces never clashed directly, but expressed this conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, a nuclear arms race, and economic and technological competitions, such as the Space Race.[24]", "Cold war (general term). A cold war is a state of conflict between nations that does not involve direct military action but is pursued primarily through economic and political actions, propaganda, acts of espionage or proxy wars waged by surrogates. This term is most commonly used to refer to the Soviet-American Cold War. The surrogates are typically states that are \"satellites\" of the conflicting nations, i.e., nations allied to them or under their political influence. Opponents in a cold war will often provide economic or military aid, such as weapons, tactical support or military advisors, to lesser nations involved in conflicts with the opposing country.", "Cold War (1953–1962). The Cold War started placing immense pressure on developing nations to align with one of the superpower factions. Both promised substantial financial, military, and diplomatic aid in exchange for an alliance, in which issues like corruption and human rights abuses were overlooked or ignored. When an allied government was threatened, the superpowers were often prepared and willing to intervene.", "Cold War (1979–1985). The timing of this event along with the multiple other conflicts between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in 1983 created an political climate of high tension which could have quickly escalated to disastrous actions by either side in response.", "Historiography of the Cold War. As soon as the term \"Cold War\" was popularized to refer to postwar tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union, interpreting the course and origins of the conflict became a source of heated controversy among historians, political scientists and journalists.[1] In particular, historians have sharply disagreed as to who was responsible for the breakdown of Soviet Union–United States relations after the World War II and whether the conflict between the two superpowers was inevitable, or could have been avoided.[2] Historians have also disagreed on what exactly the Cold War was, what the sources of the conflict were and how to disentangle patterns of action and reaction between the two sides.[3] While the explanations of the origins of the conflict in academic discussions are complex and diverse, several general schools of thought on the subject can be identified. Historians commonly speak of three differing approaches to the study of the Cold War: \"orthodox\" accounts, \"revisionism\" and \"post-revisionism\". However, much of the historiography on the Cold War weaves together two or even all three of these broad categories[4] and more recent scholars have tended to address issues that transcend the concerns of all three schools.", "United States. After World War II the United States and the Soviet Union jockeyed for power during what became known as the Cold War, driven by an ideological divide between capitalism and communism[173] and, according to the school of geopolitics, a divide between the maritime Atlantic and the continental Eurasian camps. They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its NATO allies on one side and the USSR and its Warsaw Pact allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of containment towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in proxy wars and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict.", "Origins of the Cold War. There were fundamental contrasts between the visions of the United States and the Soviet Union, between the ideals of capitalism and communism. Those contrasts had been simplified and refined in national ideologies to represent two ways of life, each vindicated in 1945 by previous disasters. Conflicting models of autarky versus exports, of state planning against private enterprise, were to vie for the allegiance of the developing and developed world in the postwar years.", "Korean conflict. The opposing regimes aligned themselves with opposing sides in the Cold War. Both sides received recognition as the legitimate government of Korea from the opposing blocs.[45][46]", "Cold War (1979–1985). The Cold War (1979–1985) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. With the election of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and United States President Ronald Reagan in 1980, a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach toward the Soviet Union was marked with the abandonment of détente in favor of the Reagan Doctrine policy of rollback, with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries. During this time, the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "Cold War (1979–85). The Cold War (1979–1985) refers to the phase of a deterioration in relations between the Soviet Union and the West arising from the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979. With the election of British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979, and United States President Ronald Reagan in 1980, a corresponding change in Western foreign policy approach towards the Soviet Union was marked with the abandonment of détente in favor of the Reagan Doctrine policy of rollback, with the stated goal of dissolving Soviet influence in Soviet Bloc countries. During this time the threat of nuclear war had reached new heights not seen since the Cuban Missile Crisis.", "Cold War. In what some have called the First Cold War, from Britain’s intervention in the Russian Civil War in 1918 to its uneasy alliance with the Soviet Union against the Axis powers in 1941, British distrust of the revolutionary and regicidal Bolsheviks resulted in domestic, foreign, and colonial policies aimed at resisting the spread of communism. This conflict after 1945 took on new battlefields, new weapons, new players, and a greater intensity, but it was still fundamentally a conflict against Soviet imperialism (real and imagined).[13]", "Origins of the Cold War. The Origins of the Cold War lie most directly in the breakdown of the great power alliance of World War II into an Eastern communist bloc (led by the Soviet Union) and a Western capitalist bloc (led by the United States, Great Britain and France) in the years 1945–1947. Sources of this alienation included differing interpretations of the Atlantic Charter, disagreement in wartime conferences over the governance of Eastern Europe, and the Western allies scrapping the Morgenthau Plan for postwar Germany.", "History of liberalism. The Cold War featured extensive ideological competition and several proxy wars, but the widely feared Third World War between the Soviet Union and the United States never occurred. While communist states and liberal democracies competed against one another, an economic crisis in the 1970s inspired a move away from Keynesian economics, especially under Margaret Thatcher in the UK and Ronald Reagan in the US. This classical liberal renewal, called pejoratively \"neoliberalism\" by its opponents, lasted through the 1980s and the 1990s. Meanwhile, nearing the end of the 20th century, communist states in Eastern Europe collapsed precipitously, leaving liberal democracies as the only major forms of government in the West.", "Cold war (general term). A Naval Postgraduate School academic Edward A. Olsen,[35][36] a British politician David Alton,[37] a York University professor Hyun Ok Park,[38] and a University of Southern California professor David C. Kang[39] used the term to refer to tensions between North Korea and South Korea, which have been divided since the end of World War II in 1945. They interchangeably called it the \"Korean Cold War\".", "George Orwell. Orwell may have been the first to use the term cold war to refer to the state of tension between powers in the Western Bloc and the Eastern Bloc that followed the Second World War, in his essay, \"You and the Atom Bomb\", published in Tribune, 19 October 1945. He wrote:", "Origins of the Cold War. Several postwar disagreements between western and Soviet leaders were related to their differing interpretations of wartime and immediate post-war conferences.", "Origins of the Cold War. During the war, both sides disagreed on military strategy, especially the question of the opening of a second front against Germany in Western Europe.", "Origins of the Cold War. Even before the war came to an end, it seemed highly likely that cooperation between the Western powers and the USSR would give way to intense rivalry or conflict. This was due primarily to the starkly contrasting economic ideologies of the two superpowers, now quite easily the strongest in the world. Whereas the US was a two-party republic with a capitalist economy based on profit-making, the USSR was a one-party Marxist–Leninist State with a state-controlled economy where private wealth was all but outlawed.", "Cold War. As for the two cold wars thesis, the chief problem is that the two periods are incommensurable. To be sure, they were joined together by enduring ideological hostility, but in the post-World War I years Bolshevism was not a geopolitical menace. After World War II, in contrast, the Soviet Union was a superpower that combined ideological antagonism with the kind of geopolitical threat posed by Germany and Japan in the Second World War. Even with more amicable relations in the 1920s, it is conceivable that post-1945 relations would have turned out much the same.[14]", "Total war. During the Cold War, the two superpowers sought to avoid open conflict between their respective forces, as both sides recognized that such a clash could very easily escalate, and quickly involve nuclear weapons.[citation needed] Instead, the superpowers fought each other through their involvement in proxy wars, military buildups, and diplomatic standoffs.[citation needed]", "Counterculture of the 1960s. The Cold War between communist states and capitalist states involved espionage and preparation for war between powerful nations,[13][14] along with political and military interference by powerful states in the internal affairs of less powerful nations. Poor outcomes from some of these activities set the stage for disillusionment with, and distrust of, post-war governments.[15] Examples included harsh Soviet Union (USSR) responses to popular anti-communist uprisings, such as the 1956 Hungarian Revolution and Czechoslovakia's Prague Spring in 1968, and the botched US Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961. In the US, President Dwight D. Eisenhower's initial deception[16] over the nature of the 1960 U-2 incident resulted in the government being caught in a blatant lie at the highest levels, and contributed to a backdrop of growing distrust of authority among many who came of age during the period.[17][18][19] The Partial Test Ban Treaty divided the establishment within the US along political and military lines.[20][21][22] Internal political disagreements concerning treaty obligations in Southeast Asia (SEATO), especially in Vietnam, and debate as to how other communist insurgencies should be challenged, also created a rift of dissent within the establishment.[23][24][25] In the UK, the Profumo Affair also involved establishment leaders being caught in deception, leading to disillusionment and serving as a catalyst for liberal activism.[26] The Cuban Missile Crisis, which brought the world to the brink of nuclear war in October 1962, was largely fomented by duplicitous speech and actions on the part of the Soviet Union.[27][28] The assassination of US President John F. Kennedy in November 1963, and the attendant theories concerning the event, led to further diminished trust in government, including among younger people.[29][30][31]", "Cold War espionage. The Cold War was all about gaining the advantage of information about the enemies’ atomic weaponry. The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II led by the United States (and the Western Bloc) and the Soviet Union (and the Eastern Bloc). Although the two powers never engaged in a full out war, both countries were constantly preparing for an all-out nuclear war. Thus the use of spies to gain insight into the knowledge of how far their enemies were advancing.[2]", "Timeline of events in the Cold War. This is a timeline of the main events of the Cold War, a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others) and powers in the Eastern Bloc (the Soviet Union, its allies in the Warsaw Pact and later the People's Republic of China)." ]

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[ "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A \"text revision\" of the DSM-IV, known as the DSM-IV-TR, was published in 2000. The diagnostic categories and the vast majority of the specific criteria for diagnosis were unchanged.[37] The text sections giving extra information on each diagnosis were updated, as were some of the diagnostic codes to maintain consistency with the ICD. The DSM-IV-TR was organized into a five-part axial system. The first axis incorporated clinical disorders. The second axis covered personality disorders and intellectual disabilities. The remaining axes covered medical, psychosocial, environmental, and childhood factors functionally necessary to provide diagnostic criteria for health care assessments.", "Classification of mental disorders. The DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision, 2000) consists of five axes (domains) on which disorder can be assessed. The five axes are:", "Normality (behavior). The DSM-5 was released in the second half of 2013. It has significant differences from DSM IV-TR, including the removal of the multi-axial classifications and reconfiguring the Asperger's/autistic spectrum classifications.[citation needed]", "DSM-IV codes. DSM-IV codes are the classification found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision, also known as DSM-IV-TR, a manual published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) that includes all currently recognized mental health disorders. The DSM-IV codes are thus used by mental health professionals to describe the features of a given mental disorder and indicate how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems.[1]", "Substance use disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV TR) describes physical dependence, abuse of, and withdrawal from drugs and other substances. It does not use the word 'addiction' at all. It has instead a section about substance dependence:", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The DSM-IV-TR characterizes a mental disorder as \"a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual [which] is associated with present distress… or disability… or with a significant increased risk of suffering.\" It also notes that \"no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder'… different situations call for different definitions\". It states that \"there is no assumption that each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries dividing it from other mental disorders or from no mental disorder\" (APA, 1994 and 2000).", "Classification of mental disorders. The DSM-IV was originally published in 1994 and listed more than 250 mental disorders. It was produced by the American Psychiatric Association and it characterizes mental disorder as \"a clinically significant behavioral or psychological syndrome or pattern that occurs in an individual,...is associated with present distress...or disability...or with a significant increased risk of suffering\" but that \"...no definition adequately specifies precise boundaries for the concept of 'mental disorder'...different situations call for different definitions\" (APA, 1994 and 2000). The DSM also states that \"there is no assumption that each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries dividing it from other mental disorders or from no mental disorders.\"", "DSM-5. The DSM-5 was published on May 18, 2013, superseding the DSM-IV-TR, which was published in 2000. The development of the new edition began with a conference in 1999 and proceeded with the formation of a Task Force in 2007, which developed and field-tested a variety of new classifications. In most respects, the DSM-5 is not greatly modified from the DSM-IV-TR; however, some significant differences exist between them. Notable changes in the DSM-5 include the reconceptualization of Asperger syndrome from a distinct disorder to an autism spectrum disorder; the elimination of subtypes of schizophrenia; the deletion of the \"bereavement exclusion\" for depressive disorders; the renaming of gender identity disorder to gender dysphoria, along with a revised treatment plan; the inclusion of binge eating disorder as a discrete eating disorder; the renaming and reconceptualization of paraphilias to paraphilic disorders; the removal of the axis system; and the splitting of disorders not otherwise specified into other specified disorders and unspecified disorders. In addition, the DSM-5 is the first DSM to use an Arabic numeral instead of a Roman numeral in its title, as well as the first \"living document\" version of a DSM.[1]", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The DSM is now in its fifth edition, the DSM-5, published on May 18, 2013. The DSM evolved from systems for collecting census and psychiatric hospital statistics, and from a United States Army manual. Revisions since its first publication in 1952 have incrementally added to the total number of mental disorders, although also removing those no longer considered to be mental disorders.", "Dissociative identity disorder. The DSM-IV-TR criteria for DID have been criticized for failing to capture the clinical complexity of DID, lacking usefulness in diagnosing individuals with DID (for instance, by focusing on the two least frequent and most subtle symptoms of DID) producing a high rate of false negatives and an excessive number of DDNOS diagnoses, for excluding possession (seen as a cross-cultural form of DID), and for including only two \"core\" symptoms of DID (amnesia and self-alteration) while failing to discuss hallucinations, trance-like states, somatoform, depersonalization, and derealization symptoms. Arguments have been made for allowing diagnosis through the presence of some, but not all of the characteristics of DID rather than the current exclusive focus on the two least common and noticeable features.[19] The DSM-IV-TR criteria have also been criticized[citation needed] for being tautological, using imprecise and undefined language and for the use of instruments that give a false sense of validity and empirical certainty to the diagnosis.", "Major depressive disorder. The DSM-IV-TR recognizes five further subtypes of MDD, called specifiers, in addition to noting the length, severity and presence of psychotic features:", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The DSM-IV is a categorical classification system. The categories are prototypes, and a patient with a close approximation to the prototype is said to have that disorder. DSM-IV states, \"there is no assumption each category of mental disorder is a completely discrete entity with absolute boundaries\" but isolated, low-grade and non-criterion (unlisted for a given disorder) symptoms are not given importance.[38] Qualifiers are sometimes used, for example mild, moderate or severe forms of a disorder. For nearly half the disorders, symptoms must be sufficient to cause \"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning\", although DSM-IV-TR removed the distress criterion from tic disorders and several of the paraphilias due to their egosyntonic nature. Each category of disorder has a numeric code taken from the ICD coding system, used for health service (including insurance) administrative purposes.", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In 1994, DSM-IV was published, listing 297 disorders in 886 pages. The task force was chaired by Allen Frances. A steering committee of 27 people was introduced, including four psychologists. The steering committee created 13 work groups of five to 16 members. Each work group had about 20 advisers. The work groups conducted a three-step process: first, each group conducted an extensive literature review of their diagnoses; then, they requested data from researchers, conducting analyses to determine which criteria required change, with instructions to be conservative; finally, they conducted multicenter field trials relating diagnoses to clinical practice.[35][36] A major change from previous versions was the inclusion of a clinical significance criterion to almost half of all the categories, which required that symptoms cause \"clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning\". Some personality disorder diagnoses were deleted or moved to the appendix.[17]", "Audi A4. A variant, developed by quattro GmbH, was first introduced in May 2005, named \"Audi A4 DTM Edition\". It was inspired from Audi's race cars of the 2004 Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, and was reintroduced in 2006 as a regular option. The 2.0T FSI engine received revised software mapping to the ECU, which increased the output to 220 PS (162 kW; 217 bhp) and 300 N⋅m (221 lb⋅ft) of torque. It was available with front-wheel drive, or quattro four-wheel drive.", "Intermittent explosive disorder. The DSM-IV-TR was very specific in its definition of Intermittent Explosive Disorder which was defined, essentially, by exclusion of other conditions. The diagnosis required:", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), the DSM-5, was approved by the Board of Trustees of the APA on December 1, 2012.[46] Published on May 18, 2013,[47] the DSM-5 contains extensively revised diagnoses and, in some cases, broadens diagnostic definitions while narrowing definitions in other cases.[48] The DSM-5 is the first major edition of the manual in twenty years.[49]", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Finally published in 1980, the DSM-III was 494 pages and listed 265 diagnostic categories. It rapidly came into widespread international use and has been termed a revolution or transformation in psychiatry.[23][24] However, Robert Spitzer later criticized his own work on it in an interview with Adam Curtis, saying it led to the medicalization of 20-30 percent of the population who may not have had any serious mental problems.", "Tourette syndrome. Since the 1990s, a more neutral view of Tourette's has emerged, in which biological vulnerability and adverse environmental events are seen to interact.[25][26] In 2000, the American Psychiatric Association published the DSM-IV-TR, revising the text of DSM-IV to no longer require that symptoms of tic disorders cause distress or impair functioning,[52] recognizing that clinicians often see patients who meet all the other criteria for Tourette's, but do not have distress or impairment.[53][54]", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The DSM-IV does not specifically cite its sources, but there are four volumes of \"sourcebooks\" intended to be APA's documentation of the guideline development process and supporting evidence, including literature reviews, data analyses and field trials.[40][41][42][43] The Sourcebooks have been said to provide important insights into the character and quality of the decisions that led to the production of DSM-IV, and hence the scientific credibility of contemporary psychiatric classification.[44][45]", "History of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The DSM-II (1968) began to call it \"Hyperkinetic Reaction of Childhood\" even though the professionals were aware that many of the children so diagnosed exhibited attention deficits without any signs of hyperactivity. In 1980, the DSM-III introduced the term \"ADD (Attention-Deficit Disorder) with or without hyperactivity.\" That terminology (ADD) technically expired with the revision in 1987 to ADHD in the DSM-III-R. In the DSM-IV, published in 1994, ADHD with sub-types was presented. The DSM-IV-TR was released in 2000, primarily to correct factual errors and make changes to reflect recent research; ADHD was largely unchanged.", "Schizoaffective disorder. DSM-IV and DSM-IV-TR (published in 2000) criteria for schizoaffective disorder were poorly defined and poorly operationalized.[6] These ambiguous and unreliable criteria lasted 19 years and led clinicians to significantly overuse the schizoaffective disorder diagnosis.[6] Patients commonly diagnosed with DSM-IV schizoaffective disorder showed a clinical picture at time of diagnosis that appeared different from schizophrenia or psychotic mood disorders using DSM-IV criteria, but who as a group, were longitudinally determined to have outcomes indistinguishable from those with mood disorders with or without psychotic features.[6] A poor prognosis was assumed to apply to these patients by most clinicians, and this poor prognosis was harmful to many patients.[6][88] The poor prognosis for DSM-IV schizoaffective disorder was not based on patient outcomes research, but was caused by poorly defined criteria interacting with clinical tradition and belief; clinician enculturation with unscientific assumptions from the diagnosis' history (discussed above), including the invalid Kraepelinian dichotomy;[60][63] and by clinicians being unfamiliar with the scientific limitations of the diagnostic and classification system.[6]", "Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Title IV of the ADA amended the landmark Communications Act of 1934 primarily by adding section 47 U.S.C. § 225. This section requires that all telecommunications companies in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services for consumers with disabilities, notably those who are deaf or hard of hearing and those with speech impairments. When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to the installation of public teletypewriter (TTY) machines and other TDD (telecommunications devices for the deaf). Title IV also led to the creation, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, of what were then called dual-party relay services and now are known as Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS), such as STS relay. Today, many TRS-mediated calls are made over the Internet by consumers who use broadband connections. Some are Video Relay Service (VRS) calls, while others are text calls. In either variation, communication assistants translate between the signed or typed words of a consumer and the spoken words of others. In 2006, according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), VRS calls averaged two million minutes a month.", "Asperger syndrome. Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Unlike the international standard,[30] the DSM-IV-TR criteria also required significant impairment in day-to-day functioning;[33] DSM-5 eliminated AS as a separate diagnosis in 2013, and folded it into the umbrella of autism spectrum disorders.[27] Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by Szatmari et al.[68] and by Gillberg and Gillberg.[69]", "DSM-IV codes. The coding system utilized by the DSM-IV is designed to correspond with codes from the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, commonly referred to as the ICD-9-CM. Since early versions of the DSM did not correlate with ICD codes and updates of the publications for the ICD and the DSM are not simultaneous, some distinctions in the coding systems may still be present. For this reason, it is recommended that users of these manuals consult the appropriate reference when accessing diagnostic codes", "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In 1974, the decision to create a new revision of the DSM was made, and Robert Spitzer was selected as chairman of the task force. The initial impetus was to make the DSM nomenclature consistent with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), published by the World Health Organization. The revision took on a far wider mandate under the influence and control of Spitzer and his chosen committee members.[31] One goal was to improve the uniformity and validity of psychiatric diagnosis in the wake of a number of critiques, including the famous Rosenhan experiment. There was also a need to standardize diagnostic practices within the US and with other countries after research showed that psychiatric diagnoses differed markedly between Europe and the US.[32] The establishment of these criteria was an attempt to facilitate the pharmaceutical regulatory process.", "Saints Row. Saints Row IV's first story-driven downloadable content pack, Enter the Dominatrix, is a \"directors cut\" version of the cancelled Saints Row: The Third expansion of the same name, and was released on 22 October 2013.[16] Its second story DLC, How the Saints Saved Christmas was released on 10 December 2013.", "Schizophrenia. With the publication of DSM-5, the APA removed all sub-classifications of schizophrenia.[118] The five sub-classifications included in DSM-IV-TR were:[119][120]", "DSM-5. David Kupfer, chair of the DSM-5 task force, and Darrel A. Regier, MD, MPH, vice chair of the task force, whose industry ties are disclosed with those of the task force,[47] countered that \"collaborative relationships among government, academia, and industry are vital to the current and future development of pharmacological treatments for mental disorders\". They asserted that the development of DSM-5 is the \"most inclusive and transparent developmental process in the 60-year history of DSM\". The developments to this new version can be viewed on the APA website.[48] Public input was requested for the first time in the history of the manual.[citation needed] During periods of public comment, members of the public could sign up at the DSM-5 website[49] and provide feedback on the various proposed changes.[50]", "DSM-5. On July 23, 2007, the APA announced the task force that would oversee the development of DSM-5. The DSM-5 Task Force consisted of 27 members, including a chair and vice chair, who collectively represent research scientists from psychiatry and other disciplines, clinical care providers, and consumer and family advocates. Scientists working on the revision of the DSM had a broad range of experience and interests. The APA Board of Trustees required that all task force nominees disclose any competing interests or potentially conflicting relationships with entities that have an interest in psychiatric diagnoses and treatments as a precondition to appointment to the task force. The APA made all task force members' disclosures available during the announcement of the task force. Several individuals were ruled ineligible for task force appointments due to their competing interests.[38]", "Mood disorder. The DSM-5, released in May 2013, separates the mood disorder chapter from the DSM-TR-IV into two sections: Depressive and Related Disorders and Bipolar and Related Disorders. Bipolar Disorders falls in between Depressive Disorders and Schizophrenia Spectrum and Related Disorders “in recognition of their place as a bridge between the two diagnostic classes in terms of symptomatology, family history and genetics” (Ref. 1, p 123).[78] Bipolar Disorders underwent a few changes in the DSM-5, most notably the addition of more specific symptomology related to hypomanic and mixed manic states. Depressive Disorders underwent the most changes, the addition of three new disorders: disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder (previously dysthymia), and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (previously in Appendix B, the section for disorders needing further research). Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder is meant as a diagnosis for children and adolescents who would normally be diagnosed with bipolar disorder as a way to limit the bipolar diagnosis in this age cohort. Major depressive disorder (MDD) also underwent a notable change, in that the bereavement clause has been removed. Those previously exempt from a diagnosis of MDD due to bereavement are now candidates for the MDD diagnosis.[79]", "Oppositional defiant disorder. The fourth revision of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV-TR) (now replaced by DSM-5) stated that the child must exhibit four out of the eight signs and symptoms to meet the diagnostic threshold for oppositional defiant disorder.[4] These symptoms include:", "DSM-5. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In the United States, the DSM serves as the principal authority for psychiatric diagnoses. Treatment recommendations, as well as payment by health care providers, are often determined by DSM classifications, so the appearance of a new version has significant practical importance." ]

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[ "Anne of the Island. Ruby Gillis - Anne's childhood friend. Ruby is fair and beautiful and prepared to marry when she discovers that she is gravely ill and dies later in the book.", "Anne of the Island. Anne's childhood friend Ruby Gillis dies of consumption very soon after finding her own true love. Anne later welcomes the courtship of Roy Gardner, a darkly handsome Redmond student who showers her with attention and poetic gestures. However, when he proposes after two years, Anne abruptly realizes that Roy does not really belong in her life, and that she had only been in love with the idea of him as the embodiment of her childhood ideal.", "Anne of Green Gables. The book also follows Anne's adventures with her new-found friends. Episodes include her play-time with her friends Diana, a calm girl named Jane Andrews and a good-natured but often hysterical girl called Ruby Gillis, and her run-ins with the unpleasant Pye sisters Gertie and Josie; and domestic mishaps such as dyeing her hair green while intending to dye it black, and accidentally getting Diana drunk by giving her what she thought was raspberry cordial but turned out to be currant wine.", "Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story. The film was also criticised for introducing a continuity problem. Following Colleen Dewhurst's death in 1991, Marilla Cuthbert's death was written into the series Road to Avonlea. At Marilla's funeral, Hetty King refers to Gilbert and Anne Blythe, stating they were married. Anne does not appear in the Avonlea episode because she is sick with scarlet fever. The Continuing Story, which takes place five years later, attempts to resolve the discontinuity by revealing that Anne had scarlet fever while she was teaching at an orphanage in Nova Scotia.", "Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel. Emmeline's widowed father Morgan Harris, a well-to-do traveling businessman, also proposes marriage to Anne, after Anne and Emmeline had visited his spacious house in Boston. Anne declines Morgan Harris' proposal and returns to Green Gables, where she learns that Gilbert is ill nearby with scarlet fever, having returned home from Halifax Medical School. Anne finally realizes her true feelings for Gilbert, and goes to visit him. After Gilbert regains his health, he proposes once more, and Anne accepts him with a kiss, declaring, \"I don't want diamond sunbursts, or marble halls. I just want you.\"", "Anne Shirley. In Anne of Avonlea, Marilla decided to take in her cousin's twin children, Davy and Dora (continuing Anne's \"curse of twins\"). However, Anne took to them, especially Davy, immediately. Anne learns to manage the twins via a mixture of good humor and understanding..[18] Besides for teaching, Anne joins the Village Improvement Society that works to demolish ugly abandoned houses, repaint the village and plant a garden at the crossroads.[19] The mean-spirited principle Mr. Harrison attacks Anne as a \"red-headed snippet\" who sits around \"reading yellow-covered novels\".[20] When a famous author Mrs. Morgan visits Avonlea, Anne greets her with a nose turned red owing to her mistakes in applying the wrong skin lotion as Anne goes to absurd lengths to be prepared to meet the world-famous Mrs. Morgan, which results in chaos, through all works out well in the end.[21] Meeting Mrs. Morgan inspires Anne to try writing, where trapped in an abandoned hen-house, she writes out a dialogue between flowers and the birds in the garden.[22] Another scrape occurs at her school, where Anne forces a student to throw a package into the school stove, unaware that the offending package were firecrackers.[23] The following year, Rachel Lynde's husband Thomas died and Rachel moved in with Marilla at Green Gables, leaving Anne free to continue her education at Redmond College (based on Dalhousie University[24] [25]) in Kingsport, Nova Scotia. Anne was pleased because Gilbert would also be going to Redmond the following year. After the wedding of her friend Miss Lavendar, Anne first realized that there was a possibility that Gilbert felt more for her than friendship, and \"The page of girlhood had been turned, as by an unseen finger, and the page of womanhood was before her with all its charm and mystery, its pain and gladness.\" Anne once again walks with Gilbert where the narrator notes: \"Behind them the little stone house brooded among the shadows. It was lonely but not forsaken. It had not yet done with dreams and laughter and joy of life\".[26]", "Anne of the Island. Anne is so ashamed in how she treated Roy that she feels her entire Redmond experience may have been spoiled. She returns to Green Gables, a \"full-fledged B.A.\", but finds herself a bit lonely. Diana gives birth to her first child, and Jane Andrews, an old school friend, marries a Winnipeg millionaire. Having received an offer to be the principal of the Summerside school in the fall, Anne is keeping herself occupied over the summer when she learns that Gilbert is gravely ill with typhoid fever. With shock, Anne finally realizes how deep her true feelings for Gilbert are, and endures a white night of fear that he will leave this world without knowing that she does care. In the morning, Anne gratefully learns that Gilbert will survive. Gilbert recovers over the summer, bolstered by a letter from Phil assuring him that there is really nothing between Anne and Roy. After several visits to Green Gables, Gilbert and Anne take a late summer walk in Hester Gray's garden, and finally become engaged.[1]", "Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story. Upon returning to Avonlea, Gilbert buys Green Gables from Mr. Harrison and they set about restoring the house as they plan their wedding. Anne accidentally starts a fire, slightly damaging the house. However, the couple find the effect of the war in Europe to be much more present; Fred Wright, Diana's husband, eventually enlists in the war as his family life becomes increasingly strained. Increasing pressure results in Gilbert enlisting as medical officer and he convinces Anne to marry him before he leaves. When he is declared missing in action, Anne leaves for Europe as a Red Cross volunteer in hopes of finding him.", "Colleen Dewhurst. In 1972, she played a madam, Mrs. Kate Collingwood, in The Cowboys (1972), which starred John Wayne. In 1985, she played the role of Marilla Cuthbert in Kevin Sullivan's adaptation of Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel Anne of Green Gables, and reprised the role in 1987's Anne of Avonlea (also known as Anne of Green Gables: The Sequel), and in several episodes of Kevin Sullivan's Road to Avonlea. Dewhurst died before the character of Marilla could be written out and her final scenes were picked up off the editing-room floor and pieced together for her death scene. During 1989 and 1990, she appeared in a supporting role on the television series Murphy Brown playing the feisty mother of Candice Bergen's title character; this role earned her two Emmy Awards, the second being awarded posthumously. Dewhurst won a total of two Tony Awards and four Emmy Awards for her stage and television work.", "Anne of Green Gables. Near the end of the book however, tragedy strikes when Matthew dies of a heart attack after learning that all of his and Marilla's money has been lost in a bank failure. Out of devotion to Marilla and Green Gables, Anne gives up the scholarship to stay at home and help Marilla, whose eyesight is failing. She plans to teach at the Carmody school, the nearest school available, and return to Green Gables on weekends. In an act of friendship, Gilbert Blythe gives up his teaching position at the Avonlea School to work at the White Sands School instead, knowing that Anne wants to stay close to Marilla after Matthew's death. After this kind act, Anne and Gilbert's friendship is cemented, and Anne looks forward to what life will bring next.", "Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story. Anne Shirley returns to Avonlea after five years of teaching at an orphanage in Nova Scotia while separated from her fiancé, Gilbert Blythe, who was finishing medical school. After catching up with Diana Barry and other old friends. Anne and Diana visit Green Gables, and a horrified Anne realizes that since Marilla's death in an episode of Road to Avonlea the owners have treated Green Gables so poorly, that it is coming apart. Later, Anne is reunited with Gilbert on the island. However, instead of settling down immediately, Gilbert asks Anne to move to New York since he has been offered a staff position at Bellevue, a prestigious medical institution. Her reluctant agreement comes with the promise of being published and that they will return to Prince Edward Island to raise their family.", "Anne of Green Gables. At sixteen, Anne goes to Queen's Academy to earn a teaching license, along with Gilbert, Ruby, Josie, Jane, and several other students, excluding Diana much to Anne's dismay. She obtains her license in one year instead of the usual two and wins the Avery Scholarship for the top student in English. Her attainment of this scholarship would allow her to pursue a Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) degree at the fictional Redmond College (based on the real Dalhousie University) on the mainland in Nova Scotia.", "Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story. Disguised as a nun and befriending entertainers Margaret Bush and Elsie James, Anne struggles to bring Dominic to Kit Garrison, Jack's aunt who has also become involved in war efforts. Reunited again with Jack, Anne travels with him in hopes of finding her husband Gilbert. As Anne's search continues to be fruitless, Jack attempts to persuade her to return with him to the United States and form a family with him and Dominic; Anne refuses, determined to continue searching for Gilbert in the war zone. When she encounters Margaret and Elsie again, she joins them in entertaining the soldiers; in the crowd is Gilbert and Anne is reunited with him at last. Jack arranges for them to leave immediately as the armistice to end the war approaches. However, Keegan's fear of being exposed as a traitor by Jack's group results in Jack being shot on the train; as he dies, he asks that Anne take care of his son. Once the armistice is declared, Anne and Gilbert attempt to find Dominic, but after finding Kit Garrison's château empty, they are forced to return to Canada in hopes of finding the child from home.", "Anne of Avonlea. Towards the end of the book, Mrs. Rachel Lynde's husband dies and Mrs. Lynde moves in with Marilla at Green Gables, allowing Anne to go to college at last. She and Gilbert make plans to attend Redmond College in the fall.", "Ash Williams. As Professor Knowby attempts to escape the cabin, he is killed by the younger Ruby of year 1982, who then retrieves the Necronomicon. Henrietta murders Tanya, and battles Ash, but is ultimately defeated once more. Ash reunites with Ruby and Kelly to confront the younger Ruby. The present Ruby warns her younger self that following Baal is not the right path and cautions her to build a better future. The young Ruby proceeds to stab the present one with the Kandarian Dagger, who then uses the book to knock her younger self unconscious. As the older Ruby now lays dying, she tells Ash and Kelly to take the book and return to the present. Ruby tells Kelly to build her own life for herself and to forge her own path. Ash and Kelly leave and return to the Oldsmobile to find Pablo alive.", "Anne of Green Gables: The Continuing Story. Anne's desperate search in the war zone leads to a chance meeting with Jack Garrison, along with his wife, Colette, and their infant son, Dominic. Jack, involved in dangerous espionage activities, leaves suddenly and asks that Anne take Colette and Dominic to London. However, Colette is killed in an explosion, while Anne briefly sees Gilbert as his troop is forced to abandon their field hospital. Anne promises Colette on her last breath to take care of Dominic and find his father. Left to care for Dominic, Anne finds an injured Fred and his arm must be amputated. They leave for London and reside in Jack's apartment until they can return to Canada; in that time, Anne works for a British newspaper office and becomes acquainted with Fergus Keegan, Jack's editor, and Maude Montrose, one of Jack's contemporaries and a fellow spy. When Jack arrives to make arrangements for his family, he learns of Colette's death and asks for Anne to care for Dominic should anything happen to him. Though Anne intends to return to Canada with Fred and Dominic, her connection to Jack as well as a resurfacing chance of finding Gilbert results in taking Dominic with her to France.", "The Five People You Meet in Heaven. Ruby: A woman for whom Ruby Pier is named by her fiance Emile. Ruby's face was \"gaunt, with sagging cheeks, rose-colored lipstick, and tightly pulled-back white hair.\"[11] She wore \"wire-rimmed spectacles over narrow blue eyes.\"[11] She wore \"a dress made of silk and chiffon with a bib-like bodice stitched with white beads and topped with a velvet bow just below her neck.\"[11] Her skirt had \"a rhinestone buckle and snaps and hooks up the side\" while also holding a \"parasol with both hands.\"[11] She was a widow in her fifties.[12]", "Anne of Green Gables (1934 film). Shortly after, Anne is playing the Lady of Shalott when she realizes her boat is sinking, and Gilbert sees her and saves her life. She then decides to forgive him and give him a reward for saving her. She will kiss him. Gilbert is surprised. Anne thinks he doesn't want to claim his reward, but he tells her he does and that he wants her to be his girl. For three years they have an affair, but Mrs. Barry spies on them and tells Marilla. Marilla does not want Anne to even talk to Gilbert, since his mother broke Matthew's heart. Anne and Gilbert are both devastated and Matthew is upset with Marilla, since it wasn't she who got her heart broken.", "List of RWBY episodes. Ruby, on top of Ironwood's flagship, is confronted by Neo and Torchwick. She loses the fight, but manages to throw Neo off the ship, the girl's fate remaining unknown. An angry Torchwick gives a hateful speech and beats up Ruby. He is suddenly attacked and eaten by a huge Grimm. The ship starts to crash and Ruby jumps off.", "The Darkest Minds. Ruby and Liam are taken in by the League while Charles is taken to a hospital to recover and Zu is reunited with her family. Ruby convinces Cate to release Liam, and have her take his place as a soldier. Knowing that Liam will never leave her, Ruby kisses him and erases all of his memories with her. Liam leaves the camp, while Ruby begins her training with her fellow League members as a weary Clancy raises an army of his own.", "The Darkest Minds. Ruby Daly celebrates her tenth birthday with her family, where her father gives her a keychain. Seeing her parents' concern about IAAN, Ruby tries to comfort her mother in the night, touching her hand, and inadvertently erasing all her memories with Ruby. In the morning, her mother locks Ruby in the garage; having no recollection of her, she sends Ruby to an internment camp, where Ruby is determined to be an Orange, one of the most dangerous classes where they have the abilities to control other people's minds and memories. Ruby uses her abilities to convince her supervisor that she is a Green, the least dangerous ones with extremely high intelligence.", "Anne of Green Gables (1985 film). When Anne Shirley arrives at the Cuthberts' farm, called \"Green Gables\", she is a precocious, romantic child desperate to be loved and highly sensitive about her red hair and homely looks. In her own unique headstrong manner, Anne manages to insult the town gossip, Rachel Lynde, in a dispute over her looks; smash her slate over Gilbert Blythe’s head when he calls her \"Carrots\" on her first day of school; and accidentally dyes her hair green in an effort to turn her red hair black and salvage her wounded pride.", "Ash Williams. Ash gets the upper hand on Ruby by using the Kandarian Dagger to wound her. But before he finishes her off, Ruby notes that Ash can't save Pablo or Kelly, and offers him a compromise. If he allows her to release the demons as well as lord over them, then she will not only spare Pablo and Kelly but also fulfill his dream of living a normal life with his friends in Jacksonville, Florida. Ash accepts, much to the dismay of Pablo and Kelly. They drive off from the cabin while Ash delights in the idea of finally living a normal quiet life. However a radio broadcast reveals sinkholes are erupting across the country, suggesting that Ash's envisioned normal life will be short lived.", "Revelation (short story). Ruby's feelings of superiority and love of self show that she thinks more of her own goodness than she does of God. She has a revelation from her interaction with Mary Grace that shows her a vision that her \"moral superiority\" means nothing if it does not come from her love of God and all of his children.[2]", "Anne of Green Gables (1985 film). Matthew and his sister Marilla had requested a boy to help them with the farm chores. He decides that he couldn’t very well just leave the girl at the train station. Matthew takes Anne to meet Marilla and on the buggy ride home becomes completely smitten with the red-haired orphan girl.", "List of RWBY episodes. In Salem's castle, the frightened Emerald and Mercury stand behind Cinder, who lost her left eye and voice in her fight with Ruby. A meeting with Salem and three other people, Tyrian Callows, Hazel Rainart and Dr. Arthur Watts, takes place. Watts and Tyrian belittle Cinder for her defeat at the hands of the young \"silver-eyed warrior\". Salem chastizes them and praises Cinder for her accomplishments, including Ozpin's death. However, the Fall Maiden must remain by Salem's side for \"treatment\", while the other three receive tasks. Their long-term goal is an attack on Haven Academy. The maniac Tyrian is sent to retrieve Ruby.", "Anne of Green Gables (1934 film). Anne goes to college. Diana, who is now married, visits Anne and tells her that Matthew is ill. She returns to Green Gables, finding out it's for sale to save Matthew, since he needs the best doctor in Halifax. She remembers Gilbert is studying with this doctor, so she goes to see Gilbert. He tries flirting with her, and she eventually gives in and finds out that Gilbert heard about Matthew and begged the doctor to save him for free, which he did. After Marilla finds out what he had done, she forgives the Blythes and lets Anne and Gilbert see each other again.", "The Five People You Meet in Heaven. The scene changes and Eddie finds himself outside in a snowdrift, but he notices that the snow is neither cold nor wet. He notices a diner where he sees his father through a window and begins yelling and pleading for his attention. When his father appears to not be able to see or hear him, a well-dressed woman named Ruby appears and introduces herself to him. He assumes she must have been rich based on the manner of her clothing. She tells him that she has not always been this way and proceeds to explain to Eddie her story. Ruby tells Eddie that she had once worked as a waitress at the diner and explains that Ruby Pier was named after her by her husband Emile, who built it in tribute to her. Emile was wounded while fighting a fire that burned much of Ruby Pier and later died from pneumonia.", "Ruby (Supernatural). Contrary to her promise to Sam, Ruby tells Dean that she cannot actually save him from Hell and that she had lied to Sam to get him to listen to her.[5] However, in the season finale \"No Rest for the Wicked\", she tells Sam that she had lied to Dean and that she truly can help Sam save him. Her plan is to train Sam to harness his latent demonic abilities so that he can use them to kill Lilith, the demon who holds the contract for Dean's soul. Believing that Ruby is trying to manipulate Sam into giving in to his dark side, Dean tricks her into a devil's trap—a mystical symbol capable of rendering demons powerless—and leaves with Sam to face Lilith. Ruby frees herself and tracks the brothers down during their campaign, but gets expelled from her host body by Lilith and thus is not present at the confrontation between Lilith and the brothers, with her whereabouts at the time unclear.[7] The fourth season episode \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" states that she had been sent back to Hell. Eventually, Ruby returns and offers Sam her help in taking revenge on Lilith for Dean's death in \"No Rest for the Wicked\" as well as in stopping Lilith's apocalyptic plans. To appease Sam, who dislikes her using a living host against the host's will, Ruby takes possession of a body recently declared to be dead (Genevieve Cortese). They have sex together at least once, and she brings him out of his downward spiral towards self-destruction. Consequently, Sam now trusts Ruby implicitly.[8]", "Anne of Green Gables. Anne is highly imaginative, eager to please and, at times, quite a dramatic individual. However, she is defensive about her appearance, despising her red hair and pale, thin frame. She is often quite talkative, especially when it comes to describing her fantasies and dreams. At first, stern and sharp Marilla says Anne must return to the orphanage, but after much observation and considering, along with Matthew's strong liking to Anne, she decides to let her stay.", "Anne of Green Gables (1985 film). Sullivan purchased dramatic rights from the Montgomery's heirs in 1984, believing that they owned reversionary rights that had come into place as a result of changes to the copyright act subsequent to Montgomery's death.[6]", "Anne of Green Gables (1985 film). It seems like Anne is destined to cultivate disaster. She becomes \"bosom\" friends with Diana Barry from across the pond and succeeds in getting Diana drunk by accidentally serving currant wine instead of raspberry cordial at a tea party. Diana’s mother and Rachel Lynde turn on Marilla for making wine in the first place. Anne moves from one mishap to the next as her wild imagination and far-fetched antics combine to constantly land her in trouble." ]

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[ "George Matheson. One of his hymns, \"O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go,\" has passed into the popular hymnology of the Christian Church. Matheson himself wrote of the composition:", "George Matheson. \"O Love That Wilt Not Let Me Go\" was written on the evening of Matheson’s sister’s marriage. Years before, he had been engaged, until his fiancée learned that he was going blind—that there was nothing the doctors could do—and she told him that she could not go through life with a blind man. He went blind while studying for the ministry, and his sister had been the one to care for him through the years, but now she was gone. He was now 40, and his sister’s marriage brought a fresh reminder of his own heartbreak. It was in the midst of this circumstance and intense sadness that the Lord gave Matheson this hymn, which he said was written in five minutes.", "Please Don't Let Me Go. \"Please Don't Let Me Go\" is a song by British singer Olly Murs. Written by Murs, Claude Kelly and Steve Robson, the song served as the lead single from the X Factor runner-up's eponymous debut album and it was his debut single. The song was released as a digital download in the United Kingdom on 29 August 2010, where it debuted at number-one on the singles chart; also peaking at number five in Ireland. The song was nominated at the 2011 BRIT Awards for Best British Single, but lost out to Tinie Tempah for his song \"Pass Out\".", "Rock and Roll Heaven. It was rewritten with new lyrics in 1991 to mourn the passing of Elvis Presley (Love Me Tender), John Lennon (Give Peace a Chance), Roy Orbison (Oh, Pretty Woman), Jackie Wilson (Higher and Higher), Ricky Nelson (Lonesome Town), Dennis Wilson (Good Vibrations), Marvin Gaye (What's Going On), Sam Cooke (Wonderful World), Cass Elliot (Monday, Monday) who died a few months after the original version of the song was released, and Stevie Ray Vaughan. The rewritten song is included in compilation albums such as Reunion.[7]", "Don't Let Go (Love). \"Don't Let Go (Love)\" was written by Andrea Martin, Ivan Matias, Marqueze Ethridge, and Organized Noize members Sleepy Brown, Rico Wade, and Ray Murray, while production was by Organized Noize.[2] Vocal production was overseen by Matias.[2] Martin Terry and Tommy Martin played the guitars on the song, while drums were played by Lil' John.[2] Marvin \"Chanz\" Parkman played the grand piano.[2]", "Olly Murs. Murs confirmed the first single from the album to be titled \"Please Don't Let Me Go\", which was released on 27 August 2010 following the circulation of the accompanying music video.[33] The song was written by Murs himself and with other songwriters, Claude Kelly and Steve Robson; the single was also produced by Future Cut.[30] The song is about a minor relationship Murs was in where he ended up feeling something for the other person. Murs commented: \"Sadly she kept giving me the impression that she didn't like me as much, and ultimately it didn't work out, so that's where the idea of me singing 'Please Don't Let Me Go' came from.\"[34] The song was described as \"a lovely summery reggae-tinged pop tune that bobs along in a thoroughly hummable and not un-Will Young-like fashion\" and said that the music video \"is just as quintessentially pleasant\".[35] During the release, Murs was told not to get his hopes up for a number-one due to Katy Perry releasing \"Teenage Dream\" the same day. On 5 September 2010, the single entered the UK Singles Charts at number 1 beating Katy Perry's \"Teenage Dream\". The song was released with the B-side track, entitled \"This One's for the Girls\" also entered the UK Singles Charts, debuting at number 69, was written for all of his female fans.", "Don't Let Go (Love). \"Don't Let Go (Love)\" is a song by the American R&B group En Vogue. It was written by Ivan Matias, Andrea Martin, Marqueze Etheridge and produced by Organized Noize and Ivan Matias for the Set It Off soundtrack (1996), also appearing on the group's third album, EV3 (1997). The song was the band's last released single with Dawn Robinson and was En Vogue's biggest international single, peaking in the top ten of many countries. According to Billboard, the single ranked as the 83rd most successful single of the 1990s.", "Dottie Rambo. Rambo reportedly composed upwards of 2,500 songs.[10] ASCAP and BMI show only several hundred registered titles attributed to Rambo in its online database.[11] Rambo's best-known songs include \"We Shall Behold Him\", \"Holy Spirit Thou Art Welcome (In This Place)\", \"I Go to the Rock\", \"Sheltered in the Arms of God\", \"I Will Glory in the Cross\", \"He Looked Beyond My Fault\", \"Tears Will Never Stain the Streets of That City\", \"For What Earthly Reason\", \"If That Isn't Love\", and \"Too Much to Gain to Lose\". She also wrote country music songs recorded by Jimmie Davis, Charlie Louvin, Rhonda Vincent, and Hank Snow, among others.", "Olly Murs. In 2010, Murs released his debut single \"Please Don't Let Me Go\", which debuted at number one on the UK Singles Charts and received a Gold certification by the BPI. It was Murs' first number one single after \"You Are Not Alone\" with the other series 6 finalists. His second single from his debut album, \"Thinking of Me\" charted at number four on the UK Singles Charts and received a Silver certification by the BPI. \"Heart Skips a Beat\" was his second number-one single. Murs' second single from his next album, \"Dance with Me Tonight\", became his third to reach number one.", "Please Don't Let Me Go. In 2009, Murs was runner-up in the sixth series of singing competition The X Factor, following which he was offered a joint record deal with Epic Records and Syco Music in February 2010.[2] Work then began on his debut album and, inspired by a demo scouted out by his A&R team of a reggae-influenced pop song called \"Feel Free\" by an unknown writer from Australia (this was actually nearly the title of Murs' debut album), it was decided to make Murs' material for the first album of a ska/reggae influence throughout. \"Please Don't Let Me Go\" was written by Murs along with Claude Kelly and Steve Robson in one of the first writing sessions for the album. They have continued to work with Murs on all his following albums since.[3]", "What a Crying Shame. \"All That Heaven Will Allow\" was previously recorded by Bruce Springsteen on his album Tunnel of Love, and \"O What a Thrill\" by James House on his first album, James House.", "Jess Glynne. Jessica Hannah Glynne (born 20 October 1989) is an English singer and songwriter. She rose to prominence as a featured artist on Clean Bandit's \"Rather Be\" and Route 94's \"My Love\", both of which reached number one on the UK Singles Chart in 2014. Her debut studio album, I Cry When I Laugh was released in 2015 and debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart[3] and also featured the number one singles \"Hold My Hand\" and \"Don't Be So Hard On Yourself\".", "Robert Smith (musician). From 2010–2012, as well as continuing to collaborate with other artists as a guest performer, several cover versions were released by Robert Smith performing solo. Unlike his previous solo covers (such as \"Pirate Ships\" and \"World In My Eyes\"), these were officially released under the name of Robert Smith, rather than the Cure. In 2010, he contributed a cover of \"Very Good Advice\" from the 1951 film adaptation of Alice in Wonderland to the album Almost Alice; a companion release to Tim Burton's adaptation of Alice in Wonderland,[127] while \"Pirate Ships\" from 1989 also saw release on CD for the first time.[90] Further guest vocalist/lyricist collaborations \"feat. Robert Smith\" during 2010 included the single \"J'aurai tout essayé\" (a reworking of Smith and Earl Slick's \"Believe\") by French Canadian rock singer, guitarist and fellow Bowie/Mark Plati/Earl Slick collaborator Anik Jean[128][129] and the single version of Crystal Castles' cover version of Platinum Blonde's \"Not in Love\", released on Fiction Records, 6 December 2010.[130] In June 2011, electronic dance act the Japanese Popstars from Northern Ireland released their album Controlling Your Allegiance in the UK, including the track \"Take Forever (Ft. Robert Smith)\",[131][note 11] and the following month, a solo cover version of \"Small Hours\" by British singer-songwriter and guitarist John Martyn (1948–2009) was released on the tribute album Johnny Boy Would Love This.[132] On 25 October 2011, instrumental rock band 65daysofstatic released the track \"Come to Me\" featuring Robert Smith as a free download, coinciding with the release of their album We Were Exploding Anyway.[133] In 2012 Robert again recorded a solo cover version for a Tim Burton project; [clarification needed] this time covering Frank Sinatra's 1957 hit song \"Witchcraft\" for Frankenweenie Unleashed!, a 14-track collection of songs \"inspired by\" the filmmaker's stop-motion film, Frankenweenie, released on 25 September 2012.[134]", "Don't Let Him Go. \"Don't Let Him Go\" is a song written by Kevin Cronin. It was originally released as the opening song for REO Speedwagon's #1 album Hi Infidelity. It was also released as a single, reaching #24 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart.[1] \"Don't Let Him Go\" has appeared on several REO Speedwagon greatest hits albums.[2]", "List of The X Factor finalists (UK series 6). Murs was signed to a joint deal between Epic Records and Syco Music in February 2010.[70] His debut album, Olly Murs was released on 29 November 2010 with the single, \"Please Don't Let Me Go\", out on 29 August 2010[71] which debuted at No1.", "Let Me Go (Hailee Steinfeld and Alesso song). \"Let Me Go\" is a song by American singer Hailee Steinfeld and Swedish DJ and record producer Alesso, featuring American country music duo Florida Georgia Line and American singer-songwriter Andrew Watt. It was written by Ali Tamposi, Brian Lee, Jamie Lidell, Alesso and Watt, with production handled by the latter two. The song was released through Republic Records on September 8, 2017.", "Let Me Go, Lover!. \"Let Me Go, Lover!\", a popular song, was written by Jenny Lou Carson and Al Hill,[1] a pseudonym used by Fred Wise, Kathleen Twomey, and Ben Weisman. It is based on an earlier song called \"Let Me Go, Devil\", about alcoholism.", "Maurice White. In addition to his work with the Emotions and Deniece Williams, White collaborated with several other famous recording artists. For example, he played the drums on Minnie Riperton's debut 1970 album, Come to My Garden, and contributed vocals to Weather Report's 1978 album Mr. Gone. White also produced Ramsey Lewis' albums: Sun Goddess (1974), Salongo (1976), and Sky Islands (1993), Jennifer Holliday on her 1983 release Feel My Soul, Barbra Streisand on her 1984 platinum album Emotion, Atlantic Starr on their platinum 1986 album All in the Name of Love and Neil Diamond on his 1986 gold album Headed for the Future. During 1980, White sang on a live album with Walter Hawkins and the Family (a popular gospel group) in which he sang a solo along with Walter's brother Edwin on a song called Eternal Life. In addition he co-wrote the song \"Only In Chicago\" with Barry Manilow which was included on his 1980 platinum album Barry, the track \"Tip of My Tongue\" for the rock band the Tubes which appeared on their album Outside Inside, and contributed vocals to Cher's 1987 self-titled platinum album.[34]", "Reamonn. Rea Garvey released his second solo album called \"Pride\" in May 2014. The album features the single \"Can't Say No\". In September 2014, Rea Garvey released the \"Oh My Love\" EP, which features the original song and a new version with Amy Macdonald.", "2gether (CNBLUE album). CNBLUE began developing songs for 2gether in midst of writing songs for Can't Stop. While staying at a hotel in Japan during the band's Arena Tour 2013: One More Time, bassist Lee sought out to write a song. Jung assigned him and Kang to do it together; after listening to the melody of \"Control\", the two conceived the idea of writing a love song, which Jung rejected. After discussing it between themselves, Kang and Lee agreed to write a song with the notion that \"no one can control me\". Initially written in Korean, the two faced difficulties in translating the song into English. With the assistance of Jung, the translations and lyrics were completed; Kang and Lee were left uncredited. The song was originally intended to be included on Can't Stop, but was ultimately excluded. Jung cited the limited space on the release, as well as the \"different atmosphere\" the song had in comparison to the other songs for its omission. He decided to add it to the band's Japanese single \"Go Your Way\".[5] The lyrics were rewritten in Korean by the bassist for its inclusion on 2gether, marking the first song to be credited under his name since the debut of the band.[6][7] \"Radio\" was previously recorded in Japanese for CNBLUE's album Wave, which was re-recorded in Korean for inclusion on 2gether.[8] \"Footsteps\", originally titled \"Heart Song\" and included in its Japanese single \"Truth\", was also rewritten in Korean.[6] In midst of filming KBS2's Orange Marmalade, guitarist Lee took the opportunity to write \"Hero\".[9]", "Ezra Pound. I have tried to write Paradise\nDo not move\nLet the wind speak.\nthat is paradise.\nLet the Gods forgive what I\nhave made\nLet those I love try to forgive\nwhat I have made.", "Don't Let Go (Jesse Stone song). \"Don't Let Go\" is a song written by Jesse Stone. The song was first a hit for Roy Hamilton in 1958. The Roy Hamilton version reached #2 on the R&B charts and #13 on the pop charts.[1]", "Let Me Go, Lover!. In March 1955, Ruby Murray reached 5 in the UK Singles Chart with her version.[8]", "I Cry When I Laugh. The album was preceded by the UK top-ten singles \"Right Here\" and \"Real Love\", as well as the UK number-one singles \"Hold My Hand\" and \"Don't Be So Hard on Yourself\". The album's fifth single, \"Take Me Home\", was released on 3 November 2015 as the official BBC Children in Need single of 2015. The deluxe edition also includes the collaborative singles \"Rather Be\" (with Clean Bandit), \"My Love\" (with Route 94) and \"Not Letting Go\" (with Tinie Tempah), all of which reached number one in the UK. The album was also promoted with the Ain't Got Far to Go Tour, lasting from September to November 2015 with concerts taking place in both North America and the United Kingdom.", "Let Me Go (Gary Barlow song). \"Let Me Go\" is a song by British singer-songwriter Gary Barlow. It was released in Ireland on 15 November 2013 and in the United Kingdom on 17 November 2013 as the lead single from his fourth solo album, Since I Saw You Last (2013).[1] It was written by Barlow and produced by Steve Power. \"Let Me Go\" peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart, becoming Barlow's sixth solo top 10 hit in the UK.", "Atlantic Records. Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias \"A. Nugetre\", including Big Joe Turner's hit \"Chains of Love\", working them out in his head and then recording them in 25c recording booths in Times Square and giving the recording to an arranger or straight to the session musicians.[18] Early releases featured Joe Morris, Frank Culley, Art Pepper, Shelly Manne, Pete Rugolo, Tiny Grimes, The Delta Rhythm Boys, The Clovers, The Cardinals, Big Joe Turner, Erroll Garner, Mal Waldron, Howard McGhee, James Moody, Dizzy Gillespie, Jackie & Roy, Sarah Vaughan, Lead Belly, Sonny Terry, Professor Longhair, Mabel Mercer, Sylvia Syms, Billy Taylor, Mary Lou Williams, Sidney Bechet, Django Reinhardt, Earl Hines, Barney Bigard, Pee Wee Russell, Al Hibbler, Meade Lux Lewis, Jimmy Yancey, Johnny Hodges, and Bobby Short.[5]", "Karla Bonoff. Karla Bonoff (born December 27, 1951)[1] is an American singer-songwriter, primarily known for her songwriting. As a songwriter, Bonoff's songs have been interpreted by other artists such as \"Home\" by Bonnie Raitt, \"Tell Me Why\" by Wynonna Judd, and \"Isn't It Always Love\" by Lynn Anderson.", "Let You Love Me. \"Let You Love Me\" is a song by British singer Rita Ora, released on 21 September 2018 as the fourth single from her upcoming second studio album, Phoenix (2018). A music video was released on the same day.", "Ina Wroldsen. Wroldsen's career started solely as an artist, but soon turned to writing music for others. As a songwriter, she has had great success, and today, she is internationally considered one of the most sought after in her field. She has won several BMI/ASCAP awards for her work, among BRIT award and Spellemannprisen nominations. Her songs have been used by the likes of The Saturdays, Shakira, Jess Glynne, Clean Bandit, Rag 'n' Bone Man, James Arthur, Britney Spears, Tinie Tempah, Anne-Marie, Little Mix, The Pussycat Dolls, Shontelle, Demi Lovato, Leona Lewis and One Direction.", "Honeybus. Honeybus were a 1960s pop group formed in April 1967, in London. They are best known for their 1968 UK Top 10 hit single, \"I Can't Let Maggie Go\",[1] written by Pete Dello who also composed their previous single \"(Do I Figure) In Your Life\", later recorded by Dave Berry, Ian Matthews, Joe Cocker, Dave Stewart, Paul Carrack, Samantha Jones, Dana and Pierce Turner.", "Never Let Me Go (Florence and the Machine song). \"Never Let Me Go\" is a song by English indie rock band Florence and the Machine from their second studio album, Ceremonials (2011). The song was written by Florence Welch and Paul Epworth while production was handled by Epworth. Island Records released the song as the third single from the album on 30 March 2012. The band first premiered the song during one of their concerts before the release of the album on 15 October 2011. A Clams Casino remix of the song was placed on the 12\" white vinyl single which was available for pre-order on 22 March 2012.", "I Cry When I Laugh. On 23 May 2015, Glynne performed at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2015, where she sang \"Ain't Got Far to Go\", \"Right Here\", \"Real Love\", \"Gave Me Something\", \"My Love\", \"Rather Be\", \"Don't Be So Hard on Yourself\", \"Not Letting Go\" with Tinie Tempah and \"Hold My Hand\".[32]\nOn 28 May 2016 she performed at Radio 1's Big Weekend 2016. She played \"Don't Be So Hard on Yourself\", \"Rather Be\", \"Ain't Got Far to Go\", \"My Love\", \"Take Me Home\", \"Right Here\" and \"Hold My Hand\".\nShe will also performed at Glastonbury in 2016 where she sang Don't Be So Hard on Yourself\", \"Rather Be\", \"No Rights No Wrongs\", \"Gave Me Something\", \"Not Letting Go\", \"My Love\", \"Ain't Got Far to Go\", \"Love Me\", \"Right Here\", \"Why Me\", \"Take Me Home\", \"You Can Find Me\", \"I Feel For You\" and \"Hold My Hand\"." ]

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[ "History of Alaska. The 1968 discovery of oil at Prudhoe Bay and the 1977 completion of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to an oil boom. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in Prince William Sound, spilling between 11 and 34 million US gallons (42,000 and 130,000 m³) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,600 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.", "Alaska. In 1989, the Exxon Valdez hit a reef in the Prince William Sound, spilling over 11 million U.S. gallons (42 megaliters) of crude oil over 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of coastline. Today, the battle between philosophies of development and conservation is seen in the contentious debate over oil drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge and the proposed Pebble Mine.", "History of Alaska. The possible environmental repercussions of oil production became clear in the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989. On March 24, the tanker Exxon Valdez ran aground in Prince William Sound, releasing 11 million gallons of crude oil into the water, spreading along 1,100 miles (1,800 km) of shoreline.[24] According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, at least 300,000 sea birds, 2,000 otters, and other marine animals died because of the spill. Exxon spent US$2 billion on cleaning up in the first year alone. Exxon, working with state and federal agencies, continued its cleanup into the early 1990s. Government studies show that the oil and the cleaning process itself did long-term harm to the ecology of the Sound, interfering with the reproduction of birds and animals in ways that still aren't fully understood. Prince William Sound seems to have recuperated, but scientists still dispute the extent of the recovery. In a civil settlement, Exxon agreed to pay $900 million in ten annual payments, plus an additional $100 million for newly discovered damages. In a class action suit against Exxon, a jury awarded punitive damages of US$5 billion, but as of 2008 no money has been disbursed and appellate litigation continues.", "BP. In March 2006, corrosion of a BP Exploration Alaska (BPXA) oil transit pipeline in Prudhoe Bay transporting oil to the Trans-Alaska Pipeline led to a five-day leak and the largest oil spill on Alaska's North Slope.[13] According to the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation (ADEC), a total of 212,252 US gallons (5,053.6 bbl; 803.46 m3) of oil was spilled, covering 2 acres (0.81 ha) of the North Slope.[355] BP admitted that cost cutting measures had resulted in a lapse in monitoring and maintenance of the pipeline and the consequent leak. At the moment of the leak, pipeline inspection gauges (known as \"pigs\") had not been run through the pipeline since 1998.[356][357][358][359] BP completed the clean-up of the spill by May 2006, including removal of contaminated gravel and vegetation, which was replaced with new material from the Arctic tundra.[355][360]", "BP. After the shutdown, BP pledged to replace 26 kilometres (16 mi) of its Alaskan oil transit pipelines[366][367] and the company completed work on the 16 miles (26 km) of new pipeline by the end of 2008.[368] In November 2007, BP Exploration, Alaska pleaded guilty to negligent discharge of oil, a misdemeanor under the federal Clean Water Act and was fined US$20 million.[369] There was no charge brought for the smaller spill in August 2006 due to BP's quick response and clean-up.[356] On 16 October 2007, ADEC officials reported a \"toxic spill\" from a BP pipeline in Prudhoe Bay comprising 2,000 US gallons (7,600 l; 1,700 imp gal) of primarily methanol (methyl alcohol) mixed with crude oil and water, which spilled onto a gravel pad and frozen tundra pond.[370]", "ExxonMobil. The March 24, 1989, Exxon Valdez oil spill resulted in the discharge of approximately 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of oil into Prince William Sound,[144] oiling 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of the remote Alaskan coastline. The Valdez spill is 36th worst oil spill in history in terms of sheer volume.[citation needed]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. The Exxon Valdez oil spill occurred in Prince William Sound, Alaska, March 24, 1989, when Exxon Valdez, an oil tanker owned by Exxon Shipping Company, bound for Long Beach, California, struck Prince William Sound's Bligh Reef at 12:04 am[1][2] local time and spilled 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) of crude oil over the next few days.[3] It is considered to be one of the most devastating human-caused environmental disasters.[4] The Valdez spill is the second largest in US waters, after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, in terms of volume released.[5] Prince William Sound's remote location, accessible only by helicopter, plane, or boat, made government and industry response efforts difficult and severely taxed existing response plans. The region is a habitat for salmon, sea otters, seals and seabirds. The oil, originally extracted at the Prudhoe Bay oil field, eventually covered 1,300 miles (2,100 km) of coastline,[3] and 11,000 square miles (28,000 km2) of ocean.[6][7]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. In 2006, a study done by the National Marine Fisheries Service in Juneau found that about 6 miles (9.7 km) of shoreline around Prince William Sound was still affected by the spill, with 101.6 tonnes of oil remaining in the area. Exxon Mobil denied any concerns over any remaining oil, stating that they anticipated a remaining fraction that they assert will not cause any long-term ecological impacts, according to the conclusions of the studies they had done: \"We've done 350 peer-reviewed studies of Prince William Sound, and those studies conclude that Prince William Sound has recovered, it's healthy and it's thriving.\"[31] However, in 2007 a NOAA study concluded that this contamination can produce chronic low-level exposure, discourage subsistence where the contamination is heavy, and decrease the \"wilderness character\" of the area.[27]", "Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The largest oil spill involving the main pipeline took place on February 15, 1978, when an unknown individual blew a 1-inch (2.54-centimeter) hole in it at Steele Creek, just east of Fairbanks.[163] Approximately 16,000 barrels (2,500 m3) of oil leaked out of the hole before the pipeline was shut down.[155] After more than 21 hours, it was restarted.[164]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. The effects of the spill continued to be felt for many years afterwards. As of 2010 there were an estimated 23,000 US gallons (87 m3) of Valdez crude oil still in Alaska's sand and soil, breaking down at a rate estimated at less than 4% per year.[32]", "Gulf War oil spill. The slick reached a maximum size of 101 miles (160 km) by 42 miles (68 km) and was 5 inches (13 cm) thick in some areas. Despite the uncertainty surrounding the size of the spill, figures place it several times [9] the size (by volume) of the Exxon Valdez oil spill.", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. On March 24, 2014, the twenty-fifth anniversary of the spill, NOAA scientists reported that some species seem to have recovered, with the sea otter the latest creature to return to pre-spill numbers. Scientists who have monitored the spill area for the last 25 years report that concern remains for one of two pods of local orca whales, with fears that one pod may eventually die out.[33] Federal scientists estimate that between 16,000 and 21,000 US gallons (61 to 79 m3) of oil remains on beaches in Prince William Sound and up to 450 miles (725 km) away. Some of the oil does not appear to have biodegraded at all. A USGS scientist who analyses the remaining oil along the coastline states that it remains among rocks and between tide marks. \"The oil mixes with seawater and forms an emulsion...Left out, the surface crusts over but the inside still has the consistency of mayonnaise – or mousse.\"[34] Alaska state senator Berta Gardner is urging Alaskan politicians to demand that the US government force ExxonMobil to pay the final $92 million (£57 million) still owed from the court settlement. The major part of the money would be spent to finish cleaning up oiled beaches and attempting to restore the crippled herring population.[34]", "Channel Islands National Park. On January 28, 1969 an oil rig belonging to Union Oil experienced a blow-out 6 miles (9.7 km) off the coast of California.[9] The resulting spill was, at the time, the largest oil spill to occur in United States territorial waters. Crews took approximately 11 days to seal the rupture using a cement plug, during which approximately 200,000 US gallons (760,000 litres; 170,000 imperial gallons) of crude oil spilled into the Pacific Ocean, creating an oil slick with an area of about 800 square miles (2,100 km2).[7][10] Following the spill, tides carried the oil onto the beaches of the Anacapa, San Miguel, Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz islands.[10]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. According to official reports, the ship was carrying 53.09451 million US gallons (1,264,155 bbl; 200,984.6 m3) of oil, of which about 10.8 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 41,000 m3) were spilled into the Prince William Sound.[1][8] An approximate figure of 11 million US gallons (260,000 bbl; 42,000 m3) was a commonly accepted estimate of the spill's volume and has been used by the State of Alaska's Exxon Valdez Oil Spill Trustee Council,[3] the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and environmental groups such as Greenpeace and the Sierra Club.[5][9][10]", "Geography of Alaska. The northeast corner of Alaska is covered by the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge. Much of the northwest is covered by the larger National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska, which covers around 23 million acres (9,307,770 ha). The Arctic is Alaska's most remote wilderness. A location in the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska is 120 miles (190 km) from any town or village, the geographic point most remote from permanent habitation in the USA.", "Trans-Alaska Pipeline System. The steel pipe is resistant to gunshots and has resisted them on several occasions, but on October 4, 2001, a drunken gunman named Daniel Carson Lewis shot a hole into a weld near Livengood, causing the second-largest mainline oil spill in pipeline history.[165] Approximately 6,144 barrels (976.8 m3) leaked from the pipeline; 4,238 barrels (673.8 m3) were recovered and reinjected into the pipeline.[166] Nearly 2 acres (8,100 m2) of tundra were soiled and were removed in the cleanup.[167] The pipeline was repaired and was restarted more than 60 hours later.[168] Lewis was found guilty in December 2002 of criminal mischief, assault, drunken driving, oil pollution, and misconduct.[169]", "BP. Following the spill, the company was ordered by regulators to inspect the 35 kilometres (22 mi) of pipelines in Prudhoe Bay using \"smart pigs\".[361] In late July 2006, the \"smart pigs\" monitoring the pipelines found 16 places where corrosion had thinned pipeline walls. A BP crew sent to inspect the pipe in early August discovered a leak and small spill,[361][362] following which, BP announced that the eastern portion of the Alaskan field would be shut down for repairs on the pipeline,[362][363] with approval from the Department of Transportation. The shutdown resulted in a reduction of 200,000 barrels per day (32,000 m3/d) until work began to bring the eastern field to full production on 2 October 2006.[364] In total, 23 barrels (3.7 m3) of oil were spilled and 176 barrels (28.0 m3) were \"contained and recovered\", according to ADEC. The spill was cleaned up and there was no impact upon wildlife.[365]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. Mechanical cleanup was started shortly afterwards using booms and skimmers, but the skimmers were not readily available during the first 24 hours following the spill, and thick oil and kelp tended to clog the equipment. Despite civilian insistence for a complete clean, only 10% of total oil was actually completely cleaned.[1] Exxon was widely criticized for its slow response to cleaning up the disaster and John Devens, the mayor of Valdez, has said his community felt betrayed by Exxon's inadequate response to the crisis.[25] More than 11,000 Alaska residents, along with some Exxon employees, worked throughout the region to try to restore the environment.", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. According to the satellite images, the spill directly impacted 68,000 square miles (180,000 km2) of ocean, which is comparable to the size of Oklahoma.[4][50] By early June 2010, oil had washed up on 125 miles (201 km) of Louisiana's coast and along the Mississippi, Florida, and Alabama coastlines.[51][52] Oil sludge appeared in the Intracoastal Waterway and on Pensacola Beach and the Gulf Islands National Seashore.[53] In late June, oil reached Gulf Park Estates, its first appearance in Mississippi.[54] In July, tar balls reached Grand Isle and the shores of Lake Pontchartrain.[55][56] In September a new wave of oil suddenly coated 16 miles (26 km) of Louisiana coastline and marshes west of the Mississippi River in Plaquemines Parish.[57] In October, weathered oil reached Texas.[58] As of July 2011, about 491 miles (790 km) of coastline in Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama and Florida were contaminated by oil and a total of 1,074 miles (1,728 km) had been oiled since the spill began.[59] As of December 2012, 339 miles (546 km) of coastline remain subject to evaluation and/or cleanup operations.[60]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. The economy of the city of Cordova, Alaska was adversely affected after the spill damaged stocks of salmon and herring in the area.[62][63] The village of Chenega was transformed into an emergency base and media outlet.The local villagers had to cope with a tripling of their population from 80 to 250. When asked how they felt about the situation, a village councillor noted that they were too shocked and busy to be depressed; others emphasized the human costs of leaving children unattended while their parents worked to clean up.[64] Many Native Americans were worried that too much time was spent on the fishery and not enough on the land that supports subsidence hunting.", "Arctic Refuge drilling controversy. ANWR comprises 19 million acres (7.7 million ha) of the north Alaskan coast.[3] The land is situated between the Beaufort Sea to the north, Brooks Range to the south, and Prudhoe Bay to the west. It is the largest protected wilderness in the United States and was created by Congress under the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act of 1980.[4] Section 1002 of that act deferred a decision on the management of oil and gas exploration and development of 1.5 million acres (610,000 ha) in the coastal plain, known as the \"1002 area\".[5] The controversy surrounds drilling for oil in this subsection of ANWR.", "ExxonMobil. On March 24, 1989, the Exxon Valdez oil tanker struck Bligh Reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska and spilled more than 11 million US gallons (42,000 m3) of crude oil. The Exxon Valdez oil spill was the second largest in U.S. history, and in the aftermath of the Exxon Valdez incident, the U.S. Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990. An initial award of $5 billion USD punitive was reduced to $507.5 million by the US Supreme Court in June 2008,[57] and distributions of this award have commenced.[citation needed]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. In October 1989, Exxon filed suit against the State of Alaska, charging that the government had interfered with Exxon's attempts to clean up the spill by refusing to approve the use of dispersant chemicals until the night of the 26th. The government disputed the claim, stating that there was a long-standing agreement to allow the use of dispersants to clean up spills, thus Exxon did not require permission to use them, and that in fact Exxon had not had enough dispersant on hand to effectively handle a spill of the size created by the Valdez.[49] Exxon filed claims in October 1990 against the Coast Guard, asking to be reimbursed for cleanup costs and damages awarded to plaintiffs in any lawsuits filed by the State of Alaska or the Federal Government against Exxon. The company claimed that the Coast Guard was \"wholly or partially responsible\" for the spill, because they had granted mariners' licenses to the crew of the Valdez, and because they had given the Valdez permission to leave regular shipping lanes to avoid ice. They also reiterated the claim that the Coast Guard had delayed cleanup by refusing to give permission to use chemical dispersants on the spill immediately.[50]", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. In 2010, a CNN report alleged that many oil spill cleanup workers involved in the Exxon Valdez response had subsequently become sick. Anchorage lawyer Dennis Mestas found that this was true of 6,722 of 11,000 worker files he was able to inspect. Access to the records was controlled by Exxon. Exxon responded in a statement to CNN:", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. According to several studies funded by the state of Alaska, the spill had both short-term and long-term economic effects. These included the loss of recreational sports, fisheries, reduced tourism, and an estimate of what economists call \"existence value\", which is the value to the public of a pristine Prince William Sound.[58][59][60][61]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Containment booms stretching over 4,200,000 feet (1,300 km) were deployed, either to corral the oil or as barriers to protect marshes, mangroves, shrimp/crab/oyster ranches or other ecologically sensitive areas. Booms extend 18–48 inches (0.46–1.22 m) above and below the water surface and were effective only in relatively calm and slow-moving waters. Including one-time use sorbent booms, a total of 13,300,000 feet (4,100 km) of booms were deployed.[120] Booms were criticized for washing up on the shore with the oil, allowing oil to escape above or below the boom, and for ineffectiveness in more than three to four-foot (90–120 cm) waves.[121][122][123]", "Gulf War oil spill. The long term effects were very significant. There was no shoreline cleanup, essentially, over the 800 kilometers that the oil – - in Saudi Arabia. And so when we went back in to do quantitative survey in 2002 and 2003, there was a million cubic meters of oil sediment remained then 12 years after the spill.... [T]he oil penetrated much more deeply into the intertidal sediment than normal because those sediments there have a lot of crab burrows, and the oil penetrated deep, sometimes 30, 40 centimeters, you know a couple of feet, into the mud of these tidal flats. There’s no way to get it out now. So it has had long term impact.", "Cordova, Alaska. In March 1989 the Exxon Valdez oil tanker ran aground on Bligh Reef northwest of Cordova causing one of the most devastating environmental disasters in North America. The Exxon Valdez oil spill severely affected the area's salmon and herring populations leading to a recession of the local fishing-reliant economy as well as disrupting the general ecology of the area.[10] After many years of litigation, 450 million dollars were awarded for compensatory and punitive damages.", "History of Alaska. Though a pipeline from the North Slope to the nearest ice-free port, almost 800 miles (1,300 km) to the south, was the only way to get Alaska's oil to market, significant engineering challenges lay ahead. Between the North Slope and Valdez, there were active fault lines, three mountain ranges, miles of unstable, boggy ground underlain with frost, and migration paths of caribou and moose. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline was ultimately completed in 1977 at a total cost of $8 billion.", "Exxon Valdez oil spill. In response to the spill, the United States Congress passed the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA). The legislation included a clause that prohibits any vessel that, after March 22, 1989, has caused an oil spill of more than 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3) in any marine area, from operating in Prince William Sound.[52]", "Oil reserves in the United States. A 2002 assessment concluded that the National Petroleum Reserve–Alaska contains between 6.7 and 15.0 billion barrels (2.38×109 m3) of oil, with a mean (expected) value of 10.6 billion barrels (1.69×109 m3). The quantity of undiscovered oil beneath Federal lands (excluding State and Native areas) is estimated to range between 5.9 and 13.2 BBO, with a mean value of 9.3 BBO. Most oil accumulations are expected to be of moderate size, on the order of 30 to 250 million barrels (40,000,000 m3) each. Large accumulations like the Prudhoe Bay oil field (whose ultimate recovery is approximately 13 billion barrels (2.1×109 m3)), are not expected to occur. The volumes of undiscovered, technically recoverable oil estimated for NPRA are similar to the volumes estimated for ANWR. However, because of differences in accumulation sizes (the ANWR study area is estimated to contain more accumulations in larger size classes) and differences in assessment area (the NPRA study area is more than 12 times larger than the ANWR study area), economically recoverable resources are different at low oil prices. But at market prices above $40 per barrel, estimates of economically recoverable oil for NPRA are similar to ANWR.[19]", "Deepwater Horizon oil spill. A massive response ensued to protect beaches, wetlands and estuaries from the spreading oil utilizing skimmer ships, floating booms, controlled burns and 1.84 million US gallons (7,000 m3) of oil dispersant.[13] Due to the months-long spill, along with adverse effects from the response and cleanup activities, extensive damage to marine and wildlife habitats and fishing and tourism industries was reported.[14][15] In Louisiana, 4,900,000 pounds (2,200 t) of oily material was removed from the beaches in 2013, over double the amount collected in 2012. Oil cleanup crews worked four days a week on 55 miles (89 km) of Louisiana shoreline throughout 2013.[16] Oil continued to be found as far from the Macondo site as the waters off the Florida Panhandle and Tampa Bay, where scientists said the oil and dispersant mixture is embedded in the sand.[17] In April 2013, it was reported that dolphins and other marine life continued to die in record numbers with infant dolphins dying at six times the normal rate.[18] One study released in 2014 reported that tuna and amberjack that were exposed to oil from the spill developed deformities of the heart and other organs that would be expected to be fatal or at least life-shortening and another study found that cardiotoxicity might have been widespread in animal life exposed to the spill.[19][20]" ]

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